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HIGH LEVELS OF IgG4 TO SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI EGG ANTIGENS IN
Departamento de Bioquı ´mica e Imunologia, e Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais, Brazil; Laborato ´rio de Imunologia da Universidade Vale do Rio Doce, Governador Valadares, Minais Gerais, Brazil; Centro
de Pesquisas Rene ´ Rachou-FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; University of California, San Francisco Medical
Center, San Francisco, California; Santa Casa de Miseraco ´rdia de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Faculdade
de Medicina do Tria ˆngulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil; State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
267 individuals from an area in which schistosomiasis mansoni is endemic. Based on information obtained from clinical
and sonographic examinations of this sample, the individuals were divided in three groups: 1) 204 individuals without
periportal fibrosis, and liver and spleen enlargements; 2) 41 individuals without periportal fibrosis, but presenting with
organopathy, with or without organomegaly; and 3) 22 individuals with periportal fibrosis, regardless of their status as
having hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly. Levels of IgG4 to SEA were significantly higher in sera from patients with
fibrosis compared with the patients from the other two groups. We also found significantly higher levels of IgG4 against
SEA in egg-negative patients with fibrosis compared with egg-negative patients from the other two groups. This report
demonstrates a specific humoral response in patients presenting with initial fibrosis, a form of schistosomiasis transient
between intestinal and severe hepatosplenic.
Specific IgG4 and IgE responses to adult worm antigen and soluble egg antigen (SEA) were examined in
Schistosoma mansoni has a wide geographic distribution in
Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. The disease is due
mainly to eggs deposited in host tissue by the adult female.
Egg antigens induce granuloma formation and fibrosis,
mostly in the intestine and liver (portal system). Most infected
individuals living in endemic areas are asymptomatic, but a
few develop Symmers' periportal fibrosis of the liver and its
sequelae of portal hypertension and esophageal varices.
Many investigators attribute the intensity of infection as the
main cause of morbidity in schistosomiasis infection.1,2How-
ever, the intensity of infection may also be related to behav-
ioral routines (water contact),3,4age,5and sex.6,7Individual
susceptibility that is associated with the immunologic8,9and
genetic profiles10–12of each individual living in the endemic
area is also important.
The contribution of each of these factors to the sequential
development of pathology in S. mansoni infections leading to
hepatosplenic disease is not completely understood. Studies
of human immunity to schistosomiasis in endemic populations
have indicated that parasite-specific antibody isotypes vary in
their association with either susceptibility or resistance to in-
fection/reinfection.13–16High levels of IgE and IgG4 are pro-
duced during helminth infection. Evidence for a significant
correlation between susceptibility to reinfection to S. mansoni
in humans and increased production of IgG4 antibody was
first reported by Auriault and others.17In fact, elevated pro-
duction of IgG4 was consistently associated with increased
susceptibility to reinfection,18and low production of this iso-
type was found in patients resistant to infection (endemic
normal individuals)19and to reinfection.13The association
between high levels of IgG4 and susceptibility was thought to
result from the blocking effect of this isotype on the protec-
tive effect of IgE.18More recently, a positive correlation be-
tween IgG4 to soluble egg antigen (SEA) and intensity of
infection has been reported.20Previous reports also associ-
ated susceptibility with heavy infection as a high risk for the
development of periportal fibrosis.1,21However, there are
few studies linking humoral immune response with morbid-
With the introduction of ultrasound examinations in schis-
tosomiasis field surveys, it has become possible to identify
individuals with different grades of periportal thickness due
to fibrosis, a typical lesion of hepatic schistosomiasis corrobo-
rated by histopathologic studies of liver biopsies.25–27
In the present study, we used ultrasonography to grade
periportal fibrosis in patients from an area in which S. man-
soni is endemic in an attempt to correlate the development of
hepatosplenic disease with aspects of the humoral response
associated with susceptibility to S. mansoni infection. This is
part of an extensive study to elucidate the contributions of
demographic, behavioral, immunologic, and genetic factors
on the development of susceptibility and resistance to S. man-
soni infection and pathology.
Study design. This investigation was conducted in an area
endemic for schistosomiasis, Co ´rrego dos Melquı ´ades, in the
Minas Gerais State of Brazil. It was reviewed and approved
by the Ethical Committee of Fundac ¸a ˜o Oswaldo Cruz, Min-
istry of Health. Local health care personnel explained the
study to the village population. It was stressed that all indi-
viduals would receive treatment irrespective of whether or
not they participated in the study. Participants were enrolled
only with their explicit approval, or with that of their parents
in the case of children less than 15 years of age. A cross-
sectional survey was then conducted, which enumerated in-
dividuals and assigned them personal identity numbers and a
household identity number. The clinical history of partici-
pants was collected, along with their quantitative stool egg
counts as determined by duplicate Kato-Katz thick smears.
Fecal examinations were completed in May 1998. In Septem-
ber, 340 participants were given physical examinations. Indi-
viduals with symptoms of the disease (abdominal pain and
diarrhea) or those having liver and/or spleen enlargement
detected by abdominal palpation even during deep breaths or
Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 66(5), 2002, pp. 542–549
Copyright © 2002 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Page 2
whose abdominal palpation was difficult (expontaneous
muscle contraction or an excess of fat) were scheduled for an
ultrasound examination. A total of 267 individuals were ex-
amined by ultrasonography. The physical examination and
ultrasonography were done independently by different phy-
sicians. From September to December, 10-ml blood samples
were collected in sterile vacutainer tubes (Becton Dickinson,
Rutherford, NJ). At the same time infected patients received
treatment with oxamniquine at the Brazilian standard dose of
15 mg/kg of body weight for adults and 20 mg/kg of body
weight for children. One year after treatment, feces were col-
lected for evaluation of reinfection. Egg-negative individuals
and those that did not return a feces sample were not included
in the calculation of the reinfection rate. Active infection with
S. mansoni was defined as the presence of eggs in the stools.
Malaria and leishmaniasis, confounders for hepatosplenic dis-
ease, are not endemic in the study area.
Detailed methods and the results of the water contact sur-
vey undertaken in the area have been previously re-
ported.28,29Questions concerning the frequency of water con-
tact were derived from a direct water contact observation
study in the same area.28Briefly, participants were inter-
viewed individually as to their water contact behavior.29
Questions consisted of the frequency per week for each water
contact behavior and the source of the water (e.g., well, bam-
boo conduit). Parents were asked about their children's water
contact behavior only when the children were less than six
years old; no proxy responses for water contact behavior for
participants more than six years old were accepted. All water
contacts were divided into potentially infected (streams, ca-
nals, fish ponds, "bicas") or potentially safe sites (springs,
wells, water hoses, household faucets, wash basins, and show-
ers sites). The determination of an infected or safe site was
based on the presence (infective) or absence (safe) of snail
intermediate hosts determined by malacologic surveys under-
taken at each water contact site. Water contact frequencies
that occurred at potentially infective sites were then multi-
plied by standardized duration and body immersion values
and defined as total body minutes (TBM).29
Ultrasound evaluation. Two hundred sixty-seven subjects
were subjected to abdominal ultrasonography using a por-
table Hitachi EUB-200 machine (Tokyo, Japan). Patients less
than five years old were excluded. Liver size, portal-vein di-
ameter, thickness of the walls of peripheral portal branches,
spleen size, and splenic vein diameter were assessed as de-
scribed elsewhere.25–27Liver span was measured both in the
midclavicular line and the midline. The liver was also exam-
ined for smoothness of surface. The ultrasound criteria for
schistosomal hepatic fibrosis are multiple diffuse echogenic
areas scattered throughout the liver. Portal vein diameter was
measured at its entrance into the porta hepatis and its bifur-
cation inside the liver. The spleen intercostal spaces were
evaluated using oblique and longitudinal scanning of the left
upper quadrant. The splenic size and texture were noted and
the gallbladder was examined for wall thickness and stones.
The following classification was adopted to assess the mor-
bidity of S. mansoni infection:25grade 0 ? periportal fibrosis
thickness less < 3 mm; grade I ? thickness of 3–5 mm. There
were no significant differences between the control, pathol-
ogy, and fibrosis groups in relation to portal and splenic veins
diameters (cm, mean ± SD) (portal vein: 1.1 ± 0.2, 1.2 ± 0.2,
and 1.1 ± 0.2; splenic vein: 0.7 ± 0.1, 0.8 ± 0.2, and 0.7 ± 0.2,
respectively). The term organopathy was used for individuals
with alterations in size, surface or parenchyma (liver or
spleen) without periportal echogenicity (periportal fibrosis).
Although most of these patients were infected, the liver al-
terations may not be due to schistosomiasis because they did
not have the characteristic periportal thickening limited to the
portal vein and its tributaries. The physicians performing ul-
trasound examinations were not aware of the infection status,
results of the clinical examination, and water contact results
of the patients undergoing ultrasonography.
Parasitologic examination. Infection intensities were mea-
sured by individual fecal egg counts, expressed in eggs per
gram of feces (epg) performed by the Kato-Katz30method on
stool samples obtained on three consecutive days. An indi-
vidual's fecal egg count was the arithmetic mean of these
three determinations. Due to the important role of diagnostic
sensitivity in causing a truncation in the frequency distribu-
tion of egg output,31every attempt was made to standardize
the reading of slides, including having the same technicians
prepare and read all slides. Quality control was ensured by
blinded cross-checking of slides between technicians.
Preparation of crude S. mansoni antigens. Sera were ex-
amined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for
antibody isotypes reactive to a soluble worm antigen prepa-
ration (SWAP) and SEA. These antigens were prepared ac-
cording to methods previously described.32,33The protein
concentration was determined with a bicinchoninic (BCA) kit
(Pierce, Rockford, IL).
Indirect ELISA. The ELISA was performed using SWAP
and SEA. Briefly, plates (Maxisorb; Nunc, Roskilde, Den-
mark) were coated with 100 ?l of SWAP or SEA at a con-
centration of 5 ?g/ml in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH
9.6). The plates were then sealed and incubated overnight at
4°C. The next day the plates were washed with 0.15 M phos-
phate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2). The plates were blocked
with 0.15 M PBS, 0.05% Tween 20 (PBST), and 10% fetal
bovine serum for 1 hr. The plates were then decanted and 100
?l of sample sera was added in duplicate two-fold dilutions
(from 1:100 to 1:800). The plates were covered and kept over-
night at 4°C. The plates were then washed five times in 0.15
M PBST and 100 ?l of biotin-conjugated anti-human IgG4
(Zymed, San Francisco, CA) was added to each well at a
dilution of 1:1,000 for IgG4. The plates were incubated for 90
min at room temperature and then washed five times with
PBST. One hundred microliters of 1:1,000 streptavidin horse-
radish peroxidase (Amersham, Piscataway, NJ) was then
added to each well and incubated for 90 min at room tem-
perature. One hundred microliters of o-phenylenediamine
(OPD) (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) containing 0.03% hydrogen
peroxide was then added to each well. The reaction was
stopped with 50 ?l/well of 12.5% H2SO4and the optical den-
sity (OD) was measured at 450 nm using an automated
ELISA reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA). The con-
ditions for the measurement of IgE were the same as de-
scribed for IgG4 except that 100 ?l of a 1:500 dilution of
alkaline phosphate-conjugated IgE (Pharmingen, San Diego,
CA) was added to each well and incubated for 90 min at room
temperature. The plates were washed five times in PBST and
100 ?l of 10% diethanolamine in 0.01% MgCl2(pH 9.8) con-
taining 1 mg/ml of p-nitrophenylphosphate was then added.
The plates were then covered and stored in the dark for 2 hr
and the absorbance was measured at 405 nm.
IgG4 TO EGG ANTIGENS AND S. MANSONI MORBIDITY
Page 3
Quality control of indirect ELISA. Each plate contained
three controls to check for non-specific binding of conjugate,
chromogen, or streptavidin to the plate. A plate was repeated
if one of these controls had an OD > 0.050 nm. In addition,
each plate contained duplicates of a 1:100 dilution of sera
from three S. mansoni-negative individuals from Brazil. A
plate was repeated if the OD for one of these three controls
was greater than 0.050 nm. Pearson product moment corre-
lations were used to determine if wells on the edge of the
plate had higher or lower OD values (e.g., edge effect) than
wells in the center of the plate. Sample duplicates with a
coefficient of variation greater than 10% were retested.
Variation between plates during a single run (interplate varia-
tion) was measured by the coefficient of variation between
the three positive controls on each plate. If the positive con-
trols between plates on a single run had a coefficient of varia-
tion greater than 10%, the entire run was repeated.
Statistical analysis. Data were analyzed by least square
analysis of variance technique using general linear models
procedures. Scheffe's test was used to determine if a signifi-
cant difference (P < 0.05) could be found between groups
related with intensity of infection, TBM, and IgE and IgG4
levels to SWAP and SEA. The levels of antibody isotypes
were examined after root square transformation of OD +1 to
approximate a normal distribution. For the same reason, we
used natural log transformed TBM values. To allow log trans-
formation of zeros, a value of 1 was added to egg counts.
Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relation-
ship between age and sex with status of infection and mor-
bidity (periportal fibrosis). The goal of modeling was not to
build a predictive model, but to quantify the association be-
tween study variables. For this analysis, age was categorized
into two groups (? 20 and > 20 years) because of the small
number subjects presenting with periportal fibrosis. All analy-
ses were performed using the Statistical Analysis System, ver-
sion 6.12 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC).
Characterization of the sample by age, sex, intensity of in-
fection, prevalence, and water contact. Clinical and ultra-
sound examinations were carried out on 267 individuals. The
distribution of patients by age, intensity of infection, preva-
lence, and water contact before treatment is shown in Figure
1. Individuals less than 20 years of age showed the highest
intensity of infection (mean ? 72.4 epg, 95% confidence in-
terval [CI] ? 28.8–182.1) and prevalence (93%, 95% CI ?
87–99). In individuals more than 20 years of age, the intensity
of infection varied from 3.5 epg (95% CI ? 2.6–6.6) to 17.8
epg (95% CI ? 7.9–40.3) and the prevalence varied from
36% (95% CI ? 19–54) to 69% (95% CI ? 52–86). Water
contact ranged from a mean TBM of 128 (95% CI ? 113.9–
142.2) in the 11–20-year-old age group to a mean TBM of 86
(95% CI ? 71.0–104.9) in those more than 60 years old. The
TBM was significantly higher in the 11–20-year-old age group
only in comparison with the group > 60 years old (P < 0.05).
Interestingly, although individuals in the 41–50-year-old
age group showed similar TBM levels compared with those in
the 11–20-year-old age group, the intensity of infection of this
group was 6.3 times less (P < 0.05). Males had a higher in-
tensity of infection than females (26.56 epg, 95% CI ? 18.1–
38.9 versus 14.67 epg, 95% CI ? 10.0–21.5) (P < 0.05), but
water contact values were not significantly different between
genders. Furthermore, water contact values were not signifi-
cantly different in egg-positive and egg-negative individuals.
Characterization of the study sample based on clinical and
sonographic examinations. The association between age and
sex with infection or periportal fibrosis was assessed by logis-
tic regression analysis (Table 1). The results show an associa-
tion between infection and age with the odds of infection 8.16
times greater for individuals ? 20 years old compared with
older (> 20 years old) individuals. No association was found
with gender. Conversely, the presence of periportal fibrosis
was associated with gender, since the odds of morbidity were
3.46 times greater for males than for females, with no asso-
ciation with age.
For further analysis, the study sample was divided into
three groups based on individual clinical and sonographic
records (Table 2). The first group included 204 individuals
with no periportal fibrosis, liver or spleen enlargement (con-
trol group). The second group included 41 individuals without
thickening of the portal vein wall, but presenting with orga-
nopathy (cholecystitis, steatosis, hepatic cysts, or renal cysts),
with or without organomegaly (pathology group). The third
group included 22 individuals with periportal fibrosis
(echogenic thickening ? 0.3–0.5 cm) with or without orga-
nomegaly (fibrosis group).
Our data demonstrate that individuals in the pathology
group were significantly older (41.8 years [95% CI ? 35.5–
48.0]) than individuals in the control group (P < 0.05). Al-
though the fibrosis group showed an intensity of infection at
least 2.5 times greater than the other two groups, it was not
significantly different. There were no significant differences
for TBM between the three groups. Moreover, no significant
differences in TBM were observed between egg-negative and
egg-positive individuals (Table 2), as well as between genders
(Figure 2). However, despite no statistical significance, both
male and female subjects in the fibrosis group showed a mean
intensity of infection at least twice as high as that of the other
two groups (Figure 2).
Analysis of antigen-specific IgG4 and IgE in sera from pa-
tients with/without periportal fibrosis. To investigate whether
humoral immune response would differ between patients with
and without periportal fibrosis, the levels of IgG4 (Figure 3)
and IgE (Figure 4) antibodies to SEA and SWAP were com-
(total body minutes [TBM]) data for Schistosoma mansoni by age
group (n ? 267). *Geometric mean TBM; **Geometric mean eggs
per gram of feces (epg) [ln(epg + 1)]. Values in parentheses are the
number of individuals in each age group.
Intensity of infection, prevalence, and water contact
Page 4
pared between individuals from the control, pathology, and
fibrosis groups. Our results show that the sera levels of IgG4
against SEA were significantly higher in individuals in the
fibrosis group compared with both the control group and the
pathology group (P < 0.05). No statistic differences were ob-
served for the levels of IgE against SEA or IgG4 or IgE
against SWAP between all three groups. When the patients
were stratified by gender, the levels of IgG4 to SEA were
significantly higher in sera from males than from females in
the control and pathology groups (P < 0.05). Although the
level of IgG4 to SEA was higher in males than in females in
the fibrosis group, the difference was not statistically signifi-
cant. The levels of IgE against SEA were similar between
genders in all three groups. For isotypes against SWAP, the
levels of IgG4 were substantially higher in the sera from
males than from females only in the pathology group (P <
0.05) and for IgE in the control group (P < 0.05).
Increased levels of IgG4 against SEA in egg-negative pa-
tients with periportal fibrosis. To further characterize the hu-
moral immune response in individuals with and without peri-
portal fibrosis, the sera levels of IgG4 and IgE were analyzed
after stratifying the patients based on the presence or absence
of eggs in their feces (Figure 5). Higher sera levels of IgG4
against SEA and SWAP were found in egg-positive individu-
als compared with egg-negative individuals in both the con-
trol (P < 0.05) and the pathology groups (P < 0.05), but not in
the fibrosis group. However, analysis of sera IgG4 against
SEA within the egg-negative subgroup demonstrated higher
levels of this antibody only in the fibrosis group compared
with the control (P < 0.05).
Using the same approach to analyze levels of IgE against
SEA and SWAP, we found higher levels of this isotype in the
egg-positive individuals only in the control group for SEA (P
< 0.05). When serum levels of IgE against SEA and SWAP
within the egg-negative subgroup were analyzed, we found no
differences in these levels between groups. No differences
were observed when the levels of IgG4 and IgE against SEA
and SWAP were analyzed in the egg-positive subgroup.
In this cross-sectional study, we have performed a detailed
descriptive analysis of individuals living in an area where
schistosomiasis is endemic to evaluate the relationship be-
tween demographic features, parasitologic status, behavior
routines, and the immune response in patients with periportal
By characterizing the sample by age, sex, intensity of infec-
tion, prevalence, and water contact, we have found a typical
relationship between age and either prevalence or intensity of
infection. Individuals less than 20 years old showed the high-
est prevalence and intensity of infection compared with other
age groups. The decrease in prevalence and intensity of in-
fection with age has been explained as a multifactorial phe-
nomena that, in part, results from changes in exposure to
cercariae due to decreased contact with infected water,3,34
development of acquired immunity,35,36and differences in
hormones levels or physiologic features, such as thickening of
cutaneous fat observed with aging.37Our data are consistent
with this multifactorial hypothesis, since the decrease in
prevalence and intensity of infection in older subjects could
not be explained by the lower exposure to infected water in
all age groups. The lower TBM (water contact) observed in
the 31–40-, 51–60-, and < 60-year-old age groups could ac-
count for their lower prevalence and intensity of infection.
However, individuals in the 21–30- and 41–50-year-old age
groups, regardless of similar TBM, showed decreased preva-
lence and less intensity of infection compared with individuals
less than 20 years of age (Figure 1). Thus, a difference in TBM
does not explain an age effect in prevalence and intensity of
infection in the Melquı ´ades study sample. As has been sug-
gested by other studies in areas where schistosomiasis is en-
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for age and sex in relation to morbidity or infection with Schistosoma mansoni
Periportal fibrosisInfection
No. (%) OR (95% CI)No. (%)OR (95% CI)
Age group (years)
> 20
14 (7.8)
8 (9.2)
104 (57.8)
80 (92.0)1.20 (0.48–2.98)8.16 (3.56–18.68)
5 (3.9)
17 (12.3)
83 (64.3)
101 (73.2)
1.36 (0.78–2.37)
3.46 (1.23–9.71)
Descriptive analysis for individuals infected with Schistosoma mansoni stratified by periportal fibrosis, age, intensity of infection, and
water contact
Group Echogenicity† Organomegaly (%)No. Age (years) epg‡
TBM (n)*
Total Egg +Egg −
– 204
109 (141)
130 (25)
107 (18)
102 (63)
118 (16)
93 (4)
* Geometric mean of total body minutes (ln [TBM]). n ? number of individuals.
† Periportal fibrosis (cm).
‡ epg ? geometric mean eggs per gram of feces (ln [epg + 1]).
§ Difference between pathology and control groups (P < 0.05).
IgG4 TO EGG ANTIGENS AND S. MANSONI MORBIDITY
Page 5
demic, age-acquired immunity could also play a role in the
prevalence and intensity of infection.8,38–42
Periportal fibrosis detected by ultrasonography has been
considered the most important indicator for morbidity in hu-
man schistosomiasis.43,44In this study, data from clinical and
ultrasonographic examinations allowed us to identify in a
population of 267 a group of 22 individuals with echogenic
lesions indicating severe chronic schistosomiasis and another
group of 41 individuals with organopathy but without peri-
portal fibrosis. Using a logistic regression model, we did not
find any association of age with morbidity, but we observed
an association between age and infection as previously de-
scribed for human schistosomiasis.45However, 77% of the
individuals with periportal fibrosis were male, with an odds
ratio of 3.46, compared with females (Table 1). Interestingly,
TBM was similar for both genders (Figure 2). Similar asso-
ciations between gender and morbidity have been reported
for S. mansoni and S. haematobium infections.45–47
In addition to gender, it has also been proposed that severe
schistosomiasis is more often observed in subjects with a
higher intensity of infection.1,21In this regard, our results
show that patients in the fibrosis group have increased inten-
sity of infection in comparison with the pathology and the
control groups (Table 2). Moreover, we observed that one
egg antigen (SEA) (A) and an adult worm antigen preparation
(SWAP) (B) in sera from patients from the control, pathology, and
fibrosis groups. The levels of IgG4 against SEA from the fibrosis
group were significantly higher than those in the control and pathol-
ogy groups (P < 0.05). Data points are optical density (OD) values at
450 nm. The horizontal lines indicate the arithmetic mean.
Levels of IgG4 against Schistosoma mansoni solubleFIGURE 5.
soluble egg antigen (SEA) and an adult worm antigen preparation
(SWAP) in sera from patients from control (I), pathology (II), and
fibrosis (III) groups after subgrouping the patients based on the pres-
ence (open bars) and absence (solid bars) of eggs. Bars show the
mean ± 95% confidence intervals of optical density values read at 450
and 405 nm.
Levels of IgG4 and IgE against Schistosoma mansoni
water contact (total body minutes [TBM]) data for Schistosoma man-
soni in individuals from the control, pathology, and fibrosis groups
separated by sex. *geometric mean [ln(TBM)]; **geometric mean
epg [ln(epg + 1)]. Data points and vertical lines show the mean ±
standard error.
Intensity of infection (eggs per gram of feces [epg]) and
antigen (SEA) (A) and an adult worm antigen preparation (SWAP)
(B) in sera from patients from the control, pathology, and fibrosis
groups. Data points are optical density (OD) values at 405 nm. There
was no difference between the groups. The horizontal lines indicate
the arithmetic mean.
Levels of IgE against Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg
Page 6
year after treatment, 23.1% of the patients in the fibrosis
group had become reinfected in contrast with 9.8% and 6.9%
of patients from control and pathology groups, respectively.
In general, it has been difficult to demonstrate a relation-
ship between intensity of infection and morbidity. Both posi-
tive and negative associations have been reported.48–51Inter-
pretation of this discrepancy has been extensively discussed
and includes the reduction in egg excretion leading to an
underestimation of parasite load in patients with periportal
fibrosis, the chronic evolution of the disease that does not
synchronize morbidity and the peak of infection intensity, and
differences on the clinical phenotypes counted as morbidity
markers, such as hepatosplenomegaly or fibrosis. We suggest
that the intensity of infection, although important in disease
progression, is not the only critical factor in the development
of fibrosis and other components such as the immune re-
sponse and host genetic factors may play critical roles.
Most immunologic studies on S. mansoni have focused on
the relationship between the immune response and develop-
ment/maintenance of different clinical forms of the disease or
the mechanisms of resistance and susceptibility to infection or
reinfection.13,15,16The current study adds to these studies by
examining the association between humoral immune re-
sponse and the development of periportal fibrosis.
Early studies comparing anti-SEA IgG4 before and after
chemotherapy demonstrated that the level of this isotype de-
creased following a decrease in egg output.52In this paper, we
are dealing with two supposedly causal variables associated
with the intensity of infection (Figure 3): fibrosis and the
levels anti-SEA IgG4. To address this confounding question,
the anti-SEA IgG4 levels in our study was examined after
stratifying the population into two groups: egg-negative and
egg-positive. As shown in Figure 5, the association between
anti-SEA IgG4 and fibrosis still remained significant among
individuals without eggs in their stool. The current literature
links levels of anti-SEA IgG4 with susceptibility,13,18,19but
our data suggest that the levels of IgG4 may also be involved
in the development of fibrosis. These patients, although egg-
negative, live in same endemic area, have similar water con-
tact as the infected individuals, and presented with high pe-
ripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferative responses to
adult worm and eggs antigens, as well as with cytokine syn-
thesis in their cell culture supernatants (A. M. S. Silveira, G.
Gazzinelli, L. F. Álvares-Oliveira, J. Bethony, A. Gazzinelli,
C. Carvalho-Queiroz, M. C. B. A´lveres, F. C. L. Silva, A.
Prata, P. T. LoVerde, and R. Correa-Oliveira, unpublished
data). Furthermore, the coefficient of variability of the Kato
quantitative method for patients with less than 20 epg is very
high (89.55);53thus, patients with a low intensity of infection
may be not detected. These data suggest that these egg-
negative individuals are infected or previous sensitized by S.
mansoni. In relation to fibrotic, egg-negative patients, the
possibility that the abnormal echogenicity reported is caused
by S. mansoni infection is very high because 8–12 months
after chemotherapy, the lesions detected by ultrasonography
disappeared (T. V. B. Magalha ˜es, A. M. S. Silveira, M. C. B.
A´lvares, and G. Gazzinelli, unpublished data).
In conclusion, IgG4 specific for SEA was associated with
the initial stages of fibrosis, which was graded by the
echogenic pattern of the periportal tree by ultrasound. This
allowed the identification of the critical step in the progres-
sion of disease from mild to severe fibrosis.
Acknowledgments: We thank Maria de Fa ´tima da Silva, Marlucy
Rodrigues Lima, and Lilian Cardoso Moreira for field and laboratory
expert technical assistance, and Dr. Olindo Assis Martins Filho for
valuable comments on the manuscript.
Financial support: This work was supported by grants from the Pro-
grama de Apoio a Grupos de Excele ˆncia-PRONEX/CNPq/FINEP
(Brazil), the National Institutes of Health-NIH-ICIDR (AI-45451-
01), the Fundac ¸a ˜o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais-
FAPEMIG (Brazil), the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Ci-
entı ´fico e Tecnolo ´gico-CNPq (Brazil), and the UNDP World Bank/
WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical
Diseases. Jeffrey Bethony was supported by an International Re-
search Scientist Development Award (IRSDA) (1K01 TW00009-01)
from the John C. Fogarty International Center of the National Insti-
tutes of Health.
Authors' addresses: Alda M. S. Silveira, Departamento de Bio-
quı ´mica e Imunologia, Instituto de Cie ˆncias Biolo ´gicas, Universidade
Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antonio Carlos 6627, 31270-901,
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Jeffrey Bethony, Henrique L.
Guerra, Rodrigo Correa-Oliveira, and Giovanni Gazzinelli, Centro
de Pesquisas Rene ´ Rachou, Fundac ¸a ˜o Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Au-
gusto de Lima 1715, Barro Preto, 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, Minas
Gerais Brazil. Telephone: 55-31-3295-3566, Fax: 55-31-3295-3115.
Andrea Gazzinelli and Helmut Kloos, Escola de Enfermagem, Uni-
versidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Alfredo Balena 190,
CEP 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil. Lu ´cia Alves de
Oliveira Fraga, Laborato ´rio de Imunologia, Centro de Cie ˆncias Bio-
lo ´gicas e da Sau ´de, Universidade Vale do Rio Doce, Campus II, BR
259, Km 3, S/N˚, Bairro Capim, Caixa Postal 295, 35024-820, Gover-
nador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Maria Carolina B. Alves,
Centro de Diagno ´stico, Santa Casa de Miserico ´dia de Belo Hori-
zonte, Avenida Francisco Sales 1111, Santa Efige ˆnia, 30150-221, Belo
Horizonte, Minas Gerais Brazil. Aluizio Prata, Medicina Tropical,
Faculdade de Medicina do Tria ˆngulo Mineiro, Caixa Postal 118,
38001-970, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Philip T. LoVerde, De-
partment of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sci-
ences, State University of New York, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main
Street, Buffalo NY 14214-3000.
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Page 7
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IgG4 TO EGG ANTIGENS AND S. MANSONI MORBIDITY


text:
Property Details
House, 3 Bedrooms, 2 Baths, 8 Sleeps
This home is located in one of the best and most 'in demand' areas of
South Palm Desert. An immaculate, charming home tastefully furnished
within walking distance to the beginning of Palm Desert's famous El
Paseo Drive. It is a 3 bedroom, plus a convertible open den with a
Sofa Bed (for 4th bedroom).
There is extensive space and layout for everything you need. The home
features plantation shutters, vaulted ceilings, stunning mountain
views, beautiful Italian ceramic tile floors, cool new bath, (both
baths have skylights), and a bright fully equipped kitchen.
Outside you'll discover a magical backyard with a south facing
pool and a romantic spa flowing into a refreshing saline
water pool (A Newer Technology Pool. Better and healthier than
Chlorine), all new decking, superb views and and a variety of fruit trees:
Lemons, grapefruit, oranges, tangerines. and limes.
This is the perfect vacation home, close to everything; Shopping,
art galleries and restaurants along El Paseo, Hiking trails begin
right up the street, The famous 'River' is close by with its
abundance of shops, restaurants and movie theaters, Golf and Tennis
nearby, the McCallum Theater, and much, much more.
Recent Review
Home Away From Home
About the Owner
2 Reviews
2 traveler reviews
Home Away From Home
Perfect Home and Location for a getaway
Well...Im just saying from my first impression, now after our week stay. It never chnaged. It only got better.
All ready spoke to the owner about booking next year- I dont want to miss out on this one, and will be so nice to return to a home we know.
Glad I could share here
Activity and Interests
- Tastefully Furnished for your Relaxation
- Stunning Mountain Views
- Refreshing Saline Salt Water Pool
- Walking distance to the Famous El Paseo Drive and its
many Restaurants, Art Galleries and Boutiques.
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- Close to Everything: Shopping Malls, McCallum Theater,
Golf, Tennis, Hiking and much much more.
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- Nightly Rate: $300 - $400
Weekly Rate: $1500 - $2200
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
can my passiflora edulus vines be dying?
We planted 4 young vines 4 1/2 years ago to create a beautiful luscious hedge for our organic garden. The plants have been prolific up until a few weeks ago. There is brown leaves and the green leaves are all wilted. They are getting enough water on drip, but it looks like they're starved for water. We have had some weird weather...cold, hot, cold, hot, but I'm in San Diego. Any ideas appreciated. Thank you!
It is stress, dropping a few leaves because of the cold more than likely. They don't like anything below 50 degrees depending on the specific plant, perhaps even 60 degrees. If it warms up, you should see new growth. I see you've been down around low 40's, so the weather is probably the culprit. I can't say for positive, but my "small" edulis have weathered low 40's in pots, so I suspect your large vine will recover. Good luck.
my incarnata died last year during the summer
i never found out what it was, but it must have been a virus or something like that.
the leaves wilted just like this one. it started in one spot, and went to the whole plant.
i had another one about 20ft away that never had a problem, actually, that one took off and got huge.
if it did get cold enough , and was wet for an extended period, it could be root-rot ?
that will make it look like it is not getting enough water, but thats just because it has no roots to absorb it.


text:
Beth Rickers
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Beth Rickers is the veteran in the newspaper staff with 25 years as the Daily Globe's Features Editor. Interests include cooking, traveling and beer tasting and making with her home-brewing husband, Bryan. She writes an Area Voices blog called Lagniappe, which is a Creole term that means "a little something extra." It can be found at http://lagniappe.areavoices.com/.
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Author Content
WORTHINGTON -- It's been more than 20 years since Andre Kirkwood set foot in Worthington, the city he considers his hometown. Like many local alumni, he'll return this week to take in the community's King Turkey Day festivities. But for Andre, it's more than just a chance to reunite with old friends and acquaintances. He has been named as the King Turkey Day featured speaker. Andre came to the attention of the King Turkey Day Board of Directors after he was featured in a January Daily Globe article following his retirement after 30 years in the U.S.
OKOBOJI, Iowa -- Butterflies were the guests of honor at a special event Saturday in the Iowa Great Lakes. A new facility, Dee and Kate's Butterfly House, was dedicated Saturday morning at the Nature Center on 170th Street in Okoboji.
PIPESTONE -- Holly Vanden Berg doesn't know anyone who lives in Asia, but there are people there who know her music. She's sold quite a number of CDs via her Web site in Asian countries. "The first person to buy my CD online was from Korea," Holly related. Currently a student at Minnesota State University in Mankato, Holly recently released her debut CD of piano music, "Holly from the Heart." She celebrated the accomplishment with two CD-release parties over the summer -- a pool party in the Twin Cities and more recently, a gala evening event at the Pipestone Performing Arts Center.
OCHEYEDAN, Iowa -- Rob Roozeboom always knew there was a God. He was, after all, a pastor's son. He just didn't understand that God was at work in his own life. "I believed in a God, but I just didn't want anything to do with him," Roozeboom reflected. " I don't think I've ever lived my life believing that there isn't a God, but to believe in a loving, compassionate, caring God, that's a different thing." Roozeboom has lived in Pella, Iowa, Holland, Mich., Worthington and Phoenix, Ariz., and now calls Sheldon, Iowa, home.
WORTHINGTON -- Kathleen Kusz had never painted with watercolors before she signed up for a art department-sponsored trip to Ireland through Minnesota West Community and Technical College. In fact, she had never really painted at all, although she had expressed her artistic side through paper cuttings. Now, just two years later, Kathleen is displaying her work in an exhibit with other family members at Minnesota West's Worthington campus. Kathleen has contributed watercolors completed during that Ireland trip, this summer's trip to Italy as well as paintings inspired by area scenery.
As we tooled into Emmetsburg, Iowa, our journey was brought to an abrupt halt at a railroad crossing. The train seemed to be in much less of a hurry than we were, and we found ourselves stalled there for about 15 minutes. But 15 minutes can seem like an eternity when the temperature is in the high 90s and you're traveling in an open-air vehicle. As the road finally cleared of train cars, a woman in the vehicle next to us rolled down her window and yelled, "I was just about to ask if you wanted to sit in my air-conditioned car for a while." Her offer was gracious, if somewhat belated.
WORTHINGTON -- The King Turkey Day Board of Directors had a variety of drawings to choose from for the 2006 King Turkey Day button, but one design stood out as a classic. This year's button was created by local artist Jo Gerber, who has dabbled in art all her life and works in several mediums, including pen and ink, colored pencil and watercolor. Gerber had previously drawn a turkey for one of her sons, since he's a turkey hunter. "But turkeys aren't my No. 1 subject," she said.
WORTHINGTON -- When Marlowe Van Ginkel looks at a wheelchair, he doesn't just see an apparatus made out of metal and rubber. "Every wheelchair has a story," he emphasized. Each story begins with a legion of volunteers who collect wheelchairs, store wheelchairs, pick up wheelchairs, deliver wheelchairs and refurbish wheelchairs.
WORTHINGTON -- When Kim Schroeder first entered the cosmetology field, she had some aspirations beyond learning to cut hair and do nails. "I always wanted to teach," Kim said. "It was one of my goals when I was going to cosmetology school. I wanted to manage a salon, then own a salon, then start a school." For Kim, the final part of that dream will come true when she and her husband, Todd, open Avalon Beauty Academy in January 2007 at 1428 N. McMillan St.
WORTHINGTON -- As volunteers for Bible League, Anita Weg and Dorothy Vander Wilt have worked together closely for the last several months to prepare for an upcoming retreat in Sioux Falls, S.D. But their bond extends beyond the realm of volunteerism. They are sisters and grew up in the Bigelow area. Weg lives in Worthington and recently retired from a position with the local school district.


text:
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Cream women's striped shaker ballet neck jumper
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The classic American sweater stitch is a favourite for good reason - it feels great and looks fantastic. The flattering ballet neckline frames the face and the longer length and side slits elongate the figure. Easily dressed up or down with the addition of a scarf or pair of heels. The rib knit continues right to the cuffs and hem to help keep it in shape.
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- Rich cotton blend in a textured 'shaker' (or fisherman's) rib knit
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text: Brad Paisley Debuts 'The Ballad of Honey Boo Boo' [VIDEO] By Danny Merrell January 10, 2013 8:33 AM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Leave it to Brad Paisley….and talk show host Jimmy Kimmel. Brad was Jimmy's guest last night and Paisley debuted his new theme song and video for Honey Boo Boo. Filed Under: brad paisley, honey boo boo, jimmy kimmel Category: Television Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of Kicks 105 Recommended For You Around the Web


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Syndicated columnist Mark Shields and New York Times columnist David Brooks discuss the week's top news including the political debates surrounding the anniversary of Osama bin Laden's death, U.S. and China relations amid the saga of blind dissident Chen Guangcheng, new jobs numbers and structural problems in the U.S. economy. Continue reading
The former House speaker will need to convince voters that the past 30 days was just an aberration and not emblematic of what his presidency would look like. Continue reading
Though still lacking a frontrunner, the Republican field for the 2012 presidential nomination gained momentum this week as former Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty announced his formation of an exploratory committee. Judy Woodruff sorts through the crowd of potential GOP candidates with Political Editor David Chalian. Continue reading
Just six months after the sun appeared to have set on his presidential aspirations for the second time, Sen. John McCain sealed up the Republican nomination Tuesday night by sweeping contests in Texas, Ohio, Rhode Island and Vermont. Continue reading
Two men who were once major contenders for their party's nomination announced Wednesday they were leaving the presidential primary race while a former third-party candidate announced he might run again. Continue reading
Continuing his surging campaign for the Republican nomination, Sen. John McCain narrowly bested former Gov. Mitt Romney in Florida, locking up all 57 delegates to the convention this summer and heading into Super Tuesday with increased momentum. Continue reading
Sen. John McCain scored a critical victory in the South Carolina GOP primary Saturday, edging out former Gov. Mike Huckabee and exorcizing the ghost of the 2000 campaign when the Palmetto State dealt the Arizona Republican's campaign a mortal blow. Continue reading
With an unprecedented five-day turnaround before the New Hampshire primary, Iowa caucus victor Mike Huckabee and the rest of the Republican field are forgoing sleep, refocusing their attention and tweaking their messages. Continue reading
Former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney scored a largely symbolic, yet critical victory in Saturday's Iowa GOP straw poll, beating a field of lesser known candidates in the first test of the governor's organizational ability. Continue reading
Political analyst and professor Mike Cornfield discusses the online strategies that campaigns are using for the upcoming presidential election. Continue reading


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Visit create.airbnb.com »
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My name is Diana. I'm 29 years old and I live in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. I'm a graphic designer. I like music, movies, arts and having fun with my friends.
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Diana and her friend were great guests! They stayed almost a week in my apartment while I was away and everything went very well - no worries at all! Thanks Diana!


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Pronunciation: วัว
Added on: 2011-03-22 Listened: 19 timesin: ox
Pronunciation in Thai [th]
- Pronunciation by sirintra2412 (Female from Thailand)
0 votes
Could you do it better? different accent? Pronounce วัว in Thai
Accents & languages on maps
- Random word: Erzbischöfe
by Bing Translator English translation:
วัว = Cow
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Hotel Concordia
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TripAdvisor Reviews Hotel Concordia Patzcuaro
Travel Blogs from Patzcuaro
... was finishing, the bride and groom off on what was a heavy duty truck, nice wooden seats placed in the cab thereof.
For a small town, there are lots of churches, seemingly every 3 blocks or so. The town has a nice feel. Sid has warned us of weather vagaries on the island trip tomorrow ie rain gear. It felt like it indeed may want to rain. There was water in the air.
Back to the hotel c 1630 for an hour or so. Downloaded the picks. Not especially happy ...
Last day in Mexico City
... because thats how different the two places are. Plus both have great points about them. Yang agreed. She has changed her tune since we first arrived.
Today, we revisited Yang's favourite Taco place in Condesa, on the corner of Amsterdam and Michocan. It is very good but I ate too much and didn't leave any room for the other corner stall I wanted to try. Oh well...next time. We also finally tried the ice-cream place ...
4. Lost in translation, or just plain lost?
... woman in her twenties, did speak some English, and told me that you have to buy the bus ticket at the station. I thanked her, disappointed. I'd been hoping to get the ticket today so I would feel secure in the knowledge I had a seat on the bus. But taking a taxi to the station and back would cost around $25 US. I decided I didn't need that much security and would just have to take my chances tomorrow.
Still needing to buy water ...
Artesanias Along Lago Patzcuaro
... rode with Kevin and I into town to stop in her shop. She works in ceramics and creates stunning images of lake-related themes such as fish, fishing, and mermaids. From Angelica, I bought a beautiful print of a mermaid as well as a small dish with two mermaids painted on it. Both Angelica and Roberto are renowned for their craft in this region. Angelica's style of ceramics (I forget the name right now) is special to Tzintzuntzan. Times are tough for many of ...
Mexico City
... on a hotdog bun with onion, tomato sauce and mustard) and was waiting in line to pay for it when the bus arrived, so I wolfed it down as we drove through the streets of Centro.
We stopped briefly at the Plaza of Three Cultures for photo opportunities, so called because it contains a combination of pre-Columbian ruins, a Spanish church dating from the 16th century as well as contemporary buildings. The Spanish used the blocks from the Aztec buildings to build ...
Other places to stay in Patzcuaro
BEST WESTERN Posada De Don VascoAv. Lazaro Cardenas #450, Patzcuaro | 3 star hotelfrom $43
Hotel Mision PatzcuaroAv. Lazaro Cardenas 321, Patzcuaro | 3 star hotelfrom $41
Gran HotelPlaza Gertrudis Boca Negra 6, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $23
Hotel Casa EncantadaDr. Coss 15, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $65
Posada MandalaLerin No. 14, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $38
Eco-hotel IxhiSubida al estribo grande no. 48 Col. Lomas del Calvario, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $49
Hotel Meson De San Antonio#33 col. centro, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $68
Hotel Casa de la Real AduanaPonce de Leon 16, Centro, Patzcuaro | 4 star hotelfrom $249
Hotel Pueblo MagicoCalle Ibarra #81, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $46
Los EscudosHidalgo # 73, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $57
El Hotel Casa del RefugioPortal Regules No. 9, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $29
Hotel Mision San ManuelAldama 12, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $49
La Casa en el BosqueCallejon del reventon 111, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $85
Posada de la Salud9, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $23
Hotel Mansion BugambiliasCarretera a Morelia Km 2, Col. Morelos, Patzcuaro | 3 star hotelfrom $37
Hotel Fiesta Plazarosales, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $70
Hotel Mansion IturbePortal Morelos 59, Patzcuaro | 3 star hotelfrom $78
La Mansion de Los Suenos15. Centro, Patzcuaro | 4 star hotelfrom $74
Porton Del CieloCamino real al Estribo 31, Patzcuaro | 4 star hotelfrom $113
Hotel la ParroquiaPlaza Gertrudis Bocanegra, 24, Patzcuaro | Hotelfrom $51


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Compare hundreds of teachers based on the criteria that matter to you, including background checks, age and experience.
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Online students stick with lessons as long as local students.
I graduated from Juilliard in dance and pursued modern dance and all sorts of theatre including musicals and music theatre and performing arts. I have taught children and grown ups for many years. I have a strong performing career and love the way teaching keeps me in a giving and learning place. *** Lesson Details *** With beginning students I am very laid back and patient and believe strongly that in the play of games and experiments technique will develop and manifest. As the student becomes more advanced I become more demanding as do the materials. As an acting teacher I have an advanced capacity to take students along all the way to professional and beyond. I am a member of the Actors Studio, the performing unions and studied since childhood at ACT and then all over the world ...
My music education began at age 8 when, after a year of pestering my parents, I got my first guitar. My self-taught forays began casually at first, until I was introduced to the likes of Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton (the Cream years) and then later, Frank Marino, John McLaughlin, Al Di Meola, and Allan Holdsworth. By age 15, it was "all about the guitar: eat-sleep-school-guitar," with many countless hours burning the midnight oil, deciphering the solos of my heroes. I moved to the San Francisco Bay Area after high school and began studying guitar under the mentor-ship of virtuoso Marc Bonilla (who has worked with such luminaries as Ronnie Montrose, Derek Sherinian, Keith Emerson of Emerson, Lake and Palmer, and Glenn Hughes of Deep Purple). Bonilla has since moved to L.A. to pursue an ...
I was born and raised in Los Angeles but I've just recently relocated to the Bay Area. I am a Professional Musician/Songwriter/Vocalist teaching songwriting, voice, and performance technique as well as a combination thereof. I began singing at a very young age for anyone who would listen (so my parents tell me) and began taking music lessons shortly thereafter. I am now a USC graduate and have also studied music privately for over 25 years as well as at the esteemed Vocal Power Institute. I've professionally released several albums and I am grateful to have had my music featured/licensed by Starbucks, NBC, The CW network, NikeWomen.com, and MTV. I've toured extensively playing to audiences across the country and have had the honor of sharing the stage with artists ranging from Conor ...
At age 12 Ken picked up a guitar and fell in love with the instrument. He began with an obsession with Metallica and related bands that later evolved to a passion for classical and jazz music, music theory. From 2008 -2010 completed the music program at Diablo Valley College in June of 2010, which includes extensive coursework in Music theory, Piano and Guitar. Since 2011 Ken has been a Jazz Guitar Performance Major at Cal State East Bay. There he has studied Classical and jazz Guitar performance with world class musicians. "Music has many different levels and the beautiful thing is there is a place for everybody. I have spent a lot of time throughout my music career going "back to basics" in order to become a better musician. We are all capable of becoming great musicians and just
Frank is passionate about sharing the natural method of singing with students of all ages. Frank received a Bachelor of Music in Voice performance from Indiana University, and is a certified teacher of the Alexander Technique (Posture Awareness in Action). He has taught vocal music at Elementary, Intermediate, High School and College levels. His students have won college scholarships and music awards. Frank has performed leading roles in Broadway shows, Light Opera and Opera. His experience as a vocal musical specialist in schools has helped to shape of method of instruction that is fun, easy and yields amazing results. *** Lesson Details *** Frank's lessons are focused on achieving the students goals. Students choose songs meaningful ...
Since beginning his studies at age ten, Ian has been a prizewinner in several competitions throughout the country, and was the youngest guitarist selected to perform at Aspen Summer Music Festival in 2011. In 2014, he became the first guitarist to win the President's Honor Competition, and had the opportunity to play in a showcase recital in Southern California, where he was given a presidential commendation. He has studied with and performed for some of the most prominent names in classical guitar, including Sharon Isbin of the Juilliard School, Yale University's Benjamin Verdery, as well as Christopher Parkening at Pepperdine University. Ian currently attends the San Francisco Conservatory of Music on a merit scholarship, where he studies with David Tanenbaum.
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AMD A8-7650K APU and A68H chipset review
AMD: Asynchronous shaders in GCN handy with DirectX 12
Guru3D Rig of the Month - March 2015
Battlefield Hardline VGA graphics performance review
OCZ Vector 180 - 480 and 960GB SSD review
AMD FreeSync Review With the Acer XG270HU Monitor
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Corsair H80i GT review
Plextor M6e Black Edition PCIe SSD Review
Corsair Carbide 100R Silent review
Guru3D.com » News » forbids
Valve Steam ToS forbids class action lawsuits
By Hilbert Hagedoorn on: 08/04/2012 06:29 AM | 0 comment(s) ]
Valve announced an update to the user agreement of the Steam service that forbids class action lawsuits. Details on the change can be read at the company's Steam blog. We're also introducing a new dispute resolution process that will benefit you and Valve. Recently, a number of companies have created similar provisions which have generated lots of discussion from customers and communities, and we've been following these discussions closely.Read more
Guru3D.com » News » forbids


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Welcome to TalkBass, the Premier Bass Player Community and Information Source. Register a 100% Free Account to post and unlock tons of features.
Which 212 cab to match a TC Electronic RH750?
Discussion in 'Amps [BG]' started by Papersen, Feb 7, 2013.
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We are all best friends. We love making music. Its a neverending journey that fills us with joy. Mellow Riot is something youve never heard before and its time you start listening. :)
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My wife and I have lived in Austin for over 25 years and in our current location for almost 20 years. We love the location so much we want to share it with travelers to our city. We started with the White House and have had great guest. We added the vintage trailer in 2012 as an alternative to traditional lodgings.
We are outdoorsy people that love camping, hiking and just sitting around a campfire. Other hobbies are dancing, rock climbing and dirt biking. My wife, Suzee, is in a band that plays all over Central Texas. Maybe when you come to Austin to visit, you can check out her band.


text: Well traveled and cultured. I have worked in art, music, design, and other things over the years and the home reflects this, artwork comes from friends in Europe, Asia and US. I have lived and worked overseas and always enjoy meeting new people. We still travel quite a bit and love to share our home with folks from all over the world. Our home is a beautiful custom 2200 sqft home with bamboo floors, art everywhere, pool, outdoor Pagota and BBQ, garden patio.Let me know if you have any questions.


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|Property type
|Minimum Stay
|7 nights
With looks on wine farms and the castle at Chinon in the distance, this renovated holiday house is from the 12th C. On a farm and makes up a part of the castle of the owner, but is entirely independent of and with private garden and outdoor use. It combines historical features with modern conveniences. Chinon is a medieval castle and old town. An ideal place to visit famous wine farms and Loire castles, Sumer, Azay-le-Rideau, Villandry and near Montsoreau, Candes St Martin and the old city of Tours. Horseback riding, biking, boating and golf nearby.
*Plus compulsory or optional charges based on actual occupancy or consumption. The payment has to be made in the currency offered by the property manager (EUR), before use of conversion tool. Payments in other currencies have to be negotiated beforehand with the property manager. The currency conversion tool is provided for your convenience only and is non-binding.


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Understanding Database Normalization
If your database isn't properly normalized, it's hard to maintain. Worse yet, it can't give you desired information. Remedy your database problems.
If your database isn't properly normalized, it's hard to maintain. Worse yet, it can't give you desired information. Remedy your database problems.
Learn to use Hive in HDInsight to analyze data.
Become proficient with specialization and generalization, which is the subclass and superclass hierarchy mechanism in a relational database.
Become proficient with Azure DocumentDB, a NoSQL database solution provided by Microsoft on the cloud.
Explore various methods to manage HDFS, which include Node Addition/Deletion, Data Integrity issues, and many more.
MongoDB helps develop applications faster because it uses tables; stored procedures are no longer required.
Learn more about the Hadoop Distribution File System that's designed to adhere to a traditional distributed file system and the Google File system.
Learn the basic ways for data to be stored in simple key-value pairs, files, on internal and external storage, and databases through SQLite.
Use the JDBC API efficiently to maximize your Java application's performance.
A flat file access mechanism can be customized like a database CRUD operation. Learn how to do that for your data.
Customize your SharePoint use in a search by using REST and a client-side object model that uses JavaScript.
Governance is the set of policies, roles, and processes that can help achieve an organization's goals. Learn to use Governance in SharePoint 2013.
A decade ago, Microsoft Access provided a convenient and easy-to-learn project platform. Now, however, another answer is Microsoft MVC 5.
Lead: Learn how the new "Hadoop" framework is becoming the future BI platform to handle the huge size of data with faster processing time.
Here are ten great tips to make working with Hibernate more productive.
Wake up from your accustomed query types and learn to use Hibernate in your database manipulations.
Discover the concept of data presentation in the business intelligence world. Also, learn about various ways to present data.
Explore the importance of data analysis in an end-to-end BI system.
Learn about more advanced features Laravel has to offer, such as application testing and deployment.
Learn more about various Business Intelligence components, architecture, data modeling, and its importance.
Laravel is an increasingly popular PHP framework that can help you develop better, more sustainable code for a shorter amount of time. Read on to see what features it has to offer.
Anoop Agarwal discusses the fundamentals of Business Intelligence (BI) and various data Warehouse design approaches. In this first article of the series, he shares how Big Data is different from traditional BI.
Every environment has its share of tedious, time-consuming but brain-dead code that's required to get this or that working as it should. Tedious and time-consuming tasks are what computers do best. Why should you have to? See how the Microsoft T4 Templates make this possible.
The crux of the relational database management system is in the idea of establishing relationship among entities. Discover how Hibernate allows you to model association between entities from Java code, without bothering with the SQL.
The effort put into data modeling is relative to the size of the project. Starting with a proper set of data models allows enhancements as the business needs grow and change.


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Michael Ondaatje
Philip Michael Ondaatje (born September 12, 1943), is a Sri Lankan-born Canadian novelist and poet. He won the Booker Prize for his novel The English Patient, which was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film.
Early life
Ondaatje was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka (then Ceylon) in 1943 and moved to England in 1954. He attended Dulwich College. After relocating to Canada in 1962, Ondaatje became a Canadian citizen. He studied for a time at Bishop's College School and Bishop's University in Lennoxville, Quebec, but moved to Toronto, where he received his BA from the University of Toronto and his MA from Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario. He then began teaching at the ... more »
Click here to add this poet to your My Favorite Poets.
Michael Ondaatje Poems
The Cinnamon Peeler
If I were a cinnamon peeler I would ride your bed And leave the yellow bark dust On your pillow.
To A Sad Daughter
All night long the hockey pictures gaze down at you sleeping in your tracksuit. Belligerent goalies are your ideal.
Griffin calls to come and kiss him goodnight I yell ok. Finish something I'm doing, then something else, walk slowly round the corner to my son's room.
Application For A Driving License
Two birds loved in a flurry of red feathers like a burst cottonball, continuing while I drove over them.
Speaking To You (From Rock Bottom)
Speaking to you this hour these days when I have lost the feather of poetry
(Inner Tube)
On the warm July river head back upside down river
Catch, my Uncle Jack said and oh I caught this huge apple red as Mrs Kelly's bum. It's red as Mrs Kelly's bum, I said
Notes For The Legend Of Salad Woman
Since my wife was born she must have eaten the equivalent of two-thirds of the original garden of Eden.
Quotationsmore quotations »
''The first sentence of every novel should be: "Trust me, this will take time but there is order here, very faint, very human." Meander if you want to get to town.''Michael Ondaatje (b. 1943), Canadian novelist. "Palace of Purification," bk. 2, In the Skin of a Lion (1987).
''The past is still, for us, a place that is not safely settled.''Michael Ondaatje (b. 1943), Canadian novelist. The Faber Book of Contemporary Canadian Short Stories, introduction (1990).
Comments about Michael Ondaatje
Maya Angelou
(4 April 1928 - 28 May 2014)
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(March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963)
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(10 December 1830 – 15 May 1886)
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(26 April 1564 - 23 April 1616)
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(12 July 1904 – 23 September 1973)
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(1 February 1902 – 22 May 1967)
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(19 January 1809 - 7 October 1849)
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(31 May 1819 - 26 March 1892)
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(16 August 1920 – 9 March 1994)
The Cinnamon Peeler
If I were a cinnamon peeler
I would ride your bed
And leave the yellow bark dust
On your pillow.
Your breasts and shoulders would reek
You could never walk through markets
without the profession of my fingers
floating over you. The blind would
stumble certain of whom they approached
though you might bathe
under rain gutters, monsoon.
Here on the upper thigh
at this smooth pasture
neighbour to you hair
or the crease
that cuts your back. This ankle.
You will be known among strangers
as the cinnamon peeler's wife.
I could hardly ...
PoemHunter.com Updates
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Second Grade Travel Games Worksheets and Printables
Second grade travel games help your child have fun out on the open road. When you're planning your next trip, print out a set of second grade travel games to keep your child entertained and busy during your travels. Second grade students will do travel-themed word searches, play license plate bingo, engage in 20 questions, and do some suitcase coloring with these fun travel games. Try these second grade travel games with your young traveler.
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I have been a magician for 40 years. Your company is the first I have bought from that I was really happy with. Great merchandise, FREE SHIPPING,...Read More ->
This will be the 3rd time that I have ordered through MJM Magic and the previous two times, I received my products in exactly 2 days!! The 10 %...Read More ->


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Monday Cute: Here's a Tiny Human Playing With a Tiny Pig to Make Your Day
This toddler's life knows only the purest joy. (More after the jump!)Read More
This toddler's life knows only the purest joy. (More after the jump!)Read More
Gravity Falls has a pretty great line up of guest stars already, but this might be the one with the best working knowledge of stars themselves.Read More
For this micro-pig, getting a belly rub with a feather duster is a religious experience. For this blogger, watching this micro-pig get a belly rub with a feather duster is also a religious experience. In the name of the father, the son, the holy piggle.Read More
After conducting personal research, I've determined that happiness is not related to romantic love, professional fulfillment, or even spiritual growth. Rate of contentment correlates directly with the amount of time you are exposed to videos of mini-pigs, especially when they are "playing" instruments and/or wearing sunglasses.Read More
If you thought it would be years before "clone factories" existed outside of Star Wars prequels, you were wrong. A recent BBC report proves that industrial cloning is no longer just science fiction and that it's about as scary as you would expect-especially if you're a pig or something else adorable.Read More
Advances in genetic engineering have allowed scientists at the South China Agricultural University to raise piglets that glow green when exposed to black light. If you were already on the fence about whether there's a God, you might have your answer in that none of these scientists were smote for creating light switch rave-ready pigs.Read More
Researchers at Northwestern Medicine have successfully transplanted insulin-producing cells across species lines -- removing cells from rats and implanting them in mice -- without using drugs to prevent rejection of the foreign cells. While the transplant may seem like a small victory -- mice and rats are pretty similar, after all -- it marks a significant step forward in interspecies transplants that could one day save human lives by allowing the implantation of insulin-producing "islet" cells without necessitating the use of immunosuppressive drugs that can have dire side effects.Read More
As a not-born-but-bred Washingtonian transplanted to the East Coast, there are plenty of things I miss about home. Considering that things like "common sense drug laws" and "delicious, locally sourced food" both rank very high on that list, the following story pretty much sums up why I love my home state, where rancher and butcher William von Schneidau is now raising "pot pigs" -- swine fed on marijuana plants as a part of their daily diet.Read More
Pig Chase is a co-op video game concept for people to play with pigs. Why, you ask? Why not? Actually, the reality behind it is a little less philosophical and a little more practical, but just slightly. As it turns out, the Netherlands requires farmers to equip their pig pens with some sort of entertainment device. Traditionally, this is something like a ball on a chain or something else equally mundane. During a conversation with some pig farmers, philosopher Clemens Driessen started brainstorming entertainment alternatives and Pig Chase was born.Read More
Jonas Laberg needed a Christmas gift for two little girls, aged 5 and 7. Naturally, his mind immediately leaped to making a 22 pound (10 kilogram) 47,000 calorie marzipan pig with creepily detailed features. Why he thought it was a good idea in the first place is anyone's guess, but the good news is that he decided it might just be a little too creepy. Of course, now he just has a 22 pound, 47,000 calorie marzipan pig with creepily detailed features hanging around. Any takers?Read More


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1060 Tasting Notes
WOW this tea is really unique! Thanks for the sample Cameron B!
I've never tasted Cedar before. I guess that is what is giving the overall alcoholic feel to the tea. It does remind me of bourbon or scotch or something! There's a sweetness to it, and a woodiness and creaminess. Very interesting. It is dark and somewhat rich. I like it but this would not be an everyday drinking tea for me!
Thank you so much Cheri for sharing a couple of these minis with me!
Man, I love mini tuos. They are so adorable and convenient! This is a VERY tasty shou as well. Nice and clean with some creamy earthy cocoa notes. Quite satisfying. These are going on my Mandala shopping list for sure! YUMS!
This was the last untasted sample from my Mandala Sheng sampler!
Unfortunately I did not take good notes as I drank it all day at work, but I did enjoy this one. Definitely some sweetness here, not too much bitterness, some light floral/fruit notes. Not as bold and brassy as some young sheng can be.
Thank you for the sample cookies!! :)
This is sooooo delicious and malty! It's got that smooth sweet potato Fujian thing going on. VERY nice black tea.
It is pairing very nicely with my apple butter, yogurt and pecan granola parfait for breakfast :)
Mmm good shou! I've been so lucky to get to try so many great puerh samples lately.
This one has lots of earthy flavors and no funk. I don't know how to describe it other than this is what shou is supposed to taste like. Kind of basic but super clean and enjoyable!


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Hi, I need some input I love my 2000 Porsche Boxster but not sure what to do. I found a few small oil spots in my driveway so I brought it to the local import repair shop before my extended warranty expires. He told me I need to replace my gasket valve, o-ring and oil net so I asked him how much it will cost to repair he said he does not repair leaks. This doesn't sit right with me. I only had a few small oil spots in my driveway. Do you think he is feeding me a line because I am a girl? Thoughts?
View questions for:All Porsche
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2000 Porsche Boxster S Question: Minor oil leak
Miss Sheri, Toms River, NJ, December 13, 2011, 12:38
2 Answers
Answer #1euromech December 13, 2011, 14:38Journeyman
You have to find a shop that work on Porsche . The Boxter is a mid engine car not that easy to work on and some shop may not feel comfortable to work on due to lack of experience.
Answer #2PARTS GUY December 14, 2011, 00:02Master
There are some shops that will not address oil leaks. For an inexperienced shop oil leaks can be very hard to find. You need to find another Porsche friendly shop.
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The home for sale located at 805 N C ST, WELLINGTON, KS 67152 has 3 bedrooms and 1 bathrooms and is located in Zip Code 67152. The list price of 805 N C ST, WELLINGTON, KS 67152 is $64,900 and is listed by J.P. Weigand & Sons, an independent real estate company in WELLINGTON and proud member of Leading Real Estate Companies of the World®.
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Hang tight!
Recipe by Tyson Foods
"Lemon, garlic and rosemary are stuffed into a seasoned whole chicken. The chicken is then slow roasted with chunked red potatoes for a Sunday dinner that's sure to please!"
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Tyson® Fresh Whole Chicken
2 teaspoons
1/2 teaspoon
lemon, quartered
large garlic cloves, peeled and smashed with side of knife
fresh rosemary or thyme sprigs
1 1/2 pounds
red-skinned potatoes, scrubbed and cut into 1-inch chunks
1/4 cup
butter or margarine, melted
I loved this recipe because it's so easy to prepare and the results are a juicy, delicious chicken with a hint of rosemary and lemon. Wonderful!
Very Good, I cooked it a little longer than the recipie said and the meat was falling off the bones when it was done. Very tender and juicy. I also used russet potatoes since I had no red potatoes on hand, but they still came out very good.
8 Ratings
This recipe was delicious! I roasted some carrots along with the potatos. My husband and daughter thought it was very good. I will make this again soon!
YUM!!! Very good!
wonderful flavor,chicken was nice and moist,I stuffed extra lemon and garlic and used thyme in the cavity.The potatoes were delicious after baking in those lemon garlic thyme chicken juices.My husband was thrilled and insists I make it again!
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Sunday Roast Chicken
Serving Size: 1/5 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 5
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 582
Calories from Fat: 331
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2015 POCI Annual Convention - Louisville, KY - July 21-25
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Hey dingy! Here's some...
hi, men and guls , i really like the way of tough using , but recently for a period of time there is no hard or tough stuffs here, i just wanna ask , where are the tough guys?
Hey dingy! Here's some...
The Dane is beautiful...love those dogs. I used to walk two at once several years ago...or rather, they walked me....
Last edited by Raging Rhino; 03-26-2012 at 09:04 PM.
Last edited by Raging Rhino; 03-26-2012 at 10:26 AM.
Love that first pic Rob, with the blade bending inside the stump. Too cool!
you can't get much more tough than that! Rob, you are so great.
Did someone ask for tough.
Not much of a tough pic, but juniper isn't the easiest.
Seek and Ye Shall Find!
Good Job Rob!
Andre DuMouchel
Thanks Rob, that was a fun day. I love the pic of your B11. Crazy bend brother.
Steel Heart E handle, pounded into that car hood, several times, pounded it down into a cut line, even tried to hammer it into the hardened steel nut inside the pivot mount. No damage, dull yes, but no chipping or smashing. The E handles are friggin tough!
Here you can see where I tried to get the nut to give. Neither one would give in.
Dwayne Puckett
Quote for the week: Some cause happiness wherever they go; others whenever they go. Oscar Wilde.
I did more damage to my leather maul (think very heavy plastic mallet) Than the knife.
I was a little nervous at first, but after that first cut and no damage at all I just went nuts. A bit of a hesitation when the nut came into view, but I had to try it anyway. I want to think this was four years ago or so.
Cutting steel with steel is an experience, car hoods are tough stuff!
Dwayne Puckett
Quote for the week: Some cause happiness wherever they go; others whenever they go. Oscar Wilde.
Steel on steel for the first time can make you a little scared, a little nervous and slightly hungry. Lots of fun.
Common Rob! bend that MOAB brother!
When the search for steel becomes more than just a passion. It's a way of life.
A bunch of gear being given way on. . Facebook, too.
Buy Brown Kydex
WTB; Busse HACK Bear Cubs ! Especially the Ram's Horn one !!!!
Last edited by =MAX=; 03-29-2012 at 07:51 PM.
There's some SWEET bends in those knives MAX! I love blatant abuse of really nice steel, use it like it was meant to be used.
Dwayne Puckett
Quote for the week: Some cause happiness wherever they go; others whenever they go. Oscar Wilde.
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Hallo, my name is Matthew Capala.
Short form bio
Matthew Capala is an Internet marketer, growth consultant, entrepreneur, international speaker, trainer and author. He is the founder of Alphametic, an organic growth accelerator, and SearchDecoder.com, a place for smart ideas about SEO, growth and entrepreneurship. As Adj. Professor at NYU, Matthew teaches advanced, graduate course on search marketing. He writes for several leading publications, including The Next Web, ProBlogger, and Sparksheet, and was featured on global media outlets, including the Huffington Post. He has helped some of the world's biggest brands, digital agencies and start-ups to spur unprecedented online growth. He is the author of Amazon best-selling book, "SEO Like I'm 5," and he recently launched an online course available at IWillTeachYouSEO.com.
Contact: [email protected]
Useful links:
Career Highlights
With over a decade of digital marketing experience working with some of the world's largest brands (Apple, Western Union, Smirnoff, Dell, LG, and Prudential) and emerging startups, Matthew has leveraged the Internet in unprecedented ways to spur growth. Formerly Head of Search and Inbound Marketing (the Americas) at Profero, later acquired by Lowe & Partners, Matthew built million dollar business growing the group from one to nine in less than two years. Former leadership and specialist roles held at Mindshare, Mediacom, Zeta Interactive, Mattel and The Associated Press. To inquire about consulting projects, contact Matthew here.
Results for:
♦ Dell
♦ LG Electronics
♦ Apple
♦ Western Union
♦ Prudential
♦ Diageo
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Speaking and Training
Matthew has spoken at various industry conferences and trained workshops all over world, including New York, Miami, San Francisco London, Vienna, Munich, Prince of Spain, and Warsaw. Matthew delivered training workshops and webinars for Western Union, Apple, Mohegan Sun, Prophet Consulting, AMA, and many more. He is also a frequent mentor and panel judge at startup events, including 3 Day Startup, Startup Weekend, Startup Institute, and Venture for America.
Notable Appearances
♦ Internet Summit 2014
♦ MIX Caribbean 2014
♦ Freestyle Fashion Conference 2014
♦ American Marketing Association 2014
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♦ Search Marketing Day 2014
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♦ How to Get Funding From a Shark 2 2013
♦ 40th Anniversary of CEANY 2013
♦ Great Ideas at C-Level 2012
Publications & Media Appearances
Matthew Capala is an Amazon best-selling author of two 5-star books: "SEO Like I'm 5" and "99 SEO Tools for 99 Cents." He writes for The Next Web, Problogger, and Sparksheet, among many other tier-one blogs. Matthew has been interviewed and quoted across various global media outlets, including The Huffington Post, on the topics related to SEO, Internet marketing, growth hacking, productivity, and entrepreneurship.
In his latest book, SEO Like I'm 5: The Ultimate Beginner's Guide to Search Engine Optimization, he brings the hard-won advice on how to make your business more visible online and get ahead of the pack on a crowded Web to everyone who is willing to hustle.
Academic Appointments
With over 3 year tenure as Adjunct Professor at NYU, Matthew Capala teaches advanced, graduate courses on search marketing and website analytics, as well as online course on social media analytics. At NYU SPS, Matthew founded Inbound Marketing Clinic. Additional, he is an Instructor at Baruch Collage CAPS, where he designed the Digital Marketing Certificate.
Matthew has a BA in International Relations and an MA in American Studies from the University of Lodz in Poland. He also holds a Marketing MBA from Baruch College, Zicklin School of Business. (class of 2008)
Contact Matthew here or view email at matt – at – searchdecoder – dot – com