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Latest News
March 26, By Michael Florio
A western Queens comedy group is hosting an event to raise funds for an urban farming group that operates out of Long Island City.
Sunnyside Comedy, a local organization that hosts comedy shows in the neighborhood, is putting on the 'All-Star Comedy Show' at The Flux Factory, located at 39-31 29th Street, this Friday at 8 pm.
The proceeds will go to the Smiling Hogshead Ranch, a community farm located at 26 Davis Court in Long Island City. The urban farmers will use the funds for infrastructure improvements, insurance and to provide free programming.
Lindsay Goldwert and Colin Samuel, co-founders of Sunnyside Comedy, said they wanted to do a benefit for a local non-profit.
"The ranch is a really cool thing and they want to expand their program and Colin is a big fan of their work," Goldwert said. "He believes in urban farming so we wanted to support it."
Goldwert said that a lot of people living in western Queens may not know about urban farming. The event is a great way to inform people what it is.
"Smiling Hogshead Ranch helps cultivate community by gathering people around shared interests," said Gil Lopez, co-founder of the Smiling Hogshead Ranch. "Many of these interests are outside of gardening and this comedy show is a perfect example.
The Flux Factory venue can seat about 70 people. Tickets to the event cost $20 online and $25 at the door.
Each ticket will be entered into a raffle, with the prizes provided by local businesses. There will also be beer specials, Goldwert said.
Many of the performing comics are based in Queens.
Joyelle Johnson, who has opened for Dave Chapelle and Maria Bamford, lives in Sunnyside. The show's host, Liz Magee, lives in Astoria and often performs at Q.E.D.
The show's headlining act will be performed by Ted Alexandro, a western Queens resident who has appeared on "Conan" and "Late Night With David Letterman."
"In everything we do we try to highlight Queens," Goldwert said. "It is the best place to perform because the local businesses support small shows."
Sunnyside Comedy has put on two shows a month at varying Sunnyside venues since last summer, with every show featuring new comedians.
Goldwert said the group is looking for a permanent space to host venues.
To purchase tickets online go to funnybynature.brownpapertickets.com
Previous coverage: Guerilla farmers leggaly allowed to put down roots in LIC
March 25, By Christian Murray
A 41-year-old man was stabbed today inside a Queens Blvd food store, according to police.
The police said that two men got into a dispute at about 1: 30 pm at Parrot Coffee, located at 45-15 Queens Blvd. The incident escalated and the victim was stabbed three times in the torso.
The victim was taken to Elmhurst Hospital with non-life threatening injuries.
A police spokesman did not know whether an arrest had been made. However, the following video indicates a man was taken into custody.
March 25, By Christian Murray
The owner of a 49th Street pizzeria is moving his operation to Skillman Avenue and is separately opening a gelato/ice cream shop.
Uncle Jimmy's Pizzeria, which is currently located at 41-10 49th Street, is moving in about three weeks to 50-12 Skillman Ave. The new space had been Rosario's for many years and it operated as La Bella for about a year.
"I decided to move to the new place since there is more room for customers to sit down and enjoy their food," said Jimmy Canarozzi, a life-long Sunnyside Gardens resident, who opened the 49th Street pizzeria in October 2013.
"People come in with their kids and there is nowhere for them to sit," Canarozzi said. "I want people to feel comfortable."
The new space is 850 square feet, as opposed to the existing location that is 500 square feet. Currently, the pizzeria has just six stools.
Canarozzi plans on naming his new space Uncle Jimmy's on Skillman.
Meanwhile, Canarozzi plans to convert his existing 49th Street location into a gelato shop, which he plans to call Uncle Jimmy's Sweet Spot.
He plans to offer Italian ices, ice cream, milk shakes and soda floats. He would like to open that establishment in about three weeks, although he said it will be tough since he has to buy equipment and is also juggling the pizzeria relocation.
Canarozzi said that owning to two businesses in the area is special. "I'm a neighborhood kind of a guy."
Previous Coverage: New pizzeria to open on 49th Street
Pizzeria opens on Skillman Ave taking Rosario's location
March 24, By Michael Florio
A Woodside babysitter is facing up to 15-years in prison after being found guilty of violently shaking a baby to death.
Yohani Moran, 42, was convicted of second-degree manslaughter on Monday, following a four-week trial in Queens Supreme Court, according to Queens District Attorney Richard A. Brown.
The nine-month-old baby, Dilan Criollo, was dropped off at Moran's 35-47 64th Street apartment by his mother on March 10, 2010, Brown said.
"At that time, the little boy was vibrant and in good health," according to Brown.
The babysitter fed Dilan and afterward he took a nap. Later in the day, when Dilan became irritable, Moran shook him violently and he immediately went limp and unresponsive.
Dilan was taken to hospital where doctors determined that he had suffered extensive subdural hematomas, severe brain swelling and bleeding in his eye as well as a bilateral retinal detachment. He was placed on a ventilator and later died, Brown said.
"Shaken Baby Syndrome is the leading cause of child abuse deaths each year," Brown said. "The victims are innocent, helpless children and are too often harmed by those entrusted to care for and protect them."
Moran, who herself is a mother, is due back in court for sentencing on April 14 and faces up to 15 years in prison.
Previous Coverage: Woodside woman faces murder charges
March 24, By Christian Murray
Councilman Jimmy Van Bramer wants to save the Clock Tower and is confident that it will landmarked by the end of June.
Van Bramer said that he wrote a letter to the Landmarks Preservation Commission in November calling for it to be landmarked. He said that he met with the chairwoman of the LPC last week who said she supports preserving it.
"It is incredibly important that we preserve some of the history of Long Island City and Queens," Van Bramer said. "Development is happening every day and it was definitely under threat of being torn down."
Van Bramer said that the building's landmark status will be a big victory for preservationists who started a grass roots campaign about a year ago to save it. An online petition was formed that has generated about 1,500 signatures.
The building, which has towered over Queens Plaza since 1927, is deemed by its advocates to be one of the most significant landmarks in Queens. The building, historically known as the Bank of Manhattan Building, was the tallest building in the borough until the construction of the Citigroup building in 1990.
The steps toward landmarking the building are viewed as mere formalities at this stage.
The LPC determined this morning that a public hearing should be held, which is the second stage of the landmarking process. The public are open to testify at that meeting. The LPC has not yet set a date as to when it will take place.
The LPC will then review the testimony and is expected to approve it at a later date. The City Planning Commission will provide an opinion on it and it will then go to the city council for a vote.
"When it comes to the council I will support it 1,000 percent," Van Bramer said, who holds sway over the vote since the building is in his district.
"I am confident that it will be landmarked," Van Bramer said, adding that the Landmarks Preservation Commissioner supports it too.
March 23, By Christian Murray
Sunnyside, Woodside and Long Island City residents will get to vote next month on how $1 million in city funds should be spent.
Residents will be able to choose up to 3 projects from a list of 27 proposals that they believe are worth funding. The project that receives the most votes following the election will be funded—followed by other popular items- until the $1 million is exhausted.
The proposals (see sample ballot for full list below) include funding a bike lane network in Long Island City; adding trees between 49th and 69th Streets in Woodside; renovating playgrounds and parks; upgrading school equipment; beefing up library security; as well as funding a pedestrian safety project in Dutch Kills.
The vote, which is scheduled to take place between April 11 and 19, is part of what's known as the participatory budgeting process. The program, introduced to the 26th City Council district for the first time this year, allows all residents 16 years and older to determine those projects they want funded.
Councilman Jimmy Van Bramer said that he was not surprised by the items that are being put up for a vote, since they involve improving schools, parks, libraries and traffic safety.
"Good neighborhoods are ones that have good schools, well cared for parks, well funded libraries and good clean safe streets," Van Bramer said. "That is what people care about the most and these are the items we see."
Nine meetings were held throughout Sunnyside, Woodside and Long Island City last fall, and hundreds of attendees put forward an array of ideas. These ideas were whittled down by about 140 budget delegates to 27 in concert with Van Bramer and various city agencies.
"I think the process has been successful so far," Van Bramer said, who is urging people to go out and vote. There are 10 locations scattered throughout the district where residents will be able to cast their ballots (see list below).
"A lot of people have got more involved in the community in a meaningful way as a result of the process," Van Bramer said. "It has encouraged people to come out and present their ideas."
The 27 items will be presented to the community early next month, where residents will be able to take a closer look at what they involve.
A meeting is scheduled for April 6, from 7 pm to 9pm, at the Sunnyside Community Service Center [43-31 39th Street], where all the proposals will be discussed and debated on their merits.
March 23, By Christian Murray
The first formal step to landmark the Clock Tower will take place tomorrow when the Landmarks Preservation Commission will meet to evaluate whether a public hearing should be held as part of the process to landmark the famous building.
The public meeting tomorrow is significant since it indicates that the Chairperson of the Commission has already reviewed the application and has determined that it has merit and the formal process of whether to landmark it or not should begin.
The Clock Tower, located at 29-29 Queens Blvd., was built in 1927 and was the tallest building in Queens until the construction of the Citigroup building in Court Square. Advocates for the designation argue that it is one of the most significant architectural landmarks in the borough.
Tomorrow, the full commission—comprised of up to 11 Commissioners– will be briefed by LPC's research group and will vote to determine whether a public hearing should take place—another significant step in the process.
If the majority of Commissioners agree, then a hearing will be scheduled.
At this point, if the owner of the property files a demolition permit with the Department of Buildings, LPC will be notified and it would most likely speed up the review/application process, according to a LPC spokeswoman.
Queens Plaza Park Development, the owner of the clock tower building, purchased it for $31 million in November. The same company owns the adjacent site at 29-37 41st Avenue, where it filed earlier this month to build a 70 story building at that site.
After a public hearing is held by LPC, a report will be produced and the commission will review it. They will then vote whether to landmark or not– or schedule another meeting. If they vote to landmark it, it will go to the City Planning Commission to provide feedback and the city council for a vote.
Click for landmark process
Public Hearing by sunnysidepost
March 21, Staff Report
Sunnyside has been getting plenty of media attention by the big-city press in the past week.
On Wednesday, The New York Times released an article that looked into the neighborhood and referred to Sunnyside as the 'Mayberry Near Midtown.'
Sunnyside, in western Queens, is a stark contrast to the gleaming glass residential towers rising in nearby Long Island City. Here is an old-fashioned New York neighborhood of squat prewar apartment buildings, rowhouses and shopping streets that still have mom-and-pop businesses.
"We call it Mayberry," after the small town portrayed in the 1960s sitcom "The Andy Griffith Show," said Amy FitzGerald, the owner of Welcome Home Real Estate on Skillman Avenue in Sunnyside.
"People are very friendly," said Ms. FitzGerald, who moved to the neighborhood with her husband 16 years ago from Manhattan's Upper West Side.
(click here for the full NYTimes Story)
Now, CBS 2 is running a series on the neighborhood that "uncovers the hidden secrets of the city." (Please Note: the ads before the clips are long)
March 21, Staff Report
Despite the presence of several big-box drug stores, another independent pharmacy is about to open in Sunnyside.
Platinum Pharmacy, located at 46-21 Queens Blvd, is moving into the space that was previously occupied by Mediterraneo, a pizzeria that closed last year.
The new drug store is just one block away from another independent drug store—Bliss Drug Pharmacy—which opened in 2011.
The neighborhood has several other independent drug stores—such as Amazon Pharmacy, Rockway Pharmacy, Greenpoint Pharmacy, Family Pharmacy and Skillman Pharmacy.
Meanwhile, Sunnyside has several big chain stores such as Rite Aide, Duane Read and CVS.
In other news, a new optical store is about to open at 44-13 Queens Blvd– where Pink Icing was previously located. The owner said the store will be called Sunnysight and is likely to open April 1. No other details were provided.
Meanwhile, DJ's Pawnshop at 4322 Queens Boulevard is closing. It is referring its customers to EZ Pawn on the corner of 46th and Queens Blvd.
There is no word as to what's happening with the space.
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"We call it Mayberry," after the small town portrayed in the 1960s sitcom "The Andy Griffith Show," said Amy FitzGerald, the owner of Welcome Home Real Estate on Skillman Avenue in Sunnyside.
"People are very friendly," said Ms. FitzGerald, who moved to the neighborhood with her husband 16 years ago from Manhattan's Upper West Side.(click here for the full NYTimes Story) Now, CBS 2 is running a series on the neighborhood that "uncovers the hidden secrets of the city." (Please Note: the ads before the clips are long) . . . .


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41 GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION Alabama enjoys an abundant of contaminated ground water is supply of ground water that, if usually expensive, and sometimes a managed wisely, will help fulfill our contaminated water supply must be need for clean water indefinitely. As abandoned and a new supply located. citizens, we should be aware of Preventing contamination before it potential threats to our ground water occurs is the best solution. Because supplies and help to protect those ground water contamination can have supplies from contamination. such serious consequences, many Contaminated ground water may be citizens, as well as local, state, and unfit for certain uses and may federal agencies, are taking action to become harmful to humans, animals, protect ground water resources. vegetation, and property. Treatment Installation of liner in hazardous waste storage pit. 42 POTENTIAL CONTAMINANT SOURCES Common sources of anthro- tanks (UST's), septic systems, pogenic contaminants include septic pesticides, and nitrates. The Alabama tanks and privies; underground Department of Environmental storage tanks; areas where fertilizer, Management (ADEM) considers pesticides, or herbicides are used or UST's and failing septic systems to stored; landfills; and unauthorized be the most serious threats to ground dump sites. A more complete list of water in Alabama, because they are potential sources of ground water so numerous. Other sources of contamination is shown in Table 1. potential ground water contamination include unauthorized hazardous The most common sources of waste disposal sites, old landfills, ground water contamination unauthorized dumps, and abandoned nationwide are underground storage wells. Common products which can contaminate ground water 43 Applied correctly, pesticides and fertilizer have minimal impact on ground water quality. Ground water contamination aluminum, selenium, and arsenic, as occurs when ground water comes in well as petroleum, microorganisms, contact with naturally occurring and brine (salty water). contaminants or with contaminants Contaminants associated with human introduced into the environment by activity most commonly include anthropogenic activities. Naturally bacteria, petroleum products, natural occurring substances found locally in and synthetic organic compounds, soil and rocks that can affect ground fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides, and water include lead, iron, manganese, metals. One gallon of gasoline can render more than one million gallons of water unfit to drink! 44 45 Table 1. Potential Sources of Ground Water Contamination (Based upon lists compiled by EPA and ADEM) 1. Improperly functioning septic tanks 36. Heat treaters/smelters/descalers 2. Gas stations/service stations 37. Wood preservers 3. Dry cleaners 38. Chemical reclamation sites 4. Agricultural chemicals, fertilizer, 39. Boat builders/refinishers and pesticides spreading/spraying 40. Industrial waste disposal sites 5. Truck terminals 41. Wastewater impoundment areas 6. Fuel oil distributors/storage 42. Municipal wastewater treatment 7. Oil pipelines plants and land application areas 8. Auto repair shops 43. Landfills/dumps/transfer stations 9. Body shops 44. Junk/salvage yards 10. Rustproofers 45. Subdivisions 11. Auto chemical suppliers/ 46. Individual residences wholesalers/retailers 47. Heating oil storage(consumptive 12. Pesticide/herbicide/insecticide use) sites wholesalers/retailers 48. Golf courses/parks/nurseries 13. Small engine repair shops 49. Sand and gravel mining/other 14. Furniture strippers mining 15. Painters/finishers 50. Abandoned wells 16. Photographic processors 51. Manure piles/other animal waste 17. Printers 52. Feedlots 18. Car Washes 53. Agricultural chemical storage sites 19. Laundromats 54. Construction sites 20. Beauty salons 55. Transportation corridors 21. Medical/dental/veterinarian offices 56. Fertilized fields/agricultural areas 22. Research laboratories 57. Petroleum tank farms 23. Food processors 58. Existing wells 24. Meat packers/slaughterhouses 59. Nonagricultural applicator sites 25. Concrete/asphalt/tar/coal 60. Sinkholes companies 61. Recharge areas of shallow and 26. Treatment plant lagoons highly permeable aquifers 27. Railroad yards 62. Injection wells 28. Stormwater impoundments 63. Drainage wells 29. Cemeteries 64. Waste piles 30. Airport maintenance shops 65. Materials stockpiles 31. Airport fueling areas 66. Animal burial sites 32. Airport firefighter training areas 67. Open burning sites 33. Industrial manufacturers 68. Radioactive disposal sites 34. Machine shops 69. Salt-water intrusion 35. Metal platers 70. Mines and mine tailings 46 UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS UST's are commonly used at by leaking UST's at about 9,000 sites service stations, refineries, and other in Alabama. Cleanups have been industrial sites where gasoline, fuel completed at about 75 percent of oil, and other chemicals are used. If these sites. Cleanup is continuing at these tanks develop leaks, ground approximately 1500 more locations. water supplies can be seriously Sometimes owners cannot be found contaminated. Between 5 million and or do not have the money to clean 6 million UST's exist nationwide. up these sites. EPA and ADEM are About 17,000 inventoried UST's are requiring new UST systems to meet currently in use in Alabama at about standards that should sharply reduce 6,000 locations. To date, soil or the incidence of new leaks and aid in ground water has been contaminated detecting leaks quickly when they do occur. Testing an underground storage tank for leaks. Leaking underground storage tanks have caused more than 90 percent of soil and water contamination in Alabama, but 75 percent of known releases have been cleaned up. 47 Leaking underground storage tanks are the leading cause of ground water contamination in Alabama. Underground storage tanks must meet standards to prevent and detect leaks and spills. 48 SEPTIC SYSTEMS Septic systems are the most materials settle out and are digested common on-site domestic waste by bacteria. The solids must be disposal systems in use. It is periodically cleaned from the tank to estimated that more than 670,000 prevent blockage of field lines and active septic systems exist in subsequent overflow. Liquid waste Alabama, along with an unknown passes from the septic tank into the number of older, abandoned field lines, where it percolates down systems. More than 20,000 new through the soil. Breakdown of these systems are permitted annually. If wastes is accomplished before the properly installed, used, and wastes reach the water table by maintained, septic systems pose no bacterial action in the septic system threat to water quality; however, the and the soil and by the filtering effect Alabama Department of Public of the soil. Introducing hazardous Health estimates that as many as 25 household wastes, including oil, percent of all septic systems in powerful cleaners, and other Alabama could be failing. Every substances into the septic system septic system that malfunctions is a may kill the bacteria in the septic potential source of ground water system and impair the system's contamination and can have efficiency. Septic systems do not work consequences that extend beyond well in some parts of the state, such the boundaries of the owner's as the coastal areas because soil property. conditions there are unfavorable. To provide adequate filtering of liquid Properly functioning septic wastes, septic systems require a fairly systems are a simple and effective thick and moderately permeable way to manage household waste. The unsaturated zone. In some locations, waste first enters a tank where solid soils may be thin and the underlying 49 rock, for the most part, impermeable. the shallow aquifer, which could Near the coast, the sandy soils may threaten the homeowner's own well. be too permeable to properly filter If contaminated wastewater from a out contaminants or the water table malfunctioning septic system may be too near the land surface to saturates soils this could also result allow for proper operation. If a septic in a surface discharge that could be system ceases to function correctly, a health hazard and would not be contaminated wastewater may enter allowable under state law. If a septic tank is well designed and functioning properly, contaminants are removed before reaching the water table. 50 Contamination from a malfunctioning septic system. This household is in danger from a contaminated water supply. 51 PESTICIDES Pesticides are common ground abandoned or improperly sealed water contaminants. About 3.8 wells and sinkholes are more likely. million pounds of solid pesticides and 450,000 gallons of liquid pesticides The presence of trace quantities are applied in Alabama each year to of pesticides in drinking water is not kill insects, rodents, mold, and uncommon, but instances where weeds. Some pesticides are now concentrations exceed permitted prohibited by EPA because they levels are rare. Nationwide, about 10 were contaminating surface and percent of public water supply wells ground water. Others are being contain detectable amounts of studied to pesticides, but determine less than 1 how their use p e r c e n t should be c o n t a i n restricted. quantities sufficient to Most constitute a m o d e r n public health pesticides risk. Where when used this occurs the properly water must be degrade treated to naturally with Agricultural Spraying Utilizing r e m o v e Aerial Application time and contaminats generally do not pose long term before being provided to the public. contamination problems. Therefore, One quarter of the private wells and contamination of aquifers by springs tested by ADEM have pesticides travelling long distances contained detectable quantities of is unlikely. Instead, pesticide pesticides. Three percent of the contamination of shallow aquifers private wells and 6 percent of the through direct runoff and infiltration, springs had concentrations that and contamination through exceeded drinking water standards or health advisory limits. 52 NITRATES Nitrates, chemical compounds Unsafe levels of nitrates have commonly used as fertilizer, can be been found in some private wells in a significant threat to ground water Alabama, although the extent of the quality. On-site residential septic problem is difficult to determine. tanks can also be a source of Agricultural areas characterized by nitrates. Nitrates, unlike most large amounts of rainfall and sandy, agricultural and lawn chemicals, do permeable soils, such as the not chemically degrade with time. If southern part of Alabama's Coastal more nitrate compounds are applied Plain, tend to be more vulnerable to than can be absorbed by plant root nitrate contamination. systems, they are likely to contaminate shallow ground water. Concentrations of nitrate will also Nitrate in drinking water can cause vary with the season and rainfall. The health problems in small children, detection of nitrate above 3.0 notably a type of anemia called milligrams per liter (mg/L) usually methemoglobinemia, or blue baby indicates that nitrate from disease. About 1 percent of public Nitrate contamination has caused the drinking water abandonment of more ground water wells in the United States exceed supplies nationwide than toxic wastes. established levels of nitrates for public drinking anthropogenic sources is entering water supplies. Nitrate contamination the ground water. In a study has caused the abandonment of conducted on 158 residential wells more ground water supplies in Houston County, about 5 percent nationwide than toxic wastes. More of the wells contained nitrate than 42 billion pounds of fertilizer is concentrations between 5 mg/L and used annually in the United States. 10 mg/L. Less than 1 percent of the samples showed nitrate levels 53 exceeding the drinking water located between two chicken houses standard of 10 mg/L. In a Geneva which could be a source of nitrates. County study no samples had nitrate The other two were old and shallow concentrations exceeding 5 mg/L. A wells, the kind most susceptible to similar study conducted in the contamination. The other 476 wells Tennessee Valley region of the state (more than 99 percent of the total) showed approximately 20 percent of contained levels of nitrate lower than the samples to contain between 5 and 10 mg/L. 10 mg/L of nitrate; only 1 percent showed nitrate levels at or above 10 Some midwestern states with mg/L. The Alabama Department of heavy agricultural production have Public Health recently tested 479 more serious problems with nitrates wells throughout the state for nitrate. in ground water than Alabama. This Three of these wells exhibited unsafe difference might be explained by levels of nitrate, but one of these was differing soil types and agricultural practices. 54 LAND DISPOSAL People have used the land to While the burial of these materials dispose of unwanted materials and eliminated a pathway for the spread garbage since the beginning of of disease, it meant that they were civilization. We have learned much placed close to or sometimes within about early cultures by studying the water table, creating sources of artifacts found in their garbage ground water contamination. Rainfall heaps. As knowledge grew of how infiltrates the layers of waste, creating diseases are spread, the practice of contaminated leachate that can burying waste began, especially pose a threat to surface waters as organic, degradable waste, which well as ground water. Today, our contains or supports the growth of country is having to deal with soil and pathogens (microorganisms that ground water contamination caused cause disease). These materials are by land disposal of industrial waste sometimes referred to as putrescible as well as wastes typically sent to waste. An authorized non-hazardous waste landfill 55 sanitary landfills. Sanitary landfills may contain much more continue to be the receptacles for concentrated sources of toxic residues of acidic or caustic materials. Toxic materials that may be household cleaners, batteries, concentrated in industrial and leftover paint, and common engine commercial waste include metals, cleaning products containing and solvents used for dry cleaning solvents. and degreasing such as tetra- chloroethylene and trichloroethylene. The federal Resource Con- servation and Recovery Act, RCRA, Because suitable landfill locations now requires protective liners in are becoming increasingly difficult to landfills, leachate collection systems, find, and no one wants a landfill and monitoring of area ground water. located next to his or her property, This is true for landfills used for landfill space is at a premium. Many disposal of hazardous waste and communities have begun aggressive non-hazardous waste from recycling efforts to conserve landfill residential sources. Industrial and space so it will last longer. commercial waste sent to landfills 56 TRASHING THE LANDSCAPE In many rural Hazardous areas, dead end Our country is having to deal materials, dead dirt roads and with soil and ground water animals, and even s i n k h o l e s contamination caused by h o u s e h o l d c o m m o n l y land disposal of industrial garbage placed in become disposal waste as well as wastes uncontrolled sites for garbage typically sent to sanitary dumps where and other waste landfills. surface water has materials. These easy access to the places are underlying aquifer eyesores, posing a threat to ground can quickly contaminate that aquifer. and surface water quality and Limestone aquifers with sinkholes promoting the spread of disease are particularly susceptible to through the growth of insect or rodent contamination in this way, but all populations that can transmit shallow aquifers can be seriously disease. Organisms such as these damaged by unregulated dumping. which carry disease-causing pathogens are called vectors. Sinkholes like this one are thoughtlessly used for dumping trash, with unsafe and expensive consequences for ground water supplies. 57 UNDERGROUND INJECTION There are state laws and As our civilization has developed, regulations which prohibit illegal new types of liquid wastes, such as dumping. If you find an illegal those from manufacturing disposal site, you should contact the operations, had to be disposed of. Solid Waste Branch of the Alabama Most of the time, liquid wastes were Department of Environmental discharged to surface streams. If a Management. stream or river was not available, the subsurface was again used. Wastes The subsurface environment has were sometimes pumped under been used for centuries to dispose pressure into surrounding soils, rock, of liquid wastes such as household and ground water. Typically, these wash waters and sewage. This was wastes were given little or no commonly done through construction treatment. of underground catchment basins called cesspools. These structures Improper subsurface waste allowed liquid wastes to gradually disposal can contaminate ground discharge to the surrounding soils water and threaten both public and and ground water. Today, in areas private drinking water wells. The where there are no sanitary sewers Underground Injection Control or central treatment systems for (UIC) Program was developed under homes to connect to, septic tanks the federal Safe Drinking Water Act and drainage fields are used. (SDWA, 1974) to prevent con- tamination of underground sources Improper subsurface waste disposal can contaminate ground water and threaten both public and private drinking water. 58 of drinking water by improper Department of Public Health. The disposal of wastes through Alabama Department of underground injection, or injection Environmental Management wells. regulates any other type of subsurface liquid disposal through In Alabama, subsurface disposal the UIC Program. This national of household wastewater and regulatory program separates the sewage through septic tanks and different types of underground field lines is permitted through the injection activities into five classes of county offices of the Alabama disposal wells. Shallow injection wells 59 Class I – Wells used to dispose of source of drinking water. Under wastes below the deepest aquifer Alabama's UIC program, permits that could be used as a source of are required for these types of drinking water. This type of well is wells. Regulations prohibit these no longer permitted in Alabama, wells from contaminating ground and all existing wells have been water above Maximum closed. Contaminant Levels, or drinking Class II – Wells used to inject fluids water standards. associated with the production of Disposal of wastes through Class V oil and natural gas. Injection occurs wells is a type of pollution source that below the deepest aquifer that historically has been poorly regulated could be used as a source of in our country, and which has led to drinking water. This type of well is many instances of soil and ground regulated by the State Oil and Gas water contamination. Board. The decision to require permits for Class III – Wells used to inject fluids Class V wells in the state was made for the solution mining of minerals. in 1983 when Alabama received An example of this would be approval from EPA to implement the injection of fresh water into naturally UIC program. The permit occurring underground deposits of requirement allows the review of salt. Salt can then be recovered proposed activities prior to beginning from the solution as a product. operation so that discharges can be Class IV – Wells that dispose of required to have treatment, if needed, hazardous or radioactive wastes or a permit could be denied if ground into or above an underground water contamination could result. source of drinking water. These wells are banned nationwide. If an There are about 300 permitted operating well of this type is found, Class V wells in Alabama. The it must be closed. majority of these wells are for Class V – Wells not included in the facilities such as car washes or other classes, that inject non- laundromats located in rural areas hazardous wastes into or above an where there are no sanitary sewers aquifer that could be used as a that could receive the wastewater. In most cases, a drainage field, such 60 as would be used for household Substances such as oxygen wastewater disposal, is used to releasing compounds and nutrients discharge wastewater, after are sometimes injected to stimulate treatment, beneath the surface to ground water cleanup. soils. Another common activity requiring a Class V UIC permit is the In many parts of the country discharge of treated ground water Class V wells are used to recharge from ground water corrective action aquifers where water tables may be systems. For example, contaminated declining. They may also be used to ground water may be pumped to the drain storm water to prevent flooding. surface, treated to remove These types of uses are uncommon contaminants, and then put back into in Alabama. Class V wells are also the ground, thus improving the quality used to discharge water from some of ground water at that location. types of heat pumps. A Class V storm water drainage well in Colbert County. Only a few of these types of wells are known to be in use in Alabama. 61 ABANDONED WELLS AND BOREHOLES There may be more than 100,000 boreholes. Boreholes penetrating active private water wells in Alabama. shallow aquifers which have not been As public water supply systems properly sealed could also become continue to expand into areas that conduits for surface pollutants to previously depended on private water enter the subsurface. wells as their water supply, more and more of these wells have been The Department of Environmental abandoned. In 1980, public water Management has developed systems in Alabama supplied 6 times guidelines for abandonment of water as much water as did private wells and boreholes in Alabama. domestic wells; by 1990, the number When a well is no longer useful, it had increased to 27 times as much. should not simply be left as an open The total number of abandoned hole. Any open well is a threat to the water wells in Alabama is probably in environment. A few years ago a small the tens of thousands. child became trapped in an open abandoned well, attracting national Like sinkholes, abandoned wells attention. If the well is a flowing well, are directly linked to aquifers and can millions of gallons of water can be channel harmful materials such as wasted if the well is simply allowed sewage, pesticides, fertilizer, toxic to flow unchecked. If more than one chemicals, and bacteria from the land aquifer is penetrated by a well bore, surface into aquifers. Abandoned waters from several aquifers may wells are not difficult to seal properly, mix. If one aquifer is contaminated but many remain open. Because of then contaminated water could flow their large number and wide from it into the well bore, and from distribution, abandoned wells pose there into other aquifers. For all these a significant threat to local ground reasons, it is important to properly water supplies. seal wells and boreholes when they are no longer needed. Because Alabama is a mineral- rich state, widespread mining Abandonment methods vary operations exist, all of which use depending on the kind of well 62 involved. For instance, a very the well bore and prevent a proper deep well, or a monitoring well near seal. Second, remove the casing a hazardous waste disposal facility, (if possible), also for the purpose of requires more care in abandonment ensuring a tight seal. Third, fill the well than does a 10-foot deep hand-dug bore from bottom to top with material, private well. Wells in farming country such as cement bentonite (clay) must be cut off and sealed at least 4 grout, that will prevent mixing of water feet below the surface to prevent from different aquifers and also damage to farm equipment. prevent surface water from entering the aquifers. Anyone planning to In general, proper well abandon a well should contact the abandonment involves three tasks. Ground Water Branch of the Alabama First, one must clean out any debris Department of Environmental or equipment that may partially block Management for more detailed instructions. Water Well Abandonment Procedure 63 GROUND WATER PROTECTION IN ALABAMA Ground water is environmental protected by laws at laws include the both the federal and R e s o u r c e state levels. The Conservation U.S. Environmental and Recovery Protection Agency Act (RCRA) , (EPA) has been which regulates designated by disposal of solid Congress to be one and hazardous of the primary wastes and federal agencies established a responsible for national program ground water for the regulation p r o t e c t i o n . of underground C o n g r e s s storage tanks. authorized EPA to T h e carry out Comprehensive requirements of Environmental federal laws having Resource, provisions that Compensation, protect ground water quality. One and Liability Act (CERCLA) set up such law is the Safe Drinking Water a Superfund and authorized the Act, which requires that standards be federal government to clean up set for maximum contaminant levels chemical spills or hazardous in drinking water. This act also substance sites that threaten the established the Underground environment. The Federal Injection Control, Wellhead Insecticide, Fungicide, and Protection, and Source Water Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) allows Protection Programs, which in EPA to control the availability of Alabama are administered by ADEM. potentially harmful pesticides. The Other important federal Toxic Substances Control Act 64 (TSCA) authorizes EPA to control Comprehensive State Ground toxic chemicals that could pose a Water Protection Program. threat to the public and contaminate Alabama's Ground Water Protection ground water. The Surface Mining Program was one of the first in the Control and Reclamation Act nation to receive EPA endorsement (SMCRA) regulates mining activities, and is the core of an evolving plan some of which can negatively impact for statewide ground water ground water. protection. The program focuses on prevention and concentrates efforts In 1993 Alabama joined a pilot in areas of the state determined to program with EPA to document the be most vulnerable to ground water environmental programs in Alabama contamination. Specific laws passed that together make up a by the Alabama Legislature that 65 address protection of ground previously discussed. ADEM water include the Alabama Water administers all of these programs Pollution Control Act, the except for those under FIFRA, which Hazardous Waste Management are carried out by the Alabama and Minimization Act, the Department of Agriculture and Alabama Underground Storage Industries. State and federal laws Tank and Wellhead Protection dealing with ground water protection Act, and an act which established the are summarized in Tables 2 and 3. Hazardous Substances Cleanup Fund. The goal of Alabama's A basic step in protecting Ground Water Protection Program, Alabama's ground water resources is the protection of ground water for is to identify and assess areas drinking water and other beneficial affected by contaminants. Several uses. This goal is found in the different agencies are involved in Alabama Water Pollution Control Act. ground water assessment in Alabama. With the authority provided by these state laws, EPA allows the ADEM is presently conducting State of Alabama to administer the studies designed to evaluate nitrates national environmental programs and pesticides in wells throughout the Geologist analyzing a water sample 66 Table 2. State Laws Affecting Ground Water Protection Laws Date Summary AL Solid Wastes Disposal Act 1969 Regulates solid Waste collection and disposal and landfill construction, authorizes local goverments to provide necessary services AL Water Pollution Control Act 1975 Authorizes programs to protect waters of the state, including standards, permits, and compliance assurance AL Water Well Standards Act 1975 Regulates construction and driller qualifications for potable water wells AL Hazardous Waste Management 1975 Regulates the transport, storage, treatment, disposal, and & Minimization Act other management of hazardous wastes AL Coastal Area Management Act 1975 Requires Coastal Consistency Determinations of any permitting activity affecting coastal resources AL Safe Drinking Water Act 1977 Authorizes programs for potable ground and surface water supplies, systems, and distribution for public and certain private sources, including standards, permits, and compliance assurance AL Environmental Management Act 1982 Consolidated various environmental agencies and programs into the Department of Environmental Management; provided for permits/license fees and administrative penalties AL Underground Storage Tank & 1988 Regulates the construction and operation of USTs and sets & Wellhead Protection Act requirements for leak detection standards, corrective actions, and financial responsibility AL Underground Storage Tank Trust 1988 Provides a fee-supported fund for participating UST Fund Act owners for corrective actions and for third-party claims arising from leaking USTs 67 Table 3. Federal Laws Affecting Ground Water Protection Laws Date Summary Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, 1969 i de & Rodentci Act 1988* Authorized EPA to control pesticides Safe Drinking Water Act 1974 Authorized EPA to set standards for maximum contaminant and Amendments (SDWA) 1986* levels in drinking water, regulates underground waste 1996* disposal, designates areas that rely on a single aquifer, established the Wellhead Protection Program and the Source Water Protection Program Resource Conservation & 1976 Regulates storage, transport, treatment, and disposal of solid & Recovery Act (RCRA) 1984* and hazardous waste to prevent gound water contamination Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) 1976 Authorized EPA to control toxic chemicals 1988* Clean Water Act (CWA) 1977 Authorized EPA to make grants to the states for the development of ground water protection (affects ground water shown to have a connection to surface) Surface Mining Control & Reclamation 1977 Regulates mining activity Act (SMCRA) Comprehensive Environmental Response 1980 Authorized federal government to clean up contamination Compensation, & Liability Act (CERCLA) caused by chemical spills or hazardous waste sites that could or do pose threats to the environment Superfund Amendments & 1988 Authorized citizens to sue violators of Superfund and Reauthorization Act (SARA) established community right-to-know programs (Title III) state, and is also involved in several other detailed ground water assessment projects in other areas of the state. The Geological Survey of Alabama (GSA) has conducted an annual ground water sampling program from wells and springs in Alabama for many years, testing for the presence of inorganic contaminants. 68 state, and is also involved in several other detailed ground water assessment projects in other areas of the state. The Geological Survey of Alabama (GSA) has conducted an annual ground water sampling program from wells and springs in Alabama for many years, testing for the presence of inorganic contaminants. The GSA is also participating in a number of other projects that involve detailed ground water assessments, including several wellhead protection program projects. The Wellhead Protection and Source Water Wellhead protection study. Pouring nontoxic dye for an aquifer time-of- Assessment Programs are designed travel test (dye tracing). to protect ground water used for public water supplies. Wellhead Protection and Source Water these evaluations is to determine Protection projects emphasize the what land areas should be included need for managers of public water in protection programs for public supply systems to understand how water supplies. Potential sources of ground water reaches public water contaminants within the critical areas supply wells. Public involvement is are then inventoried. A map of a also emphasized to prevent Wellhead Protection Area for a public contamination of these wells. water supply well in Prattville, AL is Wellhead and Source Water shown on the adjacent page. Finally, Assessment projects begin with for a wellhead protection program, geological and hydrological management plans are developed to evaluation of the aquifers used for help ensure that public water public water supplies. The goal of supplies are kept safe. 69 Map showing wellhead protection ares for a public water supply well 70 Water Supply Well in Butler County The U.S. Geological Survey The most effective way to protect (USGS) has conducted regional a ground water supply is by isolating aquifer studies that included it from potential contaminants. Once Alabama, and is currently conducting an aquifer has become a national water quality survey, which contaminated, cleanup is usually a will include detailed sampling of lengthy and expensive process. An several Alabama watersheds. industrial site in Butler County contaminated with PCB's is one of The Alabama Department of the 12 identified superfund sites in Public Health (ADPH) also plays an Alabama. Work at this site has been important role in protecting the state's on going since the early 1980's with ground water by analyzing water the total cost estimated at $25 million samples for bacterial contamination for full clean up. The total estimated to locate and eliminate potential cost for cleaning up all 12 superfund contaminant sources. These are only sites in Alabama is $300 million. a few of the agencies and programs involved in assessing and protecting The responsibility for protecting Alabama's ground water resources. the state's ground water does not A more complete list is provided in stop at the federal and state levels Table 4. but extends to the local level and to every citizen. Individuals can help 71 Table 4. Agencies with Ground Water Programs Alabama Department of Environmental Management (ADEM) (334) 271-7700 ADEM Water Division (334) 271-7823 Surface and Ground Water Protection Programs ADEM Ground Water Branch (334) 270-5655 Hydrogeology Unit Hydrogeologic Support UST Corrective Action Unit UST Trust Fund, Assessment, and Corrective Action Programs UST Compliance Section UST Regulatory Compliance Program Underground Injection Control Class I, III, and V UIC Wells Wellhead Protection Program Protection of Public Water Supply Wells ADEM Municipal Branch (334) 270-7810 NPDES Permitting, Municipal Land Application Projects, Engineering & Compliance ADEM Industrial Section (334) 271-7943 NPDES Permitting, Industrial Land Application Projects, Engineering & Compliance ADEM Water Supply Branch (334) 271-7773 Source Water Protection, Municipal Water Supply Program ADEM Land Division (334) 271-7730 Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Permitting, Engineering & Compliance ADEM Hazardous Waste Branch (334) 271-7874 Hazardous Waste Management Industrial Facilities Section Hazardous Waste Management Permitting, Engineering Northern Section Hazardous Waste Management Compliance Southern Section Hazardous Waste Management Compliance Government Facilities Section (334) 271-7738 Hazardous Waste Management Permitting, Engineering Site Assessment Unit State Superfund Program, Spills, Soil Cleanup, Hazardous Substances Control ADEM Solid Waste Branch (334) 271-7771 State Solid Waste Management Program Permitting Engineering Compliance Section (334) 271-7761 State Solid Waste Management Program Compliance ADEM Field Operations Division (334) 394-4382 ADEM Field Offices, Emergency Response Mobile Branch (334) 450-3400 Emergency Response, UST Compliance Montgomery Branch (334) 260-2711 Sampling, Emergency Response Birmingham Branch (205) 942-6168 Emergency Response, UST Compliance Decatur Branch (205) 353-1713 Emergency Response, UST Compliance State Oil and Gas Board (205) 349-2852 Regulates the Oil and Gas Industry Underground Injection Control Class II Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program Alabama Department of Public Health Environmental Health Services (334) 206-5673 On-Site Sewage Treatment County Health Departments Local Listings On-Site Sewage Treatment NPDES = National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (Surface Water Discharge Permitting) UST = Underground Storage Tank 72 Table 4. Agencies with Ground Water Programs State Nonregulatory Agencies Wtih Ground Water Responsibilities Geological Survey of Alabama Hydrogeology Division (205) 349-2852 Wellhead Protection, Public Education/Outreach, Hydrogeological Research Ground Water Section (205) 349-2852 Ground Water Resources, Ground Water Level Database Water Information Section (205) 349-2852 Water Well Database Environmental Geology (205) 349-2852 Environmental Health, Water Quality Database Division Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries (334) 242-2650 Pesticides Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs Recycling Program (334) 271-5651 Recycling Water Resources Office (334) 242-5499 Water Use Database Natural Resources and Conservation Department Fisheries Program (334) 242-3465 Environmental Health Wildlife Program (334) 242-3469 Environmental Health Federal Agencies with Ground Water Programs United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) USEPA Region 4, Ground Water (404) 562-9329 Public Water Supplies, UST and UIC Regulation, and Wellhead Protection and Drinking Water Branch USEPA RCRA/CERCLA Hotline (800) 424-9346 Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Information (202) 382-3000 Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Information USEPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800) 426-4791 Environmental Health Information USEPA Region 4, WHP Coordinator (404) 562-9453 Wellhead Protection Regulation and Information United States Department of Agricuture (USDA) USDA Rural Development (202) 720-9589 Agricultural Contamination, Solid and Hazardous Waste, Administration USDA Natural Resources (334) 887-4506 Agricultural Contamination, Evnironmental Health Conservation Service United States Department of Commerce (USDC) USDC National Oceanographic (704) 271-4800 Environmental Health, National Climatic Data Center and Atmospheric Administration United States Department of the Interior (USDI) USDI Geological Survey (334) 832-7510 Water Resources, Water Research 73 safeguard ground water supplies practices, and safeguards to prevent by responsible use of potentially ground water pollution. harmful materials such as fertilizers, pesticides, and household products. Many common household Manufacturer's information and products contain hazardous or toxic county agents can aid in selecting substances that could contaminate and applying lawn and garden ground water. Some of these chemicals that produce minimal products are listed in Table 5. Care impact on ground water supplies. should be taken in disposing of these Individuals, farms, industry, and other materials. because some of them operations may apply pollution contain substances that are not easily prevention methods through removed from sewage and that may education, best management damage or ruin septic systems. Perdido Ground Water Contamination The 15-acre Perdido Site, located in Baldwin County, was contaminated as a result of a train derailment in 1965. Approximately 7,600 gallons of the toxic chemical benzene were spilled into drainage ditches and seeped into the underlying aquifer. The contaminated area extends about 1,000 yards from the derailment site. Contamination of nine private wells has been confirmed. Baldwin County Health officials recommended that residents within a 1-mile radius of the derailment use alternate water supplies, which have been provided. In 1988, EPA selected a plan to clean up the ground water that included extraction and treatment of the ground water by a technology called air stripping. Water is pumped out of the aquifer using wells drilled for that purpose. After the benzene is removed, the treated water is returned to the aquifer by specially designed injection wells. Construction of the treatment facilities was completed in 1992, and treatment will continue until the ground water contaminant levels meet the cleanup goals established by EPA. The treatment program shows continuing progress in reducing ground water contamination at the Perdido Site. The estimated cost for the cleanup at the Perdido Site is $2,900,000 for capital investment plus $270,000 per year throughout the cleanup process. 74 Table 5. Common Household Products and Some of their Hazardous Components Product Hazardous Components Antifreeze methanol, ethylene glycol Battery acid sulfuric acid Degreasers petroleum solvents, alcohols, glycolether, chlorinated hydrocarbons, toluene, phenols Engine and radiator flushes dichloroperchloroethylene Hydraulic (brake) fluid hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons Motor oil, grease, lubes hydrocarbons Gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil hydrocarbons Kerosene hydrocarbons Rustproofers phenols, heavy metals Transmission fluid (automatic) petroleum distillates, xylene Car wash detergent alkylbenzene sulfonates Car wax or polish petroleum distillates, hydrocarbons Asphalt, roofing tar hydrocarbons Paint, varnish, stain, dye heavy metals, toluene Paint thinner acetone, benzene, toluene, butyl acetate, methyl ketones Paint and varnish removers methylene chloride, toluene, acetone, xylene, ethanol, benzene, methanol Paint brush cleaners hydrocarbons, toluene, acetone, methanol, glycol ethers, methyl ethyl ketones Floor and furniture strippers xylene Metal polishes petroleum distillates, isopropanol, petroleum naptha Laundry soil and stain removers petroleum distillates, tetrachloroethylene Spot removers and dry cleaning fluid hydrocarbons, benzene, trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,1,1 trichloroethane Other solvents acetone, benzene Rock salt (Halite) sodium and chloride Refrigerants 1,1,2 trichloro – 1,2,2 triffluoroethane Bug and tar removers xylene, petroleum distillates Household and oven cleaners xylenols, glycol ethers, isopropanol Drain cleaners 1,1,1 trichloroethane Toilet cleaners xylene, sulfonates, chlorinated phenols Disinfectants cresol, Pesticides napthalene, phosphorus, xylene, heavy metals, chlorinated hydrocarbons Photochemicals phenols, sodium sulfite, cyanide, silver halide, potassium bromide, selenium Printing Ink heavy metals, phenol-formaldehyde Wood preservatives(creosote) pentachlorophenols Wood pressure treatment heavy metals, cyanide Swimming pool chlorine sodium hypochlorite Lye or caustic soda sodium hypochlorite Jewelry cleaners sodium cyanide Fertilizers nitrate (Modified from "Natural Resources Facts: Household Hazardous Wastes" Fact Sheet No. 88-3, Department of Natural Science, University of Rhode Island, August 1988) 75 Lessons learned from past desiring to protect ground water mistakes have led to better siting and resources. These include source- design of facilities such as industrial water assessment and wellhead wastewater treatment facilities and protection programs. A number of landfills, which in the past have been communities have initiated wellhead sources of ground water protection studies. These efforts contamination. Shown below are help to safeguard public ground above ground treatment units which water supplies by evaluating the local have replaced earthen treatment aquifer system, identifying potential ponds. Other facilities such as sources of contamination, and landfills are now designed to developing a wellhead protection effectively prevent ground water management plan to protect ground contamination, using devices such as water supplies, as well as a double liners and leachate-collection contingency plan in case systems. Monitoring of ground water contamination occurs. Public is required of facilities having the participation in developing the potential to adversely affect ground wellhead protection plans is water quality. encouraged. Several options are available to A landmark example of a group communities and city governments of individuals organizing to protect Above ground treatment units at Ciba Specialty Chemicals, McIntosh, Alabama. 76 and control the development of land uses that could degrade water their water resources occurred in a quality in the recharge areas of group of watersheds in southeast municipal wells; by supplying water, Alabama. The group first formed into sewer, and waste disposal services; a local organization, which later by monitoring water supplies for became a legislatively funded local possible contaminants; and by agency called the Choctawhatchee, establishing a collection and disposal Pea and Yellow Rivers Watershed schedule for hazardous household Management Authority (CPYRWMA). wastes. Because many households The CPYRWMA is administered have no safe place to dispose of locally and focuses on the water hazardous wastes, this last resources of the entire Alabama suggestion is potentially of great portion of the Choctawhatchee River importance. A collection day for and Pea River watersheds in hazardous wastes, called an Alabama, an area including parts of amnesty day, was held in the Flint 10 counties. Creek area and was very successful, resulting in the collection of Another good way for citizens to get involved in source water protection is the Groundwater Guardian program, founded by the Groundwater Foundation. This voluntary program encourages local groups of citizens to organize creative projects to protect their ground water. Madison County was the first community in Alabama to establish a Groundwater Guardian program and also the first to host a Ground Water Festival for elementary aged school children. Other ways that local governments can protect ground Tuscumbia is a Ground Water water quality are through regulating Guardian Community 77 thousands of pounds of unwanted water on which these communities and out-of-date chemicals. depend is, in the dry season, largely supplied by ground water discharge It is important to emphasize that to streams. For these reasons, the ground water should not be most effective resource protection considered an isolated resource, but program should be comprehensive rather as an integral part of the total in scope and not restricted to ground freshwater water or resource. If surface water surface water alone. in the recharge area of an The very a q u i f e r best and most b e c o m e s cost effective polluted, the way to ensure aquifer itself adequate long may become term ground p o l l u t e d w a t e r t h r o u g h protection is recharge. t h r o u g h M a n y education. communities, Providing such as planners, A u b u r n , students, and Birmingham, the general Gadsden, public with a M o b i l e , knowledge of Montgomery, our ground Muscle Shoals, water is the Swift Creek Park, Autauga County Talladega, and b e s t Tuscaloosa guarantee that depend on surface water for part or all Alabamians will enjoy clean, safe all of their water supplies. The surface drinking water for generations to come. 78 GLOSSARY (Glossary terms used in the definitions of other glossary terms are italicized where used.) ADAI Alabama Department of Agriculture concentration is 10 percent, or 0.1. and Industries Confined aquifer An aquifer bounded above ADEM Alabama Department of and below by confining units. A confined Environmental Management. aquifer is entirely filled with liquid and may be under pressure. ADPH Alabama Department of Public Health. Confining unit A confining unit is a rock, soil, or sediment unit that stores water, but Artesian well An artesian well is drilled into does not transmit significant quantities of an aquifer that is under pressure (a water. confined aquifer). If the pressure is high enough, water flows to the surface Contaminant A substance which either by . its presence or concentration makes water Aquifer Rock, soil, or sediment that contains unsuitable for a desired use. Some ground water and is capable of yielding contaminants occur naturally. significant amounts of water to a well or spring. CSGWPP Comprehensive State Ground Water Protection Program. Brine Salty water. Discharge In the context of ground water, the Calcite A mineral, the primary constituent of movement of water from the ground water limestone. The most common form of system to the surface water system. calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Dolomite A mineral (Ca,Mg(CO3)2) related CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental to calcite and common in some Response, Compensation, and Liability limestones. Act. Also called Superfund. Concentration In chemistry, the PESTICIDES concentration of a substance is the decimal Pesticides are common ground fraction or percentage of that substance in water contaminants. About 3.8 a mixture of two or more substances, per unit volume. Thus, if one part of salt is mixed million pounds of solid pesticides and with nine parts of water, then the salt 450,000 gallons of liquid pesticides are applied in Alabama each year to kill insects, rodents, mold, and weeds. Some pesticides are now prohibited by EPA because they were contaminating surface and 79 EPA United States Environmental Protection "hard rocks" (limestone and dolomite Agency. mountains) from which hard water comes in southern Europe where the name was Evaporation The conversion of a liquid to a coined. gas. Hydrogeologic province A region, typically Evapotranspiration Evaporation plus much larger than a county, defined by a transpiration. certain kind or kinds of aquifers. Hydrogeologic provinces approximately Fall line The boundary between older, hard, correspond to physiographic provinces, igneous and metamorphic rocks and the which are defined by characteristic kinds younger, soft sedimentary rocks of the of rocks. For example, the Coastal Plain coastal plain. Marked by a break in slope physiographic province, with its gently and waterfalls in rivers. dipping sands, shales, and limestones, coincides with the Coastal Plain FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and hydrogeologic province, with its evenly Rodenticide Act. layered sand and limestone aquifers. Formation A rock unit that has recognizable Hydrogeology The scientific study of ground characteristics and that is thick and water and rock, sediment, and soil units extensive enough to be mappable. An (aquifers) containing ground water. aquifer is commonly a formation, part of a formation, or two or more formations. Hydrologic cycle The circulation of water from the oceans, through the atmosphere Ground water Water in the saturated zone and back to the Earth's surface, over the below the surface of the ground. land surface and underground, and eventually back to the oceans. GSA Geological Survey of Alabama. Infiltration In soil science and hydrology, the Hardness See hard water. downward movement of water into soil during and after a precipitation event. Hard water Hard water does not readily produce a lather with soap. Because it Ingeous rock Rocks that solidified from a contains substantial amounts of dissolved hot, liquid state. carbonate, hard water tends to form a Leachate See leaching. Liquid chalky white scale on hot water heaters and product of leaching. in tea kettles. The origin of the name is Leaching Generally, any process in unknown, but it may have referred to the which a fluid selectively removes material from a solid through which it passes. Leaching commonly refers to the downward passage of surface water or rain water through soil, sediment, or landfill material, 80 Leachate See leaching. Liquid product of widespread. leaching. NRCS Natural Resources Conservation Leaching Generally, any process in which a Service. Formerly the Soil Conservation fluid selectively removes material from a Service. Part of the U.S. Department of solid through which it passes. Leaching Agriculture. commonly refers to the downward passage of surface water or rain water through soil, Overpumping Withdrawing more water from sediment, or landfill material, and the an aquifer than is replenished by recharge. resulting transport of dissolved contaminants into the ground water Pathogens Microorganisms which cause system. disease. Limestone A sedimentary rock composed Permeability A measure of the chiefly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) interconnectedness of a pore or fracture particles made by marine animals and system, which determines the ability of a plants. rock unit to transmit fluids. MCL Maximum contaminant level, the Physiography The genesis and nature of maximum permissible level in drinking land forms. water of a particular chemical, established by the EPA. Point source pollution Pollution from a known and well defined source. For MGD Million gallons per day. example, a factory, waste treatment plant, or leaking underground storage tank. Metamorphic rock made by heating and squeezing preexisting rocks so that new Porosity The amount, usually represented as minerals replace the preexisting ones. percent, of open pore space in an aquifer. Microorganisms Organisms such as PPM Parts per million. One ppm=1 unit of a bacteria and viruses which are too small substance in 1,000,000 units of another to see with the human eye. substance. Nonpoint source pollution Pollution whose Public water system A system to provide sources are diffuse, multiple, or piped water to the public for human consumption, if such system has at least 15 service connections or regularly serves an average of at least 25 individuals at least 60 days of the year. 81 RCRA Resource Conservation and or from below. Recovery Act. Saprolite A soft, earthy, decomposed rock Recharge Water that enters an aquifer from formed in place by chemical weathering of the surface or the process of aquifer igneous and metamorphic rocks. Saprolite replenishment . is commonly red or brown, and forms in warm, humid climates. Recharge area That region in which an aquifer is exposed at the surface (perhaps SARA Superfund Amendments and covered by soil), so that water falling within Reauthorization Act. the recharge area can penetrate into the aquifer. Saturated zone That region below the water table in which all voids are filled with liquid. Runoff That portion of precipitation that flows on or just beneath the land surface until it Sedimentary rock A rock that consists reaches a surface water body, enters the chiefly either of small pieces of rock ground, or evaporates. cemented together (e.g., sandstone) or of crystals that grew from water (rock salt). Sand A sediment consisting of small rock There are some odd earth materials that particles (62 micrometers to 2 millimeters are commonly considered sedimentary in size). The most common mineral in sand rocks, such as coal. The other two kinds of is quartz (SiO2), which is the primary rock are igneous and metamorphic . ingredient in glass. Shale A sedimentary rock consisting of very Sandstone A rock consisting chiefly of sand- small fragments (less than 62 micrometers) sized particles cemented together by some that tend to be thin and flat. Shales are not natural cement (typically quartz, calcium good aquifers because the holes between carbonate, or iron oxide). particles are too small and because the chemical properties of many shale Salt water intrusion The introduction into a minerals permit them to hold onto a large freshwater aquifer of sea water or amount of water. Shales generally form subsurface brine. Usually caused by confining units. excessive pumping of wells, which permits salt water to flow into the aquifer laterally Sinkhole A hole caused by collapse of the land surface, commonly because underlying limestone rock has dissolved away, forming a cavity. 82 Soil Particulate matter, commonly containing national environmental program sand, silt, clay, and organic material and authorized by the federal Safe Drinking having a definite layered structure, forming Water Act to protect underground sources a layer a few inches or many of feet thick of drinking water. that covers most of the earth. Unconfined aquifer An aquifer consisting Source Water Protection A program of an overlying unsaturated zone and initiated by the EPA in 1996 to protect underlying saturated zone, separated by a public water supplies. Source water water table. assessment is required of each water system and involves delineating source Unsaturated zone That region of soil, water protection areas, inventorying sediment, or rock above the water table significant contaminants in these areas, containing both air and water in void and determining the vulnerability of each spaces. public water supply to contamination. Source water protection is voluntary and USGS United States Geological Survey. involves actions taken to protect drinking water supplies. UST Underground Storage Tank. Spring A point or zone of natural discharge Vectors Organisms carrying pathogens. of water from underground to the land surface or to the bottom of a surface water Water budget An estimate of the amount of body. water moving through each part of the hydrologic cycle for a given region. Strata Layers, specifically layers of rock, laid down during a certain period of time, and Water table That surface within soil or rock commonly possessing certain physical and below which all pore spaces are filled with paleontological characteristics. water and above which at least some of them contain air. Superfund See CERCLA. Waters of the State The Alabama Water TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act. Pollution Control Act defines this as all surface or ground water in the state except Transpiration The passage of water vapor water entirely confined and retained out of plant leaves through pores and into completely upon the property of a single the air. individual, partnership or UIC (Underground Injection Control) A 83 corporation unless the water is used in subsurface area surrounding a public interstate commerce. water supply well or well field that a community has taken steps to protect, and Watershed A natural unit of land from which through which contaminants are likely to the surface water runoff subsurface, and move toward and reach such well or well ground water drain to a common outlet. field. Well A bored, drilled, or driven shaft or dug Wetland Land characterized by any of the hole. Wells range from a few feet to more following: water loving plants, hydric soils, than 6 miles in depth, but most water wells and flooding part or all of the year. Hydric are between 100 and 2,000 feet in depth. soils have distinctive characteristics resulting from the common presence of Wellhead protection area The surface and abundant moisture. WHPP Wellhead Protection Program. 84 FURTHER READING American Institute of Professional Geologists, 50319), 23 p. 1984, Ground water issues and answers: American Institute of Professional James, I. C., II, Kammerer, J. C., and Murray, Geologists (7828 Vance Drive, Suite 103, C. R., 1994, How much water in a 12- Arvada CO 80003), 24 p. Good summary ounce can? A perspective on water use with excellent illustrations. information: U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, 20 p. Baker, R. M., and Mooty, W. S., 1993, Use of water in Alabama, 1990: Tuscaloosa, Moore, J. D., and Szabo, M. W., 1994, Geological Survey of Alabama, Information Alabama's water resources: Tuscaloosa, Series 59E, 49 p. Annual publication Geological Survey of Alabama, containing basic facts about the use of Educational Series No. 5, 21 pages plus water in Alabama. poster and student activity guide (by Sylvia B. Moore, Polly Klutz, and George Pratt). Bock, Rosalie, 1990, The story of drinking water: American Water Works Association Moore, J. E., Zaporozec, Alexander, and (6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver CO 80235), Mercer, J. W., 1995, Groundwater: a 16 p. primer: American Geological Institute (4220 King Street, Alexandria Virginia Environmental Protection Agency, 1990, 22302-1507), 53 p. Citizen's guide to ground water protection: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency U. S. Department of the Interior, 1993, Water (Office of Water, Washington DC 20460), Dowsing: U.S. Department of the Interior, 33 p. Geological Survey, 15 p. Francis, B. M., 1994, Toxic substances in the U. S. Department of the Interior, 1994, The environment: New York, John Wiley and Hydrologic Cycle: U.S. Department of the Sons, Inc., 360 p. Well written and aimed Interior, Geological Survey, 7 p. Concise at the nonscientist. and good summary. U. S. Department of the Interior, Reprinted Iowa Dept. of Natural Resources, 1989, 1999, Ground Water and Surface Water Groundwater primer for Iowa issues: Iowa and Surface Water a Single Resource, U. Department of Natural Resources (Wallace S. Department of the Interior, Geological State Office Building, Des Moines Iowa Survey, 78p. 85 BY THE NUMBERS 696 Public Water Systems in Alabama serve a population of approximately 5.0 million. 499 systems (72%) utilize Ground Wa- ter as a Source. 16 Systems in Alabama utilize Ground Water along with Surface Water. Approximately 1.98 million (40%) of Alabama's population are served by Ground Water. Figures based on 2001 data 86 Ground Water Guardian The Department was designated a Groundwater Guardian Affiliate by the Groundwater Foundation in November 1997 and again in November 1998. The Groundwater Guardian program is designed to empower local citizens and communities to voluntarily protect their groundwater resources and generate local solutions that effectively address local groundwater protection priorities. In being named an affiliate, ADEM was honored for promoting the program in Alabama, assisting with the first two Groundwater Festivals in the state, and financially supporting the Alabama Cooperative Extension Service workshops on groundwater protection.
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The Avengers 2 / The Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015)Release Date: May 01, 2015
Rating [ Not Yet Rated ]
Director: Joss Whedon
Written By: Joss Whedon
Cast: Aaron Taylor-Johnson, Chris Evans, Chris Hemsworth, Clark Gregg, Cobie Smulders, Don Cheadle, Elizabeth Olsen, James Spader, Jeremy Renner, Mark Ruffalo, Paul Bettany, Robert Downey Jr., Samuel L. Jackson, Scarlett Johansson, Thomas Kretschmann Synopsis:
In The Avengers: Age of Ultron Earth's Mightiest must reunite and work with newcomers Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch to battle new antagonist Ultron, who receives an all-new origin story, while dealing with a new level of inner conflict amongst the team. Quicksilver & Scarlet Witch may not necessarily agree with The Avengers and Tony Stark may be responsible for the creation of the new villain.
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Michaele Salahi's Husband Files for Divorce
On Good Morning America Thursday, a lawyer for former Real Housewives of D.C. star Tareq Salahi said it was too soon to tell if he would file for divorce after his wife Michaele reportedly ran off with the guitarist for Journey.
But less than 24 hours later, it appears he has made up is mind, citing adultery and abandonment in divorce papers obtained by TMZ.com.
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The legal documents also claim that the guitarist, Neal Schon, sent nude photos of himself to Tareq.
Of his wife, he says in the papers: "She continually exposes our friends and acquaintances to her adulterous relationship and has flaunted the same throughout the community, the nation and indeed the world, and thus caused me to suffer great harm, humiliation and embarrassment."
He says the affair with Schon has been going on "for a period of months."
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The two, who have had money issues in the past, have a prenup.
Tareq claimed his wife was kidnapped earlier this week when she never returned from a hair appointment and a dance class. Later it was discovered she was with Schon, per a rep for the band that said: "Nobody kidnapped her and they are in Memphis together."
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Virginia's Warren County Sheriff's Office issued a statement Wednesday that officials had spoken to Michaele and she was "fine."
"Deputy Mike Glavis subsequently spoke with Mrs. Salahi by telephone a few moments later," the sheriff's office said. "Deputy Glavis was able to identify Mrs. Salahi by having previous conversations with her in the past. She seemed calm, was engaged in conversation and assured the deputy that she had left the residence with a good friend and was where she wanted to be. Mrs. Salahi advised that she did not want Mr. Salahi to know where she was. Mrs. Salahi advised Deputy Glavis that she was very sorry that the Sheriff's Office had to be involved, but she did not want to be home right now."
Some have speculated the "kidnapping" was a publicity stunt, which could land them both with criminal charges. The two, after all, rose to fame after crashing a White House state dinner in 2009 (they insist they were invited), and have attempted to land several other reality shows after Bravo did not renew Real Housewives of D.C. for a second season. Michaele was kicked off Celebrity Rehab for having no addiction. She also tried to launch a singing career with her single "Bump It."
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