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There is disclosed a fastener assembly comprised of a screw fastener member having a driver head, a threaded shank portion and an unthreaded shank portion intermediate the threaded shank portion and the driver head. The unthreaded shank portion also includes a protruding portion defining an effective diameter greater than the major diameter of the threaded portion. This portion is formed by rolling a groove into the unthreaded shank portion in such a manner as to provide an annular projection having a tapered surface portion. There is further included a helical compression spring member having at least one end portion formed to an inner diameter larger than the major thread diameter, but smaller than the diameter of the protruding portion of the unthreaded shank portion. The compression spring is coaxially interfitted with the screw member with a selected one of the end portions axially advanced so as to be expanded and engaged over the protruding portion, thereby maintaining the spring member in captive relation at the unthreaded shank portion between the protruding portion and the driver head.
1. A fastener assembly, comprising in combination; a screw fastener member and generally helical elongate compression spring member made up of at least three full helical loops, and captively mounted on said fastener member, said spring including oppositely disposed end portions and an intermediate portion extending a substantial distance along the length of said screw fastener member, said screw fastener member including an elongate shank having a driver head formed on one end thereof and including drive tool engagement means, a threaded shank portion including a thread formed therein and having a major thread diameter of a first dimension, and an unthreaded shank portion intermediate said driver head and said threaded shank portion, protrusion means formed on said unthreaded shank portion for maintaining said compression spring member in captive relation on said screw member, said protrusion means including, an annular sloped wall surface facing generally away from said driver head with a major portion of said sloped wall surface having a maximum dimension greater than said major thread diameter, and an abrupt radially disposed wall surface spaced from and facing toward said driver head, said protrusion means wall surface merging to define a crest having an effective diameter larger than said major thread diameter, and said elongate compression spring member having a pair of opposite end portions each provided by a resilient, expandable loop defining an inner diameter significantly less than the effective diameter of said protrusion means, with the loops of said spring member defining said end portions and said intermediate portion having inner diameters greater than said major diameter of the threaded shank portion, such that said spring member can be disposed over said threaded shank with either of said end portions engaged with the sloped wall surface of said protrusion means causing the respective loop to expand, such that either of said end portions can be engaged over said protrusion means with a snap-fit type of action, and disposed intermediate said driver head and said protrusion means, with said abrupt wall surface of said protrusion means maintaining said spring member in captive relation on said fastener member.
2. A fastener assembly according to claim 1 wherein said protrusion means is provided by an annular ring upset from the surface of said unthreaded shank portion.
This invention relates generally to fasteners and more particularly to a fastener assembly comprising a screw and a captive compression spring.
The use of a compression spring as a locking member for a screw fastener is generally known in the prior art. For example, such an arrangement is commonly utilized as an adjustable idle screw for automotive carburetors, as it provides a considerable range of adjustment by allowing variable degrees of advancement of the screw with respect to its screw threads. The compression spring acts to maintain the screw at a desired degree of advancement, substantially preventing further rotation of the screw in either direction as might occur, due to vibration or the like.
Heretofore, however, these screws and springs have been provided separately by the manufacturer or manufacturers. Consequently, the screw fastener and spring must be assembled by a worker during the manufacture or assembly of a device such as a carburetor with which the screw and coil spring assembly is to be utilized. Accordingly, it is possible for the installer or assembly line worker to choose the wrong combination of screw and compression spring for installation, or improperly assembly or even neglect or forget to assemble the compression spring with the screw member prior to installation thereof. Thus, provision of a fastener assembly comprising a screw member with a captive compression spring member substantially eliminates these problems and facilitates the assembly operation. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such provision of a captive compression spring member is advantageous to the ultimate user in that it saves considerable time and trouble involved in selecting complimentary screw members and spring members independently and often from different manufacturers, and in providing a reliable supply of such properly selected and mated parts at the point of ultimate assembly and/or installation.
Accordingly, it is a general object of this invention to provide a fastener assembly comprising a screw member and a captive compression spring member.
A more specific object of this invention is to provide a fastener assembly of the type described wherein both screw and compression spring to the specifications of the user may be readily and easily selected and pre-assembled.
Another object is to provide a fastener assembly of the type described which may be relatively simply and inexpensively manufactured, assembled by even relatively unskilled workers, and yet remains relatively rugged and reliable in operation.
Briefly, and in accordance with the foregoing objects, a fastener assembly according to this invention comprises a screw member including a driver head, a threaded shank portion and an unthreaded shank portion intermediate said driver head and said threaded shank portion. A generally helical elongate compression spring member cooperates with protrusion means on said unthreaded shank portion so as to hold at least an end portion of said compression spring member in captive relation on said screw member, substantially coaxially therewith.
Other objects, features and advantages of this invention will become more readily apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of the illustrated embodiment, together with the accompanying drawings.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates a fastener assembly according to this invention in side elevation and partially cut away;
FIG. 2 illustrates, in side elevation a screw blank utilized in making the screw member of the assembly of this invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates, in side elevation, a screw member and compression spring exploded apart to indicate the assembly of the fastener assembly of this invention.
Referring to the drawing Figures, and initially to FIG. 1, a fastener assembly according to the present invention is illustrated and designated generally 10. The fastener assembly 10 comprises, broadly speaking, a screw member 12 and a coil compression spring member 14. As best seen in FIG. 3, the screw member 12 includes a drive head 16 which may be configured in accordance with conventional practice to accept a tool such as a screw driver or the like. The drive head is confluent with a first or unthreaded shank portion 18 and of sufficient diameter to present a bearing surface 22 at its confluence with the shank portion 18. A second or threaded shank portion 20 is confluent with the first or unthreaded shank portion 18, and includes a thread designated generally 24. The major diameter of the thread 24 is indicated by the arrows 26, and is substantially similar to the diameter of the unthreaded shank portion 18.
A protrusion or protruding portion 28 is formed in the unthreaded shank portion 18 proximate the threaded shank portion 20. In the illustrated embodiment, the protrusion 28 comprises a generally annular or radially outwardly extending flange or shoulder defining an outer diameter somewhat greater than the major diameter 26 of thread 24, and consequently also greater than the diameter of the unthreaded shank portion 18. Further, in the illustrated embodiment, it will be seen that the annular flange 28 includes a leading surface 30 which is sloped radially outwardly of the threaded shank portion 20. In contrast, the opposite side of the annular flange 28 defines a rather abrupt wall 31 which comprises a radially outwardly extending surface with respect to the unthreaded shank portion 18.
Preferably the flange 28 is provided by the formation of an annular groove or trough 32 in the unthreaded shank portion 18. This formation process involves upsetting or cold forming the shank 18 to flow the material thereof axially to produce flange 28.
Still referring to FIGS. 1 and 3, the spring member 14 generally comprises a conventional helical or coiled compression spring of substantially similar length or axial dimension to the threaded shank portion 20 of the screw member 12. In the illustrated embodiment, the compression spring member 14 has first and second substantially identical, oppositely disposed end portions 34 and 36 which define inner diameters somewhat greater than the major diameter 26 of thread 24, but smaller than the diameter of the protrusion or flange 28. An intermediate portion 38 of the spring 14 defines an internal diameter at least as great as the end portions 34 and 36. The end portions 34 and 36 of the spring 14, as best seen in FIG. 3, are also closed and squared, to provide bearing surfaces at opposite ends of the spring 14.
As indicated by the arrow 39 in FIG. 3, the spring 14 may be axially moved, with its end portion 34 leading, to surround the threaded shank portion 20 of the screw member 12. When the leading end portion 34 engages the slope or leading edge portion 30 of the protrusion 28, it will resiliently expand somewhat to pass thereover and around the protrusion 28. Once clear of the protrusion 28, the resilient material of the spring end portion 34 will return to its original diameter and thus be held rotatably in captive relation between the wall 31 of the protrusion 28 and bearing surface 22 of the driver head 16. The spring member 14 thereby assumes a coaxial, assembled relation with the screw member 12, as illustrated in FIG. 1. Thus, the bearing surface 22 of the driver head 16 is engageable with the bearing surface provided by the squared and closed end portion 34 of the spring 14 to effect compression of the spring 14 upon advancement of the screw 12 with respect to a facing surface of a carburetor or the like, with which the assembly 10 is to be utilized.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the manner in which the screw member 12 is formed will be described in greater detail. Initially, a screw blank 12a is provided having a head portion 16a, a first shank portion 18a and a second shank portion 20a. The thread 24 may then be formed on the shank portion 20a by conventional means such as cold rolling. The groove 32 and correspondingly the protrusion 28, with its surfaces 30 and 31, as illustrated and described with reference to FIG. 3, may also be formed by a similar cold rolling or upsetting process. Advantageously the formation of the threads 24 and protrusion 28 may take place simultaneously by utilizing a suitable die or like apparatus. It will be appreciated that the formation of both threads 24 and protrusion 28, in accordance with conventional cold rolling techniques, requires some upsetting or displacement of material, whereby the major diameter 26 of the threads 24 of FIG. 3 is somewhat greater than the diameter of the shank portion 20a of FIG. 2. Similarly, the annular groove or depression 32 is formed simultaneously with the protrusion 28. Accordingly, the diameter of the shank portion 18a of the blank 12a is chosen substantially to coincide with the major diameter 26 of the thread 24 to be formed on the shank portion 20a.
While a protrusion or flange 28 provided by the groove 32 has been described in connection with the drawings, and constitutes a preferred embodiment, it will be appreciated that alternative forms of protrusion means may be utilized without departing from the principles of this invention.
While a preferred embodiment has been illustrated and described, the present invention is not so limited. On the contrary, various alternatives, changes and modifications may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art, and such alternatives, changes and modifications are to be considered as forming a part of this invention insofar as they fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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What will it mean for commodities if "Helicopter Ben" Bernanke cranks up the printing press once again?
Some investors simply expect prices to soar across the board if the Federal Reserve chief institutes a new round of quantitative easing, aimed at stimulating economic growth. They see such a move flooding markets with dollars, weakening the U.S. currency, and pushing up the prices of dollar-denominated commodities, as stronger economic activity boosts demand.
Unfortunately, commodities offer few pure plays for those betting on a new shower of money. A big exception: gold, to which investors flock when they believe paper money is being debased by excessive creation. Marc Chandler, global head of currency strategy at Brown Brothers Harriman in New York, notes that previous rounds of monetary stimulus have resulted in rallies for both stocks and the precious metal, with gold prices strongly correlated with the S&P 500. "If you tell me the stock market is going to rally, then I think gold will rally," says Chandler. Silver and platinum will likely benefit, too, if business activity picks up, because they have industrial, as well as jewelry and investment applications. If the Fed does act, investors might want to look at the SPDR Gold Shares gld -0.36369934187738134% SPDR Gold Trust U.S.: NYSE Arca 115.06 -0.42 -0.36369934187738134% /Date(1427490000177-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 4821618 AFTER HOURS 115.19 0.13 0.11298452981053364% Volume (Delayed 15m) : 100123 P/E Ratio N/A Market Cap N/A Dividend Yield N/A Rev. per Employee N/A More quote details and news » exchange-traded fund (ticker: GLD).
The outlook is cloudier for purely industrial commodities, including iron ore, lumber, and copper. "In the short run, industrial commodities are dominated by economic growth," says David Ranson, director of research for HC Wainwright & Co. Economics. However, such commodities won't come to life immediately after the Fed cranks up the presses, but rather only if there is evidence that the economy is responding to the stimulus. Ranson thinks that's a big "if." In fact, he sees a huge danger: "By printing money, the Fed is destabilizing the price system," he says. "Anyone who monkeys with the price system is inviting a lot of trouble." If the monkeying doesn't produce much growth, industrial commodities won't be a good bet, especially over the longer term.
AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, on the other hand, could be strong in both the short and long run. Corn and soybean prices have spiked because of the Midwest drought. The worse the harvest is, the higher prices will be this year. If farmers plant too much to compensate for this year's disaster, prices could dive next year. But if the drought persists into 2013, supplies will remain strained, and prices could get even stronger. Because steers, pigs and chickens feed on grain, the prices of beef, pork and chicken are also hostage to the same factors. So what the Fed does is less important than what the weather does. If crop prices remain high, fertilizer makers like CF Industries CF -1.8997451146983857% CF Industries Holdings Inc. U.S.: NYSE USD288.66 -5.59 -1.8997451146983857% /Date(1427490160895-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 502501 AFTER HOURS USD285.87 -2.79 -0.9665350239035544% Volume (Delayed 15m) : 2424 P/E Ratio 10.884615384615385 Market Cap 13829123728.5297 Dividend Yield 2.0785699438786116% Rev. per Employee 2062260 More quote details and news » (CF) and Agrium AGU -0.39355322338830584% Agrium Inc. U.S.: NYSE USD106.3 -0.42 -0.39355322338830584% /Date(1427490129587-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 687795 AFTER HOURS USD106.459 0.159 0.1495766698024459% Volume (Delayed 15m) : 100 P/E Ratio 19.580393818268895 Market Cap 19271520263.6719 Dividend Yield 2.9350893697083724% Rev. per Employee 1143080 More quote details and news » (AGU) could benefit in the near term, says Jeffrey Stafford, a Morningstar analyst.
On the energy front, natural gas mainly tracks industrial demand. But given the current glut, it's unlikely the needle would be moved much by any Fed stimulus. As for oil, the Mideast will tilt prices more than Washington. Crude did surge during the last Fed stimulus, which started in early 2009. But the jump coincided with the Arab Spring, the Libyan war, and Iran's sabre-rattling. There is, of course, a chance of a new Mideast conflict. "If Israel and Iran go to war, then oil will pop," says Ron DeLegge, founder of ETFGuide.com He'd avoid ETFs that hold oil futures and instead buy those that hold energy stocks. One example: the Energy Select Sector XLE -0.8178631701934311% Select Sector SPDR-Energy U.S.: NYSE Arca 76.4 -0.63 -0.8178631701934311% /Date(1427490000253-0500)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 11696849 AFTER HOURS 76.34 -0.06 -0.07853403141361257% Volume (Delayed 15m) : 270408 P/E Ratio N/A Market Cap N/A Dividend Yield 2.696020942408377% Rev. per Employee N/A More quote details and news » SPDR (XLE).
SIMON CONSTABLE is the host of the News Hub show at WSJ Live (wsj.com).
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Topland Hotel & Convention Centre
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Sappraiwan Elephant Sanctuary
... to rent one of the umbrellas that has been planted among the many small pools for 80 baht, and then walk along the slippery rocks to your spot. Isabelle and I wanted to swim, so we took off our clothing and swam in our bikinis, but everyone started staring, and some even took pictures! We asked Olivia if they were offended, and she said, "No, they're just jealous of your white skin." I think it's so crazy because we try so hard to become tan, and Thai people use "whitening cream" ...
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... the bus, I met a man named Nu. After much persuasion, I agreed to go to his house. I have Thai people very much love for visitors to come see their house. I met his whole family, and he showed me the air rifles that he builds. They launch a harpoon style bolt that has a hinged barb that extends after piercing it's prey. Fish or mountain chicken. He also had a shop where he painted bottleneck gourds and made souvenir key chains. He wants me to ...
A Short Rest at Phitsanulok
... to leave Phitsanulok via the same method. Fate however had other ideas. Our train was delayed, at first by an hour, then two hours and then we were told the train had been crashed into at the station in Bangkok, as in the one we had left from, and wasn't coming at all. So we got on a Tuk-Tuk and got a bus out of town and up to Lampang.
In Phitsanulok Becci is mostly missing the train.


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Snake River Chapter Monthly Newsletter August 2003 In This Issue Monthly Chapter Meeting Upcoming Meetings Meeting Date & Place: Tuesday, August 19, 2003 at the MK Plaza Upcoming Technical Sessions Call to Order: 11:30 am New Technical Session Coordinator Membership: Currently 90 members Carpooling to the Snake River Conference in Ontario. Financials: Checking - $1,793.57 Snake River Occupational Savings - $11,325.55 Safety & Health Conference Technical Session: ANSI Z87.1 Upcoming Meetings 2003 Revision Board Meeting: Idaho Governor's Conference Friday, Sept 5th, 2003 Emergency Preparedness Pointer 11:00 am - 1:00 pm - ACCEM MK Plaza Cafeteria Steel Erection Training Monthly Chapter Meeting: Advertisements & Information on Tuesday, Sept 16, 2003 Placing Ads 7:00 am – 8:30 am Job Openings MK Plaza Newsletter Distribution Upcoming Technical Sessions You can receive your newsletter via Email by contacting Michelle McMullen at: firstname.lastname@example.com September: TBD October: Safety Curriculums - Dave Walton, Embry-Riddle SRC Board Members November: TBD Steve Manning - President New Technical Session Coordinator email@example.com Cory Pence the Safety Coordinator for the City of Boise has graciously Michelle Steeler – Vice-President volunteered to coordinate speakers for our monthly technical sessions. If firstname.lastname@example.com you have any ideas of topics or know of anyone who might make a good Michelle McMullen – Secretary technical speaker, please contact Cory Pence at email@example.com. email@example.com Louise Auchampach - Treasurer Carpool for Snake River Conference in Ontario email@example.com There has been interest voiced in possibly carpooling to the Snake River Dan Roberts – Past-President Conference in Ontario on September 18th. If you are interested in either firstname.lastname@example.com riding or driving, please contact: Steve Manning or Michelle McMullen before the chapter meeting on September 16th. Ernie Harper - Delegate Steve Manning: firstname.lastname@example.com email@example.com Michelle McMullen: firstname.lastname@example.com -1– AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY ENGINEERS Snake River Occupational Safety & Health Conference September 18, 2003 Earn 0.8 CEUs Four Rivers Cultural Center Ontario, Oregon Don't miss this training opportunity! The Snake River Conference Program is geared to address safety and health issues of Eastern Oregon, Southwest Idaho and Southeast Washington. In addition, you'll get the opportunity to network with other Safety Professionals and earn valuable continuing education units. Program Sessions - Please circle the sessions you plan to attend – Track One Track Two Track Three The New OSHA 300 Log by IH for the Non-IH & Current Mold Hearing Conservation Programs Lynda Glaspey, Region 10 Issues by Dr. Harry Beaulieu, CSP, and Training, New Regulations by OSHA CIH Bret Stoker (8-11:45 a.m.) (8-11:45 a.m.) (8-11:45 a.m.) Exit Route Requirements, Practical Ergonomic Applications by Preventing Contagious Diseases in Emergency Action and Fire Earnest Harper, CSP the Workplace by Lori Heple, RN Prevention Plans by Bill (1-4:45 p.m.) (1-4:45 p.m.) Bankhead, OSHA (1-4:45 p.m.) Morning and afternoon break refreshments are provided. Just $75 for an entire day of educational and networking opportunities! Conference Registration Please complete following information, circle the sessions you will be attending above, and return with payment to: Linda Simmons, TVCC, 650 College Blvd, Ontario, OR 97914, phone: (541) 882-8822. Check (preferred) or Purchase Order must accompany registration. Please make checks out to ASSE. Name____________________________________Company__________________________________________ Address_____________________________City_______________________State_________Zip____________ Phone______________________Fax_______________________E-mail________________________________ SSN________________________or Birthdate_____________________ How did you first hear about this conference (please check one) Postcard Mailing This Flyer Newspaper Radio Organization Newsletter_________________ Other________________________ Cost: $75 per registrant Please make you own copy of this flyer for your records -2– AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY ENGINEERS Technical Session: ANSI X87.1 2003 Idaho Governor's Conference Revision March, 2004 August's technical session was presented by our Dennis Kochniuk, Craters of the Moon Chapter Chapter President, Steve Manning with the Idaho advised that the Chapter has a four day agenda Department of Health and Welfare. Steve participated outlined for the conference. They are in need of in a conference call on August 18th regarding the ANSI speaker volunteers for some of the topics they have Z87.1 2003 Revision that went into affect on August lined up as well as some topics that are open at this 19th. point. On Monday and Tuesday they will be holding the OSHA 10 Hour for Construction and General Industry courses. Courses on Hazwoper and radiation safety officer recertification are also scheduled. Wednesday and Thursday's courses will include: First aid and Defib. course, safety & emergency planning, industrial hygiene topics, contractor safety, mining, farming, and occupational safety. On Friday, Saturday and Sunday, emergency services will hold their own tracks at the university. Dennis advised he will be sending a more detailed list of Steve briefly discussed the major changes to the the four day agenda and which courses he needs updated standard. Two of the most significant changes volunteers for. affecting all protectors is the designation of a "Basic Impact" protector and a "High Impact" protector. Emergency Preparedness Pointer – ACCEM Qualification tests to classify a protector as one or the other have been developed. Consistent with this Ada City-County Emergency Management recently differentiation, marking has been revised to all published their August Newsletter on the topic on identification of the protector as "Basic Impact" or "Thunderstorms and Lighting". This newsletter contains "High Impact". tips and information regarding actions to take before, during and after a thunderstorm, as well as how to Significant changes have been made to Section 6 of the estimate the distance from a thunderstorm. If you are Standard. Safety professionals will want to pay interested in this topic, you can visit there website at particular attention to Section 6.2, Hazard Assessment, www.accem.org, or contact Mary Barlow-Brusse at for protector selection. Marking reqirements for eye email@example.com, 208-377-6645. and face protectors was also significantly revised in multiple sections. Section 14, Testing Methods also went through significant changes in impact resistance, marking requirements, the drop ball test, and relationship to hazard assessment. At the presentation, Steve handed out a copy of the Presentation Paper, a Protective Devices Selection Chart, and a copy of the slides used in his presentation. If you would like further information, please contact Steve at email@example.com -3– AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY ENGINEERS Steel Erection Training by AGC and OSHA Advertisements OSHA has recently revised the steel erection standard, and in order to educate contractors on the revisions, the Susan Harwood Grant was given to AGC for the development and delivery of steel erection training. These free seminars are open to all contractors. The participants will receive an 8- hr training session, in a classroom setting, by knowledgeable safety instructors. A variety of industries such as construction, healthcare, The training seminars will review: manufacturing and many others receive this newsletter Implications related to design, controlling every month. By advertising in this newsletter, you can contractor issues, hoisting, and fall protection increase your company's exposure and sales. training Concrete testing and the relationship between For a minimal cost of *$25.00 per month, you can place a general contractors, steel erectors and concrete ¼ page ad for your company in the Chapter newsletter. contractors All advertisements will appear after the chapter Review of design issues affecting scheduling and information section and before the job opportunities cost section of the newsletter. Discounts are given based on The complex requirements of placing and loading the duration of your advertisement: 10% discount for of joists and restrictions for access on joists be advertising for a quarter, 15% discount for 6 months, and erectors 20% discount for a year. ASSE members get an additional 5% discount. In order to be included in the The allowance for decking in a Control Decking newsletter, payment is required by the 10th of the month, Zone or the advertisement will not be published until the following month. The training will be given on two separate dates from 8:00am to 5:00pm on September 25th and 26th. You can For more information or to place your advertisement, register for the one of the two sessions on-line at please contact: Louise Auchampach. Phone: 208 938- WWW.AGC.ORG/SETRAINING or contact Bob Kohnke 6010 Fax: 208-938-6017 at 208-941-6818 for additional information or a registration E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com form The board members of the Snake River Chapter of ASSE have the right to refuse any advertisement which they deem inappropriate. The Snake River Chapter also does not support or endorse any service or product that is advertised in the newsletter. -4– AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY ENGINEERS Job Openings P.S. Associates, Inc. Job Openings Cont. Job Openings Cont. P.S. Associates, Inc. P.S. Associates, Inc Safety Engineer for this truck parts manufacturer Senior Environmental Engineer at a Fortune 500 located in the Southeast. This position reports directly chemical manufacturing company in the midwest. The to the General Manager who reports to the Director of ideal candidate should have 2-5 years experience, a BS Manufacturing. There are approximately 350 degree in Environmental Science or related, strong AIR employees (non-union facility) at the plant and this experience and come from a manufacturing/process position will handle all safety and environmental issues industry. at the plant. All permitting (environmental) is provided by an outside consultant. This is a Title V facility. The PROFESSIONAL OUTLOOK ideal candidate should have 4+ years safety and environmental experience in a manufacturing setting Our client offers an outstanding team oriented work and a BS degree in safety, environmental or related. environment and excellent opportunities for professional growth. If you are interested in pursuing Safety Engineer for this major biotechnology this opportunity, please email your resume and salary company located in the Midatlantic. This person will history to: (1) review and assist in planning new engineering projects, as well as changes in physical facilities Bethany Brevard Harned, Principal EHS Recruiting systems and equipment, (2) develop EH&S standards Specialist, Professional Outlook, Inc. for use in the development of functional specifications 381 Garden Avenue and design criteria for engineering projects, (3) assist Holland, MI 49424 with property loss control and other risk management 888.667.9366 activities, (4) assist in performing eh&s audits, (5) firstname.lastname@example.com investigate and document health, safety and environmental related incidents, (6) assist with site Please visit our web site for a current list of positions support of eh&s function for MD facilities (7) assist available www.professionaloutlook.com with OSHA, EPA, local government and DOT required (Please note all fees paid by Client Company) compliance programs. The ideal candidate will have 5- 10 years safety experience (including some equipment Title: EHS Supervisor safety experience), strong project management and Years Exp.: 3-7 years computer skills and a BS or MS in and Engineering Location: Texas Science. Domestic and international travel is 10-15%. Safety or related degree, desire ASP/CSP certification. Required experience: OSHA and EPA Safety Engineer for this Defense Contractor based in regulations, behavioral-based safety, safety training, Southern California. The ideal candidate should have accident reduction, machine guarding, ergonomics, 3+ years of safety experience in manufacturing to agency interaction, environmental reporting, air- include Process Safety and Process Hazard Analysis waste-water issues, etc. Fortune 500 company. experience, energetic materials (Propellants and/or explosives) experience, and a BS in Engineering or Title: EHS Professional related. Years Exp.: 5+ Health and Safety Supervisor for this 200 Location: Cleveland Metro 4-year degree in environmental, safety or related employee chemical mfg located in Northern NJ. with a minimum of 5 years of experience in and This position reports to the Environmental/Safety EHS role within a manufacturing facility. Manager and has 1 direct report (part-time nurse). Leadership abilities are highly desirable. Successful The ideal candidate should have approximately 4+ candidate will have hands-on experience with plant years experience in safety (25% of the job safety program development and implementation, responsibility will be environmental) with some of training, workers compensation claims management, that experience out of the chemical environment. as well as, environmental reporting and waste BS safety, environmental or related. management. Cleveland area candidates desired! -5– AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY ENGINEERS Job Openings Cont. Job Openings Cont. PROFESSIONAL OUTLOOK PROFESSIONAL OUTLOOK Title: Senior Safety Specialist Title: Senior Safety Coordinator Years Exp.: 2-5+ Years Exp.: 6+ Location: East Central WI Location: Louisiana BS in Safety, Engineering or relates. MS is a plus. Must have BA/BS degree, CSP strongly desired, with Ideally candidate will possess a minimum of 3 years of at least 6 years of hands-on experience, some out of a hands-on EHS experience in a manufacturing chemical related industry. Experience should include environment. Must have strong ergonomics knowledge knowledge of OSHA regulations, safety training, PSM, and familiarity with NIOSH. Will also have key skills incident investigation, lockout/tagout, and maintaining and expertise in safety training, accident investigation compliance. Will supervise plant nurse and security and corrective action, workers compensation claims guards, supervisory skills a must. Will work with management and monthly safety reviews and reporting. another safety professional in developing a pro-active Prefer additional experience with implementing safety safety program for a Fortune 500 company. related capitol projects, evaluating claims, lost work days, etc. and recommending improvements. Title: EHS Manager Years Exp.: 5+ Title: EHS Manager Years Exp.: 5-10yrs Location: Pennsylvania BS Safety degree from an accredited school (IUP, Location: Arkansas Murray, WVU, Slippery, etc) with CSP/CIH. Will be Our client, a Fortune 500 manufacturing firm is responsible for EHS compliance (safety emphasis) for seeking an EHS Manager for three plants in a medium size manufacturing facility. Must have Arkansas. Skills required: hands-on, in-plant EHS proven track record with behavior based safety experience from manufacturing, EHS program systems, reducing accidents, as well as take a proactive development and improvement, interacting with approach to safety issues. This position reports to the regulatory agencies, reducing recordables and Plant Manager. *Relocation package will be provided accident rates, safety training, hazardous waste if necessary. reduction, solid waste and air issues, machine guarding, etc. This position is promotable to other Title: EHS Manager locations within this organization. Years Exp.: 5+ Location: California Title: US Division, IH Manager (CIH) BS Safety degree from an accredited school (IUP, Years Exp.: (3)5+ Murray, WVU, Slippery, etc) with CSP/CIH. Will Location: West Coast be responsible for EHS compliance (safety BA/BS IH, Industrial Health & Safety, or directly emphasis) for (3) local manufacturing facilities. related with CIH (or certifiable), 3+ years of hands- Must have proven track record with behavior based on IH experience in a manufacturing environment safety systems, reducing accidents, as well as required. Must be knowledgeable in OSHA, NIOSH experience with CAL-OSHA & SCAQMD & ACHIG regulations and sampling techniques. regulations. This position reports to the Plant Must have a pro-active approach to IH with strong Manager. *Relocation package will be provided if interpersonal & analytical skills that can necessary. systematically identify potential health hazards and develop/implement corrective actions to eliminate the possibility of worker illness. -6– AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY ENGINEERS Job Openings Cont. Job Openings Cont. PROFESSIONAL OUTLOOK PROFESSIONAL OUTLOOK Title: Safety Manager monthly bonus. Candidates currently living in NJ or Years Exp.: 5+ originally from NJ are encouraged to apply. Location: W. Michigan Relocation package provided. BS Safety, Env Sci or directly related with (5) years of in-plant, hands-on safety experience with exposure to Title: Safety Manager environmental in a manufacturing facility required. Years Exp.: 10+ Must be results oriented, with experience managing Location: Chicago suburbs safety programs, change management, and proven track Must have safety related degree with at least 10 record in implementing pro-active safety initiatives. years of hands-on safety experience out of heavy Relocation package provided. manufacturing. Must be a well-rounded safety professional whose skills should include training, Title: Health & Safety Director knowledge of OSHA/ISO standards, maintaining Years Exp.: 10+ compliance, accident reduction, coordinating & Location: Midwest monitoring workers compensation issues, and Excellent opportunity to join a progressive developing policies & procedures. No relocation organization with high standards and regard for assistance provided at this time. health and safety. Successful candidates will possess a minimum of a 4-year degree in chemical Title: Plant H&S Manager engineering or safety with 10+ years of health and Years Exp.: 3-7+ safety experience in a chemical process industry. Location: central states Experience with, PSM, audits, risk assessment, loss Successful candidates will possess 3-7+ years of safety control, corrective action, program development and and health program execution experience. Prior Health implementation for multiple facilities is required. and Safety responsibilities in the chemical process industry is preferred. Will also consider experience Title: Safety Supervisor gained through in-plant consulting to the chemical Years Exp.: 7-10 process industry or start-up of health and safety in manufacturing facilities. Solid expertise in areas of Location: California PSM, risk assessment, program implementation and BS/MS Safety Management, Safety Engineering, corrective action is needed. Our client offers Chemical Engineering or Loss Control degree with opportunities for growth and development in 5-10 years of safety, process safety and root cause challenging and progressive work environments. analysis systems required. MSHA experience is a Candidates with ties to the central states are plus but not necessary. Will provide safety encouraged to apply. compliance support for a (100) employee facility, which includes injury/risk reduction efforts, hazard assessments. Relocation package provided. Title: Safety Manager Years Exp.: 5+ Location: New Jersey BS/MS Safety or IH with CSP and/or CIH, including a minimum of 5+ years of safety management/loss prevention experience in manufacturing. Must have proven experience in leading a proactive safety program in a manufacturing facility, with experience in ISO18001. *Excellent compensation & benefits package which includes base salary plus generous -7– AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY ENGINEERS ASSE Snake River Chapter PO Box 45878 Boise, ID 83711 -8– AMERICAN SOCIETY OF SAFETY ENGINEERS
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Kukla's Korner Hockey
Morning Line
by Paul on 01/28/09 at 12:04 PM ET
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"We can see that we're not just looking at, if we get lucky we might squeak in (the playoffs). We're looking up and seeing that people are catch-able. We're not pretending we're in a race; we're in a race, a battle and the players recognize (the situation). Games matter, every point is important and he'd be the first to recognize the complete change over in the fans. There's a different atmosphere in the building and they have a sense of urgency, just as we do."
-Columbus coach Ken Htichcock after defeating the Red Wings last night. More post-game quotes at ColumbusBlueJackets.com.
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The Benton Lady Panthers lost their first game of the season Tuesday, dropping 6-3 to the visiting 7A Cabot. Error by Benton and timely hitting from Cabot mad it hard for Benton to get any momentum.
Benton takes on Saline County foe Harmony Grove at Lady Panther Field today beginning at 5:30 p.m.
Though the FCA Tournament in Bauxite has been canceled, the Bauxite softball and baseball teams will play at Robinson on Wednesday, March 11, with junior varsity beginning at 4 p.m.
The Benton Panthers' baseball game scheduled for Thursday, March 12, at Lamar Porter Field in Little Rock against Catholic has been changed to Wednesday, March 11, with first pitch scheduled at 5 p.m. The game will still be played at Lamar Porter Field.
The 2015 FCA Baseball Tournament, scheduled to begin Wednesday in Bauxite, has been canceled due to field conditions being too wet. The Miners, whose season was supposed to start on March 2, have yet to play because of inclement weather, missing five games not including the FCA Tourney. Bauxite is scheduled to play CAC at Burns Park on Monday, March 16.
Bauxite Miners baseball game at Arkansas Baptist has been postponed today due to inclement weather. The game is rescheduled for Saturday, April 18 at 3 p.m.
Also Bryant softball junior varsity games today have been canceled with no makeup date yet.
The Benton Lady Panthers fell 55-54 to the defending 6A State Champion Greenwood Lady Bulldogs in the quarterfinals of the 6A State Tournament on Sunday night at Siloam Springs High School. The South No. 4 Lady Panthers led 54-52 over the Central No. 1 Lady Bulldogs with 20 seconds left before a turnover and layup by Greenwood helped turn the tide. The Lady Panthers finish the season at 16-14.
The Central 3 seed Bryant Lady Hornets fell 56-41 to the East 3 seed Little Rock Central Lady Tigers on Sunday in the quarterfinals of the 7A State Tournament at Springdale Har-Ber High School. Bryant finishes its year with a 15-13 record.
The South No. 5 seed Benton Panthers fell 58-46 to the Central No. 2 seed Russellville Cyclones in the first round of the 6A State Tournament on Saturday night at Siloam Springs High School. The Panthers finish the season 16-12.
The South 4 seed Benton Lady Panthers defeat the East 3 seed Marion Lady Patriots 58-50 in the 1st round of the 6A State Tournament at Siloam Springs High School. Benton takes on defending 6A State Champs and Central 1 seed Greenwood Sunday at 7 p.m.
The Central No. 3 seed Bryant Lady Hornets beat the West 3 seed Bentonville Lady Tigers 64-59 in overtime on Saturday. Bryant (15-12) will take on the East 1 seed Central Lady Tigers Sunday at 3:30 at Springdale Har-Ber High School.


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hell yea!
I lost my Rob Machado fin at ocean beach today on the beach before I got to the water. Its carbon fiber and bamboo, mostly black. I was south by the beginning of the dunes. If anyone sees it let me know, and ill throw you $20 in return. Give me a call 415 830 0453
Some footage from the past few days in the mountains @ Heavenly, Kirkwood, and North Star. Selfie stick and all.
I drove off and left my SUP Paddle in the parking area just along from the Kayak Club at Princeton by The Sea
It has a green blade and a black handle - kinda old school and not worth much but would be so happy to have it back.
Sugar bowl served up good to excellent conditions with a creeper 5-6 in snow storm starting at 7am ish. Soooo good. Threw a huge spray over a cliff then rode under cliff and got covered up with fist size snow globs that puffed and exploded on my goggles. Choked on pow in the mouth a few times. Snow barreled - so stoked
Weed food really makes long lift lines disappear.
Smashed, bloody mouth, loose grill, lips so fat I look like a cartoon character but the worst part about the today was after I finally caught a wave I realized my fin had come loose when a massive wave smashed my board into my face.
I only caught one wave then then I had to go in.
Yes, I know it's not SF. Just relax.
Powerlines Productions returns with their new movie, "Ride On", a progressive big-wave surfing documentary that brings you into the minds and lives of surfers as they search for the largest rideable
waves the Pacific Ocean has to offer.
"Ride On" documents the arrival of the deadliest swell in decades, as surfers are left with a decision: surf Mavericks, with waves that many have compared
Got soaked but didn't get broke
I'd say some of the best surf Tahoe has seen in a while...LOL.
Some of the pics were taken at location Tahoe Turtle.
you call a few puddles from rain flooding? here's a humorous (or maybe not so funny, time will tell) take on our local future in the event of drastic polar ice melting.
stoked on the rain. Forgot how good it feels to think about new sandbars and snow.( Also glad the power is back on...I can head home from the bar now)
Hi All,
I'm new to Stoke Report, I'm up for Gopro of the world competition for November and I need your help. I got a great barrel at OB on black Friday which is currently in second place behind Jamie O'Brien's Pipe barrel.
Surfers Healing seeks to enhance the lives of kids with special needs, specifically those with autism.
Check out our local guys snow forecast calling for lake surf.....:
check Wednesday's forecast for Thursday.
I know.
did kelli call it sunnydale ??? oh snap!!karma is a bitch!
Oh yeah...Ruby Mountains....here for a few days. Waiting for the big dump later this week. Lets just say I drained my ATM and am ready for some chopper action. Woot!


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Seibertron.com - The Ultimate Transformers Fansite
Henry921 wrote:You can always be counted on to listen to reason, Pryme.
Dead Metal wrote:Have you ever, and i mean ever seen/read/heard something that is completely original and does not copy/homage/pay tribute to something else? Here's a hint: Nope. You never have and you never will.
Return to Transformers General Discussion
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WASHINGTON (AP) — When President Barack Obama signed the Affordable Care Act five years ago, he visualized a time when the political hyperbole would be silenced and ordinary people would see that the health care law improved their lives.
WASHINGTON (AP) — Cash-strapped Americans anxious for tax refunds are increasingly turning to payment advances, prepaid cards or other costly services when getting tax preparation help, according to new federal data raising concerns among regulators about whether consumers are fully informed about the fees.
BOGOTA, Colombia (AP) — The new labeling of the world's most-popular weed killer as a likely cause of cancer is raising more questions for an aerial spraying program in Colombia that is the cornerstone of the U.S.-backed war on drugs.
A Bloomsburg University baseball player has been dismissed from the team for an offensive Twitter post about Little League World Series star Mo'ne Davis.
A 12-year-old Philadelphia boy was shot during an argument between his mother and her ex-boyfriend, police say.
Texas authorities say a dozen train cars have derailed near Valley Mills, including five tanker cars carrying methanol.
The Villanova Wildcats were knocked out of the NCAA March Madness tournament with a 71-68 loss to NC State on Saturday.
Seven siblings from an Orthodox Jewish family were killed early Saturday when a fire tore through their Brooklyn home after they had gone to bed, a tragedy that authorities believe was caused by a malfunctioning hot plate left on for the Sabbath.
Authorities say an 11-year-old girl was wounded in what appears to be an accidental shooting in Philadelphia's Wissinoming section.
Police seized more than 60 dirt bike and ATVs in what could be the largest one-day round-up of illegal vehicles in Philadelphia.
KENNER, La. (AP) — A machete-wielding man who was shot during a bizarre rampage at New Orleans' international airport died Saturday afternoon, shortly after authorities revealed that he had also been carrying a bag of Molotov cocktails when the melee began.
Two New Jersey police officers remained hospitalized in critical but stable condition on Saturday, a day after they were injured in a wrong-way crash in New York City that killed another officer and a friend.


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All the talk of using ng for transportation fuel should only be done on a very limited basis. Such as govt vehicles only.Peope like cramer and boone pickens represent the wall st crowd and would love to see the ng price rise because they are invested in it.Ng is a fuel for heating, that we could not afford to see spike like gasoline did last summer.The price should be regulated by the govt.
you said "the price should be regulated by the government"Yea, right. They could also regulate the price of oil, coal and electricity. Sorry but anyone with common sense knows the outcome of such a policy.SHORTAGES !! Wirh a regulated price for NG seeking new sources will cease, ie shortage. Prices must be high enough to encourage investment and exploration. Ditto for electricity and oil. Also higher prices are necessary to encourage seeking alternative energy sources. Sorry, there ain't no free lunch.
uh, the price IS regulated by various state Public Utility Commissions etc.


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Interior Transoms (and windows/doors) - HELP!
All -
We need help! We're too close to the problem and have no doubt made this decision harder than it is. I have been lurking on this site for years and would really appreciate some feedback. Thanks in advance!!!
We are currently in the framing stage and we have a huge decision to make regarding our windows, doors, and interior transoms.
The ceiling on our main floor is 10' and the windows are currently set at 9' (3' off the ground). We have a total of 8 exterior doors and 7 interior doors that are currently framed at 8' tall. 3 of those exterior doors are adjacent to the 9' high windows, so we have what appears to be an awkward 1' void between the top of the door and the top of the window. We have 7 interior transoms on the main floor to deal with too. We can't seem to come to a consensus on what height to frame the interior transoms at. Door height? Window height? Other? All of our options at the moment involve making a change to what we currently have framed. Should we......
1) Leave doors as-is at 8' Move the windows down to 8' so that they match the top of the doors (this would put the windows 2' off the ground, they are 3x6). Start the top of the interior transoms at the top of the windows/doors and come down approximately 12". This would give us a pass through area below the interior transoms that is roughly 7' high.
2) Move the windows down to 8', reduce the size of the exterior doors on the main floor to 6'8" (standard), and put a transom above each one of the exterior doors so that they match the top of the windows. Then the interior transoms would start at 8' high and drop down roughly 12". Would we leave interior doors at 8' in this scenario?
3) Drop the exterior doors AND windows to 6'8" tall. Change the windows to 3'x5'. Put a transom above all exterior doors and windows. Align the interior transoms with the exterior transoms so that we have one even sight line?
Option #3 seemed like the best option and at first glance it supported our vision (see attached picture). But would it be weird to match 6'8" exterior doors with 8' interior doors? Should we downsize the interior doors to 6'8" and would that be odd with 10' ceilings?
We would really appreciate some advice, especially from the folks who either have lived with or built interior transoms. We're planning to re-frame the windows and doors this week and have one more chance to get it right before we need to move onto another area of the house.
Thanks a lot. It's invaluable to have so many eyes and opinions.
Inspiration picture and quick question - how tall do you think the transom over the french door IS? How much glass is actually showing in the transoms? I'm linking another picture as it shows a transom in the same kitchen that's not over a door.
Here is a link that might be useful: Kitchen - different view
I wouldn't drop the windows lower than 8'. The height and where they are placed allow a lot of light into the interior of rooms. Without seeing the exterior image or plans it would be hard to determine if this would make a large difference for your house.
If you shrink a 6' window and then add back a transom it will be much more expensive. Shrinking a 6' window might not meet egress if its a bedroom, but I would check with local code.
If it were me and if it looked correct with the exterior elevations, I would level everything out at 9' I think.
More info, images etc would be helpful. There are some on here that can play with the images to show you what each option would look like. This bunch is awesome!
I would guess that is a 16" transom.
"Weird" is a subjective opinion. It is not uncommon to have doors and windows at different heights.
The most proper (and most expensive) look in my opinion would be to match the 6-8 or 8ft. line all the way around and add the transoms above. (as per example)
It is also OK to have a door with a transom 9ft. matched to windows at 9ft with no transom.
Thank you for taking the time to share your thoughts Jenny and Chris. We really appreciate it!
I went out to the house to take a few pictures and the doors are currently framed at 6'8". The plan is to move them to 8' this week. That's probably part of the reason that we're having such a hard time picturing the final product because the disparity between the top of the door and top of the window is so great.
If we move the doors to 8" we can't put a transom above the door because it will be too small (header is at 9', so you'd have a very small transom). The exterior elevation (below) has the windows and doors at 8', which is probably what we should do. But there's a part of us that thinks we might regret not putting transoms above all of the windows and doors on the backside of the house.
Rear Elevation (due to code, county wouldn't let us put a garage door in the basement even though its a games room).
Framing in progress (garage door replaced with double french doors in the basement. still need to cut away the sheathing as it appears we're missing a window and door on the basement level).
View from rooms at the back of the house.
I was wondering what you ended up doing to solve your problem. We are running into the same issue. I know we want our exterior doors to be 6'8" with a 1'4" transom (8' total) and we have some interior framed openings with a 6'8" opening and a 1'4" transom (8' total). But I'm trying to figure out what height interior doors to have. I could keep all of the openings the same with a 6'8" door or all of the trim work the same height with an 8' door. Any advice or photos of what you did would be greatly appreciated!
Hi -
If I were you I'd go with 6'8" interior doors with 1'4" transoms. We didn't end up changing anything and thankfully we only have one interior door where you really notice a difference. Our situation was somewhat different than yours because we have interior transoms throughout our house that don't have doors beneath them. In hindsight, I wish we would've found a way to make all the trim heights match throughout the house (windows, doors, transoms all match like my original picture). We would have needed to have an architect/designer who understood our vision, however. By the time we were in the framing stage with windows ordered, it was too late to throw a bunch of time/money at the problem. In the future we might look into a solution again, but we're going to live with what we have for a couple of years to see if it bothers us.
Here is a picture of our oddball door (to the right).
Since we have so many interior transoms, our biggest fear was not having enough glass so that the openings looked squatty. It basically paralyzed us into not doing anything.
Good luck - I know how hard of a decision this has to be for you.


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To combat the accumulation of plaque on dentures, a non self-supporting coating of a non-toxic, negatively charged polysaccharide is applied. The polysaccharide coating is gradually sacrificed or ablated during wear. Ablation appears to remove microorganisms along with coating material. The polysaccharide is further defined by an ability to reduce the adhesion of Streptococcus salivarius cells in a simple in vitro bacterial adhesion test by at least 25% over a control.
1. A method for providing dentures with a protective coating, which method comprises applying to the dentures, from a aqueous dispersion, a non self-supporting, initially adhesive but subsequently ablative, coating of a non-toxic, negatively charged polysaccharide which, when subjected to an in vitro bacterial adhesion test, as hereinafter defined, reduces the adhesion of Streptococcus salivarius cells to denture acrylic by at least 25% compared with an uncoated control, and wherein after a 5-hour in vitro ablation test, as hereinafter defined, at least 2% of the coating remains, said bacterial adhesion test comprising spraying strips of denture-grade acrylic sheet (1.5�6.0�0.3 cm thick) with an aqueous dispersion of said polysaccharide and drying them at room temperature, standing the strips upright in a suspension of 107 colony-forming units of Streptococcus salivarius per ml of an artificial saliva obtainable by dissolving 1.492 grams of potassium chloride (KCl), 0.213 gram of calcium chloride (CaCl2), 0.820 gram of sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (NaH2 PO4.2H2 O) and 0.264 gram of disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2 HPO4.12H2 O) in one liter of deionized water, shaking the strips for 18 hours at 37� C. so that the saliva continually washes the coated surface, removing the strips from the saliva, washing them three times in sterile water, placing them on a thin layer of mitis-salivarius agar, immersing them in said agar by pouring it over the strips, incubating the immersed strips at 37� C. for 24 hours, counting the number of colonies of bacteria attached and comparing them with a control test carried out in the same way except that the strips are not coated with the polysaccharide, and said in vitro ablation test being one in which strips of denture-grade acrylic sheet are sprayed with an aqueous dispersion of the polysaccharide and dried at room temperature, the strips are stood in an artificial saliva obtainable by dissolving 1.492 grams of potassium chloride (KCl), 0.213 gram of calcium chloride (CaCl2), 0.820 gram of sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (NaH2 PO4.2H2 O) and 0.264 gram of disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2 HPO4.12H2 O) in one liter of deionized water and shaken at 37� C. for 5 hours so that the solution continually washes the coated surface, and the weight loss of the coated strips is determined by swabbing the coating material from them and assaying it for carbohydrate.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein in the in vitro bacterial adhesion test the reduction is at least 50%.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein in the 5-hour in vitro ablation test not more than 75% of the coating remains.
4. A method according to claim 3, wherein in the 5-hour in vitro ablation test not more than 50% of the coating remains.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the polysaccharide is karaya gum, carrageenan or sodium alginate.
6. A method according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous dispersion is a gel.
7. A method according to claim 6, wherein the dentures are sprayed with or steeped in the aqueous gel.
8. A method according to claim 1, wherein the aqueous dispersion contains no demulcent or less than 5 weight percent of a demulcent.
9. A method according to claim 1, wherein said coating has a viscosity in the range of about 1500 to 6000 centipoises at 20� C.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/536,573, filed Jun. 29, 1990, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the protection of dentures against the accumulation of denture plaque.
2. Description of Prior Art
It is important that denture wearers keep their dentures free from the accumulation of bacteria and their products. This is important not only from the appearance point of view (dentures having an accumulation of plaque tend to have a stained appearance) but also from the medical point of view. If dentures are not maintained adequately free from plaque material, infection may occur. This is particularly the case for the palatal-contacting surface of the denture plate since plaque accumulation frequently results in denture stomatitis, which has been estimated to affect up to 40% of denture wearers. Furthermore, accumulation of denture plaque predisposes the wearer to periodontal diseases and has been thought to give rise to infection of the dentures by Candida.
There are currently two widely used methods of removing plaque accumulation from dentures. According to the first of these, the plaque is removed chemically by use of oxidising or bleaching agents. Thus the dentures may be soaked in oxidising or bleaching agent overnight. However the use of such strong chemicals nightly over prolonged periods tends to lead to a deterioration in the dentures. Alternatively dentures are kept clean by scrubbing, generally using an abrasive agent. However again this is a cleansing method which causes deterioration in the dentures themselves.
Attempts have been made to prevent the accumulation of denture plaque within the mouth by the use of bactericidal or bacteristatic treatments in the form of rinses and mouthwashes. However the use of such bactericidal or bacteristatic formulations in the buccal cavity can lead to the selection and ultimate preponderance of resistant bacterial species which will make the formulations ineffective. The development of resistant flora is a well-known side-effect associated with the use of chemical antibacterial agents. Exposure of oral bacterial to antiseptics such as chlorhexidine can also lead to the development of resistance to these agents. In addition, the use of chemical antibacterial agents raises problems of toxicity and unwelcome side effects. In the case of chlorhexidine, for example, staining of the teeth is very common (occuring in approximately 50% of patients) and staining of the tongue has been reported. Also, using rinses and mouthwashes in this way, it is difficult to maintain an adequate concentration at the site of bacterial accumulation and thus the treatment method tends to be both wasteful and ineffective.
E. Budtz-Joergensen and S. Kaaber, Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research 94, 568-574 (1986) have suggested coating the denture with a surface glaze of a cross-linked acrylic polymer. The dentures are coated with a polyfunctional acrylic monomer mixed with a diluent and an initiator and the mixture is cured by exposure to UV light for 20 minutes. This method is claimed to reduce accumulation of plaque, but the method of coating is inconvenient and the coating cannot be renewed.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,360,514, 4,360,515, 4,361,547, 4,362,712, 4,364,927 and 4,403,089assigned to Johnson & Johnson, propose the use of carboxylated or sulphonated aromatic formaldehyde condensation polymers and sulphonated alkylnaphthalenes to prevent accumulation of plague on teeth. These inventions are based on the hypothesis that these strongly anionically charged polymers deposited on the teeth repel negatively charged microorganisms responsible for generating plaque. While these patents are primarily concerned with teeth, it is mentioned that these agents can be included in denture cleansers. It is doubtful, however, whether such compounds would be approved for oral use.
It has, therefore, been a problem to find an alternative method of protecting dentures against accumulation of plaque.
Further prior art is discussed below after "Summary of the Invention", without which its context would not be apparent.
According to the present invention there is provided a method for providing dentures with a protective coating, which method comprises applying to the dentures, from an aqueous dispersion, a non self-supporting, initially adhesive but subsequently ablative (sacrificial) coating of a non-toxic negatively charge polysaccharide which, when subjected to an in vitro bacterial adhesion test, as hereinafter described, reduces the adhesion of Streptococcus salivarius cells to denture acrylic by at least 25%, preferably at least 50%, compared with an uncoated control. Suitable such polysaccharides include alginates, especially sodium alginates, carrageenan, gum karaya and carboxymethylcellulose, all known to be safe for oral ingestion.
The in vitro bacterial adhesion test is as follows. Strips of denture-grade acrylic sheet (1.5�6.0�0.3 cm thick) are sprayed with an aqueous dispersion of the polysaccharide and dried at room temperature, the strips are stood upright in a suspension of 107 colony-forming units of Streptococcus salivarius per ml. of an artificial saliva obtainable by dissolving 1.492 grams of potassium chloride (KCl), 0.213 gram of calcium chloride (CaCl2), 0.820 gram of sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (NaH2 PO4.2H2 O) and 0.264 gram of disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2 HPO4.12H2 O) in one liter of deionised water, shaken for 18 hours at 37� C. so that the saliva continually washes the coated surface, removed from the saliva, washed three times in sterile water, placed on a thin layer of mitis-salivarius agar and then immersed in said agar by pouring it over, incubated at 37� C. for 24 hours and the number of colonies of bacteria attached counted and compared with a control experiment carried out in the same way except that the acrylic strips are not coated with the polysaccharide.
The invention also includes the use of the compositions for the purposes of coating dentures as described above.
All these polysaccharides are well known as gelling agents or thickeners. Carrageenan is a known constituent of dentrifices (toothpastes), see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,280 (Scott).
During the priority year, a Standard Search (RS 80965 GB) has been performed by the European Patent Office. Among the references cited were European Patent Application Publication Nos. 26332A (Richardson-Merrell) and 113079A (Richardson-Vicks). EP-26332A relates to a non-adhesive gel composition for use in improving the fit, adaptation and physical and chemical environment of dentures in the mouth. It is a demulcent (soothing) gel comprising 1-10% of a hydrophilic cellulose polymer, e.g. sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, an alginate or a xanthan gum, 5-40% of a demulcent, e.g. glycerol and 50-95% (sic) of water, all by weight. The compositions are also said to be characterised by being "antibacterial or bacteriostatic and/or mycostatic or mycocidal against Candida albicans, all of which can play a pathogenic role in denture stomatitis", although the specification provides no evidence of any such effects. Indeed, it says nothing about how the user is to apply the gel. It is made very clear that the gel does not stick to the dentures. Presumably the user applies it with his finger to the mouth before inserting the dentures. At all events, non-initially adhesive, demulcent compositions are of no interest in relation to the present invention.
EP-113079A relates to an adhesive for securing dentures in position in the mouth, which comprises an anhydrous mixture of karaya gum alone or in combination with sodium carboxymethylcellulose or poly(ethylene oxide) homopolymer and (b) a polyethylene glycol of defined molecular weight. Although this is supposedly an adhesive composition, it can contain up to 25 weight percent of glycerine. The present invention is not concerned with anhydrous compositions or the securing of dentures. The dentures are coated from an aqueous suspension.
The coating of the invention is to be distinguished from denture fixative seals consisting of adhesives within a self-supporting removalbe wafer-thin carrier such as "SEABOND" (Registered Trade Mark). The coating of the invention is neither self-supporting, nor instantly removable from the denture.
FIGS. 1 and 2 are graphs of loss of coating by ablation in vivo and in vitro respectively over 5 hours;
FIG. 3 is a graph of bacterial adhesion to the coated strip against concentration of the polysaccharide used for the coating; and
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the adverse effect of glycerol on the rate of initial loss of alginate from the coating and therefore on the initial adhesion of the coating.
The coating can be applied to the dentures by any convenient method, e.g. by steeping them in or, preferably, spraying them with an aqueous dispersion (which term includes a suspension) of the polysaccharide. It is suggested that the dentures should be brushed and rinsed before the coating is applied and that they should then be left for a few minutes to allow the coating to dry. The dentures are best treated after rinsing them following removal from the mouth at night and if possible again after mid-day and evening meals.
The dentures are placed in the mouth with their protective coating. The coating, which is ablative, is gradually borne away, lost, eroded, sloughed off, sacrificed or self-removed in service and thus any undesired material which in use becomes attached will become removed with the coating. The precise degree of serviceability of the coating is conveniently determined by an in vitro ablation test which simulates the ablation of the coating during an extended period of wear such as 5 hours, representing a measure of a typical time period between the insertion of the dentures in the morning and the midday meal, between midday and evening meals and between an evening meal and removal of a dentures at night.
The in vitro ablation test is as follows. Strips of denture-grade acrylic sheet are sprayed with the polysaccharide as described above in the in vitro bacterial adhesion test. They are then stood in an artificial saliva solution as described above (but not containing any bacteria) and shaken as described above at 37� C. for 5 hours. The weight loss of the coated strips is then determined by swabbing the coating material from them and assaying it for carbohydrate by the method of Dubois et al., Analytical Chemistry 28, 350-356 (1956).
Preferably therefore, at least some of the coating, say at least 2% and usually not more than 75%, preferably not more than 50% of the original dry weight, remains after the in vitro ablation test has been carried out for 5 hours.
The polysaccharide has a net negative charge which, it is believed, acts to repel the microorganisms and the potential components of plaque and prevent such material from adhering to the dentures. While this effect may not lead to total exclusion of such material from the dentures, that which does attach will subsequently be removed as the coating itself is gradually lost during wear of the dentures. While the idea of using a negatively charged polymer is not novel, see the Johnson & Johnson patents above, the idea of providing a coating which is ablated in service is believed novel.
Inasmuch as ablation of the coating causes bacterial plaque to be removed, secondary colonisation of the plaque by Candida spp. would also be removed. Whereas the plaque on real teeth often contains significant amounts of calcium, denture plaque is believed to contain relatively little calcium. The invention is efficacious against such denture plaque.
The definition of the usable polysaccharides herein is formulated by an in vitro bacterial adhesion test as defined above. The test is simple to carry out in the dental laboratory. Table 1 in the Example shows results thereof. Any reduction over a control is obviously of some advantage, but a reduction of at least 25% is arbitrarily selected as conferring a reasonably good benefit. Reductions of 50% and more are achievable and a reduction of at least 75% is especially preferred.
It is also most important that the polysaccharide should be non-toxic. It will be used by the denture wearer day after day and must therefore have no short or long term adverse effect. The preferred polysaccharides, namely alginates, carrageenan and karaya gum, have been officially approved for use in foodstuffs. Other usable polysaccharides include gum arabic and carboxymethylcellulose. Alginates are conveniently produced by extraction of seaweed. They consist of a mixture of guluronic and mannuronic acids. The proportion of each will depend on the type of seaweed used in the extraction process. Alginate "DMB" contains a high proportion of guluronic acid (usually more than 60%) and forms strong gels in the presence of calcium ions. In contrast, alginate "DMF" has a lower proportion of guluronic acid (usually about 30%) and forms gels which are more elastic in the presence of calcium ions.
Many polysaccharides form a gel in water which provides a convenient form for applying the coating required according to the present invention since the dentures can simply be steeped in, or sprayed with, the gel. Conveniently, there is used a material which forms a gel in cold water.
The coating of the dentures will usually have a wet thickness of 0.5 to 3 mm.
The preferred concentration of the polysaccharide in the coating composition will depend upon the viscosity of the mixture of polymer and water and on the need to ensure an acceptable half-life for the coating. The gel needs to be sufficiently non-viscous that the denture surfaces are adequately wetted on the one hand, while sufficiently viscous to allow adequate adhesion of the coating gel to the dentures. Generally stated, a concentration of less than 3% (w/v=g/100 ml.) polymer in water is sufficient, while a concentration of at least 0.1% w/v will normally be required to provide a noticeable effect. A preferred general range is 0.5 to 2.5% w/v. A very much higher concentration than 3% can be advisable in some instances, e.g. when using gum arabic.
The coating compositions can be formulated with any non-toxic additive conducive to achieving a uniform coating on the denture, pleasant to the wearer, and having no adverse effect on denture acrylic. Examples of useful additives include anionic or non-ionic wetting agents, drying agents which will evaporate rapidly from the gel after application to the denture, colorants and flavouring agents. Where the method of application is by spraying, the compositions can also include dispersants or propellants.
Since the polysaccharides used in this invention are well known gelling or thickening agents, it is possible that they might have been suggested as vehicles for compositions for application to dentures for some other purpose, e.g. as cleansers. The present composition is not intended for cleansing dentures when they have been removed from the mouth, nor for aiding their retention in the mouth. Normally it is expected that the polysaccharide will be the principal or only active ingredient of the compositions. Certainly, since the composition is not intended as a denture cleanser, abrasive agents such as silica should not normally be included.
In this invention, the composition must adhere to the dentures upon initial application. Therefore it must not contain any component which would prevent such adhesion. For example a demulcent, such as glycerol, is undesirable unless present in a very low proportion, typically less than 5 weight percent.
The invention is further illustrated by the following Examples.
Denture-grade acrylic sheet (1.5 cm�6 cm�0.3 cm thick) as used in the manufacture of dentures and obtained from the Dental Materials Department of the Eastman Dental Hospital was lightly abraded with fine emery paper to remove mould releasants and to simulate normal denture wear. The sheet was then cut into 1.5 cm�6 cm strips and the strips boiled for 15 minutes in sterile water. The sterilised strips were coated with the test compound by spraying for 5 seconds at a distance of approximately 25 cm using a standard laboratory spray gun (Jet-Pak, Scientific Supplies Ltd., London). The concentrations of polysaccharide in distilled water were chosen so as to give a viscosity of the same order, namely within the range 1500 to 6000 centipoises at 20� C. They gave a coating thickness of approximately 2 mm when wet and an estimated 30-50 μm after drying overnight at room temperature. Full details of concentration, viscosity and coating weight are shown in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1______________________________________Coating densities and viscosities of thepolysaccharides used in the in vitro ablation test.Polysaccharide and Viscosity at Coating densityconc. "%" = g./100 ml. 20� C. centipoises mg/cm2 dry weight______________________________________Manucol, DMF, 3000 0.26Kelco Co. Ltd. (2%)Manugel DMB (2%) 1850 0.26Carboxymethyl cellulose 4400 0.14(1%)Carageenan (2.5%) 6000 0.60Xanthan gum (1.5%) 2600 0.29Gum arabic (50%) 1950 7.0Gum tragacanth (2%) 4000 0.24Guar gum (1%) 1500 0.18Locust bean gum (2%) 1650 0.23Karaya gum (2%) 3300 0.17______________________________________
Each strip was placed in a sterile 25 ml universal container with 7.5 ml of an artificial saliva as described above. The ionic composition of the saliva is approximately K+ (20 mM), Na+ (6 mM), Ca2+ (1.5 mM), PO4 3- (6 mM), Cl- (14 mM) and H+ to pH 6.0.
The containers were placed horizontally on an orbital shaker at 37� C. and agitated at 30 cycles per minute so that the fluid was continually washing over the coated surface of the strips. 5 strips were removed at each of the following time points: 0, 2.5, 5, 15, 120, and 300 minutes and residual coating material was removed from the surface of the acrylic strips by swabbing into 1 ml of water. Duplicate 250 μl aliquots from each of these 1 ml samples were assayed for total carbohydrate using the phenol-sulphuric acid colorimetric method of Dubois et al., Analytical Chemistry, 28: 350-356 (1956). An example of a typical in vitro decay curve is given in FIG. 2 (see Section 4). The half-life values (the time taken for 50% of the dry weight of the initial coating to be removed) were calculated from decay curves constructed from the mean values of residual compound at each time point. Results are shown in Table 2. (The last column of Table 2 relates to the above-mentioned in vitro bacterial adhesion test, described in Section 2 below, but conveniently included here). The variations in the last two columns are standard deviations.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ Conc. of In vitro ABLATION In vitro poly- half-life % coating test for STRUCTURAL saccharide of coating remaining BACTERIALPOLYSACCHARIDE COMPONENTS CHARGE (g./100 ml.) (minutes) after 5 h. ADHESION__________________________________________________________________________ (%)*Alginate DMF poly (guluronic) and negative 2 5.9 10 � 4 1.3 � 1.2 (mannuronic) acidsAlginate DMB Poly (guluronic) and negative 2 4.8 16 � 6 13.0 � 6.7 (mannuronic) acidsCarrageenan anhydrogalactose and negative 2.5 6.6 4 � 2 0.8 � 0.1 galactose (suphated)Gum karaya galactose, rhamnose negative 2 7.9 18 � 5 2.1 � 0.8 and galacturonic acidCarboxymethyl- glucopyranose negative 1 4.3 15 � 6 49.0 � 8.6cellulose (carboxymethylated)Gum arabic galactopyranose, negative 50 9.5 43 � 9 33.0 � 5.1 galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, glucuronic acidLocust bean mannopyranose and neutral 2 42.7 28 � 8 178 � 72gum galactopyranoseGuar gum mannopyranose and neutral 1 21.0 25 � 6 332 � 148 galactopyranoseGum tragacanth galacturonic acid, negative 2 11.5 6 � 2 238 � 80 galactose, fucose, xylose and arabinoseXanthan gum glucose, mannose and negative 1.5 11.5 25 � 9 800 � 311 glucuronic acid__________________________________________________________________________ *% of bacteria remaining compared with control, control = 100%.
Streptococcus salivarius cells were grown in tryptone soya broth overnight at 37� C. The cells were then harvested by centrifugation and resuspended in artificial saliva, of composition as described above, at a concentration of approximately 107 colony forming units/ml.
Coated acrylic strips as in Section 1 above were placed upright in the suspension obtained and agitated for 18 hours at 37� C.
The strips were then removed, washed three times in sterile water and then placed on a thin layer of mitis-salivarius agar (Difco Ltd) in a Petri dish. Then a layer of this agar was poured over the strip so that it was completely immersed. This was then incubated at 37� C. for 24 hours and the number of bacteria attached was determined by counting the numbers of colonies obtained.
Taking the control count (i.e. the count obtained using untreated acrylic sheet) as 100%, the percentage of cells remaining on the coated acrylic was calculated. The results are shown in Table 2 above.
The number of bacteria adhering to acrylic strips coated with alginate, karaya gum, carrageenan, carboxymethylcellulose and gum arabic was very much less than that of the uncoated control, and particularly low in the case of alginate, karaya gum and carrageenan.
Karaya gum, carrageenan and sodium alginate as used in Test 2 above were tested over a range of w/v concentrations (0.001%-1.0%) of the gel to determine the lowest concentration capable of inhibiting bacterial adhesion. The assays were performed as described in Section 2 above and the results are shown in the accompanying FIG. 3.
From these graphs it can be seen that, in the case of all three test compounds, the ability to inhibit adhesion decreased markedly as the concentration fell below 1%, although some effect was seen at 0.1%.
An in vitro ablation test was carried out as described above using a 2% w/v dispersion of the same alginate.
An in vivo ablation test was carried out as follows. Full upper denture plates were made individually from denture acrylic for a series of volunteers. Sheets of denture-grade acrylic sheet 0.3 cm thick, as in Section 1, were lightly abraded. The upper and lower surfaces of each plate were sprayed with the test compound (as described above) and dried overnight at room temperature. The plates (5 volunteers per test) were retained in the mouth for the following time intervals on successive days: 0, 10, 20, 30, 120, and 300 minutes. On removal, the residual test compound was swabbed from the upper and lower surfaces separately into 5 ml. of distilled water. Aliquots were then assayed for total carbohydrate as described above. The half-life was determined graphically as described for the in vitro ablation test above.
The attached FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the rate of loss of alginate (Manucol DMF) from upper and lower denture surfaces in vivo (FIG. 1), and from acrylic strips in vitro (FIG. 2). Referring to the in vivo test, the weights of alginate remaining after 0, 10, 20, 30, 120 and 300 minutes were: upper--1.38, 1.06, 0.8, 0.6, 0.55 and 0.45 mg; lower--1.9, 0.3, 0.3, 0.25, 0.2 and 0.13 mg respectively. It can be seen from FIG. 1 that loss of alginate from the upper surface was slower than from the lower surface. This differential was expected due to the exposed nature of the lower denture surface in the mouth. The half-life (time taken for 50% removal of the alginate coating) was 25 minutes for the upper surface and 4 minutes for the lower surface. After 5 hours, 33% of the alginate remained on the upper and 7% on the lower surface.
For the strips incubated in vitro, the weights of alginate remaining after 0, 2.5, 5, 15, 120 and 300 minutes were: 1.10, 0.81, 0.56, 0.45, 0.40 and 0.41 mg respectively. As FIG. 2 shows, there was a similar rate of alginate removal to the lower denture surface in vivo (FIG. 1), with a half-life of 5.9 minutes, and 10% remaining after 5 hours.
A clinical trial was carried out on the reduction of bacterial adherence to denture surfaces treated with naturally-occurring polysaccharides in accordance with the invention.
Full upper denture plates were made from denture acrylic for four volunteer subjects. The plates were worn daily for a period of five hours from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m., each day for 10 days. On alternate days the plates were coated with the test compound (in the same concentration and coating thickness as for in vitro ablation test) and allowed to dry at room temperature before insertion. On removal from the mouth after 5 hours, the plates were rinsed in 150 ml of sterile saline for 1 min. and placed in a sterile Petri dish. The upper surface (i.e. the one in contact with the palate) and the lower surface were then sampled using the swab-rinse technique described below. The plates were then cleaned ultrasonically in saline to remove any residual material before the next day's test.
Swab-rinse technique: the surface was swabbed using 2 moistened alginate wool swabs. Each swab was rolled over the surface back and forth 10 times so as to cover the whole surface area. This procedure was repeated at right angles to the first set of strokes. Both swabs were then placed in the same 10 ml of Calgon-Ringers solution (from Oxoid Ltd) and mixed in a vortex mixer to dissolve the swab, so releasing the entrapped organisms. 10-fold dilutions were then made in tryptone soya broth. Each dilution was plated in duplicate onto tryptone soya agar (containing 10% horse blood) using the Miles and Misra method, A. A. Miles and S. S. Misra, Journal of Hygiene, Cambridge, 38 732 (1938). All samples were incubated anaerobically for 48 hours, the number of colonies at each dilution counted, and hence the number of colony-forming units (cfu) per ml of the original suspension was determined. Anaerobic incubation was chosen because this consistently resulted in a much higher count than that obtained under aerobic conditions. Results are shown in Table 4 below as means of twenty determinations (5 per subject, 4 subjects per treatment). Statistical analysis by Wilcoxon's rank sum test indicated significance for the percentage reductions in adherent bacteria for the sodium, alginate and karaya gum treatments, but not for the carrageenan treatment.
TABLE 4______________________________________Test compound Surface Bacteria % Reduction______________________________________1. Sodium lower uncoated 8.48 � 103 Alginate lower coated 3.02 � 103 64 (p<0.01) (Manucol DMF; upper uncoated 8.78 � 105 Kelco Ltd.) upper coated 1.37 � 105 84 (p<0.001)2. Karaya gum lower uncoated 8.3 � 103 (A. Bram- lower coated 6.3 � 103 24 (p<0.05) well Ltd.) upper uncoated 9.2 � 105 upper coated 3.3 � 105 64 (p<0.001)3. Carrageenan lower uncoated 8.76 � 103 (A. Bram- lower coated 4.26 � 103 51 well Ltd.) upper uncoated 9.1 � 105 upper coated 4.9 � 105 46______________________________________
Mixtures of sodium alginate solution (Manucol DMF) in water and glycerol were prepared to give final concentrations of 1% alginate (w/v) and 0, 5 and 25% glycerol (v/v). These were sprayed onto strips and dried, as described for the in vitro ablation test in our above-mentioned patent application.
Adhesion was measured by detecting the appearance of alginate in solution by ultra-violet spectrometry at 192 mm. Each strip was placed coated side-uppermost in a glass beaker containing 40 ml de-ionised, distilled water which was agitated with a magnetic stirrer. 1 ml samples were removed at 15 secs, 30 secs, 1 min, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 mins and absorption measured at 192 mm (the absorbance maximum for this alginate preparation). The 1 ml sample was replaced immediately after measurement to maintain the volume of water at 40 ml. Measurements of alginate were made from triplicate strips for each concentration of glycerol.
FIG. 4 shows a plot of absorbance on the ordinate against time in minutes in the abscissa. The slopes of the linear part of the curves (up to 4 mins for 0% and 5% glycerol, up to 3 mins for 25% glycerol) were calculated by regression analysis and were as shown in the following Table 5:
TABLE 5______________________________________rate of initial loss of alginate from the coating Rate of loss (absorption units/minute) 0% 5% 25% glycerol glycerol glycerol______________________________________Replicate 1 0.080 0.111 0.195Replicate 2 0.103 0.107 0.172Replicate 3 0.097 0.119 0.170Mean: 0.093 0.112 0.179______________________________________
The results show that the addition of even 5% by weight of glycerol does have an adverse effect on adhesion.
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Park District seeks Zip Line Canopy Tour for Alpine Hills
Online Staff Report
In spring 2011, the Hansberger family donated a 52-acre facility to the Rockford Park District Foundation; the property is now known as Alpine Hills Adventure Park & Golf Center, 4402 Larson Ave., Rockford.
The Park District envisions turning the facility into a year-round family adventure park with summer activities such as golf, and winter activities that could include a toboggan chute.
Earlier this year, the Rockford Park District held a focus group to gather feedback about the development plans and provide design ideas. At this meeting, residents asked about the possibility of a zip line.
The Alpine Hills Adventure Park & Golf Center design team discussed the idea, and deemed the park's terrain to be conducive for a Zip Line Canopy Tour, which could consist of multiple zip lines, and tower with suspension bridges.
Laura Williamson, deputy director of capital planning and asset management for the district, said: "This feature would be very complementary to the other activities being planned. We presented the option to our Board of Commissioners tonight to gather more feedback."
The Rockford Park District would like to engage an outside vendor to design, build, operate and fund the Zip Line Canopy Tour, along with paying the district a lease fee for use of land and to assist in paying for park maintenance.
The first phase of construction at Alpine Hills Adventure Park & Golf Center is under way, and includes the five-hole golf course, which is scheduled to re-open next year.
Posted Sept. 11, 2013