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United States Patent 1 [111 3,882,498
McGuffin May 6, 1975 ADAPTIVE ARRAY PROCESSOR PROVIDING IMPROVED MAINLOBE [57] ABSTRACT MAINTENANCE [75] Inventor: August L. McGuffin, Clinton, NY.
[73] Assignee: General Electric Company, Utica,
[22] Filed: Feb. 22, 1973 [21] Appl. N0.: 334,519
Primary ExaminerMalcolm F, Hubler In an AMTl adaptive array, each array antenna element is connected to an element circuit which multiplies the contribution of each antenna element to the total return by a weight. The element circuits and further signal processing circuitry comprise the array processor. The element circuits include well-known cross correlator control loops. In accordance with the present invention, a signal whose pulse repetition interval to pulse repetition interval doppler phase shift is 180 out of phase with clutter returns is supplied to a control loop. Thus even with clutter at or near the look angle, mainlobe gain is maintained. Consequently, a two pulse MTI circuit utilizing a single delay line in each element circuit may be utilized rather than a two delay line element circuit which would normally be required to provide a signal to noise ratio value indicative of mainlobe gain which would be required for compatability with further MTI processing circuitry.
1 Claim, 5 Drawing Figures Zlb 2|\.X7 Yvzln -20 4lu- I from 63 DELAY a 0 um: I 9
I 63 AMT] DISPLAY A0 L CANCEL Q i P 57 14-51% see meszmsa SHEET ZEZENTEB $5? @355 mop-.1524
l I '20 O DEGREES FIG. 4
DEGREES FIG 5 ADAPTIVE ARRAY PROCESSOR PROVIDING IMPROVED MAINLOBE MAINTENANCE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to moving target indicator radar systems and more particularly to AMTI adaptive arrays.
In an adaptive array antenna, contributions of individual antenna elements to a total output signal are delayed with respect to one another and multiplied by complex multiplicative weights in order to adjust the phase and amplitude of signals received from each antenna element. This complex weighting inter alia, provides for control of the receive phase center of the array. In other words, the electrical center of the array can be moved to adjust for pulse to pulse differences in the distance traveled by returned pulses due to motion of a radar platform aircraft. In order to perform this function, each antenna element is connected to what may be termed for purposes of the present description an element circuit. Element circuit includes a wellknown cross correlator control circuit including a delay line providing a delay equal to one pulse repetition interval. The delayed and undelayed returns are each multiplied by a weighting function, each of which is the output of a separate control loop. The outputs of the control loops are connected to a summation circuit in which returns indicative of nonmoving signals such as clutter, i.e. ground returns, and externally generated noise are cancelled. In one form of adaptive array, a mainlobe filter is provided to interact with each element circuit to provide degenerative feedback to the control loop providing degenerative control loop gain for weighting received signals received from a desired interval about the look angle. Consequently, a desired null is provided at angles off the look angle where such undesired returns appear. Additionally, a different form of feedback loop is provided from the output of the summing circuit to the control loops to control the gain of all the element circuits. A fuller discussion and mathematical analysis of this operation is found in A. L. McGuffin, Adaptive Antenna Compatibility With Radar Signal Processing, paper presented at Antenna Array Conference, Naval Electronics Laboratory Center, San Diego, Calif, Feb. 2224, 1972 (technical publication SI-S 14, copies available from Manager- Technical Publications, Aerospace Electronic Systems Department, General Electric Company, Utica, N.Y. 13503).
In order to provide for provision of an output signal from the array processor which is compatible with, i.e. useful for further radar signal processing circuitry, mainlobe gain with respect to side lobes must be maintained even in the presence of clutter and externally generated noise on or about the look angle. One means tions, a conventional adaptive-array processor reduces the mainlobe gain, causinga loss of signal power (or lower signal-to-noise ratio), and incompatibility with further AMTI processing circuitry. In other words, for an array of 20 antennaelements, an array processor ineluding 4O delay lines and 60 multiplier loops would be required. It should also be noted that adaptive processing has been provided in less complicated non AMTI processors. However, while such circuits provide for 5 weighting of signals from antenna elements to provide mainlobe maintenance in the presence of externally generated noise, the moving target indicator function is not provided. It is recognized that complexity of adaptive AMTI processors increases cost and decreases reliability. Furthermore, size and weight are always at a premium for airborne radar even for large aircraft. It is therefore desirable to decrease the size and weight of an array processor.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an adaptive AMTI array processor which is simplified in construction.
It is a further object of the invention to provide an array of the type described which may be constructed having only one delay line in each element circuit while maintaining the capability of maintaining receive mainlobe amplitude above receive side lobe amplitude even in the presence of clutter at or near the look angle.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an array processor of the type described utilizing element circuits of the type described including a summing circuit connected to a conventional AMTI cancellation circuit, whereby an array processor providing mainlobe gain and clutter cancellation is provided.
It is also a specific object of the present invention to provide an adaptive AMTI processor including element circuits each including only one delay line which processor is capable of maintaining mainlobe gain for compatability with further signal processing circuitry.
Briefly stated, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an AMTI adaptive array processor including a plurality of single delay line element circuits providing outputs to a summing circuit. Each element circuit includes cross correlator control loops for multiplying delayed and undelayed signals. In accordance with the present invention, the equivalent of a signal which is l80 out of phase with clutter doppler phase shift and which synthesizes a signal representative ofa group of targets near the look angle is coupled to modify the correlator control loop gain, whereby loop gain is adjusted to maintain mainlobe gain even in the presence of clutter at or near the look angle. The output of the summing circuit is connected to a conventional AMTI canceller circuit. Consequently, the AMTI canceller circuit provides a signal in which mainlobe gain is maintained and clutter is cancelled for compatibility with further signal processing circuitry.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING- The means by which the foregoing objects and features of novelty are achieved are pointed out with particularity in the claims forming the concluding portion of the specification. The invention, both as to its organization and manner of operation may be further understood by reference to the following description taken inconnection with the following drawings.
Of the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a block diagrammatic representation of an adaptive array constructed in accordance with the present invention utilizing a mainlobe filter interconnected with each cross correlator control loop feedback circuit;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of an AMTI adaptive array pilot signal embodiment;
FIG. 3 is an antenna pattern representing an unadapted antenna pattern of a typical array;
FIG. 4 is an antenna pattern representative of a typical adapted antenna receive pattern of a prior art adaptive AMTI array utilizing one delay line per element circuit; and
FIG. 5 is an antenna pattern representative of the adapted antenna receive pattern produced by the processor of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIG. 1 there is illustrated a system constructed in accordance with the present invention for connection to an antenna 20. The antenna consists of a plurality of elements, 21a, 21b, 21m. Each antenna element is associated with an element circuit a, b, n. The antenna element circuit a is shown in full, and the remainder of element circuits are indicated by means of dotted lines for simplicity of the drawing. The other element circuits may be identical to the element circuit a. For purposes of this description, the components of each element circuit are referred to by a numeral only. In the drawing, the component bearing the same letter designation is associated with the antenna element circuit having the same letter designation. An antenna element 21 is connected to an element circuit including a delay line 22 providing a delay of one pulse repetition interval.
An undelayed return in an element circuit is multiplied by a multiplier 23, and a delayed return is multiplied by a multiplier 24. All of the multipliers 23a, 23b, 23n and 24b, 2411 are connected to one summing circuit 26. The summing circuit 26 has an output terminal 27 referred to as an interface terminal 27 for purposes of the present description. The interface terminal 27 is connected to a conventional moving target indicator canceller circuit 28 which has an output for coupling to further processing circuitry comprising utilization means 30 which may comprise display circuitry or other processing circuitry. The antenna element circuit includes cross correlator control loops and 36. The cross correlator control loop 35 has an input at a terminal 41a at the input of the delay line 22, and the cross correlator control loop 36 has an input at a terminal 42 at the output of the delay line 22. Feedback is provided to the cross correlator control loops 35 and 36 by a circuit 39 described further below which is similar to a mainlobe filter but operates differently in accordance with the present invention as described below. Feedback is also provided from the interface terminal 27 to all of the cross correlator control loops 35a, 35b, 35n and 36a, 36b, 3611, as described below.
The terminal 41 is connected to a first input of the multiplier 23 to provide the signal which is multiplied by a weight W appearing at the other input of the multiplier 23. A multiplier 53, an adder 54 and filter 55 are connected in series from the terminal 41 to a terminal 50. A complex conjugate generator (CCG) 56 is connected from the terminal to the other input of the multiplier 23. The output of the multiplier 53 is connected to a subtractive input of the adder 54. Similarly, in the control loop 36, the terminal 42 is connected to the first input of the multiplier 24 to provide the signal which is multiplied by a weight W appearing at the other input of the multiplier 24, where W is indicative of a weight for a signal delayed by one pulse repetition interval. A multiplier 57, adder 58, and filter 59 are connected in series from the terminal 42 to a terminal 51. The output of the multiplier 57 is connected to a subtractive input of the adder 58. A complex conjugate generator 60 is connected between the terminal 51 and the other input of the multiplier 24. Where signal values are expressed in polar terms, complex conjugate generator provides an output phase of d where an input phase is d). The outputs of the multipliers 23 and 24 are connected to the summing circuit 26 at which an output from which a large part of the clutter has been subtracted or cancelled is provided at the interface terminal 27. The interface terminal 27 is coupled by a complex conjugate generator 63 to second inputs of the multipliers 53 and 57 to control overall system gain responsive to overall clutter remaining in the received signal. The basic technique performed by a cross correlation control loop is further defined in U.S. Pat. No. 3,202,990 to P. W. Howells issued Aug. 24, 1965 and assigned to General Electric-Company, the assignee herein.
As to non-AMTI adaptive processing techniques, feedback indicative of angular relationships is provided by comparing weights generated by the control loops 35 and 36 utilizing an adder 61 having a subtractive input connected to the terminal 50 and an adding input connected to a reference vector element generator 62 providing a reference vector element b. In a prior art arrangement, differences indicative of the weights and the reference levels are coupled by a summation circuit 70 which has inputs provided thereto from all of the summing circuits 61a, 61b, 61n to provide an output indicative of the summation of the differences in each element circuit between the respective weights W W W, and the respective reference vector elements b b b to provide degenerative feedback in the control loops 35 and 36. A similar function is provided in the present circuit.
The magnitude of target returns is small compared to clutter and may also be small compared to other externally generated noise. Clutter may be present in all radar range cells from which returns are received, but target returns are generally received from one or a few range cells. Therefore, adaptive array control loops circuits operate to reject received signals, particularly continuous high energy signals, except when such signals are from the direction of arrival of the assumed target angle. A single assumed target angle is usually designated by a computed vector in conventional adaptive arrays. The circuit 39 operates to provide weighting feedback from the summation circuit 70 to reduce control loop gain for returns from a desired angular interval about the look angle. With reduced control loop gain, the tendency of the array processor to reject all returns from the desired angular interval about the look angle is reduced. In the context of the present embodiment, the adder 65 and circuit 39 comprise a mainlobe filter.
In accordance with the present invention, doppler of the desired signals (assumed targets) as well as a range of assumed target direction is accounted for to provide an improved AMTI adaptive processor. An adder 65 is provided having an input connected to the output of the adder 61. The output of the adder 65 is connected to the input of the summation circuit 70. Inputs are provided from each of the adders 65a, 65b, 65n to the summation circuit 70. The output of the summation circuit 70 is connected to the adding input of the adder 54. The output of the summation circuit 70 is also connected to a phase shifter 72 having an output connected to the adding input of the adder 58. A phase shifter 76 is connected between the terminal 51 and the subtracting input of the adder 65. (The summation circuit 70b is also shown to further illustrate provision of signals to the circuits 39b, 39c, 39n.)
The phase shifters 72 and 76 are variable phase shift ers, one providing a phase shift which is the negative of the other. The phase shifts of the phase shifters 72 and 76 are chosen to correspond at least approximately to the pulse repetition interval to pulse repetition interval (PR1) phase shift of a target. It is important to note that the selection of the values of phase shift provided by the phase shifters 72 and 76 need not be exact. It has been found that where the target is at or near the look angle, it may be assumed that the pulse repetition interval to pulse repetition interval (PRI) phase shift (phase difference between a return signal appearing at the output of an antenna element and the return signal representing the same object appearing at the output of the delay line 22a) of a target signal is 180 out of phase with that of clutter. Therefore, a value of phase shift for the phase shifters 76 and 72 is selected which is approximately 180 out of phase with the clutter doppler phase shift from PRI to PR1. This value is selected based on aircraft velocity and look angle and the input symbols p. and .L to the phase shifters 72a and 76a in dicate that the variable phase shifters 72a, 72b 72n and 76a, 76b, 76n are provided with inputs from a phase shift signal generator 78 which includes conventional transducers for selecting the angle ,u. This circuitry may thus be referred to as assumed target means.
When the weighting signals from terminals 50 and 51 are indicative of the presence of received clutter, the values provided to the adder 65 are processed by weighted summation circuits 70a, 70b, 70c 70n to form the desired feedback to adders 54 and 58. This feedback, due to the phase shifts ,u. and p. as well as the structures of 70a, 70b, 70n, affects the combined performance of all control loops 35 and 36. The phase shifter 72 restores doppler phase shift of the component of the output of the summation circuit 70 due toinput from the phase shifter 76 for adding in the control loop 36. The result is that the processor is conv strained not to attenuate (i.e., cancel) signals having the approximate PR1 to PRI doppler phase shift of the assumed target and a direction of arrival within the assumed target angular interval. Consequently, mainlobe gain is maintained for desired signals. Also the AMTI cancellation of clutter (by the element circuits in con junction with the summing circuit 26 and by conventional AMTI canceller circuit 28) is permitted.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a pilot signal embodiment of the present invention. A pilot signal is an input to the adaptive array processor circuits which incorporates a summation of the elements of a pilot vector generated based on assumed target angles. The vector element gi for each element circuit is multiplied by a reference vector element bi for each element circuit. The pilot signal is utilized to introduce the same sort of constraints on the control loops 35 and 36 as to response to returns from various angles as a mainlobe filter in the embodiment of FIG. 1. In the present embodiment, weighting feedback to the control loops 35 and 36 is responsive to the vector elements gi. In FIG. 2, the same reference numerals are used to denote elements corresponding to those of FIG. 1. The antenna 20 consists of k elements 21a, 21b, 21k. In FIG. 2 however, the cross correlator control loops 35 and 36 are constructed as follows. An adder 83, multiplier 84, filter and complex conjugate generator 86 are all connected in series from the terminal 41 to the weighting (other) input of the multiplier 23. Similarly, an adder 97, multiplier 94, filter 99 and complex conjugate generator 100 are connected in series from the terminal 42 to the weighting (other) input of the multiplier 24. The output of the complex conjugate generator 86 is coupled to a multiplier 101 which multiplies the weight by pilot signal element gi. The output of the multiplier 101 is coupled to a subtractive input of an adder 102 having an additive input from an adder 103 and a subtractive input from a multiplier 104, which multiplier 104 is connected to the output from the complex conjugate generator 100. The summing circuit 103 subtracts the feedback from the interface terminal 27 to a summation of the complex conjugate of the reference vector b times the pilot signal vector g for all of the element circuits, Zbi*gi. The output of the adder 102 is connected to an amplifier 105, whose output is coupled by a complex conjugate generator 106 to other input terminals of the multipliers 84 and 94. The vector g is representative of a signal due to a group of moving targets near the look angle. To provide assumed target means, the 3 vector is supplied from a computer 110 coupled to the output of the phase shift signal generator 78 responsive to aircraft velocity and antenna look angle.
The phase difference between each gi and gi+k is (approximately) the same as the PR1 to PRI phase shift of a desired moving target. This phase shift is selected to be substantially greater than clutter doppler phase shift. The notation gi indicates a vector element added at an adder 83 where i= 1 for adder 83a, 1' 2 for adder 83b, similarly for the rest of the vector elements through i k for adder 83k. The notation gi+k is similarly indicative of vector elements supplied to the adders 97a, 97b, 97 k. The vector element gl+k is added to the adder 97a and the vector element gm is added to the adder 97k. The vector elements gi are each added to one adder 83, and the vectors gi+k are each added to one adder 97.
Additionally, each vector element gi is connected to a pilot signal generator 112. In the pilot signal generator 112, each vector element gi is multiplied by one reference vector element bi to provide the abovedescribed summation Zbi*gi to the adder 103 (where bi is indicative of a value of an element of the vector b for each element circuit). It is noted that one set of components adder 102, adder 103, amplifier 105, complex conjugate generator 106 and pilot signal generator 112 is provided for coupling to all the element circuits a, b k.
In a manner somewhat similar to that of the circuit FIG. 1, where a high level of clutter is present, outputs of cross correlator control loops 35 and 36 tend to be canceled in the summation circuit 26. However, in the present circuit, mainlobe gain is maintained in response to compensation to the vector g in accordance with the present invention.
The results of this operation are seen with respect to FIGS. 3, 4, and in which 0 corresponds to the look angle. FIG. 3 is representative of an unadapted or quiescent antenna pattern for a typical array. A mainlobe has a particular Width as determined by reference vector b, and the amplitude of the receive mainlobe is greater than that of side lobes. FIG. 4 is illustrative of a typical response of a single delay line per element prior art adaptive AMTI processor. Due to the presence of clutter, a fraction of the received clutter re maining in the feedback to the cross correlator control loops causes the contributions of element circuits to the antenna pattern to reduce the width of the mainlobe. Also, amplitude of the mainlobe is decreased. However, as illustrated in FIG. 5, in the context of the present invention, mainlobe amplitude and width can be maintained while clutter is cancelled since sensing of the presence of a simulated target maintains mainlobe gain. In other words, the control loops 35 and 36 are provided with a synthesized signal for controlling their gain within the desired interval about the look angle, preserving the desired pattern for coupling to the AMTI canceller 28.
In summary, AMTI circuits have been provided utilizing cross correlator control loops with feedback means for adjusting weights by which contributions of loops to a summing circuit signal are modified. Forms of the mainlobe filter and pilot signal generator are known in the art. The present invention provides an AMTI adaptive processing circuit in which mainlobe gain can be preserved and clutter cancellation provided while providing an output compatible with further signal processing circuitry. It should be noted that the circuitry of the present invention is directed only to the receiving function of a radar system, and does not affect the transmitting function. Transmission circuitry has not been illustrated since it is conventional, and well-known to those skilled in the art. Application of the present invention is not limited to adaptive AMTI processor circuits incorporating element circuits each including only one delay line. In accordance with the above teachings, array processors incorporating three pulse or other element circuits may also be utilized. A fuller mathematical description of the present invention is found in the paper cited in the introduction to the specification. Since relative phase shift of various input signals is a significant feature of the present invention, those skilled in the art will be able to make many mofifications to the particular circuitry disclosed in the specification to provide an adaptive AMTI processor constructed in accordance with the present invention.
What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:
1. An adaptive AMTI processor for receive-mode operation with an array antenna, comprising, in combination:
a plurality of element circuits connected, one each,
to the respective antenna elements, each said circuit including a delay line arranged to receive the output from the antenna element, a pair of crosscorrelator control loops connected respectively to the input and output of said delay line, weighting feedback means connected to said cross-correlator control loops and incorporating beam-forming circuit means operable to control the gain of said cross-correlator control loops to suppress signal returns incident upon said antenna from all directions other than the angle ofa narrow are centered about the antenna boresight, and phase shift means also incorporated in said weighting feedback means for introducing into the feedback signal path a phase shift approximately greater than the phase difference between corresponding clutter return signals appearing at the input and output of said delay line;
an AMTI canceller circuit; and
summing circuit means for combining all outputs from said cross-correlator control loops and passing the resultant signal to said AMTI canceller circuit for processing.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Sharon Sims
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Medal record
|Competitor for New Zealand
|Women's lawn bowls
|Commonwealth Games
|2002 Manchester
|World Outdoor Championships
|2000 Moama
|2000 Moama
|2004 Leamington Spa
Sharon Elmar Sims MNZM (born 24 May 1952 in Te Kopuru, New Zealand), is a lawn bowls competitor for New Zealand. At the 2002 Commonwealth Games she won a gold medal along with Jo Edwards in the women's pairs event. At the World Bowls Championships in 2000 she was a triples and fours champion, and in 2004 a pairs champion.[1]
In the 2007 Queen's Birthday Honours, Sims was made a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to lawn bowls.[2]
- ^ Profile at the New Zealand Olympic Committee website
- ^ Queen's Birthday Honours List 2007, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
|This New Zealand biographical article relating to sports is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
|This biographical article relating to bowling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
- Living people
- 1952 births
- New Zealand bowls players
- Commonwealth Games competitors for New Zealand
- Commonwealth Games gold medallists for New Zealand
- Bowls players at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
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text:
Suppression of Interference and Artifacts by the Signal Space Separation Method
- Samu Taulu,
- Matti Kajola,
- Juha Simola
- … show all 3 hide
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Multichannel measurement with hundreds of channels oversamples a curl-free vector field, like the magnetic field in a volume free of sources. This is based on the constraint caused by the Laplace's equation for the magnetic scalar potential; outside of the source volume the signals are spatially band limited. A functional solution of Laplace's equation enables one to separate the signals arising from the sphere enclosing the interesting sources, e.g. the currents in the brain, from the magnetic interference. Signal space separation (SSS) is accomplished by calculating individual basis vectors for each term of the functional expansion to create a signal basis covering all measurable signal vectors. Because the SSS basis is linearly independent for all practical sensor arrangements, any signal vector has a unique SSS decomposition with separate coefficients for the interesting signals and signals coming from outside the interesting volume. Thus, SSS basis provides an elegant method to remove external disturbances. The device-independent SSS coefficients can be used in transforming the interesting signals to virtual sensor configurations. This can also be used in compensating for distortions caused by movement of the object by modeling it as movement of the sensor array around a static object. The device-independence of the decomposition also enables physiological DC phenomena to be recorded using voluntary head movements. When used with properly designed sensor array, SSS does not affect the morphology or the signal-to-noise ratio of the interesting signals.
- Carbon, M., Wuebbeler, G., Trahms, L., Curio, G. (2000) Hyper-ventilation-induced human cerebral magnetic fields non-invasively monitored by multichannel "direct current" magneto-encephalography. Neurosci. Lett. 287: pp. 227-230
- Taulu, S., Kajola, M. and Simola, J. The signal space separation method. Biomed. Tech., 2003, 48, in press.
- Uusitalo, M.A., Ilmoniemi, R.J. (1997) Signal-space projection method. Med. Biol. Eng. 32: pp. 35-42
- Uutela, K. Estimating neural currents from neuromagnetic measurements. PhD thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, 2001.
- Uutela, K., Taulu, S., Hämäläinen, M. (2001) Detecting and correcting for head movements. NeuroImage 14: pp. 1424-1431
- Vrba, J., Robinson, S.E. (2001) Signal processing in magneto-encephalography. Methods 25: pp. 249-271
- Title
- Suppression of Interference and Artifacts by the Signal Space Separation Method
- Journal
Brain Topography
Volume 16, Issue 4 , pp 269-275
- Cover Date
- 2004-06-01
- 10.1023/B:BRAT.0000032864.93890.f9
- Print ISSN
- 0896-0267
- Online ISSN
- 1573-6792
- Publisher
- Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- Magnetoencephalography
- Movement compensation
- Biomagnetic
- DC phenomena
- Harmonic basis functions
- Calibration
- Industry Sectors
- Authors
- Samu Taulu (1)
- Matti Kajola (1)
- Juha Simola (1)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Elekta Neuromag Oy, Helsinki, Finland


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The Galaxy S 4 looks a lot like the Galaxy S III. They're so close, in fact, that we decided we needed to shoot a video of them side by side so that you could see the smaller, distinguishing features on the Galaxy S 4. A lot of it comes down to the internals, however. The Galaxy S 4 offers much higher specs and tons of new software features that range from the camera to language translation engines. In this video you'll see how the two phones compare in size, and how the screens differ from one another. Plus, you'll see the small cosmetic changes to where buttons are placed and how the plastic bodies differ.
Samsung Galaxy S4 vs. Galaxy S III
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56Samsung Begins Rolling Out the Galaxy S4′s Lollipop Update in EuropeFebruary 1
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Arizona Diamondbacks
By the numbers: Randy Johnson's perfect game
As a member of the Arizona Diamondbacks, Randy Johnson won four Cy Young Awards, made five All-Star Games and was named the 2001 World Series co-MVP.
But one of the more indelible moments during his time in the Valley came on a May night at Turner Field when everything was perfect.
27 up and 27 down.
This weekend marks the nine-year anniversary of the Big Unit's perfect game, so to honor the achievement here's a look back at his historic night by the numbers.
1: Only once during his perfect game did Johnson reach a 3-ball count against a Braves' batter.
2: Johnson's perfect game marked the second time in his career he had thrown a no-hitter. In June 1990, he no-hit the Detroit Tigers as a member of the Seattle Mariners. His 14-year stretch between no-no's is the longest for any pitcher in MLB history.
7: Rarely are catchers remembered during perfect games -- outside of Yogi Berra jumping on Don Larsen's shoulders in the 1956 World Series -- but Robby Hammock's place in history is unique given that he was 13 years younger than Johnson on May 14, 2008.
13: Of Johnson's 27 straight outs, 13 came by way of the strikeout.
17: At the time, the future Hall of Famer's perfecto was the 17th in MLB history. In the last nine years, it's happened six times.
18.8: The 10-time All-Star didn't have a problem mowing down most of Atlanta's lineup, except for Johnny Estrada. The Braves catcher saw 18.8 percent of Johnson's total pitches on the night, including 13 that he fouled out of play.
40: At the age of 40, Johnson became the oldest pitcher in baseball ever to throw a perfect game. Cy Young previously was the oldest when he achieved the feat in 1904.
46.67: Johnson's perfect night was not recorded in front of a stadium full of fans. Only 46.67 percent (23,381 fans) of Turner Field was filled.
87: Perfection requires a bit of luck, but in Johnson's case, it also required a bit of efficiency. The left-hander threw 87 of his 117 pitches for strikes.
98: Johnson's last pitch of the night to Eddie Perez came in at 98 MPH. Perez would strike out on the pitch to end the game.
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|Comment posted by steve and sue horne at 20:30 on 21st Aug 2011
Post Yours Here
|steve and sue horne says:
|would just like to thank doug and family and all your lovely staff for your help and hospitality we had a fantastic time at your hotel you were all so friendly and very helpfull we hope to return to blackpool in the near future and would deffinately choose you again we met some nice people and made some good friends that we will be keeping in touch with we would recommend your hotel to family and friends thanks again for being so kind and friendly and please thank all your staff from us
kind regards steve and sue horne xxx
|Our Reply:
|Hi Steve and Sue
Thanks very much for your business and taking the time to make the comments. I'll make sure the staff see the comments
Cheers m'dears
Doug, Mandy and the team
|Comment number 994 of 1144
|Comment posted by anne nisbet at 15:53 on 19th Aug 2011
Post Yours Here
|anne nisbet says:
|just like to say a big thankyou to doug and the team..we stayed 15th august -19th august in the hotel and whwt a plkeasure it was..lovely staff ,,all pleasant and mannerable ..hotel itself was spotless ,,great breakfast ,,so much we couldnt eat it all ,,and all the tea and coffee you could drink any time day or evening ..ten out of ten ..will stay again definately ..Anne n John ,,ayrshire ..
|Our Reply:
|Thanks for taking the time to make the comments Ann and John. It gives us all great satisfaction when we know we're heading in the right direction. I'll make sure the team read your comments.
|Comment number 993 of 1144
|Comment posted by peter hoyle at 09:47 on 18th Aug 2011
Post Yours Here
|peter hoyle says:
|Just read loads of comments we have never been before but will be making a booking in the next few weeks
|Our Reply:
|Thanks Peter - I hope we live up to all the comments - we do try!!
|Comment number 992 of 1144
|Comment posted by Tracey and Dale at 01:26 on 18th Aug 2011
Post Yours Here
|Tracey and Dale says:
|Thank you for a wonderful stay from the 14/08/11 until 17/08/11. The food, rooms and staff were all great and it was always nice to see a welcoming face ready with a pot of tea each time we returned to the hotel. We also had good weather too! Also special thanks to Doug for our unplanned tour around every back street of Blackpool!! We will definitely be coming back, just not when the skyride is on lol. x
|Our Reply:
|LOL...Thanks for your custom Tracey and Dale. What chaos that skyride caused!!!
|Comment number 991 of 1144
|Comment posted by Mark Johnson at 14:23 on 15th Aug 2011
Post Yours Here
|Mark Johnson says:
|Hi Doug ,Mandy and all the Staff at the Canasta.
Thank you very much for your hospitality on the 12th and 13th August at your fantastic hotel.
We had a great time and will defo be back for more next year.
Doug ,as i told you you have everything SPOT ON at your hotel from hospitality to No groups or rowdy customers to Great bar prices ,The unbeleavable breakfast.
We had great fun with the Karaoke and Matt,s Nesum Dorma lol
To anyone reading this we are from Milton keynes and have no connection with anyone at this hotel and this review is exactly as we saw it on our stay there.
this hotel in fantastic and can say no more than that.
Mark ,Cindy and Bernita Johnson xx
|Our Reply:
|Hi Mark - thanks very much for your company and business and for taking the time to make those comments. Much appreciated
|Comment number 990 of 1144
|Comment posted by lee and jess at 10:02 on 11th Aug 2011
Post Yours Here
|lee and jess says:
|excellent service from all members of staff, what is the barmaids full name who works at night, she was really helpful when ordered a takeaway, top breakfasts as well :) thanks all, keep up the good work
|Our Reply:
|Thanks for that Lee - I'll give Agata a pat on the back!! :)
|Comment number 989 of 1144
|Comment posted by shelly at 04:21 on 6th Aug 2011
Post Yours Here
|shelly says:
|thanks to all at this hotel we had a brill 3 days.everything was good from the room to the fantastic breakfast we will deffinatley be back.a big thankyou to all the staff so nice and friendly thankyou x
|Our Reply:
|Thanks very much Shelly - I'll let the staff know
|Comment number 988 of 1144
|Comment posted by pamela moody at 15:51 on 3rd Aug 2011
Post Yours Here
|pamela moody says:
|again had a lovely stay in july for 4 nights. very helpful staff clean rooms and excellent views, breakfast was always big and the service was excellent, thanks to elena for encouraging our daughter elena to eat her breakfast. see you next year.
|Our Reply:
|Thanks Pamela
I'll pass on the comment to Aleena :)
|Comment number 987 of 1144
|Comment posted by Debbie at 09:51 on 1st Aug 2011
Post Yours Here
|Debbie says:
|Well, what can we say!! We have just arrived home after four for fabulous nights and would like to say a huge thank you to yourselves and your wonderful staff for the very comfortable stay, beautiful breakfasts and the lovely coffee throughout the day!!
It was a pleasure to meet you all and enjoy our stay at the Canasta!
We will be seeing you all again soon hopefully. Thanks once again
Debbie, Paul, and Emily PS. Emily enjoyed the karaoke!!
|Our Reply:
|Thanks for that Debbie, Paul and Emily
It's noice to be appreciated
I'll make sure the staff know they're doing a grand job!
See you next time!
Doug, Mandy, Dan and the team
|Comment number 986 of 1144
|Comment posted by Alan Jameson at 04:36 on 29th Jul 2011
Post Yours Here
|Alan Jameson says:
|we have just arrived home after staying 3 nights in your great hotel. cannot believe how friendly it was the staff were great.what people say about your breakfast is true never had breakfast like that before in Blackpool. free tea or coffee on tap what can i say. will be back in fact looking at booking as i write this. many thanks. Alan & Susan
|Our Reply:
Thanks Alan and Susan!!!
|Comment number 985 of 1144
|Comment posted by david macfarlane at 06:07 on 21st Jul 2011
Post Yours Here
|david macfarlane says:
|Had an enjoyable stay with family. Breakfast was a real treat. Thanks for everything. Would come again. Thanks.
Kindest regards,
David Macfarlane and family
|Our Reply:
|Thanks very much for that David and family
|Comment number 984 of 1144
|Comment posted by jayne crow at 02:18 on 16th Jul 2011
Post Yours Here
|jayne crow says:
|thanks for a brill week i would highly recommend staying with you the breakfast was brill and the staff where so friendly and helpful. the view from room 16 was great we will definatly be coming again to stay it was more like staying with friends, thanks again
|Our Reply:
|Thanks very much for that Jayne. We appreciate you taking the time to make the comments
|Comment number 983 of 1144
|Comment posted by Debbie at 07:49 on 10th Jul 2011
Post Yours Here
|Debbie says:
|we will be visiting yourselves in just over two weeks and I must say that the wonderful comments left on your guest book are making us very pleased to have chosen your hotel.
See you soon. Deb
P.S My daughter and myself love your webcams!!
|Our Reply:
|Thanks for that Debbie
We'll do our best to live up to the comments :)
|Comment number 982 of 1144
|Comment posted by Chris Wynne at 16:02 on 6th Jul 2011
Post Yours Here
|Chris Wynne says:
|Hi Doug
Oh woe, woe, woe, the beachcam appears kaputt!!
I thought it was my computer (it has been like it for weeks) but someone else tells me they have the same problem and, on checking, all the other webcams work fine.
Is there a doctor in the house?
Kind regards
|Our Reply:
|Hmm....think it might be bust
Server detects it but no video feed
I'll try and look at it this week
Thanks for the headsup
|Comment number 981 of 1144
|Comment posted by carl (freddie) at 10:19 on 6th Jul 2011
Post Yours Here
|carl (freddie) says:
|hi doug mandy and team please visit youtube canasta hotel blackpool i've put a vid on of how i found the hotel enjoy
|Our Reply:
|Hey thanks very much for that Carl!!!
|Comment number 980 of 1144
Post Entry Here
288 - 290 North Promenade
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
Hire a bike for your stay
E: firstname.lastname@example.com
"Absolutely excellent accommodation, it is very clean nad beautifully decorated. Our hosts were friendly and welcoming. "


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2 bedroom semi-detached house to rent LANGHOLM VIEW, Ochiltree, KA18WALK IN CONDITION - MODERN FAMILY HOME - IMMACULATE THROUGHOUT Toner and McCartney - The Letting Specialists are delighted to offer this modern two bedroom family home to let in Ochiltree, Ayrshire. The property benefits from driveway parking and gardens to the front and rear. More details ›
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2 bedroom ground floor flat to rent Old School Wynd,Ochiltree,KA18Beautifully presented GROUND FLOOR FLAT brought to the rental market in walk-in condition throughout. The property comprises of hallway, lounge with patio doors, modern kitchen with integrated oven / hob, fridge and freezer, modern bathroom fitted with four piece white suite, two double bedrooms. More details ›
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2 bedroom ground floor flat to rent Broom Crescent, Ochiltree, KA18 2PSMartin & Co are pleased to offer to the rental market this unfurnished 2 bedroom ground floor flat in the lovely rural village of Ochiltree, East Ayrshire. More details ›
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Cinema website design & content © 2011 Cinema Gold Palmerston North. Cinema website design by Movie Manager. No content on this website may be copied or used without prior written permission from cinema management. While every attempt is made to ensure the information provided on this website is accurate, details change from time to time and we are not liable for any omissions or errors.
Welcome to Cinema Gold
Cinema Gold screens a selection of quality mainstream and independent films in our intimate boutique cinemas. Sink back into our luxury seats as our state-of-the-art projection and sound technology bring you the best that movies have to offer.
Proudly sponsored by L'Oréal Paris, the Alliance Française French Film Festival has firmly established itself as the largest French cultural event on New Zealand's national cultural calendar. Following more than a six-fold increase in attendance figures since 2012, the festival is one of the largest and fastest growing French film festivals outside France.
2015 will present the most diverse showcase of the best contemporary French-language cinema in New Zealand. The selection will include successful French titles that have recently premiered at prestigious international film festivals including Cannes and Toronto.
Celebrate the start of the Alliance Francaise French Film Festival 2015 with a screening of the moving and uplifting new film, THE BELIER FAMILY, starring much-loved French actors Francois Damiens and Karin Viard.
Ticket-holders are invited to attend the opening night* [45 minutes before the screening time]. You will be treated to a wonderful evening of French cinema, a generous offering of products from Gold Sponsor L'Oreal Paris, and a glass of complimentary wine from Official Wine Sponsor Clos Henri.
*Opening night screening is being held in Cinema 7 at Downtown Cinemas. Special ticket prices will apply.
CLICK HERE to purchase opening night tickets.
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Check out our fantastic new FREE App for your Apple or Android smart phones, available now for download.
Cinema Gold presents SENIORS MORNING TEA, sessions that provide an environment in which you can enjoy a movie with people of a discerning nature. We provide a complimentary Devonshire Tea with every ticket purchased.
Adults $15.00 Seniors $12.00
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Lyman Case Trimmer Pilot #37, 375 Caliber (375 Diameter)
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Many students work part-time during college, but few turn their part-time jobs into research experiments. One such study by a student-faculty duo at BHSU was recently published in the North American Journal of Psychology.
Read more...
Interested in learning how personality affects job satisfaction? Or, how about the geographical history of the Smooth Green Snake?
The answers to these and many other research questions can be found during the Black Hills State University 17th Annual BH Research Symposium (BHRS) this month.
Black Hills State University psychology major Kaitlin Schneider, who started her collegiate career while still a senior at Sturgis Brown High School, has spent the last several years involved in a variety of research projects, one which awarded her the top undergraduate oral presentation at this year's Black Hills Research Symposium (BHRS).While her time as a BHSU undergraduate will come to an end tomorrow, Schneider's career in academia is just beginning.
Four Black Hills State University students were recently honored for their outstanding research projects at the 16th Annual Black Hills Research Symposium.
Black Hills State University faculty, staff, and students are transforming lives and making headlines with their achievements. See what BHSU is in the news for lately. Email firstname.lastname@example.com or call 605.642.6215 to share your news item.
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The holiday season is almost over and we are getting ready to begin a new year. During Thanksgiving and Christmas, attitudes around the world change. People become more caring and loving than at any other time of the year. Churches and organizations give out food baskets and help those who are going through difficult times. However, when the season ends, most folks revert back to their regular routines until the holiday season comes along again. Unfortunately, many people remain in need all year long. Many will still be unemployed. Many will still be homeless. Many will still be struggling and ...
Don't forget to spend time with your children and don't let arguments ruin a good party.
I think one of the nicest things that the local fire departments do to bring in the spirit of Christmas is the annual visit of Santa Claus coming through the neighborhoods.
Everyone loves gifts and during the Christmas season, many of them are exchanged. People will go into debt to buy gifts for their children, families and friends. Often, caught up in the hype of gift-giving, we forget the real purpose of this holiday. We forget that this is a day that we have set aside to celebrate the birth of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, God's gift to the world.
"For God so loved the world that He gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life." - John 3:16
The members of St. Phillip's Episcopal Church believe year round in the spirit of giving, whether that means providing a meal to a homeless person or putting a shivering child in a jacket.
At this time of year a person gets used to traveling down certain roads and looking for Christmas lights. Some people consistently light up their homes or lawns with these beautiful displays. This year I have noticed that some such displays are missing – my guess is that it could be because of the economy.
When we stop to think of all the things God has given, it really is unbelievable. His generosity toward man is immeasurable.
Last week I asked you to take a Christmas quiz with me. I would not do that to you two weeks in a row. But I will ask you again, how much do you know about this season? And even more, how much do you need to know?
Evangelist Marie Butler of Jesup is not your typical preacher, but she has a wide audience.
I think about the love I have for my wife all the time, especially the feeling I have when I see her smile. The joy that comes over me when I am the source of that smile is overwhelming. Sometimes the hair on the back of my neck stands up when she walks into a room. It is easy to love someone this way, especially when you know that the love is reciprocal. I am sure there are some husbands who can identify with what I am saying.
How much do you know about Christmas? I would like for you to take a Christmas quiz with me today. Are you ready?
We all have ways of doing things. As human beings, created in the image of God and given the ability to make choices, sometimes we disagree. God gives us this license when it comes to earthly things.
The scripture tells us that "it is more blessed to give than to receive."
It is very easy during this time of the year to lose focus on what is important. With the pressure of society, family and friends, sometimes we find ourselves caught in a whirlwind of wants, requests and desires that blur the vision that was so clearly mapped out for us just a few months earlier.
People who are reminded of God take bigger risks because they feel God will see them through the dangers those risks create, according to research published in Psychological Science this week.
"MAXIMUS," by Richard L. Black, Shadow Mountain, $25.99, 464 pages (f)
What was a recent viral Internet phenomenon has rapidly became a powerful symbol in the fight against domestic abuse.
I love Anita's voice.


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This 1967 Pontiac GTO 2dr Hardtop Coupe features a 400c.i. V-8 8cyl Gasoline engine. It is equipped with a 3 Speed Automatic transmission. The... More
This an original HO motor vehicle restored to an all original condition. Original HO motor, carb, distributor etc., his/hers shifter TH400, rear-end. Only alteration is... More
1967 Pontiac GTO Convertible. V-8 389ci, Power Steering, Power Brakes, Power Antenna, Radial Tires, Hood Tach, Air Conditioning, AM/FM, Factory Radio, Seat Belts,... More
1967 Pontiac GTO Convertible Royal Bobcat. 400/335HP, Rare Royal Bobcat edition, Ram Air, Factory A/C, Power Steering, Power Brakes, Power Windows, Power antenna.... More
The Pontiac GTO is an American automobile built by Pontiac Division of General Motors from 1964 to 1974. It was a muscle car classic of the 1960s and 1970s. In early 1963, General... More
JUST IN, THIS 1967 PONTIAC GTO, THIS CAR IS A REAL GTO, ALL VIN NUMBERS FOR GTO'S BEGIN WITH A 242, WE ALSO HAVE... More
1967 Pontiac GTO. Body-off restoration. Original matching numbers drivetrain. YZ 400/360 HP HO engine. Factory air conditioning. Ceramic coated headers. New alternator, starter, and... More
1967 Pontiac GTO 2 Dr Hardtop. Original Matching Numbers 400 Cu In Engine, Factory 4-Speed, Bucket Seats, Console, Tach and Guages Package, Factory A/C,... More
To be sold at the Houston 2015 auction, Houston, TX, April 9-12, 2015. To consign a car or to register to bid, visit the... More
1967 Pontiac GTO Convertible, 400/335HP with PHS documentation, original owner's manual and Protect-O-Plates. Rarely does one find the opportunity to own one of only... More
RESTORED GTO, REAL NICE RED PAINT WITH BLACK FACTORY INTERIOR, NO ISSUES, HAS POWER STEERING AND POWER DISC BRAKES, NO RUST.PAINT 8/10 INTERIOR 9/10-RUNS... More
FOR SALE IS THIS PRESTINE 1967 PONTIAC GTO HARDTOP THAT INCLUDES 2 FRESH REBUILT MOTORS IN ORIGINAL COLORS There is a word for the... More
this may be the finest frame off restored 67 GTO convvertable in the country.PHS doc,and protect-o-plate # matchimg HO 400 eng.automatic with original Hurst dual... More
Just Toys Classic Cars is proud to present one of the nicest 1967 Pontiac GTO's that you are going to find in the market... More
'67 GTO Convertible, Loaded with options, Beautifully restored to show or drive, optional YZ coded Ram Air 400cid V8@360hp, optional HD Turbo 400 automatic... More
1967 PONTIAC GTO HARD TOP COUPE, Very nice, runs great, looks great on the road, garage kept for the last 8 years, Auto Trans,orig... More
Pontiac 1967 GTO convertible, manual transmission, triple black, black interior, 4-speed, 400 ci, new disc brakes, ps, Safe-T-Track 3.55 rear, PHS documented, excellent condition,... More
1967 Pontiac GTO, One of the BEST muscle cars of all time! This is a beautiful, straight GTO that is in excellent condition and... More
The Pontiac GTO was the brainchild of Pontiac engineer John Delorean and advertising executive Jim Wangers. Named by Delorean, it was inspired by the... More
Like the look of the GTO, but maybe a bone-stock restoration isn't quite what you had in mind? Are you a fan of performance... More
1967 Pontiac GTO 400 V-8 and a M21 4-speed transmission. An original GTO...not a clone. Super solid body with very nice paint. Undercarraige... More
This PHS documented code 242 GTO is 1 of 13,827 H.O. 360 horsepower 400 c.i.d V-8 models sold in 1967. It has a 4... More
PONTIAC: 1967 GTO convertible project, a/c, ps, pb, automatic, one-piece floor and trunk welded in, new GM tail panel welded in, quarters repaired, doors... More
Pontiac 1967 GTO convertible, laser straight, zero rust, PHS documented GTO in gorgeous red, all new correct black bucket seat/console interior, correctly detailed and... More


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New York City -- building construction
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Buildings -- New York (State) -- New York -- 1910-1919
Periodical illustrations
Harper's magazine.
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Mid-Manhattan Library / Picture Collection
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Excavations for the new municipal building.
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Video for the Young Man song "HANDS" that was distributed with the digital copy of their album BOY by French Kiss Records.
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Fargo man sentenced for Wolf Lake burglary
A Fargo man was sentenced to 33 months in prison last week for his role in breaking into the Wolf Lake Liquor Store back in March.
Nathaniel Paul Knutson, 27, of 602 2nd Ave., Fargo, pled guilty to one count of second degree burglary in Becker County District Court.
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San Francisco
Breaking: The Internet Is Off!
Many Popular Websites Unavailable.
Many popular websites are unavailable at the moment. CNet was temporarily unavailable. Craigslist, LiveJournal and Typepad are all currently unavailable. Ebay is reportedly slow. We're hearing that a large internet service provider in San Francisco has lost power, and taken down the websites with it. Netflix is also down due to an unrelated problem. Apparently […]


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Notes from the Manager
So tomorrow is Multiplex's two-year anniversary -- and #150 is just around the corner. It's due later this week, probably Thursday. Yay, Multiplex! As a birthday present, you could blog about the strip or otherwise tell your friends whom you think might dig it... ;)
The strip's come a long way since the early days. The art is a little more involved -- and, I think, better for it. Obviously the dramatic elements (as some people have noticed) which have been around all along have taken the spotlight more and more, particularly in this past year.
Anyway, thanks are due to Tom, Joe, Shayna, Jena, and -- of course -- Kurt for their help with the strip (in some form or another) over the past year. And, as always, thank you for reading.
THIS WEEK ON THE TRIPLE FEATURE TALKCAST: I'm not entirely sure what we're talking about on the show tonight, but I expect we'll do a little bit of talking about Multiplex, because of the anniversary. So if you've got any questions for me (like when the funny is coming back, or whatever) or you just want to hear me blather away about the strip for a little bit, call in or tune in live TONIGHT (6/11 at 9PM Central) or download the podcast!
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Leonard Nimoy (1931–2015)
Sunday, March 1, 2015
I was never a huge Star Trek fan, exactly. I love some of the early episodes, and I think Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan is one of the greatest
science fiction movies of all time. I enjoyed Star Trek III and IV, too, for what they were. I read a bunch of the DC Comics Star Trek stuff at that time, because my brother bought them. And I watched a bit of the Next Generation and then fell off the wagon. Kirk and Spock were my Star Trek, and the Star Trek 2–4 "era" was its peak for me, warts and all, because that's the "era" that really hooked me. And really, for me, it was all about Wrath of Khan.
In addition to playing Mr. Spock, of course, Leonard Nimoy did a lot of other things. He was on Mission: Impossible. He directed a few movies (Three Men and a Baby!). He was a photographer. He was the voice of Civilization IV. But one thing I really loved of his was Standby: Lights, Camera, Action, on Nickelodeon from 1982–1987, which provided a behind the scenes look at movies like Star Trek III, Return of the Jedi, 2010, and more. Nimoy hosted and occasionally interviewed guests like George Lucas. As a budding film nerd in the pre-Internet Dark Ages, behind the scenes specials like Standby: Lights, Camera, Action were hard to come by. I ate that show up.
Anyway, as you're undoubtedly aware by now, Leonard Nimoy passed away on the 27th. As cartoonists do when they're sad about these kinds of things, I drew a picture:
Other Recent Posts
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- Come see me at ComfyCon 2014!
- The Multiplex Store is now powered by Stripe!
- Shut Up Already T-shirt now available! Also, the books are on sale!
- Review: Coherence (2013)
- Multiplex Store shipping rates have been reduced!
- Trailer Watch: The Theory of Everything trailer
- Trailer Watch: Mad Max: Fury Road Comic-Con First Look trailer
- Trailer Watch: Gone Girl trailer #2


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Winnipeg Free Press - PRINT EDITION
How to use a young fortune
Mother seeks counsel for daughter who will get $20,000 at age 18
A big wad of cash and reasonable decisions can be mutually exclusive even for the most grounded individuals.
To a freshly minted adult, receiving thousands of dollars upon graduation is an intoxicating rush so powerful it's little wonder Nina, a single mother in her 50s, is concerned her daughter might spend an entire expected small fortune on unwise purchases.
"My 17-year-old daughter is in Grade 12 this year, and when she turns 18 in early 2013, a trustee will hand over $20,000 to her, a settlement from her father's death," she says.
Already, her daughter has received no shortage of advice from friends and family about what to do with the money.
"Some people are saying put it in the stock market," Nina says. "Others are saying buy a car because she'll never have all that cash at one time again."
Nina says she wants her daughter to take a balanced approach. She already has a $22,000 RESP to cover the cost of a college diploma program in computer science next year. As a result, Nina says she has suggested a portion of her daughter's trust money could be invested for the long-term future in an RRSP or TFSA.
Of course, some money could be used for short-term needs, such as buying a car. She could also take a once-in-a-lifetime vacation.
"She wants to go to Europe after graduation," Nina says. "I'm thinking she could use $2,000 and get a little help from Mom, too."
Although Nina says she understands it's her daughter's money and she trusts her to spend it wisely, a few ideas from experts wouldn't hurt.
"What makes sense?" Nina says. "What are some of the options for a young woman who is coming into a lot of money and she could just blow it all fairly quickly."
Two financial experts weighed in on Nina's daughter's options regarding her expected windfall.
Lyle Atkins is one of the few fee-only certified financial planners in Winnipeg, and Susan Misner is co-founder of Golden Girl Finance and co-author of It's Your Money, Honey: A girl's guide to savings, investing and building wealth at every age and life stage. She is also a former portfolio manager.
Both experts agree now is not the time for Nina's daughter to invest in an RRSP since she has no income and it's unlikely she'll be able to use the contributions to provide her with a tax refund in the next few years.
"The idea that you should contribute to an RRSP and delay using the deduction until there is taxable income is a total waste of time and money," says Atkins, with Independent Financial Counsellors.
Atkins and Misner say Nina's daughter should consider contributing $5,000 right off the hop when she turns 18 to a tax-free savings account (TFSA). Money inside the account grows tax-free and it's flexible. She also can use the money whenever she wants for whatever purpose.
The two advisers also say that, ideally, she should invest for the long term. That means investing in the stock market, which involves more risk than a savings account but also offers much more potential to grow her money over a decade or more. Stock market investing involves buying shares in companies. She would become an owner in those companies and, as such, she can be entitled to some of their profits -- dividend payments.
She also benefits from the growth in the companies' value.
The two experts differ on the type of stock market investment to best achieve long-term growth.
Atkins says the biggest bang for her buck would come from growth stocks, which have the best potential for long-term increases in value. A good example of a growth stock is Apple. In 1992, its stock was worth about $12. Today, it's worth more than $600 a share. That's a 5,000 per cent increase in value, so a $20,000 investment in Apple 20 years ago would be worth $1 million today.
Still, it's unlikely Nina's daughter would be lucky enough, even with the help of an adviser, to invest in the next big thing. Instead, she may want to invest in a mutual fund -- a managed portfolio of stocks -- with a good track record of annual increases in value. This would spread her money out, investing in many stocks, and it would reduce the risk of picking the wrong stock and losing a lot of money.
The basic take-home message is the tax-saving power of the TFSA combined with stock market investing shouldn't be overlooked.
Misner offers the following strategy to illustrate: Nina's daughter could invest $5,000 for three straight years in her TFSA -- $15,000 in total, then continue investing $250 a month until her late 30s.
"Earning a modest six per cent rate of return, her money will grow to over $165,000 in 20 years," she says. This strategy involves buying stock in a few blue-chip companies.
"These companies pay out profits in dividends and have a history of steady, long-term growth and a consistent track record of raising dividends," Misner says. "This will create growth, and she won't have to pay tax on any of the dividends or returns she accumulates within the TFSA."
It's also a fairly conservative strategy. Many blue-chip companies pay at least three per cent a year in dividends to shareholders, so the stock price only has to average a three per cent increase in value annually over a 20-year time frame.
Nina's daughter has several other options for her money, such as purchasing a car.
"Buying a car is not as foolish as one might think," Atkins says. "My marks at college went up significantly once I had a car."
However, she should think twice about using all the cash to buy a new car.
"A car is a depreciating asset that loses thousands of dollars in value the minute it's driven off the lot, whereas saving her money presents a great opportunity for growth," Misner says. "If she buys a new car, the money will simply be gone"
Instead, buying a used car is a better choice. She could set aside money for car repairs and insurance and she'd still have some money for a European trip and to invest for the future.
Nina's daughter also has time, so there's no need to rush into a decision, Atkins says.
She can invest the money in something safe and liquid, such as a high-interest savings account, until she's certain about her course of action. And she should approach her decision as an opportunity to learn about money and investing.
It's her money, so it's up to her to understand the options available, Misner adds.
"The key is to balance out the sweet things in life with a little self-control," she says.
Putting a little money toward short-term desires is fine, but Nina's daughter should try to see the big picture.
"In one scenario, $20,000 can be gone in no time and provide very little life value," she says. "In the other, it can be the foundation upon which she builds her own legacy of long-term financial success, one that may even extend to her own children some day."
Nina's daughter's financial situation:
Republished from the Winnipeg Free Press print edition October 27, 2012 B13
Updated on Saturday, October 27, 2012 at 8:52 AM CDT: adds fact box
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