text:
A drive-train control system is provided with an engine control system by which variables that influence the engine torque are controlled, a transmission control system by which a ratio of the transmission is controlled, and a map memory from which a set ratio of the transmission can be taken as a function of a torque demanded by the driver and of a variable linked to the vehicle speed, and the characteristics of which are defined in a vehicle-dependent manner taking into account the maximum possible torque.
1. In combination with a motor vehicle having an engine and an automatic transmission, a drive-train control system comprising:
an engine control system for controlling variables that influence an engine torque;
a transmission control system for controlling a ratio of the automatic transmission, said transmission control system connected to said engine control system; and
a map memory connected to said transmission control system and containing a shift map;
said transmission control system setting a desired ratio being taken from said shift map in dependence on a maximum possible engine torque, a torque demanded by a driver and a variable functionally linked to a speed of the motor vehicle.
2. The drive-train control system according to
3. The drive-train control system according to
4. The drive-train control system according to
5. The drive-train control system according to
6. The drive-train control system according to
7. The drive-train control system according to
This is a continuation of copending International Application PCT/DE99/01281, filed Apr. 30, 1999, which designated the United States.
The invention relates to a drive-train control system for a motor vehicle which an engine and automatic transmission.
A drive-train control system of this kind includes an engine and an engine control system, and is used to control variables that influence engine torque, e.g. an ignition point and fuel metered to the cylinders. It also includes an automatic transmission and a transmission control system, which is used to control shift operations of the automatic transmission. The transmission shift points used by the transmission control system are stored in one or more map memories (e.g. International Patent Disclosure WO 91/13780).
In almost all known automatic transmission control systems, the respective gear to be selected is chosen by shift characteristics, which are stored in a map memory in the form of a function of or dependence on the vehicle speed and the position of the accelerator pedal or of the throttle valve. In defining the shift characteristics, it is assumed that there is a fixed correlation between a particular position of the accelerator pedal or throttle valve and a particular operating point of the engine. This applies both to the torque output and to the fuel consumption incurred in the process.
However, this assumption leads to difficulties if the position of the accelerator pedal or of the throttle valve does not bear an unambiguous relationship to the engine torque. This is the case, for example, when an engine has different operating modes. In the case of direct gas injection, for example, the power or torque during lean-mixture operation is determined by way of the injection time, with the throttle valve being fully open. In the case of normal operation at λ=1, on the other hand, the power and torque are adjusted by the throttle valve angle. In the case of diesel engines, there is no throttle valve at all and, in this case, the torque is adjusted by the injection time alone. Another example of the absence of a correlation between the engine torque output and an operating parameter of the engine is the position of the accelerator pedal in the case of an electronically controlled throttle valve (ETC). With a throttle valve of this kind, it is possible to implement a large number of functions, in which a single position of the accelerator pedal leads to different engine torques depending on the operating state. At low vehicle speeds and a small deflection of the accelerator pedal, for instance, a lower sensitivity is specified in order to make maneuvering and parking easier. In the case of shift operations in the transmission too, the engine torque is modified independently of the position of the accelerator pedal in order to stabilize the wheel torque.
Another known drive-train control system of a motor vehicle with an engine and an automatic transmission (see Japanese Preliminary Published Patent Application JP 7-89373 together with Japanese Abstract) is provided with an engine control system, by which variables that influence the engine torque are controlled, with a transmission control system, by which the shift operations of the automatic transmission are controlled, and with a map memory, in which transmission shift points used by the transmission control system are stored as a function of the vehicle speed and the engine torque. The map memory does not exchange any information with the engine control system. In particular, the transmission control system does not receive any information on the maximum engine torque and the maximum available torque reserve. The map memory is supplied only with information from sensors or detectors for the engine torque and the vehicle speed. The above-mentioned cases lead to maladjusted shift behavior if the engine characteristics assumed for the definition of the shift characteristics, i.e. a predetermined constant engine behavior, change in reality.
It is accordingly an object of the invention to provide a drive-train control system of a motor vehicle which overcomes the above-mentioned disadvantages of the prior art devices of this general type, in which the engine behavior is separated from the shift characteristics, i.e. to allow definition of the shift characteristics for the transmission in a manner which is largely independent of the engine characteristics.
With the foregoing and other objects in view there is provided, in accordance with the invention, a combination of a motor vehicle having an engine and an automatic transmission, with a drive-train control system. The drive-train control system has an engine control system for controlling variables that influence an engine torque and a transmission control system for controlling a ratio of the automatic transmission, the transmission control system being connected to the engine control system. A map memory is connected to the transmission control system and contains a shift map having characteristics defined in a vehicle-dependent manner taking into account a maximum possible engine torque. The transmission control system selects the ratio to be set from the shift map in dependence on a torque demanded by a driver and on a variable functionally linked to a speed of the motor vehicle.
The drive-train control system of the motor vehicle having an engine and an automatic transmission is provided with an engine control system by which variables that influence the engine torque are controlled, with a transmission control system by which the ratio of the automatic transmission is controlled, and with a map memory. From the map memory a ratio to be set by the transmission control system can be taken in dependence on the torque demanded by the driver and, on a variable functionally linked to the vehicle speed, and the characteristics of which are defined in a vehicle-dependent manner taking into account the maximum possible torque.
Some advantages of the invention are that, in conjunction with the choice of gear, it allows typical parameters for the engine torque produced to be found on the basis of the shift characteristics defined in accordance with the invention. The engine characteristics can be transmitted with significant variables from the engine control system to the transmission control system in compressed form, i.e. with very few data, so as to decouple the two systems as far as possible. The shift characteristics are defined in a manner which is as independent as possible from the engine and do not contain a torque model of the engine.
The engine characteristics are concentrated at the interface between the transmission and the engine. Therefore, the shift characteristics can be defined to a large extent independently of the engine. This eliminates the need to adapt them individually to different types of engine. Given the large number of options for a vehicle that are available today and the expectation of even more in the future—the so-called single platform with different engine and transmission options—leads to a considerable reduction in the development work required for the drive-train control system. Moreover, the invention allows consistently torque-based control of the drive train, which will gain widespread acceptance with the increasing introduction of electronically controlled throttle valves and the so-called torque interface. The interface between the engine and the transmission can thus be defined in such a way that specific characteristics of the components will in each case only be present in the system concerned.
As mentioned, there are cases where an engine has different characteristics depending on the operating mode (e.g. in the case of direct gas injection). In the case of conventional transmission control systems, this leads to complicated solutions, leading in extreme cases to a doubling in the number of shift maps. In the case of adaptive transmission control systems, up to 10 different shift maps are required. This complexity is reduced in an effective manner by the invention.
The subjective impression of the driver, i.e. the impression that the driver gets of the behavior and performance capabilities of the drive train, is essentially determined by the torque reserve. In this context, the driver gets a feeling for how much power the vehicle still has to spare at any given time (before the maximum available power output is reached) for accelerating the vehicle or climbing a slope at a uniform speed, for example. The invention is particularly advantageous because the subjective impression of the driver can be transferred to different vehicles with different engine options without any outlay.
Moreover, special operating modes of the engine (e.g. a decidedly economical mode), which result in special engine characteristics, can be readily taken into account. If a reduced maximum engine torque is available, the downshifts take place earlier without the need for a special set of characteristics for this purpose.
In accordance with an added feature of the invention, the shift map contains the ratio of the automatic transmission as a function of available torque reserve and an output speed of the automatic transmission.
In accordance with an additional feature of the invention, the shift map contains the ratio of the automatic transmission as a function of available torque reserve and the speed of the vehicle.
In accordance with another feature of the invention, the shift map contains shift points in a form of a function of a torque reserve available at a driven wheel and engine speed.
In accordance with a further feature of the invention, the shift map contains shift points as a function of a normalized engine torque.
In accordance with another added feature of the invention, the normalized engine torque is defined as a quotient of a current engine torque and the maximum possible engine torque.
In accordance with concomitant feature of the invention, the shift map is one of a plurality of shift maps containing the ratio of the automatic transmission, and an adaptation circuit is connected to the map memory. The adaptation circuit chooses one of the shift maps as a function of a driving state to determine the ratio.
Other features which are considered as characteristic for the invention are set forth in the appended claims.
Although the invention is illustrated and described herein as embodied in a drive-train control system of a motor vehicle, it is nevertheless not intended to be limited to the details shown, since various modifications and structural changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and within the scope and range of equivalents of the claims.
The construction and method of operation of the invention, however, together with additional objects and advantages thereof will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a simplified shift map for illustrating the invention of the instant application;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a drive train of a motor vehicle with a drive-train control system according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the drive-train control system;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a shift-point determination circuit of the drive-train control system shown in FIG. 3;
FIGS. 5 to 9 are graphs showing exemplary embodiments of characteristics for the drive-train control system shown in FIG. 3; and
FIG. 10 is a flow chart of a program executed in the drive-train control system shown in FIGS. 3 and 6.
In all the figures of the drawing, sub-features and integral parts that correspond to one another bear the same reference symbol in each case. To make the illustration clearer and the explanation simpler, just two shift characteristics of an engine map KF are illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 shows a shift characteristic E for an economical, fuel-saving driving mode and a characteristic S for a performance-oriented, sporty driving mode. An engine torque or a desired engine torque Mmot,desired demanded by the driver, which the engine can provide with a certain delay, is plotted on the ordinate of the map. An engine speed Nmot is plotted on the abscissa of the diagram. The characteristics E and S define the shift points for the economy and sports shift programs, respectively. The shift points are generally based on the vehicle speed Vvehicle,x but, because of the proportionality between the vehicle speed and the engine speed (given a constant transmission ratio), they can be transferred to the engine map. A full-load characteristic VL-KL indicates the respective maximum engine torque.
An upshift is triggered when the shift characteristic is exceeded from right to left. From the drawing, it can be seen that a driving strategy or driving mode that minimizes fuel consumption leads to a shift operation at lower engine speeds or vehicle speeds than a sporty driving mode. As a result, the engine-operating point in this case is very close to the operating range for optimum consumption, which is indicated in a highly simplified form in the drawing by its center Z.
At the vehicle speed or the engine speed Nmot1, the maximum torque reserve in the case of an economical driving strategy is
If the performance-optimized shift program of the transmission control system is active, on the other hand, the torque reserve is
M Res =M mot,max −M driver,desired,min =a+b. (II)
This torque reserve is larger in a given gear than that in the case of an economical driving strategy. It is apparent that there is an improved acceleration capability since, no up-shift takes place in zone b of the engine map KF in the case of a performance-oriented shift program and, more engine torque can be brought into play.
The torque reserve is one of the main criteria for the configuration of shift maps in accordance with the invention. In more fuel economy oriented applications, it will be smaller whereas, in performance-oriented shift programs, it will be larger since, in this case, the upshift takes place only "later", i.e. at a higher engine torque and a higher engine speed. In the case of shift programs configured for climbing hills too, the shift will take place only at a higher engine and output speed in order to avoid hunting. An adaptive transmission control system is capable of making a choice between the various shift programs automatically without the intervention of the driver (see European Patent EP 0 576 703 B2).
The torque reserve is a factor which, given a knowledge of the maximum possible instantaneous engine torque Mmot,max—which is dependent on the engine speed or engine condition—now depends only on the driving situation and hence on the selected shift map and on the engine torque Mdriver,desired (t) demanded by the driver. The definition of the shift map is thus now only vehicle-dependent.
The variable referred to as the torque reserve, which is calculated or taken from the shift map, has a physical dimension, making it easier to incorporate into a consideration of the overall drive train, unlike known drive-train control systems, which evaluate the position of the accelerator pedal directly.
A schematically illustrated drive train 1 (FIG. 2) of a motor vehicle includes: an engine 2 with an electronic engine control system 4, which can also act as a traction control system ETC, an automatic transmission 5 with a torque converter 6 and an electronic transmission control system 7. The drive system for the wheels is indicated by a universally jointed shaft 8 and a driven wheel 9, while the exhaust system is indicated by a catalytic converter 10 and a muffler 11. The driver uses an accelerator pedal 12 to indicate his requirements to the engine control system 4, which for its part controls the engine accordingly. This is indicated by a signal line 14, which adjusts a throttle valve 15. The control of the injection point and the quantity of fuel injected into the engine 2 are not illustrated since these are likewise universally familiar.
The transmission control system 7 controls a lock-up clutch 17 for the torque converter 6 via a signal line 16 and controls the ratio of the transmission 5 via a signal line 18. The engine control system 4 and the transmission control system 7 are connected to one another by bidirectional signal and control lines 20, in the form of a data bus for example, and, via these data lines, exchange information required for smooth and economical operation of the motor vehicle.
A schematically illustrated drive-train control system 21 (FIG. 3) of the motor vehicle contains an electronic engine control system (abbreviated to EMS) 22 and an electronic transmission control system (EGS) 23, which communicate with one another via a schematically indicated interface 24, exchanging data on operating variables of the motor vehicle and control signals, in particular in the form of physical describing variables.
The engine control system 22 receives signals from the accelerator pedal 12 via a line 26 and has three control signal outputs: a signal output 28 for the throttle valve, a signal output 29 for the fuel injection system and a signal output 30 for controlling the ignition angle of the motor-vehicle engine. The signal output 28 is used to control an electric motor 32 that actuates the throttle valve 15 of the motor vehicle. The signal outputs 29 and 30 are used to control actuators 33 and 34 (embodied as piezoelectric or inductive actuators for example), which adjust the quantity of fuel to be injected and the ignition angle of the engine 2. The transmission control system 23 has the following components: a shift-point determination circuit 36, which receives data explained below, e.g. data on engine torque values, and from the engine control system 22 via lines 38 to 40. Via a line 41, it receives information on the desired engine torque Mmot,desired specified by the driver of the motor vehicle. Via a line 42, the shift-point determination circuit 36 receives the respective output speed of the transmission Nab, which corresponds to the wheel speed and hence—for a given transmission ratio—the speed of the motor vehicle Vveh,x. Via a branching signal line 43, 44, the shift-point determination circuit 36 sends a shift command to a shift-sequence controller 46 and to a decision circuit 47. The lines 38 to 41, where present, are elements of the interface 24.
The shift-sequence controller 46 and the decision circuit 47 are connected by respective lines 48 and 49 to respective inputs of an adder or summing point 50. By the line 48, the adder 50 and a line 52 leading to the engine control system 22, the shift-sequence controller 46 communicates the amplitude or intensity of adjustment of the engine torque and information on its variation with respect to time. The adder 50 can also be contained in the engine control system 2. Within the drive-train control system 21, the flow of signals and control information is as follows: the information on the engine torque Mdriver,desired (t) demanded by the driver of the motor vehicle and information on the minimum engine torque Mmot,min (t) and maximum engine torque Mmot,max (t) at the instantaneous engine speed are transmitted from the engine control system 22 to the transmission control system 23 via line 41 and via lines 40 and 39 respectively. The information Mmot,max (t) can take account of all losses, including other torque consumers downstream of the crankshaft—such as an air-conditioning system, power steering etc.—in order to express the true maximum possible transmission input torque Man,max.
The actual engine torque available is transmitted from the engine control system 22 to the transmission control system 23 via the line 38. Here too, any possible torque loads on the engine 2 can be taken into account by being subtracted from the engine torque produced.
In the shift-point determination circuit 36, the required shift point for the transmission is determined using the above-mentioned data. The shift point is determined or the gear selected adaptively by selection of a suitable map in accordance with the driving style of the respective driver and the driving state of the motor vehicle or, alternatively, by appropriate modification of a basic map. The engine torque can be influenced outside the circuit by the decision circuit 47. The shift-sequence controller 46 controls the gear change itself and, for this purpose, it can also influence the engine torque during the shift operation. The control signals produced by the decision circuit 47 and the shift-sequence controller 46 are fed via the lines 48 and 49 to the adder 50 and are there combined to give an intervention signal, which is transmitted to the engine control system 22 via the line 52.
The shift-point determination circuit 36 (FIG. 4) contains an adaptation circuit 60 and a map memory 53, in which a plurality of shift maps are stored. The map memory 53 is configured as a shift map memory and contains the shift points of the transmission—or, in the case of a continuously variable transmission (CVT): a set ratio—in the form of a dependence on or function of the engine torque and the engine speed. (Details of this will be explained with reference to FIGS. 5 to 9.)
The adaptation-circuit 60 selects a shift map from the map memory 53 via a line 54 or, alternatively, adjusts individual shift characteristics. An adjustment of the shift characteristics to the right (see FIG. 1), i.e. toward higher shift speeds, results in a larger torque reserve. The signals transmitted via lines 39 to 41 (which have been explained with reference to FIG. 3) influence the shift operation as already explained. The target gear, i.e. the gear to be selected by the transmission—or, in more general terms, the transmission ratio i to be set—is output via the lines 43, 44.
There are several possibilities for defining the coordinate axes of a shift map containing the shift points in the form of shift characteristics.
The ordinate represents the engine torque Mdriver,desire demanded by the driver (FIG. 5). The vehicle speed Vvehicle,x, which corresponds to the output speed Nab of the transmission, is plotted on the abscissa. An up-shift characteristic HS and a downshift characteristic RS are illustrated.
It is assumed that the engine 2 is capable of delivering the engine torque Mdriver,desired demanded by the driver. In this case, the configuration of the shift characteristics must also include the maximum possible engine torque since it is not used as an updated parameter by the engine control system 22.
Another possibility is to normalize the current engine torque by dividing it by the maximum possible engine torque and to use the dimensionless quotient formed as the ordinate of the map (FIG. 6):
This representation allows a more far-reaching generalization since it is not necessary to incorporate the maximum possible engine torque in the configuration of the shift characteristics; instead, it is supplied as an updated parameter by the engine control system 22.
At the engine, the torque reserve (see FIG. 1) can be transferred in such a way to the shift map thus formed that a shift point is defined by the vehicle speed and the quotient Kres,inv, which represents the ratio of the current engine torque to the maximum possible engine torque. In other words, if more than 50% of the maximum possible engine torque is demanded, for example, a downshift is defined at a vehicle speed x. This makes possible a generalization of the shift behavior thus defined, making it suitable for several different engines, namely providing a shift behavior that the driver will find equivalent since the drivability reserves will be relatively equal in the same gear.
Another variant is to represent the shift characteristics as a function of the vehicle speed and the torque reserve (FIG. 7). Calculation is performed in the shift-point determination element 25:
The required data are continuously updated by the engine control system 2.
FIG. 7 shows the shift characteristics in the accustomed form but, for this purpose, the torque reserve Mres must be scaled in an unconventional manner since, with the maximum reserve torque, for example, there is no torque demand from the driver and it is therefore zero. Such a representation has the advantage of being independent of the engine since the maximum torque reserve does not have to be known and the shift characteristics are transferable. In the case of an engine with a larger maximum torque, the ordinate and hence also the shift characteristic are extended downward to a value Mres2, permitting suitable interpolation methods for determining the shift speed. Downshifts then take place in the case of a higher engine torque demand Mdriver,desired (t).
FIG. 8 represents the same state of affairs as FIG. 7 but with reverse scaling of the reserve torque.
As with the definition of the shift characteristics in accordance with FIGS. 7 and 8, the shift characteristics (or: shift curves) can also be defined as a function of the vehicle speed Vvehicle,x and the reserve torque Mwheel,res at a driven wheel (FIG. 9), the wheel torque being concentrated computationally on one wheel:
where i is the transmission ratio determined mechanically by the gear selected (corresponding to the target gear in FIG. 6). This solution (FIG. 9) is suitable particularly for systems with coordinated drive-train management (also referred to as IPM), which interpret the position of the accelerator pedal as the set wheel torque. Because of the multiplication of the engine torque by the transmission ratio, the shift characteristics are of different lengths along the ordinate in FIG. 9.
To define the transmission ratio or the target gear, which amounts to the same thing, the following program is executed in the drive-train control system (FIG. 10).
After starting, a limiting rotational speed is calculated in a step S1 from the ordinate value of the upshift characteristic HS stored in the map. This calculation applies to all the alternatives shown in FIGS. 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9 and is accordingly torque-based. The up-shift characteristics and downshift characteristics RS are calculated in a similar manner.
In step S2, the limiting rotational speed Vxx,HS is compared with the respective current vehicle speed Vxx. If Vxx>Vxx,HS, the target gear is increased in a step S3. Otherwise, a limiting downshift rotational speed Vxx,RS is calculated in a step S4 from the downshift characteristic RS. In a step S5, these two values are compared with one another.
If Vxx>Vxx,RS, the target gear is reduced by one in a step S6. Otherwise, the target gear is retained.
The program run has then reached its end.
The flow diagram in FIG. 10 shows that the target gear output by the shift-point determination circuit 36 is retained unless a shift characteristic is exceeded. If the transmission control system 23 carries out an adaptive adjustment of the shift behavior to the driving style of the driver or to the driving situation, the shift characteristic of the respectively active shift map (e.g. for sporty or economical driving, for uphill travel, for high-speed motorway travel etc.) is used for the shift-point determination carried out in accordance with FIG. 10.
Patent Citations
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text:
We'd like to encourage customers to brew any of our coffees using any brewing method!
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
A friend of mine actually designed a new character for me and gave him the name Arco. I liked it a lot but due to somebody else also having the name, I had to put x before and after it -> xArcox
2. What fandom were you obsessed with when you joined and what are you into now?
Legend of Aang, Legend of Korra... so cool!
3. How many watchers do you have now?
4. Name 3 of your favorite artists on DA.
Arven AlviaAlcedo and DruidTeeth
6. Do you participate in clubs' contests here on dA?
7. What is your most popular submission?
My portal pose resized.. xD -
8. What are your favorite non-anime TV shows?
Legend of Korra.. NCIS, NCIS Los Angeles
9. What are the things you wish you could draw better?
10. Summer or winter?
11. Rain or Sun?
It depends. I like rain, but not when I'm cycling to college whilst carrying a camera and artwork..
12. What's your favourite type of music?
13. PC or Mac
14. Anime or Manga?
15. Coke or Pepsi?
16. Read or TV?
17. How many hours a day do you spend on dA?
I don't spend spend time on it. I stay logged in through the day and refresh the page whenever I have nothing to do
19. Flash or traditional cartoons?
Traditional Cartoons
20. What is your favorite fast food restaurant?
21. What are your top 3 favorite books?(not mangas)
Wolf Brother
Percy Jackson
Dragon Orb
22. Wii or PlayStation?
23. Name 3 of your favorite bands/singers.
I really don't have any
24. Are you a fast, slow, or medium typer?
25. Do you like Denny's?
26. What is your favorite smiley?
x) or :] or :]]
27. What is your favorite type of pie?
yuck D:
28. Have you ever stayed up for 24 hours?
And more
29. Do you go on dA a lot?
30. Are you a member on any other sites besides DA?
I am Arco (and Shadowdrop if account hasn't been deactivated) On Chatlands
31. Do you cosplay?
I wish
32. Fruits or sweets?
Hmmmmm depends..
33. Buttered, plain, or salted popcorn?
34. Have you skipped school?
35. Have you been on a plane?
36. Have you swam in an ocean?
37. Have you been ice skating?
38. Favorite vacation spot?
39. Ever been on TV?
On the newwwss
40. Favorite salad and dressing?
uh Salad and olive oil?
41. What do you do to relax?
Game, draw
42. What is the last film you saw in the theater?
Mocking Jay
43. Favorite Sandwich?
Chicken and salad with melted cheese and olive oil
44. If you could go anywhere in the world…
Anywhere as long as it is with a certain someone<3
45. Favorite time of the day?
46. What did you want to be when you were little?
A mermaid (don't laugh)
47. What do you want to be now?
an Animator
48. If you could eat with one person, who would it be?
If possible, Princess Diana..
49. What character would you hate to be stuck in a room with?
uhh not actually sure. Every character made is designed to be interesting in some way
50. When is your birthday?
April 24th
51. Favourite type of ice cream?
I don't like ice cream..
52. Last book you read?
Percy Jackson Set; Heroes of Olympus - the most recent one
53. Which store would you max out a credit card at?
the range xD
54. Do you buy / sell / both on eBay.
Buy. hopefully both soon
55. What is the most annoying thing people ask you?
Can you help me? (Yeah sure, if you are there for when I need help and don't take me for granted EVERY SINGLE DAY!)
56. Favourite all time movie?
Avatar (David Cameron's)
57. What was your favourite show when you were a kid?
Teen Titans
58. What are you listening to right now?
59. What is the last thing you ate?
60. If you were a crayon what color would you be?
61. What is the first thing you notice about another person?
62. Favorite sport to play?
63. Favorite Day of the Year?
Halloween (Love carving pumpkins!)
64. Hugs or Kisses?
65. Vanilla or Chocolate?
66. Favorite Board Game?
Haunted House
67. Favorite smells?
68. What inspires you?
69. Do you have any piercings?
Ears pierced.
70. How many siblings do you have?
71. Bacon Bits or Croutons?
Bacon bits (idk what Croutons are)
72. Favorite Day of the Week?
73. Favorite quote?
I have none.. but I have one I made myself that I like ^^ She's the rose, he's the thorn. He'll prick anybody who holds her
74. Favorite Restaurant?
Winnick Quay
75. Favorite animal?
Wolf, or snow leopard
76. Favorite thing to do outside?
Climb trees
77. Favorite thing to do when it's raining?
Play games
78. Favorite Disney character?
79. Do you like coffee? If so, what is your favorite brand?
80. Tag 6 people.


text:
The Clean Cut: Disney World surprise gone wrong
A mom and dad decided it would be fun to pack their car and start driving to Florida before they even told their kids where they were going.
Shown in a YouTube video posted July 1, the parents then gave their kids a backpack full of clues to let them know they were heading to Disney World. What they didn't expect was for their youngest child to begin sobbing.
The video quickly ends, but the YouTube description explains that after some consoling, the little boy changed his tune.
"After it is all said and done, my son had a great time and is asking to go back!" the video description stated.
Other parents have also filmed their children's reactions to surprise Disney trips. A 2011 video showing a girl named Lily who was overcome with emotion after learning she was going to Disneyland has nearly 16 million views.
The Clean Cut is a daily feature that highlights family-friendly videos.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com | Twitter: @Sarah_DNews
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- Linda & Richard Eyre: Baby boomers,... 6
- Joseph Cramer, M.D.: We pay a price... 5
- What parents can do at home to prepare... 3
- What accounts for the cinematic... 3


text:
Syntrophic interactions among anode respiring bacteria (ARB) and Non-ARB in a biofilm anode: electron balances
Article first published online: 15 JAN 2009
DOI: 10.1002/bit.22267
Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biotechnology and Bioengineering
Volume 103, Issue 3, pages 513–523, 15 June 2009
Additional Information
How to Cite
Parameswaran, P., Torres, C. I., Lee, H.-S., Krajmalnik-Brown, R. and Rittmann, B. E. (2009), Syntrophic interactions among anode respiring bacteria (ARB) and Non-ARB in a biofilm anode: electron balances. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 103: 513–523. doi: 10.1002/bit.22267
Publication History
- Issue published online: 22 APR 2009
- Article first published online: 15 JAN 2009
- Accepted manuscript online: 15 JAN 2009 12:00AM EST
- Manuscript Accepted: 8 JAN 2009
- Manuscript Revised: 2 JAN 2009
- Manuscript Received: 6 NOV 2008
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Click Now for Some Brand New Tackle and Tactic Updates!!!!Improve Your Fishing -Read New Tips Now!
Joey Nania and Partner Will Butler Top 40 Finish in Packed Field, Alabama Bass Trail North #1: 40th Place and a Paycheck
Date: 03-01-2015
Let's Meet at the Bassmaster Classic Outdoors Expo in Greenville, SC this weekend!!!
Date: 02-18-2015
Joey Nania at Bass Pro Shops Atlanta (Lawrenceville) Spring Fishing Classic this Weekend! Come on Out!
Date: 02-07-2015


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Volunteers braved Saturday's heat and engaged the community, empowering voters
Successful Voter Registration drives were attended this past Saturday by volunteers across AZ as part of a National Day of Action. The s
Successful Voter Registration drives were attended this past Saturday by volunteers across AZ as part of a National Day of Action. The s
On Saturday, Summer Organizers and volunteers across the state registered voters and asked people if they are IN for 2012. The response
Caitlin and the Fort Collins team get ready for Saturday's day of action. It is a great feeling to realize that when we call volunteers,
Throughout June and July, summer organizers across the country are hard at work calling supporters, holding one-on-one meetings, and can
Muchas gracias Nuevo México! We got 100's of new voters yesterday. But there is more to do! #Obama2012 #VoteReg11
Jackson County Summer Organizer, Jackie D. joined our campaign this summer because she wants to make a difference and do her part to cha
Highlights from the blog this week: President Obama is inviting four supporters to sit down to dinner with him—and one of them could be
This Father's Day, First Lady Michelle Obama shares the story of Alex, a summer organizer in Seattle and a dad with four young kids. In
In St. Louis' first Grassroots Planning Session this past Wednesday a great group of volunteers came together to discuss and plan how th
"The only people between winning and losing are all of you"—Jim Messina #Obama2012 Campaign Manager to our #SumOrg11
Starting today, you'll notice something new about President Obama's Facebook page and his Twitter account, @BarackObama. Obama for Ameri
Have you replied to your invitation from President Obama for the chance to join him for dinner? Thousands of folks all over the country
My name is Jeremy and I'm a student at Delta College. I was born in Saginaw, raised in Midland, and now live in Bay City. I come from a
Pontiac- Building a grassroots foundation for Obama 2012 happening all across Michigan by organizers of all different types. Some, like
I was born and raised a Democrat. At the age of five, I worked on my first campaign and went door to door handing out flyers for Lynn Ri
President Obama is honoring June as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Pride Month. Why June? The month was chosen to commemorate t
As an intern during the 2008 election cycle, I learned a great deal about the ability to educate and persuade. My work consisted of call


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Tablet. Hotels for Global Nomads
Travel Better.
Mandarin Oriental Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur City Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Neighborhood: Golden Triangle and KLCC
Check availability as rates may vary for dates. Best rate guaranteed.
We love to root for the underdog as much as anyone, and we delight in exposing small independent hotels to a wider audience. But like the mainstream pop radio hit that, despite yourself, you just can't stop humming, sometimes the big hotel chains get it exactly right.
The fact is, you haven't known proper service until you've stayed in a Far East megahotel like the Mandarin in Kuala Lumpur, where sheer expertise and hospitality overkill trump any desire for the idiosyncratic charms of a boutique hotel. Start with the location, in the shadow of the 88-story Petronas Twin Towers, and connected to the KLCC shopping center, with views of the city center park. To that add the sheer extravagance of the humblest doubles, not to mention the almost unspeakable luxury of the Mandarin Oriental Club floors, and throw in a dash of some of the most devoted service in any hotel we've ever seen, and you've got a recipe for success.
No fewer than five restaurants grace the property itself, from Cantonese to sushi to Continental cuisine, and leisure facilities include almost anything you've ever seen in a hotel, from a full-service spa and outdoor pool to tennis and squash courts. Business facilities, of course, are world-class, and you can't fault the location, for business or pleasure—even the Petronas Towers have a concert hall on-site, home to the Kuala Lumpur Philharmonic.
Please note: The Mandarin will undergo extensive renovations in 2015, necessitating the closure of certain facilities as noted below.
Apartments on Levels 4 through 8 will be closed and under construction from 10 am to 6 pm, Monday through Saturday, from April 1 through September 30. Half of the Club Floor rooms will be closed and under construction according to the same schedule from October 1 until the end of the year.
Level 2 function rooms as well as Level 3 spa, fitness, pool, restaurant, and recreation areas will be closed and under construction from 10 am to 6 pm, Monday through Saturday, beginning January 2; Level 2 facilities are scheduled to reopen on March 31 and Level 3 facilities are scheduled to reopen on June 1. The alternative gym may be found on Level P3 and the alternative spa and beauty salon may be found on Level 25. Indoor Golf facilities will operate as normal throughout renovation. Consult with the concierge to arrange alternative pool access at designated hotels nearby.
- 643 Rooms
- Style: Contemporary Classic
- Atmosphere: Lively
- 23 Guest Reviews
- Mandarin Oriental Kuala Lumpur
- Kuala Lumpur City Centre
- Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Neighborhood: Golden Triangle and KLCC
Hotel amenities and services
- 24 hour concierge
- 24 hour front desk
- 24 hour gym
- Bar
- Beauty salon
- Business center
- Central air conditioning
- Free parking
- Lounge
- Luggage storage
- Multi-lingual staff
- No pets allowed
- Outdoor swimming pool
- Restaurant
- Room service
- Sauna
- Spa
- Spa treatments (on request)
- Wi-fi (charges apply)
- Yoga
Other Kuala Lumpur hotels
23 Guest Reviews
All reviews are from Tablet guests with verified stays.
- Frederic
- Stayed March 2015
- Rating: Good
What I liked:
Great location in KLCC
What the hotel could do better:
Nothing, had a wonderful stay!
- Ben
- Stayed February 2012
- Rating: Good
What I liked:
Wonderful location.
What the hotel could do better:
Nothing, had a wonderful stay!
- Sabrina
- Stayed October 2011
- Rating: Fair
What I liked:
Great location for shopping and sightseeing.
What the hotel could do better:
Nothing, had a wonderful stay!


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Video: Naked man climbs fire truck, suspected in shooting
Firefighters found the man hanging off their trucks ladder performing lewd acts
By PoliceOne Staff
PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY, Md. — A man found naked at the end of a fire truck ladder on Wednesday is now believed to be connected to a shooting.
WJLA reported that the man, Mohamed Bah, is believed to have shot and wounded a man in Prince George's County.
After the shooting, Bah was found at a grocery store where firefighters were stopping for food, according to the report. As they were leaving, they found Bah naked on the end of their ladder shouting threats and performing lewd acts, according to the report.
Bah eventually came down to talk to the police, who subdued him with an ECD, and he was later taken to a nearby hospital, according to the report.
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Vincent, Dickson, and Daniel explain how trypanolytic factor forms membrane channels to lyse trypanosomes, and present a new case study.
Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Read More
Vincent, Dickson, and Daniel consider the delivery of anti-trypanosome nanobodies to the tsetse fly via a bacterial symbiont, and present a new case study.
Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Read More
The TWiV team consults an epidemiologist to forecast the future scope of the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa.
Hosts: Vincent Racaniello, Read More
Amy Apprill is a researcher of Marine Microbiology. Her work focuses on the relation of Bacteria and Archaea to the health and ecology of marine animals. Her interest is on how animal associated microbes reflect the alterations in the surrounding marine environment that may be related to climate... Read More
The time before the symptoms of a viral infection appear is called the incubation period. During this time, viral genomes are replicating and the host is responding, producing cytokines such as interferon that can have global effects, leading to the classical symptoms of an acute infection (e.g.... Read More
Mr. Sikandar K Sherwani, chairman of Microbiology Association of Pakistan (MAP).
He is a Lecturer of Microbiology (Sp. Immunology & Infectious Diseases) at the Department of Microbiology in Federal Urdu University for Arts, Science & Technology (FUUAST). He is also a research scholar at Immunol... Read More
Over the past few decades there appears to have been a never-ending stream of emerging diseases from AIDS to SARS and now MERS. Predictions are that global warming will bring... Read More
On his second trip to Brazil, Vincent joins Eurico to speak with four young virologists, Gustavo, Cintia, Tatiana, and Suellen, about their work and their prospects for careers in science.
Host: Read More
This episode: Gut microbes may induce an immune response that protects against malaria!
(10.2 MB, 11.2 minutes)
Vincent and Alan meet up with Julie and Paul at the General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology in Boston, to talk about their work on the pathogenesis of poliovirus and measles virus.
In February 2014 I wrote about children in California who developed a poliomyelitis-like paralysis, also called acute flaccid paralysis or AFP. However, the cause of this paralysis was not known. The CDC has released its study of these cases and concludes "The etiology of AFP with anterior myeli... Read More
Hosts: Vincent Racaniello
Guests: Rollie Clem and Lorena Passarelli
{audio... Read More
The Liberian man who was diagnosed with Ebola virus infection after traveling to Dallas, Texas, was treated with an antiviral drug called brincidofovir. This drug had originally been developed to treat infections with DNA-containing viruses. Why was it used to treat an Ebola virus infection? Read More
We must change how antibiotics are used and adopt proactive strategies, similar to those used to save endangered species. Preservation of the efficacy of antibiotics and to stabilization of antibiotic-susceptible bacterial ecosystems should be global goals.
We urge all of you to participate i... Read More
Allan writes:
Dear Vincent, Dickson and Daniel,
I like your idea of a TWIP coffee mug prize (or maybe a mug discount).
In this second case study you presented, the present symptoms are pretty vague, but his history is interesting. Also since with ... Read More
The polio eradication and endgame strategic plan announced by the World Health Organization in 2014 includes at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV). Since 1988, when WHO announced the polio eradication plan, it had relied exclusively on the use of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV)... Read More
In a recent New York Times OpEd entitled What We're Afraid to Say About Ebola, Michaeal Osterholm wonders whether Ebola virus could go airborne:
You can now get Ebola only through direct contact with bodily fluids. If certain mutations occurred, it would mean that just breathing would put one... Read More


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Best TV Shows on This Summer
What Summer TV Show Excites You Most?
Like us on Facebook
While it might be hard to say goodbye to so many great TV shows as finale after finale airs, never fear! You and your couch can still get cozy in the coming months, as lots of great Summer series are returning and premiering this year. So tell me: which Summer show are you most excited to watch?
Read More 2009 SummerSummer TVSummerBuzz PollTV
rntinsley 5 years
I have two that I love equally. Dexter & Californication!!!
lala788 5 years
i can't wait for True Blood to retrun :)
pamerla 5 years
Definitely True Blood! I love the book series and I've gotten hooked on the show.
lizzys126 5 years
lizzys126 5 years
5 years
My primary two were not on your list: Leverage and Entourage. Although I am interested in seeing Burn Notice, once I get through the season 1 DVD's and Season 2 as well.
telane 5 years
Mad Men, TrueBlood, Weeds, and Eureka!
Symphonee 5 years
SYTYCD, True Blood, Pysch, and ABDC
ilanac13 5 years
it's actually a really close fight between the bachelorette and So you think you can dance. both shows are FAVS of mine - and i can't bear to miss even one episode of either.
5 years
im SOOOOO geeked for mad men, true blood, and weeds.. and big brother is also a guilty pleasure of mine.. it so weird how it seems the best, most creative shows come on in the summer time..
SexyNeverLeft78 5 years
SYTYCD, True Blood, Burn Notice, the Bachelorette and BIG BROTHER! (how can you forget BB, Buzz? I'm hurt lmao)
eveday 5 years
eveday 5 years
meeloboulanger 5 years
heck yah i can't wait for true blood season two!!!!! soooo addictive!!!!
CocoChic 5 years
I can't wait for Mad Men to start back up. I'm in need of some Don Draper!
clew001 5 years
weeds and mad men!
Link Love
- The Veep actress is in talks for a new version of the Swedish film — Vulture
- Kendrick Lamar's album made a mark on history — HuffPost Entertainment
- This Marvel character will not be appearing in the new Avengers movie — Hitfix
- That time Sarah Jessica Parker forgot Sex and the City existed — Moviefone
- The 6 most unintentionally creepy sitcom characters — Cracked
- If you love Downton Abbey, you need to watch Call the Midwife — BuddyTV
- 25 valuable lessons you learn while watching TVD — The Vampire Diaries
- Watch the trailer for Blunt Talk, starring Patrick Stewart — Splitsider
- Inside Vin Diesel's emotional interview about Paul Walker — POPSUGAR Celebrity & News


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Institute for the Study of Culture & Society
Welcome to ICS! We are an interdisciplinary research institute that promotes the production and dissemination of original work in traditional disciplines within the humanities, arts, and social sciences; in established interdisciplines; and in newly emerging fields of inquiry. We hope you will join us at one of our lectures, conferences, or seminars/workshops that take place throughout the academic year.
Congratulations to the 2015 -2016 ICS Scholars and Artists in Residence (Faculty Fellows)
David Bixler - Music - The Hughes Project
Montana Miller - Popular Culture - Blue Skies, Black Death: Belief and Ritual in Skydivers' Relationships with Mortality
Rebecca Skinner Green - Art - Forging the Path: Foundational Contemporary Artists in Trinidad and Tobago
ICS Latin American and Latino/a Studies Cluster - Fifth Annual Latin American and Latino/a Studies Student Research Conference
April 13, 2015
Keynote Address: "Looking at La Frontera/The Border"
David Maung
David Maung is a North American photojournalist who has lived and worked in the Tijuana, Mexico, region since 1996. Through the course of his work and travels he has developed a keen and intimate understanding of the complex and chaotic dynamics that define the U.S.-Mexico border.


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just-one strives to actively promote and facilitate educational opportunities for disadvantaged and marginalized children in Nepal by working at a grass-roots level with the children, their families and their communities to implement a range of carefully developed, culturally sensitive, sustainable initiatives.Our Work Their Stories Your Help
Fancy the trip of a lifetime?Written by Declan on February 10th, 2015 Categories: Fund-raising, General, Latest, Our Work, Your Chance | no comments so far. write your own »
After more than 10 years writing about the work just-one undertakes in Nepal, helping some of the poorest children there access educational opportunities they'd otherwise be denied, I'm absolutely delighted to now share our plans to welcome a group of Irish supporters to Kathmandu where they'll have the chance to witness this work first-hand, learning more about it, while also experiencing the incredibly beautiful country in which it's undertaken. If you think you or someone you know might be interested in being part of this group then please read on…
Thanks to the wonderfully generous support of Etihad Airways and Himalayan Encounters, we're very happy to be able to offer up to 18 people an unbelievably good deal on a fantastic two-week trip to Nepal next November (5th – 20th) in return for kindly engaging in some much-needed fundraising in aid of the continued success of our important work there.
This is a fund-raising trek with a difference, where each confirmed participant is being asked to raise a minimum of €1,500 for just-one and, in return for providing such a valuable contribution, the entire trip will then be made available for a shade over €1,100* (including return flights, accommodation, trek, etc.). Having secured this exceptionally low price as a way of saying 'thanks' to each participant, it must also be stressed that fund-raised money can not be used to pay for the cost of participating in this trip.
just-one has always been adamant that all our valuable funds are spent on the core cause for which they've been raised and we're confident here that any of our supporters choosing to participate in this trip will share this value too and happily pay the knock-down price of the trip we've managed to secure for them from their own pockets.
In addition to making a couple of visits to our humble HQ in Kathmandu to actually see our work, meet the staff and beneficiaries, the planned itinerary also includes a range of other activities – not least a five-day trek through the Himalayas that will have those participating reach an altitude of over 3,000m and enjoy some of the most stunning panoramic scenery the world has to offer!
With places on what many would describe as a 'once-in-a-lifetime adventure' limited to the first 18 people signed-up, we're expecting the trip to be booked out fairly quickly and would suggest that anyone potentially interested in taking part should act fast! The full 14-day itinerary is embedded below for your convenience and you can request further information (including the required registration form) by email (email@example.com).
I'm obviously more than somewhat biased with regard to the work of just-one, as well as the merits of Nepal as a destination worth visiting, but would nonetheless strongly recommend this unique opportunity to come see what the endless generosity of the people of West Cork and beyond has enabled us to achieve over the years. If you still need some convincing though, then maybe try taking a look at Google image search results for terms like 'Bhaktapur', 'Poon Hill', 'Kathmandu Monkey Temple' and/or 'Jhinu Danda hot springs' and they'll help give you a hint of the incredible adventure that awaits those willing to kindly lend us some much needed support.
* The individual costs (flight, trek, etc.) associated with this trip have actually been quoted to us in US Dollars, so it's important to note that the €uro amount mentioned above is simply based on current exchange rates. At the time of booking, the $1,255 total may convert into more or less than the €1,109 it currently does.
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Done, dusted and back to normal!Written by Declan on October 29th, 2014 Categories: Blogroll, Fund-raising, General, Latest, Our Work, Your Chance | no comments so far. write your own »
Just over a week ago now, my 2 Nepali colleagues and I had completed the final leg of the generously sponsored journey we'd gratefully received from the kind folks at Etihad Airways and were back to the charming chaos of Kathmandu's airport. With more than 5 weeks of an almost non-stop whirlwind tour along the highways and byways of my native Ireland behind them, and the festival of a Diwali to look forward to over the days ahead, it was clear that they were both absolutely delighted to be home. While I could certainly have done with an extra week or so myself to have spent some time with family and friends back in Clonakilty, I must admit I was fairly excited to be back in Nepal too.
My excitement was based mainly on the overwhelming success of this year's fundraising trip that we'd just completed. Successful not necessarily in terms of financial gain alone – but more the almost coming-of-age experience that resulted from having Sati, our teacher of over 7 years, and Bimal, the most recent addition to our dedicated team of local staff, come visit the community which has so generously empowered just-one and enabled our work to evolve and develop in the way that it has over the last decade.
I'd be lying if I said there wasn't at least a few teary-eyed and lump-in-the-throat moments during the 100+ presentations we gave in over 50 schools throughout West Cork and far beyond, while Bimal explained to the hundreds we spoke with that, as well as being our newest member of staff, he was also one of the first children in Nepal to benefit from the organisation's fledgling work 'way back in 2005. Particularly poignant were those instances where the students he was speaking with were only a few years younger than him at most: young adults with childhood memories of helping children from faraway – children such as the now young man standing in front of them, smiling and sharing clearly sincere words of thanks!
It was a wonderful opportunity too for both Sati and Bimal themselves to witness first-hand the incredible local support for just-one that's helped to shape our important work in Nepal. Their initial astonishment was, I suppose, understandable when you consider that other than a few fills of petrol, the entire trip cost the organisation very, very little indeed! In addition to the 3 return flights kindly sponsored by Etihad Airways, arriving in Ireland a few weeks before my colleagues, I was incredibly fortunate to have been able to use my Clonakilty connections to arrange the complimentary use of a car courtesy of Pat Joe O'Donovan Car Sales, to have it comprehensively insured kind compliments of William Murphy & Sons Insurance and covered in free stickers by our generous friends at Walsh Printers.
There were a whole host of other local contributors too (like Clona Holiday Homes who generously provided a spacious 2-bedroomed apartment for the duration of their stay and O'Donovan's Hotel who've always provided us with free-of-cost venues for countless meetings and events) which you'll find mentioned on our facebook page - all of whom very kindly support our ongoing efforts to ensure that as close to 100% as possible of our locally-raised funding goes directly to the core of our work here in Nepal. It's valuable contributions and provision of services such as these that allow us to fulfil our long-standing promise to equally valued donors like the lads at Ardagh Boys' National School in Rosscarbery that the loose change they so diligently collect throughout the year will be spent directly on helping provide kids like them with opportunities they simple don't have.
I've no doubt that it'll take some time yet for Bimal and Sati to fully process the entire experience they've just had in Ireland, but I'm pretty sure too it'll be recorded as a largely positive one. One that almost certainly bodes well for just-one's future work – both in terms of our valuable supporters' improved perceptions of that work, as well as our staff and beneficiaries' increased understanding of where much of our support actually comes from. I want to finish up here now by saying that I know that they, and the rest of just-one's growing family here in Kathmandu, will want to join me in extending a huge and heartfelt thank you to all our supporters – past and present – who've helped us get this far. And like me, they'll be hugely appreciative too of whatever support – big or small – we continue to receive over the months and years ahead. Maybe you'd like to go here right now and see how you could support our work today… Go on – you know you want to!! ;o)
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Jimi's pre-Marathon dreamWritten by Richard on September 21st, 2014 Categories: Fund-raising, General, Latest, Our Work, Your Chance | no comments so far. write your own »
On Saturday last (Sept 20th) our good friend Mr. Jimi Oostrum very kindly ran the Kathmandu Marathon in support of our ongoing work in Nepal and has, so far raised almost €700. The fun photos below were to go live before the run but, Murphy's Law being a relatively constant factor in my life, we're only managing to share the smiles with you now. Enjoy! And don't forget that you can still support Jimi's very welcome fund-raising initiative by donating as generously as you can on his page linked below.
Jimi's marathon may be done and dusted (very dusty ;o) by now, but you can still support his fundraiser for just-one here:
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What would you like to do now?
go to the previous page, find out how to make a difference, or learn about our work.


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What do bloom spikes look like on different orchids?
What does it look like when an orchid is about to bloom? Does a bloom have to come out of a mature psuedobulb? What can i do to encourage my orchids to bloom? pictures would help.
You need to research the plants you are interested in. Learn the basics. I good place to begin is a book, Ortho's 'All About Orchids' inexpensive and they sell it everywhere. Lots of pictures which will show you where the blooms come from on different plants. You need to learn about light, temps, watering, etc.
When you have a basic understanding, come back with specific questions and you will get lots of responses.
There is no one answer. Some bloom from the top, some from the side and some from the bottom. Some bloom before new growth starts, some bloom on mature growth and some bloom from last year's growth. I depends on the orchid or its species parents.
The Ortho book is a great starting point.
As Jane and Richard said, much of this will come with experience...but you're not alone! When I first started growing, I too was very curious about how spikes looked and whether the things I saw were spikes, roots or new growths. I looked around online for some photos, and observed some on my own too...it is a difficult question to answer because, as mentioned, many orchids are different, and also, at shows you tend to see the flowers instead of the spikes.
Interesting, I had the same questions as a novice so . . . . HERE COME THE PIX !!!
Cattleya harrisoniae = One spike with 2 buds coming out of a sheath formed at the apex of the leaves.
Dendrobium Andree Millar = One spike with 4 buds coming out of the base of the leaves, an Australian type of Den.
Dendrobium Ise 'Yayoi' = New spikes and old already bloomed spikes all along the new and old canes.
Dendrobium Lemon Ice 'H & R' = 2 spikes, one with 2 buds coming out of the upper half of the cane.
Doritaenopsis (now Phalaenopsis) Little Blue Bird = One spike with 4 buds coming out of the base of the leaves. Sorry about the sideways, the photobucket screwed it up !
Epicattleya El Hatillo 'Pinta' HCC-AOS = Four spikes, each one coming out of the apex of the pseudobulb where the leaf starts.
Grammatophyllum scriptum var. kiilani = Old brown spike on the right and new one just to its left coming out at the base of the pseudobulb.
Potinara Elfin Charm 'Amethyst Jewel' = One spike with one bud coming out of a new growth without the usual sheath.
And, OF COURSE, Dendrobium Rainbow Dance !!! = Those are spikes all along the canes.
I'll answer any q's about the pix. ENJOY !!
Wonderful photos, Chryss. Thanks for sharing them! I love the silhouettes against the rose-colored background. Veddy nissse!
Orchidobsessed, I can't add much to what has been said here. But just a couple of points: all the orchids I've grown-- catts, oncids, encyclias and phals are more likely to bloom from structures that are mature.
Catts bloom on the new pbs, after the pb has grown fat enough to start splitting the tan sarong. Most bloom from a "sheath"-- a little triangle that starts at the top of the pb, where leaves begin. The sheath begins to fatten up, fatter and fatter until the buds split it and appear. You can see the open sheath at the bottom of the bloom spike in Chryss' first picture.
As the buds develop further the buds in Chryss' first picture would drop until they are pretty much L-shaped before opening. The drooping is a sign blooms will open in a few days. Some catts, esp brassavola and hybrids can put up buds with no sheath (or sheath so small you never saw it)
Oncids also bloom from the newest pbs after maturity. Spikes usually come from the bottom, where two little "handle"-like leaves form at the sides of the pb.
Phals form spikes at the bottom of the plant, at the side, in the area between two leaves' attachments. Roots can also form from there, but usually a spike has a slightly different form from a root.
As Calvin said, once you've seen a couple, there won't be any mystery, tho it's always fun to peer into the plant and find one starting.
Good advice from all, and marvelous pictures chryss! - I thought I'd include a few more pictures of spikes :)
Nigrohirsute /formosae dendrobium 'sheath'
Neofinetia falcata spike (same as what mehitabel said about phals..most vandaceous are like this)
Whenever I went to an orchid greenhouse I would look at the blooms and how many bulbs there were. Then as I got more into it, I would study the plants and try to determine where the spikes or buds were coming from and if the plants were unifoliate or bifoliate. I didn't know what a sheath was until the grower pointed one out and I went, "Ahah!" I went home and found several sheaths on my cattleyas that I hadn't seen before because I didn't know what to look for.
If you have a greenhouse you can go to, go and study the plants and ask questions.
Hey Calvin, your pix are a lot nicer !! I did mine in a flurry last night and NOT up to my standards !
Your falcata looks to have spots !! Is that so ?? Is it a hybrid or, if it does have spots, a seedling variant ??
Mine is just white, but I love it !! Do you pot it in the traditional Japanese way ?? I'm really interested in doing it like that but maybe have to . . . oh, oh . . . GET ANOTHER ONE !!! I think the term "addictive personality" explains it, I just NEVER say no !!
Thank you, Orchidobsessed for asking the question!
What a rare and helpful thread! --well worth permanent status on the forum. Countless times I've searched in vain for pictures of emerging spikes on various orchids. They often look quite different from spikes that have grown a few inches.
Thanks, Chryss and Calvin, for the clear, annotated photos!
Great thread! There is definitely a variety of ways that orchid plants send out flowers. It's always a treat when you realize that a new type is in spike/sheath. I think there a picture in FAQ's of the mitten-like appearance of a Phal spike versus root growth (I think that fairly similar for most of the Vandaceous types). I still wouldn't recognize a sheath on a multifloral Phaphiopedilum (although I hope to soon).
Pleione spikes from spring bulbs
Paphiopedilum bud (other Paphs could be quite different)
Those are the best pictures for illustration that I have ever seen. I have been growing orchids for about 4-5 years and if I can do it, anybody can. I am very lucky to have a window that the orchids really like. My biggest problem is that sometimes the orchids will burn a little bit in the window. I NEVER put my orchids outside. I tried that once and I did not let them adjust gradually and I lost an orchid by doing this. So now I never take the chance. Thank you for sharing the beautiful pictures
Chryss - Thanks! My neo is just the regular white kind..I have no idea why there were red spots on the spike..possibly due to the light? I have it potted 'on top' of a ball of sphag with an air pocket underneath, and the entire thing is inside a larger pot surrounded by clay pellets..unconventional, but it seems to enjoy itself...so definitely, you should get another one to experiment with. I encourage it - get another!..(one of these days, this kind of enabling is going to come back and haunt me ;))
Shaun - Those pleiones look awesome...love seeing those emerge.
Mehitabel - I love these black haired dends, and you are absolutely right - the little 'sheath' type thing looks exactly like a spider's furry little behind!
I'm enjoying this thread thoroughly. Although it's nice to have a blooming orchid, sometimes I get even more excited when I see new growth, roots or spikes forming!!
Great question, Orchidobsessed.
Chryss, your shot of the Den Rainbow Dancer looks like an expensive portrait by a professional photographer.
Calvin, whenever I see a spike, it's an involuntary inhalation, followed by a big "Oh" and a grateful smile.
Here are more pix. I don't know the technical names for plant parts, but you can see where the spikes, buds, etc. come from.
Aerangis fastuosa
Coryanthes fieldingii
Cycnoches Midnight Magic
Dendrobium aberrans 1 - little dark spot is the spike.
Dendrobium aberrans 2, spike from leafless pseudobulb  cuuuuute
Dendrobium moniliforme
Encyclia bracteata - 2 spikes w/ one bud each
Gastrochilus japonicus - 2 spikes
Lepanthes manabina - buds at the end of spikes on leaves
Neofinetia falcata ÂShutennou ÂRed EmperorÂ
Ornithocephalus bicornis
Paphiopedilum spicerianum  looks like a new leaf at first
Phalaenopsis Snow Twinkle  can look like a new root at first
Polystachya piersii blooming, so you can see where the spike comes from
Polystachya piersii spike, side view
Trigonidium egertonianum
This is fun!


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My other mystery smell - rotten potatoes...
adrianagOctober 4, 2008
Our house reeked when we came back from a 3-day weekend out of town. Problem # 1 was solved when we discovered the HVAC vent full of pee.
Odor # 2 smelled like moisture and mildew, strong and nasty, like like a bad leak! I searched high and low, to no avail. After a week of looking, I caught a strong whiff in the kitchen when the A/C came on. I was standing next to a duct adjacent to my kitchen island. Bingo! No, it wasn't in the duct...Inside the cabinet next to the air flow are my potato and onion bins and there, two rotto potatoes and two rotten onions.
Problem # 2 solved. Sweet, sweet, now I can think of invitng company to my house.


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HAVE: People close to east side of cincinnati to trade with
Looking for people in the southern Ohio, Northern Ky area that are interested is trading gardening stuff. (plants, cuttings or just about anything related to the garden. I have lots of fantastic plants that I can trade but my schedule is usually very full and can be a little hard to get ahold of. I have lost of ornamental grasses, hardy bamboo, hardy pond and water plants, weeping willows etc, etc, etc.
Is anyone out there is this area????
i live in northern KY Cincinnati area. i am only 5 minutes from down town. i have a growing collection of plants some of which i know the names but many i dont. Most of them are succulents/house plants but the verity grows weekly. (growing things is an addiction for me... i feel there are far worse things to be addicted to)
let me know if you are interested.
I am new to the area and tackling my shade garden. I have spider plants, African violets, and English ivy to trade.
Also, I have veggies growing: beefsteaks tomatoes, sugar snap peas, and herbs. Attempting to grow some poppies and sunflowers.
I am looking for ferns, corabells, astilbe, and hydrangeas.
Let me know if anyone wants to trade.
am new to this area and have not much to trade but could use advice .................this place is pretty flat ..........no trees............. there were some ornamenal grasses but they were all flattened by the snow ...........any advice would be greatly appreciated ..........thanks
We've been in Glendale (near Cincy) for about 2 years now and have just figured out the gardens in our home. We have a lot of border liriope that we need to thinned out. Does anyone want to come over and help themselves? We also have WAY too many hostas; but, it's a little too early to dig any of them up.


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Midwest Disability
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Tell us about your case so that we can connect you with the right lawyers.
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Rodgers & Garbow, PLLC is a law firm dedicated to our clients. We emphasize in Workers' Compensation and Personal Injury Law. We take pride in our ability to get the best possible result for each client.
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Marbury gets ejected from game in China for 'punch,' madness ensues
FEB 06, 2014 4:47p ET
It seems like it has been a while since we last heard anything about Stephon Marbury.
Too long, right?
Well, the former NBA star is back in the news again and we couldn't be happier to bring you the details.
Marbury, who is still playing professional hoops for a team in China called the Beijing Ducks, was ejected from a recent game after throwing a "punch" at an opponent.
Nick Bedard, who writes the blog Basketball Buddha, was at the game and has the details:
With 35 seconds remaining in the third quarter, Marbury uses his patented NYC crossover to beat Sui Ran (#1) to the bucket, but as he goes up for a layup, his shoulder appears to slam into Ran's face. (Watch: 1:30 mark in the video above)
Ran's teammate, Wu Ke (#15), then delivers an elbow at Marbury, and all hell proceeds to break loose inside Beijing's Shougang Arena.
Marbury whirls around and shoves Wu while unleashing a half-punch that kind of lands around Wu Ke's chest (there's a massive height difference, with Marbury at 185 centimeters and Wu Ke at 210).
Check out the video:
Did things settle down after that? Nope.
There's more to this story: while officials were sorting out free throws, Shandong forward Donnell Harvey engaged Marbury's trainer in a bit of trash talk, with the two apparently agreeing to meet after the game to throw down.
The Ducks won 99-95.
Afterwards, players and personnel from both teams began shoving while heading down to their respective dressing rooms. I saw a Chinese player from Shandong punch Marbury's interpreter in the face during the post-game scuffle.
The poor interpreter!
Here's a few photos of the incident. (We don't think Marbury was really locked up, though.)
Stephon Marbury got ejected and "locked up" after a fight in a Chinese league game: pic.twitter.com/Q3Mf1pDxhx— Alexander Chernykh (@chernykh) February 6, 2014
What did we take from all of this? It's good to see that Marbury is still making things happen on the court.


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Survey / poll question
Started Jan 4, 2013 | Discussions thread
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Survey / poll question
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If you could choose only one light modifier for your strobes/speed lights, (ie. beauty dish, umbrella, softbox) what would it be and why?
I am just curious as to what everybody likes and understanding their reason for why. The great thing about photography is that there is no right or wrong answer.
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Dr. Seema Gupta, MD
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Dr. Seema Gupta graduated from the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine in 2001. She works in Rockville, MD and 1 other location and specializes in Ophthalmology. Dr. Gupta is affiliated with Suburban Hospital. She speaks English and Vietnamese.
Gender: Female
Languages Spoken: English, Vietnamese
Medical School: Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Graduated 2001
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


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Wednesday, April 11, is National Bookmobile Day! Help us celebrate this roving resource by visiting the bookmobile and thanking our hardworking bookmobile staff, sending an email to the library, or voicing your support to community leaders.
Today's bookmobile has come a long way from the first one, which was introduced by Washington County, Maryland librarian Mary Titcomb and hit the road in 1905. The horse-drawn book wagon was "filled with an attractive collection of books and drawn by two horses, with Mr. Thomas the janitor both holding the reins and dispensing the books."
When Midian Crosby saw Michael Jackson's Thriller video at the age of six, she was instantly obsessed with monsters. She borrowed older brother Shawn's Fangoria magazines, watched Elvira and developed empathy for misunderstood monsters like Frankenstein.
Supportive parents who encouraged her interests supplied her with dark children's stories and movies such as the Dark Crystal, Labyrinth and A Nightmare on Elm Street. Freddy Kruger, aliens and werewolves made her happy; what really frightened her were parasites, snakes and spiders.
If you ask to use the restroom at the Wild B.I.R.D. Information and Rehabilitation Center of Denver, you'll have some company, since you'll have to share with a duck taking a bath or a cormorant preening before the mirror.
On the day of my visit, there were about 240 birds at the center - most of them sick or injured and a few who just couldn't find enough to eat over the winter and needed a little R&R before being released. Lodgings range from incubators to paper towel-lined baskets to large habitats, or "flights." There is no caste system here - chickens, ducks, great blue herons, snowy egrets, grebes, western tanagers and pigeons ("the most maligned bird," according to my tour guide, Judi Vietmeyer) all receive the same level of care.
Is your last name Zolp? Are you under 4'10"? A Displaced Aurarian? If so, you may qualify for an Unusual Scholarship.
If not, we have other resources that can help.
There are several ways that you can seek money for your education, even if you're not a straight A student (check out the $1000.00 A GPA Isn't Everything Scholarship). Many students begin by talking with the guidance counselor of the college they will be attending. You can also research local entities, such as where you or your parents work, Kiwanis Clubs or the church or synagogue that you attend.
When science journalist Victoria Costello was told that her 17-year-old son had paranoid schizophrenia, she began a ten-year odyssey to research how genetics and environment are predictors of mental illness and substance abuse.
Part memoir and part handbook, A Lethal Inheritance is a highly readable reckoning of Costello's two sons' mental illness, her own undiagnosed depression and the discoveries she made while trying to help them and herself.
Program Director and grant writer Katie Jones has always been interested in connecting people in need with material necessities.
I recently caught up with Katie while she was researching grant opportunities with the Foundation Directory Online here at the Central Library. "I've been drawn to helping professions for as long as I can remember," she said, "so I chose psychology as my major in college and recently earned my Master in Social Work from the University of Denver. My social work program helped connect me to Clothes to Kids of Denver."
Move over, Cake Bible, and make way for Rose Levy Beranbaum's latest and most sinful cookbook, Rose's Heavenly Cakes.
This 500-page beauty has 100 recipes and photos for cakes, including the the whipped cream bundt cake, the Double Chocolate Valentine, and the Sicilian Pistachio Cake. I plan to try the Miette's Tomboy, mostly because I li
According to Cotton Incorporated Lifestyle Monitor, the average American woman owns 7.2 pair of jeans, at an average cost of $37.41 each.
Does seven pair seem like enough? I was relieved to find that I own only about twice the average number: 13.75 (one pair is "Capri" length).
Most people think of blue jeans as an American phenomenon, but they were first worn by sixteenth century Genovese sailors as their everyday pants and were made of a coarse cotton/wool blend.
Are you experiencing Bronco withdrawal? Why not spend your Sunday afternoon watching a live performance of "The Elephant Man," presented by the Physically Handicapped Actors & Musical Artist's League (PHAMALY).
The Elephant Man, a Tony award winning play by Bernard Pomerance, was first performed in London in 1977, and the same historical episode became the basis of a successful 1980 film starring John Hurt. It's the true story of Joseph Merrick, a terribly disfigured yet sensitive and intelligent man who is displayed as a carnival freak, and then rescued by a doctor --only to be more subtly exploited by Victorian society.
Textile artist, author and socialist William Morris famously said, "Have nothing in your houses that you do not know to be useful or believe to be beautiful."
I was reminded of this quote the first time I saw the crazily hoarded house that my elderly in-laws inherited from a friend who had died. Since the house had to be sold, it first had to be made presentable, and my husband and I were enlisted to help.
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Properties in Stratford Sub Castle, Salisbury, Wiltshire between £170,000 and £180,000
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£175,000 Sold STC 2 Bedrooms Highfield Road, Salisbury, Sp2
A well-presented, mid terraced house situated in short walking distance of Salisbury city centre and train station. The accommodation includes two good size bedrooms, dressing room, kitchen diner and generous size southerly aspect rear garden.
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The Future Shop location in Guelph will reopen in a week as a Best Buy.
BlackBerry Ltd. squeezed out a small profit in the fourth quarter,...
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Canadians may be able to sample the fruit in the fall of 2017
The City of Guelph could, but likely won't, learn a valuable lesson from the fiasco that is the north end of Upper Wyndham Street.
Next March, it will be five years since word first filtered out that the city was interested in purchasing several buildings on the west side of Upper Wyndham as part of the redevelopment of Baker Street.
Since then, the city has bought and demolished two of the five properties after the tenants moved out. The remaining properties are sitting largely unused, a strip of ghost town in an otherwise vibrant downtown core.
Now, some are rightly concerned a similar scenario might play out in the plaza at Gordon and Wellington streets.
Last spring, city councillors endorsed the Downtown Secondary Plan, a long-term planning document to guide development in the core over the next couple decades. Diagrams contained within the plan depict a vastly different downtown Guelph, including four new highrise buildings.
But those diagrams also depict a lot of green space where, today, there is a busy plaza along the banks of the Speed River east of Gordon Street.
The secondary plan envisions council putting aside funds each year so perhaps in the year 2022, the city can buy the plaza property. Almost a decade after that, it is proposed, the buildings would be razed to create a riverfront park.
In theory it is a good idea to reclaim that property and undo the horrendous planning decision to allow a plaza to be built in front of the river. But in practice, things might be somewhat more problematic than that.
While city officials would like the owners to breathe easy knowing nothing will change for at least 10 years, that assurance has offered little consolation.
The owners of the businesses in the plaza are suddenly concerned about their short- and long-term viability. Current owners will look elsewhere when their leases expire, and new businesses will balk at locating in a property with a questionable future.
Now a group of business owners have filed an appeal with the Ontario Municipal Board in an effort to put the brakes on the city's plans.
The appeal, which is heading to a pre-hearing in the new year, seems to have little chance of success. At this point, all that has been tabled is a vague plan to hopefully buy the properties at some point down the road with an eye to maybe turning them into parkland, if several city councils from now decide to carry through this council's vision.
But whether the properties get bought and the park gets created, there will be years of uncertainty for the owners of those businesses just as there has been years of uncertainty for the owners of those buildings on Wyndham Street.
And though there has been a cloud hanging over those Wyndham Street properties for nearly five years, some councillors recently appeared untroubled by it.
During budget discussions, Coun. Bob Bell suggested using money earmarked to finally purchase one of the properties — the current Guelph Concert Theatre — next year to instead pay for bike lanes and sidewalks.
Despite all the commitments made to the owners of the theatre building over the years, Bell was able to convince four other councillors — Jim Furfaro, Cam Guthrie, Gloria Kovach and Andy Van Hellemond — to back his motion.
The Baker Street development is a big-ticket, long-term project involving buying and demolishing commercial buildings to create something new in their place.
Some councillors' apparent willingness to turn their back on it will not have been good news for plaza business owners who find themselves in the same boat.
Scott Tracey is a Mercury staff writer. His Jury of One column appears Fridays. He can be reached at email@example.com.
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Originally Posted by graylensman
Great drawing. An amazing booster, the R7.
Yes, you're right. If you look closely at the Vostok - versus - the Voskhod &
Soyuz, the interstage truss section is a bit different between the first & the
second and third ones. The third stage section is the same for the Voskhod &
Dave, NAR # 21853 SR.,
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What is the Wendy's Chili hot sauce?
I love the hot sauce packets they give you at Wendy's to put in their Chili but I normally cook chili at home and I would love to know if anyone knows what that is? I'm thinking it's Asian Hot sauce that "Hot Oil"...is that what it is?
Found this on another site:
Chinese hot chili oil in a bottle is just like Wendy's packets. ...
Here's a recipe:
Chili oil makes an excellent accompaniment to noodles and dumpling dishes, and is the secret ingredient in many popular Szechuan dishes such as Bang Bang Chicken. To make the chili oil even hotter, increase the chili peppers or lower the amount of oil to 1/3 cup.
Yields about 1/2 cup
More Szechuan Recipes
Prep Time: 5 minutes
Cook Time: 10 minutes
* 10 - 12 small dried chilies (1 Â 2 inches long) to make 2 tablespoons of coarsely chopped chili flakes
* 1/2 cup peanut, canola, or olive oil
* 1 tablespoon sesame oil, optional
1. Cut off the stems of the dried chilies and remove the seeds.
2. Chop the chiles into coarse flakes (it's easiest to do this by processing them in a blender for about 20 seconds).
3. Place the chili flakes in a heat resistant jar with a seal.
4. Heat the oil in a heavy skillet over medium-high to high heat until it is starting to smoke. Continue heating the oil for 20 Â 30 seconds. Remove the skillet from the heat. Wait 3 minutes, or until the oil has cooled to 225 Â 240 degrees Fahrenheit (107 to 122.5 degrees Celsius.
5. Pour the oil over the flakes. Add 1 tablespoon sesame oil if using.
6. Cool and strain the oil. (If you like, save the chili flakes to use in other recipes).
7. Leave the chili oil for at least 1 hour to give the flavors a chance to blend (longer if adding sesame oil). Use as desired in recipes or as a dipping sauce. Stored in a sealed container in the refrigerator, chili oil will last for at least one month.
The chili oil I see here in Philly is sold in large bottles like old heinz ketchup bottles. The brande I have open now is called "china bowl select". I find it in the asian section.
I use it in my version of PF Changs dipping sauce. Its not too hot by my family's palate but its got a kick!!
Angelaid is an a**h**e. there is a slight possibility that this genital abornamilty has access to some magical dried peppers that we don't, but i doubt it. my suspicion is that this assclown is so desperate 4 attention 4 themself and their website that they'd post anything. either way, this recipe wikk waste your time and money. how has no one else complained?