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Gary Adamkiewicz, PhD, MPH, Ami R. Zota, ScD, MS, M. Patricia Fabian, ScD, Teresa Chahine, ScD, Rhona Julien, ScD, John D. Spengler, PhD,
and Jonathan I. Levy, ScD
The persistence of racial/ethnic and socio-
economic health disparities in the United
States remains a significant public health
problem. One focus of the environmental
justice (EJ) movement has been the contribu-
tion of the physical and social environments
in shaping adverse health outcomes among
poor communities of color. The emphasis of
EJ has historically been on outdoor pollution
sources such as industry or traffic, in part
because of EJ's origins in addressing historical
and continued institutional racism through
the siting of industrial facilities, illegal and
regulated dumping, and land use planning in
communities lacking the political capital that
would promote a more equitable distribution
of risk.1---5
Although these outdoor sources can clearly
influence health disparities given uneven dis-
tributions across communities,6,7an underap-
preciated EJ issue relates to disparities in indoor
residential environmental quality. The direct
effect of dilapidated housing and poor sanitation
on health has been documented since the19th
century,8---12because good public policy did not
develop in step with rapid urbanization and
population growth. Over the past century, un-
derstanding of the connections between housing
and health has expanded beyond sanitation,
infectious disease, and safety to include a broad
list of agents associated with morbidity and
mortality, such as radon; asbestos; lead; insect
and pet allergens; chemicals in wall coatings,
furnishings, and consumer products; penetrating
outdoor toxics; pesticides; and secondhand
smoke, combustion byproducts, and fungi.13---15
Although the linkage between housing and
health has been firmly established, it has
occurred largely outside of the EJ movement.
As researchers attempt to inform activities
which may eliminate known and emerging
disparities in environmental risks, addressing
indoor environmental exposures will be criti-
cal, and doing so will require an understanding
of the root causes of these uneven distributions.
Addressing indoor exposures is challenging
because they include contributions from both
indoor and outdoor sources and because they
may be influenced by variables that are socio-
economically patterned (e.g., dwelling size) and
by institutional factors that define housing
quality and neighborhood attributes (e.g., am-
bient pollution).
However, residential indoor exposures are
shaped by specific physical and chemical
mechanisms that can be described and mod-
eled. Physical models describing emissions,
air exchange, dynamic partitioning, deposition,
and other critical processes can aid in the
evaluation of risk-reduction strategies. These
models can also help identify underlying de-
terminants of exposures, including root causes
related to socioeconomic and demographic
characteristics that add to the overall burden
of health disparities. For example, indoor con-
centrations of airborne pollutants may be
driven by the design or condition of the home's
physical structure; resident behaviors; product
use profiles; characteristics of household fur-
nishings; presence, condition, and use of me-
chanical ventilation; air infiltration pathways
(especially in multifamily settings); and outdoor
pollutant concentrations.
We describe the empirical evidence of so-
cioeconomic disparities in indoor environ-
mental exposures and exposure-related factors
and discuss how a framework that identifies the
dominant individual, place-based, and institu-
tional drivers of these observed exposure
disparities can inform interventions and risk
reduction. Although exposure disparities may
be observed in multiple settings, we focus
Objectives. The indoor environment has not been fully incorporated into the
environmental justice dialogue. To inform strategies to reduce disparities, we
developed a framework to identify the individual and place-based drivers of
indoor environment quality.
Methods. We reviewed empirical evidence of socioeconomic disparities in
indoor exposures and key determinants of these exposures for air pollutants,
lead, allergens, and semivolatile organic compounds. We also used an indoor air
quality model applied to multifamily housing to illustrate how nitrogen dioxide
(NO2) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) vary as a function of factors known to be
influenced by socioeconomic status.
Results. Indoor concentrations of multiple pollutants are elevated in low-
socioeconomic status households. Differences in these exposures are driven by
the combined influences of indoor sources, outdoor sources, physical struc-
tures, and residential activity patterns. Simulation models confirmed indoor
sources' importance in determining indoor NO2 and PM2.5 exposures and
showed the influence of household-specific determinants.
Conclusions. Both theoretical models and empirical evidence emphasized that
disparities in indoor environmental exposure can be significant. Understanding
key determinants of multiple indoor exposures can aid in developing policies to
reduce these disparities. (Am J Public Health. 2011;101:S238–S245. doi:10.2105/
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American Journal of Public Health | Supplement 1, 2011, Vol 101, No. S1
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our discussion and case study on urban, mul-
tifamily households to highlight some general
principles and the unique challenges in these
Indoor environmental exposures, and
therefore exposure disparities, are driven by
key determinants that vary by route of expo-
sure. For air pollutants, these determinants can
be best understood through the structure of
a simple box model often used to describe
indoor steady-state concentrations in the pres-
ence of both indoor and outdoor sources:
where Cinis the indoor steady-state concentra-
tion (mg/m3); Coutis the outdoor steady-state
concentration (mg/m3); a is the air exchange
rate of the home (1/h); P is the penetration
efficiency of the pollutant (unitless); k represents
loss terms, including deposition or reaction
(1/h); Q is the source emission rate (mg/h),
and V is home volume (m3).
Examining this simple model makes it easy
to understand how differential patterns of1or
more model parameters could create expo-
sure disparities, as well as how the magnitude
of the terms influence the relative importance
of indoor versus outdoor sources. Any out-
door exposure disparities would be mani-
fested in the first term of this equation, but
other influential factors are socioeconomically
We used data collected as part of the
American Housing Survey16to highlight the
associations between socioeconomic status
(SES) and housing characteristics that are
directly linked to indoor exposure to pollut-
ants (Table 1). Lower income populations
have smaller homes (as anticipated), which
would tend to enhance the influence of indoor
sources. Moreover, by having a greater occu-
pant density, these homes will tend to have
a greater source density (although the abso-
lute source strength may be lower given a
smaller number of occupants) and an in-
creased potential for particle resuspension.17
Low SES populations also tend to live closer to
mobile and stationary sources, enhancing the
influence of the outdoor source term. The most
challenging parameter to characterize in the box
model is air exchange rate. Low-income homes
tend to be older, which may be associated with
outdoors but reduce the influence of indoor
sources.18The presence of holes and other
structural deficiencies may also lead to increased
infiltration from outdoors. However, research
has demonstrated that some multifamily units
may have low air exchange rates and inadequate
ventilation, which would enhance the effect of
indoor sources.19Concentrations of volatile
compounds related to vapor intrusion from the
subsurface would be influenced by home vol-
ume and air exchange rate but would also be
enhanced in single-family dwellings with base-
ments located near contaminated sites, leading to
potential differences in exposure patterns.20
For hazards other than air pollutants, ex-
posure disparities cannot be readily explained
through the application of a simple box model,
but structural attributes may be socioeco-
nomically patterned and could be root causes
of multiple exposures. For example, the homes
of low SES populations are more likely to
have peeling paint (Table 1), a predictor of
lead exposures in older homes; inside water
leaks, a predictor of mold and moisture de-
velopment; and structural deficiencies that
may provide points of entry for cockroaches
and other pests. Similar trends have been
observed if homes and households are cate-
gorized by neighborhood characteristics (as
urban or rural) or ownership status (rent or
own; results not shown). In these cases, the
prevalence of characteristics traditionally as-
sociated with environmental exposures is
generally higher in urban homes and rental
households. In general, this evidence from
the American Housing Survey reinforces the
fact that multiple factors that can influence
TABLE 1—Representative Housing Variables Associated With Indoor Environmental Exposures, by Household Income:
American Housing Survey, United States, 1999
Income Category
Housing Variable
<$30 K/Year
$30<$60 K/Year
$60<$100 K/Year
‡$100 K/Year
(n=22842)Associated Exposures and Hazards
Built before 1980, %
Area of peeling paint larger than 8 · 11 in, %
Any inside water leaks in past 12 mo, %
71.5665.8257.7748.63Lead paint; structural integrity
3.112.041.410.99Lead paint
9.148.678.247.98Mold and moisture; structural integrity
Neighborhood with heavy street noise or traffic, %28.1925.4221.9516.69Outdoor air sources—mobile
Industry or factory within half block, %
Unit uncomfortably cold for ‡24 h, %
Evidence of rodents in unit, %
Mean floor area of unit, ft2
Mean occupant density, no./1000 ft2
6.90 5.503.541.74Outdoor air sources—stationary
10.709.677.336.71 Supplemental heating; comfort
17.7716.8116.9816.26Allergen exposure; pesticide exposure
1524176220982853Exposure to indoor air pollutants
2.782.592.31 1.82 Indoor source strength—various
Homes with cracks in floor, wall, or ceiling, %220.127.116.113.31Allergen exposure (pests)
Homes with holes in floor, %1.851.030.580.37 Allergen exposure (pests)
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indoor exposures are more common in
low SES populations (Figure 1).
We now focus on the empirical evidence for
several important classes of indoor pollutants– –
air pollutants, lead, allergens, and semivolatile
organic compounds (SVOCs)– –to determine
whether studies have previously documented
either socioeconomic disparities in exposure or
in the root causes of such disparities.
Air Pollutants
Numerous air pollutants are found in the
indoor environment and are related to com-
bustion processes or other defined sources. In
developed countries, key contributing sources
of combustion byproducts, such as carbon mon-
oxide, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and fine partic-
ulate matter (PM2.5), include gas stoves,21,22
cooking,23---25smoking,24and natural gas com-
bustion used for heating.22Studies have shown
that low-income households in multifamily
buildings have elevated concentrations of NO2,
given smaller unit size, elevated source strength,
and often inadequate ventilation.19These root
causes would also influence other combustion
byproducts (e.g., PM2.5).
Secondhand smoke exposure within resi-
dences is also influenced by multiple factors
that correlate with SES (Table 2). Source
strength is primarily driven by the intensity and
time course of indoor smoking behaviors
among household members, and evidence has
consistently shown higher smoking rates in
low SES populations.26,27Dwelling size and air
exchange rates also contribute to these expo-
particularly susceptible to a phenomenon ob-
served in multifamily buildings in which infil-
trating air may not originate outdoors. Unin-
tended air pathways between apartments or
between common areas and apartments can
transfer exposures to individuals uninvolved
in the polluting activity. In this case, the likeli-
hood of both transfer of air between dwellings
and that this air contains elevated pollutant
concentrations is increased.28
Exposures to volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), which may originate outdoors or in-
doors, havebeen associated with SES and race/
ethnicity, as well as directly with household
characteristics. When Wang et al.30examined
personal exposures to VOCs in the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, they
found higher benzene exposures among those
with lower education, those with higher poverty
income ratios, and Mexican Americans. They
also documented similar exposure patterns for 3
other chlorinated compounds: chloroform,1,4-
dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB), and tetrachloro-
ethene. In these cases, low-income and non-White
households had higher exposures. Wang et al.
presented evidence that these associations
were driven by individual associations between
race/ethnicity and urban residence (chloro-
form) and race/ethnicity and use of air fresh-
eners in cars (1,4-DCB). Examining the same
dataset, D'Souza et al.31reported that race/
ethnicity had the strongest effect on these expo-
sures, with higher exposures among Hispanic
and Black participants. Similarly, non-White race
has been associated with1,4-DCB in blood.32
In a study of cumulative cancer risks from
exposure to VOCs, the dominant contributors
to these risks were exposures to formaldehyde,
1,4-DCB, acetaldehyde, chloroform, and
benzene.33Except for benzene, exposure to all
compounds was driven by indoor residential
sources, and Hispanics had higher cumulative
cancer risks from these compounds, primarily
because of exposure to1,4-DCB, likely from
increased air freshener use.
Perhaps the most notable example of the link
between disparities in indoor exposure to an
environmental toxicant and health effects is
childhood lead poisoning attributed to deteri-
orating lead paint and lead-contaminated soil.
In this case, the connections between SES and
poor housing conditions and the ingestion of
household dust containing elevated lead con-
centrations are clear.34---36In a recent analysis of
lead concentrations in household dust, associa-
tions were found with income, race/ethnicity,
floor surface or condition, and year of construc-
tion.37Lead is also a pollutant that has histori-
cally had significant indoor and outdoor sources.
Before its removal from gasoline, exposure
disparities would likely have been linked to
roadway proximity, whereas present exposure
disparities are more strongly associated with
housing age and quality. Intervention efforts
focused on the home environment have reduced
disparities in lead poisoning,38potentially
changing the dominant pathways once again.
Household pests are common worldwide;
residential infestation, however, is strongly
linked to low SES. This problem, potentially
FIGURE 1—Conceptual framework—contributors to indoor environmental exposure.
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linked to disease transmission and allergic
sensitization, can also affect quality of life.
Allergen exposures within the home have been
associated with housing disrepair43---45as well
as with SES and race/ethnicity.46---48For exam-
ple, Peters et al.45showed that holes in the wall
or ceiling were associated with a 6- to11-fold
increase in kitchen cockroach allergen concen-
trations. Of note, some allergens do not show
clear-cut trends with SES, and for others, high-
income populations may be more highly ex-
posed, such as with dust mites.49
Semivolatile Organic Compounds
Over the past decade, numerous studies
have documented the presence of SVOCs in
indoor air and dust, with known or suspected
health effects.50---52For example, animal studies
have suggested that phthalates, pesticides, poly-
brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and poly-
chlorinated biphenyls can act as developmental
toxicants, endocrine disruptors, or both. Resi-
dential environments have the potential to be
critical sources of these chemical exposures
through their release from building materials,
household furnishings, and a wide range of
consumer products.53Unlike standard air pol-
lutants, SVOC exposures are not well described
by simple models because they can partition
from the air to dust and can contribute to
persistent residues.52SVOCs are particularly
challenging to characterize or remediate because
once these compounds are introduced into in-
door spaces, they are not easily removed by
ventilation.54Socioeconomic patterning would
therefore be driven not only by the factors in the
standard box model but also by home charac-
teristics that may influence partitioning and re-
moval behaviors.
Disparities in residential exposure to pesti-
cides illustrate the combined impact of de-
ficiencies in housing conditions on household
exposure. The regular application of chemical
pesticides, including banned and restricted
products, is used to combat severe infestation,
yet these methods are often ineffective in the
ultimate control of pest populations. Consistent
with disparities in infestation, exposure to
pesticides within the home has been associated
with SES55,56and race/ethnicity.41The latter
case is an interesting example of the subtleties of
housing-related EJ issues, in which Hispanic
households in a Boston study had elevated
exposures to cyfluthrin, a restricted-use pesticide,
because of the availability of off-label products at
local bodegas. In addition, recent evidence has
shown that pesticide residues persist for years
beyond application, as evidenced by the pres-
ence of banned compounds, such as DDT and
some organophosphates, in residential dust and
wipe samples.40,57
Several studies have found that non-White
racial and ethnic groups, as well as populations
with lower household income and lower edu-
cational attainment, have significantly higher
PBDE body burdens.39,58---60The root causes of
these disproportionate exposures have not been
well researched, but1potential pathway linking
elevated PBDE body burden to low SES pop-
ulationsmay involve differences in housing stock
and furniture quality, which in turn influences
PBDE levels in house dust. Indeed, the levels of
PBDE compounds found in house dust in low
SES homes in California were among the highest
ever reported.39The physical weathering and
crumbling of PBDE-treated foam in older furni-
ture, more often found in lower income homes,
may release greater amounts of pentabromodi-
phenyl ether compounds. SES differences in
housing factors, such as air exchange rates, may
further modify exposure.39
One of the challenges of the empirical
literature is that disentangling the various
contributing factors and quantifying the trade-
offs between indoor and outdoor sources is
difficult. At the same time, the simple box
model may be inadequate to characterize the
complexities of multifamily housing. To more
accurately describe indoor residential expo-
sures and their determinants in multifamily
buildings, we created a detailed simulation of
resident activity, emissions, and airflow. We
TABLE 2—Representative Studies That Inform the Links Between Exposure
Disparities and Determinants in Indoor Environments
Environmental Media
Hypothesized Determinant
Indoor SourceOutdoor SourcePhysical StructureActivity PatternReferences
Combustion byproducts
Nitrogen dioxideXXXX Zota et al.19
Wilson et al.29
Kraev et al.28
Secondhand smokeXXX
1,4-dichlorobenzeneXXX Wang et al.30
Hun et al.33
Churchill et al.32
Wang et al.30
Wang et al.30
Hun et al.33
Gaitens et al.37
Levin et al.36
Metals: leadXXX
PBDEsX Zota et al.39
Julien et al.40
Julien et al.41
Simons et al.42
Wilson et al.43
Bradman et al.44
Peters et al.45
Asthma triggers: allergensXX
Note. BTEX=benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes; PBDEs=polybrominated diphenyl ethers; SVOCs=semivolatile
organic compounds; VOCs=volatile organic compounds.
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used CONTAM 2.4c, a multizonal indoor air-
quality simulation model developed by the
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(Gaithersburg, MD), to estimate NO2and PM2.5
concentrations in a low-rise multifamily build-
ing. We created a set of scenarios that simu-
lated how changes in household characteristics
known to vary by SES influence indoor con-
centrations of these pollutants.
A full description of modeling parameters is
provided in a supplement to the online version
of this article at http://www.ajph.org. All
CONTAM simulations used a National Institute
of Standards and Technology template (apart-
ment building 26) to simulate a building typical
of Boston public housing– –4 stories, con-
structed in 1940 to 1969, and naturally venti-
lated. We simulated a family of 2 adults and
2 children living in each apartment, which in-
cluded a bedroom, bathroom, living room, and
kitchen. Sources of NO2included gas stoves
used for cooking and outdoor NO2; sources of
PM2.5included smoking, outdoor PM2.5, and
cooking. Although another significant source of
NO2can be the use of gas stoves for supple-
mental heating, we did not consider this in our
core simulations to focus on more typical
exposure scenarios. Emission and removal
rates are provided in the online supplement.
Cases were simulated by varying gas stove use,
smoking rate, house leakiness, outdoor air
pollution, and apartment size. Note that these
cases are not meant to capture a population
distribution of exposure but rather to illustrate
how different parameters can act to influence
All cases were simulated for 7 days in
winter, to focus on the season in which indoor
exposures are generally most significant. We
used simulation results to calculate 24-hour
average indoor concentrations per source and
pollutant across all apartment rooms and over
7 days. Overall, we computed 162 combina-
tions and categorized each pollutant by the
quartile of its mean level. We estimated indoor
and outdoor fractions for each pollutant across
these quartiles.
As shown in Figure 2a, at low PM2.5ex-
posure levels (quartile 1), outdoor sources
contributed a higher fraction of indoor con-
centrations than indoor sources– –63% versus
37%. At the higher concentrations (quartile 4),
this trend was reversed– –90% of exposure was
from indoor sources. We observed the same
trend for NO2; in the highest exposure quartile,
61% of the exposure was from indoor sources,
compared with 0% in the lowest exposure
quartile (data are available as a supplement to
the online version of this article at http://
We can explain these trends by further
analyzing pollutant exposure according to
household characteristics such as source
strength, physical characteristics of the home,
and source use patterns. For example, among
the homes in the highest quartile of simulated
PM2.5concentrations, none were in the highest
category of house leakiness and air exchange
rate, compared with 53% of homes in the
lowest quartile (Figure 2b), and 68% had a
heavy smoker, compared with 8% in the lowest
exposure quartile, thus reinforcing the signif-
icant contribution of indoor sources to the
most highly exposed individuals. For NO2
simulations, trends were similar to those for
PM2.5(information available as a supplement
to the online version of this article). Of note,
when we compared models with and without
the use of a gas stove to provide supplemen-
tal heat, the indoor NO2source contribution
to total pollutant levels was substantially
elevated (Supplemental Figure 1, available
as a supplement to the online version of this
The framework we have presented can be
used as a tool to incorporate indoor exposures
into EJ considerations and ultimately to guide
policies that can address health disparities.
Both theoretical models and empirical evi-
dence have emphasized that indoor environ-
mental exposures can exceed outdoor concen-
trations and, coupled with the amount of time
individuals spend indoors versus outdoors, can
dominate personal exposures to multiple pol-
lutants known to influence health. Under-
standing the determinants of these exposures
allows one to understand the origins of expo-
sure disparities. In some cases, physical models
of pollutant emission and transport in the
indoor environment can be used to gain insight
and quantify relationships between exposures
and household characteristics, as shown for
PM2.5and NO2. In other settings, empirical
modeling may identify key determinants, as in
the case of exposure to lead, asthma triggers,
and some SVOCs.
Once the dominant drivers are identified,
efforts can be focused on those that are
amenable to intervention. For example, al-
though housing size is closely linked to SES and
can directly influence indoor environmental
exposures, it is not a likely target for interven-
tion. Source usage patterns and air exchange
rates may, however, be suitable targets for
action. Gaining a more structural understand-
ing of how indoor exposure disparities origi-
nate and propagate can also identify pathways
associated with multiple exposures. Actions
that target these critical pathways may provide
opportunities to address cumulative risks effi-
It is worth noting that some exposures in the
home are persistent and would thus require
different interventions than for short-lived air
pollutants, for which source removal will con-
fer immediate benefits. The deposition of par-
ticle-bound pollutants and the adsorption to
surfaces of semivolatile contaminants can pro-
vide long-lasting reservoirs that may confer
health risk long after the polluting activity has
ceased. Understanding chemical characteristics
such as half-life or partition coefficients may
be crucial in the design of appropriate and
meaningful interventions.
Although many studies have characterized
either indoor exposure disparities or their root
clear. For example, future studies could further
examine individual pollutants (Table 2), with an
increased emphasis on either comparisons be-
tween populations or characterization of root
causes. A second research direction might take
a wider perspective; for example, more com-
munity-based participatory exposure research is
needed, with researchers partnering with EJ
groups, thus combining creative scientific ap-
proaches with local knowledge, to characterize
indoor environmental conditions in affected
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American Journal of Public Health | Supplement 1, 2011, Vol 101, No. S1
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communities and stimulate local action. Many
successful examples of these efforts exist.61---63
Systematic data collection on physical and
chemical exposures in indoor environmental
media (e.g., radon in air or pesticides in dust)
from different socioeconomic and geographic
communities is also needed. Although these
efforts involve substantial human and financial
resources, EJ activists and researchers could
leverage existing large-scale, federally funded
surveys (e.g., National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey) to collect and analyze in-
formation on indoor exposures, housing, and
health. Efforts to track changes in housing char-
acteristics to gain insight into their relationship to
health trends38are also worthwhile endeavors.
Research has provided strong evidence that
housing-related factors contribute to health out-
comes such as asthma and lead poisoning, and
efforts to take action within the home have been
effective in reducing adverse health outcomes.
Finally, exposure is not the sole determinant
of health risk; other individual and neighbor-
hood characteristics with strong ties to SES will
influence how environmental exposures will
affect health and may heighten the influence of
indoor environmental exposures.13For exam-
ple, studies have shown that children with
elevated exposure to violence are more likely to
exhibit the effects of NO2on asthma develop-
ment.64Children living in communities with
high rates of violence would not only exhibit
greater psychosocial stress (a key effect mod-
ifier), but might, depending on their age and
other household and neighborhood factors,
spend more time indoors,65which would
heighten exposures to elevated indoor con-
centrations. Future studies should capture
attributes of susceptibility, in terms of preex-
isting disease status and other risk factors such
as nutritional status, to consider concurrently
with indoor exposure patterns. The links be-
tween housing and mental health have also
become evident in recent years,66,67and these
effects may also be relevant in understanding
disease patterns and the relationship
to population characteristics. j
About the Authors
Gary Adamkiewicz, M. Patricia Fabian, Teresa Chahine,
John D. Spengler, and Jonathan I. Levy, are with the
Department of Environmental Health Harvard School of
Public Health, Boston, MA. M. Patricia Fabian and
Jonathan I. Levy are also with the Department of Environ-
mental Health at the Boston University School of Public
Health. Ami R. Zota is with the Program on Reproductive
Health and the Environment, University of California, San
Francisco. Rhona Julien is with the US Environmental
Protection Agency, Boston.
Correspondence should be sent to Gary Adamkiewicz,
Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of
Public Health, Landmark Center West, 401 Park Drive,
Room 404K, Boston, MA 02215 (e-mail: gadamkie@
hsph.harvard.edu). Reprints can be ordered at http://www.
ajph.org by clicking the ''Reprints/Eprints'' link.
This article was accepted December 28, 2010.
Note. PM2.5=fine particulate matter.
FIGURE 2—Contribution of a) indoor (smoking, cooking) and outdoor sources to simulated
PM2.5concentrations, across 162 scenarios in CONTAM and (b) indoor PM2.5between the
lowest and highest quartile for categories of air exchange rate, smoking, and outdoor air
Supplement 1, 2011, Vol 101, No. S1 | American Journal of Public Health
Adamkiewicz et al. | Peer Reviewed | Research and Practice | S243
Page 7
G. Adamkiewicz, A.R. Zota, and J.I. Levy conceptualized
and supervised the study and led the writing, with
substantial contributions from the other authors. G.
Adamkiewicz, M.P. Fabian, and J.I. Levy conceptualized
and conducted the indoor air quality modeling. All
authors conceptualized ideas and reviewed drafts of the
The project was supported by the National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences (award number
Note. The content is solely the responsibility of the
authors and does not necessarily represent the official
views of the National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences or the National Institutes of Health.
Human Participant Protection
No protocol approval was needed for this study because
no human participants were involved.
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Supplement 1, 2011, Vol 101, No. S1 | American Journal of Public Health
Adamkiewicz et al. | Peer Reviewed | Research and Practice | S245


text:
This is a discussion on Eibach pro kit springs within the Suspension & Wheels forums, part of the Tech & Modifying & General Repairs category; Originally Posted by Mikie13 And spaces before the period. Weird. So weird ....
Come on guys. I don't mean to start anything but this is not an English thread I do believe we WERE talking about springs....
Now if we can get back on topic instead of delivering criticisms, i would like to ask which if the kyb excel g's could be accompanied with the eibachs springs to provide for a convenient, confortable, and well handling ride that does not attribute to any unnecessary NVH or if the Rce with konis would deliver a much better ride?
Also, if i may ask, why would you need dampers if you have adequate springs/strut combo?
Thank you before hand
Now, if you want a cofortable ride that also handles well, I'd suggest Koni yellows paired with a set of springs that suits what your car will be used for.
I appreciate you answer. Then would i have to acquire some dampers if i were to buy Koni Struts with eibachs and if so why?
Moved thread to correct forum.
"From a little spark may burst a mighty flame." - Dante
"The stitch is lost unless the thread is knotted." - Italian proverb

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I'm about to keg a IPA from the secondary. There is still a decent amount of trub including the 1oz of hop pellets that made its way to the bottom. It's been 2 weeks since the dry hopping.
I'm wondering if I should put a muslin bag over the tip of the racking cane or the end of the hose that goes in the keg. Or both? Thanks for the help guys!
I don't strain when I keg...don't end up getting much in the keg and even when I do...the first beer has all the trub in it.
Personally, I just keep the cane out of the trub.
Tie the sanitized mesh bag over the racking cane tip. And don't splash the beer going into the keg. Keep the end of the hose under the beer level.
Thanks so much for the help guys!! I normally just rack it without any bag but this brew had 4ozs during the boil and 1oz during the secondary. So none of my brews have ever had this much trub. I'll probably just sacrifice a little more brew than usual while racking and take notes for next time. Thanks again guys!!
As the others suggest use the bag over your racking cane.
I've dry hopped in the keg a couple times and had good results. I used a hop bag and put some sanitized marbles in it to keep it down. the bag still floated with an oz of pellet hops and 4 marbles.


text:
Ancient Greece
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In Defense of the Occupation
View Single Post
October 17 2009, 06:09 PM
Rear Admiral
Location: Ireland.
Re: In Defense of the Occupation
DevilEyes wrote:
If they said "Yes, I know this is a crime, that it is wrong in many ways, but it is understandably a good choice under those circumstances", I wouldn't have such a problem.
This is actually pretty much what I say. It's a gigantic Necessary Evil, but hey, the Cylons have wiped out most of the human race and aren't showing signs of stopping, better safe than sorry and extinct.
But they act as if this was an undeniably right thing to do, and condemn Helo for doing the moral thing and refusing to commit a genocide. Even worse, they claim that he is a traitor for disobeying a direct order to commit genocide. I guess they must also think that the Nuremberg defense ("I was just following orders") was completely legitimate, eh?
Hey, a German who refused orders to kill Jews
be a traitor. He'd also be doing the moral thing. These are not mutually exclusive, and by and large being a traitor to the Nazis is a
moral thing than supporting them (for obvious reasons.)
'Spock is always right, even when he's wrong. It's the tone of voice, the supernatural reasonability; this is not a man like us; this is a god.'
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Yes Man (Blu-ray) (2008)
Director: Peyton Reed Starring: Jim Carrey
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Category Keywords: Romance Theatrical Release True Story
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One Word Can Change Everything.
|Carl Allen has stumbled across a way to shake free of post-divorce blues and a dead-end job: embrace life and say yes to everything. Take a bungee plunge? Yes. Accept call-now TV offers? Yes. Learn Korean? Yes. Grab the first flight to anywhere? Yes. Win your dream girl? Yes. Crack up fans with a feel-good, laugh-loaded romp? Yes! Working every funny bone in his nimble body and every muscle in his hilariously mobile face, Jim Carrey plays Carl in a YEScapade about opening up to life's possibilities especially when those possibilities include romance with an intriguing, free-spirited musician (Zooey Deschanel). From the director of The Break-Up comes an invitation to discover the comedy power of yes.
"...a strong premise, a handful of laugh-out-loud moments and a superb supporting cast. Matthew Turner, ViewLondon
"Carrey's most satisfying live-action effort since "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind." Michael Rechtshaffen, The Hollywood Reporter
"...a love story that just happens to make you laugh. Rene Rodriguez, Miami Herald
"...full of goofy, joyful moments, anchored by the sweet chemistry between Carrey and Deschanel... Tricia Olszewski, Washington City Paper
Editor's NoteJim Carrey returns to hilarious form with this romantic comedy in the same vein as the Carrey classic LIAR LIAR. After a few stints in more serious features like ETERNAL SUNSHINE OF THE SPOTLESS MIND and THE NUMBER 23, Carrey seems right at home playing Carl, a divorcé who starts out the film depressed and withdrawn, scared of taking a risk. Pressured by his best friend, Peter (Bradley Cooper), to get his act together or be stuck with a lonely life, Carl attends a New Age self-help seminar intended to change "no men" like Carl into "yes men" willing to meet life's challenges with gusto. Carl is reluctant at first, but finds the seminar to be ultimately life-changing when he's coerced into giving the "say yes" attitude a try. As the first opportunity to say yes presents itself, Carl hesitantly utters the three-letter word, setting the stage for a domino effect of good rewards, and giving Carrey a platform to show off his comic chops. But over time Carl realizes that saying yes to everything indiscriminately can reap results as complicated and messy as his life had become when saying "no" was his norm. The always-quirky Zooey Deschanel adds her signature charm as Carl's love interest, Allison. An unlikely match at first glance, the pair actually develop great chemistry as the story progresses, the actors playing off each other's different styles of humor. Rhys Darby also shines as Carl's loveable but clueless boss, and THAT 70s SHOW's Danny Masterson appears as another one of Carl's friends. While YES MAN marks no major departure from Carrey's previous work, the sweet crowd pleaser manages to showcase two sides of its leading man.
Cast & Crew
|Bradley Cooper
|John Michael Higgins
|Fionnula Flanagan
|Rocky Carroll
|Terence Stamp
|Danny Masterson
|Patrick Labyorteaux
|Luis Guzmán
|Rhys Darby
|Brent Briscoe
|Anna Khaja
|Sasha Alexander
|Jim Carrey
|Zooey Deschanel
|Molly Sims
|Robert D. Yeoman - Director of Photography
|Andrew Mogel - Screenwriter
|Eels - Music
|Nicholas Stoller - Screenwriter
|Danny Wallace - Source Writer
|Bruce Berman - Executive Producer
|Richard D. Zanuck - Producer
|Jarrad Paul - Screenwriter
|David Heyman - Producer
|Marty P. Ewing - Executive Producer
|Peyton Reed - Director
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text:
Batman: Arkham City
Enigma Conundrum side quests (spoilers)
I have rescued 2 hostages so far, but I am not getting any more riddles to find the next hostage, do I have to find a certain number of secrets to get the next riddle?
So far i'm 126 out of 400.
How far have you all got? This is the only side quest I have left along with the AR missions.
I don't know the exact number you're looking for but yes, after a good amount of riddles you'll unlock the third mission. I'm still trying to unlock the fourth myself, I'm really hoping I don't need all of the trophies.
XBox live GT: Gritzy85
"Man can overcome anything except a succession of ordinary days." - Goethe
Yes when you get to a certain number solved you can use the conundrum to find the next hostage.
Baltimore Ravens: 4-1-0
Im at 240 and just did the fourth hostage...I figured the last would be at 400 but i dunno seems maybe more like 300.
I'm at 149 still nothing, maybe 150 will do the trick.
i got 390 Riddler's Trophy & .... but where is the last hostage ? lol
and where is the last 10 riddler's objectives ? 75% of Enigma completed & 100% of the game and 76% overall and all the other side quests are closed & completed
Finall got the 3rd one, its at 160 secrets found. I'm kind of stuck in the challenge as i am at the part with the Line Launcher but when I do the tight rope walk and try and glide past the spike wheel i keep dying, itheres gotta be another way.
I did it. Now the hunt for 240 secrets.


text:
Daytrip Boxy Sweater
SALE $12.50 was $25.00 Item #98400T6776C
Sorry, this product is currently not available on buckle.com.
- Banded cuff dolman sleeve cropped sweater
- 79% Polyester, 18% Rayon, 3% Spandex.
- Machine wash cold with like colors, gentle cycle. Do not bleach. Tumble dry low.
- Made in United States.
Have a Question?
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- Body length 19" on size medium.


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Kukla's Korner Hockey
Peter Mueller Out With Another Concussion
by Paul on 09/23/10 at 07:48 PM ET
Comments (2)
via Adrian Dater of All Things Avs,
I just learned some bad news: Peter Mueller is out indefinitely with another concussion. He suffered it late in last night's game and a diagnosis wasn't made until today.
I remember Mueller was hit up against the glass in one play, but don't remember the player from the Kings involved, and I'm not even positive that was how the injury happened. All I know is, he's out indefinitely.
This is horrible news.
Filed in: NHL Teams, Colorado Avalanche, | KK Hockey | Permalink
Tags: peter+mueller
I just lost my depth on LW, sone of a…
Posted by HockeytownOverhaul on 09/23/10 at 08:45 PM ET
Just awful. No one likes to see this happen to people that aren't Adrian Dater.
Posted by redxblack from Akron Ohio on 09/24/10 at 12:46 AM ET
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How to dye the perfect Easter egg—no kit required!
Why your BF doesn't notice your new 'do
Dear Carol: How can I turn my attitude around?
The Mortal Instruments series is coming to TV
Is your romance destined to be star-crossed or is it sizzling? Get your horoscope here...
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Nfinity Champions League 2: The Biggest Night in Cheerleading
GL + Forever In Your Mind present: "Sweet Little Something" ft. Jordyn Jones
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GL + Barbizon present: Meet our 2014 PTD model search winner, Taylor!
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Nickelodeon's Bella and the Bulldogs Premieres TONIGHT at 9 PM!
Bella and the Bulldogs on Nick: Your New Saturday Show!
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text:
The deadline for renewing your membership is here. Please support the IDHSNA with your membership in 2015. Click here to Make a Payment
Members who have not renewed by March 31, are considered lapsed. Don't lose your member benefits, including:
• Access to the IDHSNA members list and the IDHSNA Notices list
• Lower prices for registering horses and horse inspections
• Subscription to The Blarney
• Eligibility for the USDF All Breeds award program
• Eligibility for Year End Awards program.
• Promotion of the Irish Draught Horse and the Irish Draught Sport Horse
Read more...
Join us! Grab a pen to ink in this year's breed show, AGM and inspection for September 11-13, 2015. The North East will again host the show at the Dream Park Facility (www.dreamparknj.com), located in Logan Township, New Jersey. This premier facility is about 1/2 hour south west of Philadelphia - that's 5 hours from Boston; 8-1/2 hours from Charlotte, NC.; 10 hours from Lexington, KY; 12 hours from Chicago, IL; 2 hours from Baltimore, MA; and 8 hours from Toronto, Canada!
The Show itself will run Sept. 11 - 13, with plans to run a Clinic (or 2) on Sept. 10th. Many more details to follow - but no excuse not to plan now to join your fellow members at this fabulous Society event.
Congratulations to the IDHSNA Year End Award (YEA) winners!
Click here for the full list of 2014's winning horses and owners! The YEA Program, now in its 12th year, acknowledges and honors members with Irish Draught horses, both purebred and part bred, who are out competing and thus promoting the breed. This year we celebrate with winners from across the country. Read more...
We are delighted to announce that Lucy Stevenson was selected as our new Registrar and Member Services Coordinator (MSC). Lucy will start work on a contract basis on Monday, January 19th from her home in Stevensville, MT. Lucy previously served as Registrar for the Society and we anticipate a smooth transition.
The KHP Office will close on December 19, 2014 to allow for transition to the new office over the holidays and the first couple of weeks in January. We will have very limited service from Dec. 12, 2014 to Jan. 19, 2015 as we roll-up the carpet and ship the essentials to Lucy. During this transition all correspondence (mailed or e-mailed) will be forwarded to Lucy, but please don't expect a reply until after we reopen January 19, 2015.
Our new address is:
4617 Store Lane
Stevensville, MT 59870
We will have our same e-mail account at firstname.lastname@example.com and the new phone number is 406-540-2199. Read more...
The IDHSNA Board wishes to congratulate member Christina Moutray as the 2014 recipient of the Nicholson Family Tribute Trophy! This Award is presented each year to the Member who excels in Volunteerism for our Irish Community. Christina's work on the Blarney Team, the 2014 Calendar, the Silent Auction, the CafePress IDHSNA Store, Saddle Pads Sales, awarding highest-placed IDSHs at local Events, the Year End Awards and the Marketing Committee demonstrate the tireless advocacy of our recipient.
We present this honor with great appreciation of your extensive time and efforts spent on fund-raising and promoting our Breed and our Society. Thank you Christina for your enthusiasm and your many hours of service.
©2010 Irish Draught Horse Society. Website by energize.info.


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at the
36th Annual BIA Home Show
co-presented with
Building Industry Association
of Okaloosa & Walton Counties
Emerald Coast Convention Center
Saturday, March 7, 2015
9 a.m. to 5 p.m.
The goal of Okaloosa Saves is to raise awareness and educate the community on how to make smart choices when it comes to saving towards your future, as well as other life endeavors.
We are excited to announce a new venue for our 2015 event! Don't worry, we will still have your favorite Expo features:
Sign up as an Okaloosa Saver and get:
- A goodie bag (while supplies last…existing Savers too!)
- Entry into a drawing for a $100 prize
- Take a photo at our Selfie Booth to post your savings goal online
Learn financial tips and tricks at our informational seminars:
- How to Improve your Credit Score
- How to Save Money on your Mortgage
- How to Use Your IRA to Invest in Real Estate
- 9th Annual Piggy Bank Pageant (Youth Contest) and Corporate Piggy Bank Challenge. Vote for your favorites! Awards Presentation at 3 p.m.
- Free IRS tax return preparation assistance for eligible individuals or families earning less than $52,000. Service provided by United Way VITA Program Volunteers.
We look forward to seeing you at the Convention Center on March 7! While you're here on our website, be sure to check out our Okaloosa Saves website and other resources on our focus topics of Money, Home, Health and the Environment.
For further information, please call 850-797-4902.


text:
News from WTOP
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Mike Causey
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- Agency of the Month
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- Cloud-Driven Data Insights in Government
- CXO Surveys
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- Government Perspectives on Mobility and the Cloud
- Reducing Risk in the Cloud
- Reimagining the Next Generation of Government
Shows & Panels
- AFCEA Answers
- American Readiness: Renewable Power and Efficiency Technologies
- Ask the CIO
- The Business Case for Cloud Computing in Government
- Cloud-Driven Data Insights in Government
- Delivering the Digital Government Mission
- Federal Executive Forum
- Federal News Radio's National Cyber Security Awareness Month Special Panel Discussion
- Federal Tech Talk
- The Future of Government Data Centers
- Government Perspectives on Mobility and the Cloud
- Industrialized, Interoperable and Insight-driven Federal Health Panel
- Innovation and Tech Superiority through Acquisition Reform
- Mitigating Insider Threats in Virtual & Cloud Environments
- Moving Agency Applications to the Cloud with PaaS
- Reducing Risk in the Cloud
- Security in the Age of Targeted Attacks
- Air Traffic Management Transformation Report
- The Business of Cloud
- Cloud First Report
- Disaster Resilience for America
- General Dynamics IT Enterprise Center
- Gov Cloud Minute
- Government in Technology Series
- Homeland Security Cybersecurity Market Report
- The Intersection: Where Technology Meets Transformation
- Modern Mission Critical Series
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- The New IP for Federal IT
- The Social Platform Solution for the Department of Veterans Affairs
- Technology Insights
- The Cyber Security Report
- The Next Generation Cyber Security Experts
Shows & Panels
- Cloud-Driven Data Insights in Government
- Disaster Resilience for America
- F-35 Lightning II Program
- Government Perspectives on Mobility and the Cloud
- On DoD
- Pentagon Solutions
- Reducing Risk in the Cloud
- Reimagining the Next Generation of Government
- Transforming Business Operations at the Defense Department
3 die in spring storm packing ice, snow, tornadoes
Friday - 4/12/2013, 5:18am EDT
Associated Press
SHUQUALAK, Miss. (AP) -- A strong spring storm that socked the Midwest with ice and heavy, wet snow made its way east, raking the South with tornadoes Thursday, with three deaths blamed on the rough weather and thousands of people without power.
Mississippi Emergency Management Agency spokesman Greg Flynn said Thursday one person died and several people were injured after a reported tornado struck Kemper County in the far-eastern part of the state.
At Contract Fabricators Inc. in Kemper County, where authorities said one person died and another was injured, bent pieces of tin hung from the heavily damaged building. A tractor trailer was twisted and overturned. Debris from the business was strewn through the woods across the street.
Tabatha Lott, a dispatcher in Noxubee County, said there were "numerous reports of injuries" in the town of Shuqualak, though it wasn't immediately clear how many. Flynn also said there are reports of damaged buildings and many power outages.
The T-shaped system first swept across the nation's midsection Wednesday night and pummeled portions of Missouri, where the National Weather Service said Thursday that an EF-2 tornado appears to have damaged dozens of homes in the St. Louis suburb of Hazelwood. That category of tornado generally packs winds of 113 to 157 mph.
Derek Cody, an amateur storm chaser who works at East Mississippi Community College in Scooba, just south of Shuqualak (pronounced SHUG-a-lock), told The Associated Press that he drove north to the small town to try to catch a glimpse of the tornado.
He said he got out of his car on U.S. 45 just as the twister was approaching the highway, only to be hit by a strong gust of wind moving into the storm that almost knocked him over.
"I kind of sat there and hoped it would cross right in front of me," Cody said. "It was just a black mass that moved across the road."
Cody said that the center of Shuqualak, an eastern Mississippi town of 500 people, was unaffected. But he said a gas station and about 10 or so houses west of the town center were damaged. He said one house was "completely flattened" with debris blown across the road.
As the system was moving through the Southeast, high winds knocked over trees and power lines in rural west Alabama and eastern Mississippi. About 50 school systems in central and north Alabama sent students home early, and a few government offices and businesses also closed early. By late Thursday, the weather service was receiving reports of quarter- to baseball-sized hail in northeastern Georgia and western parts of the Carolinas.
In Shuqualak, Kathy Coleman, 57, said she was outside her home signing for a delivery of her dialysis medication when the deliveryman hustled her back in to the house. Coleman said she, the deliveryman and her housekeeper huddled in the bathroom as the storm hit.
"All I could hear was trees breaking and falling and glass. He started praying and I started praying. Thank God he was here," she said.
The line of severe storms was trudging east toward Georgia, where the world's best golfers are playing in the Masters at Augusta National. The weather was warm and sunny on the first day of the four-day tournament but severe storms were forecast overnight.
Late Thursday, Tennessee authorities declared a state of emergency after a possible tornado was reported in Monroe County, in the far-eastern part of the state.
Behind it in Missouri and neighboring Illinois, crews with the weather service still were assessing whether tornadoes were to blame for other damage, meteorologist Mark Fuchs said. Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon declared a state of emergency shortly after the storm swept through the eastern part of Missouri, bringing hail, up to 2
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
Kurt Kellner
I can see the existing permissions on a PDF file via this:
PDDocument doc = basicOpen("c://example_pdf_doc.pdf");
IAccessPermissions perms = doc.getAccessPermissions();
System.out.println("May Print:"+perms.mayPrint());
System.out.println("May Copy:"+perms.mayCopy());
How do you change the access permissions? I want to remove the ability to copy and print (or to put it another way, I want to add the permission restriction to prevent copy and print).
I thinking it might be something like this, but I don't know what values to put in the attribute. Maybe this isn't even the correct way to do this.
COSDictionary cosDict = COSDictionary.create();
cosDict.setAttribute("somekey", "somevalue");
Setting permissions on a document is not just a one liner.
you must
- set up a dictionary for use as /Encrypt in the trailer
- set the new permissions in the dict
- provide a SecurityHandler
- compute NEW keys from the passwords
- write the complete document from scratch
This is a rough overview, involving some more or less difficult steps (well documented in the PDF spec).
While everything you need is in place with jPod, there is currently no example available. I will change this with release 5.0 (this month).
Kurt Kellner
Ok, more complex then I thought. Are you saying that in release 5.0 that you will have an example of modifying these attributes (copy/print allowed)? If so, then it would be worth me waiting for your example.
I will try my best.


text:
Favstar gets even better if you sign in.
UK followers pls RT @lauz_cullen: My mom still missing this will be her 5th night! Please share #HelpFindEve pic.twitter.com/x3eSPFEG0P
TFC = "They Fire Coaches". I think @prizby came up with that one. Very fitting.
I'm a broken record with this, but: "Dear footy Gods, please don't let Michael Bradley get injured today!!" #TFC
@tpschrisboddy @distilleryto @toxmasmkt Love that place, especially at Christmas! :)
WHAAAAAT???? Another ref from hell. Disgusted. #TFCLive
Pity our neighbours tonight while the TFC vs Impact game is on. It's going to get LOUD in here. #TFCLive
Definitely: RT @24thminute Not to be that guy, but it would be nice if sports fans stopped using the word "rape" to describe a blow out win.
Off to the lawyer to hand in the condo keys tomorrow. 5 days til closing date!!!!
Who will be our coach for the next 20 minutes? #TFC
@tpschrisboddy I'm sure you guys see all kinds of dangerous stuff going on behind the wheel!
@lukewileman Sometimes it's VERY difficult to keep supporting TFC. #Issey
@tpschrisboddy @graffitibmxcop Thanks. Found the info. Somehow I was on the wrong page earlier that didn't have the info. It's all good now.
YEAH!!!! RT @cbcolympics MEDAL: Canada wins the gold medal in men's hockey. #cbcolympics #CANvsSWE pic.twitter.com/rzWP5rHHLz
@rickspringfield Your show tonight willl be the last getaway for me and my best friend. I'm moving to New Zealand soon. #bittersweet
Sitting on a couch in Canada, watching an @wgtnphoenixfc home game via a German stream. Love the internet! #COYN
@tpschrisboddy As long as the cop has a high tolerance of TFC related tweets, sure. Otherwise he/she would get pretty bored!
@tpschrisboddy NoSnowVember !
@shinobiafc I see you're a Gotham fan too. Check this out :) http://gothamchronicle.com/
@drerichoskins ..to go to a doctor. I believe the amount varies by income. Should be interesting to see the differences!
@drerichoskins That's a problem for sure! We're moving to New Zealand soon. They cover prescription, but you have to pay a minor amount..
Photographer of wildlife, nature, travel, kids, politicians and pets. Footy fan: Wellington Phoenix, Toronto FC
Like @StephGunther's tweets? Send them a Favstar Pro Membership to show you care.Gift them Pro!
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US Fire Administration Emergency Vehicle Safety Initiative WHY YOU NEED TO READ IT: Are you ...Read More »
Career Development
The RescueDigest Podcast Episode 26: Top 5 Things That Legal Counsel Wants Emergency Responders To Know
A Fire Medic Perspective: The top five things that Legal Counsel wants Emergency Responders to know. Rom ...Read More »
2015 Arrives!
National Fallen Firefighter Memorial Weekend Services: Watch Live
RescueDigest Resources: Modern Contents and Construction Demand Modern Fire Tactics
Education For The Next Generation of Responders: We CAN NOT Teach Like We Were Taught
Honor Your History, but Teach for the Future Welcome to the new year. If we've learned ...Read More »
2015 Arrives!
RescueDigest Resources: EMS Care for Pediatric Sepsis
Prepping for Change in 2015 and Beyond: Teaching Old Dogs New CPR


text:
How long does reglazing last?
I'm considering reglazing the tub in our co-op apartment because I was told that replacing the tub is difficult and expensive since the water has to be turned off in the entire building.
How long does reglazing usually last? This is the only bathroom and will be used every day.
It depends on several factors. I know there are people here who have been happy with it, but a few of my neighbors tried it and it failed within a year. If you look at the sites for many of the leading reglazing companies you will see their examples always show "investment" (ie rental) properties.
I don't understand about the cost and the water. You will have to turn the water off to do any plumbing work, and if you don't have a shut off for your unit, that's goring to be a problem. I live in a 4-plex that was like but everyone paid to put in separate shut-offs to make life easier.
Replacing a tub is very expensive, but that's because of the difficulty of prying it out, getting it out of the house, fixing the walls, and getting the new one in and installed. Of course, if you have a free-standing tub like a clawfoot, it's not as difficult, as long as it will fit through your doorways.
The expensive part is paying for the water to be shut off. This is a 200 unit building in NYC so no separate shut-offs planned. The tile around the tub is in good condition but if the tub is ripped out, I don't mind retiling the walls and floors to put in the tile I really like.
I will be replacing sink and toilet as well but they have separate valves and can be easily switched out.
Re-glazing is a quick fix. Stinky smelling job. I hear it lasts from 1-5 years. When it fails, it begins to flake off. Commonly done when resale is about to occur or when old tub is so gross you can't stand it but can't afford to replace it. This is not a permanent solution. And when it begins to peel off, it looks AWFUL.
I had mine done and it started chipping within 6 months. It looks awful now. It's more that halfway chipped off so we're going to tear it out and replace it. Forget it if you drop a full shampoo bottle in the wrong spot. Maybe mine wasn't done properly, but it was done by a professional and I hate it.
If your tub is a "standard" tub installation, with a shower/tub valve in the wall above, then the water may not necessarily have to be turned off in order to replace the tub.
If you want to replace the valve, then the water has to be turned off.
I have two apartments in Manhattan, when I did a gut remodel of the baths I slipped the doorman a nice tip, turned off the water to my stack, did my business, then turned it back on. He fielded a couple of calls from other residents while the water was out. I did it during the day when most people were working.
Not to hijack your thread, but I'm interested in this process. Got a nice original '40's tub and I was told the reglazing worked well and is relatively inexpensive. If it's not a worthwhile investment, are there any other solutions for an old (though decent), dirty-looking, unshiny tub?
I guess it doesn't have to be shiny, that's the fiberglass look. But clean, maybe a bleach bath. I seem to also recollect something I read about old bathtubs and sinks leaching lead. If I find it, I'll post.
What about a bathliner? I keep seeing this in a mall display. It's a fiberglass mold - custom made to your tub.
Here is a link that might be useful: Bathliners


text:
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Bergbreiter wins Clark School MRI award
Assistant Professor Sarah Bergbreiter (ME/ISR) and her research team have been selected as one of three winners of the A. James Clark School of Engineering?s Major Research Instrumentation Award (MRI).
Bergbreiter?s proposal for building a robotics realization lab met the Clark School?s MRI program criteria of supporting a strategic area of the college, involving an interdisciplinary group of faculty researchers, and being cost effective.
The new lab will be a much-welcomed addition to the capabilities of the college and the Maryland Robotics Center.
Related Articles:
IEEE Spectrum website features quadruped microrobotUMD President Loh hosts robotics demonstrations at University HouseSarah Bergbreiter wins PECASE AwardBergbreiter one of '25 women in robotics you need to know about'UAE students, Northrop Grumman engineers tour robotics laboratoriesUndergrad Carlos Casarez wins Goldwater ScholarshipMaryland students impress at National Robotics Week2010 Maryland Robotics Day draws large crowdSarah Bergbreiter gives TED Talk on microroboticsRobots learn kitchen skills by watching YouTube videos
February 4, 2014
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UMD Hosts 3D Maryland Expert Group Meeting
UMD Robot Visits White House
Sarah Bergbreiter gives TED Talk on microrobotics
Robots learn kitchen skills by watching YouTube videos
UMD Online Engineering Programs Continue to Climb in Standings
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Medium Sized Multicolor Ceramic Jerusalem Decorative Plate in Hebrew and English
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This lovely multicolor ceramic decorative plate features 10 important sites in Jerusalem, in Hebrew and English. Read more
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The sites on the plate include the Western Wall, Montefiore Windmill, the Temple Mount and the Knesset and more. This beautiful plate makes a great decoration in the hallway or on the wall of your living room.
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