text:
Step 1: Supplies
3 2x6x8 pressure treated boards (~$5each)
~3 inch long wood screws
2 eye bolts
Step 3: First Cutting All The Pieces
Cut one foot off Board 1, this will be the long board underneath the bottom. (Save the excess)
Cut board 2 in half (4ft sections). These will be the stabilizing "feet"
Board 3 will will use later, just put it aside for now.
Now, go back and get the excess foot you cut off of board 1. Cut this in half. After you have done this, measure from the end of one of the pieces 5.75". Once you have done this, that should be a perfect square. Cut the square diagonally from one corner to the opposite one to create a triangle. Repeat with the other half of the remaining section from board 1. These will be used to connect the feet to the bottom long board.
Step 4: Assembling The Base
Repeat this step for the other side of the long board as well as the opposite side of the stand.
Step 5: The Arms
This one may be a bit tricky.
What you want to do first is to cut board 3 in half. After you do this choose a side WITH NO KNOTS in the wood and cut a 45° angle in the very end of the board. You will want to then place the angled in flush with the bottom of the long board pushed all the way until it is touching the triangle piece. Drill in place generously. Repeat for the other side HOWEVER do this on the opposite side of the long board.
Time to kick back and Relaxe :)
Great, I voted for it!
What is the distance between the two eye bolts. I want to make sure my hammock isn't too long.
I love the way this looks! I just put up an instructable about how to make a DIY-Eno Hammock, and this stand would be great in my backyard. Thanks!
This looks so relaxing, I'm jealous!
This turned out so nice! Great job - wish I had one!


text:
Superhero Store
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Black Widow Home
Black Widow
Trained by the KGB to be the Soviet Union's premier spy, Natasha Romanov found herself a woman without a cause or a country to serve when the Berlin Wall came down. International intrigue and suspense meet the hi-tech gadgetry and spectacle that can only be found in Marvel Comics as the Black Widow tries to find her place in a world without borders.
FAN ART: Spider-Women Part 2
The other half of my Spider-Women drawings.
If Race Isn't Essential To a Character, Then Why Is Scarlett's GITS Casting an Issue?
People who say that with comic book movie heroes, race isn't essential to the character (I get that, actually pretty much agree) people who say that, why is Scarlett's casting in Ghost In The Shell an issue then, if race isn't essential?
Scarlett Johansson Teases BLACK WIDOW's Dark Past In AVENGERS: AGE OF ULTRON
"I had done my research, and the Black Widow character resonated with me. She is dark and has faced death so many times that she has a deep perspective on the value of life."
Black Widow Comic Writer Tweets Script Pages In Support Of BLACK WIDOW Solo Movie
After Marvel released its Phase 3 slate last week without any mention of a Black Widow solo movie, the author of the current Black Widow comic series has jumped on board to express his support.
BATMAN & BLACK WIDOW Top List Of Most Popular Halloween Costumes By State
The Dark Knight will rise again! At least southerners think so, as Batman costumes are the most popular Halloween costume for people that live in West Virginia, Oklahoma and Tennessee. See which states love to dress up as your favorite super heroes and villains.
'Hulk' & 'Black Widow' To Feature Prominently In PHASE 3, But No Solo Films Planned
Despite persistent rumors of solo movie outings for both characters, Kevin Feige seems to have put an end to 'em. The Marvel head honcho does say that they are very important to the MCU however, and reveals that the Hulk will "appear in many of the movies announced today."
Robert Downey Jr. On BLACK WIDOW Movie: 'Doesn't Scarlett Johansson Deserve A Break?'
Revealing other solo movies he thinks should be spawned from his
Avengers: Age of Ultron
co-stars, Robert Downey Jr. weighs in on Scarlett Johansson's super spy getting her own spin-off! Check it out!
Stan "The Man" Lee Shares Thoughts On Possibility Of A BLACK WIDOW Movie
Despite being credited as a producer, Stan Lee's involvement with the Marvel Studios movies is really limited to being called in for a cameo. However, he shares his thoughts here on their future plans for the likes of Black Panther and Doctor Strange as well as a possible solo spin-off for Black Widow...
Jessica Chastain Asks: Where Is Scarlett Johansson's Marvel Solo Movie?
Jessica Chastain ("The Help"), spoke to The Wrap today. During that discussion the
Zero Dark Thirty
actress brought up Scarlett Johansson and how she deserves her own solo Marvel film.
GAME OF THRONES And CONSTANTINE Director Neil Marshall Wants To Helm BLACK WIDOW
Neil Marshall (
The Descent
) has directed some of
Game of Thrones
' best episodes, while he's also responsible for the
pilot. In a recent interview, the filmmaker has revealed that if he could have his pick of superhero properties, it would be
Black Widow
A Look Inside, BLACK WIDOW!
I take a look at Marvel's Super-Spy, the Black Widow!
David Hayter Talks About His Old BLACK WIDOW Script
Voice-actor, screenwriter and director David Hayter talks about his old Black Widow script he wrote Marvel Studios and why he thinks the film never got made. "I'm going to talk to Marvel about possibly re-igniting that project. It really depends on Marvel on what they want to do with that character."
COMICS: Daredevil Drops By In Preview of BLACK WIDOW #7
Nathan Edmondson and Phil Noto's superb take on one of Marvel's deadliest ladies has been a high point of All-New Marvel NOW!, and as Natasha makes her way to San Francisco, she runs into a certain horn-headed superhero. Hit the jump to preview
Black Widow #7
Scarlett Johansson Talks Even More Black Widow
Scarlett Johansson sat down with the people over at
and discussed more about Black Widow's life style, costume, Black Widow film, and more about the character. So hit the jump to check out her thoughts.
Scarlett Johansson on The Winter Soldier, Black Widow Film, Her Costume, And Much More
Scarlett Johansson sat down in LA and discussed many things about Black widow and the Marvel Cinematic Universe. So hit the jump to see many things that Johansson had to say about the MCU. Check it out!
Scarlett Johansson Says 'Black Widow's Past Catches Up To Her In AVENGERS: AOU
In a very brief interview with IGN, the
Captain America: The Winter Soldier
actress drops a few hints about what we can expect from Black Widow's arc in Joss Whedon's
sequel. More after the jump.
Scarlett Johansson On The Possibility Of A BLACK WIDOW Solo Movie
Kevin Feige has already admitted that a spin-off flick for the deadly Avenger is a possibility, but what does the actress who plays her have to say about it? Johanssonn seems to think if the fans want it, it'll happen! Click on for the video interview.
Joss Whedon On Female Superheroes In Film
Or maybe that should read the lack thereof. Whedon talks about this current shortcoming in the superhero genre and theorizes that someone will reverse that trend, maybe even him. Plus, talk of The Avengers 2.
Should THE AVENGERS Assemble Again In Phase Three?
Phase Two
of the
Marvel Cinematic Universe
doesn't officially begin until May 3rd's
Iron Man 3
but lets analyze how much we know about
Marvel's Phase Three
. Is there room for
Black Panther
Unused Olly Moss Posters For THE AVENGERS, GAME OF THRONES And AKIRA
Studio go-to-artist Olly Moss has released some artwork for various 2012 projects that got left on the cutting room floor for one reason or another. Check out unused posters for Avengers Assemble, Black Widow and more.
Marvel Studios Concept Artist On Designing BLACK WIDOW In THE AVENGERS
Andy Park, concept artist on Thor, Captain America:TFA, The Avengers and the upcoming Iron Man 3 and Thor: The Dark World talks about crafting the look of Black Widow.
FAN-MADE Plethora Of MARVEL's PHASE 2 Artwork
Loosely inspired by Phase Two of Marvel's Cinematic Universe, and films potentially in-development, hit the jump & check out digital fan-made posters & artwork painted, airbrushed and drawn!
Scarlett Johansson On The Possibility Of A BLACK WIDOW Prequel
Scarlett Johansson (who plays Black Widow in
Marvel's The Avengers
) discusses details of a potential
Black Widow
spin-off and how it would play out.
Black Widow's Future Post-THE AVENGERS Has Been "Already Planned" Says Kevin Feige
Although there has been uncertainty about Scarlett Johansson's Russian spy Black Widow getting a solo outing, the Marvel president has revealed that where she'll return is set in stone.
Revisit The Road To THE AVENGERS With This French Expo Showcasing MARVEL Concept Artist Ryan Meinerding
Visual Development Supervisor
Ryan Meinerding
, the man responsible for the look of the
Marvel Cinematic Universe
is showcasing his art work in France, check it out.
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Self-proclaimed "Star Prince" and representative from the Happiness Corporation, Chiloru has been sent to retrieve Wool alongside his co-workers, Spark and Daniel. He is an arrogant boy who works in the company's dessert line.
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Thankyou for all of the support and sensitivity that you have shown towards each other this week. There has been a very strong community feel around the school following the sad news. The funeral for Jamie will be held on Thursday 26 March and we are liaising with the family to arrange for close ...Read the rest of this topic
In January 2015, we would like use the South Hunsley website, Head of School Roundup and South Hunsley News to give a specific focus on the recent achievements of our students. As always, when issuing information of this kind, we want to be able to capture the whole range of accomplishments from...Read the rest of this topic
Students from Year 7 – 10 are invited to audition for the whole school musical; Little Shop of Horrors. Auditions will be held Monday 3rd and Thursday 6th November – 3.45pm – 5.00pm in Riding Hall. The twilight bus will be available on these nights, students should book this through the VLE.


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"Exciting and Thought-Provoking"
First off: please ignore the many reviewers who seem hysterical about a little atmospheric music in the recording. It is simply the usual amount at the beginning and ending of large sections or major turns in the story. Their vehemence makes me think that they listened only to the first few minutes and gave up on the book. That is too bad. As in most audio books, the music fades away quickly and we just have the reader. Yes, the music is kind of dissonant and unpleasant and unnecessary, but I'd say the music is in maybe 3% of the audiobook.
It is certainly no reason to miss out on this intelligent performance of an intriguing book. It kept me engaged and at times on edge for hours of driving and walking. Pure King-ly pleasure. My pleasure was enhanced by having read or listened to all of the Dark Tower books twice or more, one of the most important reading experiences of my life. This story relates to those worlds. But the story is not dependent on the DT books and is highly engaging on its own. I also love the occasional bumping into story material from King's IT, another favorite of mine, as this takes place in Derry, Maine, and acknowledges the earlier events from the limited perspective of the new character.
Eli Wallach is an ideal choice as reader, since the protagonist is an elderly man. Wallach is a superb actor and just the perfect interpreter of this long, rewarding story.
"Strong Second Entry in Her New Series"
This dark story is very engrossing and hard to put down. The story lines of the hero and his assistant deepen and move forward in a satisfying way. There is so much bad writing out there in the detective fiction genre that to find such craft as is found here is a refreshing quaff. The narration is first rate, with distinct and unstrained characterizations. Please keep them coming, Ms. Rowling, and I will keep listening!
"Simply Ridiculous"
I have enjoyed earlier books in the Jack Reacher series. Child seems to be losing it. The book is in the "Reacher is unjustly jailed as part of a big conspiracy" mode yet again (yawn). What's worse is the cartoonish, nonsensical actions that Reacher and the other characters take, as if the author feels no responsibility toward plausibility, just randomly writing down whatever comes to mind. Reacher and his companion are fleeing the police, FBI, and MPs on a winter's night in rural Virginia in a stolen Corvette and so they--of course--put the top down for kicks--because that is a sure way to avoid notice, right? It's like that over and over again. Simply junk.
"Deeply Disappointing"
I heard an interview with William Boyd discussing the book on The Guardian Books podcast. He was intelligent, witty, and I couldn't wait to read it. What a disappointment. The thin excuse for a plot takes an hour of listening before it begins, then meanders around without direction until it terminates with a whimper on an absurdly implausible note. The indeterminate ending is apparently a tee-up for a sequel. I won't be buying that one. The writing here is close to complete incompetence.
"Over-rated Writing, Ridiculous Narration"
The writing is similar to the style I see from high school students attempting to write fiction--belabored exposition, assuming the reader is an imbecile; everything is explained and then over-explained and I just feel dragged into mud. There is no spark. There is nothing for the reader to do. He should learn to show action (as does a good writer like Ian Rankin, PD James, Ruth Rendell, James Ellroy) and let the reader get engaged and figure things out for himself or herself.
Speaking of imbeciles--what Einstein had the idea to make the narrator attempt "Danish accents" for all these Danish characters? That is just absurdly stupid, as if they are all speaking English to each other, with grotesque accents? The stupidity of that artistic choice--plus the painful inability of the narrator to pull of the bad idea--makes this very close to completely unlistenable.
"Ghastly. Horrible writing."
Cartoonish action. Absurd dialogue pushing exposition. Just an implausible and incompetent mess of a book.
"Loved It--Write More of Them, Please, Jo!"
I love detective fiction. I am devoted to Robert Bloch, John D. MacDonald, Ross Macdonald, P.D. James, Ruth Rendell, and a few others. But I have read all they have written, and I have been disappointed with so many attempts to find new writers. They are often cutesy (hate cutesy), implausible, self-indulgent, badly written.
So I would not have tried this one had I not found out it was by J.K. Rowling, whose work I have always enjoyed. I was not disappointed. The story is original (not easy in detective fiction as the paths are so well-worn), the hero and his sidekick are intriguing, complex, and likable. The writing is--as you might expect--deft, elegant, and engaging.
I greatly hope that Rowling makes this a series. I can't wait to get back into that world and see how the lives of these characters develop.
"Good Science, Well-Explained, and It Works"
I have been following the plan now for three weeks (male, 5'10" 215 lbs) and have lost 6 pounds. I was afraid of the idea of fasting, but the authors' assurances that it is okay and one is not going to drop dead are helpful, and they are right. It is not really that hard after the first day, which of course feels weird as a change in habit. I have also noticed the improved mental acuity and upbeat mood that research shows the intermittent fasting can enable.
Dr. Mosley's explanations of the science behind fasting and how it is natural for humans is first-rate and very accessible. The book is narrated by the authors; both have intelligent and pleasant voices. I am looking forward to reaching my goal weight in 40-45 weeks, and enjoying the health benefits of this simple program as I get there.
"Wasn't Able to Listen Beyond an Hour"
I was hoping for a more engagingly told story behind the science. It was fairly tedious and I gave up on it.
"Loved It"
For some reason, I had avoided this book for years. Maybe it was the length, maybe just the odd title. I am so glad I broke down and chose it. It is a long, entertaining, wild ride. It is rather campy, cartoony, compared to other King books, and I was delighted to see that facet of his amazing talent.
"Charming and off-beat true stories"
It is a compilation of well-crafted and entertaining columns about quirky places and people in California. As has been said elsewhere, Hillinger works in a styles similar to Charles Kuralt or his successors at CBS Sunday Morning. I really enjoyed this book on a long drive.
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text: Ciley Myrus - Brecking Wall (D.J Detweiler Remix) [FREE DL in description] by D.J. Detweiler published on 2013/11/25 23:03:12 +0000 Download Links WAV HQ - http://mediafire.com/?op753fph9yg9oh1 MP3 - http://mediafire.com/?f7uk5wf7f8etds7 http://twitter.com/DeeJayDetweiler / http://fb.com/DJDetweilerOfficial hey yo internet, how are u? DJ DETWEILER IS BACK !!!! Me and my team have been in the studio round the clock working on a brand new flutedrop™ bizzness , here u go !!! have been hours and hours of work in 3 diferent countries but the effort was worth it. I've been working with some known producers - I can't reveal the names due some clauses in my confidential contract with the artists - but you will know who they are. this time is a popular chune, actually a big tune, i guess some of you will call me sellout for this, but I HAD TO DO IT just because YOLO... just listen it and STFU .... LOL i hope you all like it.. Haters gonna Hate but most important LOVERS GONNA LOVE <3 <3 <3


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Building Performance and Aesthetics
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Friday, November 9, 2012
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Decorative Finishes
Forget bones, dogs dig architecture, and faux finishing.
Or, at least, so say the architects and building professionals who are taking part in the first Bow-Wowhaus project in Asheville, NC.
This fresco mural appears on the ceiling of one of the pooch palaces designed for the Bow-Wowhaus project.
The project involves designing and building 10 one-of-a-kind doggy digs to be auctioned off Saturday (Nov. 10) at a gala to benefit local charities. Asheville's chapter of the American Institute of Architects organized the project.
Stylish Pooch Pads
"The dog houses are each so different and unique," said Mary Fierle, executive assistant, AIA Asheville. "There is a home appropriate for a teacup Chihuahua to a Rhodesian Ridgeback and every kind of mutt in between!"
The participating architects collaborated with businesses and craftsmen, including carpenters, interior designers, a metal worker, faux finisher, technology expert, and a jewelry designer, Fierle said.
An old surfboard is an eye-catching design element for the "Lost Dog Cafe."
Building materials used in the dog houses include recycled cherry slats, stucco, MDF, Plexiglas, beer cans, and an old surfboard. Some of the houses have been designed for indoor use; others are made for the yard.
A Wright Idea
AIA Asheville President Thad Rhoden said that the idea for the project had been spurred by the documentary film Romanza: The California Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, by Michael Miner.
The film, which will be screened at the gala, traces homes throughout California, including the smallest of Wrights' designs: a dog house for Eddie Berger.
On June 19, 1956, that 12-year-old son of a client wrote to Wright, "I would appreciate it if you would design me a dog house, which would be easy to build, but would go with our house."
"[My dog] is two and a half feet high and three feet long," the letter said. "The reasons I would like this dog house is for the winters mainly." He said he could pay for the design with his paper route money.
"I was probably his youngest client and poorest client," said Berger, now 68. Berger rebuilt the dog house with his brother, using the original plans. The construction will be displayed at the Bow-Wowhaus event.
More information about the film and Berger's doghouse may be found here.
Tail-Wagging Process
For some architects, the process of designing and building the dog house provided an opportunity to think and work outside their normal "building box," the computer. Architects today spend most of their time in front of a computer screens clicking keys to express designs, AIA Asheville said.
For architect Terry Meek, AIA, the project provided a change of pace. "Our dog house was built entirely with hand tools—circular saw, scroll saw, a hammer and a screwdriver," said Meek.
Others said the project had brought back fond childhood memories.
"Many years ago, there were a couple of events that turned my interest to architecture," said Jes Stafford, AIA. "Building Lincoln's cabin out of Lincoln Logs was one. Building a dog house with my father was the other. It really sparked an interest in taking an idea, designing and making a real thing out of it. So this is rather personal and fitting."
One Beer-Crushing Design
Asheville has been voted "Beer City USA" for the past couple of years and has an ever-growing number of microbreweries, according to AIA Asheville.
A roof coated in beer cans and a cork flooring are featured in this doggy den.
Architect Nicole Szlatenyi, Assoc. AIA, partnered with Square Peg Construction and Hops and Vine specialty beverages to capitalize on the craze by roofing their dog house with crushed beer-can shingles—local beer cans, of course.
In addition, her team made use of other bar by-products, including wine bottles, corks and a whiskey barrel. Szlatenyi's dog house is called, "The Hangover."
Charities Benefit
Proceeds from the event will benefit the no-kill shelter Brother Wolf Animal Rescue and the Asheville Art Museum.
AIA Asheville is one of 300 chapters of the American Institute of Architects.
More information: www.aiaasheville.org.
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Hollywood Holidays -- Gift Guide
Star-Worthy Holiday Outfits for Kids
Suri! Kingston! Honor! Check out our festive style picks inspired by Hollywood's trendiest tots
Updated: Friday Nov 18, 2011 | 07:40 PM EST By: Shanelle Rein-Olowokere
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Clematis Sources Update
Hi, folks. I'm starting to scout out sources for this year's wishlist and wondered if any of you know of good new places to look. These are my regulars:
 Brushwood
 Silver Star Vinery
 Garden Crossings
 Seneca Hill
 Joy Creek
 Forest Farm
 Donahues
Appreciate any feedback here. Gary
Gary, check the following link below out. We had a thread on various sources last year I believe. Some of the vendors might not still be in business but the list is quite extensive.
Here is a link that might be useful: Clematis Sources
Hey Dude. I hope your life is settling down a bit so you can enjoy the finer thing;)
Thanks for bringing up the link. If I have time, (which I doubt because my aging parents have most of it) I'll check each link. If someone would like to do that before I can, it would be great for all of us. :)
Thanks, ncville and Janet, very useful. I'd have replied sooner, but the "notify of responses" didn't/doesn't seem to be working. Those lists, from Oct-Nov 2008 are a great resource. Something like that might be worth reprinting now that we're coming into the season. (I didn't feel at liberty to post someone else's list). Gary
I've purchased from Brushwood, Silver Star Vinery and Chalk Hill (who unfortunately doesn't sell clematis anymore). I have been pleased with all. Great clematis. Very nice and helpful. Just yesterday, I put in another order to Silver Star Vinery.
Oh boy, here we go flying off the Clematis cliff again this year into the wild 'blue' yonder. I have to put in my vote for Brushwood, Dan has got to be the best customer service guy around. Really knows his plants!!. Love Silver Star and Joy Creek cant be beat for selection. I live on the West Coast so I keep to this side of the continent due to shipping concerns. Best of Luck. Kat
I found it interesting that Brushwood won't sell Sweet Autumn Clematis anymore. I guess it's way too invasive there.
I have one, just planted last season, so we'll see how it goes, but I have a rather large and long hedgeline for it to climb to it's hearts content.
Miguel, I may have asked you this before but I have a c. terniflora on a fence (planted last year, spring) along with a c. texensis gravetye beauty. Is the terniflora going to beat up on the texensis and win the battle? If so I am going to move the texensis. Thanks for the input. When is Dan going to be selling from Georgia? Kat
Depends on how close the terniflora is to the Gravetye Beauty. Terniflora is a monster clematis and will consume most other clematis.
I think that either I received a general email from Dan or saw it on his website. I believe that things will be shipped from PA this spring but that in the fall, all shipments will come from GA. Don't hold me in cement on that but it was something along those lines.
Here is the list from nckvilledudes' link. Please update any new info about the nurseries on the list. Also, please give your opinion if you had any experience with any one of them.
Arrowhead Alpine - http://arrowheadalpines.com
Beardsley Gardens (redesigning website)
Big Dipper Farm - http://www.bigdipperfarm.com/cgi-bin/searchall.pl
Bluestone Perennials - http://www.bluestoneperennials.com/b/bp/index.html
Brushwood Nursery - http://www.brushwoodnursery.com/
Busse Gardens - http://www.bussegardens.com/
Carroll Gardens - http://www.carrollgardens.com/
Completely Clematis - http://www.clematisnursery.com/
Digging Dog Nursery - http://www.diggingdog.com/
DonahueÂs Clematis Specialists - http://www.donahuesclematis.com/
Fairweather Gardens - http://www.fairweathergardens.com/
Fieldstone Gardens - http://www.fieldstonegardens.com/
Forestfarm - http://www.forestfarm.com/
Garden Crossings - http://www.gardencrossings.com/
Greer Gardens - http://www.greergardens.com/plants.htm
Gurneys Seed & Nursery Co. - (link too long)
Homestead Farms - http://www.homesteadfarms.com/
Jackson & Perkins - (link too long)
Joy Creek - http://www.joycreek.com/
Klehm's Song Sparrow - http://www.songsparrow.com/
Koi Gardens - http://koigardenclub.com/Clematis.htm
Lazy S'S Farm Nursery - http://www.lazyssfarm.com/Plants/Vines/vines.htm
Nature Hills Nursery, Inc. - http://www.naturehills.com/
Paradise Garden - http://www.paradisegarden.com/shop/home_clematis.php
Park Seed  (link too long)
Plant Delights Nursery - http://www.plantdelights.com/
Rare Find Nursery - http://www.rarefindnursery.com/
Seneca Hill Perennials - http://www.senecahillperennials.com/
Sheffield's Seed Company. - http://www.sheffields.com/products/view/300440
Silver Star Vinery Clematis - http://www.silverstarvinery.com/
Siskiyou Rare Plant Nursery - http://www.siskiyourareplantnursery.com/
Spring Hill Nurseries Co. - link too long
Spring Valley Greenhouse - http://www.springvalleygreenhouse.com/
Sunlight Gardens - http://www.sunlightgardens.com/giftcertificates.html
Thompson & Morgan - http://www.thompson-morgan.com/
Van Bourgondien Bros. - http://www.dutchbulbs.com/
Wayside Gardens  (link too long)
White Flower Farm  (link too long)
Woodlanders - http://www.woodlanders.net/


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Figure 1.
Two main search flows in SigCS base. Users can retrieve stroke and its etiology related genetic variant and biological pathway information through the two principal search flows of SigCS base: a gene-based variant search (M1 or M2 →1→2→5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 4) and a pathway-based variant search (M3→3→4→10 or 2).
Park et al. BMC Systems Biology 2011 5(Suppl 2):S10 doi:10.1186/1752-0509-5-S2-S10


text: Government Government and Legislature Report: Illinois Overdrew Federal Medicaid Money By Ryan Pumroy • Aug 18, 2014 OIG at HHS A report has found that Illinois overdrew Federal Medicaid funds by using faulty procedures. Quinn Seeks End To Illinois Lottery Contract By Ryan Pumroy • Aug 15, 2014 Illinois Lottery Governor Pat Quinn is working to end the contract with the private manager that runs the Illinois Lottery seven years ahead of schedule. ACLU Report: Racial Bias in Illinois Traffic Stops By Ryan Pumroy • Aug 13, 2014 Flickr dwightsghost (CC BY 2.0) An American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois report released today found evidence of racial bias in data collected in 2013 about police consent searches during routine traffic stops. High-Priced Salt Forces Illinois Cities To Think Snow In July By Susan Stephens & Andrew Epstein • Jul 30, 2014 Larry Stephens Nearly 200 Illinois communities are scrambling to find salt – at a reasonable price – for next winter. Right To Vote For Term Limits This Fall Gets Expedited Appeal By Susan Stephens & Tony Arnold • Jul 21, 2014 WNIJ The question of term limits will get its day in court, in time for this fall's election. An Illinois appellate court agreed to hear an expedited appeal from supporters of a term limits referendum, led by Republican candidate for governor Bruce Rauner. Medical Marijuana Growers Could Apply For Illinois Permits Soon By Susie An • Jul 15, 2014 Caveman 92223 / Flickr Qualifying patients are a step closer to getting medical marijuana in Illinois. Top 25 By '25: Ambitious Vision For Rockford By Susan Stephens • Jul 10, 2014 Susan Stephens / WNIJ Energy was high at the Coronado Theater last night: it has been more than seven months since Transform Rockford held its first community rally there, asking people to help create an ambitious plan for the city. Federal Judge Roszkowski Remembered As A "Great American" By Susan Stephens • Jul 9, 2014 Nels Akerland / U.S. General Services Administration Funeral services for federal judge Stanley Roszkowski are set for Saturday in Rockford. The man who helped establish a permanent federal court in Rockford died Monday at the age of 91. Judge Rejects Fall Ballot Questions; Remap Group Won't Appeal By Susan Stephens & Guy Stephens • Jun 27, 2014 Cook County Judge Mary Mikva ruled today that three signature-driven ballot measures don't meet constitutional requirements and cannot be on this fall's general election ballot. Two of the measures call for legislative term limits, and another asks for the formation of an independent commission to oversee the state's political map-drawing process. Attorneys for advocates of the term limits measures say they will appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court next week. Report Sheds Light On NIU Ethics Probe By Susan Stephens • Jun 21, 2014 NIU A newly released report by the Illinois Inspector General's office sheds some light on an ethics investigation at Northern Illinois University. Pages« first ‹ previous … 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 … next › last »


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Aug-4,197.0: J. T. PIERCE 3,522,492
' SUPERCONDUC'IIVE BARRIER DEVICES Filed 0ct.'23.' 1 967 a Sheets-Sheet 1 SUPERCONDUCTOR 4)INSULAT|ON 2)SUPERCONDUCTOR 3)SUBSTRATE 49 OUTPUT MEANS iii L 1 44 .lo
4 vfil INVENTOR W i .105 [PIERCE i f!! v D -umm i- I Aug. 4, 1970- J. T. PIERCE 3,522,492
SUPERCONDUC'I'IVE BARRIER DEVICES Filed Oct. 25, 1967 8 Sheets-Sheet z "ummum.
Aug. 4, 1970 Filed Oct. 25, 1967 J. T. PIERCE SUPERCONDUCTIVE BARRIER DEVICES a Sheets-Sheet s MEANS OUTPUT 4, 1970 I J. T. PIERCE 3,522,492
SUPERCONDUCTIVE BARRIER DEVICES Filed Oct. 23, 1967 8 Sheets-Sheet 4 I I t l I I i 1 QUANTUM UNITS OF FLUX 4, 1970 I I J. T. PIERCE 3,522,492
SUPERCONDUCTIYE BARRIER DEVICES Filed 061:. 23, 196'? 8 Sheets-Sheet 6 J HI Aug. 4, 1970 J. T. PIERCE SUPERCONDUC'I'IVE BARRIER DEVICES Filed on. 23, 1967 8 Sheets-Sheet 6 Aug. 4, 1970 J. T. PIERCE SUPERCONDUCTIVE BARRIER DEVICES 8 Sheets-Sheet 7 Filed 001;. 23, 1967 -Aug- 1970 J. T. PIERCE 3,522,492
RCO D CTIVE B Filed Oct. 23, 1967 8 Sheets-Sheet 8 United States Patent 3,522,492 SUPERCONDUCTIVE BARRIER DEVICES Joe T. Pierce, Richardson, Tex., assignor to Texas Instruments Incorporated, Dallas, Tex., a corporation of Delaware Filed Oct. 23, 1967, Ser. No. 677,327 Int. Cl. I-Itlll 15/00 US. Cl. 317-235 4 Claims ABTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Disclosed are superconductive barrier devices, comprising a gate region with a control line adjacent to the gate, which can perform cryogenic switching and logic functions. According to the various embodiments, the gate region may comprise a relatively thin superconductive layer This invention relates to superconductive barrier devices. More particularly, it relates to novel configurations for using the magnetic field sensitivity of superconductive barrier devices, including superconductive tunneling barriers, and to novel configurations for enhancing the radiation generation capabilities of superconductive tunneling barriers. Hence, in one aspect the invention relates to cryogenic switching and logic devices, and in another aspect it relates to generators of millimeter and submillimeter wavelength radiation.
In one particular aspect the invention relates to a superconductive barrier device which can serve as a cryotron or switching device comprising two superconductors separated by a very thin insulating barrier. More particularly, the device comprises a relatively thin superconductive film superposed over a relatively thick superconductive film but separated by a very thin insulative film. In the superconductive state, even though the gate lines are connected to the thin superconductive film the barrier device is able to carry a relatively large current, i.e., at least as great as the critical current of the thick film. However, when the gate is switched to the normal state by a control line positioned over it, the gate exhibits the normal characteristics of the thin film. Thus, the device provides increased gain due to its higher current carrying capability and increased speed due to the high resistance in the normal state.
While applicant does not wish to be bound by theory, it is believed that this effect may be due to electron coupling across the barrier due to the coherence length of the superelectrons. A theoretical explanation of superconductive pairing of two electrons separated by a barrier has recently been offered by Morrel H. Cohen and D. H. Douglas, Jr., Superconductive Pairing Across Electron Barriers, Physical Review Letters, vol. 19, pp. 118-121 (July 17, 1967).
In another particular aspect, the invention relates to superconductive tunneling devices often referred to as Josephson junctions, after Brian D. Josephson, who in 1962 predicted that two different phenomena can occur between two superconductors which are separated by an extremely thin (10-15 A.) insulating barrier or layer.
3,522,492 Patented Aug. 4, 1970 The first is that a direct current can be observed to flow between the superconductors without a voltage drop even though the two are still physically separated. This phenomenon is called the DC Josephson effect. The second of the phenomena is that a direct current can flow between the superconductors with a voltage drop while simultaneously very high frequency electromagnetic radiation emanates from the barrier indicating the presence of a very high frequency alternating current. This phenomenon is called the AC Josephson effect. Both phenomena are a direct consequence of the unique nature of superconductivity. See B. D. Josephson, Possible New Effects in Superconductive Tunneling, Physics Letters, vol. 1, pp. 251-253 (July 1, 1962).
The DC Josephson current is a supercurrent traveling by Cooper pair or electron pair conduction from one superconductor to the other through the insulating layer with no voltage drop and hence is frequently termed zero voltage current. The magnitude of this current is dependent in part upon the type of superconductors used, the dimensions of the insulating region, and the temperature. The magnitude of this current is also critically dependent upon the magnitude of the magnetic field in the barrier. The maximum net DC Josephson current that can be carried by the barrier decreases periodically (repetitively at regular intervals) as the magnetic field is increased. If an attempt is made to cause more current to flow across the barrier than this magnetic field will allow, the supercurrent switches off and there is a transition in the Josephson barrier from a Cooper pair tunneling state, in which current can flow through the barrier region without any voltage drop, to a single electron tunneling state in which the current flows with a voltage drop across the barrier. It should be noted that at no time do the superconductors change from the superconductive to the normal state. Because there is no such transition and because the active barrier region is small in surface area, the transition time to full voltage is very short.
In accordance with one aspect of applicants invention, a control line or layer is positioned over but insulated from a superconductive tunneling device. An electrical pulse of appropriate magnitude through the control line generates a magnetic field which switches the Josephson barrier from one tunneling state to the other. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, superconductive tunneling devices are disclosed having granular superconductor members. These devices may be employed as switching or logic devices.
As Josephson predicted, an alternating current oscillates back and forth between the two superconductors of the barrier at a frequency proportional to the voltage across the junction. See The Josephson Effects, D. M. Langenberg et al., Scientific American, vol. 214, pp. 30-39 (May 1966). Thus the Josephson barrier offers itself as an attractive source of coherent millimeter and submillimeter wave radiation (from to 1000 gHz.). Although the power available from a single junction comprising two layers of superconductors separated by a thin insulating film appears to be very limited, applicant has perceived that greater power can be obtained by constructing an AC Josephson radiation generator from a kind of granular or particular superconductor wherein each grain or particle consists of a homogeneous superconductor, but at each grain boundary there is an insulating layer thin enough to be tunneled by the electron pairs of the superconductor, thus forming a Josephson barrier at each grain boundary.
Applicant has found that the granular superconductor of this invention can be fabricated in one of two basic forms. First, a multiplicity of small spheres, or other particles, of a superconductor can be packed tightly on a substrate or formed into a sponge-like construction. The
superconductor particles can be oxidized to form an insulating barrier or they can be dispersed in a binder ma terial which serves to separate the particles at the appropriate distance. Secondly, a layer of superconductor can be deposited and then anodized to form islands of homogeneous superconductor separated by oxide and spaced so that tunneling can occur between the islands. The power of such devices is proportional to the number of Josephson barriers contained in the radiating surface. Since relatively small particles can be used, thousands of radiators can be contained in a relatively small device, and hence an increase in the power radiated of many orders of magnitude can be obtained. It will be appreciated that the granular superconductor configuration described above for use as a radiation generator can also be used as a detector of millimeter and submillimeter radiation. Since, for efiicient detection incident radiation should be perpendicular to the tunneling barrier and since the barriers in the granular superconductor are relatively exposed, i.e., not shielded by the superconductive layer as is the barrier of a Josephson device formed by a pair of overlapping superconductors, the granular superconductor, Josephson barrier radiation detector offers greater ease in coupling incident radiation into the device, and hence greater sensitivity.
The granular superconductor, electron pair tunneling device can also be employed as a gate region in a cryotron. Such a configuration offers substantial advantages with respect to static gain. Since such a gate is essentially many Josephson barriers connected in parallel, it can be easily switched by a small control current in a control line adjacent the gate. Accordingly, since a small current can be used to switch a comparatively large current, high gain can be achieved.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a superconductive tunneling cryotron or a switching device. A further object of the invention is to provide a cryogenic flip-flop memory or logic element employing Josephson barriers. Another object of the invention is to provide a granular superconductive tunneling device. Yet another object of the invention is to provide a generator or detector of very high frequency radiation. Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be better understood upon consideration of the following detailed description in connection with the appended claims and accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a partial cross-sectional view of a Josephson barrier;
FIG. 2 depicts a device of the invention;
FIG. 3 depicts a modification of the device shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 depicts another device of the invention;
FIG. 5 is a current voltage curve showing the I-V characteristics of a device of the invention;
FIG. 6 illustrates the variation of the maximum tunneling supercurrent as a function of magnetic field;
FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of that portion of FIG. 5 between zero and one positive quantum unit of flux;
FIG. 8 shows a series of partial current voltage (I-V) curves for a Josephson barrier in response to the appli cation of increasing magnetic fields to the barrier;
FIGS. 9-11 depict a flip-flop circuit of the invention in various stages of fabrication;
FIG. 12 depicts a superconductive tunneling device of the invention in a cryotron or switching device configuration wherein the gate region comprises a granular superconductor;
FIGS. 13 and 14 depict a microscopic view of one form of the device shown in FIG. 12 in various stages of fabrication.
Josephson barrier devices are operated at a temperature below the transition temperature of the superconductor used. By way of example, if lead which has a transition temperature of 73 K. is used the Josephson effect is readily observed at the temperature of liquid helium (42 K.). Accordingly, in order for the devices to operate they generally must be contained in a cryogenic refrigerator of some kind. However, since this type of apparatus is well known in the art, it has not been illustrated, and in the following detailed description of the operation of the invention, it is assumed that the device is in such a low temperature environment that superconductivity is possible.
Referring to the figures of the drawing, the superconductive barrier illustrated in FIG. 1 is typically fabricated by depositing strips of superconductors 1 and 2 in sequence upon a substrate 3 by techniques known in the art. The substrate 3 may itself be a dielectric or if not, it may be provided with an insulative surface. The insulation 4 layer between the strips in the region forming the junction is generally provided by oxidizing the surface of the first deposited strip 2 before depositing the second strip 1.. This may be accomplished by a number of techniques including the glow discharge technique to be described hereinafter. The thickness of such an oxide layer is preferably 10-15 A. Typical materials for the superconductor sandwich are lead (Pb)lead oxide-lead, and tin (Sn)-tin oxide-tin.
FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of the invention. For simplicity of illustration, the conventional ground plane has been omitted from the drawing. The device comprises a control line 20, insulating layer 21, a superconductive gate member consisting of a thick superconductive layer 22, a barrier region or layer 23, a superconductive gate member consisting of a thin superconductive layer 24, and lead (Pb) gate lines 25 and 26. The device can be made by vacuum evaporating the various layers of material through appropriate masks.
For purposes of illustrating the barrier region, the control line 20 is shown located beneath the gate. However, in actuallly fabricating the device, it is preferable to locate the control above the device, i.e. adjacent the thin superconductive gate layer so that the magnetic flux from the control more readily penetrates the thin superconductive gate member and drives the gate normal. Accordingly a suitable fabrication sequence includes the following. A ground plane (not shown) is vacuum evaporated onto a suitable substrate such as glass. Thereafter the substrate is removed from the vacuum system and coated with a layer of photoresist material such as AZ-340 made by the Azoplate Corporation which serves to insulate the ground plane from the remainder of the device structure. Next the thick tin gate member 22, having for example a thickness of about 6000 A. is put down by evaporation and masking. The barrier region 23 can be formed by breaking the vacuum and exposing the tin gate layer 22 to the atmosphere to allow the formation of an oxide layer which permits superconductive pairing of electrons separated by it, such as a layer about 10-30 A. thick, or appropriate means such as described in patent application Ser. No. 415,845, filed Nov. 16, 1964, now Patent No. 3,402,073, can be provided in the vacuum system to strike an oxygen glow discharge and thereby form the oxide layer. Next, the tin gate layer 24, having a thickness preferably less than 1000 A. is vacuum deposited through an appropriate mask. The lead gate lines 25 and 26 are vacuum deposited through an appropriate mask to contact the tin gate layer 24 as shown. Finally, the gate region is covered with suitable insulation of about 3000 A. in thickness to insulate it from the control line 20, which may be lead (Pb) about 5000 A. thick and 10 mils wide and deposited by vacuum evaporation and use of an appropriate mask.
Variable direct current source means 27 are provided to cause current to flow from gate line 26 through the superconductive gate members 22, 23 and 24, and into the gate line 25. Variable direct current control means 28 are also provided to cause current to flow in the control line 20.
When the device is operated in the superconductive mode, the current flows from the gate line 26 through the superconductive gate members 22, 23 and 24, and into the gate line 25. Due to its novel configuration, the gate region is able to carry a much larger supercurrent than the thin tin gate layer 24 alone could carry. It is believed that the superconductive properties of thin gate layer are enhanced by coupling of electrons in the thin tin gate layer to electrons in the thick tin gate layer due to a coherence length effect. If a current is passed through the control line generating a magnetic field of suflicient magnitude to switch the gate member 24 to the normal state, the coherence efi ects are destroyed and the resistance in the normal state of the gate is that of the thin tin gate layer 24, since it is no longer coupled to the thick member. Consequently, two advantages are achieved by this configuration. First, greater gain can be achieved due to the increased critical current of the gate region. Secondly, since the switching time is inversely proportional to the resistance of the gate in the normal state, greater speed can be obtained because of the high resistance of the thin gate layer in the normal state. When the gate member is switched to the normal state, an increase in voltage is seen between gate lines and 26. This voltage drop or signal may be utilized by appropriate output means 29 connected across the device. The output means 29 may comprise, for example, a sense amplifier coupled to room temperature peripheral logic equipment. Accordingly, it may be seen that this gate configuration of the invention may be used to perform the same functions as the gate in a conventional cryotron, e.g., where the gate is merely a region of tin inserted in a lead gate line. Hence, all the normal cryogenic logic and memory functions performed by cryotrons are contemplated as functions of the gate configuration of this invention. For a general discussion of these functions and fabrication techniques, see the Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 52, pp. 1164-1207 (October 1964).
FIG. 3 represents an alternative embodiment of the device depicted in FIG. 2. The reference numerals in FIG. 3 indicate elements like those indicated by the same reference numeral in FIG. 2 except that gate element 34 instead of being a thin continuous film, consists of a discontinuous film which likewise displays a high resistance in the normal state. Discontinuous means that the film is marked by breaks or gaps and thus offers high-imped ance to the flow of electrons.
Again, for purposes of illustrating the barrier region, the control line 20 is shown located beneath the gate. However, in actually fabricating the device, it is preferable to locate the control above the device, i.e., adjacent the discontinuous superconductive gate member, so that the magnetic flux from the control more readily penetrates the discontinuous superconductive gate member and drives the gate normal. Accordingly, the device shown in FIG. 3 is fabricated like the device shown in FIG. 2 except that the discontinuous gate member 34 is fabricated, by way of example, by vacuum depositing the gate line and then anodizing the gate region.
FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the invention. It comprises a control line 41, insulating layer 42, a lead (Pb) gate line 43, a barrier region or layer 44- and lead gate line 45. The device can be made by vacuum-evaporating the various layers of material through appropriate masks. A suitable fabrication sequence is as follows: a ground plane (not shown) is vacuum evaporated onto a suitable substrate such as glass. Thereafter, the substrate is removed from the vacuum system and coated with a layer of photoresist material such as AZ-340- made by the Azoplate Corporation, which serves to insulate the ground plane from the remainder of the device structure. Next, the control line 41, which may be lead 5 000 A. thick and 10 mils wide is deposited by vacuum evaporation and use of an appropriate mask. The control line is then covered with suitable insulation 42 of about 3000 A. in thickness to insulate it from the first lead (Pb) gate line 43 which is also put down by evaporation and masking. The barrier region 44 can be formed by breaking the vacuum and exposing the lead line 43 to the atmosphere to permit an oxide layer of about 15 A. to be formed; or appropriate means such as described in the vacuum system to strike an oxygen glow discharge therein and thereby form the oxide layer. Finally, the second lead gate line 45 is vacuum deposited.
Variable direct current source means 47 are provided to cause current to flow from the gate line 45, through the barrier 44, and into a gate line 43. Variable direct current control means 41, are also provided to cause current flow in the control line 41.
The current voltage characteristics of a superconductive tunneling device depicted in FIG. 4 are shown in FIG. 5. The barrier displays a zero voltage current for currents less than a certain maximum value I When this critical value is exceeded, the barrer switches abruptly to the single electron tunneling state with a corresponding increase in voltage across the barrier which may be utilized by appropriate output means 49, connected across the barrier as shown in FIG. 4. The output means 49 may comprise, for example, a sense amplifier coupled to room temperature peripheral logic equipment. This voltage which appears across the barrier while the barrier is in the single electron tunneling state, is commonly referred to as the output voltage, or signal. The output voltage is determined by the superconductors chosen for the barrier. When both superconductors are lead, the output voltage is about 2.5 millivolts.
As may be seen from the curve in FIG. 5 the transition from output to zero voltage when current is decreased and pair tunneling is restored occurs at a current somewhat less than I and thus produces a hysteresis effect. The dashed curve in FIG. 5 is the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of the single electron tunneling state. As the voltage becomes sufiiciently large, the tunneling current asymptotically approaches ohmic character.
The effect of a magnetic field upon the maximum tunneling supercurrent is illustrated in FIG. 6, where 1,; represents the super-current. When the magnetic flux in the insulating barrier is zero, the tunneling supercurrent is at a maximum. Minima occur when the flux in the barrier is an integral number of quantum units. A quantum unit of flux is given by hc/2e (where h is Plancks constant, c is the speed of light, and e is the charge of an electron) and is equal to 2.07 X 10- gauss-cm The use of the device of the invention as a cryogenic switch may be better understood from a consideration of FIG. 7 which depicts that portion of FIG. 6 between zero and one positive quantum unit of flux. L is the maximum Josephson tunneling current which the barrier can carry. If a magnetic field H is applied to the barrier, for example by means of control line 41 shown in FIG. 4, the barrrer switches to the single electron tunneling state. An output voltage V appears across the barrier. With magnetic field H maintained in the barrier, the new zero voltage current is l In a like fashion, the barrier can be switched with magnetic fields H and H resulting in new zero voltage currents I and L respectively. This mode of operation is further represented in FIG. 8 which depicts a series of I-V curves for a barrier as increasing magnetic fields are applied (the hysteresis portions of the curves have been deleted for simplicity of illustration). Of course, if one quantum unit of flux is applied, then no electron pair tunneling current is restored in the barrier, and the I-V characteristics of the device will be that depicted by the dashed curve in FIG. 5.
For certain applications, the superconductive tunneling cryotron may be considered a current relay. Therefore, a current steering loop can be constructed as a means for accomplishing logic or storing information. FIG. 11 illustrates an important flip-flop logic or memory element application of the device of the invention. A flip-flop generally comprises a storage loop with two branches or states having control gates in either branch, control lines thereover, and sense lines containing sense gates adjacent thereto.
FIG. 11 depicts a cryogenic flip-flop having two branches I and II and superconductive tunneling gates X through X X and X being control gates and X and X being sense gates. A control line for applying a variable magnetic field to each of the barriers to switch it from the electron pair tunneling state to thesingle electron tunneling state, is located adjacent but insulated from each of the barriers. A sense line is disposed adjacent but insulated from each of the branches and is intersected by tunneling barriers X and X In the absence of control current, a supply current 1,, divides between the superconductive branches I and II inversely according to the inductance of the branches. If the barrier in one branch X is switched to the normal tunneling state by control current 1 current redistribution will take place in the loop (branches I and II). As control currents I and I are alternately applied, the control current I has an effect similar to that of current I causing flip-flop action to occur. An important aspect of this flip-flop action lies in the fact that if one barrier is switched, say X directing current I into the opposite branch II, no redistribution of current occurs when the switching barrier X returns to the superconducting tunneling state. Lead extensions a and b of junctions X and X respectively are used as controls for sensing barriers X and X If sense currents I and I are caused to flow in sense barreirs X and X when I is applied, current I is steered into branch I causing barrier X to be switched into the normal tunneling state. The output voltage of X can be used to indicate that the flip-flop has current in branch I. The existence of current in branches I or II make up the two logic states generally known in the computer art as the or 1 state.
The superconductive tunneling barrier flip-flop offers several advantages over the conventional cryotron, the foremost of which are associated with the fact that there is no transition of the superconductors to the normal state. Accordingly, greater switching speed, lower power dissipation per switch, and a higher repetition rate are obtained. Other attributes include a greater signal output which is independent of device geometry, lower input signal levels, and greater tolerance with respect to temperature control.
Various modifications of the basic properties of the current steering loop can be used to perform a wide variety of computer functions. The current steering loop can be used for storage. Let I be used to divert 1 into branch I. If I, is also removed, a persistent current will result in the loop, the presence of which can be sensed by X or X The direction of the stored loop current can be determined by the addition of sense bias lines (not shown) under the loop and parallel to each branch. For example, if a current is caused to flow in the sense bias line adjacent X generating a magnetic field which adds to the field due to a clockwise flowing loop current, the aiding fields switch the barrierX Thus, the direction of the current in the loop can be determined by causing current to fiow in a sense bias line in a particular direction and then obsersing whether the sense barrier switches.
FIGS. 9-11 depict a flip-flop circuit of the invention in various stages of fabrication. For clarity of illustration, the substrate, ground plane and insulative layers are not shown in these figures.
In the process of manufacturing the device shown in FIG. ll, a suitable substrate such as a glass square approximately 2" x 2", for example, is placed in a vacuum system which is then pumped down to approximately l0- mm. of Hg. The vacuum system is then backfilled to approximately l0 mm. of Hg with argon or oxygen and a 12,000 volt AC glow discharge established in such a position that the substrate is located in the dark column. The glow discharge is carried out for five to fifteen minutes to improve adhesion of subsequent layers to the substrate. After the glow discharge treatment, the vacuum system is again pumped down to about 10- mm. of Hg and a film of lead deposited over the entire face of the substrate. This can be accomplished using standard vapor deposition techniques wherein a lead source is heated in the vacuum chamber at a point spaced below the substrate and the vapor is directed upwardly through a chimney to impinge and condense upon the substrate surface. This lead film may range from 1000 to 10,000 A. in thickness depending upon the design of the particular circuitry being constructed and serves as the ground plane.
Next, an insulating film is applied over the surface of the lead film by a suitable technique. The insulating film can be photosensitive material such as that marketed by the Kodak or Azoplate Corporation. After application of the insulating photoresist layer, the substrate with the layers formed thereon is returned to the vacuum system which is then pumped down to about 10 mm. Hg. A layer of lead is then deposited over the entire layer of insulation, portions of which will become part of the superconducting tunneling junctions. The substrate with the layers formed thereon is then removed from the vacuum chamber and a coat of photoresistant material such as Azoplate AZ17 is applied over the entire surface of the lead film. The AZ-l7 is a positive photoresist and when exposed to ultraviolet light is converted into a compound which can be removed by an AZ-l7 developing fluid sold by the same manufacturer. After the AZ17 is developed, only the unexposed areas remain, which can be subsequently removed by a suitable stripper such as acetone. After the lead film is coated over the entire surface with a layer AZ-l7 and is dried in a non-detrimental ambient, it may be baked at a low temperature of about C. to improve its adhesion to the lead film.
After the AZ-l7 coat is cured, a photomask having transparent portions in predetermined areas where the lead film is to be removed and opaque portions where the film is to be retained, is generally aligned over the substrate and then moved in close proximity to the photosensitive insulating layer to reduce shadowing effects. The insulating or photoresistant material is exposed to an ultraviolet light source for a suitable period of time. The substrate is then immersed in the AZ-17 developer to remove the exposed areas of the AZ-17 coat and then dipped in deionized water to kill the action of the developing fluid.
Next, the substrate with the materials arrayed thereon is immersed in an etchant which will attack only the exposed areas of the lead film. A 10-50% solution, by volume, of HNO serves as a very good etchant for this purpose. After the necessary time, the substrate is again quenched in deionized water to kill the etchant and is dried in a non-detrimental ambient so as to avoid contamination of the surface of the lead exposed by the etching process. The remaining AZ17 coat is then removed by immersing the substrate in a suitable stripping fluid such as acetone, and dried with an inert gas. Again, it is desirable to maintain the exposed areas of the lead film in a non-detrimental atmosphere to prevent oxidation or other contamination of the surface. The development of the device at this point (minus the substrate) is depicted in FIG. 9.
Next, another coat of photosensitive material is ap plied over the surface of the lead lines remaining on the substrate. After the coat has been dried, a second opaque and transparent photomask is precisely indexed with the pattern previously etched from the lead film and pressed against the substrate. The sensitive film is exposed to ultraviolet light in areas where I osephson barriers are to be formed. Then, when the photoresist is treated as described above, the exposed portions are removed to leave windows over the areas which will form the insulating barriers. The substrate is returned to the vacuum chamber and glow discharged in an argon atmosphere as described above. Immediately following the argon glow discharge, an oxygen glow discharge is performed which oxidizes the lead to form a barrier region. The time required depends on the experimental conditions, but can be performed in several seconds with the voltages and pressures used for the argon discharge.
The insulating barriers having been formed, another film of lead is deposited, masked, and etched in the manner described above, to form the second gate lines. The development of the device at this point in its fabrication is depicted in FIG. 10. Thereafter another insulating layer of photoresist is applied to isolate the superconductive tunneling devices from the control and sense lines. The control and sense lines are then formed by deposition, masking and etching, in the manner described for forming the gate lines. The thus completed flip-flop circuit is depicted in FIG. 11.
Referring now to FIG. 12 there is shown a control line 51, insulating layer 52, lead (Pb) gate lines 53 and 55 and a gate region 54. The gate region 54 comprises a kind of granular or particulate superconductor wherein each grain or particle consists of a homogeneous superconductor, but at each grain boundary, i.e., where the particles join, there is a thin insulating layer, e.g. oxide. This insulating layer is thin enough to be tunneled by the Cooper pairs of the superconductor thus forming a Josephson barrier at each grain boundary or particle interface. As previously mentioned, the granular superconductor of such a tunnel barrier can take one of two basic forms. First, superconductor particles can be deposited directly upon the substrate. They may be oxidized particles of a superconductor metal or the particles may be suspended in an appropriate insulative binder material. Secondly, a layer of superconductor can be deposited and then anodized to form island-like structures, of homogeneous superconductor separated by oxide and spaced so that tunneling can occur between the islands.
One manner in which discrete particles can be readily deposited on a substrate is by settling techniques. For a detailed discussion of these well-known techniques, see the Journal of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, vol. 54, pp. 1045-1053 (1950) and the Transactions of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 94 pp. 112-118 (1945). For example, finely divided powders of a superconductor, more particularly one micron diameter particles of tantalum, which has a transition temperature of 45 K., are passed through an argon glow discharge for cleaning and then through an oxygen glow discharge to provide them with an oxide coating of an appropriate thickness to permit tunneling. The powders then drop into a settling liquid upon the surface of a substrate. The settled material may then be patterned as desired.
According to another method, the superconductor particles are embedded in photoresist. This is accomplished by mixing the superconductor powders in photoresist material such as a Azoplate photoresist described above and applied to the surface, dried and then patterned. Since the Azoplate photoresist is a positive photoresist, the areas exposed to light depolymerize. Accordingly, those areas which are desired to be removed are exposed to light, developed and then removed with an appropriate etchant such as acetic acid or a mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. This type of etchant will dissolve both the photoresist and the superconductor.
Electrolytic or plasma anodization can be used to form the grain boundaries or barriers. In accordance with this technique, a relatively thick continuous film is deposited which is then modified by anodic means to the desired granular structure. By way of example, tantalum can be electrolytically oxidized with an oxide thickness to volt age ratio of 14 A. per volt. Nearly the same ratio can be achieved by plasma oxidation. By using a ramp voltage generator, and automatic monitoring techniques which have been developed for tantalum thin film technology, a high degree of control can be achieved. For a more complete discussion of such techniques, see Robert J. Weber, Structure Dependent Properties of Tantalum-Tantalum Oxide Thin Film Resistors, IEEE Transatcions of Materials and Packaging, p. 14 (March 1967). See also C. A. Neugebauer and P. H. Wilson, in Basic Problems in Thin Film Physics: Proceeding of the International Symposium on Thin Film Physics, Giittingen, 1965, edited by R. Niedermayer and H. Mayer (Vanderhoeck and Ruprecht, Gottingen, 1966), p. 579.
A continuous film is first deposited as shown in FIG. 13. Then the film is anodized. The oxide grows uniformly 0n the thick and thin portions of the film, as shown in FIG. 14. Oxidation is terminated when the structure has been trimmed to the point where an oxide grain boundary d of less than about 40 A. in at least one dimension exists between the island-like structures. The condition can be determined by monitoring the impedance of the film during the oxidation cycle. It is preferred that the smallest dimension of the islands at their base (i.e. where they contact the substrate) exceed A. If desired, the structure may be annealed to improve performance and reliability. The oxide layer further serves as a protective coating.
A suitable sequence for the fabrication of the device shown in FIG. 12 is as follows: The control line 51 is deposited by masking and vacuum evaporation. Thereafter, an insulating layer of photoresist 52 is applied to isolate the control from the gate region. Then a layer of a superconductor such as tantalum is vacuum deposited over the substrate, masked and patterned to form the gate line. The tantalum gate line is then masked to expose the gate region which is then anodized to form a granular superconductive tunneling barrier gate region in the manner described above.
Variable direct current source means 56 are provided to cause current to flow from gate line 55 through the superconductive gate region 54 and into the gate line 53. Variable direct current control means 57 are also provided to cause current to flow in the control line 51. Appropriate output means 58, which may comprise a sense amplifier coupled to room temperature peripheral logic equipment, for example, are connected across the device as shown.
The operating characteristics of the device shown in FIG. 12 are similar to those of the device shown in FIG. 4. When the device is operated in the superconductive mode, a zero voltage current flows through the gate region 54. When control current is applied through control line 51 generating sufficient magnetic flux, the gate switches abruptly to the single electron tunneling state with a corresponding increase in voltage across the gate region which is utilized by the output means 58. Since the granular superconductor gate region is essentially many Josephson barriers connected in parallel, it can be readily switched by a small control current in a relatively narrow control line as it is only necessary for the control flux to penetrate the thickness of the gate and not the entire area of the gate to switch it normal. Accordingly, since a small current is used to switch a comparatively large current, high gain is achieved.
It is to be appreciated that the granular superconductor tunneling device depicted in FIG. 12 can also be operated in the AC Josephson mode to generate electromagnetic radiation. For generation or detection of millimeter and submillimeter radiation, the device is mounted in a suitable wave guide, for example a rectangular metal tube. in which electromagnetic radiation can propagate, and connected to a power source. The device can be used as a detector by coupling incident radiation into the barrier region and appropriately biasing the edvice. A signal will be produced by the junction when exposed to radiation, which can be amplified and detected by standard methods.
While reference has been made to particular superconductors these examples are not to be construed in a limiting sense. It will be comprehended that other superconductors, such as niobium and aluminum, may also be satisfactory for many purposes. It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are illustrative of but several of the the many possible specific embodiments which can represent applications of the principles of the invention. Numerous and varied other arrangements can readily be devised in accordance with these principles by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A superconductive tunneling device comprising:
a layer of granular superconductor wherein each grain is separated from the other by an insulating barrier region thin enough to permit electron pair tunneling therethrough,
a variable source of direct current connected across said layer,
a control line adjacent but insulated from said layer for applying a variable magnetic field to said layer to switch said barrier region from the electron pair tunneling state to the single electron tunneling state.
a variable source of direct current connected to said control line, and
output means connected across said granular superconductor.
2. The superconductive tunneling device according to claim 1 wherein each of said grains is separated from the other by an insulating barrier less than 40 A.
3. The superconductive tunneling device according to claim 1 wherein said superconductor is tantalum.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,116,427 12/1963 Giaver 3l7235 3,257,581 6/1966 Lodge et al 317234 3,281,609 10/1966 Rowell 317235 3,296,456 l/ 1967 Learn et al 307-277 3,303,478 2/1967 Schlig 307--2l2 3,370,210 2/1968 Fiske 317-234 3,384,879 5/1968 Stahl et a1. 3l7234 OTHER REFERENCES IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, High-Speed Cryogenic Logic Element Based on the Josepheson Tunneling Efiect, by Merriam, vol. 7, N0. 3, August 1964, p. 271.
Physical Review Letters, Magnetic Field Dependence of the Josephson Tunnel Current, by Rowell, September 1963, Pp- 200-202.
JERRY D. CRAIG, Primary Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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More in Painting
Start by using hand-me-down lamps and with some exquisite Asian inspiration, the lamps will be transformed as if they've been created from Chinese urns.
Remove shade and tape off socket, cord, etc. (Image 1)
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Scandic Eremitage
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The G.L. Pete Gilleland Chambers at city hall
The Dawsonville City Council is expected to adopt its 2009/2010 budget at a special called meeting at 4 p.m. Monday at city hall.
The Dawson County commission has given a local day care operator 30 days to catch up on months of back rent before it evicts the center from the county-owned building it occupies.
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B. Opening presentation - Cathy Brooks, Lisa Henson, Buffie Henson - Dawson Day Extravaganza
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The Dawson County commission will gather feedback on the county's 2010 budget during Thursday night's regular called meeting.
The G.L. Pete Gilleland Chambers at city hall
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G.L. Pete Gilleland Council Chambers at city hall
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