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Peli Grietzer Comp. Lit Kant on Aesthetic Normatively and the Relation of Aesthetics to Cognition There are two ways we can approach the question of the role, and the justification, of aesthetic normativity in Kant's aesthetic philosophy. One approach would be to try to understand the Kantian idea of aesthetic normativity as a properly Kantian philosophical effort, arising from – and contributing to – the systematic Kantian project of transcendental philosophy. A second, different approach would be to try to extract a relatively self-sufficient "module" of aesthetic philosophy from the Critique, and then evaluate its adequacy to our intuitions about aesthetics and its compliance to generic standards of philosophical reasoning. It appears to me, however, that there is no real way to pursue the latter of these two inquiries other than by way of the former: Kant's philosophy is unapologetically systematic, and a majority of the core arguments of the Third critique explicitly rely on Kant's general theses about the conditions for communication and for thought. It is true that very few philosophers accept Kant's transcendental idealism wholesale nowadays, so it might seem that trying to regard Kant's aesthetics as an independent set of theses is the way to give Kant's aesthetics serious philosophical consideration. But in light of Kant's systematic approach, it will only bring about confusion if we attempt to "rescue" Kant's aesthetics from transcendental idealism by trying to construe the third Critique as a self-sufficient study of philosophical topics in aesthetics. What we may hope for, nevertheless – to the extent that one finds certain aspects of the third Critique compelling, as I do – is that the principles that we discover in exploring the Kantian edifice will prove to be translatable in worthwhile ways. More specifically, we might hope that Kant's view of the relation between the aesthetic norms and the transcendental conditions for thought will prove suggestive for creating 'neo-Kantian' theories that are congruent with philosophical views of thought that are not Kantian or transcendental. In this paper I will focus on defending (for the most part) the feasibility of Kant's reasoning about aesthetic normativity by Kant's own light – without thereby implying that the resulting edifice is on the whole a successful philosophical theory, or that the premisses of Kant's philosophical method are sound. The motivation for this defense, however, comes partly from my own sense that Kant's theory is exploring a powerful intuition in trying to connect the normativity of aesthetic judgment (an incontestable phenomenon1, whether we take it to involve real norms or merely a human pathology) to the idea that a subject's aesthetic pleasures are a strong expression of some deeply basic facts about the way that her mind operates. Furthermore, I believe that there is an instantly recognizable truth in certain remarks that Kant offers off-handedly in discussing some "merely psychological" consequences of his theory: In section SS41 of the Critique2, Kant offers a brief diagnosis of the human practice of enthusiastically comparing, sharing, and discussing aesthetic experiences in our social (inter-personal) lives. In this diagnosis, Kant strikingly proposes that in human social living, public and interpersonal demonstrations of a concord between the aesthetic pleasures of different subjects are valued (in part) as examples of the depths to which the correlation between the subjectivities of different subjects can extend. Although for Kant providing an account of this "merely psychological" phenomenon is of marginal interest only, I feel that this account does much to demonstrate what is compelling about Kant's approach. Both Kant's pure philosophical theory of aesthetic normativity and his related psychological account of our enthusiasm for aesthetic discourse tie aesthetic judgement to a sense that aesthetic pleasure is a core aspect of our subjectivity. It seems to me that introspection vindicates the broad idea that our passionate disposition toward aesthetic agreements and 1 I take it that no plausible account of aesthetics could deny that our aesthetic discourse aspires to normativity. Even a relativist interpretation of judgements of taste would have to be accompanied by some account of our tendency to act like aesthetic contentions are real disagreements. 2 This paper relies on the James Creed Meredith translation of the third Critique, which the three German speakers that I have consulted identified as more accurate on some key paragraphs. disagreements – both our insistence to make our aesthetic judgments "in a universal voice3", and our desire to engage in aesthetic communion4 – is tied to our sense that a concord of aesthetic pleasures (or discord of aesthetic reactions) between subjects is profound in a way that (e.g.) concords or discords of ordinary enjoyments are not. For this reason, Kant's quest to establish the legitimacy of aesthetic normativity by grounding aesthetics in cognition is of more than historical interest. The Purpose Of Kant's Argument We should begin our discussion of Kant's argument for aesthetic normativity by asking first exactly what Kant's goal is, so that we can separate essential objections to Kant's reasoning from more local qualms about claims that Kant makes "along the way." Kant's purpose, as I understand it, is to establish that the judgement of taste is at least as authoritative as ordinary factual judgments. On my view, Kant's infamous decision to describe the judgement of taste as "imperatival" is not meant to decree that the judgment of taste places a stronger or more urgent demand on our fellow subjects than do empirical judgments, but only to say that the logical form 5 of the judgement of taste is more akin to the form of an imperative than to the form of an empirical judgement. Kant's motivation for making this distinction is, I think, the following: An empirical judgment seems to have a mediate (although necessary) relation to a normative demand. For example, my assertion that it's raining implicates a normative demand to the extent that the act of asserting that p always implicates that I am epistemically virtuous (and therefore a normative model for others) in my6 believing that p. For some philosophers, this implicature may even extend to an endorsement of the perceptual feelings 7 that underly my belief that it's raining. But it is extremely unlikely, even from a Kantian perspective, that prescribing the epistemic virtue of my belief that it is raining, or the epistemic virtue of the perceptual feelings that 3 I borrow the expression "universal voice" from Cavell. 4 Cf. Kant, section SS41 : "A man refined... who is not quite satisfied with an object unless his feeling of delight in it can be shared in communion with others." 5 I am using the term "logical form" loosely here. 6 What is thus endorsed is not every possible way of believing that p, but my particular situation of believing that p. 7 "Perceptual feelings" is Kant's term, covering most things that philosophers today would call perception. underly my belief that it's raining, is the whole content of my assertion that it's raining . On any reasonable philosophical account, the primary or immediate subject-matter of my assertion that it's raining is the weather, rather than my epistemic virtue. A Kantian judgement of taste, on the other hand, is nothing but implicature of virtue: all that a Kantian judgement of taste says is that I am virtuous (and therefore a normative model for others) in my pleasure. Kant's insistence that a judgement of taste differs from an empirical judgement in this manner derives from his explicit insistence that pleasure is absolutely not a perceptual or representational feeling. If Kant were of the opinion that pleasure is a perceptual feeling, then perhaps he would have had occasion to identify the authority of the judgment of taste with the authority of empirical judgments8 . But so long as Kant holds that pleasure is not a perception, Kant cannot try to take this route. Given the above, what Kant must do in order to establish the authority of aesthetic judgement is to establish that aesthetic pleasure is subject to norms. If the judgement of taste is a judgment of the normative status of an aesthetic pleasure, the legitimacy of the judgment of taste can only be established by establishing that aesthetic pleasures have a normative status. Kant's task, therefore, is to produce an argument for the existence of aesthetic norms. The Challenge For Kant's Argument There is a practical sense in which every positive philosophical thesis of normative aesthetics faces a very steep climb. While a thesis in the field of (e.g.) normative ethics can sometimes begin with some uncontroversial normative claims, and simply treat these uncontroversial normative claims as a granted foundation, this route is not really available for a philosophers who wishes to do normative aesthetics: Given the fact that the very claim that there exist aesthetic norms is philosophically 8 Kant would arguably be sympathetic to the idea that my prescription that my (e.g.) visual impression of a cat on a mat is a normative model is tantamount to asserting that there is a cat on the mat. So if Kant could grant that a feeling of pleasure is, like a visual impression, a feeling that suggests something empirical about the world, then the judgment of taste that endorses a given feeling of pleasure could (perhaps) be just like an empirical judgment. contentious9, it is clear that there are no uncontroversial aesthetically normative claims to be found in the philosophical commons (so to speak). There is no philosophical consensus here to grant philosophers the right10 to start their argument by taking some aesthetic norms for granted. Nor, indeed, can a philosopher begin by taking it for granted that there are aesthetic norms at all. Every thesis of normative aesthetics has to start with something other than aesthetic norms, and try to somehow make its way into aesthetic normativity from there. When a philosopher argues for some aesthetic norm, or argues for the very existence of aesthetic norms, the first movement of the argument is often a descriptive philosophical theory of aesthetic pleasure. The philosopher will typically elaborate on the phenomenology of aesthetic pleasure, provide an epistemological and metaphysical account of the relations between subject and object in the aesthetic experience, and theorize about the nature of the psychological infrastructure of our faculty for aesthetic pleasure. In terms of the normative11 philosophical project, the purpose of such a descriptive inquiry is to arrive at some idea of what aesthetic pleasure is, such that once we comprehend this idea the transition to asserting norms about aesthetic pleasure (or to asserting that there are such norms at all) becomes more philosophically facile. One way for this kind of inquiry to succeed would be by showing that aesthetic pleasure, once we analyze it properly, turns out to be answerable to some already philosophically established norms in a sufficiently interesting way. In order to do so, one would have to prove (via only a descriptive analysis of what aesthetic pleasure is) that aesthetic pleasures qua aesthetic pleasures are systematically subject to some already philosophically established normative propositions of ethics or epistemology, in a way that guarantees that these already philosophically established norms consistently deliver verdicts that are relevantly and 9 It may be that a substantial number of philosophers do believe that there exist aesthetic norms, but I would venture that few philosophers strongly believe that there exist aesthetic norms, and that hardly anyone finds the claim that there exist aesthetic norms obvious. 10 The relevant kind of "right" here is of course a dialectical right. It is sometimes acceptable philosophical behavior to take some ethical norm for granted, but never acceptable philosophical behavior to take some aesthetic norm for granted. 11 Perhaps one should say "meta-normative philosophical project" when the philosopher intends only to establish that there are aesthetic norms at all. uniquely sensitive to aesthetics qua aesthetics when aesthetic pleasures are concerned. One might argue that J.S. Mill, for example, attempted to establish a normative aesthetics in roughly this manner. But this is not a path that Kant12 can take, because providing a proof of this kind would require that Kant bind the judgment of taste (the judgment of the normative status of an aesthetic pleasure) to a definite concept.13 Since Kant explicitly and repeatedly defines the judgment of taste by its independence of any definite conceptual judgment, this would obviously be destructive to his project. A second, different way of trying to proceed from descriptive philosophy to normative philosophy can seem immediately wrong-headed, but might in fact be suitable to Kant's predicament: we can try to use our descriptive analysis of aesthetic pleasure as a source of guidance for philosophizing about aesthetic norms. Inevitably, an argument constructed in this manner will involve – implicitly if not explicitly – an attempt to philosophically establish some tenet of aesthetic normativity by appealing to descriptive facts about aesthetic pleasure, but this attempt does not have to involve a fallacious logical derivation of "ought" from "is." Philosophical reasoning is often a deeply holistic affair14, such that different philosophical beliefs15 and intuitions can legitimately influence each other through a philosophical economy that is quite apart from the logical relations between them. If our philosophical squeamishness about aesthetic norms is motivated by worries about whether the idea of aesthetic normativity makes sense, rather than by a total absence of positive (pro-norms) intuitions, then a descriptive theory of aesthetic pleasure can prove very relevant to our considerations. The benefit that some descriptive theory of aesthetic pleasure carries for the project of aesthetic normativity could, perhaps, be that the aforementioned descriptive theory cane make the philosophical terrain of aesthetics more hospitable to some normative intuition that would have otherwise remained frustrated. 12 Although Kant does indeed base his account on a an association of aesthetics to epistemology and ethics, it is a very different kind of association 13 I am relatively sure that this paragraph is a correct skeleton for a formal argument, but I hope that in any event it is also immediately intuitive as a prima-facie picture of the unsuitability of this line of thinking for Kant. 14 I mean all of this only in the most ordinary "web of beliefs" sense, as espoused by (e.g.) David Lewis. 15 "Philosophical beliefs" in the rough, intuitive sense of being beliefs about metaphysics, norms, necessary truths, etc. For Kant, it is a given that we do have intuitions that endorse the idea of aesthetic norms. The problem for aesthetic normativity, as Kant observes in section SS56, is that our inclination to endorse aesthetic normativity clashes with other intuitive notions we have about aesthetics. Against the intuition that there are aesthetic norms stands the opposing intuition that aesthetic sensibilities are too diverse and too personal to be subject to norms16. I believe that much of Kant's work in the third Critique is aimed at the construction of a theory of aesthetic pleasure that will show that aesthetic pleasures are a suitable subject matter for norms. The Structure Of Kant's Argument A useful paradigm for ordering Kant's argument for aesthetic normativity is to read Kant as making an elaborate reply to the following intuitive denial that there are aesthetic norms, which denial we might call "the enjoyment thesis." According to the enjoyment thesis, (1) the experience of beauty (a.k.a. aesthetic pleasure17) is a form of enjoyment, and (2) enjoyment is not answerable to norms. Since Kant's opposition to the enjoyment thesis turns on his rejection of the proposition that aesthetic pleasure is a form of enjoyment, and not on a rejection of the proposition that enjoyment is impervious to norms, it is not necessary to linger over every one of the different exact forms that the enjoyment thesis might take. But since it is vital (if we hope to evaluate Kant) that we understand exactly what Kant is hoping to avoid by denying that aesthetic pleasure is an enjoyment, we should nevertheless pay careful attention to the intuitions at work behind proposition (2) of the enjoyment thesis. There appear to be two largely independent intuitions that are relevant here: the intuition that enjoyment is too philosophically innocuous or insignificant to be subject to norms, and the intuition that enjoyment is too automatic or passive to be subject to norms. Kant explicitly endorses both of 16 This is not quite the principle that there exist no laws of taste, but rather the simpler common maxim that Kant cites, that "everybody has his own taste." 17 I use the term "aesthetic pleasure" to refer to what Kant calls "the pleasure of the beautiful", because the latter term is very cumbersome. Kant himself would not use the term "aesthetic pleasure" in the way that I do. these intuitions with regard to enjoyment in the course of the Critique18 : In SS4, for example, Kant proposes that because enjoyment lacks "finality19" there can be no obligation to enjoy oneself. This, I believe, is an endorsement of the intuition that enjoyment is too innocuous for normativity. And in SS39, Kant argues that because "enjoyment enters into the mind through sense – our role [...] being a passive one," an experience of enjoyment has no claim to universality. (For Kant, to say that an experience lacks universality is to say that we can neither presuppose that experience in others nor normatively prescribe it20.) This, I take it, is an endorsement of the intuition that enjoyment is too automatic to be subject to norms. As I have already mentioned, Kant's attempt to vindicate aesthetic normativity starts by proposing that aesthetic pleasure is not an enjoyment. Our brief excursion into the features that intuitively make enjoyment unsuitable to normativity21 now equips us to approximate what Kant needs to achieve in making aesthetic pleasure relevantly different from enjoyment. Kant needs to establish both that aesthetic pleasure is significant in some philosophically interesting sense that does not apply to enjoyment, and that aesthetic pleasure is active in some sense that does not apply to enjoyment. While the above may still be fairly fuzzy, if we consider these notions in conjunction with some core tenets of Kant's transcendental philosophy, then Kant's task becomes considerably more 22 specific. First let us recall that, as Kant reiterates in (e.g.) SS41 , transcendental philosophy must 18 Indeed, one might even argue that for Kant the analysis of enjoyment is meant to unify these two intuitions. It would seem that for Kant passivity and insignificance are ultimately one and the same 19 I cannot provide an account of Kant's idea of "finality" in this paper. 20 As I will discuss in detail later on, Kant's notion of universality or necessity is a mixture of descriptive universality and universal norms. 21 For Kant, these features make enjoyment normatively irrelevant in every sense. This is not a popular position, since many philosophers accept that (e.g.) it is ceteris paribus good to cause people enjoyment. It is plausible, however, that more philosophers will agree that the aforementioned features intuitively speak against the idea that there can be norms about which enjoyments are the right enjoyments to have. 22 Kant, SS41 : "This interest, indirectly attached to the beautiful by the inclination towards society, and, consequently, empirical, is, however, of no importance for us here. For that to which we have alone to look is what can have a bearing disregard all phenomena that it cannot deduce a-priori. So in order to show that aesthetic pleasure is significant in a philosophically interesting sense, Kant needs to prove that it is a-priori necessary that there exist such a thing as aesthetic pleasure. (As we will see very soon, it is often difficult to say exactly what it is that Kant is trying to assert when he asserts the necessity of some entity using a transcendental argument – but for the moment it is best to leave this matter aside.) This aspect of Kant's philosophical framework makes Kant's task more difficult , since it restricts the available means for establishing the philosophical significance of aesthetic pleasure to means of a-priori reasoning alone. On the other hand, a second relevant tenet of the Kantian framework is in fact quite favorable to the prospect of aesthetic normativity: the Kantian view of the mind as essentially active makes an easier job of construing aesthetic pleasure as being sufficiently active to be answerable to norms. Kant's philosophy of perception, in particular, famously attributes an active dimension to many mental phenomena that are commonly regarded as passive. For Kant, the very apprehension of objects already involves an activity of the faculties of imagination and understanding. Using the resources of transcendental idealism, Kant derives something roughly like the following thesis, which I will call Necessary Aesthetics. Necessary Aesthetics: An aesthetic pleasure is a delight in the harmony between the imagination and the understanding in apprehending an object's form. This is an active pleasure, because the imagination and the understanding are active mental faculties. This is a prima-facie philosophically significant pleasure because, given any object o such that in apprehending o's form the imagination and the understanding are in harmony, the fact that the imagination and the understanding are in harmony in apprehending that specific form, expresses the structure of the imagination and the understanding. This is a necessary pleasure – and therefore a genuinely philosophically significant pleasure – because the universality (necessity) of the imagination and the understanding is given to us transcendentally. Necessary Aesthetics marks a clear success for Kant in some respects – it does, after all, assert the activeness, necessity and philosophical significance of aesthetic pleasure. What is not yet clear, however, is how close does Necessary Aesthetics get us to normative aesthetics. Indeed, an opponent of a priori, even though indirect, upon the judgement of taste." Kant's argument could, perhaps, offer the following critique of the idea that Necessary Aesthetics represents philosophical progress: "Let us grant that aesthetic pleasure is an expression of the structure of our cognitive faculties. Let us also grant that there is one right structure for our cognitive faculties to have. And, finally, let us grant that we are transcendentally required to presuppose that everybody has the right structure. Does this not entail the deeply implausible conclusion that it is already the case that every subject makes the same taste judgments as every other subject? If taste expresses the structure of our faculties, and we all have the same structure of faculties, then surely we would simply all have the same taste. This identity of tastes gives us universality but not normativity, and furthermore it is unclear that we can assumes such a thing – transcendentalism or no transcendentalism – in the face of an empirical reality that clearly shows that disagreements of taste do exist." More formally, the two objections to the notion that Necessary Aesthetics is conductive to Kant's goals are (1) the claim that Necessary Aesthetics has the implausible implication that everyone already find the same things beautiful, and (2) the claim that the universality and the necessity that Necessary Aesthetics asserts are irrelevant to normativity. I presented the above objections mixed together in a monologue because I believe that the same general take on Kant's argument motivates both the contention that Necessary Aesthetics has implausible empirical implications, and the contention that Necessary Aesthetics makes no progress toward normativity. Both of these contentions, I believe, follow from an interpretation of Necessary Aesthetics as a purely psychological thesis – its interpretation as a thesis dealing (in an a-priori manner) in the same bare psychological facts that (e.g.) neuroscience deals in. I would like to argue that at least certain critical elements of Kant's thesis are not mechanically psychological in this way. It seems to me that according to Kant what makes one's right aesthetic pleasure an "expression" of one's universal faculties (which are by-hypothesis the right faculties) is not just a causal relation between the faculties and the pleasure. On my interpretation of Kant, being the product of the faculties is not enough for being an expression of the faculties – rather, the relationship between a universal faculty and an expression of that faculty is akin to the relationship between a rule and its successful application. On such a view, some facts about how the faculties behave establish a "rule" that divides other behaviors into "expressions" of the faculty and misbehaviors of the faculty. It might be that logic, according to Kant, is an example of something like this: logic is the universal rule of reason's operation in conceptual thinking, but our reason sometimes messes up in real life. In fact, Kant's most direct discussion of the possibility of aesthetic error laconically endorses a broad parallel between aesthetic judgement and logical judgment, possibly in order to suggest just such an idea23. I take it that the Kantian assertion of universality always openly involves some form of normativity. For example, it is certain that for Kant assuming the universality of (e.g.) reason involves assuming laws of reason, and not just the expectation that everybody possess reason like your own as a bare psychological fact. Kantian necessity appears to involve some kind of philosophical symbiosis between normativity and descriptive universality. One aspect of this symbiosis of normativity and descriptive universality in Kant's ascriptions of necessity might be a notion that norms need "something to grab on to," so to speak: we cannot prescribe of a tree that it ought to reason logically, and we cannot prescribe of a duck that it ought to respond to the genius of Homer, because the relevant faculties are wholly absent. On such a reading, Necessary Aesthetics is really in the business of establishing that everyone's taste is the same kind of thing – that everyone's taste refers to the same parameters – rather than that of establishing that everyone's taste is the same. Let us observe, at this stage, that we have now transitioned from descriptive aesthetics to normative aesthetics. By modifying the Necessary Aesthetics formula to allow aesthetic disagreements and aesthetic errors, we have not only resolved the manifest absurdity of a transcendental denial of taste disagreements, but also started to construct a fully functional normative aesthetics by coupling a partial descriptive aesthetic universality to some very minimal and intuitive "new" norms (i.e. the rule following-style norms applied to the universal faculties). I suspect, however, that Kant's argument goes 23 See Kant, section SS38. further than this in trying to offset the philosophical arbitrariness of positing new norms. Kant aspires, finally, to show the there must be norms for aesthetic pleasures. For Kant, the division of aesthetic pleasures into expressions of the universal faculties and misbehaviors of one's faculties needs to be made philosophically necessary and not just philosophically harmless. Kant tries to achieve this by arguing that the rightness or wrongness of an aesthetic pleasure is the rightness or wrongness of one's pre-conceptual processing of a given representation. Let us recall that, per Kant, regardless of aesthetics we already have to assume the universality of ordinary cognition, and that ordinary cognition must start with an interplay of understanding and imagination. In ordinary cognition, "common sense" has the job of determining how to set-up the interplay of the faculties vis-a-vis the object, as the first step toward making objective, cognitive, conceptual judgments about the object. In Kant's words, "Common sense" picks "the relative proportion [of imagination and understanding] suitable for a representation (by which an object is given to us) from which cognition is to result." Seeing as failure to apply the faculties in the suitable proportion would make cognition impossible, the capacity to apply the faculties in the suitable proportion is transcendentally necessary. This means, if my discussion was at all correct, that (per Kant) there are norms such that the application of the faculties to a given object can go right or go wrong. A particular application of the faculties to a given object can be right, by having a proportion suitable to the object "in respect of cognition24", or else be wrong, by having a proportion unsuitable to the object. Now, recall that an aesthetic representation25 of an object is, like every other representation, an interplay of the imagination and the understanding. When a subject's actual faculty of "common sense" sets the relative proportion of imagination and of understanding for the apprehension of that object, it 24 As I will soon discuss, it is hard to tell what exactly Kant means when he says "in respect of cognition" in this context. It is certain hat Kant means that suitability somehow enables or facilitates cognition of the object, but the details are murky. 25 By "aesthetic representation" I mean the kind of representation on which the judgement of beauty passes judgment. Importantly, this does not mean the representation of a beautiful object, but rather the kind of representation that can be the representation of a beautiful object if its object is beautiful. might do that job rightly or wrongly. If the play of the faculties is wrongly attuned (has the wrong proportions), the result might sometimes be a wrongful aesthetic pleasure, or the absence of a rightful aesthetic pleasure. A wrongful Kantian aesthetic pleasure is, I think, quite possible, since for Kant aesthetic pleasure is the feeling of applying the imagination and the understanding in a uniquely balanced proportion26. When "common sense" functions correctly, this uniquely balanced proportion is only applied if the object is such that this proportion suits it. But when a subject's "common sense" slips, she might wrongfully apply this uniquely balanced proportion to an object for which it is unsuited "in respect of cognition," and experience wrongful aesthetic pleasure. The uniquely balanced proportion is still pleasurable when it is applied to an object to which it is not suited "in respect of cognition," but being unsuitable to that object in respect of cognition means that the resulting apprehension is infelicitous27 as an apprehension. These same principles would also, naturally, give us an account of the possibility of the absence of a rightful aesthetic pleasure. Regrettably, Kant does not indicate exactly what it means for an apprehension to be infelicitous for cognition in the relevant way. Indeed, Kant never at all clarifies the implications of a failure of "common sense." Kant does assert that without "common sense" there could be no thought, but this is just to say that (per Kant) thought cannot exist if there exists no faculty of common sense (or norm of common sense) at all. Kant's explicit discussion does not tell us much about what makes an individual instance of applying the faculties to some object in an unsuitable proportion a cognitive failure. Themes from Kant The above concludes the properly interpretive part of my discussion of Kant's argument for aesthetic normativity. Although the following is highly tentative, I would like to close this paper by offering a speculative account of the Kantian idea of "common sense". The rough idea behind the 26 See Kant, section SS21. 27 The term "infelicitous" seems the most appropriate in this case, since we are not discussing exactly a false apprehension but rather an apprehension that is somehow barren or toxic as a basis for cognition. Kantian notion of "common sense," as I understand it, is that our orientation in the world starts with a sense that different objects intrinsically28 merit different kinds of attention. By speaking of the kind of attention that an object merits "intrinsically", I mean to say that Kant is here concerned with how we apprehend an object when when we have no pre-formulated cognitive goals to achieve with regard to that object. It is possible to examine a snake in order to determine whether the snake is poisonous or not, or to examine a snake in order to approximate the snake's age, but these two ways of looking at a snake express a particular and contingent interest. We can always apprehend an object with the goal of answering some question that we formulated ahead of time – is it blue or green? how many inches tall is it? –, but the (respective) ways we apprehend an object for such tasks cannot give us a universal, common way of orienting ourselves in the world. "Common sense" is meant to to be the faculty that determines what thoughts and impression (out of all the infinitely many true thoughts and impressions one could have vis-a-vis the snake) are involved in apprehending the snake qua apprehending the snake. More precisely, "common sense" is meant to determine what thoughts and impressions constitute apprehending the snake qua apprehending the snake. We might say that common sense determines what it is to neutrally apprehend29 the snake. I believe that Kant might reasonably (given his framework) think that a universal sense of what it is to neutrally apprehend a given object is a condition for all rational communication. "Common sense" defines a neutral, common way of looking at the world, prior to our individual and particular interests. This kind of common ground is, arguably, necessary if we are to orient ourselves within the world in roughly the same way as one another. It is at least somewhat plausible to hold that some degree of correlation between different subjects' experience of the world is necessary for the very possibility of communication. Let us consider, for example, just how immensely difficult it is for a sober person and 28 Kant sometimes speaks of objects and sometimes of a "given representation" of an object. So the relevant notion of what an object "intrinsically" merits would be at least somewhat context sensitive. At the very least there would be different norms applicable to (e.g.) seeing a tree from a great distance vs. seeing that tree from up close. 29 The choice of the word "neutral" here is Kantian in spirit, suggesting that this apprehension is supposed to be common to all. A less universalist term for such an apprehension might be "default apprehension", which would leave open the possibility that different people have different default apprehensions. a stoned person to communicate. The state of being stoned, it seems to me, is exactly what Kant would define as a distortion of one's faculty of "common sense". Mind altering drugs of the non- hallucinogenic variety (drugs that make a person stoned rather than drugs that make person "trip") drastically alter one's sense of the right way to apprehend the world, without per-se inducing false beliefs. What gets radically altered when a person becomes stoned is mostly not one's capability to have true thoughts and true impressions, but one's sense of what thoughts and impressions 30 are intrinsically insightful and informative. In others words, what the drug changes is one's sense of what thoughts and impressions constitute the (respective) neutral apprehension of the myriad objects that one engages. We can perhaps think of "common sense" as a sense of primitive (i.e. irreducible) salience or relevance. It seems plausible to to define such a "common sense," as Kant does, as a disposition (and corresponding prescription) to use some particular proportion of imagination and of understanding in the apprehension of a given object31. On my understanding of Kant, the division between the imagination and the understanding means something like the following: the work of the imagination is to explore the details of an object, and the work of the understanding is to make factual judgments about the object. For possible examples of the congruence between my interpretation of Kant's "common sense" as being a sense of primitive salience or relevance, and Kant's definition of "common sense" as a sense of the appropriate proportion of imagination and of understanding, consider the following32. "Common sense", I think, is for example our inclination to try to grasp every nuance of a human face rather than be content to classify the object (the face) as a lump of flesh and leave it at that. 30 The present discussion is far too tentative to merit technical niceties, but let me nevertheless point out that such a sense would have be a sense about particular thoughts and impressions, and not about types of thoughts and impressions. 31 The proportion that "common sense" chooses to apply varies depending on the apprehended object, according to Kant. We might say that "common sense" is a disposition that matches proportions of imagination and of understand to objects. 32 The following examples are by no means a taxonomy or a systematic account. They are merely illustrations . As such, the different phenomena that I will give as examples of kinds of failures of common sense might have some philosophical overlap. Complementarily, "common sense" is also our inclination to be content to have classified a white wall as white, and not to bother to trace the complex gradations from one shade of white to another that make up the wall's imperfect whiteness. We can consider the two cases above as examples of the proper regulation of the work of the imagination given the achievement of a judgment33 by the understanding. On such an account, to be content merely to have classified a face as a lump of flesh would be to end the imagination's work too soon for what a face merits (per the norms of "common sense"). And, complementarily, to trace the gradations of white on the surface of a white wall we already judged to be white would be pointless busywork for the imagination (per the norms of "common sense"). In a similar way, "common sense" also regulates the work of the understanding. There are infinitely many facts available for the understanding to apprehend in a given representation, but only a limited number of these will be pithy (per the norms of "common sense"). When we apprehend a running river, for example, the imagination has plenty to trace but the understanding quickly runs out of occasions for insightful judgments. The gushing of the water in a running river is too chaotic to allow for many interesting generalizations, so an overly zealous application of the understanding will amount to just a laundry list of irrelevant facts34. Complimentarily, when we apprehend a very regular object such as e.g. the Great Pyramid of Giza, a great deal of the imagination's work should (per the norms of "common sense") occasion judgements by the understanding. For, at the very least, one cannot properly apprehend the Great Pyramid of Giza without forming the judgment that it is a pyramid-shaped object. This is a fairly complex geometrical judgment, however, and the road to forming such a complex judgment would be paved by forming many simpler geometrical judgements all throughout the apprehension process. To apprehend the Pyramid without employing judgements of geometry, the way that one would properly apprehend the gushing of a running river, is to end the work 33 The understanding might achieve many different judgements in the course of an apprehension. An insightful judgment is an achievement for the understanding, but not necessarily the end of its work. 34 One might, perhaps, start judging that the river is not an elephant, that the river is bigger than a breadbox, and so on. of the understanding too soon for what a Pyramid merits (per the norms of "common sense"). And, complimentarily, to geometrically map the the relations between drops of water in a gushing river would be pointless busy work for the understanding (per the norms of "common sense"). The application of this framework to aesthetics should, I hope, be self-explanatory. I have previously argued that on Kant's account of aesthetic normatively, to critique someone's aesthetic pleasure in some object is to say that the aesthetically pleasurable interplay of the faculties is not the right interplay of the faculties for enabling insightful thought about that object. More technically, the contention of such a critique is that the proportion of the imagination and the understanding that makes for the aesthetically pleasurable experience is the wrong proportion for apprehending the object in question. While the above might sound quaint, it is worthwhile to consider that in real-life aesthetic discourse, the grounds for denying a work's claim to formal beauty are often either that the work is too simplistic, or that the work is too chaotic. A Kantian account of the critique of an aesthetic pleasure on the grounds that its object is too simplistic or too chaotic might be something like the following: When someone finds aesthetic pleasure in (e.g.) a poem that we take to be simplistic, our contention against them is that the poem does not merit as much activity of the imagination as they are applying to it. What we claim is that in applying the aesthetically pleasurable proportion of imagination and understanding to the apprehension of the work, one goes against "common sense" by using the imagination more than the work merits. We contend that the trivial ambiguities and mundane associations that a pleasurably active imagination will be occupying itself with in the simplistic poem are just pointless busywork for the imagination, much like tracing the gradations of white in a white wall. Complementarily, when someone finds aesthetic pleasure in (e.g.) a poem that we take to be chaotic, our critique of their aesthetic pleasure is that the poem does not merit as much activity of the understanding as they are applying to it. Our claim would be that in applying the pleasurable proportion of imagination and understanding to the work, one uses the understanding more than the work merits. We contend, for example, that the poem is so far removed from propositional content35 that any interpretive activity is pointless busywork for the understanding, comparable to the activity of geometrically mapping the relations between drops of water in a gushing river. Importantly, this contention is different from the more verifiable claim that the poem has no propositional content – the contention of the aesthetic critique is that the poem is so far removed from propositional content that detailed judgements about its relation to propositional content have no insight or relevance for its apprehension (per the norms of "common sense"). A defender of the poetry of John Ashbery can, for example, hold that there are always a great many interesting judgement to make about the way that an Ashbery poem almost fits the criteria for expressing some proposition. The aspect of Kant's argument for aesthetic norms that I find philosophically promising is the suggestion that there is a continuity between values that concern the apprehension of objects in general and aesthetic values. Importantly, however, this praise for the aesthetic usefulness of Kant's account is quite apart from saying that we should accept Kantian normativity wholesale. I intend to suggest only that Kant's account seems to insightfully represent the way that we critique someone's aesthetic pleasure in those (rare) cases in which we grant that the contested pleasure is a genuine but wrongful aesthetic pleasure. The question of whether any of the cognitive criteria involved should be considered universal norms is a separate question, to which I am inclined to answer negatively. But even just to philosophically connect our judgment of an aesthetic pleasure to a judgment about its (the pleasure's) relation to thought is already deeply interesting, however universal or "personal" we take either judgment to be. Even if we reject – as we probably should – the idea that all rational communication requires a perfectly uniform "common sense,"36 and consequently reject the idea of a universal "common sense" 35 I am here assuming that a central part of the apprehension of a poem is the search for propositional content. There are, of course, many other kinds of order one might look for in a poem. 36 As always with Kant, the relevant sense of necessity of complex and ambiguous. But we may well be best off by rejecting both the Kantian claim for necessity of universalizing norms of "common sense" and the Kantian claim for limited a-priori descriptive universality of "common sense." or universal norms of "common sense," a continuity between cognition and aesthetics can still prove valuable for defending some form of aesthetic normativity. I have previously suggested that "common sense" is concerned with something like primitive (i.e. non-instrumental) salience or relevance. Even without the framework of Kantian universality, a person's sense of primitive salience or relevance is a very loaded thing. Indeed, it seems to me that such a sense of primitive salience or relevance is closely related to what Wittgenstein calls "a way of life." If aesthetic taste can be considered an aspect of a person's sense of primitive salience or relevance, then perhaps we might say that aesthetic taste is part of something like a "way of life". If one were to successfully pursue such a line of reasoning, it could potentially open up a range of possibilities for aesthetics normativity: We can, sometimes, contend against somebody who we take to share a common way of life with us that she is wrong by the implicit logic of our shared practice. We can also, in some cases, take a critical or hostile stance towards another way of life, and make an appeal or address a contention to its practitioners. It would be very worthwhile if a philosophical inquiry could show that aesthetic contentions are as substantial as contentions dealing with "a way of life."
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What about the clear/colored versions and some LED toggles to go with them?
Ratshack is scalping those for nearly 20 bucks a pop, but I can find them all over for way less.
Would rather order them from sparkfun TBH.
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• Female • $1,500
Alaskan Klee Kai Puppy
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Creeping blueberry vine
Someone gave me some starts of this very cool vine they had all over their garden, they called it creeping blueberry but I would like to know its real name so I can take good care of it (though, it looks foolproof so far).
It is a vine with leaves that look like small grapeleaves and clusters of berries (also kinda grapelike, but small) that turn colors from pink to red to blue to fushcia to, I am not kidding, perfect turquoise in the fall. Pretty wild looking!!
Thanks for your help.
Sounds like porcelain berry, Ampelopsis brevipedunculata. It's a rampant grower, and needs a big support, like a chain link fence. It spreads rapidly by seeds. It likes part to full sun, and needs watering during the summer. I've never grown it in California, but it's trying to take over my garden in Portland, OR.
OK. I found these great-looking berries on humongous (30'on trees) vines when out on the Folsom bike trail. It looks like this porcelain berry except all the photos I could fine of that showed shiny leaves. This is very similar, but soft and nearly velvety, not shiny at all. Berries tasted (tasted and spit out of course) pretty much like blueberies. I saved a bunch but am afraid to eat them....any ideas?


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The WorkHealth physicians provide dedicated occupational healthcare and expertise at designated WorkHealth Centers around central Ohio.
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WINDSOR — The No. 11 Middlebury Union High School girls' soccer team upset No. 6 Springfield in a first-round playoff game on Wednesday, 1-0, and will host a Division II quarterfinal on Saturday against No. 14 Fair Haven.
The playoff victory for the MUHS girls' program is the first since at least the early 1990s.
BURLINGTON — The No. 6 Middlebury Union High School field hockey team knocked off No. 11 Burlington, 2-0, on Wednesday in a first-round Division I playoff game. The contest was played on Burlington's artificial turf field because the Tigers' home surface was too wet.
Sara Higgins scored about three minutes into the game, converting a Katie Ritter feed to give the Tigers the lead. Later in the half, Ritter made it 2-0 with an assist from Tiffany Audet.
Tiger goalies Heather Ploof (seven saves) and Anjelica Swinhart (three saves) teamed up for the shutout against the 0-15 Seahorses.
"Meet Andy Wentink, Director of Special Collections." The first installment of a multi-part series of audio slideshow tours of the college's "crown jewels."
On long solo runs, the oddest thoughts pass through one's mind. For example, on my last run I suddenly realized that the vast majority of my loop runs proceed in a clockwise direction. I have no idea why this is the case, but set out to rectify the situation with at least an occasional counterclockwise loop!
A couple of Saturdays ago, my friend Kay and I pulled up to a squat brick structure off of a bumpy dirt road, still unsure that we'd managed to find the Neshobe Sportsman Club.
As soon as we climbed out of the car, though, I knew we'd come to the right place: the dusty parking area smelled all kinds of delicious, like slow-cooked meat and buttery mashed potatoes.
On the Ball: Playoff seeds are out
OK, the Vermont Principals' Association released field hockey and soccer pairings this afternoon, and there were few surprises. The VPA's new in-season "Sports Rankings" – essentially division standings based on scores reported by coaches – proved to be pretty accurate. Teams ended up where they were projected to almost without exception.
View Full Article Online
ADDISON COUNTY — Across the United States, nine teens have committed suicide in the past month, a result of anti-gay bullying.
While Vermont has been lucky enough to avoid similar sobering incidents, local school and community organizations are adding their voices to the nationwide campaigns aimed at remembering the teens who died and raising awareness about the issues that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning (LGBTQ) teens — and others — face.
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Self-reflecting and getting face-to-face with ourselves. Let's get up close and personal.
"For muddy little girls after my own heart."
"How daycare proved to be oddly controversial, and one of the best things we've ever done for our family."
"No one should be guilting you into a more indie wedding. But no one should be guilting you out of a WIC one, either. Do what you want!"
"One heirloom dress, sixty years, three weddings."
"Because you don't need to register for all the things."


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By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
11/20/2012 (2 years ago)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
In the Golden State of California, highway patrol officers can pull over drivers they suspect of driving while intoxicated. The problem is - many of these drivers will test negative for alcohol. According to a new survey by the state's Office of Traffic Safety, about one in seven drivers on California roadways may be under the influence of drugs.
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
11/20/2012 (2 years ago)
Published in U.S.
Keywords: Driving, California, drugs, marijuana, alcohol, impaired driving
LOS ANGELES, CA (Catholic Online) - The survey, released this week tested more than a thousand drivers on weekend nights in nine California cities. The study found that roughly 14 percent of those drivers tested positive for drugs that might impair driving. At the same time, half as many of the drivers surveyed by the OTS tested positive for alcohol.
Compared to the rest of the nation, the number of drug-impaired drivers in California has increased throughout the years. It reinforces officials' belief that driving under the influence of drugs is a serious and growing problem, said Christopher J. Murphy with the OTS.
These worrisome figures highlight the need for more traffic officers trained to detect drug-impaired driving. Without on-the-spot blood tests, it's harder for officers to prove in court that a driver was under the influence of drugs.
"But these folks that have been through the drug enforcement expert training -- if one of them can evaluate a driver accused of being under the influence of drugs, that testimony will normally hold up in court," OTS spokesperson Chris Cochran says.
The office plans to increase the numbers of District Attorneys dedicated to drug-impaired driving cases, and purchase better lab equipment. Marijuana, now more readily available with growing medical marijuana stories, was by far the most prevalent. More than seven percent of drivers tested positive for the substance.
The survey also found a significant number of drivers under the influence of both drugs and alcohol. About 23 percent of the drivers who were found to have alcohol in their systems also tested positive for some kind of drug -- be it prescription or street narcotic.
Interestingly, those in the study were not convicted for testing positive. About 1,300 drivers volunteered to provide breath or saliva samples set up at nine different locations in the state. Those who were judged to be too impaired were advised that they should have someone else drive them home, Cochran said.
St. Isidore the Farmer
St. Joseph of Cupertino
St. George
St. Florian
St. Brigid of Ireland
St. Christopher
St. Jude
St. Francis of Assisi
St. Matthew
St. Benedict
St. Mark
St. Barbara
St. Joseph
St. Clare
St. Anthony
St. Ann
St. Gerard
St. John the Baptist
By Hannah Raissa Marfil (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Christianity is one of the factors that led to the creation of the April 1, according to the most popular theory of the April Fools' Day. This is not a joke: according to the theory of the two calendars, most Christians wanted to celebrate the start of the New Year on ... continue reading
By J. Kenneth Blackwell
Almost seven months after the fateful, fatal encounter between Michael Brown and former Ferguson Police Officer Darren Wilson, Attorney General Eric Holder officially announced a truth he had been holding close for months - that the "Hands Up, Don't Shoot" mantra ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
It's an American trait to gas up the car and take a drive - anywhere, and that certainly proved to be true last year. According to the Federal Highway Administration, or FHWA, Americans drove 3.02 trillion miles last year, the second-highest level of vehicle ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
The military exercise is both mysterious and just a little bit threatening. The controversial Jade Helm military exercise, scheduled to take part in nine U.S. states this summer will involve soldiers operating "undetected amongst civilian populations." The ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Children without adult guardians, from the southern border that the United States shares with Mexico, continue to stream into the U.S. Homeland Security Secretary Jeh Johnson, speaking to Congress last week, says that these child immigrants number in the ... continue reading
By Keith A Fournier
I was with Rick Santorum at the Awakening Conference in Orlando, Florida. Rick and Karen Santorum are personal friends. Their whole family is a source of inspiration to me. But most especially, that little Princess named Bella Santorum. She is the center, the ... continue reading
By Jennifer Hartline
There is no Christianity without Christ, and no Christ without the cross. There was no need for the cross except for our Redemption, and no need for that except for our sin. To preach Christianity without preaching repentance from sin and taking up your cross is ... continue reading
By Hannah Raissa Marfil (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
Fast food conglomerate McDonald's had released its own fashion and lifestyle line, with the clothes full of Big Mac prints on them. The McFashion debuted on Tuesday in Sweden, in celebration of their most recent campaign, "I'm Lovin' It 24." Profit generated from the ... continue reading
By Abigail James (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
From a tragic airplane crash that killed 150 people to the blood of St. Januarius liquifying, this week in news has been quite a roller coaster. We saw nuns mob Pope Francis, a father lose seven of his eight children in a horrifying fire and the first announced ... continue reading
By Catholic Online (NEWS CONSORTIUM)
While it would appear to some to be contrary, the majority of Latinos within the continental United States, 62 percent, speak English. A new analysis of the Pew Research Center's 2013 National Survey of Latinos has found that the current demographics will ... continue reading


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Free Sample HR Green Calendar
Posted on Tuesday, November 19th, 2013 at 11:17 am
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Hotel Afroditi
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
TripAdvisor Reviews Hotel Afroditi Crete
Travel Blogs from Crete
Day 173
... pleasant. we cooked tea before boarding the ferry, this ferry is older than the one we arrived on and our cabin, an inside one isn't as comfortable, I find it a little claustrophobic and although we turned the ventilation up the temperature wouldn't drop below 27 degrees, may be were sleeping over the engine room where the men are stoking the fires!! The ferry set sail on time and we went to bed in our hard beds, as it's an early start, we dock in Piraeus at 6.00 ...
Day 171
... they lived. Many of the buildings were 3 stories high and all built around a central square. The ruins were unearthed in 1900 by Sir Arthur Evans, he was so enthralled with his discovery that he spent 35 years and £250,000 of his own money excavating and reconstructing it. The reconstruction although made of concrete and painted helped to give an overall feel for the grandure of the place. The frescos had been ...
Day 157
... filled with people, most locals eat around two o'clock. It was around 4.00 when we got back, Les had a snooze, lunch time drinking! Whilst I read my book. As it went dark we walked Logan, it was so nice and mild we walked back into town, it's the first time we have been out in the evening in ages, we are often parked outside towns and villages, about an hour later we arrived back and made a sandwich for a late tea before sorting out ...
Day 155
... wondering what had arrived. Once they had moved on we got out to take a walk, we walked up the road passing some very strange rock formations, we could clearly see stalactites hanging down, mostly broken, behind them were large cave like recesses, they looked like big teeth. We tried taking a track close to the river but where the crossing to the other side was, was flooded. We turned back and continued up the road, taking a right turn ...
We drove into Georgioupolis to buy some bread afterwards we walked Logan on the beach for an hour or so, there are a lot of resort hotels with beach frontage. The beach is lovely, it's very long and wide with soft white sand. It's difficult for us to visualise what it must be like here in 'the season' as neither of us have had a resort type holiday.
After ...
Other places to stay in Crete
Creta Maris Beach ResortLimin Hersonissou, Hersonissos | 3 star hotelfrom $258
Capsis Elite Resort\N, Agia Pelagia | 5 star hotelfrom $257
Louis Creta Princess Beach HotelPO Box 9 (Platanias), Chania | 3 star hotelfrom $63
- Fun
- More like a 3 star
- Animation team
Imperial Belvedere\N, Hersonissos | 4 star hotelfrom $117
Silva BeachEl. Venizelou 193, Hersonissos | 3 star hotelfrom $130
Aldemar Knossos RoyalLimenas Hersonissou, Hersonissos | 5 star hotelfrom $156
- Loved it, brilliant!
- Lovely Complex
- Poor Restaurant
Elounda Bay PalaceElounda Bay, Elounda | 4 star hotelfrom $235
- Simply marvellous
- Champagne for breakfast, stunning views and sweets on your pillow
- Romantic
Cactus BeachAg. Ioannis Street, Stalís | 4 star hotelfrom $113
Aquila Rithymna Beach Hotel\N, Adelianos Kambos | 5 star hotelfrom $206
- Excellent hotel
- Highly recommended
- Loved this trip
Vasia Hotel And SpaLasithiou, Sissi | 5 star hotelfrom $149
Elounda Beach Hotel\N, Elounda | 5 star hotelfrom $398
- Can be wonderful, can be bad as well
- Fantastic!!
- Wonderful
Royal Belvedere\N, Hersonissos | 4 star hotelfrom $114
- A realistic review...
- Great holiday
- Never again
Albatros Spa & Resort Hotel1 Dedaloustreet, Hersonissos | 4 star hotelfrom $77
Agapi Beach HotelPO BOX 2007, N.Stadion, Heraklion | 4 star hotelfrom $189
CHC Sea Side Resort & SpaMononaftis Area, Agia Pelagia | 4 star hotelfrom $142
Aquila Porto Rethymno Hotel52 S. Venizelou Ave., Rethymnon | 4 star hotelfrom $178
- Not quite perfect
- Bravo!!
- Friendly staff
AKS Annabelle Beach ResortAnissaras beach, Hersonissos | 5 star hotelfrom $113
Sirios VillageKato Daratso | 4 star hotelfrom $121
Marina HotelGouves | Hotelfrom $45
Dessole Coral HotelAkti Koundourou , Agios Nikolaos | 5 star hotelfrom $92
Cretan Malia ParkPO Box GR, Malia | 4 star hotelfrom $199
Grecotel White Palace\N, Platanés | 5 star hotelfrom $316
Santa Marina Beach HotelAghia Marina Beach, Agia Marina | 4 star hotelfrom $118
Aquila Atlantis Hotel2 Ygias Str, Heraklion | 4 star hotelfrom $128
Galaxy Hotel Iraklio75 Dimokratias Avenue, Heraklion | 5 star hotelfrom $122
Theartemis Palace HotelM. Portaliou 26, Rethymnon | 4 star hotelfrom $119
- Fabulous Hotel Great Holiday
- Great hotel
- Loved Theartemis, Rethymnon


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Escape the ordinary conference experience and partake in the healthcare and benefits event of a lifetime. The sky's the limit when joining the EHBC in adopting to the changing healthcare landscape. Let us guide you in exploring new innovative strategies and solutions in employee benefits and population health management. The EHBC brings together industry pioneers in Healthcare, Insurance and Benefits to exchange ideas, share best practices, examine the latest trends, and establish dynamic partnerships that help your company reach its goals.
At the forefront of transformation, the EHBC is committed to inspiring and motivating industry professionals to leave their comfort zones and become energized and optimistic about the future of healthcare and become empowered to change.
Join us as we embark on a year of imagination and unthinkable approaches in making your employee benefits dreams come true.
President, American Medical Association (AMA)
Best-selling Author and Speaker, Awakening Corporate Soul & Value Shifts
Special Counsel, U.S. Treasury
President, American Benefits Council


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-Completion of ELTC 103 and REEC 140 with a grade of C or better
-Placement at college level English OR
-Concurrent enrollment in ENGL 99/101
-Placement at college reading
Renewable Energy Concepts II applies the technologies used in renewable energy systems. The course will cover distributing, installing, troubleshooting, evaluating and designing renewable energy systems. The student will perform intensive lab activities on photovoltaic, wind, solar and geothermal heating, and emerging technologies. 3 credit hours


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Get free worksheets plus activities, articles and science projects.
Here's a classic creepy jack-o'-lantern pattern to try. Just pin it, glue it or tape it in place on your pumpkin, trace around it, and cut along the lines. Presto! Pumpkin perfection!
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AARP Livable Communities website
The American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) has a new website devoted to livable communities. AARP seeks to improve older adults quality of life by promoting the development of safe, accessible and vibrant environments often called livable communities. Livable communities policies address issues such as land use, housing, transportation and broadband all of which facilitate aging in place.Learn More:
AARP Livable Communities website
Legacy City Design Network
Legacy City Design (LCD) is a network that shares innovative design practices happening in Legacy Cities - U.S. cities that have experienced a continuous loss of population and jobs since their peak. LCD connects professionals working in Legacy Cities, shares information about how projects are successfully designed and implemented, hosts gatherings, advocates for innovative design solutions, and develops new practices and solutions through design research and pilot project collaborations.Learn More:
Legacy City Design
- Two U.S. Department of Agriculture Grants: Farmers Market Promotion Program and Local Food Production Program
- Transect Codes Council (TCC) Code Innovation Award
- 2015 National Wetlands Awards U.S. Ramsar Wetlands Photo Contest
- Walking Visionaries Awards
Architectural Research Centers Consortium 2015 Conference, April 6-9
Greater & Greener 2015: An International Urban Parks Conference, April 11-14
Sustainable City Year Conference, April 12–14
Webinar: Creative Ways to Consider Funding Future Transportation, 2 - 3:30 pm EST, April 15
"The more successfully a city mingles everyday diversity of uses and users in its everyday streets, the more successfully, casually (and economically) its people thereby enliven and support well-located parks that can thus give back grace and delight to their neighborhoods instead of vacuity."
Jane Jacobs, author
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Tackling Philly's Segregation Problem With Park Designs
What's Stopping Colorado Town From Being Smallest U.S. City With a Streetcar Commute?
What Keeps People From Riding a Bike?
American Planning Association 2015 National Conference
April 18-21, 2015
Washington State Convention Center
Seattle, WA
Sustainability. Climate change. Transportation. Economic development. Whats at the top of your communitys planning agenda? Come to the peak event in planning and come away with the answers you need. Preview the lineup of tracks and symposia.
This compilation contains links to more than two dozen online collections with thousands of images that illustrate smart growth principles.
Find out who participates in the Smart Growth Network (SGN) and how they can help your community.


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Smiles Dental Tumwater
344 Cleveland Ave
STE F Tumwater, WA 98501
(360) 352-7140
Mon - Fri: 8:00AM - 5:00PM
Sat - Sun: Closed
- Braces
- Cosmetic - Veneers
- Cosmetic - Whitening
- Cosmetic Dentistry
- Dental Implants
- Dentures
- Endodontic - Root Canals
- Endodontics
- General Dentistry
- Lumineers
- Oral Cancer Screening
- Orthodontic - Braces
- Pediatric Dentistry
- Periodontal - Deep Cleaning
- Periodontal - scaling and root planing
- Periodontics
- Prosthodontics
- Wisdom Teeth Extraction
- English
- Cash
Mary Austin
Kirsten Johnson
Janelle Laird
3 stars Anonymous Featured review
Was greeted warmly, taken in on time, but experience of getting work done was very unsettling. Left wondering if I can trust the doc to due what is best for me. Never met doctor before so not sure how I feel. Hoping to have a better experience next time.
We pride ourselves on excellent patient service. If you had an experience that you were not expecting, please communicate with us so we can provide you with the 5 star service we strive for.
5 stars Steven N Customer since 2006
Very friendly and knowledgeable staff. I appreceate knowing that my present and future dental needs are in the hands of very caring and wonderful people!
5 stars Mark J Customer since 2006
As always superb treatment and conversation.
4 stars TERRI H Customer since 2014
I have a fear of dentists that stems back 55 years to an army dentist. When I go mthe Smiles, the staff from the front off to them dentist do everything they can to make you comfortable and relax. I have found that I do not receive excessive deadening before the procedure so that you are numb all day long. Everyone always has a smile for youj and the front desk does everything they can to assist with convenient appointments and working with your insurance company.
4 stars Anonymous Verified customer
Things went fine.
5 stars Kelly T Customer since 2006
Perfect of course
5 stars Anonymous Verified customer
Kelli is great and always does a fabulous job. Mary is ALWAYS so welcoming and has that "personal" touch which is so appreciated! Thanks!
4 stars Bruce H Customer since 2006
I had the office remove the text communications from my account. It is over the top to send me a text on a Sunday morning at 6am , thanking me for confirming my appointment.
5 stars Lawrence A Customer since 2006
Kelly is Professional and very knowledgeable. She asks questions about your health and teeth.
5 stars JANIS T Customer since 2013
Great staff!
4 stars Phyllis R Customer since 2006
My visit to Smiles for a cleaning was pleasant and professional.
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J & H Auto Service
I tried to make an appt and they said to just come in, I didnt like that idea because last time I tried that they couldnt fit me in without me leaving my car. I have an infant son and its REALLY hard for me to leave my car anywhere. So this time when they said they would fit me in....they DID. Right when I got there they moved my car into the shop, didnt take long for my 30k mile check and it didnt cost nearly what I thought it would. Thanks guys!!!!Read More …
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100% would refer friends and family to us
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Michael Clarke Duncan Celebrity Watchlist
Photos | Credits | Biography | Video Clips
Birth Place: Chicago, IL
Birthday: December 10, 1957, Sagittarius
Profession: Actor
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Justin Timberlake Gushes About Marriage to Jessica Biel on 'Ellen' [VIDEO]
Justin Timberlake dropped by Ellen Degeneres' talk show on Thursday, April 25, and had nothing but good things to say about his marriage to bombshell Jessica Biel.
Justin Timberlake dropped by Ellen Degeneres' talk show on Thursday, April 25, and had nothing but good things to say about his marriage to bombshell Jessica Biel.
TIME Magazine has unveiled its annual Most Influential People list, which is comprised of five separate categories: Artists, Leaders, Pioneers, Titans and Icons.
While the list itself isn't surprising -- media mainstays like Jennifer Lawrence, Jay-Z, Lena Dunham and Frank Ocean all landed spots -- what was intriguing is what other notable people wrote about them.
Yesterday (April 9), Tennessee native Justin Timberlake visited the White House for a special celebration of Memphis soul music, and his performance of Otis Redding's '(Sittin' On) the Dock of the Bay' had the Obamas smiling and singing along.
The evening also featured such artists as Mavis Staples, Ben Harper, Charlie Musselwhite and Sam Moore.
It's official, Justin Timberlake is one of the coolest guys in the world.
To celebrate the upcoming release of Timberlake's third studio album 'The 20/20 Experience,' the crew at 'Late Night with Jimmy Fallon' is having a week of shows featuring the singer
Continuing "Justin Timberlake Week" on 'Late Night With Jimmy Fallon,' Fallon and JT topped even the discussion of his feud with Kanye West by performing a barbershop quintet version of Timberlake's hit 'SexyBack.'
Slow down, guys. It's only the second night and you're already making us giddy.
Justin Timberlake has some pretty damn good PR people.
After announcing his new album 'The 20/20 Experience,' it seems like you can't go anywhere without being slapped in the face with an appearance by JT. Grammys, pre-Super Bowl concert, Brit Awards, we could go on and on. We're surprised he hasn't shown up in our shower yet.
Continuing the Timberlake saturation, it's been announced that he will host and perform on 'Saturday Night Live' on March 9, and will perform for a full week (March 11-15) on 'Late Night With Jimmy Fallon.'
We all do things. You do things; your friends do things; even celebrities do things. So why is this Tumblr so funny? Well, it takes photos of Justin just being Justin and adds captions that are just a little bit absurd. Behold, Justin Timberlake doing things!
Justin Timberlake and Jay-Z are packing up their suits and ties and hitting the road together...we think! JT, who has been mounting his musical comeback since the calendar turned, and the Hova, who lends his rap talents to JT's smash 'Suit & Tie,' are expected to play 10 stadium gigs together.
In case you missed it last night, Justin Timberlake performed at the Grammys and that fool brought sexy back all over again. We've missed it.
We're getting closer and closer to seeing '20/20,' courtesy of that 'Suit & Tie'-wearing crooner known as Justin Timberlake.
As the stars party-hopped this weekend in anticipation of the Super Bowl on Sunday, Justin Timberlake took the stage at the DIRECTV's Super Saturday concert on Feb. 2 for his first full live show in three years.
During the set, he performed some oldies, but he also did three new songs from his upcoming album 'The 20/20 Experience' -- 'Little Pusher Lover Girl,' 'Bad Girl' and 'Suit & Tie.' And for the latter, collaborator Jay-Z even joined him on stage.
Less than a month after releasing his comeback single 'Suit & Tie,' Justin Timberlake is already back at the Grammy Awards. The Recording Academy announced in a press release that the pop superstar will perform at the 2013 Grammy ceremony on Sunday, Feb. 10.


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appliqué ideas Content
In an entryway or on the front door, this wintry wall hanging celebrates the frosty season.
Use a 3-D fabric-folding technique to make stunning Sunburst blocks with ease-and with perfect points. This table runner features the Fiesta collection from Blank Quilting.
Combine hard lines and soft curves as well as machine piecing and appliquéing methods in a batik throw. Fabrics are hand-dyed batiks from the Enchanted Journey Batiks collection by Patricia Lueker...
Make it personal, a monogram adds personalization to any quilt. Give this quilt to a special little one that you love.
Fusible web makes this appliqué project a fast and easy one to complete. Choose vibrant colors and sassy prints to make it an eye-catching addition to your decor.
A spider's smiling face adorns a cute felt bag, perfect for trick-or-treating.
You don't even need a sewing machine to make this charming wool table appliqué centerpiece.
Bring spring into any space with this appliqué wall hanging. Use freezer paper to prepare pieces for machine appliqué.
Cotton scraps, buttons, and batting for the snowman's body give this delightful jingle-bells door hanger one-of-a-kind character. What a great gift for family and friends!
In no time, you can create an interactive quilt using a playful mix of prints that reflect a few of your child's favorite things. To enhance the illusion that the novelty prints are actually being...
Hang this drawstring bag on the front door to welcome visitors or use the woodsy delight indoors to collect holiday cards.
Black pumpkin silhouettes on a creamy white tablecloth bring an elegant touch to a Halloween table.
What looks like intricate curved piecing on this table runner isn't actually piecing, but rather curved appliqués layered atop an easy-to-make foundation block. Each block features a print and...
No matter which pillow you choose-pieced squares or machine-appliquéd circles- each is a snap to create.
No-fray felted wool makes this appliqué project quick to stitch. Glass beads and hand-embroidery further embellish the heart.
With a casual folk art style, designer Pat Sloan creates her classic quilt with contemporary methods-fusible appliqué and machine-blanket-stitch.
To make the urn appliqué appear to be more intricate than it is, fussy-cut a stripe to look like ornamentation. For an Art Deco look and greater definition of fused appliqué pieces, outline each...
Make sure your passion for quilting shows-even at your desk! Save those bits of fabric and turn them into a customized mousepad that tells your story.
Turn the tables on a vintage tablecloth. Use it as your appliqué foundation! Then learn to do freezer-paper appliqué to add the sunflower motifs with our easy-to-follow instructions.
Don't be afraid to choose a strong print or plaid as an appliqué foundation. Here, appliqués in the rich colors of the Farmhouse 2 collection by Buggy Barn for Henry Glass & Co. hold their own...
Save time by using fusible web to appliqué custom-made initials for the center block. This quilt is sure to brighten any room!
Brighten up the traditional look of Pickle Dish and Lover's Knot blocks by using fabrics that contrast in both color and scale. Fabrics are from the Lift Your Spirits collection by Wendy Bentley...


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UCLA Women's Basketball vs. Michigan
The No. 9 UCLA Bruins will look to extend their season-high eight game win streak this weekend.
The men's volleyball team lost in three straight sets to top-ranked Hawai'i in an MPSF match Tuesday
Friday and Saturday's games will air on Pac-12 Networks, with Sunday live on ESPN2.
Bruin junior has led UCLA to the WNIT semifinals, averaging 19.5 points in two games last week.


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: [News]
A duck gives birth to a chicken.
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April 6th, 2013 (06:59 PM).
Community Supporter
Join Date: Aug 2010
Location: Vaniville Town
Age: 20
Gender: Male
Nature: Brave
Quote originally posted by
Magmaruby and Aquasapphire
I just hope that we don't end up making more of a mess using this technology. Also they have yet to see if the Chicken born will be able to produce another Chicken...what if it turned out to produce a duck like her father...
View original post
That's kinda impossible. The chick wasn't born by mating a Rooster with a Duck :p
The chick came to by means of Genetic Implantation, so it's genome is 100% chicken. Unless of course the genome is 50-50 and the chicken's genes are all dominant :/ (Again, impossible. Or at least improbable heh).
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- At Lederle Japan, Jiro Hayashi has been promoted to president,replacing Katsuichiro Hisanaga who…
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Thanks for the GREAT service. Placed my order one day and got it the next. Everything was as advertised - in fact it was better than advertised or...Read More ->
When life came at me fast I was forced to take a break from performing. Nine months later I'm ready to get back in the game so I stop by MJM Magic to...Read More ->


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A Goode night for Worcester
ESPN Staff
November 23, 2012
Andy Goode played an integral part in the Warriors' win%]
Andy Goode nudged over three penalties and a drop-goal to hand Worcester an impressive 12-3 victory over Saracens on Friday evening.
The visitors could have pulled off an unmerited win if Nils Mordt and Sam Stanley had not missed with four routine penalties. In a game of stout defence, neither side showed enough attacking nous to threaten the try line but the home pack were the dominant force, which enabled Goode to kick them to victory.
Saracens were minus at least eight of their first choice line-out due mainly to international commitments. In contrast, Worcester were only without Samoan captain David Lemi. The Warriors had the better of the first 10 minutes and were rewarded with the first score when Andy Goode kicked a 30-metre penalty.
Moments later, the visitors had their first chance for points but Mordt was off target with his 45m penalty attempt. Worcester suffered a blow when young centre Joe Carlisle hobbled off in the 14th minute, to be replaced by Alex Grove. The Warriors suffered another setback when Mordt brought the scores level with a simple penalty. Then at a ruck 45m out, Saracens were penalised but Goode could not take advantage and the score remained at 3-3 at the end of the first quarter.
Worcester were denied the first try of the game when, close to the Saracens line, Errie Claassens somehow failed to gather a clever chip ahead from Goode. However, the hosts were not to be denied points for long as Goode put them back in front with his second penalty.
The outside half then missed a 35m drop goal attempt before Saracens lost flanker Jackson Wray to a leg injury. A poor clearance from Goode allowed Ben Ransom and Duncan Taylor to counter-attack and when the Warriors were penalised for offside, Mordt had a good chance to tie the scores - but his 35m kick was a poor one. Worcester extended their lead when a Ransom kick was charged down to put his side under pressure.
Warriors won a ruck close to the visitors' line and Goode fired over a drop goal from point blank range, before the outside half added a penalty to give Worcester a deserved 12-3 interval lead.
The first 10 minutes of the second half represented the best period of the match for Saracens. The visitors dominated in terms of possession and territory but they were not able to convert it into points as James Percival and Josh Matavesi both stole crucial ball from them at vital stages to relieve the pressure. After 51 minutes Mordt was presented with another penalty chance but once again he failed as his 30m kick rebounded back off a post.
It could have been worse for Saracens but Goode failed with both a drop goal and a long range penalty. It therefore remained at 12-3 going into the final quarter and just afterwards the unhappy Mordt was withdrawn.
Stanley was his replacement but he fared no better on the kicking front, with a 30m penalty miss depriving his side of a bonus point.
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
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"Girl Crush" garners big reaction on "The Tonight Show."
Crystal Gayle, Dwight Yoakam Honored in Kentucky
Crystal Gayle, Dwight Yoakam and producer Norro Wilson will be inducted into the Kentucky Music Hall of Fame and Museum at a ceremony set for Feb. 21, 2008, at the Lexington Center Bluegrass Ballroom. Past honorees include Ricky Skaggs, The Judds, Tom T. Hall and Crystal's sister, Loretta Lynn.
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Three-hour-long set for The Big Revival Tour's opening date features guests Taylor Swift, Joe Walsh and others to the stage.