text:
Tel: (989)868-4501
Trinity Lutheran School has been established to provide a Christian education for children in the elementary grades.
Trinity Lutheran School is accredited by the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, Michigan Association of Non public Schools, and The Michigan District of the Missouri Synod.
Through its accreditation it has been recognized by these agencies as an "exceptional" school providing a "superior" Christian education to its students.
Trinity provides a quality Christian education to the children of families who are and are not members of the congregation.
The congregation is justifiably proud of its role in helping Christian parents as they heed the Scriptural admonition to "train up a child in the way he should go".
School Overview
|School Membership(s)School Assoc.
|Other school association(s)
|Religious Affiliation
|Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod
|Grades Offered
|Grades Prekindergarten - 8
Student Body
|Total Students
|96 students
|Student Body Type
|% Students of Color
State avg.: 18%
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|6 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
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- School Location Miles Students Grades
RichvilleSt Michael S Lutheran School
Po Box 185
Richville, MI 48758
(989)868-4809(Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod)3.4 mi | 186 students | Gr. PK-8
SaginawImmanuel Lutheran School
8220 E Holland Rd
Saginaw, MI 48601
(989)754-4285(Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod)5.9 mi | 58 students | Gr. PK-8
ReeseSt. Elizabeth Area Catholic School
Po Box 392
Reese, MI 48757
(989)868-4108(Roman Catholic)6.1 mi | 97 students | Gr. PK-8
VassarSt Luke S Lutheran School
1056 Wels Ln
Vassar, MI 48768
(989)823-8400(Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod)7.1 mi | 36 students | Gr. KG-8
FrankenmuthSt Lorenz Lutheran School
140 Churchgrove Rd
Frankenmuth, MI 48734
(989)652-6141(Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod)8.4 mi | 549 students | Gr. PK-8
School Reviews
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text:
Debtor and Creditor Lawyers and Law Firms in Naperville, IL
Debtor and Creditor Lawyers
Law Office of Brian Covert
Loan Modification & Foreclosure Defense Law Firm in DuPage County(630) 717-2783
The Law Office of Brian Covert is a foreclosure defense firm based in Warrenville, Illinois providing legal services to clients throughout the surrounding areas of Illinois with additional office locations in Schaumburg and Naperville. The firm's attorneys strive to provide results...
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Momkus McCluskey, LLC
DuPage County Divorce, Estate Planning and Business Lawyers(630) 434-0400
Momkus McCluskey LLC in Chicago, represent clients in a number of areas and are committed to their interests. Regardless of the issue or problem, the firm provides high-quality legal advice. The firm can handle cases involving business law or litigation, real estate or real estate...
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Anderson & Associates, P.C.
Divorce and Family Attorneys in Wheaton, Illinois(630) 653-9400
Since 1983, the attorneys of Anderson & Associates, P.C. have provided quality legal representation to clients in Cook County, Will County, DuPage County, Kane County, and Lake County. Our practice focuses on matters that affect families, such as divorce, child custody and visitation,...
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Aurora, Illinois Bankruptcy and Debt Relief Lawyer(630) 585-3164 or (888) 418-3323
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Robert J. Semrad & Associates, LLC
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Robert J. Semrad & Associates, LLC has spent many years saving thousands of clients from losing their homes, hope, and livelihood to repossession and creditors. The firm has dedicated its considerable resources solely to bankruptcy law, dividing their time between filing for...
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Mevorah Law Offices LLC
Multi-Practice Law Firm in Illinois(630) 932-9100
Mevorah Law Offices, LLC has given Illinois residents over a century and a half of expertise in a full range of legal specialties, providing families, businesses, the injured, and the accused with the personal attention and tailored solutions that have given the firm its respected...
Other Offices: Bloomingdale, St. Charles
Law Firm's Overview Free ConsultationContingency FeeCredit Cards
Springer Brown, LLC - Kent Gaertner
Bankruptcy Lawyer in Wheaton, Illinois(630) 510-0000
Kent Gaertner is an attorney with Springer Brown, LLC, an Illinois-based bankruptcy and debt relief attorneys serving the areas surrounding Wheaton. They work with business and consumer bankruptcy. In addition to bankruptcy law, the firm also works with trusts and other forms of...
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Mevorah Law Offices LLC
DuPage County Divorce, Personal Injury and Criminal Defense Attorneys(630) 932-9100
Mevorah Law Offices LLC is a multi-practice law firm serving Northern Illinois clients in a range of areas, including family law and divorce, personal injury and medical malpractice, bankruptcy, immigration, criminal defense, workers' compensation, employment law, and workplace discrimination....
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Mulyk, Laho & Mack, LLC
DuPage County Divorce Attorneys(630) 852-1100
At Mulyk, Laho & Mack, LLC, our attorneys are not only skilled family lawyers, but also have a depth of legal knowledge in other areas, including: estate planning, real estate, and collections. The firm accepts cases in DuPage, Kane, Will and Kendall counties.
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Law Offices of Francis J. Discipio
DuPage County Personal Injury and Workers' Compensation Attorneys(630) 574-2288 or (866) 926-9007
Individuals as well as businesses can expect to be provided with effective legal representation from The Law Offices of Francis J. Discipio.
As a lawyer with over 20 years of experience Francis J. Discipio is dedicated to assisting his diverse clientele with a broad range of legal...
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Mevorah Law Offices LLC
DuPage County, Illinois Divorce and Personal Injury Lawyers(630) 932-9100
Mevorah Law Offices is a full service law firm based in Lombard, Illinois with additional offices in Bloomingdale, St. Charles, Joliet, and Chicago serving clients throughout the greater Chicagoland area. The firm's large and talented staff combines over 150 years of legal experience...
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Law Office of Gerald Bauer, Jr.
Aurora, Illinois Bankruptcy Lawyer(630) 966-2505
The Law Office of Gerald Bauer, Jr As, an experienced bankruptcy law firm, has established a good relationship and reputation with local judges and trustees especially potential clients involved with the legal processes. Gerald Bauer has experience working with credit counseling...
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Ledford & Wu
Bolingbrook, Illinois Bankruptcy Attorneys(312) 294-4400 or (888) 542-1900
Ledford & Wu is a bankruptcy law firm located in Chicago, Illinois and serves clients throughout the area. Attorneys at the firm are debt experts who have successfully guided numerous clients through the hardships of mounting debt and serious financial struggles.
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Chad M. Hayward, PC
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At the Law Offices of Chad M.Hayward, P.C. in Illinois, our lawyers practice in several areas of law, including: Bankruptcy protection and home foreclosure defense; Immigration services; Real estate transactions; Property Tax Issues; and, Workers' compensation.
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Ledford, Wu & Borges, LLC
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Marquardt & Belmonte, PC
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sunday, 29 March 2015
Last updated 1 day ago
Dec 17 2013 | 10:54am ET
Nine women and three men have begun their deliberations in the trial of SAC Capital Advisors portfolio manager Michael Steinberg.
The case went to the jury this morning following closing arguments by both sides yesterday. Steinberg is charged with insider-trading, allegedly using tips about Dell Inc. and Nvidia Corp. provided by his former analyst, Jon Horvath.
Horvath's testimony took up the majority of the trial, and Steinberg's lawyer used his final words to the jury to hammer home his argument that Horvath, who is cooperating with prosecutors, is a liar seeking to save his own skin.
"Just as Jon Horvath engaged in deception and rule-breaking when he thought his job was in jeopardy in 2007, he engaged in the same type of deception when he thought his liberty was at stake, as it was last year," Berke said, adding that the "prosecution accepted what he told them hook, line and sinker."
"If you don't believe something a witness says, you can reject his entire testimony."
Prosecutor Harry Chernoff told the jury that Steinberg's story—that he didn't know Horvath was in receipt of confidential corporate information—does not pass the smell test.
"You don't work in the financial industry all those years and not understand the significance of getting rolled up quarterly earnings numbers before the announcement," he said.
"When Jon Horvath came back with inside information, Mike Steinberg gladly took it and traded on it again and again and again."
Steinberg, the highest-ranking SAC employee to face criminal insider-trading charges, could be sentenced to decades in prison if convicted.
Mar 26 2015 | 11:11am ET
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As more investors look to diversify, many are beginning to use retirement funds to invest in alternative assets such as private equity and real estate. Kelly Rodriques, CEO & President of PENSCO Trust Company, explains how companies can connect with those looking to use their retirement accounts in a different way. Read more…
Mar 20 2015 | 12:45pm ET
StreetWise Partners, a non-profit organization that works with low-income individuals to help them overcome employment barriers, raised over $275,000 at the 2015 Raising the Ante Charity Poker Tournament and Casino Event last Wednesday evening at Capitale. Here are some photos from the event. Read more…


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Senior Member
they could make it anonymous, like show a number of people you've reported that have been banned
No, whatever RP they had remaining in their account should be given to everyone.
Me: I report you for taking my CS. I don't care if you only took one and it was on accident. I don't care if it's 50 mins into the game. All the CS is mine, I'm MLG pro, I only died 13 times cause your a nub and didn't kite for me. My other account is Challenger Infinity with all honor ribbons. My brother is a Riot employee and will make sure you get banned. I'm gonna make mana Shen the new meta.
---"Notification: A summoner you have reported has been banned by the Tribunal. Thank you for your participation!"---
Me: Yay I feel so good! I'm such an influencial part of the League of Legends community. I will continue use my expert judgement to report toxic players and cleanse them from League of Legends... did that guy just kill steal me? REPORT! Those players are dou que? REPORT! My 0 / 4 / 97 teammate has no kills and tons of deaths. REPORTED FOR FEEDING!
It feels great for him... how does it feel for you?
Lead Social Systems Designer
I agree with some of the other players here, we have to break down the feature and problem space.
I think players want strong feedback loops for every action they have in League of Legends (or really, anything you do in life). If you Honor someone, you might want to get some feedback about that action--did that person unlock an Honor ribbon later and you helped them do it? Did the person continue on a 3-game winning streak afterwards? If you Report someone, you might also want some feedback that the action did something. Did the player end up improving their behaviors, or getting a chat-ban?
However, having feedback for every action is not the same as encouraging vindictiveness or revenge behavior. We've talked about more feedback for Honors and Reports in the past, and we're definitely open to the idea and have a few designs in mind; but, we'd probably never reveal player names in any of the feedback due to privacy issues and the fact that it'd create some unnecessary witch-hunting behaviors.
For now, the player behavior team is heavily invested in trying to get Team Builder in a state that players would enjoy on Live servers. Our research shows that a lot of bad behavior results from good people experiencing triggers or contexts such as having a bad day, having a bad game, etc. We haven't seriously invested time in preventing these contexts or triggers, and believe Team Builder is the highest value to players right now compared to working on things like improving feedback loops for our other systems.
Junior Member
I think it would be interesting to receive reform cards, minus player names, of people I have reported. It could be an option you set, so people who aren't interested can opt out.
© 2015 Riot Games, Inc. All rights reserved. Riot Games, League of Legends and PvP.net are trademarks, services marks, or registered trademarks of Riot Games, Inc.


text:
The effects of import quotas on national welfare: does money matter?
Recent evidence shows that there is an increasing use of non-tariff barriers to trade (NTBs), and especially of quantitative restrictions, such as import quotas, in the world economy to protect import-competing industries (see Table I).(1) International trade theory, however, has traditionally focused on the welfare effects of tariffs as well as on the equivalence between tariffs and quotas, with little attention paid to the welfare implications of quotas. The latter have basically been restricted within the traditional Heckscher-Ohlin trade model, where, for the case of a small open economy, import quotas always reduce welfare.
A few recent studies have attempted to fill in this gap in the literature. For instance, Young [19] compares optimal tariffs and quotas for a large country in a stochastic environment. Neary [14], on the other hand, investigates the welfare implications of tariffs, quotas and voluntary export restraints under different assumptions on capital mobility. Finally, Chao, Hwang and Yu [3; 4] examine the welfare effects of import quotas under variable returns to scale.
Although the existing literature has generated important policy implications, most of the analysis has been conducted within a barter-exchange framework. It is well known, however, that the introduction of money can alter results obtained within a non-monetary environment.(2) Accordingly, this paper attempts to re-examine the welfare effects of import quotas for a small monetary economy. We develop a two-sector trade model in which money enters the economy [TABULAR DATA FOR TABLE I OMITTED] through a generalized cash-in-advance constraint. Building on previous work, we allow for non-uniform monetization across sectors. Put differently, the share of purchases which must be made using cash varies across goods (markets). Interestingly, we find that if the consumption of the exportable commodity requires larger cash balances than the consumption of the importable, then contrary to standard results, an import quota may promote national welfare. Moreover, we characterize the optimal level of import quotas by deriving a formula for the computation of the optimal domestic-price ratio.
We then extend our basic framework to allow for economic growth, induced by technical progress, to explore the possibility of immiserizing growth in the presence of import quotas. Johnson [10] has shown that growth can be welfare-reducing in a small open economy with a tariff distortion. Bhagwati [2] generalizes this theory of immiserizing growth to the case of alternative types of distortions. Nevertheless, as shown in Alam [1], an important exception to this generalization is the case of a quota, where growth is always welfare-enhancing. Chao and Yu [5] elaborate further on this important exception, by examining the welfare implications of growth for a quota-distorted small economy under variable returns to scale. This paper continues this line of research by studying the issue of immiserizing growth in the context of a small monetary economy with quota distortions. We find that growth always improves welfare if the growing industry displays a higher degree of monetization than the static one. If the converse is true then, contrary to Alam's results (obtained for a barter economy), growth can be immiserizing.
The organization of the paper is as follows. The next section develops the analytical framework and section III examines the welfare implications of quotas. Section IV characterizes the optimal quota level and section V investigates the issue of immiserizing growth. Section VI concludes the paper.
II. The Analytical Framework
Consider a standard two-sector trade model of a small open economy. The representative agent's preferences are described by a strictly quasi-concave utility function
U = U([D.sub.1], [D.sub.2]) (1)
where [D.sub.1] and [D.sub.2] denote, respectively, the consumption of the exportable and importable commodities. In trying to maximize this utility function, the agent faces a standard private budget constraint
[Mathematical Expression Omitted], (2)
where [p.sub.j] and [X.sub.j] denote, respectively, the domestic nominal price and the production level of good j, [Mathematical Expression Omitted] is the nominal money holdings (money supply), and S represents the quota revenue in nominal terms, which is assumed to be re-distributed to households (private agents) in a lump-sum fashion.
Table IIa. Developing Countries' Outstanding Trade Credits as a Percentage of 1987 Exports Traditional exports 16.7 Non-traditional exports, of which: 155.1 * capital goods 403.2 * consumer durables 17.7 * other manufactures 44.0 Total 81.9 Table IIb. Average Maturity of Trade Credits (Months) in Selected Developing Countries Traditional exports 1.9 Non-traditional exports, of which: * capital goods 48.4 * consumer durables 2.1 * other manufactures 5.2 Notes: Non-traditional goods refer mainly to manufactured goods excluding steel, fertilizers, pulp and paper, which have been traditionally traded on the same basis as primary commodities. They include consumer durables, capital goods and other manufactures. Source: [21].
Money serves as a medium of exchange. Hence, building on Stockman [17] and Lucas and Stokey [12], we introduce a generalized cash-in-advance (CIA) or liquidity constraint which captures the transactions role of money, that is,
[[Phi].sub.1][p.sub.1][D.sub.1] + [[Phi].sub.2][p.sub.2][D.sub.2] [less than or equal to] M, (3)
where [[Phi].sub.j] [element of] [0, 1], j = 1, 2, denotes a constant share of purchases of good j. This constraint requires the individual to hold sufficient money balances to finance at least a certain part of consumption purchases. In general, consumption of one good requires larger cash balances, per unit of value, than consumption of the other good and hence [[Phi].sub.1] [not equal to] [[Phi].sub.2].(3) This may be justified in a number of different ways. First, it can be considered as the outcome of existing (a) regulations regarding the terms of payments of imports and the obtaining and use of credit (foreign and domestic) to finance imports [11]; and (b) export credits (as Tables IIa and IIb indicate even export credits alone differ across sectors). Second, one can actually view [D.sub.1] and [D.sub.2] as being composite goods, consisting of different proportions of both non-durable goods and flow services of durables. Since non-durable goods are subject to a different degree of credit rationing than durables, one can expect [[Phi].sub.1] [not equal to] [[Phi].sub.2].(4) Third, empirical evidence found in Cramer and Reekers [6] indicates different money demands and liquidity/sales ratios across sectors, which provides additional support for the assumption [[Phi].sub.1] [not equal to] [[Phi].sub.2]. Finally, notice that if [[Phi].sub.1] = [[Phi].sub.2] = [Phi] then the velocity of circulation, defined as [Mathematical Expression Omitted], is constant (= [Phi]) and, in particular, independent of income and of monetary expansions. This, however, contradicts empirical evidence found in a series of papers [13; 15].
The optimal allocation of income between [D.sub.1] and [D.sub.2] is described by:
[U.sub.2]/[U.sub.1] = (1 + [Gamma])p, (4)
where [U.sub.j] [equivalent to] [Delta]U/[Delta][D.sub.j], j = 1, 2, denotes the marginal utility of good j, [Gamma] [equivalent to] ([[Phi].sub.2] - [[Phi].sub.1])/(1 + [[Phi].sub.1]), with [absolute value of [Gamma]] [less than] 1, and p is the domestic price of good 2 in terms of good 1. At the optimum, the marginal domestic rate of substitution (MDRS) between the two goods must be equal to the market trade-off. Notice that [Gamma] gives the proportional increase or decrease in the market price, depending on whether [[Phi].sub.2] is greater or smaller than [[Phi].sub.1], due to the monetary distortion (the CIA constraint). If [[Phi].sub.1] = [[Phi].sub.2] = 0, as it is the case in any barter economy, then [Gamma] = 0, resulting in the familiar condition MDRS = p. The same result also holds in the more general case where [[Phi].sub.1] = [[Phi].sub.2] [greater than] 0.(5)
For simplicity, we assume that there are no barriers to export while a quota (Q) is imposed on imports, i.e.,
Q [equivalent to] [D.sub.2](p, Y) - [X.sub.2](p) [greater than] 0, (5)
where Y denotes the real national income of the economy. Let [p.sup.*] be the world relative price of good 2 in terms of good 1, taken as constant by this small open economy. Then the real quota revenue is given by (p - [p.sup.*])Q. Furthermore, in equilibrium, [Mathematical Expression Omitted] and so the private budget constraint, equation (2), becomes
[D.sub.1] + p[D.sub.2] = [X.sub.1] + p[X.sub.2] + (p - [p.sup.*])Q. (2[prime])
To close the model, we next provide a brief description of the supply side of the economy. The two goods are produced with constant-returns-to-scale technologies which use two factors of production, capital (K) and labor (L). Furthermore, both of these factors are assumed to be inelastically supplied and inter-sectorally mobile. Profit maximization then on behalf of the firms and competitive factor markets yield the standard condition for equilibrium in the production side of the economy; namely, that the marginal domestic rate of transformation (MDRT) equals the domestic-price ratio (p), that is,
MDRT = -d[X.sub.1]/d[X.sub.2] = p, (6)
where [X.sub.1] and [X.sub.2] denote the production levels of the two goods.
III. The Welfare Analysis
In this section, we study the welfare implications of an import quota. This is accomplished in three steps. First, totally differentiating (1) and applying (4), we have
dU/[U.sub.1] = d[D.sub.1] + (1+ [Gamma])pd[D.sub.2]. (7)
Second, differentiating (2[prime]), in conjunction with (6), yields
d[D.sub.1] = (p - [p.sup.*])dQ - pd[D.sub.2]. (8)
Finally, substituting (8) into (7), we obtain
(1/[U.sub.1])(dU/dQ) = (p - [p.sup.*]) + [Gamma]p(d[D.sub.2]/dQ). (9)
According to (9), the welfare effect of an import quota has two components. The first term on the right-hand side of (9) gives the standard direct welfare impact of a change in the quota level. The second term, on the other hand, represents the indirect effect of the quota on welfare and is due to the existence of a CIA constraint. In the special case of a barter economy, [[Phi].sub.1] = [[Phi].sub.2] = [Gamma] = 0 and this indirect effect vanishes; hence, a tightening of the import quota (dQ [less than] 0) always lowers social welfare [notice from (9) that if [Gamma] = 0 then dU/dQ = (p-[p.sup.*])[U.sub.1] [greater than] 0, where p [greater than] [p.sup.*] since the quota generates a wedge between the domestic- and world-price ratio]. This is a well-known result in the trade literature with barter exchange, which also holds when [[Phi].sub.1] = [[Phi].sub.2] [greater than] 0. Nevertheless, under a generalized CIA constraint this conclusion is in need of revision due to the presence of the indirect effect mentioned above. Notice that a tightening of the quota (a decrease in Q) reduces the consumption of the importables (i.e., d[D.sub.2]/dQ [greater than] 0; see the next section for further elaboration). According to (9), if [[Phi].sub.1] [less than] [[Phi].sub.2], ([Gamma] [element of] (0, 1]), then the two effects work in the same direction and hence the traditional negative effect of an import quota on welfare is strengthened. If, on the other hand, [[Phi].sub.1] [greater than] [[Phi].sub.2] and hence [Gamma] [element of] [- 1, 0), then the two effects mentioned above work in opposite directions. The economic intuition is as follows. In the case where [[Phi].sub.1] [less than] [[Phi].sub.2] (or [Gamma] [element of] (0, 1]), the MDRS = (1 + [Gamma])p is greater than the world-price ratio [p.sup.*] (= the marginal foreign rate of transformation, MFRT). Thus, eliminating the import quota will bring MDRS as close to the world-price ratio [p.sup.*] as possible, which is welfare-enhancing. If, on the other hand, [[Phi].sub.1] [greater than] [[Phi].sub.2], and hence [Gamma] [element of] [-1, 0), then a free-trade policy will result in MDRS = (1 + [Gamma])[p.sup.*] [greater than] [p.sup.*] = MFRT, which is a sub-optimal situation. Since the MDRS is a decreasing function of [D.sub.2], tightening the quota level (decreasing Q) lowers the consumption of importables, raises the domestic price, and reduces the gap between the MDRS and [p.sup.*] (= MFRT).(6) This raises in turn the level of welfare, working thus against the adverse direct welfare effect of import quotas.
IV. The Optimal Quota Level
To determine the optimal level of the import quota we set dU = 0 in equation (9). Hence, we obtain
[1 + [Gamma](d[D.sub.2]/dQ)][p.sup.Q] = [p.sup.*], (10)
where [p.sup.Q] stands for the optimal domestic-price ratio. Next, notice that differentiation of [D.sub.2] = [D.sub.2](p, Y) implies
pd[D.sub.2] = -[Epsilon]Qdp + [Mu]d Y, (11)
where [Epsilon] [equivalent to] -(p/Q)(d[D.sub.2]/dp) [greater than] 0 denotes the demand elasticity of good 2 and measures the substitution in consumption in response to a change in p, given a utility level. [Mu] [equivalent to] p([Delta][D.sub.2]/[Delta]Y) [[Mu] [element of] (0, 1)], on the other hand, is the marginal propensity to consume good 2. Also, total differentiation of (5) yields
dQ = d[D.sub.2] - [Sigma]Qdp/p, (12)
where [Sigma] [equivalent to] (p/Q)(d[X.sub.2]/dp) [greater than] 0 denotes the output elasticity of good 2 and measures the substitution in production in response to a change in p. Substituting (11) into (12) yields
pdQ = -([Epsilon] + [Sigma])Qdp + [Mu]dY. (13)
Moreover, equation (9), in conjunction with (11), (13) and the definition dY [equivalent to] dU/[U.sub.1], yields the following expression for the effect of quotas on domestic-price ratio:
dp/dQ = -[Beta]/Q, (14)
where [Beta] [equivalent to] {[1 - [Mu](1 + [Gamma])]p+ [Mu][p.sup.*]}/([Epsilon]+[Sigma][Alpha]) and [Alpha] [equivalent to] 1 - [Mu][Gamma] [greater than] 0. The stability of the equilibrium requires dp/dQ [less than] 0.(7) We, therefore, assume that [Beta] [greater than] 0 so that a tightening of import quotas (dQ [less than] 0) always raises the domestic-price ratio. Finally, combining (10), (12) and (14), we obtain the following expression for the optimal domestic-price ratio under an import quota:
([p.sup.Q] - [p.sup.*])/[p.sup.*] = - [Gamma][Epsilon][p.sup.*]/[(1 + [Gamma])[Epsilon] + [Sigma]]. (15)
Notice that if [Gamma] = 0, which is the case if [[Phi].sub.1] = [[Phi].sub.2] [greater than or equal to] 0, then the standard result [p.sup.Q] = [p.sup.*] emerges; namely that free trade is the optimal policy.(8) If the degree of monetization in the exportable sector is lower than in the importable sector, i.e., [[Phi].sub.1] [less than] [[Phi].sub.2], then [Gamma] [equivalent to] ([[Phi].sub.2] - [[Phi].sub.1])/(1 + [[Phi].sub.1]) [element of] (0, 1] and [p.sup.Q] [less than] [p.sup.*]. This implies that if the initial situation is free trade, then a zero quota remains the optimal policy since lowering the quota level beyond the free-trade level cannot decrease p further. However, if an effective import quota already exists, then loosening the quota restriction (increasing Q) is desirable because it will result in a lower domestic-price ratio. This in turn reduces the wedge between the MDRS and the world-price ratio, which is welfare-improving. If, on the other hand, [[Phi].sub.1] [greater than] [[Phi].sub.2], then we have [Gamma] [element of] [- 1, 0) and [p.sup.Q] [greater than] [p.sup.*]. Thus, an optimal (positive) quota level exists and is given by [Q.sup.*] ([p.sup.Q]) = [D.sub.2] ([p.sup.Q], Y([p.sup.Q]))-[X.sub.2]([p.sup.Q]). As mentioned in the previous section, this occurs because raising the quota level increases the domestic-price ratio and hence the MDRS. This again narrows the gap between the MDRS and [p.sup.*], offsetting thus the direct adverse welfare effect at a positive level of the import quota ([Q.sup.*] [greater than] 0).
V. Technical Progress and the Possibility of Immiserizing Growth
To examine the possibility of immiserizing growth, we next extend our framework to allow for technical progress. Accordingly, the production process of good j is described by the following constant-returns-to-scale production function:
[X.sub.j] = [F.sub.j]([K.sub.j], [L.sub.j], [[Tau].sub.j]), j = 1,2, (16)
where [[Tau].sub.j] denotes a Hicks-neutral technological parameter of industry j. Totally differentiating (16), we have
d[X.sub.j] = [F.sub.Kj]d[K.sub.j] + [F.sub.Lj]d[L.sub.j] + [F.sub.[Tau]j]d[[Tau].sub.j], j = 1, 2, (17)
where [F.sub.ij], denotes the partial derivative of [F.sub.j] (marginal product) with respect to i, i = K, L and [Tau]. Under the assumption of competitive factor markets, each of the two factors is paid the value of its marginal product, i.e.,
w = [p.sub.j][F.sub.Lj] and r = [p.sub.j][F.sub.Kj], j = 1,2, (18)
where w and r stand for the wage rate and the rental rate of capital, respectively. Moreover, full employment of factors of production implies
[L.sub.1]+[L.sub.2] = L and [K.sub.1]+[K.sub.2] =K. (19)
Without loss of generality, we assume that technical progress takes place in industry 2 only, so that d[[Tau].sub.1] = 0 [less than] d[[Tau].sub.2] [equivalent to] d[Tau]. Totally differentiating (19) and using (17) and (18), we derive the new condition for equilibrium in the production of the two goods:
MDRT = -d[X.sub.2]/d[X.sub.1] = p/(1 + g), (20)
where g [equivalent to] [p.sub.2][F.sub.[Tau]2]d[Tau]/(rd[K.sub.2] + wd[L.sub.2]) [greater than] 0 denotes the shift factor due to technical progress. Given Q, total differentiation of (2[prime]) together with (20) yield
d[D.sub.1] + pd[D.sub.2] = -gd[X.sub.1]. (21)
Substituting (21) into (7), we then have
dU/[U.sub.1] = [Gamma]pd[D.sub.2] - gd[X.sub.1]. (22)
Next, since [D.sub.2] = [D.sub.2] (p, Y) and [X.sub.2] = [X.sub.2] (p, [Tau]), totally differentiating (5), for a given level of import quota, implies
[Mu]dY = ([Epsilon] + [Sigma])Qdp + ([Delta][X.sub.2]/[Delta][Tau])pd[Tau]. (23)
Substituting (20) and dY = dU/[U.sub.1] into (23), we obtain
[Mu]dU/[U.sub.1] = ([Epsilon] + [Sigma])Qdp - (1 + g)([Delta][X.sub.1]/[Delta][Tau])d[Tau]. (23[prime])
Also, (5) and (20) together imply pd[D.sub.2] = [Sigma]Qdp - (1 + g) ([Delta][X.sub.1]/[Delta][Tau])d[Tau]. Substituting this expression into (22) and noting that gd[X.sub.1] = g([Delta][X.sub.1]/[Delta][Tau])d[Tau], we obtain
dU/[U.sub.1] = [Gamma][Sigma]Qdp - ([Delta][X.sub.1]/[Delta][Tau])[(1 + g)[Gamma] + g]d[Tau]. (22[prime])
Using (22[prime]) and (23[prime]), straightforward application of Cramer's rule yields the welfare effect of technical progress:
dU/[U.sub.1] = -[U.sub.1]([Delta][X.sub.1]/[Delta][Tau])[[Epsilon][Gamma](1 + g) + g([Epsilon] + [Sigma])]/([Epsilon] + [Sigma][Alpha]). (24)
Recall next that technical progress takes place in the second industry and hence, given factor prices, it raises the production level of the second good at the expense of the first, i.e., [Delta][X.sub.1]/[Delta][Tau] [less than] 0.(9) Thus, from (24), we conclude that
dU/d[Tau] [greater than] 0 if [[Phi].sub.2] [greater than or equal to] [[Phi].sub.1] and dU/d[Tau] [greater than or less than] 0 if [[Phi].sub.2] [less than] [[Phi].sub.1]. (25)
The following proposition summarizes the main results of this section.
PROPOSITION. For a small monetary economy with import quotas, growth induced by Hicks-neutral technical progress is welfare-enhancing if the degree of monetization in the growing sector is higher than the one in the static sector, i.e., if the consumption of the goods produced in the growing sector requires larger cash balances. If the static sector displays a higher degree of monetization, then growth can be immiserizing.
Consider first the special case of a barter economy where [[Phi].sub.1] = [[Phi].sub.2] = 0, as in Alam [1]. Equation (24) then simplifies to
dU/d[Tau] = -g[U.sub.1]([Delta][X.sub.1]/[Delta][Tau]) [greater than] 0.
This confirms Alam's finding; namely, in the presence of an import quota, growth is always welfare-enhancing, which is an important exception to Bhagwati's [2] result on the possibility of immiserizing growth. In the case of a monetary economy, however, this exception is disputable and the possibility of immiserizing growth emerges once again. Specifically, as it can be seen from (24), if the growing sector is more monetized (i.e., more liquidity-wise constrained) then [[Phi].sub.1] [less than] [[Phi].sub.2] and growth once again always improves social welfare. The economic explanation of this result is similar to the one given before; namely, if [[Phi].sub.1] [less than] [[Phi].sub.2], (4) implies that the MDRS is greater than the world-price ratio [p.sup.*].(10) Since technical progress in industry 2 raises the production level of good 2 at the expense of good 1, the domestic-price ratio p falls, [D.sub.2] rises, and hence MDRS decreases. This then reduces the wedge between MDRS and MFRT, and hence it works together with the direct effect of growth in enhancing welfare. Nevertheless, if [[Phi].sub.1] [greater than] [[Phi].sub.2] so that the MDRS is initially below the MFRT, technical progress in industry 2 drives MDRS further away from MFRT. Thus, if this adverse monetary distortion effect dominates the direct welfare-enhancing effect of technical progress, then growth will be immiserizing.
VI. Concluding Remarks
We have studied the effects of import quotas in a generalized cash-in-advance economy and have shown that, depending on the degree of credit-rationing in each sector, the standard conclusion that a tightening of an import quota reduces social welfare may not hold. In particular, if the exportable sector is more liquidity constrained, then an optimum import quota exists. If, on the other hand, the importable sector is more liquidity constrained, then an export quota is in order. Finally, in a small monetary economy with quota distortions, growth can be immiserizing, contrary to findings by Alam [1] in the context of a barter economy.
Although our results indicate that quotas may be desirable to enhance social welfare, they are only second-best policies. The first-best policy in the presence of a liquidity (CIA) constraint is a consumption tax, which can restore the optimal situation where MDRS = MDRT = MFRT.(11) Intuitively, the cash-in-advance constraint introduces a demand-side distortion which makes the consumption tax unavoidable. A quota restriction, however, affects the consumption as well as the production side of the economy, creating thus an unnecessary divergence between the given world-price ratio and the domestic marginal rate of transformation.
We would like to thank an anonymous referee of this journal for helpful comments and suggestions.
1. In 1981 (1986) about 19.6 (23.1) per cent of all industrial-country imports were subject to NTBs, with quantitative restrictions covering 12.2 (14.4) per cent. Also, in a study involving 50 developing countries, Erzan et al. [8] show that NTBs are sometimes responsible for at least half of the protection impact, with quantitative restrictions being the most frequently used non-tariff measures. On average, 24 per cent of all tariff lines were affected by quantitative restrictions.
2. For instance, Drabicki and Takayama [7] show that the theory of comparative advantage breaks down in a monetary world under fixed exchange rates when the balance of payments is not in equilibrium. Similarly, in a real trade model with a transactions-based demand for money, Stockman [18] shows that changes in inflation can cause changes in the pattern of trade even in the absence of real changes in comparative advantage.
3. This formulation of the CIA constraint is slightly more general than the one considered in Stockman [17], where [[Phi].sub.j] = 1, j = 1, 2, as well as the one adopted in Lucas and Stokey [12] where there are two types of goods, pure cash goods with [Phi] = 1 and pure credit goods with [Phi] = 0.
4. A similar argument can be made with regard to necessary and luxury goods.
5. It should be noted that in a dynamic model, [Gamma] will also depend on the nominal interest rate. This point is further developed in Palivos and Yip [16].
6. Following the standard practice in the literature, we assume that both consumption goods are normal which implies that the MDRS is a decreasing function of [D.sub.2].
7. To see this, consider the price-adjustment rule dp/dt = [Xi](p), where t denotes time, [Xi](Q(p)) is a smooth, sign-preserving function of excess demand Q(p) [equivalent to] [D.sub.2](p, Y(p)) - [X.sub.2](p), and [Xi][prime] [greater than] 0. The stability of the equilibrium requires that (dp/dt)/dp [less than] 0 or, equivalently, [Xi][prime]dQ/dp [less than] 0.
8. Recall that [[Phi].sub.1] = [[Phi].sub.2] = 0 represents the case of a barter economy.
9. This can readily be obtained from (20).
10. Recall that, in the presence of an effective import quota, p [greater than or equal to] [p.sup.*].
11. A more comprehensive examination of the first-best policies as well as of the effects of a tariff for a small monetary economy is provided in Palivos and Yip [16].
1. Alam, M. Shahid, "Welfare Implications of Growth under Quotas." Economics Letters, 1981, 177-80.
2. Bhagwati, Jagdish N. "The Generalized Theory of Distortions and Welfare," in Trade, Balance of Payments, and Growth: Papers in International Economics in Honor of Charles P. Kindleberger, edited by J. N. Bhagwati, R. W. Jones, R. A. Mundell and J. Vanek. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1971, Ch. 4.
3. Chao, Chi-Chur, Hong Hwang and Eden S. H. Yu, "Welfare Effects of Quotas under Variable Returns to Scale." Southern Economic Journal, July 1990, 160-66.
4. -----, ----- and -----, "Effects of Quotas under Variable Returns to Scale: The Large Country Case." Southern Economic Journal, April 1993, 675-86.
5. Chao, Chi-Chur and Eden S. H. Yu, "Immiserizing Growth for a Quota-Distorted Small Economy under Variable Returns to Scale." Canadian Journal of Economics, August 1991, 686-92.
6. Cramer, J. S. and G. M. Reekers, "Money Demand by Sector." Journal of Monetary Economics, January 1976, 99-112.
7. Drabicki, John Z. and Akira Takayama, "The Theory of Comparative Advantage in a Monetary World." Southern Economic Journal, July 1983, 1-17.
8. Erzan, Refik, Hirohaki Kuwahara, Serafino Marchese and Rene Vossenaar, "The Profile of Protection in Developing Countries." UNCTAD Review, 1989, 29-49.
9. Finger, Michael J. and Patrick A. Messerlin, "The Effects of Industrial Countries' Policies on Developing Countries." Working Paper No. 3, World Bank, 1989.
10. Johnson, Harry G., "The Possibility of Income Losses from Increased Efficiency or Factor-Accumulation in the Presence of Tariffs." Economic Journal, March 1967, 151-54.
11. Laird, Sam and Alexander J. Yeats. Quantitative Methods for Trade-Barrier Analysis. New York: New York University Press, 1990.
12. Lucas, Robert E. Jr. and Nancy Stokey, "Money and Interest in a Cash-in-Advance Economy." Econometrica, May 1987, 491-513.
13. Mayor, Thomas H. and Lawrence R. Pearl, "Life-Cycle Effects, Structural Change and Long-Run Movements in the Velocity of Money." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, May 1984, 175-84.
14. Neary, Peter J., "Tariffs, Quotas, and Voluntary Export Restraints with and without Internationally Mobile Capital." Canadian Journal of Economics, November 1988, 714-35.
15. Palivos, Theodore, Ping Wang and Jianbo Zhang, "Velocity of Money in a Modified Cash-in-Advance Economy: Theory and Evidence." Journal of Macroeconomics, Spring 1993, 225-48.
16. Palivos, Theodore and Chong K. Yip, "The Gains from Trade for a Monetary Economy Once Again." Canadian Journal of Economics, forthcoming.
17. Stockman, Alan C., "Anticipated Inflation and the Capital Stock in a Cash-in-Advance Economy." Journal of Monetary Economics, November 1981, 387-93.
18. -----, "Effects of Inflation on the Pattern of International Trade." Canadian Journal of Economics, August 1985, 587-601.
19. Young, Leslie, "Ranking Optimal Tariffs and Quotas for a Large Country under Uncertainty." Journal of International Economics, May 1979, 249-64.
20. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Trade and Development Report. Geneva: UNCTAD, 1991.
21. -----. Trade and Financing in Developing Countries: An Assessment and Evaluation of Existing Schemes and Future Requirements. Geneva: UNCTAD, 1992.
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Taking pictures of grazing horses can be difficult as their heads are seldom still. Even 1/250 sec exposure duration proves too long to stop the action sometimes.
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Your Telephone – The Most Powerful Job Search ToolMarch 22nd, 2012 by Rozee Team
We all have telephones, either on the table or in our pockets – believe it or not, the telephone can be employed as a strong tool for your job search. It can either be a huge time eater or an effective networking tool – how you use it, all depends on you. This article details how to make better use of the humble telephone to minimize time wastage and make a greater impact on important contacts.
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Using the phone to climb up that corporate ladder does sound like a daunting challenge; but it is rather easy, all you have to do is talk and we all do it all the time. How to talk? That is a complete different chapter. If you use the phone as if it were a simple transfer device of your voice, there are high chances you will not be able to make a lot of progress. Read More »


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Outdoor portrait photography made easy: tips for pro-quality results
How to make the most of natural light
Bright summer sunshine might seem like the perfect light for shooting outdoor portraits, but these conditions can also produce the least successful results. With the sun high in the sky, ugly shadows will appear under your subject's nose, chin and eye sockets.
It's also worth remembering that looking into bright sunlight will make your model squint, resulting in unflattering shots. Use these simple tips to get the most from the light…
01 Find yourself some shade
A simple solution is to position your model in a shady area. Don't forget to watch the white balance setting though. If the background is still in bright sunlight it can make your model's skin look too blue, because it will choose a daylight white balance, rather than shade.
02 Wait for some cloud
If you can't find any shade, and there are some clouds in the sky, you can try waiting for the sun to disappear behind cloud for a natural diffused effect.
Shooting in changing light means that you'll need to work quickly to get your shots though, and you also need to watch the exposure.
Make sure that you set the exposure for the model, rather than a bright or dark background.
03 Diffuse the light
If there aren't any clouds to diffuse harsh light, you can get a similar effect by holding a diffuser between the subject and the sun. The diffuser can be as simple as a piece of translucent white cloth or one made specifically for the purpose.
This works very well for head-and-shoulders portraits, but it can be impossible to find a big enough diffuser to diffuse the lightfor a half- or full-length shot.
Even for head-and-shoulders shots you'll find it much easier if you have a willing assistant to hold the diffuser in position.
04 Shoot into the light
For a completely different look, try getting your model to face away from the sun, and shoot into the light. You'll need to avoid under-exposure, because the bright background will fool your camera's meter. Try using +1 or +2 stops of Exposure Compensation (download our free exposure compensation photography cheat sheet to learn more).
05 Reflectors
If you find that there are shadows on your model's face, or it's simply a bit too dark, using a reflector is one of the simplest ways to add some light. These come with white, silver or gold surfaces, which reflect light in different ways for slightly different effects.
A white reflector gives the subtlest results of the three, while silver reflects more direct light back onto the subject. Gold is similar to silver, but produces a warmer effect that's perfect for portraits.
Simply position the reflector on the opposite side to the light source to lighten the darker areas of your subject, banishing ugly shadows in order to achieve a more professional finish.
PAGE 1: Outdoor portrait photography overview
PAGE 2: Master the basics of outdoor portrait photography
PAGE 3: How to make the most of natural light
PAGE 4: Master depth of field in outdoor portraits
PAGE 5: The best lenses for outdoor portrait photography
PAGE 6: Using telephoto lenses for outdoor portraits
PAGE 7: Using wideangle lenses for outdoor portraits
PAGE 8: Essential flash techniques for outdoor portrait photography
PAGE 9: How to set up and use your flash outside
PAGE 10: Easy flash techniques and ways to fire your flashgun
Famous Photographers: 225 tips to inspire you
Studio Lighting: 4 seriously simple techniques to try at home
Download free photography cheat sheets


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