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Journal of Divorce & RemarriageJournal of Divorce & Remarriage
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Comparison of Role Demands, Relationships, and Child Functioning inComparison of Role Demands, Relationships, and Child Functioning in
Single-Mother, Single-Father, and Intact FamiliesSingle-Mother, Single-Father, and Intact Families
Jeanne M. Hiltona; Stephan Desrochersb; Esther L. Devallc
a Department of Human Development and Family Studies, New Mexico State University, USA b
Interdisciplinary Program in Social Psychology, New Mexico State University, USA c Department of
Family and Consumer Sciences, New Mexico State University, USA
To cite this ArticleTo cite this Article Hilton, Jeanne M. , Desrochers, Stephan and Devall, Esther L.(2001) 'Comparison of Role Demands,
Relationships, and Child Functioning in Single-Mother, Single-Father, and Intact Families', Journal of Divorce &
Remarriage, 35: 1, 29 — 56
To link to this Article: DOI: To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1300/J087v35n01_02
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Comparison of Role Demands,
Relationships, and Child Functioning
in Single-Mother, Single-Father,
and Intact Families
Jeanne M. Hilton
Stephan Desrochers
Esther L. Devall
ABSTRACT. Numerous studies have examined the impact of divorce
on parents and children, but most of these studies have been restricted
to single-mother families. This study compared differences in role de-
mands, relationships, and child functioning using the responses of par-
ents and children in 30 single-mother, 30 single-father, and 30 intact
families. Single fathers had better resources than single mothers, more
positive parenting than married fathers, and relied more on friends than
the married parents. Single mothers had less education, less prestigious
jobs, lower incomes, and more economic strain than the other parents.
They also had fewer social resources and more difficulty than married
parents with the parenting role. Despite these disadvantages of single
mother families, children in these families were no different than chil-
dren in other families on most measures of well-being. The only prob-
lem that was identified in the functioning of children from single-parent
families was with their behavior. These findings can be used to develop
strategies to reduce risks and enhance the existing resources and
Jeanne M. Hilton, PhD, is with the Department of Human Development and
Family Studies; Stephan Desrochers, is a PhD candidate, Interdisciplinary Program
in Social Psychology; and Esther L. Devall, PhD, is with the Department of Family
and Consumer Sciences, all at New Mexico State University.
Address correspondence to: Jeanne M. Hilton, Department of Human Develop-
ment and Family Studies, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0131 (E-mail:
This research was funded by the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station as
NAES Hatch Project 948: ''School-Aged Youth at Risk in Single-Parent Families.''
Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, Vol. 35(1/2) 2001
E 2001 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Page 3
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KEYWORDS. Child functioning, role demands, relationships, single
mother, single father
Single-parent families are formed when parents divorce, when a
child is born outside of marriage, or when one of the parents is wid-
owed. Divorced single-mother families have received the most atten-
tion in the literature because they are the most common type of single-
parent family. Within this body of literature, researchers commonly
have limited their samples to single mothers yet they have generalized
their findings to all single parents (Kaye, 1989; Kinard & Reinherz,
1986; Zastowny & Lewis, 1989). The limited number of studies focus-
ing on single-father families generally have centered on how well the
father is coping as a custodial parent rather than how well the children
are coping (Greif, 1985; 1995; Greif & DeMaris, 1990; Hanson, 1982;
Chang & Deinard, 1982; Defrain & Eirick, 1981; Johnson, 1985;
Rosenthal & Keshet, 1981). Relatively few studies have compared
single-mother with single-father families (Ambert, 1982; Cohen, 1995;
Defrain & Eirick, 1981; Downey & Powell, 1993; Fricke, 1982;
Schnayer & Orr, 1989) and fewer still have compared single-mother,
single-father, and intact families (Hilton & Devall, 1997; 1998; San-
trock & Warshak, 1979; 1982; Downey & Moen, 1987).
Nevertheless, the findings within this limited body of literature
suggest that the experiences of children growing up in single-mother,
single-father, and intact families are different. Researchers report that
single parents are likely to use ineffective parenting practices, provid-
ing less supervision, parental involvement, and control than married
parents (McLannahan & Booth, 1989); they also are reported to be
more critical and demanding of their children (Webster-Stratton, 1989).
Other researchers have found that single mothers tend to have more
extensive support networks and rely more on extended family for
assistance than single fathers (Hanson, 1986a; 1986b; Milardo, 1987).
Single custodial fathers, on the other hand, have greater economic
resources than single mothers and are less likely to move out of the
family home following divorce (Hanson, 1982). These differences in
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Hilton, Desrochers, and Devall
parenting practices and resources are bound to affect children's func-
The microstructural perspective (Risman, 1987; 1989) is useful in
explaining how differences across family structures affect the parent
role, which in turn, affects children's behavior. Most of the research on
divorce is based on individualistic perspectives that attribute adult
behavior to internalized personality traits based on gender socializa-
tion. The assumptions associated with individualistic paradigms sup-
port the notion that children do better with mothers because fathers
have not been socialized to be primary caregivers and homemakers.
In contrast, the microstructural perspective acknowledges that gen-
der socialization is important, but assumes that both men and women
will modify their gender-based behaviors in response to changes in
their role demands and relationships when their circumstances change
(Risman, 1987, 1989). As an unscheduled life event, divorce usually is
associated with unanticipated problems and changes in family roles,
relationships, and functioning. Custodial mothers and fathers are faced
with similar problems following divorce. Both have to cope with
undefined parts of the single parent role, and each has to cross gender
boundaries to raise a family alone (Cohen, 1995). Because the de-
mands on custodial mothers and custodial fathers are similar, they
could be expected to adapt to the single-parent role in similar ways, to
the extent that their resources allow. The assumptions associated with
the microstructural perspective support the notion that custodial moth-
ers are no better prepared for single parenting than custodial fathers,
and that single parents, regardless of gender, would be more alike than
different in their functioning because their roles are similar.
However, there is some evidence that adapting to the multiple roles
inherent in single parenting is more difficult forcustodial mothersthan
for custodial fathers, but this difference may be due to lack of re-
sources rather than gender differences in the ability to adapt. Most
single mothers have a difficult time successfully adding the role of
primary economic provider. The financial difficulties of single mother
families have been linked to emotional distress of the single mother
(Montemayor & Leigh, 1982; Pett & Vaughn-Cole, 1986), restrictive,
inconsistent, and harsh parenting practices (McLoyd, 1990; Lempers,
Clark-Lempers, & Simons, 1989), and problems with children's socio-
emotional functioning (McLoyd, 1990; Elder, Nguyen, & Caspi, 1985;
Lempers et al., 1989). Custodial fathers, on the other hand, generally
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seem to be better off economically than custodial mothers and they
appear to adapt well to the role of primary caretaker (Greif & DeMa-
ris, 1990; Hanson, 1986b).
More information, across a broader range of variables, is needed to
determine whether microstructural theory is better than individualistic
paradigms in explaining the functioning of single-mother and single-
father families following divorce. The purpose of this study is to
compare differences in the role demands and relationships of parents,
and the functioning of children, in single-mother, single-father, and
intact families. It is hypothesized that most differences will occur
between single and married families and that single-mother and
single-father families will be more alike than different.
Our review of the divorce literature is organized according to the
issues examined in our study. Thus, it is a selective review; more
comprehensive reviews can be found elsewhere (Amato, 1993; Amato &
Keith, 1991). We first examine research related to role demands, fo-
cusing on the issues of economic strain and coping with role strain.
Then, discussion turns to relationships with their children, their part-
ners, members of their extended families, and their friends. Finally, we
review literature on the functioning of children of divorce, including
the issues of child behavior problems, school performance, social
competence, self-esteem, and physical health.
Role Demands
Economic strain. High levels of economic distress have been linked
to physical and psychological problems in parents that affects their
parenting and ultimately results in problems with children's functioning
(Conger, Conger, Elder, Lorenz, Simons, & Whitbeck, 1992; McLoyd,
1990; Simons, Beaman, Conger, & Chao, 1993). Researchers have
reported that children in single-mother families are economically dis-
advantaged compared to children who live in single-father or intact
families (Bianchi, 1995). According to one report, the per capita in-
come of single mothers was only 47% of the income of married
couples, and the poverty rate was five times as great as in two-parent
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Hilton, Desrochers, and Devall
families. In contrast, per capita income in single-father families was
86% of the income of married couples, however the poverty rate of
single-father families was still twice as high as that of two-parent
families (DaNavas & Welniak, 1992; Saluter, 1993).
Although most researchers have used household income to measure
economic distress, economic strain is a more inclusive indicator, cap-
turing both the objective and subjective dimensions of economic well-
being (Hilton & Devall, 1997). Economic strain is generally regarded
to be a perception of inadequacy in one's financial position, with
attendant financial concerns and worries, (Hilton & Devall, 1997; Mills,
Grasmick, Morgan, & Wenk, 1992; Pearlin, Lieberman, Menaghan, &
Mullan, 1981; Voydanoff, 1984; 1990).
Coping with role strain. Role strain is defined in the present study
as experienced difficulty in meeting role demands (Goode, 1960), and
coping with role strain is defined as responses elicited by role strain.
Like Goode, we were more interested in coping with role strain, rather
than the negative consequences of role strain.
When a father assumes primary custody, there is an expansion of
his roles as he takes on full responsibility for child care and household
maintenance. A parallel expansion of roles takes place when a mother
assumes primary custody and takes on some of the household mainte-
nance and economic roles formerly provided by the spouse (Orthner &
Lewis, 1979). Because new role demands are added without others
being taken away, single custodial parents have more role demands
than married parents, and these demands are likely to be experienced
as excessive.
There is some evidence that single fathers who gain custody are less
emotional and more pragmatic than single mothers in response to their
multiple role demands (Orthner & Lewis, 1979). Other researchers
have reported that single fathers and their children do not appear to
have the problems in functioning that have been documented for
single mothers and their children (Authors, in press; Hilton & Devall,
1998). Cohen (1995) believes that gender is not responsible for these
differences in well being. She suggests that adapting to an expanded or
entirely new set of ''provider'' role demands may be inherently more
difficult than adapting to an equivalent set of ''caretaking'' role de-
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Parenting. Parental control is the dimension of parenting that seems
to be most negatively affected by divorce. There is strong evidence
that single mothers are more inconsistent, make fewer demands on
their children, and use less effective discipline practices than married
parents (Astone & McLanahan, 1991; Hetherington, Cox, & Cox,
1982). Lower levels of parental control, in turn, have been found to
account for most of the externalizing behavior associated with chil-
dren from single-mother families (Simons, Whitbeck, Beaman, &
Conger, 1994). There is further evidence that, in intact families, moth-
ers' control is a better predictor of children's behavior than fathers'
control (Ollendick, 1979). Little is known, however, about parental
control in single father families.
Coparenting. Coparenting is also more difficult following divorce,
with custodial mothers and custodial fathers both reporting less sup-
port and more conflict than married parents (Bronstein, Clauson, Stoll, &
Abrams, 1993; Greif, 1987; Hilton & Devall, 1997). Among single
parents, the coparenting relationship appears to improve over time for
custodial fathers (Greif, 1987), and a supportive coparental relation-
ship has been found to be a reliable predictor of the noncustodial
fathers' continued involvement with their children (Ahrons & Miller,
1993; Arditti, 1992; McKenry, Price, Fine, & Serovich, 1991). In
general, researchers have found that coparental support is a better
predictor of children's psychological and social adjustment following
divorce than either the amount or intensity of interparental conflict
(Bronstein et al., 1993).
Relationships with family and friends. A parent's relationship with
family and friends also changes following divorce, altering the com-
position of parents' support networks. Researchers have reported that
married parents usually rely on each other for primary support, where-
as single-mothers rely on friends or extended family (Belsky & Von-
dra, 1989). However, not all researchers agree. A number have re-
ported that the primary source of support for single mothers is most
often the former spouse (Hetherington et al., 1982; Pett, 1982).
Comparisons of the support networks of custodial mothers and
fathers suggest that single fathers use extended family, professionals,
and community resources to a greater extent than do single mothers
(Santrock & Warshak, 1979), but that single mothers have larger over-
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Hilton, Desrochers, and Devall
all support systems than single fathers (Hanson, 1986a). Single fathers
also report less assistance from friends than single mothers (Peplau &
Gordon, 1984). They have male friends but seldom seek companion-
ship and support from other men. Instead they turn to single mothers
or single women for friendship (Hanson, 1982a; Santrock & Warshak,
Inadequate levels of social support have been linked to restrictive
and harsh parenting in single-mother families. Mothers with higher
levels of support were less authoritarian, had fewer strict rules, and
were more likely to respond to their child's demands (Colletta, 1979).
Other researchers, however, have found no link between support from
friends and family and quality of parenting (Simons & Associates,
1996). No studies were found that examined whether the social sup-
port of custodial fathers influenced their parenting.
Children's Functioning
The most common problem associated with the functioning of chil-
dren following divorce is disturbance in their behavior (Wallerstein &
Kelly, 1980). However, school performance (Bisnaire et al., 1990;
Wallerstein, 1986; Riley & Cochran, 1987), self-esteem (Horns & Ab-
bot, 1985), sense of competency (Wallerstein, 1986), and health (Han-
son, 1986a) also have been identified as problematic.
Behavior problems. Disturbances in the behavior of children are
generally divided into two categories. Internalizing problems include
behaviors associated with excessive emotional control, such as with-
drawal, anxiety, depression, and inhibition. Externalizing problems
are associated with behaviors that indicate lack of emotional control,
such as aggression, noncompliance, and acting out (Holden, 1997).
The strongest evidence has been found for children's externalizing
behavior problems, but internalizing problems also are an issue. Youn-
ger children are reported have more externalizing problems than older
children, and boys are reported to have more internalizing and ex-
ternalizing behavior problems than girls (Hodges & Bloom, 1984).
Other researchers have reported that boys are more likely than girls to
engage in externalizing (but not internalizing) behavior (Loeber &
LeBlanc, 1990; Simons et al., 1994; Santrock & Warshak, 1979).
Studies that have compared behavior problems of children in
single-mother and single-father families suggest that children living
with single fathers have fewer behavior problems than children living
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Page 9
with single mothers. On the other hand, children living with more
affluent single mothers have fewer behavior problems than those liv-
ing with financially distressed single mothers (Amato & Keith, 1991;
Ambert, 1982; Downey & Powell, 1993).
School performance. In general, divorce appears to have a negative
impact on the school performance of children. Children in single-par-
ent families have been shown to be at risk for low academic perfor-
mance, poor grades, dropout, and suspension or expulsion from school
(Acock & Demo, 1994; Dawson, 1991; Downey, 1994; McLannahan &
Booth, 1989). However, differences between children in single-parent
families and those in two-parent families have generally been shown
to be small (Amato & Keith, 1991).
Social competence. Children's social competence has been defined
as the presence of adaptive qualities valued by parents and the ability
to develop social relationships (Peterson, Leigh, & Day, 1984) and
tends to involve characteristics such as independence and social re-
sponsibility (Baumrind, 1978). Studies have reported conflicting find-
ings on the relationship between family structure and children's social
competence. For example, Amato and Ochiltree (1987) found that
parents in single-parent families rated their children no differently in
social competence than those in step-families and intact families,
whereas Devall, Stoneman, and Brody (1986) found that children in
single-parent families rated themselves lower in social competence
than did those in intact families.
Self-esteem. The findings from a number of studies suggest that
children's self-esteem is affected by divorce. Holman and Woodroffe-
Patrick (1988) found that, after controlling for family conflict, family
structure was still a significant predictor of children's self-esteem.
However, family structure accounted for far less of the variance than
family conflict. In other studies, Howell, Portes, and Brown (1997)
found that income mediated the relationship between family structure
and children's self-esteem, but Nelson (1993) found that family struc-
ture had no effect on self-esteem, after income was controlled. Finally,
Heally Malley, and Stewart (1989) concluded that effects of family
structure on children's self-esteem were probably influenced by other
variables such as the gender and age of the child, contact with the
non-custodial father, and the closeness of the father-child relationship.
Health. Other studies have documented that children from divorced
families have higher rates of illness, accidents, and injury than chil-
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Hilton, Desrochers, and Devall
dren living with both parents (Dawson, 1991; Hanson, 1986a; Hollo-
way & Machida, 1991). Dawson (1991) found that children living in
single-parent families had higher rates of asthma and a higher overall
health vulnerability score than children living with both parents.
The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of differences
among parents and children in single-mother, single-father and two-
parent families. Comparisons were made using an in-depth description
of the characteristics of the sample and by analyzing differences
among the families in (1) parents' ability to cope with role demands
(economic strain and coping with role strain), (2) family relationships
(the parent-child relationship, coparenting, and social relationships),
and (3) children's functioning (behavior problems, social competency,
school performance, and self-esteem).
The sample for the study included the parent(s) and a 6-to-10 year
old focal child in 30 single-father, 30 single-mother, and 30 two-parent
families. Most of the families were recruited public schools, but a few
single-father families were referred by word-of-mouth. The schools
participating in the study were randomly selected from a list of all
public elementary schools in two metropolitan school districts. From
the target schools, classrooms in grades one through four with at least
one childfrom a single-father familywere identified.Then, teachersin
these classrooms were contacted and asked to help identify potential
respondents from single-father, single-mother, and two-parent fami-
Criteria for participation in the study were: (1) the parent(s) and
child (age 6-10) lived in a household with no other adults, the child
resided with the parent(s) an average of 20 nights per month, and (4)
the single-parent was divorced or separated with no history of remar-
riage. Participation by both parents in two-parent families was re-
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Page 11
Potential respondents were screened by telephone and a two-hour
interview was scheduled with those who qualified and were willing to
participate. During the interview, parent(s) completed a self-adminis-
tered questionnaire in one room while the researcher orally adminis-
tered a questionnaire to the child in another room. The child's inter-
view took about 15 minutes to complete. The overall response rate
using these methods was 82 percent.
Variables used in the study included family structure, impact of
multiple roles (role coping; economic strain), characteristics of rela-
tionships (parenting; parental control; coparenting; social network),
and child functioning.
Family structure. Number of parents in the household and sex of
parent were used to define family structure. It was anticipated that
some variables would be sensitive to gender (responses of fathers,
whether single or married, would differ from mothers), other variables
would be affected by whether a parent was a primary caretaker (mar-
ried fathers would be different from the other parents), and still others
would be affected by number of parents in the household (single
parents would differ from married parents).
Role demands. The additional responsibility for primary caretaker/
primary provider roles inherent in single parenting were evaluated
using measures of role coping and economic strain.
Role coping was assessed using a summated rating scale adapted
from the Dual-employed Coping Scales (DECS) by Skinner and
McCubbin (1981). The measure consists of a 6-item, 5-point scale that
evaluates strategies used by the respondent to cope with multiple
roles. Reliability of the adapted measure was .73.
Economic strain was measured using a 13 item, 5 point, ''Family
Economic Strain Scale (FESS)'' that was developed by Hilton and
Devall (1997). The measure was designed to capture the effects of
management, downward mobility, and non-money economic resources
on parents' perceptions of their economic well-being. A summed
score of the items was used in the analyses. Reliability of the measure
is reported to be .92.
Relationships. Two measures of parenting were used: Parental be-
havior and parental locus of control. The coparental relationship and
relationships in the support network were also evaluated.
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Hilton, Desrochers, and Devall
Parental behavior was assessed, by both children and parents, using
the ''Parent Perception Inventory (PPI).'' Both versions of the instru-
ment use a 5-point rating scale with nine positive and nine negative
behavior classes (Hazzard, Christensen, & Margolin, 1983). The in-
strument has two subscales (positive score and negative score) plus a
total score which is derived by subtracting the negative score from the
positive score. Reliability coefficients reported by the authors of
ranged from .78 for the mothers' negative subscale to .88 for the
fathers' positive subscale.
Parental control was evaluated using the ''Parental Locus of Con-
trol Scale (PLOC)'' (Campis, Lyman, & Prentice-Dunn, 1986). The
PLOC contains 5subscales: Parental Efficacy, Parental Responsibility,
Child Control of Parent's Life, Parent's Belief in Fate or Chance, and
Parental Control of Child's Behavior. These subscales are measured
across 47 items using a 5-point scale. The reliability coefficient for the
PLOC is reported to be .92.
Coparenting was measured using ''The Quality of Coparental Com-
munication'' scale (Ahrons, 1981). The instrument contains 10 items
measured on a 5-point scale. Six items evaluate coparental support and
4 items assess conflict. Conflict items are reversed and added to sup-
port items for a total score. Reliability coefficients for the instrument
were reported to be .87 for women and .84 for men.
Social network was assessed with a revised version of a social
support measure by Tietjen (1985). The 17-item scale assesses the
size, composition, frequency of contact, types of support given and
received, and reciprocity of parents' social networks.
Child Functioning. Five dimensions of child functioning were as-
sessed: self-esteem, social activity, school-performance, health, and
behavior. Data on self-esteem were collected from the child. The
remaining data were collected from parents.
Self-esteem was evaluated using the ''Marsh Self-DescriptionQues-
tionnaire (SDQ)'' (Marsh, Smith, & Barnes, 1983). The SDQ is a
5-point, 66-item instrument designed for 7 to 13 year olds. Seven
subscales evaluate children's perceptions of their physical abilities,
appearance, relationship with peers, relationshipwith parents,reading,
mathematics,school subjects.Total acadamic,nonacademic,andglob-
al scores are calculated from the subscales. The alpha reliability
coefficients for the subscales of the SDQ are reported to range from
.78 to .94.
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School performance, extracurricular activities, social competence,
health, and behavior problems were evaluated using subscales of the
parent form of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach and
Edelbrock, 1983). Subscales for internalizingand externalizingbehav-
ior problems were used for this study. The reliability and validity of
the CBCL subscales are widely accepted (Achenbach, 1991).
Characteristics of the Families
Parents and children. The mean age of parents in the study ranged
from a low of 35.6 years for single mothers to a high of 39.9 years for
married fathers. Most of those participating in the study were Anglo
but several African Americans and Hispanics were also interviewed.
The mean number of children in the families ranged from 1.8 in
single-mother families to 2.6 in two parent families. The age range for
the children was 2 to 14 years in single-mother families, 4 to 16 years
in single-fathers families, and 1 to 23 years intwo-parent families.The
mean age of the youngest child tended to be lower in two-parent
families (5.6 years) than in single-mother (7.5 years) or single-father
(7.3 years) families. The gender of the children was fairly evenly
distributed across the three family types except that two-parent fami-
lies had more boys than girls.
Of the 90 children who participated as a focal child in the study, 44
were males and 46 were females. The mean age of the focal child
ranged from a low of 8.1 years in single-father families to a high of 8.6
in two-parent families.
Income. As expected, single-mother families had half the median
income of single-father families and about one third the income of
two-parent families. The higher income of the married parents was
due to the employment of both spouses in 70 percent of the cases.
Although single fathers earned less than married parents, over half had
annual family incomes that exceeded $30,000. Only one of the single
mothers had an annual income this high.
Education. Some of these differences in income are reflected in the
educational levels of the parents in the study. All of the single fathers
had graduated from high school, almost half had graduated from col-
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Hilton, Desrochers, and Devall
lege, and 10 percent had graduate degrees. In contrast, 10 percent of
the single mothers never finished high school, and although 17 percent
graduated from college, none had a graduate degree. In the two-parent
families 53percent ofthe marriedmothers hadsome college education
and 23 percent of the fathers had a graduate degree.
Occupation. Single fathers also tended to be better off than the other
parents in terms of their employment. Almost half of the single fathers
had professional jobs. Another 20 percent had technical/clerical jobs.
In contrast, half of the single mothers were employed in service or
technical/clerical occupations, with only 23 percent employed in pro-
fessional jobs. The pattern for married mothers was similar to that of
single mothers except that married mothers were more likely than
single mothers to be students or homemakers. In comparison to single
fathers, married fathers were less likely to have a professional occupa-
tion and more likely to be employed in a blue collar job.
These factors may partially explain differences in job stability
among the families. All of the single fathers were employed in their
same job for the three years prior to the study. In contrast, 43 percent
of the single mothers and 30 percent of the married parents had
changed their jobs at least once during the same time period.
A substantial number of single and married parents had work sched-
ules that were inherently more difficult to cope with than the tradition-
al forty-hour, nine-to-five, Monday through Friday work week.
Twenty-three percent of the single mothers, 40 percent of the single
fathers, and 40 percent of the married parents worked weekends. Ro-
tating schedules were worked by 7 percent of the single mothers, 7
percent of the single fathers, and 20 percent of the married parents.
Although none of the fathers in the sample were employed in shift-
work, two of the single mothers and one of the married mothers
worked swing shift, and one of the single mothers worked graveyard.
Two of the single mothers, two single fathers, and two married fathers
held more than one job. Only three of the respondents were unem-
ployed; two single mothers and one single father.
Finances. All of the married parents, all but one of the single
fathers, and two-thirds of the single mothers received pay for work as
the main source of family income. Investment income was an addi-
tional source of income for one third of both single fathers and married
parents, but none of the single mothers. Child support contributed to
the family income of 70 percent of the single mothers and 27 percent
Downloaded By: [University Nevada Reno] At: 17:25 11 October 2010
Page 15
of the single fathers; 7 percent of the single mothers also received
alimony. None of the married parents, 7 percent of the single fathers,
and 13 percent of the single mothers relied on relatives for loans.
Single mothers, with their lower income, were not able to pay as
much for housing as the other parents in the study. The average
monthly rent/mortgage payment was $575 for single mothers, $638
for single fathers, and $718 for married couples. Single mothers also
had less access to health insurance than the other parents. Only 47
percent of the single mothers had health insurance for both themselves
and their children. In contrast, 83 percent of the single fathers, and 93
percent of the married parents had health insurance coverage for all
members of the household.
Another indicator that single mothers were economically disadvan-
taged was that they were more likely than the other parents in the
study to receive assistance from community agencies. Single mothers
were the only parents receiving food stamps (23 percent), public hous-
ing (17 percent), energy assistance (7 percent), and home visits (7
percent). Three single mothers and one single father also received
medical assistance.
The majority of single fathers and married parents were comfort-
able with their financial situation and expected it to improve in the
future. In contrast, two-thirds of the single mothers felt somewhat to
extremely insecure about their finances, and a majority anticipated
that their difficulties would either persist or get worse.
Divorce/separation. Length of time that single parents had been
previously married was similar for the single fathers (6.9 years) and
single mothers (7.5 years). Length of time since the divorce was also
similar (4.5 years for single fathers; 4.0 years for single mothers).
Half of the single mothers and fathers reported that they initiated
the divorce. The former spouse was reported to have initiated the
divorce by 33 percent of the single fathers and 17 percent of the single
mothers. For both single mothers and single fathers, a joint decision to
divorce was reached in 17 percent of the families.
In over half the single-parent families, custody of the child was
obtained by mutual agreement. Seventeen percent of the fathers and
10 percent of the mothers became custodial parents when the noncus-
todial parent abandoned the family. Another 13 percent of the fathers
and 17 percent of the mothers fought for custody and won. The child's
Downloaded By: [University Nevada Reno] At: 17:25 11 October 2010


text:
Which should I take this weekend to Orlando?
Started 8 months ago | Discussions thread
Senior Member • Posts: 1,250 • Gear list
BPD7 wrote:
Going to Orlando this weekend. I'm torn between taking my x100s or X-E2 with 18-55 kit lens.
I'm leaning towards the latter but the x100s is just such a pleasure walking around and shooting.
It's hard for anyone to answer that without knowing why you decided to buy both.
Jim in Hudson's gear list:Jim in Hudson's gear list
Fujifilm X-E1 Pentax K-3 Sigma 10-20mm F4-5.6 EX DC HSM Pentax smc DA 18-135mm F3.5-5.6ED AL [IF] DC WR Pentax smc DA 35mm F2.4 AL +3 more
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Yellow Sea
- Article
- Web sites
- Bibliography
- Year in Review
- Contributors
Sea, Asia
Primary Contributors
Emeritus Professor, Tokyo University of Fisheries. Author of Umi and numerous articles on oceanography.Contributions: Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea
Research Associate, East-West Center, Honolulu. Author of South-East Asian Seas: Oil Under Troubled Waters; Coeditor of Atlas for Marine Policy in East Asian Seas.Contributions: Yellow Sea
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text:
Zack: If they don't roll out those air pockets their pie crust is going to be terrible.
Steve: Hey! I'd swear there was a foot of solid rock here a week ago. And where did this stupid blanket come from?
Zack: I guess they intend for the players to be wandering around and come across a weird tunnel and follow it and find this stupid monster eating through the rock. Then they can look at it and go, "that's pretty weird." And if they want to they could stab it to death. It's not like it can attack them or get away or anything.
Steve: Wait, isn't this from Star Trek?
Zack: There was the Horta, but that thing was running through rock and killing people.
Steve: But it looked sort of like this thing, right?
Zack: The Horta looked like a guy hiding under a blanket made out of vomit.
Steve: Maybe they were worried if they made it too much like the Horta people would say they stole it.
Zack: I don't think they were worried about that, because they stole the Crabmen right out of my fucking nightmares.
Tucker Carlson's idiot brother just called New York mayor Bill de Blasio's spokeswoman a "LabiaFace."
Hey, have you guys ever seen a picture of a cat before? Well, guess what. It's your lucky day, because I'm mixing the concept of a picture of my cat with the concept of the Internet!
A psychic terrorist travels to the 1990s to win his true love by murdering her entire wedding party!
The SA Goons deliver another knockout round of soccer GIFs!
Get caught up on these last-minute Bloodborne changes and read our review!
Zack Parsons, Steve "Malak" Sumner, and friends tackle bizarre role playing game products that make them wonder, "What the fuck!?" From the early days of Gygax to contemporary role playing games, none will be spared.
Copyright ©2015 Rich "Lowtax" Kyanka & Something Awful LLC.


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Tarxien, Malta Bed & Breakfasts - The Bowyer House is situated in Tarxien, Malta, opposite the small church of St. Bartholomew.
Valletta, Malta Youth Hostels - A Studio Maisonette in the Hearth of the city centre in Valletta the capital, consist of one double bedro
Valletta, Malta Youth Hostels - A modern studio apartment situated on ground floor level boasting lushes views of the Grand Harbour from a typical Maltese wooden balcony.
St. Julians, Malta Youth Hostels - Sprachcaffe International was built at the beginning of the last century but now offers modern self-catering accommodation.
St. Julians, Malta Youth Hostels - Very modern Apartment in St Julians & brand new, only 1 year old with all amenities up to standard. very quite area situated on a side street opposite a school play ground
Sliema, Malta Youth Hostels - Granny's Inn is a brand new, family run hostel which is ideal for students / travelers (minimum 20 years)
Sliema, Malta Youth Hostels - The Astra Hotel is an old building with very large rooms which have been totally refurbished and complete
Sliema, Malta Youth Hostels - Over the years we have managed to build a reputation at 115 The Strand Aparthotel...
Sliema, Malta Youth Hostels - Carlton Hotel in Sliema Malta is a newly refurbished modern budget boutique hotel, situated on Tower Road
Sliema, Malta Youth Hostels - Corner Hostel Malta offers travellers the perfect accommodation, in a spot-on location at a very affordable price.
|Page: 1 | 2 | 3 | ... 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
Malta Vacations - Travel guide to Malta accommodations and vacation packages. Visit Malta for getaways and adventure travel. Plan your Malta vacation today.
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text:
Crystal Anniversary for World of Pinot Noir
A Crystal Anniversary is about to take place at the World of Pinot Noir in Santa Barbara. Two thousand guests will enjoy the glorious setting, above the Pacific Ocean, at the Bacara Resort & Spa. But, don't be surprised to see some fog roll out over the water in the early morning. The hotel will be pulling out all the stops on March 6th and 7th as 225 wineries from around the world...Read More
The KEY to Unlock Santa Barbara Wine Country
Do you need to relax after all the indulgences of Thanksgiving weekend? The solution is to buy a "Key to Wine Country" and spend December 5th to the 7th "unlocking" incredible experiences at wineries, tasting rooms and restaurants. Wearing the Keys, which are on lanyards, will open doors to very exclusive adventures. Opportunities for wine blending seminars, cooking classes,...Read More
Successful Harvest on the Coast
The twenty-fourth annual SLO Wine Country Harvest on the Coast Grand Tasting & Auction was our safari destination last Saturday. It was sunny and clear as we left the Santa Ynez Valley, but north of Santa Maria a could see a thick grey blanket ahead of us. Fortunately, by the time we reached the Avila Beach Golf Club the thick fog was creeping out to sea . We could see the tents were ready...Read More
Harvest on the Coast
November 7th to the 9th is the San Luis Obispo Wine Country Harvest Weekend. The event I previously attended was Rockin Harvest, but this year it is called Harvest on the Coast. Due to the creativity and superb organizational skills of Heather Murran, I am sure it will still be a stellar affair. The Grand Tasting and Auction on Saturday will be held at Avila Beach Golf Resort. It is sure to fulfill...Read More
Happiness is Hilliard Bruce
There are countless ways to be happy. Last Saturday afternoon we were very "happy" to be invited to the Hilliard Bruce Autumn Wine Club Appreciation Party. Robert Green Ingersoll, a well-known orator of the post Civil War era, defined happiness as: The above quote was on the linen napkin we were given upon arrival. We could easily see that "now" was...Read More
Harvest Celebration Continues
On Sunday the Celebration of Harvest continued. With the passport visa, or by special invitation, attendees were able to visit wineries they may have missed or would like to revisit. Saturday, during the Grand Tasting, we met Tom Stolpman. He is a partner with his wife, Marilyn and son, Peter, in Stolpman Vineyards. The vineyard is located in the new Ballard Canyon AVA. In 2001...Read More
Celebration of Early Harvest
The Santa Barbara Vintners Celebration of Harvest was, in fact, a celebration of a very "early" harvest. Usually, during the weekend event, the winemakers and workers leave the vineyards for a bit of relaxation during their frenzied schedule. This year the majority of the harvest was complete, therefore, a fantastic reason to kick up their heels. What better way to mark this extraordinary...Read More
Savor the Flavors of Fall Harvest
For those of us lucky enough to live in wine country, we will soon be enveloped in the special colors and flavors of fall. The green leaves gradually put on their autumn wardrobe, before letting it drop to the ground in preparation for another winter. We will watch as the grapes disappear from the vines. We are thrilled to observe, or participate in, all the action of harvest. Maybe you don't...Read More
Recent From Taste
Recent From Sip
Recent From Enjoy
New to Food and Wine Safari
Infused Pineapple and Watermelon Margarita
Just in time for the Memorial Day Weekend! Last night Grant, the bartender in Tydes Restaurant, at the Four Seasons in Santa Barbara, prepared this great drink for me. Keep infused pineapple in a jar in the...Read More
Chocolate-Iced Buttersweets
Over Christmas I visited Valley Vino Wine Bar in Solvang. Many exciting wines were being poured by Sandy Simon. In addition she had baked a number of cookies for the customers to enjoy. All were...Read More
7 Day Culinary Experience in Bordeaux
Bordeaux wine has been produced in the region since the 8th century. Join us...Read More
Vintage Apron
Classic, sophisticated and functional.Read More


text:
My point exactly. If this was so important and effective why all these missed targets who had left their fingerprints all over the exact places PRISM was watching? How about Snowden, Manning et. al.? I find it hard to swallow that the program performed as they're claiming it did, I wouldn't expect them to come out and say it was a flop.<quoted text>
Major Nadal wasn't under anybody's radar, at least anybody who came in contact with him in the Army. Alarms were sounded, but ignored for political correctness.
And if NSA snooping couldn't catch the Boston bombers, who can they catch?
Barack Obama, our next President
Since: Dec 12
Location hidden
#930617 Jun 24, 2013
Since: Dec 12
Location hidden
#930618 Jun 24, 2013
So that we can elect and re-elect politicians; they know we have an aversion to uncertainty. Our grand parents just wanted a chicken in their pot but that's how snowballs start.
We are sissies!
Since: Dec 12
Location hidden
#930619 Jun 24, 2013
Why does the general public support a government who creates all these spy agencies and turn them on their own citizenry to protect them from enemies the same government created?
How about just not making enemies?
Since: Dec 12
Location hidden
#930620 Jun 24, 2013
Not sure what you mean. Every power plant, even base providers, shut down periodically for maintenance. These outages are planned ten years out and the grid is managed to support them. The reason good supplemental sources like wind and solar can't be used for base load generation is 'cause the wind doesn't blow and the sun doesn't shine 24/7. Its possible to store the energy from solar and wind but then you add the inefficiency of storage on top of the inefficiency of generation and it quickly becomes unfeasible.
#930621 Jun 24, 2013
Dwight Eisenhower ran as a Republican on the Republican ticket so however you want to slice it he was a Republican.
The GOP is dooming itself to minority status by pandering to the extreme right and wasting time and taxpayer money pushing legislation in the House that has zero chance of going anywhere.
#930622 Jun 24, 2013
Morning, Vladimir, and now that your radical Socialist (AKA Democrat) Party pushes legislation such as Obozocare (Unaffordable Health Care Act) no Republicans will vote for. For that, they had to play dirty and Pewlosi told us we had to pass the bill to read it (come on!).
Talk about wasting taxpayer money! 30 million will still be uninsured and all of Obama's promises were lies.
Now that Democrats have overreached and exposed their corruption (abuse of power within the IRS, NSA, EPA, Justice, etc.), it looks like you are doomed come the mid-term elections and your "boy" is a neutered lame duck. He now will just practice his corruption with Executive Power, which he should not have.
You people are nothing but lazy mooches who can't wait to collect a check for doing nothing. Does that sound like you, Vladimir?
You are destroying this country.
#930624 Jun 24, 2013
Aww shut up & what the Blackman says!
Since: Oct 12
Location hidden
#930625 Jun 24, 2013
That's a relief, I thought there must be ten morons that appeared here at the same time.
Since: May 11
#930626 Jun 24, 2013
Wow, another right whiner who wants to insure the illegals in this country.
Oh wait, that's not true.
You were just too freakin stupid top know that 30 million number was not just citizens; it was residents including illegal aliens.
You people are just plain dumber than sh*t
#930627 Jun 24, 2013
Oh lookie here! It's the thread dummy & sockpuppet who doesn't know what the word "abandoned" means!
Hey sockpuppet. Question for you:
Did Bush abandon Afghanistan?
How many lies and irresponsible posts will you be making today, thread dummy?
#930628 Jun 24, 2013
Bigoted homophobe DemoKKK-RAT say what?
#930629 Jun 24, 2013
Mornin, lily.
"Constitutionalis t"
Since: Dec 10
#930630 Jun 24, 2013
It is easier to fool a person that it is to convince them they have been fooled.- Mark Twain.
The lack of documents regarding Obama also extends to his mother and to his grandparents. Indeed, researchers have been unable to find marriage licenses for his mothers two marriages, assuming she was ever legally married. Ditto goes for the marriage license for Anns parents. They cannot find birth certificates for her, her parents, or for even for her grandparents. Even more so, despite Obamas boast of his grandfathers military service, theres no record of that either. For reasons no one knows, much of Obamas life, his mothers life and his grandparents life has been erased from the records as if they never existed.
This should come and no surprise to anyone. If you recall, the Democrats and media duped the entire population... that's the entire population... with a system of lies about Vietnam that took 30 years to research and debunk.
This is no different.
You are, right now, being programmed to look away from the NSA spying on everyone in the United States... will, almost everyone. The muslims here who want to kill you, the NSA isn't spying on.
"Constitutionalis t"
Since: Dec 10
#930631 Jun 24, 2013
What you're bein told:
Don't look at the NSA. Look at Snowden.
By whom:
The Democrats.
You would be one of the propagandists telling people this.
"Bill Clinton could have "
Since: May 10
Prevented this
#930632 Jun 24, 2013
Remind O'bama to arrest Billy Clinton then: remind America about the true legacy of Bill Clinton. Clinton as one who sold our technologies to Communist China, putting all American families and our men and women in uniform at risk:
Stealth Technology
The J20 Fighter
Radiation Hardened Nuclear Chips
Advance Space Technology
Missile Technology
Multiple Re-entry Warhead Technology
See liberal Clinton didn't want the United States to be the lone super power--he believed everyone should be on an even playing field even if it meant they would kill us. Clinton sold out the American people in more ways than one.
#930633 Jun 24, 2013
Qatar, Jordan, Lebannon___just about every nation in the middle East wants Assad and his generals gone. It's a twofer because an Assad exit dramatically weakens Hezbollah.
Presently only Iran, certain factions in Iraq and of course Russia support Assad.
The rebels are equally despicable and may turn on each other in the absence of Assad, never the less Syria's neighbors including Israel would prefer the rebels to Assad.
#930634 Jun 24, 2013
Corrupt Democrats up to the same old tricks again:
"A top Senate Republican sounded the alarm ahead of a major test vote on Monday that could clear the way for imminent passage of a sweeping immigration overhaul, saying the chamber is about to vote on a bill "no one has read."
Sen. Jeff Sessions, R-Ala., who for months has been fighting against the bill, accused the Senate of rushing to vote on the legislation amid a late push to modify it. At issue is a border security amendment being touted by supporters as a bipartisan compromise that could attract a large majority.
But Sessions accused Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid of cramming the amendment into the rest of the "1,200-page" bill with the goal of advancing the legislation late Monday afternoon.
"The Majority Leader's motion will stifle amendments and accelerate the vote on final passage before anyone has vetted the modified legislation," Sessions said in a statement"
Read more: http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/06/24/se...
#930635 Jun 24, 2013
The roof fell in on John Boehners House of Representatives last week. The Republican leaderships humiliating defeat on a deeply flawed and inhumane farm bill was as clear a lesson as well get about the real causes of dysfunction in the nations capital.
Our ability to govern ourselves is being brought low by a witches brew of right-wing ideology, a shockingly cruel attitude toward the poor on the part of the Republican majority, and the speakers incoherence when it comes to his need for Democratic votes to pass bills.
#930636 Jun 24, 2013
From the CBO
The CBO estimates that in 2022--8 years after the Affordable Care Act has been fully implemented--30 million people will remain uninsured-8 percent of legal U.S. residents.
#930637 Jun 24, 2013
Clinton most definitely sold us out, big time! Here is one example. There are other huge sellouts as well.
Google clinton loral china axis
"Congressional critics, both Democrats and Republicans, say the Chinese may have had access to sophisticated U.S. satellite and missile technology during an investigation into a failed launch attempt on a Chinese rocket in 1996.
And Republicans have accused Clinton of jeopardizing national security by granting the waiver to please a high-dollar Democratic donor"
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Handmade Craft Ideas from 2010: A Year of Free Crafts
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Learn how to decorate old tin cans with this craft video to watch. This Decorated Tin Can Video from Heidi Borchers shows you how to make an awesome green craft.
Don't throw away those old, used tin cans! Instead, make a seriously unique project and add your own personal flare to each piece! You can give this recycled craft as a gift or save it and decorate your own space. Show your creativity without breaking the bank or even leaving your house to get materials.
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Sorry, but I those cans look like junk and wouldn't give them to anybody. :(
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Rootless orchids and backbulbs
How do I encourage root growth and more pseudobulbs from the leafless and rootless backbulbs and rootless and pseudobulbless cattleya orchid divisions and they are my friends and she came to me to ask me for help and they were divisions of what was left alive of the orchid.
At the base of the Cattleya pseudobulb there are a couple of growth eyes. These are more likely to be alive on the fully leafed newer pseudobulbs and are often dead on the older growths.
All you can do is pot the bits and pieces up in very small pots or tubes, give them good conditions and see what happens.
The road back will take years and you have to ask yourself if it is worth the effort.
"rootless and pseudobulbless cattleya orchid divisions"
Talk about what you mean by "pseudobulbless" please.
As for leafless and rootless, less care is more. A Catt will sprout if it is propped up and the bottom is touching a surface. I use rock chunks with an occasional water splash. But really, just sitting in a pot they will sprout. When the roots are more than an inch, pot it in you preferred medium.
Important aspect to recognize is that without rots, they cannot absorb water. Watering them is useless and only leads to rotting some. I put them in a box, keep them in full shade and inspect them now and then to see if there is initiation. Only after initiation do I pot or mount them and then begin to water and fed them. If and when they initiate, the new plantlet will make roots. Poting them in seedling bark or mounting them with a little Sphagnum Moss works well.
I read the OP as chopped up bits of a Cattleya. A flowering size division would consist of 4 or 5 pseudobulbs. Back-cuts made up of mainly leafless pseudobulbs would need more time. Hence my remarks about whether the process is worth the effort.
When I meant pseudobulbless because the species is not named and it has a long leaf with a thin pseudobulb which looks like a twig. But thank you for your suggestions so i'll try them. But still I feel like I need help with the rootless pieces of orchids like I have an encylica division which is part of what I have to try to save so can anyone tell me what is the best method to bring roots and pseudobulb growth and the care until to that point like lighting. Also even a medium and etc. I'll accept any reccommendations since I really want to get them out of the house. They look horrible like wrinkled up and live at the same time. Also can any one tell me how to bring a backbulb to life and it is still green and plumped out but it is rootless and leafless.
You cannot make a backbulb or back division initiate. Put them in a safe place and wait. They'll either initiate or shrivel up and go to orchid heaven. Your main contribution at this point is not to be kind to them by watering them which will rot them.
A back division of a Cattleya which HAS roots can be potted and watered, anything without roots should be kept dry until roots form.


text:
Nuha Afra who believes that baking is simple and a lot of fun, has scored high on taste!
We earnestly desire to give something back to our school which gave us a treasure trove of memories to cherish. But Nuha Afra, a 22-year-old, found an innovative way to give back something to her alma mater — Union Christian School. She began her entrepreneurial career by selling sweet treats in her school canteen.
The positive feedback encouraged her and soon she began taking classes for children in a learning centre. This early experience gave her confidence to devote herself completely to pursuing her passion of baking.
Early start
Her inspiration has been her mom, who stands by her in all her endeavours. "My mom is an amazing cook and I grew up watching her cook. By the age of 15, I began to bake by going through recipes. Later, I went for a couple of baking classes in Bangalore and Chennai. Before I knew it, I was getting orders from my relatives and friends for various occasions. Slowly, I made this into a full- fledged profession.
For many it is a difficult journey because to establish oneself is slow and tiring, but Nuha who hails from a family who's been doing business for generations confesses, "People are enjoying my cakes and more people are approaching me for orders."
She doesn't get bogged down by competition instead feels that it drives her to excel and improve her products. She finds her greatest achievement in the positive feedback and the smiles of her customers. She vouches by the quality she offers and says "The quality and the quantity I offer for the price is my USP". Currently, she bakes from home and her list includes cakes, donuts, brownies, tarts, cookies and mousse. She has earned publicity through word of mouth, courtesy, friends and relatives.
Sometime in the future she dreams to open a bakery of her own. Her secret to success she says is her desire to follow her dreams and to live her passion—"My success mantra has always been 'where there's a will there's a way'. I don't plan things, instead I believe in taking action." Many of us have looked at those sugary treats and earnestly desired to make them ourselves, but have always thought it to be too difficult.
But Nuha says that it's just a piece of cake, "Baking is really simple and at the same time a lot of fun! All you need is patience and the right ingredients, everything else just comes with practice. If you put in the efforts results will surely follow." Nuha Afra is an inspiration to those who stay at home, but wish to create an identity all the same.
To order Nuha's yummy home-bakes you can contact 9884187153.
Keywords: baker Nuha Afra, Chennai home bakers


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The Inside Story of the Armed Robot Pullout Rumor 105
from the see-how-these-things-get-started dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
There's something that really bothers me about this robotic warfare business - it doesn't seem fair to fight a war that doesn't put your troops at risk. My concern is that if the US were able to wage war with no risk of life at all, it might become quite a bit more despotic to other countries.
Geneva Conventions say that if army 1 uses civilians, hospitals, schools, etc. as a shield and fires on Army 2. Army 2 can fire back in self defense and any civilian casualties are the responsibility of Army 1.
During the Korean War, the North Korean soldiers would often hide in a group of refugees and open fire at a U.N. checkpoint. When the U.N. soldiers fired back in self defense, the propaganda corp would have a field day.
BTW, what is Osama binLaden's serial number? And what is the regulation uniform for his soldiers? think it's not important? Check the Geneva Conventions regarding such matters. (Hint - without these, the combatants are not considered soldiers and can be shot as spies.)
Foster-Miller has several robot product lines. The TALON line is widely deployed, mostly for bomb squad use and such. There are a number of variants. The SWORDS robots appear to have been a low-volume prototype design. The new MAARS line is more modular, with field-replaceable options ranging from a manipulator arm to a gun turret, and different configurations can replace the TALON and SWORDS units. If you look at the pictures, SWORDS looks like a prototype, with stuff bolted onto a TALON track base, but MAARS looks like a finished product.
They're all rather dumb teleoperators.
Foster-Miller also makes the Big Dog legged robot for Boston Dynamics. That thing actually has some autonomy, using Boston Dynamics software.
Professional wrestling: ballet for the common man.


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SYNOPSIS: When a group of religious zealots destroy everything that he loves and leaves him for dead, a man embarks on a journey of revenge that will take him through all the post-apocalyptic dangers that is WASTELAND. REVIEW: Best line: "Don't you look like a little snickerdoodle, and maaaan do I love snickerdoodles." Best line runner up: "Seems like we got ourselves a reeeaaal conundrum. A Mexican type standoff right here in California no less. … Continue reading


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Combines the power of a 14" with the control of a 13" hi-hat pair. Reverse Mastersound "Hybrid hammering" on bottom cymbal. Increased surface area on contact points between cymbals result in a warmer "chick". >More
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There capsul shaped and white there suppose to be a new lortab 7.5 but i cant seem to find any info on them
Answers (1)
17 Jan 2013
Pill imprint U02 has been identified as Acetaminophen and Hydrocodone Bitartrate 325 mg / 7.5 mg, made by Aurolife Pharma LLC. It has been on the market since April 2012.
It is a generic version of Norco, and contains the same ingredients (but in different strengths) as Lortab.
Further Information
- Lortab Information for Consumers
- Lortab Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Lortab (detailed)
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What do Lortab pills look like?I have some with the image of 1p110 and another one with the imprint?
... 1P119 are they lortab if they are who are the manufactors?
1 answer • 5 Jun 2009
What is this pill - with 'm 367' imprint?
which is stronger 10/325 Lortab or 10/500 Lortab or 10/325 percicets? sorry the spelling is not that good
1 answer • 5 Aug 2009
It is a white lortab shaped pill it has 1p 112 and a slash thru the middle on the back what is this?
... pill and what does it do
1 answer • 28 Oct 2010
What is this pill - with 44235 imprint?
Bright ish Blue / Looks similar to Lortab but more rounded on ends
1 answer • 4 Jan 2012
Is there really such thing as a 3.5 mg lortab? And how would you look that up on the pill identifie?
Is there really such thing as a 3.5 mg lortab? And how would you look that up on the pill identifier?
1 answer • 1 Feb 2012


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Optimized Technique to Minimize Packet Loss for Network Suffering From Blackhole Attack
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MANET being a self configuring and self changing network becomes unpredictable in nature poses number of challenges like network attacks including blackholes, wormholes, and gray holes along with problems like routing efficiency, distribution of load, energy consumption and security issues. Attacks like blackholes causes the delays in communication by their existence. MANET becomes more vulnerable to network attacks because of lack of centralized trusted authority. In MANET ad-hoc network all the routing information is managed by node itself. Routing protocols includes AODV, DSR, and DSDV etc.
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Bleeding Edge TV 465: Monster headphone lineup for 2013
Posted by Andru Edwards Categories: Accessories, CES, CES 2013, Features, Podcasts, Portable Audio / Video, Videocasts, Videos
Our friends at Monster have a full lineup of headphones that you can get your hands on in 2013, all with varying features, looks, and sound. We stopped by to give you the rundown of the entire line that we were able to get our hands on, including the Inspiration, Purity Pro, Diamond Tears, Diesel VEKTR, MVP Carbon, and more. We run the gamut bringing you pricing information and a look at each headphone model. We'll be looking to get our hands on everything for further testing and review, starting with the Purity Pro and Diamond Tears. In the meantime, check out the rundown, and hit us with your thoughts on what you'd like us to cover bring you more info on.
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Unboxing Live 105: Sonos Playbar
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Last week we hit you with our Sonos Playbar review, and we let you know that we would have the Playbar unboxing video up shortly. Well, here it is. As you know, we got an early look at the Sonos Playbar, and we open it up and give you an overview review in this episode of Unboxing Live! The Sonos Playbar fits right in to your home theater setup, providing you with 3.0 sound. Add in the Sonos SUB for 3.1, or a SUB and two PLAY:3 speakers for full 5.1 surround. The Playbar is the best soundbar out there as far as features go.
You can buy the Sonos Playbar for $699.
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Bleeding Edge TV 464: AnoStyle iPhone & iPad mini custom color service
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We check in with AnoStyle, the service that custom colors your iPhone or iPad mini, at CES 2013 in this episode. We're big fans of AnoStyle's iOS device coloring service, where they strip off Apple's anodizing, and re-anodize the devices with coloring that is 40x stronger than what Apple uses. It's impressive, striking, and people stop us and ask about it all the time. Of course, my devices are orange and white, Gear Live colors, no doubt.
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Unboxing Live 104: Amazon Kindle Paperwhite
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Amazon's Kindle Paperwhite is the first front-lit e-book reader that the company has released. Taking the spot as the prime e-ink reader in Amazon's Kindle line-up, the Paperwhite sports a touchscreen interface, Wi-Fi with 3G option, a paper-like display with lots of contrast, and of course, the light. We open up and set up the Kindle Paperwhite in this episode! Be sure to also check out Gear Live's full Kindle Paperwhite review, and our Kindle Paperwhite unboxing gallery.
You can buy the Kindle Paperwhite for $119.
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Bleeding Edge TV 463: Surface Type Cover review
Posted by Andru Edwards Categories: Accessories, Features, Microsoft, Podcasts, Product Reviews, Videocasts, Videos
We gave you a look at the Microsoft Surface Touch Cover in our last video, and now we are here to show you the Type Cover. Both are keyboard covers for Microsoft's Windows RT tablet, but the Type Cover features real mechanical keys. This means that it's more like a traditional keyboard than the Touch Cover...but it's also thicker as a result. Check out the video for our review of the Type Cover in this episode, and if you'd like one, you can pick up a Type Cover for $129.
Be sure to also check out our full Microsoft Surface review!
Unboxing Live 103: LG Optimus G
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In this episode we open up the Sprint LG Optimus G smartphone, which runs on Sprint's new 4G LTE network. LG's Optimus G device has a great display, is super-thin, and runs Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich at launch. You also might recognize the back of the device, as this is the phone that the Google Nexus 4 was based off of. The Sprint model sports an impressive 13 megapixel camera, allowing you to take super-high quality shots, which pairs up nicely with its stunning display.
Big thank you to GoToMeeting for sponsoring the show - be sure to check them out! GoToMeeting with HDFaces provides rich, super-simple collaborative virtual meetings.
Bleeding Edge TV 462: Surface Touch Cover review
Posted by Andru Edwards Categories: Accessories, Features, Microsoft, Podcasts, Product Reviews, Videocasts, Videos
We give you a look at the Microsoft Surface Touch Cover, the keyboard accessory for Microsoft's tablet, in this episode of Bleeding Edge TV. The Touch Cover offers a pressure-sensitive touch typing experience for the Surface, making it a super-thin, convenient way to type when using the tablet in kickstand mode with Windows RT. We give you a look at all the different colors available for the Touch Cover, attaching each to the Surface to give you a little bit of a fashion show, and review the overall functionality with a demo.
You can pick up the Touch Cover for $119.
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Apple released a Smart Cover accessory for the iPad mini, a smaller version of the iPad Smart Cover that costs the same $39 that the larger version costs. We thought the original model was great, and in this episode we let you know how we feel about the mini version of the display protector and tablet stand combo. We've got a few complaints about the functionality of the iPad mini Smart Cover. Check out the video for our thoughts!
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text: Gender Studies 333/Theatre Arts 350 Wasserstein and Her WorldSpring 2012Professor Erika Rundle Admission to the class is by application only. First Name: * Last Name: * Home Institution: * Class: * Major/Minor: * Email: * Why is it important for you to take this class? * What coursework has prepared you for this class? Be specific. * Do you have any previous knowledge of Wasserstein's work? If so, explain. * Please give a brief summary of your experience with theatrical productions or other forms of creative collaboration. * Please provide an analytical writing sample of approximately 500 words here. You may use an excerpt from a longer paper. * Note: After you submit this form, you may want to print the following page so you will have a copy of the details you submitted.


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In the News
Pediatric and obstetric health leaders from Stanford Children's Health and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford are frequently highlighted in local and national media for providing world-class, extraordinary care to children and expectant mothers. Following is a sampling of these media appearances.
7-year-old girl's kidney injury caused by shoelace accident ABC Bay Area, Chicago, Philly, New York; Yahoo! Good Morning America; Good Housekeeping 3/6-3/11. Patient story about a local child who tripped over her shoelaces and fell, injuring her kidney. Hsi-Yang Wu, MD provided comment on her case.
Diversity of pediatricians has not kept pace across the U.S. Medscape.com 3/9/15
Fernando Mendoza, MD, who surveyed U.S. pediatric department chairs, is quoted.
Pediatric surgeon Dennis Lund to become Stanford Children's Health chief medical officer Reuters; Becker's Hospital Review; Yahoo 3/9/2015. Press release announcing Dr. Lund as new chief medical officer.
Dr. Kenneth Cox steps down from CMO role Becker's ASC Review 3/9/15. Mention of Ken Cox, MD, being succeeded by Dennis Lund, MD, as CMO.
Stanford Children's Health names Dana Haering CFO Becker's ASC Review 3/9/15. External media announcement of Dana Haering's recent appointment as CFO.
Comprehensive Neuromuscular Clinic named Certified Duchenne Care Center by PPMD U-T San Diego; Reuters; Bloomberg 3/6/15. Our clinic is the eighth center to be certified by Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy (PPMD) .
Exotic micropumps and gels offer hope for hearing disorders Scientific American 3/11/15. Robert Jackler, MD, provides comment.
Speakers focus on women's issues at Los Altos American Association of University Women Event Los Altos Online 3/4/15. Sophia Yen, MD, is featured.
At iHT2-San Francisco, Healthcare IT Leaders see a long data analytics journey ahead Healthcare Informatics 3/3/15. Jonathan Palma, MD, is quoted.
Adverse Childhood Experiences Quiz –what it does and doesn't mean NPR 3/2/15. Hilit Kletter, PhD, clinical instructor of psychiatry, provides comment.
A look at stem cells and "chemobrain" Scope 3/3/15. Michelle Monje, MD, PhD, provides insight.
Mom asks Facebook users to send birthday wishes to son in hospital KRNV 3/10/15. About a 17-year-old brain surgery patient whose mom reached out to the media for birthday wishes.
Baby with rare heart defect saved by innovative surgery Bloomberg; Reuters; Scope 2/26/15. Press release Phoenix newborn who received lifesaving surgery through the work of a team led by Frank Hanley, MD.
Study: Exposing infants to peanuts may prevent peanut allergies KQED-FM 02/25/15.
Sharon Chinthrajah, MD was a featured guest during this segment.
Fertility and reproductive health services now offered at Stanford Children's Health Reuters; California Healthline; Pagina de Noticias; Pharmacy Choice; La Bolsa 02/23/15. Press release announcing the move of the Infertility and Reproductive Health Services Team from Stanford Health Care to Stanford Children's Health.
Bariatric surgery may improve pregnancy outcomes for obese women NYTimes.com, 02/25/15. John Morton, MD is quoted.
WWE offers unique experiences to fans Bloomberg; Miami Herald, Yahoo; Prowrestling.net; 1Wrestling.com 2/26/15. WWE announcement of the launch of Superstars for Hope, a fundraising campaign on a crowd funding platform, to benefit LPCH. Christopher G. Dawes is quoted in the press release.
Peanut news, in perspective HappyHealthyKids.com (blog) 2/27/15. Kari Nadeau, MD, PhD, puts new research into perspective with Q&A.
Is marijuana less harmful than alcohol, tobacco? NBC 2/25/15. Seth Ammerman, MD, medical director of the teen health van, is quoted, reaffirming the AAP's opposition to legalization.
Panelists tell community: listen more, listen deeply Palo Alto Online 2/26/15. Shashank Joshi, MD, and Steven Adelsheim, MD, are featured.
Valley Children's Hospital NICU performs the highest level of care Fresno Bee 2/28/15. LPCH is named as working closely with them on transplant cases.
Neuroscience in court; the painful truth Nature, 2/25/15. Sean Mackey, MD, PhD, provides insight.
Conjoined twins separated in Texas Food World News, 2/24/15. LPCH was mentioned as having a past successful separation of conjoined twins.
Hormonal Changes in the First Trimester of Pregnancy ModernMom 02/25/15. Hospital is cited as information source.
Cochlear implants give young boy with Down Syndrome a new lease on life Yahoo; CNBC; 2/4/15. Internally developed patient story. Kay Chang, MD and John Oghalai, MD are quoted.
Researcher's wearable electronics study could lead to better MRI imaging Phys.Org 02/16/15. Researchers are collaborating with radiologist Shreyas Vasanawala, MD.
Cancer patients get superhero transformations KNTV 2/13/15, 2/14/15 (not available online).
Coverage of a Recreation Therapy & Child Life event with nonprofit SUPERHOPE.
Kim Roberts honored with 2015 Tribute to Women Award AP; TMC.net; Morningstar 02/12/15. Kim Roberts is one of thirty-six women selected to receive a 2015 Tribute to Women Award.
Are local doctor's offices seeing change in vaccine behavior due to current measles outbreak? CBS 5, 2/12/15 (not available online). David Wanderman, MD of Peninsula Pediatrics Medical Group and Stanford Children's Health interviewed.
Community, district organize forums to discuss student wellness Palo Alto Online 02/14/15.
The hospital is mentioned as partnering with community organizations for events about student wellness.
A Nut a Day Keeps the Doctor Away Mountain View Voice, 2/6/15. Article about the Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy Research at Stanford. Whitney Block, NP is quoted.
Big Data Redefines the Traditional Scientific Methods Used in Medicine Tech Republic; Yahoo 2/12/15. Jennifer Frankovich, MD and Atul Butte, MD, are featured.
Childhood obesity: Educating parents is most important San Jose Mercury News 02/13/15 Opinion article authored by Thea Runyan, MPH.
Board of Directors at Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford appoints two new members TMCnet 02/06/15. Press release announcing the addition of Elaine Chambers and William S. Thompson to the Board of Directors, effective January 1, 2015.
Several studies have examined the effect of sugar on behavior and found no evidence of a real "sugar high" ZocDoc (blog) 2/6/15. Tom Robinson, MD, MPH is quoted.
Hospitals launching pilots of Apple health tech Reuters; Yahoo; GlobalPost; 2/5/15
LPCH is mentioned in association with a pilot program of Apple's HealthKit service.
Annual Hunger Action Summit: "Food as Medicine: The Intersection of Hunger and Health" Santa Clara Weekly, 2/4/15. The advocacy work of Lisa Chamberlain, MD, MPH, is mentioned.
Vaccine efforts focus on shot-shy parents SF Chronicle 2/2/15. Yvonne Maldonado, MD, is quoted in the front page article.
Stanford launches major effort to expedite vaccine discovery with $50 million grant SF Business Journal; SCOPE 1/29/15. Yvonne Maldonado, MD, and Atul Butte, PhD, are mentioned.
American Academy of Pediatrics report opposing marijuana legalization NY Times; Chicago Tribune; Science Times 1/26-1/28/15. Position authored by Seth Ammerman MD, opposing legalization of recreational and medical marijuana use because of the threat it poses to the health of children and adolescents.
Case illuminates immune system-psychiatric disorder link Medical Xpress 1/26/15. Story of one patient's case of reaching a diagnosis through our PANS clinic.
3 signs that you kid is too old to see a pediatrician The Stir 1/26/15. Neville Golden, MD, provides insight for parents of tweens and teens.
Measles outbreak in California KQED 1/23/15. Yvonne Maldonado, MD phoned into KQED's Forum as an expert on infectious diseases.
In addition, Dr. Maldonado also provided a media Q&A about the pertussis (whooping cough) epidemic in California. Issued as a press release on 1/21, picked up by various online media outlets.
Integrating mindfulness into regular curriculum in the Ravenswood City School District San Jose Mercury News; Palo Alto Weekly; CBS5 1/21/15. New program/study launch event on 1/21. Victor Carrion, MD, study lead is mentioned and quoted.
Many of state's smallest babies not referred for follow-up care, study finds Health Canal and various online media outlets 1/23/15. Summary of study findings from SOM led by Susan Hintz, MD.
Local teen fighting stigma about Tourette's Syndrome SJ Mercury; Inside Bay Area 1/16/15. Article profiles a San Mateo teen working to ease stigma around the condition. Anita Kishore, MD provides comment.
Grandparent classes teaches old hands new baby routines SF Chronicle; Scope 1/20/15. Chronicle article interviews Marilyn Swarts, program co-creator and co-leader, as well as two participants.
Expansion project celebrates structural completion milestone Yahoo; Yahoo Mexico; Reuters; various online publications 1/21/15. Coverage of Jan. 14 topping off ceremony and sharing details on the plan and vision for the expansion program.
Teen travels 3000 miles for life-changing "stealth surgery" Healthier, Happy Lives 1/21/15. Story highlighting a case correcting a 19 year-old girl's torticollis (wry-neck) condition via stealth surgery technique performed by Sanjeev Dutta, MD.
Facts about being pregnant and overweight Health24 1/19/15. Deirdre Lyell, MD, provides insight.
If your toddler 'W' sits you may need to take a closer look The Stir (Café Mom) 1/16/15. Samantha Dutrow, PT, DPT, CSCS, physical therapist is quoted.
Environment, not genes, dictates human immune variation, study finds NY Times; USNews.com; SF Chronicle; Inside Stanford Medicine; Science Daily; Health Canal; EurekaAlert 1/15/15. Cornelia Dekker, MD, study co-author is mentioned.
More collaboration among clinicians may reduce medical errors American Journal of Managed Care 1/20/15. Summarizing recent study published in JAMA, Lauren Destino, MD is quoted
Local high school wrestling champ is better than ever after LPCH surgery CalHi Sports 1/12/15. Television story about local student athlete who found a solution for his lifelong leg deformation (verrucous hemangioma) with Rohit Khosla, MD.


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