text:
National Defense:
Standard Missile-3 Block IIB Analysis of Alternatives
GAO-13-382R: Published: Feb 11, 2013. Publicly Released: Feb 11, 2013.
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
(202) 512-4841
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What GAO Found
GAO has previously reported that the SM-3 Block IIB program did not conduct a formal analysis of alternatives (AoA) prior to beginning technology development. AoAs provide insight into the technical feasibility and costs of alternatives by determining if a concept can be developed and produced within existing resources. Although the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) is not required to do an AoA for its programs because of its acquisition flexibilities, GAO has previously reported that an AoA can be a key step to ensure that new programs have a sound acquisition basis.
While program management officials identified two reviews that they consider similar to an AoA, the reviews were not intended to be AoAs, and they did not address all of the key questions that would normally be included as part of an AoA. For example, the reviews did not consider the life-cycle costs for each alternative or the programmatic risks of the alternatives. Further, while the reviews did consider alternatives that could provide validated capabilities, the range of alternatives considered did not include other (non-Aegis) missile options that could provide an additional layer of defense to the United States. This narrow range of alternatives is particularly problematic because it limits the quality of the answers that can be provided for other key questions.
As the program has progressed, additional analysis has led to changes in the initial program assumptions and results that suggest additional development and investment will be needed by the program to defend the United States. MDA initially assumed that SM-3 Block IIB interceptors would be based on land at host nation facilities in Romania and Poland. However, subsequent MDA analyses demonstrated:
1. The Romania site was not a good location from a flight path standpoint for defending the United States with the SM-3 Block IIB.
2. The Poland site may require the development of the ability to launch the interceptor earlier--during the boost phase of the threat missile--to be useful for defense of the United States.
3. A ship-based SM-3 Block IIB in the North Sea is a better location for defense of the United States and it does not require launch during boost capabilities.
While MDA's initial assumption was the missile was to be land-based, the program is now requiring the SM-3 Block IIB to be ship and land compatible. However, if the SM-3 Block IIB is sea based and uses a liquid propellant, there are significant safety risks and unknown but likely significant cost implications. Navy has stated that the program may develop concepts with liquid propellants, but it has not made a final decision regarding whether it will overturn its 1988 ban on liquid propellants on ships and allow a sea-based SM-3 Block IIB to use liquid propellants.
To some extent, this progression has been driven by the early decision to narrow solutions to an Aegis-based missile without the benefit of a robust analysis of other alternatives. While this does not mean the SM-3 Block IIB is not a viable choice, GAO has previously reported that without fully exploring alternatives, programs may not achieve an optimal concept for the war fighter, are at risk for cost increases, and can face schedule delays or technology maturity challenges.
Why GAO Did This Study
This letter formally transmits the briefing GAO provided on January 29, 2013 to the House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces. This is the first report GAO is issuing in response to a Congressional September 4, 2012, request that GAO examine several issues related to the European Phased Adaptive Approach (EPAA), which is a policy announced by the President in September 2009 for missile defense of Europe and the United States that is planned to provide increased defense capability over time. This report covers one part of the request, how alternatives were evaluated for the Standard Missile-3 (SM-3) Block IIB, a planned missile for that effort. The remaining topics Congress requested will be addressed in future GAO work. The SM-3 Block IIB's planned primary mission is to help defend the United States by providing an added layer of defense to that already provided by ground based interceptors in California and Alaska. It is planned to have significantly greater capabilities than prior versions of the SM-3, which defend against different threats. It is also expected to contribute to regional defense against medium- and intermediate-range ballistic missiles. The SM-3 Block IIB program began in June 2010. The SM-3 Block IIB is planned to be fielded by 2022 at the earliest as part of the fourth phase of U.S. missile defense in Europe.
GAO's specific objectives were: (1) To what extent was an analysis of alternatives (AoA) or AoA-like analysis conducted for the SM-3 Block IIB? and (2) Has there been subsequent analysis that affects the factors underlying the original decision to pursue the SM-3 Block IIB?
For more information, contact Cristina Chaplain at (202) 512-4841 or at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Mar 19, 2015
Military Personnel:Actions Needed to Address Sexual Assaults of Male ServicemembersGAO-15-284: Published: Mar 19, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 19, 2015.
Mar 16, 2015
Operational Contract Support:Actions Needed to Enhance the Collection, Integration, and Sharing of Lessons LearnedGAO-15-243: Published: Mar 16, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 16, 2015.
Mar 12, 2015
Defense Acquisitions:Assessments of Selected Weapon ProgramsGAO-15-342SP: Published: Mar 12, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 12, 2015.
Mar 2, 2015
Defense Acquisitions:Better Approach Needed to Account for Number, Cost, and Performance of Non-Major ProgramsGAO-15-188: Published: Mar 2, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 2, 2015.
Feb 26, 2015
Defense Logistics:Improvements Needed to Accurately Assess the Performance of DOD's Materiel Distribution PipelineGAO-15-226: Published: Feb 26, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 26, 2015.
Feb 24, 2015
Acquisition Reform:DOD Should Streamline Its Decision-Making Process for Weapon Systems to Reduce InefficienciesGAO-15-192: Published: Feb 24, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 24, 2015.
Feb 18, 2015
Contingency Contracting:Contractor Personnel Tracking System Needs Better Plans and GuidanceGAO-15-250: Published: Feb 18, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 18, 2015.
Feb 11, 2015
Building Partner Capacity:DOD Should Improve Its Reporting to Congress on Challenges to Expanding Ministry of Defense Advisors ProgramGAO-15-279: Published: Feb 11, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 11, 2015.
Defense Business Transformation:DOD Has Taken Some Steps to Address Weaknesses, but Additional Actions Are NeededGAO-15-213: Published: Feb 11, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 11, 2015.
Jan 29, 2015
DOD Acquisitions:Opportunities May Exist to Increase Utility of Nondevelopmental Items Pilot ProgramGAO-15-285: Published: Jan 29, 2015. Publicly Released: Jan 29, 2015.
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My Neighbors did me in...
Well, we have been organic in terms of Lawn fertilizers for around 2 years now. Primarily using Gardens Alive fertilizers which include a few different types of meals and corn gluten, as well as milorganite. The reason we did this was because the results of Scotts were brutal and we wanted to try something different.
While we are kind to the outdoors, I can't lie and say that played a huge factor. I work for many people and use chemicals without hesitation. I also use some chemical ferts for plant use and do some spot spraying of lawn weeds. But in hindsight, it is a good feeling to use organic as much as possible.
Overall, while going Organic the lawn has done a complete turn-around and the results have been great. While I have to say I improved some practices such as mowing higher and using better seed since then, I am a true organic believer in regards of being able to have beautiful grass using the methods.
The problem is that my neighbors use little to no fertilizer and we live in a typical suburban area where lawns connect in areas and a lot of his weeds have crept over. You can literally see the line of healthy grass to their grass and the corn glutten held strong, but it can only do so much since it only prevents germination. It did that quite beautiful in my yard in terms of crabgrass and clover. But since a lot of clover, etc germinated in neighbor's yard, Rows of it have crept over along with some other weeds.
My dad wants me to get some lesco weed and feed. I can't say I disagree too much, but I just hate to think that it may (or will) destroy much of the good we have tried to build and accomplish in the lawn the last two years in terms of microbes, etc. If at all, should I get the 0-0-8, mainly a straight up weed killer? Just a rant, but any opinions are welcomed. How much will this set us back in terms of what we have tried to build in our lawn? Thanks
Killing the "neighbor's weeds" in your property won't solve the problem permanently...Why not consider cutting in a flower/shrub bed along the property line? This would prevent the "drifting" of weeds from their property to yours, and would help you maintain the organic environment you've created...
Best of luck
This is a totally frustrated vent. (This ended up so long I doubt anyone will read it all the way to the end so I'll post a response and question first!)
To the first post: was good to hear positive results about the corn gluten. I started the year with that and thought it was helping some but the Safe Lawns opinion was that it didn't work so I stopped.
Has anyone used the Gardens Alive IRON-X?
I have had both ends of the spectrum- out of control weeds (and fescue seed) and now out of control chemicals.
New neighbors who had never had a lawn moved in. They are uphill and 90% of the time upwind. I get all their gutter water and some of the french drain water where it comes out at the street.
My beautiful Bermuda lawn is totally organic. Normal hand weeding was time intense for about 6 weeks in the Spring and then a handful of weeds a couple a times a week for the rest of the season.
1st year-Neighbor used heavy weed killer to spot kill weeds and edged the lawn with it. Bare spots that washed out then filled with weeds. To combat bare spots, he over seeded the entire lawn with a fescue blend (several times because the seed was not sprouting in his yard-it was all washing down and sprouting in mine!) I was in the last semester of an intense full time social work graduate program and had been eager to get back to my beloved yard-work. Instead I spent 8-10 hours almost every day for over 2 months, hand weeding the fescue and other weeds out. About July, I finally had it manageable. Then with the first cooler weather around October, a whole fresh crop of grass began to sprout. I spent the winter weeding it out. I've never had to weed in the winter.
This year: Neighbor went 2-3 weeks between times he mowed letting thousands of weeds go to seed. Then he hired a landscaping service to chemically treat his lawn. That was early April and it still stinks (mid-June).
Each time the service came, I asked what was being applied because I have two little dogs who potty out there and because of my own exposure with all the weeding I am still doing. And because I had just paid $2,000 for 300' of cat fencing I had planned to put behind the house (where the water from the neighbor's yard goes on its way to the creek).
First time, the man said "Stonewall" & "Momentum" and that he "didn't use pesticides, he only used herbicides". Not very reassuring. (He needs to do a web search "EPA:what is a pesticide?") As a completely organic gardener, a web search left me nauseated and frustrated that the careful organic balance I had established was about to become history.
As I continued to hand weed, I stopped seeing the earthworms that would surface to get away from the old screwdriver I use to loosen weed roots. Instead, I started seeing them dead, first in the gutter and on the driveway and lately on top of the blades of grass.
I had a naturalized bed below one part of the neighbor's lawn-my native periwinkle is dying and I lost several native purple asters. The chemicals in the above products are exactly what is recommended to get rid of periwinkle. When I mentioned the Stonewall specifically to the same service man, he said "Oh, we don't use that anymore". Definitely, not very reassuring, actually more than a little scary.
After that conversation, the neighbor's wife came out and criticized me for talking to "their service" saying unless I was planning on hiring them she didn't see any reason for me to be speaking to them.
Then she dropped the latest bomb. They are going to have the entire lawn killed off, then the yard tilled and re-sodded with zoysia. When I expressed concern about what that would do to my lawn, she got really defensive and declared that they "weren't trying to destroy my yard".(I bit my tongue and didn't tell her what a great job they had been doing without even trying.) Then told me I needed to talk to her husband because she had "far more important things to do". Again, I bit my tongue and didn't tell her about the "far more important things I had to do" than pull up their weeds and grass seedlings or stand with the hose washing their chemicals out of my flowerbeds (the lawn service's suggestion for my dying plants).
The Homeowner's Association says it is "soft-scaping" vs hard landscape changes so they don't need approval.
I had planned to do what another comment suggested-put in a raised berm for a crape myrtle bed and am still waiting for the approval of the architectural review board.
So, my neighbor's wife did not get the thrilled response she expected when she also told me they were thinking about putting in a mimosa or a magnolia tree ("you know those really big trees with the huge white flowers")in the little space left between my beautiful weeping willow and their ornamental cherry. There would go the sunlight for my crape myrtles, and, oh boy, I might get to pull out mimosa seedlings along with the cherry seedlings and the weeds that will be sprouting from this year's massive weed crop.
Her talk of their plans is really baffling since they have had a "for sale" sign in their yard for over a year.
I've begun to wonder if maybe I need one, too.
I feel for you guys. My neighbors are the "Zero-scape" sorts... Dead lawns, only mow occasionally, etc... and as you know -- it breeds lots and lots of weeds. We have *Large* mulch beds between properties -- like 20' of mulch... and this goes a long way towards keeping weeds and drainage problems under control.
I think a tastefully done raised bed planter with rail-road tie or layers of rocks for the edging would go a long way to both look nice, and to correct some of the drainage and weed problems....
As for aggravating neighbors -- They are everywhere... Not much you can do...
Best of luck


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Please tear apart my kitchen design :)
This is a complete gut and remodel. The limitations are: we cannot move any walls or windows that you see in the pictures. The fridge also needs to stay where it is. Other than that, plumbing, electrical are up for grabs.
The long wall (with the range) is 16'6" long. The wall with the sink is 10'6". The island is 7' by 3'6".
The range and hood pictured is 30", but we are going with a 36" range.
There is a pantry kitty-corner from the island, around the corner from the fridge. There is a microwave space on the island, across from the range.
I have a family of four. We cook dinner 5-6 nights a week, and make a lot of food at home. We don't do much baking.
My questions:
1. I was thinking of putting a prep sink on the fridge side of the range. Can it be at the end of the counter? Or should it be on the island? (I somewhat prefer a bare island....but could be convinced otherwise)
2. Since the hood shown will be wider by 6 inches, the cabinets on each side of the hood will need to shrink. Should I still have two cabinets on each side of the hood, or just do one bigger one on each side?
3. We are considering doing a second dishwasher. There isn't a great spot for one. If we move the main sink down (to be very un-centered with the window) we could get a slim dishwasher to the right of the sink. Or maybe we could put it in the island? Or maybe near the prep sink?
4. The current trash/recycle bin is next to the dishwasher. I think that we will make more trash on the other side of the kitchen. The rest of my family is very challenged about getting the trash into the can. Where is the best spot for the trash/recycle cabinet?
Any all other critiques and comments are welcome. Thank you so much!
I love all the light you'll get through those windows! Looks like it will be a beautiful kitchen.
Yes, to one large cabinet on either side of the hood vs two small cabinets.
Can you post a drawing with dimensions? The experts will want to see how much space you have between all your walkways, etc. The drawing can be on graph paper, just need to show the distances.
Also, if you want advice on how the space flows with the adjoining rooms, draw those as well.
No expert here but I can give my 2 cents.
Depending on how bad you want 2 DW, I believe you could move your sink base to the left 15". You would still need a 3" cabinet or side for the DW. Though it would be off centered, depending if your sink is undermount and how "showy" you faucet it might be something you can live with. Also though you can't move the window, if you had it partitioned into 3 windows instead of the picture window that might help too.
I'm not one for prep sink, but one on the very right under the window seems like a prime spot for it.
You could put the trash/recycling in the island perhaps (nearest to the frig end).
I second 1 larger cabinet instead of 2 smaller ones.
Overall great job IMO!
Hi, Rebecca. Your design is very charming. I love what setting the window on one wall low and the others higher does for each wall. It's going to look wonderful.
Since I'm not one of the hawkeyes who catch measurement issues, speaking from my experience with my own, similar kitchen,
1. I'm guessing that putting a prep sink in the right corner would make such a terrifically efficient and pleasant prep area between stove and refrigerator that you could keep it bare and beautiful a good part of the time.
If you put it on the island to make that your main prep area, I think I'd put it on the left side of the island as shown so the area opposite the stove and on the right side was open counter for working, with landing area on the right end from the refrigerator and pantry. (BTW, where IS food storage?)
Note that this last is my setup and if you're at all like me you'll usually be cleaning up two counters -- island where you start and to right of stove as you continue over there. Could right of stove be your main prep for most daily cooking tasks, or do you want to typically work facing family?
Also note that I never did get around to installing my prep sink in the island (it's waiting in the basement) and my island is very heavily used anyway. Thus, although I think putting a prep sink in the corner would make that an extremely workable prep area, it should not keep you from working at the island all you chose.
2. Agree with one cabinet on each side of the hood, set away from it to give it some visual breathing room.
It's good that the hood'll be 6" larger, and it might even be a somewhat larger still, for both visual and venting purposes. Check the specs for venting. Visually speaking, IMO my 42" hood over a 36" stove flanked by some 32" double-hung windows is barely large enough to not look small. It's wood built on a relatively light scale as I didn't want a big, massive look, and I thought it would look larger than it does. (At that, it has more visual mass than a lightweight metal one would have.)
4. Assuming a garbage disposal, I'd prefer the trash at the main prep area, since that's where almost all mine is developed. Recycling could go near the outside, such on as the cleanup end of the island, where family could get at it easily.
Since it's so nice to just briskly sweep mess into it, if you prep to the right of the stove I think I'd really want the indulgence of a cook's trash there, with a second receptacle for family at the cleanup end of the island, along with the recycling.
If you prep on the island, maybe one trash on the inside of the island but at the left end so it's convenient to the cleanup area too?
Where do you plan to keep the dishes? Do the cabinets right by the DW accommodate all the dishes, glasses, and silverware? If not, you could include dish drawers in the island.
Wonderful windows! What a joy it will be to cook in there :) You will want to keep them sparkling, so include space for a stepstool so you can reach them with a cloth.
Put up an overhead view with dimensions; it's easier to see flow.
1- I'd prefer to have the sink and the range on the same counter with around 48" in between. But I can't tell from the drawings if that would put you right in front of the fridge or not.
2- Bigger ones on each side.
3- I think I'd like both DW in the same area, otherwise I guess one would easily end up with 2 half full DWs. Moving the main sink to the right and having both DWs on the left might be another option. One or both could have panelled fronts.
4- Trash could be on the island. If you have the prep sink on the perimeter, the cab nearest the fridge, if the sink is on the island, cab at the other end near the main sink.
I think you need to check your aisles. Experts would give much better advice when you post your dimensions as Cindy suggested.
Here is a cleaner picture, although there aren't any measurements.
This picture also shows only 30" for the range, but we will be doing 36".
Thanks for the input so far! This has been very helpful.
I planned on putting everyday dishes and silverware in the drawers to the left of the range since that is closest to the dishwasher. To the right of the range would be larger and less frequently used items (pots, pans, baking sheets). Does that make sense for clean-up and work flow?
Thanks for the thoughts on the possible 2nd dishwasher. I agree that shifting the sink off-center and putting the second one there make the most sense...but I do love that symmetry. What about putting it at the prep sink (either on the perimeter or island). Would that be a big compromise for work-flow?
Thank you for the compliments! My architect designed the windows. It gives me something to look foward to when this huge project is done.
My kitchen has a similar layout (in regards to fridge, cooktop and cleanup sink locations.) Our prep sink is in the island, although I wish I had enough room to put it where you are considering yours..... between cooktop and fridge. It would be more convenient when transferring prepped ingredients to the cooktop and more convenient to have an entire island counter to use.
Our trash is a large cabinet on an end of the island. It opens on two sides. So, in our case, the trash is located between the two sinks. Someone at the cleanup sink can open the trash area from their side, while someone at the prep sink or cooktop can open from their side as well. Consider that if your heart isn't set on a pull out trash.
I would suggest, at least, that your trash is located in the island. In your kitchen, I would want placement to be on the pantry/fridge side of the island. Most of our trash is generated from unpacking pantry/fridge items and/or prepping. If your prep sink and fridge/pantry are on the same side of your kitchen, I would definitely put the trash there...
If I'm not mistaken the aisle dimensions given in the drawing are not from edge to edge. So the 3' 8" in front of the main sink will actually be 3' 5" if counter over hangs are 1.5" on the sink wall and the island. When DW door is open it would be quite tight imo. Maybe you should consider a smaller island.
I have a similar layout and I like it. I would try to do a trash - sink - dw setup so for clean up, a person cast and at sink, scrape dishes into trash, and fill dw. Might not be as important if you have a garbage disposal.
Also, your island will be the landing zone for fridge.
I like to prep at island and I have my prep sink on island. It's more social than prepping on the range wall as you show. Personal decision.
Good luck.


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whirlpool conquest wont make ice
boscher99August 26, 2012
i have a whirlpool gd25dixhw02 fridge. the icemaker will only make ice when you pour water in the tray. i have replaced both control boards and the fill valve. you hear snoise like its filling but no water. i used a blowdryer to thaw rubber filler in icemaker. it still wont fill. when you open freezer door red light blinks twice repeatedly. if you hold door switch down red light stays lit.


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By Jef With One F
The 10 Biggest Rockers Living in Texas
By Rocks Off
By Chris Lane
By Angelica Leicht
By Corey Deiterman
Drake Returns to Warehouse Live
By Brando
By Angelica Leicht
6 Bands No One Noticed Broke Up
By Corey Deiterman
While, despite Donelly's departure, the Throwing Muses didn't break up, they have almost missed the Kurt Cobain-driven alternative bandwagon. Their latest release, University, comes three years after their pre-alternative Red Heaven. During this break, or leave of absence, or whatever, the Muses' frontwoman Kristin Hersh released a solo album, Hips and Makers. Now, back together again and on the road, the Throwing Muses -- singer/songwriter/guitarist Hersh, bassist Bernard Georges and drummer David Narcizo -- sound well and fine; Hersh's songs may have lost some of their surreal edge, but they're more developed and listenable as a whole. While some may view this easy-access incarnation of the Muses as being a lame marketing technique, it's probably more the extension of Hersh's life as a mom in her music. (Hersh's sons, Dylan and Ryder James, do the kidspeak thing on University's title track.) With University, and with many fans of today's mainstream/alternative rock discovering them for the first time, the Throwing Muses may finally receive the recognition they've long deserved. Their show at Rockefeller's shouldn't be missed, if for no reason other than the fact that alternative rock shows are a rarity at the venue.
-- Joe Hon
Throwing Muses plays at 8 p.m. Wednesday, April 5 at Rockefeller's. Ass Ponys open. Tickets are $13. Call 869-8427 for info.
Also Recommended:
* dead horse at Urban Art Bar, Saturday, April 1.
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Professional Services
Company Overview of Cahill Gordon & Reindel LLP
Company Overview
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Founded in 1919
Key Executives for Cahill Gordon & Reindel LLP
Cahill Gordon & Reindel LLP Key Developments
Cahill Gordon & Reindel LLP announced that Sean P. Tonolli, former Assistant United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia, has joined the firm as a Senior Attorney in its Washington, D.C. office. Mr. Tonolli served as an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia from 2010 to 2014, where he prosecuted dozens of cases.
Rutgers University announced the appointment of Cahill Gordon & Reindel LLP to conduct the planned independent review of the circumstances surrounding inappropriate behavior within the men's basketball program and the university's handling of the matter. The review, first announced on April 8, will begin immediately and examine the university's process for the handling of issues concerning former head basketball coach Mike Rice, who was dismissed April 3. As a result of the review, Cahill Gordon will also make recommendations on any actions that should be taken by the Rutgers administration and the university's governing bodies. The results of the review will be made public.
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iHome Portable Stereo System
$20 free shippingShop Now
Posted 1 week 5 days ago
aSavings offers the iHome Portable Stereo System, model no. iD55SC, for $19.99 with free shipping. That's the lowest total price we could find by $18. It features a sliding cover, Reson8 speaker chambers, and docking station that charges and plays iPhone, iPad and iPod.


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Andrew Frank Crowned Champion of Make Me Laugh St. Louis, Heads West to Alaska
Corey Woodruff Andrew Frank performing at The Elvis Room.
St. Louis comic Andrew Frank has proven himself to be one of the most talented, committed and dynamic comedians working in the city. In the past six months he landed himself the opening spot at the Pageant for Anthony Jeselnik, worked a clean set at Lumière Theatre for Kevin Nealon, regularly showcased at independent shows across the city and continues to feature at the Funny Bone on a monthly basis. He's a staple in the open mic scene and, given the opportunity, will perform on multiple shows a night.
This past week he displayed how hard work can and will pay off. Make Me Laugh, a nationally touring amateur standup comedy competition, crowned him the funniest comic in St. Louis. And just a day later, Frank skipped town to join the Comedy's Best Kept Secret tour alongside Dan Frigolette and Erik Anker. The tour will head all the way to Anchorage, Alaska, stopping in ten cities along the way. Frank will also receive professional head shots and a website to better promote his comedy career.
RFT Music sat down with Andrew Frank after his recent set at Taytro's Bistro in Festus and picked his brain about his next moves, as well as his expectations for the tour.More »


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Scratch - Tonite ft. Musiq Soulchild
Artist: Scratch
Featuring: Musiq Soulchild
Producer: Scratch
Album: Loss 4 Wordz
Avg Rating: 3.2 ( 14 votes )
When we featured Let's Go back in early March, many reviewers agreed that Scratch's old-school beatboxing is something that new-school hip-hop needs more of. On this newly-released record, the Roots alumnus demonstrates that the sadly-neglected art can work just as well in an R&B context. Here, his oral percussion, along with a Latin-influenced keyboard accompaniment, set a retro mood as Musiq Soulchild asks a female he's had his eye on, "What you doin' Tonite?" Of course, the singer comes prepared with several rhyming suggestions for the night's activities—they could "take a long trip," "catch a flick," "chill at the crib," "roll in the whip," or, you know, they could skip all of that and just, "do it (wicka-wicka!)." A throwback track that nonetheless feels utterly fresh, Tonite is set to appear on the May 26th release of Scratch's Loss 4 Wordz.
Written by richard on 04/2/09
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First DJ Booth Appearance:
"Let's Go ft. Peedi Crakk" (2009)
Total DJ Booth Features:
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Washington Post Editor Ben Bradlee – Where Have All the Mentors Gone?
Thursday, October 23rd, 2014
by Charlene Giannetti on Living Around
In the 1970s, newspaper reporters starting out wanted to be Woodward and Bernstein and work for an editor like Ben Bradlee. In the midst of
Making Spirits Bright: Books About Wine, Beer, And Other Potent Potables
Thursday, December 22nd, 2011
by Michall Jeffers on Reading Around
I was recently requested to recommend a book for a somewhat irascible relative of a friend of mine. I asked, "What are his hobbies? What
Woman Around Town: Robin Wright—Fearless Historian
Monday, June 27th, 2011
by Robin Weaver on Woman Around Town
Robin Wright has reported from more than a 140 countries on six continents for such prestigious publications as the Los Angeles Times, The Sunday Times
Park Hyatt's Masters of Food and Wine in June
Wednesday, May 18th, 2011
by Montana Lee on Dining Around
If you are like me, you are already starting to plan your summer weekends. And one weekend you won't want to miss is the Park


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Loose headphone connection replacement necessary?
I'm loosing one half of the audio signal from the headphone jack, I can jiggle the jack and get both channels, but not for long.
Can the headphone jack be tightened in the Ipod, or am I looking at replacement?
Edited by: Jim ( ) , oldturkey03 ( )
Ok, thanks, I can replace the battery and the jack while I have the ipod open Jim
Jim did you get it accomplished and how is your iPod
Yes, replaced both the battery and the headphone jack, ipod is working like new. Ifixit should recommend having a magnifying glass on hand when working on some of the connectors. This old fart really needed it!
Sure know what you mean :) I never knew how old I was until I started with those iPods. Now I do not do any work without my trusty magnifiers and my USB microscope :) Anyhow Jim, all you have left is to accept an answer so that we know your case is resolved. Best of luck to you
Accepted Answer
There is no way you can tighten the connection. Personally I would just go ahead and replace it. It is not a very difficult job and parts are readily available To open it up and replace the jack follow these instructions iPod 5th Generation (Video) Headphone Jack & Hold Switch Replacement Good Luck and let us know how it is progressing :)


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Dr. Nephtali Kogan, MD
Cardiovascular Disease
- 800 Diestefield G01
Elk Grove Village, IL 60007
- 2 Locations
- (847) 781-8600
Dr. Nephtali Kogan graduated from the University of Illinois, Chicago College of Medicine in 1987. He works in Elk Grove Village, IL and 1 other location and specializes in Cardiovascular Disease. Dr. Kogan is affiliated with Adventist Glenoaks Hospital, Advocate Good Shepherd Hospital, Alexian Brothers Medical Center and Saint Alexius Medical Center. He speaks English, Polish and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Languages Spoken: English, Polish, Spanish
Cardiovascular Disease
Medical School: University of Illinois, Chicago College of Medicine; Graduated 1987
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


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Pride Sports 3.25" Golf Tees - 75 Pack
Product Information:
Practice your golf game at your convenience any time of the year with the Pride PTS Profession Tee System. Golf tees are the most important part of your first golf shot to get your tractory just right.
- 3 1/4" golf tees
- 75 pack
Country of Origin: ChinaWeb ID: 3977717
Customer Reviews:
Pride Sports 3.25" Golf Tees - 75 Pack 106 106
Pride Sports 3.25" Golf Tees Excellent tee for teeing it up high for my Driver. March 10, 2015
grips grips are very good quality. Only shop at Dick's for grips. January 27, 2015
Great tees Very good inexpensive tees. I love them. They have a marker on them that let you consistently place the tee the same distance into the ground. January 13, 2015
Great, durable tee Personally my favorite tees to use. Durable tee with painted marks to help consistently tee at same height. November 18, 2014
Love these Easy to set depth and if you need a tee every drive who cares they are cheap and if the cost of a tee bothers you I don't know what to say November 2, 2014
Tees Easily able to keep tees at a consistent depth. Definitely makes a difference. October 10, 2014
good tees Good tees for all purposes. lots of room for adjustments. October 9, 2014
Tee it High and Let it FLY!!!! These are the greatest tees for driving. These tees allow you to tee the ball high and catch the ball on the up swing, which in turn increases the height and carry of your drives. These are the Best!!!! September 30, 2014
Only ones I use Good product thank you for having them available shorten your review requirement September 16, 2014
Great tee! Great product. You can use them with driver, irons, woods and hybrids. I can't play a round without one. September 9, 2014


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Lady Gaga Fans at US Airways Center
By Melissa Fossum
The Evolution of the Metal Stage Show and the End of...
By Lauren Wise
By New Times
The Story of Kalliope, Phoenix's Extraordinary Party Car
By Amanda Savage
By Jason P. Woodbury
How a Single Tweet Launched A Cloud for Climbing
By Troy Farah
By New Times
After the New Times Music Showcase last month, you'd think we'd have our fill of democracy in action. But no -- we'll take any chance to rock the vote, especially if the bands are local. Among 290 acts from 10 cities competing in the national Zippo Hot Tour contest, the Phoenix contingent includes altaRego, And the Hero Fails, Batter the Drag, Cede, Circle Effect, ColdFusion, Dream State, Ember Coast, Evolocity, The Fondells, Fracture Point, Fred Green, The Furnace, Jon Prophet, Kicking K8, Moonshine, North 19, Pistols at Dawn, PJ Grinch, Rising Pain, Sinner Lane, Soul on Strings, Storm Within, Thousand Yard Stare, Three Seconds More, Twinfalls, Unholy Allegiance, Vonzeles, and Zero Reflexion. Through June 30, fans can cast votes at www.zippohottour.com to determine eight Phoenix semifinalists, who'll perform in September at four local showcases (two bands per weekend). Judges will pick one finalist, and then another round of online voting will determine which city's band gets the sweet grand prize: an 11-city tour with a national headliner, a trip to Hollywood to visit A&R reps from Capitol Records, and loads of other perks. -- Michele Laudig
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text:
This event occurs weekly, on Tuesday and Thursday.
The Tai Chi for the Community will be held at the Lucy Curci Cancer Center on an Ongoing basis.
Patients learn the benefits of practicing Tai Chi, which boosts physical fitness, builds strength and flexibility, helps lower blood pressure and improves bone strength. Wear comfortable clothing; floor mat required. Physician consent form required.
Meets every Tuesday and Thursday from 9:30 to 10:20 a.m. Fees are based on the number of sessions purchased at one time: 1-12 = $5 per class; 13-24 = $4 per class; 25-36 = $3 per class.
Speakers for this event include; Danielle Meglio, COTA/C, MLD/CDT Occupational Therapy Assistant.The sponsor for this event is Co-sponsored by Arthritis Foundation.
All Patients are invited to participate. For more information, please call 760-568-1234 or email us at email@example.com. To register please call 760-568-1234
To register Call 760-568-1234
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We make every effort to ensure the accuracy of this information. However, you should always call ahead to confirm dates, times, location, and other information.


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- Complete your PS2 system with dual shock controllers, cables & adapters, and memory cards.
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et oui, il fonctionne très bien mais il est plus bruyant que son successeur (le slim). la rapidité de la livraison est bien correcte.Published on Oct. 26 2012 by arianne
PS2 received in a+ condition and very fast. Packaging excellent. I wouldn't hesitate to purchase anything from this seller if they had something I required.Published on Feb. 15 2012 by Duvid
PS2 is one of the best consoles yet it's better than gamecube and it's still making games and gamecube stopped ages ago. I reccomend it:) !Published on Dec 26 2009 by Mofazzal H. Sarkar
it would seem i lack the "console review lexicon" observed in an alarming percentage of the product reviews i have read addressing the magnificence of the Sony... Read morePublished on Sept. 20 2004 by e.b. roy
I hope the 1 star reviewers don't know. While PS2 is the best. Dreamcast is the worst! PSX.PSONE.PSP.PS.AND PS2 SMASHES YOUR DREAMCAST INTO PIECES! Best console ever made is PS2. Read morePublished on Sept. 7 2004 by A Harrington
OK. Put it this way. XBOX sucks. Gamecube sucks. For XBOX, you have to freakin pay to play online. for the PS2, all you need is the Internet adaptor. Read morePublished on July 19 2004
The Great PS2 is falling and dying to the Might of XBOX And Gamecube PS2 that got 3 stars ouch Gamecube 4 stars wow! Read morePublished on July 17 2004
XBOX now has FINAL FANTASY GRAND THEFT AUTO AND DANCE DANCE REVOLUTION so ps2 Has no chance against XBOX and Xbox Has HALO 2 DOOM 3 HALF LIFE 2 AND CHRONICLES OF RIDDICT Beat That... Read morePublished on July 17 2004


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We pay for the shipping back to our warehouse if you are not fully satisfied. Our Free Return Shipping Offer is unmatched industry wide and a true testament to the confidence in the quality of our furniture. No Re-Stocking Fees, No-Hidden Charges.
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Atlanta, GA (Sports Network) - Andrew Brown and Lucas Duda homered to back seven strong innings from Dillon Gee, as the New York Mets beat the NL East- leading Atlanta Braves 5-2 to avoid a three-game sweep.
Gee (11-9), who also had an RBI, gave up one run on four hits while striking out five for the Mets, who snapped a three-game skid. The right-hander has won four of his last five decisions.
"My main goals coming out of spring training this year were to get to 200 innings and take the ball every time it was my turn," Gee said. "I've done that so far."
Freddie Freeman hit a solo homer for the Braves, who had won eight of nine. B.J. Upton added an RBI.
Atlanta starter Kameron Loe (0-2), making his first start since 2007 while with Texas, allowed five runs on 11 hits while walking three over 4 1/3 innings.
The Mets jumped out to a 2-0 lead in the first inning. Daniel Murphy tripled to right and scored on Brown's homer to left.
Atlanta put men on second and third with one out in the bottom half. Gee, however, settled down and got Evan Gattis and Gerald Laird to go down swinging.
New York tacked on three more runs in the third. Duda led off with a homer to right. Justin Turner and Travis d'Arnaud followed with back-to-back singles to put men on the corners. Juan Lagares then grounded into a fielder's choice to plate a run. Two batters later, Gee hit an RBI single to left-center field.
Gee was also cruising along on the mound, retiring seven straight batters before running into some trouble in the fifth. Dan Uggla and Paul Janish hit consecutive singles to put men on first and third. Upton's sacrifice fly cut the gap to 5-1.
"He always gives us fits," Uggla said of Gee. "He just pounds the strike zone. It seems like every time he comes here he pitches really good."
Freeman homered off Vic Black in the eighth to make it a 5-2 game.
LaTroy Hawkins tossed a scoreless ninth to pick up his seventh save of the season.
The Braves went 10-9 against the Mets this season ... Gee improved to 4-4
lifetime against Atlanta ... The Braves were trying for their 13th series
sweep of the season ... Atlanta went 0-for-9 with runners in scoring position
and stranded seven, while New York went 3-for-11 with RISP and left 11 men on
... The Mets had 12 hits, compared to seven for the Braves.
Vanderbilt quarterback Patton Robinette said Friday he is walking away from football to enter medical school.
Joey Logano will start on the pole for the STP 500 after topping Ryan Newman in Friday's qualifying at Martinsville Speedway.
If contradiction was an Olympic sport, Chip Kelly would certainly be medal-worthy judging by his performance at the NFL's owners meeting but the Eagles coach might have to settle for silver because Daniel Snyder's critics will take the gold every time.
The Chicago Cubs granted pitcher Felix Doubront his unconditional release as the team continued to pair down its spring training roster on Saturday.
Longtime Jazz announcer Rod Hundley died Friday at the ago of 80.
Pittsburgh Penguins forwards Evgeni Malkin and Patric Hornqvist returned to play in Saturday's game against the Arizona Coyotes.


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Disclosed herein is a coated substrate and a process for forming films on substrates and for providing a particularly smooth film on a substrate. The method of this invention involves subjecting a surface of a substrate to contact with a stream of ions of an inert gas having sufficient force and energy to substantially change the surface characteristics of said substrate, and then exposing a film-forming material to a stream of ions of an inert gas having sufficient energy to vaporize the atoms of said film-forming material and to transmit the vaporized atoms to the substrate surface with sufficient force to form a film bonded to the substrate. This process is particularly useful commercially because it forms strong bonds at room temperature.
This invention is particularly useful for adhering a gold film to diamond and forming ohmic electrodes on diamond, but also can be used to bond other films to substrates.
1. A method for forming a gold film bonded to a diamond substrate which comprises:
(a) subjecting a surface of a diamond substrate to sputtering with a stream of ions of an inert gas at about room temperature and under vacuum, said ions having sufficient force and energy to substantially change the surface characteristics of said substrate, and
(b) subsequently exposing a film-forming material which is gold to a stream of ions of an inert gas at about room temperature and under vacuum, said ions having sufficient energy to sputter the atoms of said filmforming material and to transmit the sputtered atoms to the substrate surface with sufficient force to form a gold film bonded to the diamond substrate.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate is pre-treated prior to being subjected to the stream of ions in (a) to remove contaminants therefrom.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein said pretreatment comprises chemical cleaning.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said film has an adhesive strength sufficient too prevent removal from said substrate by adhesive tape.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein a portion of said substrate surface is masked to prevent bonding of said film-forming material to said portion.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said ions of an inert gas comprise Ar.
The present invention was funded by the Office of Naval Research under contract N00014-87- K-0243.
This invention relates to a coated substrate and a process for coating substrates. More particularly, this invention relates to the deposition of a film on a substrate at an unelevated temperature. The method of this invention is particularly useful for forming a smooth, thin film of material such as gold, on diamond.
Traditionally, it has been difficult to deposit a thin film of material on a chemically inert substance. Certain materials, e.g., gold, are recognized as being particularly difficult to deposit on such substrates, and such a deposition cannot be made at room temperature using conventional methods.
Bonding between a substantially inert substrate and a film such as gold has been achieved in the past by including a thin layer of a carbide-forming refractory metal such as titanium, tantalum or tungsten between the substrate and the gold. This well-known technique requires the substrate to be heated to several hundred degrees centigrade in order to bond the refractory metal. Another disadvantage of this known technique is that refractory metals have higher electrical resistance and lower thermal conductivity than gold, and thus a coated substrate formed using a refractory metal is generally inferior to a coated substrate which has good bonding characteristics but no refractory metal.
The use of a refractory metal to deposit a film on a substrate often results in films which do not have sufficient adherent properties to be commercially useful. Furthermore, the resulting film has an uneven exterior film surface, which can be characterized as a mosaic structure, when viewed under an electron microscope. This structure can be disadvantageous in certain commercial applications in which a smooth film is necessary, e.g., laser technology. Furthermore, a mosaic bonding structure can be the cause of relatively poor bond strength for coated substrates in general. The poor bonding characteristic of the films is observed, for example, by the removal of such film by the well-known "Scotch Tape Adhesion Test."
Ion-beam mixing, which is known in the art, will cause certain film materials to bond to substrates. However, this process is not useful for coating diamond and other chemically inert substances, particularly when an unreactive film-forming material, such as gold, is used.
Thus, the methods known in the art for adhering a film to a generally inert substrate are disadvantageous in that they often require heat, and the bonding between the film and substrate is relatively weak. Furthermore, a coating which includes a refractory metal as part of the film layer (between the desired film and the substrate) can have a higher electrical resistance and lower thermal conductivity than a single-layer coating deposited directly on a substrate which does not involve a refractory metal.
An object of the present invention is to provide a strong bond between a substrate and a film deposited thereon.
Another object of this invention is to coat a substrate with a film at room temperature.
A further object of this invention is to deposit a smooth layer of film on a substrate.
Yet another object of this invention is to deposit a film directly on a substrate, e.g., without depositing a refractory metal between the film and substrate.
Another object of this invention is to deposit a strongly bonded film of refractory metal on a substrate.
Another object of this invention is to provide an ohmic electrode made of a film deposited on a substrate.
A further object of this invention is to form a coated substrate which has relatively low electrical resistance and high thermal conductivity.
Broadly speaking, the method of this invention involves a method for forming a film bonded to a substrate comprising:
(a) subjecting a surface of a substrate to contact with a stream of ions of an inert gas, said ions having sufficient force and energy to substantially change the surface characteristics of said substrate, and
(b) exposing a film-forming material to a stream of ions of an inert gas having sufficient energy to vaporize and/or ionize the atoms of said film-forming material and to transmit the vaporized atoms to the substrate surface with sufficient force to form a film bonded to the substrate.
The film which is formed according to this invention can be made of any material or materials which can be bonded to a substrate after the surface structure of the substrate has been altered. The resulting film may be a various thicknesses. The material may be deposited in the form of ions or neutral atoms. A non-limiting example of a suitable material is metals. This method is particularly useful to bond metals which cannot be satisfactorily bonded by conventional techniques, e.g., gold. Other metals which may be bonded by this technique include Ti, Pt, Ta and W. Furthermore, this method is useful for producing a stronger bond between a film-forming material and a substrate than can be obtained using the processes of the prior art which use an intermediate layer of refractory metal.
The substrate according to this invention is any material to which a thin film can be attached according to the process steps described above. A benefit of this process is that many types of materials can be deposited at room temperature. As non-limiting examples, the material can be a carbon-containing compound, e.g., diamond, graphite or polymer, a glass, or. a ceramic.
Regarding the first step of the process of this invention, the substrate surface is subjected to contact with ions of an inert gas by any suitable method which will produce a force sufficient to substantially change the surface structure of the substrate and to eventually result in sufficient bond strength between the film material and the substrate. "Sufficient adhesion" generally will depend both upon the particular film and substrate involved and upon the intended use for the final film/substrate product. Contact between the inert gas ions and the substrate can be effected by sputtering the substrate, for example, particularly ion sputtering.
Film strength can be measured by any suitable means. As a non-limiting example, the "Scotch Tape Adhesion Test" may be used, employing tapes with various strengths depending upon the desired strength of the bonded film.
The ions of inert gas according to this invention can be any inert gas ions. As non-limiting examples, Ar, Ne, Kr, Xe or He ions can be used.
With regard to the second step of this invention, the exposure of the substrate surface to an ion stream can be effected by any means which will result in sufficient bonding of the film-forming material and the substrate. The distance between the gold and diamond, and the angular position of the diamond holder, are set such that the gold will contact the diamond with a force sufficient to bond a film material to the substrate.
As a non-limiting example of a suitable method for exposing the substrate to a film-forming material, the film-forming material may be sputtered, resulting in the movement of film-forming atoms toward the substrate surface and their subsequent bonding to the substrate.
The process of this invention may be conducted at any suitable temperature and pressure. One of the most significant advantages of this invention is that the process can be conducted at room temperature. It is believed that the process also will be useful at higher and lower temperatures. While the method of this invention is preferably conducted at pressures on the order of 10-5 torr, it is believed that higher and lower pressures can be used.
In certain circumstances, it may be desirable to remove contaminants from the surface of the substrate before contacting it with ions of an inert gas in order to result in a stronger bond between the film and substrate. Any conventional cleaning method may be used, for example, a chemical cleaning process.
Another significant aspect of the present invention is that films deposited according to this process have a surprisingly smooth exterior surface. Thus, this invention is particularly useful for applications in which this characteristic is desirable, for example, mirrors, heat sinks, lasers, light pipes, and films to be chemically reacted with a substrate.
Other objects, methods and characteristics of the invention will become apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description, which is not intended to limit the scope of this invention, and the claims.
FIG. 1 shows the apparatus which is mounted inside the sputtering chamber according to the first step of the preferred embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 2 shows the apparatus as it is used according to the second step of the preferred embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 3 depicts the specimen holder used in the preferred embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 4 shows the dimensions of the upper portion of the specimen holder according to Example 1 below.
FIG. 5 shows the dimensions of the sputtering pedestal used in Example 1.
According to the preferred embodiment of this invention, gold was adhered to diamond by ion-beam sputtering. In brief, this process involved sputtering of a diamond substrate with argon ions, followed by sputtering of high purity gold with argon ions, causing the gold to bond to the surface of the diamond. A conventional sputtering chamber was used, in which was mounted a custom-built specimen holder.
The specimen holder 1 of the preferred embodiment is made of brass, however, any suitable material may be used. As shown in FIG. 3, the holder has a circular ring 32 mounted on a three-piece support member 26, 30, 31. The dimensions of top portion 26 of the support member, including circular holes, are shown in FIG. 4. Screws 22 hold the ring 32 in place and screws 27 and 29 fasten the ring 32 to the support member 26, 30, with hole 42 and smaller hole 42' in support member 26. Washer 28 is placed between the head of screw 29 and pivoting cover 21. Ring 32 has a circular hole in the center 24 and smaller hole 24' onto which is deposited diamond 25. Mask 23 is sandwiched between ring 32 and pivoting cover 21, and screw 29 is adjusted to hold mask 23 in place. Specimen holder 1 is mounted on sputtering pedestal 2 (Figs. 1, 2 and 5) having a mounting axle 4. It is noted that the dimensions of the specimen holder were not critical to operation of this device, but were adapted to accommodate the diamond pieces which were used.
A diamond plate 25 was chemically cleaned and placed in a conventional ion-beam sputtering chamber. The diamond was placed in specimen holder 1, which was placed on sputtering pedestal 2 of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1. The plate was then sputtered with Ar ions at a beam energy of about 14 Kev, a beam current of a few milliamps, a pressure of about 4-10�10-5 torr, for about 5 to 15 minutes. It is believed that this rate could have been varied significantly and still have been within the scope of the invention. The sputterbell parameters of the sputtering apparatus were adjusted to produce the above-mentioned conditions of current, etc., as can be done by one skilled in the art.
The diamond was removed from the path of the ion beam, and a piece of gold 10 was placed on sputtering pedestal 2 in the ion beam path. Specimen holder 1 was mounted on bent plate 6, made of stainless steel, about 11/4 inches from gold 10, at an angle such that a portion of gold 10 could be transferred to the surface of diamond 25. Bent plate 6 was mounted on plate support 5, made of copper, which in turn was mounted on base 3, made of copper.
Gold 10 was sputtered with Ar ions, resulting in the transfer of energy to the gold atoms. A portion of gold 10 moved onto the diamond plate 1, where it bonded to the surface of the diamond. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, teflon 8 was inserted below sputtering pedestal 2 to provide electrical insulation. The sputtering rate was measured using beam current circuits (not shown).
A standard diamond plate type IIa (Lazare Kaplan International, Inc., N.Y.) with dimensions of about 5 mm �5 mm �1/4 mm was chemically cleaned by a four-step process involving conventional techniques. The diamond was washed, first in reagent grade acetone, next in boiling aqua regia, then in "white etch" (3 parts nitric acid, 1 part hydrofluoric acid), and finally in distilled water. The diamond was then dried on Whatman Type 42 filter paper for about 5 minutes.
The apparatus used in this comparative Example was a conventional aluminum oxide crucible in a resistive heater basket. A layer of gold film having a thickness of 1000 angstroms was deposited on the diamond surface at a pressure of 5�10-6 torr at about room temperature.
The diamond was then exposed in five different regions to 2 Mev helium ions at an integrated beam intensity of several �1015 ions/cm2. Each region had a triangular shape approximately 1 mm on a side. Each region was bombarded with helium ions for a different length of time.
The adhesion of the gold film was tested using the "Scotch Tape Test", which involved pressing a piece of Scotch transparent tape Type No. 3750-G onto the diamond, and then removing the tape within a matter of seconds. The piece of tape which was used was larger than the diamond. Substantially all of the gold film adhered to the tape and thus was removed from the diamond surface. With some of the trials, there was no adhesion at all between the gold and diamond.
The appearance of the gold film was observed with a Leitz Orthoplan microscope having both reflected and transmitted illumination. The helium ion implantation produced five triangular darkened areas, which were manifestations of graphitization below the surface of the diamond.
The results of this test showed that conventional ion beam mixing does not improve the bond strength between a diamond substrate and a gold film deposited thereon.
The standard diamond plate type IIa from Comparative Example 1 was chemically cleaned as described in Comparative Example 1. A diamond mask 23 (10 mm �10 mm �4 mm) was chemically cleaned by the same procedure. The diamond substrate and mask was fastened into the specimen holder 1 as depicted in FIG. 3, with a portion of the diamond 25 being covered by the mask 23. The specimen holder was then placed inside a General Ionex Model 1320 sputtering chamber (not shown). The mask 23. and diamond 25 were placed in alignment with the ion beam such that no material would be sputtered onto the covered diamond during the predeposition sputtering of the diamond with Ar ions.
The specimen holder 1 was made of brass and had dimensions of 3/4" �3/4�1/16", as shown in FIG. 4.
The specimen holder was placed in the path of the ion beam, about 17 cm from the beam entrance into the chamber. The beam diameter was about the same as the diameter of the specimen holder (but slightly larger), having a diameter of about one inch. The mask was placed between the sputtering material outlet and the diamond such that only a portion of the diamond surface was exposed to sputtering.
The diamond was then sputtered with Ar, using an Ar beam current of 0.5 milliamps at 14 keV for 98 minutes. The chamber pressure was 4.2�10-5 torr during the sputtering of the diamond. At the conclusion of the argon sputtering, the argon pressure temporarily was increased to above atmospheric pressure to prevent the diffusion of air into the chamber while the diamond mask was removed. The mask was removed from the specimen holder using a glove box arrangement (not shown) around the chamber to avoid the entry of air into the chamber, and a piece of high purity gold (with impurities of less than 10 ppm) having a diameter of about 1 cm and a thickness of about 2 mm (Johnson Matthey Chemicals) was placed in the holder in the path of the ion beam a shown in FIG. 2.
Gold was sputtered onto the diamond for about six hours at a rate of about 1200 angstroms per hour at 13.5 keV and 0.25 milliamps. The chamber pressure was 5.4�10-5 torr throughout the deposition. The process was conducted at room temperature.
The appearance of the gold films in the argon cleaned and uncleaned regions of the diamond was observed. The reduced thickness of the diamond resulting from the sputtering away of the surface of the diamond could be seen. Furthermore, the gold film in the argon sputtered region was more uniform in thickness and had a slightly different appearance which, as later shown, was caused by the difference in smoothness of the Ar sputtered region and the non-Ar sputtered region.
A microscopic examination with dark field illumination using a Leitz Orthoplan microscope using dark field reflected illumination (objective: Leitz Model HD F150, numerical aperture 0.75) revealed a marked difference between the gold films in the non-argon sputtered region and the argon sputtered region. In the first region, the gold film was not uniform and was characterized by a patina surface in some regions. The patina ended abruptly where the argon cleaned region began. The sputtered region had a gold film which was smooth, with no flaws observed.
The two regions were studied with a scanning electron microscope (International Scientific: Scanning Microscope Model SX-40). The gold film on the uncleaned region had a distinctive matted structure, with the "mounds" being approximately 0.1 to 1 micron wide and less than 0.2 microns high. On the other hand, it was not possible to discern any structure in the gold films in the argon cleaned region. Thus, any surface variations on the Ar cleaned region would have to have been less than the microscope resolution of about 400 angstroms. These observations showed the smoothness of the film formed according to this invention.
Scotch transparent tape Type 3750-G was pressed onto the gold film and removed. Care was taken to be certain that all of the film was covered by the tape prior to its removal. This procedure was carried out under a microscope to insure that sufficient tape-film contact was made. This procedure of applying and removing the tape was repeated several times.
The results of the Scotch Tape Test were that gold was removed only in the region which was masked by the diamond film, i.e. the area which was not sputtered with Ar. The gold film broke near the demarcation of the unsputtered-sputtered region. No gold was removed from the region sputtered with Ar prior to deposition of the gold film. Much of the gold was removed from the region which was not sputtered with Ar prior to deposition of gold.
Ion mixing alone did not increase the adhesive strength of the bond between the gold and diamond, as shown by comparative Example 1. On the other hand, as shown by Example 1, there was a substantial improvement in the adhesion of sputtered gold films to the same type of surface when the diamond was sputtered with argon ions prior to deposition of the gold and the diamond is kept in an argon atmosphere during and between all sputtering processes.
While the invention has been described with reference to what is considered to be the preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but is intended to cover various modifications and arrangements included within the scope of the claims. For example, other deposition methods can be used for forming films on substrates, including as non-limiting examples, evaporation and plating. Furthermore, many types of substrates and film forming materials can be used, as well as mixtures of such materials.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
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shark teeth
Dan Loeb's Lawyer Is Waiting In Line At The Eiffel Tower, Doesn't Have Time For Your Sh*t
As you may have heard, over at Vanity Fair today you will find a profile of hedge fund manager Dan Loeb by William D. Cohan, titled "Little Big Man." It's kind of unflattering! Among other things, Loeb is described, by his peers, as "Machiavellian," being possessed of a "Napoleonic" complex, and "the Kanye [West] of […]
Boaz Weinstein's Got His Speargun Aimed And Ready To Fire
"I think there are still very talented traders at banks that could work out very well in the buy side. So, yes, we are looking to grow…If you hire one, it's like shark teeth. There's another five behind it." [Bloomberg TV]


text:
These comics are in the public domain and various publishers and creators have used them since.
Adventures Into Darkness # 8
These comics are in the public domain and various publishers and creators have used them since.
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Learn more about the five boroughs that make up New York City with our complete guide.
Discover what to do, where to stay and what to see in New York City with our planning tool.
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Sidle up to the granite-topped bar for some of Harlem"s cheapest imported draft brews. Most of the 16 suds on tap are German and Belgian, and the turquoise-painted walls are covered in beer-lovers" paraphernalia. A deep-fryer-heavy bar menu with snacks like breaded calamari and house-cut fries is served until 1am from Thursday to Saturday--good news for the Manhattan School of Music students who treat the place like their clubhouse.


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Acer beTouch E120
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Created: 08/07/2014 9:48 PM
By: KOB Eyewitness News 4 Staff
A former New Mexico police chief is indicted, and hours later, arrested on rape charges.
State police say Shane Harger, former Jemez Springs police chief, kidnapped and then sexually assaulted a 19-year-old girl after a traffic stop.
Then, according to state police, he threatened to throw her into jail.
KOB obtained a copy of the indictment and was there as state police walked Harger into booking. The indictment lists serious criminal charges against the former police chief.
After a state police investigation, a grand jury decided Harger should face charges of kidnapping, sexual assault and extortion.
"Did you threaten to invent charges--make up a crime--if she reported the sexual assault?" asked KOB reporter Caleb James as Harger arrived at state police Albuquerque headquarters.
Harger was quiet and unshaven, hiding his face with a baseball cap, as state police walked him into an Albuquerque field office after his arrest late Thursday afternoon.
"If your rights are being violated, you need to stand up for your rights," Harger said during an interview with KOB on an unrelated matter in January 2014.
In that interview, Harger defended himself after another controversy: He was stopped by TSA agents at the Albuquerque Sunport for having travel documents with two different names.
After backlash from the incident, Jemez Springs police fired him.
This time, Harger's troubles are much bigger.
"It was determined the chief sexually assaulted a 19-year-old woman," state police Sgt. Damyan Brown said.
According to state police and the grand jury indictment, Harger pulled over a car with three men and one woman in January near Jemez Springs.
He took the girl back to an office where investigators say he forcefully penetrated her with his finger while armed with a deadly weapon.
Afterward, the indictment says he threatened to accuse her of a crime.
KOB also obtained the arrest warrant issued for Harger on Thursday.
Only hours after it was filed with Sandoval County courts, Harger was taken into custody during a traffic stop in Edgewood.
Since being fired from Jemez Springs police, Harger has been doing construction work in the Albuquerque area.He told a KOB reporter he'd had it with police work.
Harger is being held on $150,000 bond.
No one answered calls to the Jemez Springs Police Department Thursday.
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