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MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS WESTERN DISTRICT STATE OF MISSOURI, ) ) WD70552 Respondent, ) v. ) OPINION FILED: ) JONNY B. TROTTER, ) February 16, 2010 ) Appellant. ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of Buchanan County, Missouri Honorable Daniel Fred Kellogg, Judge Before: Thomas H. Newton, C.J., Lisa White Hardwick, and Cynthia L. Martin, JJ. Mr. Jonny B. Trotter appeals the motion court"s dismissal of the motion requesting a ruling on a pro se Rule 24.035 motion for post-conviction relief. We dismiss the appeal. Factual and Procedural Background Mr. Trotter pled guilty to two counts of forgery in May 2004; he was sentenced to consecutive terms of imprisonment. In 2008, at the end of the first sentence, Mr. Trotter wrote a letter to the sentencing court, inquiring about a ruling on a pro se Rule 24.035 motion that he believed was timely filed. On July 14, 2008, Mr. Trotter filed a "Request for Ruling on Motion to Set Aside Judgment and Sentence" ("motion for ruling"). In the motion for ruling he stated that his counsel filed a post-conviction relief motion "on or about August 5, 2004." He also claimed to possess only a handwritten draft of the pro se motion and not the typed copy filed with the court. On August 4, 2008, the motion court dismissed the motion for ruling because it was untimely filed. Uninformed about the decision, Mr. Trotter filed a petition for writ of mandamus requesting an order compelling the motion court to decide the pro se motion, and he provided this court with a handwritten copy of that motion. We denied the writ on October 15, 2008. On November 10, 2008, Mr. Trotter filed a "Motion for Leave to File Belated Pleading, or, in the Alternative, Motion to Reopen Post Conviction Proceedings" ("motion to reopen"). In the motion to reopen, he claimed that his plea counsel told him to prepare a post-conviction relief motion and that once Mr. Trotter completed the pro se motion, plea counsel would "resume all responsibilities regarding [his] case, and his pursuit of post-conviction relief." Mr. Trotter further claimed, he "continued to rely on [counsel"s] assurances that he would "take care of" [Mr. Trotter"s] post-conviction efforts" because upon sending a completed pro se motion to counsel, counsel did not inform him that the documents were not delivered to the court. He provided the motion court with copies of letters1 he sent to plea counsel and an affidavit, but did not attach the alleged pro se motion. Finally, Mr. Trotter asked the court to consider his post-conviction relief 1 These letters included: a letter from his mother addressed to defense counsel dated August 26, 2004; another letter from his mother addressed to Mr. Trotter dated September 2, 2004; a letter from Mr. Trotter addressed to defense counsel asking for status of his post-conviction relief motion dated March 10, 2006; and a letter from the Public Defender"s Office stating that the court did not have a record of a pro se motion for post-conviction relief filed by Mr. Trotter, dated August 12, 2008. 2 claims because he "in no way intended to relinquish or waive any right or claim, and did nothing which could be characterized as intending to delay consideration of his claims." On November 12, 2008, he requested a hearing on the motion to reopen and appointment of counsel. According to Mr. Trotter, he received notice from the motion court in early December 2008 that his motion for ruling had been dismissed as untimely in August 2008. The motion court sent him a copy of a docket sheet dated December 2, 2008, reporting the filing and dismissing of the motion for ruling. The docket sheet did not show a ruling on his motion to reopen. Mr. Trotter wrote another letter to the motion court informing it that not all of his filed motions were reflected in the docket sheet sent to him and seeking clarification as to whether the pro se motion or the motion for ruling was dismissed as untimely. The letter also inquired about the ruling on the motion to reopen. Subsequently, an updated docket sheet showed an unsigned entry, dated November 12, 2008, denying the motion to reopen. Mr. Trotter appeals. Legal Analysis In his point, Mr. Trotter characterizes the pro se Rule 24.035 motion as the motion the motion court ruled to be untimely and argues the timeliness of the pro se motion. However, as the State correctly asserts, the motion court did not rule on any Rule 24.035 motion but treated the motion for ruling as an untimely post-conviction motion. After a defendant pleads guilty to charged offenses, the defendant has an opportunity to withdraw that plea. Rule 29.07(d). The motion to withdraw, however, must be made before sentence is imposed or when imposition has been suspended. See 3 id. After that deadline passes, a post-conviction motion that does not comply with Rule 24.035 in form or substance is deemed an untimely post-conviction relief motion. See State v. Werbin, 597 S.W.2d 663, 664 (Mo. App. W.D. 1980). Mr. Trotter filed his motion for ruling, which was not a Rule 24.035 motion,2 several years after he was sentenced, so it was untimely filed. However, we do not affirm the motion court"s dismissal of the motion for ruling because the appeal from that decision was untimely. As the State correctly asserts, an untimely appeal must be dismissed. Thomas v. State, 180 S.W.3d 50, 53 (Mo. App. S.D. 2005). An aggrieved party has ten days from the date the judgment becomes final in which to file its appeal. Rule 30.01(d). In some cases, the party may file outside of that deadline if he satisfies certain requirements and is granted leave to file a late notice of appeal. See Rule 30.03. Here, the motion court dismissed Mr. Trotter"s motion as untimely on August 4, 2008. Treating this decision as a plea court"s denial of a post-conviction motion, the judgment became final on September 3, 2008. Mr. Trotter had ten days from that date, until September 15, 2008, in which to file a timely notice of appeal. Mr. Trotter filed his notice of appeal on December 8, 2008, after receiving notice that his motion had been dismissed as untimely. He failed to seek leave to file out of time under Rule 30.03, so his notice of appeal was untimely filed. 2 We cannot treat the motion for ruling as a Rule 24.035 motion because it does not comply with the criteria of Rule 24.035 and the trial court did not treat it as such. State v. Werbin, 597 S.W.2d 663, 664 (Mo. App. W.D. 1980) (declining to characterize motion as a proper post-conviction relief motion because the trial court did not treat it that way and the motion did not comply with the requirements of the post-conviction relief rule); see also Phelps v. State, 827 S.W.2d 742, 744 (Mo. App. E.D. 1992) (characterizing motion as a proper post-conviction relief motion because the trial court treated as such and the motion complied with requirements). 4 We do not address the denial of the motion to reopen because we are confined to review the decision identified in the notice of appeal. See Schrader v. QuikTrip Corp., 292 S.W.3d 453, 456 (Mo. App. E.D. 2009) (stating a judgment could not be reviewed because it was not identified in the notice of appeal). The notice of appeal identifies the decision being appealed as the August 4, 2008, order dismissing his motion for ruling rather than the November 12, 2008, unsigned docket entry denying his motion to reopen. Additionally, the denial of the motion to reopen is not reviewable because it is an unsigned docket entry and thus not a final and appealable judgment. See Scott v. State, 180 S.W.3d 519, 521 (Mo. App. W.D. 2006) (finding docket entries with typewritten initials were not final and appealable judgments because they did not satisfy the signature criterion of Rule 74.01(a)). Accordingly, we cannot review the motion court"s decision denying his motion to reopen. Conclusion Therefore, we dismiss the appeal. ____________________________ Thomas H. Newton, Chief Judge Hardwick and Martin, JJ. Concur. 5
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Town Square
Talking Points
Original post made on Feb 2, 2008
Read the full story here Web Link posted Friday, February 1, 2008, 12:00 AM
Comments (4)
a resident of Another Pleasanton neighborhood
on Feb 2, 2008 at 10:29 am
There are always letters on PW.com. I understand there are SIX
(6) letters in the PW this week....but ZERO online. WHY ?? Why
did you not put your 6 Letters under Opinion on PW.com. Stick them in...pleeeze
Pleasanton Weekly reporter
on Feb 2, 2008 at 11:29 am
Emily Atwood is a registered user.
Something must have gone wrong in the file transfer, because they were scheduled to go. It should be fixed on Monday.
a resident of Foothill High School
on Feb 3, 2008 at 3:03 pm
I am also looking for the LTEs.
Pleasanton Weekly reporter
on Feb 4, 2008 at 5:05 pm
Emily Atwood is a registered user.
I'm waiting on our IT staff at our flagship paper in Palo Alto to fix the glitch. For the time being, that week's letters can be found on our PDF version of the paper. Thanks for your patience.
Don't miss out on the discussion!
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Another bad idea from the air board
By Tim Hunt | 20 comments | 2,794 views
Bidding My Training Dept. Goodbye
By Roz Rogoff | 4 comments | 602 views

subset: commoncrawl


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Fisher-Price Grow to Pro Junior Basketball
Grow to Pro Junior Basketball grows with your child from small to tall, and from beginner to PRO! Toddlers start with the Sure Score rim, which does more than just guide the ball into the basket, it also helps build confidence! When they're ready, it's easy to add a little more of a challengeâ€"just remove the Sure Score rim. Four height positions make this hoop a real slam dunkâ€"it grows with them and their shooting skills!
Recommended Age: 18 Months to 5 Years
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Purchased for nephew's 2nd birthday. Really a nice product. Height adjustments are wonderful. Ordering and receiving merchandise from YOYO is a great experience. Shipping is great and packing is great.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Fairly simple to put together. My one-year-old hasn't become interested in it yet, but I think this will be a long-lasting toy. No complaints.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Vauxhall Astra Gtc 1.7 CDTi ecoFLEX SRi 3dr (start/stop)
Hi here we have for sale is my dad's mint condition Vauxhall Astra. My dad has owned this car for just under two years and has never had one bit of trouble with the car, has never missed a beat. Car is cleaned every week without fail and the back sea
- 2012
- 14,500 miles
- Diesel
- 1,700 cc


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How To Give The Best Head Ever - Tips You Must Read
Most women have no idea how to give head, never mind how to give the best head! This is not really a surprise to me, as I was doing it wrong for a long time too. How could we know? Where do we learn? After all – it's not something our mothers are going to show us how to do! And they don't teach it in school, or at least not the school I went to!
And yet our men love nothing more than getting great head from us, so it's well worth learning the best techniques to please them! Believe me, it transformed my sex life. My man is more interested in sex, and more interested in tasteful exploration. It's created a better bond between us, and it's gotten him to open up much more about his feelings (and girls, we all know how much men love to do that – not!!)
I Was Doing It All Wrong - Until I Learned How To Give The Best Head: Find Out How
Here are some tips from what I learned:
Set the tone: Get creative with setting the tone. Give him hints during the day that you've got something special in mind for later. Keep him guessing! That will get him in the mood like crazy!
Foreplay: Many people think of oral sex as foreplay, but some of the best sex I've had with my man has featured oral sex as the main event! And the foreplay in that case is a great build-up to the best head and the best cunnilingus. Touch him suggestively as soon as he gets home, but play a little hard to get.
Take a bath or shower together, and maybe get started in the shower. Or use your hands to get him standing to attention while you're fondling his ear lobe with your tongue. Rub your buttocks against his member while in the shower, or wash or seductively in the bath!
Variety: Try different positions, as focus on different areas. Use your hands creatively (I had no idea how to do this until I got a guide). Also, I did not know that there was a way to do deep throat that didn't make me gag. You just know that will drive him crazy!
Completion: Keep this varied too. With practice you'll learn when he is about to climax and the conclusion is under your control. So you get to decide how the evening unfolds! You have the power.
Have Fun: Make sure you're enjoying it too, and that it doesn't come across as a chore you're taking care of, or a favor you're doing for him.
How to give the best head is definitely something you want to read up on. It can make all the difference in your relationship. It did in mine!
Find Out How I Learned: Click Here For More Information
Discuss this Article
Learn how to give a guy good head and truly blow him away in bed. Make him feel like your king and he'll be eating out of your hands.
Learn how to give your boyfriend really good head with these simple, yet effective tips.
How To Give A Guy The Best Head Or Blow Job
Do remember that while he thinks that you are loving the act of pleasing him that it's you in charge. You control how deep you take him, how long the session will last and best of all you can demand anything you like in return because he will walk on hot coals for more.
Wanna know how to give a guy good head? Follow these tips and learn how to give a guy good head!
In the best sexual position series we have covered the whole range of positions to be taken during the sexual act, for different purposes. This article is concerned about disproportionate couples; such as a thin man and a corpulent woman, a thin woman and a corpulent man, and finally the best sexual position if both the partners are corpulent. These positions are adapted from the Arab Classic 'The Perfumed Garden', a work of timeless value.
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Get 3 Tips on how to give head to your partner. Be the one he speaks of when he says, "she knows how to give amazing head"
Sex tips can help men improve their sexual encounters. When considering such tips, remember that the condition of the bedroom has an impact on sex.
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Exercise is beneficial to several areas of one's life, including sex. Learn the best exercises for better sex.
Do you need direction on how to give the best head? Even of you don't think you do, what's the harm in learning more about good fellatio? You can be even more of a bedroom goddess, and you will get paid back with more pleasure for yourself!
We all want the best relationship and in my experience because I give better head I've got a better relationship! Sorry for being blunt about it, but it is amazing how powerful fellatio is, and how much of a positive effect it has had on my relationship with my guy!
Learn how to give oral to your man the best way, and you'll have a loyal, caring, loving partner. Fellatio is more powerful than you know. It's something that every man fantasizes about, so if he's not getting it from you, he's going to be fantasizing about getting it somewhere else – or maybe even worse really considering getting it somewhere else!
Do you like oral sex? Do you know how to give head to drive him crazy every time? Or has your sex life become routine and rushed? You've both got to spice it up and you can do your part. Learn how to give oral sex to your man the right way! Fellatio is something he loves, even if he hasn't told you so. So learn how to do it right!
Does he like oral sex? Duh! He might be too shy to ask, but believe me he loves it! But how to give your man fellatio that's awesome? So that you drive him crazy! How to give great head involves certain techniques and secrets. But where do you find out about them? Right here is where you discover the secrets!
Ladies, just like many of us enjoy cunnilingus as much as, or more than, regular intercourse, our men also enjoy oral sex. No, they enjoy it a lot! So it is worth the effort to learn how to give a guy good head. One good reason – he will want to return the favor and make you feel good. And if he has climaxed with fellatio, then chances are he will return the favor with great cunnilingus for you.


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Dr. Thomas Terenzi, DO
- 11 South Rd Ste 200
Farmington, CT 06032
- 2 Locations
- (860) 284-9544
Dr. Thomas Terenzi graduated from the New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of New York Institute of Technology in 1996. He works in Farmington, CT and 1 other location and specializes in Rheumatology. Dr. Terenzi is affiliated with Mount Sinai Rehabilitation Hospital and Saint Francis Hospital & Medical Center. He speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Medical School: New York College of Osteopathic Medicine of New York Institute of Technology; Graduated 1996
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


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Category Archive
'Auto art': 71 Posts
Keith Weesner: artist, rendered
In the lowbrow and hot rod art scene, few artists of the last 20 years are more prolific or revered than Keith Weesner, whose signature style mixing noir, retrofuturism, crazy customs and hot rods, and curvy women has earned him a loyal following and extensive showings. A few hot rod builders have even paid him the ultimate tribute by executing in steel what Weesner had previously only envisioned in ink and acrylic.
So it's natural that filmmaker Brian Darwas, who has produced a number of hot rod flicks, including A Sweet Sickness, Devil At Your Feet, and This is Long Beach, stopped by Weesner's studio to interview Weesner for a short film on how he got started and what inspires him.
AACA Museum selling its Tucker 48s (in 1/43 scale)
AACA Tucker models, crafted by Brooklin Models. Photos courtesy AACA Museum and Brooklin Models.
While most of us would love to own an original Tucker automobile, the fact of the matter is that Tuckers don't come up for sale very often, and few can afford the price of admission when they do. Now that its Cammack Tucker Gallery has opened, the AACA Museum is bringing Tucker automobiles to the masses, albeit in slightly smaller scale, just in time for holiday gift giving.
The museum's three Tucker automobiles have been recreated in 1/43 scale by Brooklin Models of Bath, Somerset, England, including chassis 1001 (finished in maroon), chassis 1022 (in silver gray) and chassis 1026 (in bronze). Brooklin's history of crafting 1/43 scale models dates back to 1974, when founder John Hall cast his first car model in resin, using popsicle sticks to stiffen the chassis.
In the early days, the company was based in Brooklin, Ontario, Canada, but relocated to England in 1979. Oddly enough, the brand specializes in American cars, although popular demand saw foreign cars (primarily British models) enter the company's lineup beginning in 1993. Each model is crafted by hand, and the company's staff of 25 workers produces around 20,000 models annually. That's enough to make Brooklin the world's largest producer of 1/43 scale hand-built white metal models, though such volumes wouldn't come close to justifying the cost of tooling for die-cast manufacturers.
To craft a new model, Brooklin's designers seek out the desired automobile and take careful and precise measurements. Next, a model master is made from brass, which allows the production of a vulcanized rubber mold. Molten white metal is poured into these molds to form the body, which is then de-flashed and sprayed with automotive grade finishes. It's a laborious process, but the elimination of costly tooling (necessary for creating die-cast models) allows Brooklin to produce modest product runs, generally of less than 1,000 pieces. This low volume also allows Brooklin models to retain value better than die-cast models, which are generally produced in significantly higher quantities.
The Tucker 48 models join a long list of unique American vehicles previously produced by Brooklin, including a 1935 Studebaker Commander, a 1941 Packard Clipper, a 1953 Buick Skylark, a 1936 Stout Scarab, a 1938 Phantom Corsair, a 1957 Rambler Rebel, a 1953 Nash-Healey Roadster, a 1955 Hudson Hornet and even a 1937 Pierce-Arrow Travelodge travel trailer.
The three Tucker models are priced at $139.99 each, and are available exclusively from the AACA Museum (which can also be linked through the Hemmings Holiday Gift Guide). For additional details, or to order a Tucker 48 of your own (in 1/43 scale, of course), visit AACAMuseumRetail.com.
Four-Links – Corvette SS replica, The Bus, auto air conditioning's 75th anniversary, Tatra sports car
* In response to the bit in last week's Four-Links discussing the potential for restoring concept cars, commenter andy reminded us of Mel Francis's Mel's Concept Garage on Flickr, where Mel is currently showcasing the Corvette SS replica project (among others) he's currently working on.
* Paul Kirchner's often surreal, more often plain bizarre comic strip "the bus" ran for several years in the pages of Heavy Metal magazine, and Truque this week posted a few of the strips. For those of you looking for more, Kirchner has since released a book compiling all of the strips.
* This past week marked the 75th anniversary of the introduction of the 1940 Packards at the Chicago Auto Show. And because the 1940 Packards were the first to offer factory-installed air conditioning, this past week also marks the official 75th anniversary of in-car air conditioning. A few years back, Automotive News had a rundown of all the fits and starts that came along with trying to get closed cars cooler inside than out.
* Tatra built a sports car? Well, one, at least. The Petrol Stop this week showed us what would've been a nice little eastern European sports coupe with a front-mounted air-cooled V-8 had Tatra gone into production with the JK 2500. Instead, only one prototype was built in the early 1950s, and after a few years as a daily driver went missing.
* Finally, this week we saw a comprehensive look at the downfall of Bertone from Road & Track, which includes a few interesting tidbits, including the fact that GM tried to buy the coachbuilding firm in the 1990s, to go along with the main assertion that the company was mismanaged into both irrelevancy and insolvency by one simple act of Nuccio Bertone's.
Adding Sizzle to Spark Plugs
Art by GM from the author's collection.
Let's face it, spark plugs weren't known for igniting the imagination (too soon for a bad pun?). Despite having "spark" in the name and initiating an explosion in the combustion chambers, back in the 1960s much like today, they went relatively unnoticed until it was time for a tune up, an ignition miss developed or you were a drag racer who wanted to shave a few hundredths off your E.T. with a plug of a different heat range.
Developing an advertising campaign for spark plugs must have ranked right up there with claiming your brand of iceberg lettuce was best…an oversimplification of course, but you get the idea. Independent spark plug brands usually enlisted a parade of race winners from as many forms of motorsports as they could fit on a page, to convince readers that using their sparkplugs would make them winners, too.
Though the automakers did much of the same, they also had another avenue at their disposal. They could cross-market with their own products…you know—cars! Many did just that, including GM, which advertised Fire-Ring spark plugs (with the exclusive self-cleaning hot tip) in the mid-1960s with a variety of its latest models.
But the auto-producing giant didn't stop even there. The company also ran spark plug ads in the enthusiast car magazines featuring their own concept cars. Their artwork is certainly striking, and the fact that most times these ads ran on the back inside cover meant they benefited from the thicker higher quality cover stock. Many adolescents of the day recognized the ads as something cool enough to rip out of the magazine and tape up on their bedroom wall.
It was genius for the General. In one fell swoop, the advertisement made a boring tune-up part exciting by equating it with a car so modern and exclusive no one can buy it! That car on the kid's wall would serve as a daily reminder of the incredible things of which GM was capable, all the while keeping that AC spark plug in the teenager's subconscious.
What brand name do you think instantly popped into his mind the first time he needed to buy a set of plugs for the jalopy that his part-time job dictated he could afford? Why, AC Fire-Ring spark plugs of course. He probably figured, "My car may not be a dream car, but it can use the same ultra-modern spark plugs as one." After all, the ads just about said that verbatim.
Hence the brilliance of selling spark plugs via the Monza GT and Cadillac Cyclone, complete with captivating artwork.
Can you recall other seemingly mundane car parts that featured dream cars in their ads? Tell us about them. Do you feel that this type of marketing was successful?
Upcoming AACA Museum exhibit celebrates Lotus: The Art of Lightness
1956 Lotus Mark VI, owned by guest curator Kyle Kaulback. Photos by Michael Furman, courtesy of the AACA Museum.
Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman, whose four initials are integrated into the iconic Lotus Cars logo, never wanted to be an automaker or race car builder. Instead, Chapman would have preferred to remain a racer, but the costs associated with the sport forced his hand, and Lotus Engineering Limited was founded in 1952 to produce lightweight racing and sports cars. Next January, a new exhibit at the AACA Museum in Hershey, Pennsylvania, will honor the storied British automaker and engineering firm with a new exhibit entitled Lotus: The Art of Lightness.
The guiding principle behind Lotus has always been this: Simplify, then add lightness. Chapman was obsessed with using the minimal amount of parts necessary to arrive at a particular engineering solution, and a favorite quote was said to be, "adding power makes you faster on the straights, subtracting weight makes you faster everywhere." Every Lotus vehicle built, from the company's earliest days, has embraced this philosophy, leading to an impressive list of accomplishments in the racing world. Lotus-built cars have captured seven Formula 1 championships, a British Saloon Car Championship (with the Type 28 Lotus Cortina), and a WRC championship (with the Lotus-developed Talbot Sunbeam, in 1981). Lotus cars have also produced victories at Indianapolis (with the Type 38, in 1965) and at Le Mans (in 1956, when a Lotus 11 scored a S1.1 Class victory, finishing seventh overall).
1971 Lotus Type 69, owned by guest curator Kyle Kaulback.
In addition to building automobiles of its own, Lotus has contributed engineering services to numerous vehicles over the years, including the DeLorean DMC-12 (for which Lotus Engineering developed the chassis, based upon its design for the Lotus Esprit) and the 1990-'95 Corvette ZR-1 (for which Lotus designed, developed and tested the overhead camshaft LT5 V-8, later built by Mercury Marine).
Its talents didn't end with motorized vehicles, either; in the early 1990s, the company developed the Type 108 bicycle, a carbon-fiber-framed wonder that allowed rider Chris Boardman to set a new world record in the 4000 Meter Pursuit. Later, this bicycle would see limited production, and would spawn a commercial variant known as the Type 110 Sport bicycle.
Telling the six-plus decade story of Lotus won't be easy, and the AACA Museum will be devoting a considerable amount of floorspace to the upcoming exhibit. The list of expected vehicles includes a 1956 Mark VI, a 1959 Elite, a 1962 Seven S2, a 1964 Elan S1, a 1966 Lotus Cortina, a 1967 Europa S1B, a 1970 Type 61 Formula Ford, a 1971 Type 69
Formula Ford Formula Two, an Elan rolling chassis, a 1972 Europa TC, a 1972 Elan Sprint, a 1979 Eprit S2, a 1987 Esprit Turbo, a 1991 M100 Elan, a 2001 Esprit V8, a 1996 Lotus Sport 110 bicycle, a 2009 Exige S260 and a 2014 Evora S. Other displays will include a DeLorean DMC-12 and a C4 Corvette ZR-1, and Lotus-themed artwork from artists Gary Dausch and Gale Heimbach will be shown. The guest curator for the exhibit will be Lotus racer and collector Kyle Kaulback, and five of his own Lotus vehicles will be included in the display.
Lotus: The Art of Lightness is scheduled to open on Saturday, January 24. For additional details, visit AACAMuseum.org.
UPDATE (11.November): The AACA Museum has added a 1959 Type 18, 1962 Type 22 and 1969 Elan S4 Coupe Rolling Chassis to the above list; it's also confirmed that the Barber Motorsport Museum in Leeds, Alabama, will be loaning a vehicle for the exhibit, although which Lotus model has yet to be determined.
UPDATE (9.December): Also added to the list are a 1958 Lotus Eleven, a 1963 Type 23, a 1984 Type 95T, a 1992 Type 108, a 2001 Esprit V8, a 1985 Sinclair C5, a Lotus ultralight aircraft engine, a Type 23 spaceframe chassis, and a Lotus Wobbly Web Wheel. The Barber Museum has contributed five vehicles or articles to the exhibit.
Mess with the headers, get the bull: True Gear Head's Auto Antlers
"Curly" Auto Antlers. Photograph courtesy of True Gear Head.
It's not uncommon here in the Hemmings home office to walk by the desk of one of the editors and see him lifting something cool from a box of foam peanuts or packing paper. Besides the many books, die-cast models, new tools, polishes and products sent to us for review in the four Hemmings magazines, we also occasionally get parts coming in ordered by one or another of us who are working on own project cars.
So, after folks here saw me lugging around a box that was a few feet square and heavy, they were bound to be curious. Over the course of the next few days, many stopped by to see what was in it, and this is how it went every time:
The person would reach down and grab ahold of the stainless-steel coil of what appeared to be an exhaust header and hoist it up out of the crumpled brown paper. Then the person would cock his head, no doubt wondering which of my projects it could be for. He'd turn the knot of silver in the air, left and right, raise an eyebrow, emit a thoughtful " huh," then smile and say with final recognition and surprise, "That's…so…cool!"
The kicker is that the object in the box evoked this same reaction from everyone—guy or a gal, gear head or "normal" person alike. And this is just what Stu Burgh, one of the creators of the Auto Antlers, was hoping for.
Mike Adams and Stu Burgh in the machine shop that makes Auto Antlers. Photograph courtesy of True Gear Head.
A few years back, Stu—who's currently working on a 1970 Jeepster Commando project and races old Porsches in autocross—had noticed that the décor in his buddies' homes was steadily sliding into the realm of the staid. Car posters and greasy objets d'auto were quietly disappearing, and paintings by Jack Vettriano and Thomas Kinkade—pleasant though they may be—were taking their places. Out had gone comfy but stained yard sale couches and cardboard beer-logoed coasters; in had moved clean floral-print throw pillows and IKEA end tables.
Granted. Some might say that this is a natural progression, the kind of civilizing that happens when one marries and grows up, and that a fella should be thankful for the dose of cleanliness, comfort and even respectability the process brings. People who think that dining room tables are acceptable places to degrease engine parts don't get asked to spend time in polite company, do they?
But Stu, during one late-night garage session, while holding a set of headers atop his noggin and rutting about like a bull, had an epiphany. Amid the fog of what "may have been bourbon," he recalled the plight of his comrades and felt the primal spirit of his hunter-gatherer ancestors flow through him. He had the solution within his grasp. It was time to fight back.
Somehow for Stu, fighting back meant welding up a set of Mustang headers along with a couple of cleverly cut steel pieces to make an automotive version of the icon of independence, ruggedness and the Wild West—the steer skull.
"Shorty" Auto Antlers. Photograph courtesy of True Gear Head.
And by gosh, as long as the Auto Antlers were in my office, people couldn't stop looking at them! Perhaps its because Stu and his buddy Mike Adams hit on one of those crazy, creative ideas that actually looks good. Or maybe it's just because they're shiny.
Whatever the reason, the sturdily constructed Antlers succeed at bridging the gap between random pile of car parts and honest-to-goodness sculpture. "Never underestimate what you and your crazy buddies might come up with in a garage," advises Stu.
Auto Antlers are solidly constructed; steel back plate with hanger can bear the nearly 20 pound weight.
As a matter of fact, the Antlers have become so popular, that Stu and Mike patented them, formed a company—True Gear Head—and contracted with a local shop in Richmond, Virginia, to keep up with demand.
"One of my favorite things to do," says Stu, "is to visit the machine shop on the weekend where you'll not only find dozens of antlers being made, but also several hot rods that the machinists are building in their spare time. It's really impressive what these guys are able to fabricate, and Mike and I are both glad that the Antlers are still being made by gear heads."
Russ Francis fabricating a set of the "Shorty" Auto Antlers. Photograph courtesy of True Gear Head.
Russ Francis, True Gear Head's fabricator, uses real Mustang headers to make the Auto Antlers. "We use all brand new stainless-steel headers manufactured for Mustangs and work with a supplier in North Carolina," Stu explains. "We don't lower the quality of the headers in anyway; you could cut a pair of antlers apart and run them on your car if you wanted to. It's very important to us that the headers are real car parts, not imitations. Using real headers is certainly a challenge cost wise, so we buy multiple pallets of headers at a time."
Auto Antlers are fabricated from real stainless-steel Mustang headers.
The Auto Antlers come in "Curly" and "Shorty" styles, but there's plenty of room for customization. Clients are encouraged to contact True Gear Head to discuss other options, including special ordering different-sized Antlers or heat bluing them. "On two occasions we made antlers out of customers' used headers from one of their cars that met an unfortunate end," Stu says. "Its always fun to be involved in a project like that."
Building a company takes vision, a lot of hard work, and the support (tolerance?) of family and friends. "Our significant others have helped out with everything from design work, to packaging and shipping," Stu says. But now that True Gear Head has taken off, Stu and Mike are looking toward a future that might just allow them to quit their day jobs as engineers and go at this venture full time. When asked what they'll design next, Stu replies, "You'll just have to keep an eye on us!"
True Gear Head's "Curly" Auto Antlers run $399, while the company's "Shorty" Auto Antlers are priced at $299. For more information, visit TrueGearHead.com.
Custom Tucker cabinet by JoepeP to be auctioned at AACA Museum's Cammack Tucker Exhibit Gallery opening
Images courtesy Pepitone Creative Services
Automotive fine artist and Hemmings friend Joe Pepitone, aka JoepeP, has created a custom, one-off piece of artwork that will be auctioned off during the gala event on Wednesday, October 8, that celebrates the official opening of the Cammack Tucker Exhibit Gallery at the Antique Automobile Club of America Museum in Hershey, Pennsylvania.
JoepeP proudly presents his one-off Tucker tribute cabinet, to be auctioned Wednesday, October 8.
Through his company Pepitone Creative Services, Joe has worked with the AACA Museum in the past with great results, and this new project is a piece of functional art. He's teamed up with Bad Guys Motor Cave Garage Cabinets, a division of North Haven, Connecticut's, Platt LaBonia, to design a unique, high-quality piece of auto memorabilia that is sure to please any car enthusiast.
This new Motor Cave Garage Cabinet is a two-door garage cabinet specially designed to pay tribute to the Tucker Motor Car Company, and is licensed under the authority of Preston Tucker, LLC. This one-of-a-kind cabinet will be sold at auction on Wednesday evening, and you don't have to attend the event in-person to bid: interested parties can phone in silent bids by calling Emily at 717-566-7100, extention 116. Bidding begins at 12 noon on October 8, 2014.
Artist and designer Steve Stanford drops in on the Petersen
A 1962 Chevrolet Impala, as rendered by Steve Stanford. Photos courtesy Steve Stanford Designs.
More than 30 years after getting his start as an automotive illustrator specializing in street rods and customs, artist Steve Stanford will host an exhibit and retrospective of his work at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles.
Born and raised in Saint Louis, Missouri, Stanford was interested in cars from an early age, first catching the bug when one of his neighbors gave him some custom car drawings that he had done. Stanford drew cars throughout his childhood, but was unable to find a job in the automotive sphere, so he enlisted in the Air Force at age 18 when his mom forced him to get a job.
While he didn't enjoy his munitions work in the Air Force, Stanford was able to use his military career as a safety net while doing the work he loved in the automotive world. Stanford learned to pinstripe in his off time and began to paint for customers when he was stationed at the George Air Force Base in California. Soon after he started to pinstripe, Stanford was discovered by his squadron commander who, far from reprimanding him, gave Stanford squadron art work. For the rest of his military career, Stanford painted for both his squadron and outside customers.
Freshly discharged from his Air Force station in Salt Lake City in the early 1970s, Stanford immediately found work as a full-time automotive artist. In Salt Lake City, he worked at ex-military man Wayne Roberson's new custom shop before being hired two years later by Artistic Vans, a custom van shop.
After many successful years in the Salt Lake City custom scene, Stanford finally managed to achieve his dream of practicing his art in California, when in 1980 he began working with race car painter Billy Carter, the owner of Carter Pro Paint in Chatsworth.
It was in 1982, however, that Stanford's career truly took off. The former tech editor of Car Craft, John Baechtel, stopped by Carter's a fair amount back then. During one of Baechtel's visits, he happened to come across Stanford working on his sketchpad. Baechtel was impressed and managed to get Stanford an illustrating job. By March 1982, Stanford was featured as a Car Craft "High Riser," a notable up-and-comer in the industry.
Since then, Stanford's career has been all success. After working at Carter's for 12 years, he moved to work with Pete Santini in 1992. Following his work at Santini's, Stanford moved, first to the Rodder's Journal offices and then to an office with Chuck Lombardo Jr. in 2002. Stanford has worked at Lombardo's ever since.
Steve Stanford poses with one of his works of art.
Steve Stanford shows no signs of slowing down, as his illustrations continue to grace the pages of some of the industry's biggest publications. It was only this year, however, that Stanford's work became more accessible to the general public when he created a Facebook page, Steve Stanford Designs. There, he posts some of his work almost daily and plans on using the online space to publicly debut new work.
The event at the Petersen featuring Stanford and his work will take place from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on August 23, with Stanford signing autographs from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. For more information, visit Petersen.org.
Forest lawn celebrates motorcycle art
"Indian 4," by Drew Struzan. Image courtesy Forest Lawn.
Yes, that Forest Lawn. So we'll start out by answering an obvious question: Why is a motorcycle-themed art exhibition taking place at a location that's one of the country's best-known cemeteries, where a huge number of Hollywood celebrities are interred?
The answer is that there's more to Forest Lawn Memorial Park than gravesites. The original park in Glendale, California, is also home of the Forest Lawn Museum, which needs little in the way of introduction to connoisseurs of fine art. On display at the museum are originals by Homer, Matisse and Rembrandt, among others, along with part of the statuary collection amassed by the publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst. So the show, Vroom: The Art of the Motorcycle, is in the right location.
Running through January 5, 2015, the Forest Lawn show will feature motorcycle artwork from artists including Tom Fritz, Drew Struzan, Keith Weesner and Syd Mead, plus a collection of custom-painted helmets and motorcycle components. Bikes will be on display in force, too: Among them a 1939 Indian Chief once owned by Steve McQueen, a 1953 Gilera racer, and a 1938 Crocker once made in nearby Culver City, California. The show is co-organized by museum director Joan P. Adan and motorcycle historian John Parker. Forest Lawn is actually a chain of cemeteries and crematoria located across a broad swath of Southern California. For more information on the show, visit ForestLawn.com.
U.S. Postal Service honors Hot Rods Forever with a pair of new stamps
Hot Rods Forever stamps. Photo and image courtesy United States Post Office.
Recognizing that hot rods have long been an iconic representation of American culture, freedom and ingenuity, the United States Post Office has unveiled a pair of new "Forever" stamps, each honoring the iconic and easily modified 1932 Ford roadster. Called Hot Rods Forever, the stamps are now available online or at a local United States Post Office.
The unveiling of the stamps took place last weekend at the National Street Rod Association's (NSRA) Street Rod National East Plus in York, Pennsylvania. One stamp depicts a rear three-quarters shot of a black "Deuce" roadster, trimmed with orange flames, while the second stamp shows a low frontal view of a red Deuce roadster. Speaking to the appeal of both hot rods and the Postal Service's "Forever" stamps, Postmaster General Patrick Donahoe was quick to point out, "Just like the cars they celebrate, these stamps are timeless in that they're good for mailing First Class letters anytime in the future."
The Hot Rods Forever stamps join the ranks of other car-themed postage, which includes a series of Muscle Cars Forever stamps, specifically the 1966 Pontiac GTO, the 1967 Shelby G.T. 500, the 1969 Dodge Charger Daytona, the 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle, and the 1970 Plymouth Hemi 'Cuda. Earlier America on the Move stamps, designed by graphic artist Art Fitzpatrick, paid tribute to both '50s Sports Cars (including the 1953 Chevrolet Corvette, the 1954 Kaiser Darrin, the 1952 Nash-Healey, the 1953 Studebaker Starliner, and the 1955 Ford Thunderbird) and '50s Fins and Chrome (including the 1957 Chrysler 300C, the 1957 Lincoln Premier, the 1957 Pontiac Safari, the 1957 Studebaker Golden Hawk and the 1959 Cadillac Eldorado).
The Hot Rods Forever stamps were designed by Derry Noyes and digitally rendered by graphic artist John Mattos. The stamps will be available in sheets, or in a series of products ranging from digital color postmark sets through framed artwork, aimed at those who collect stamps along with grease beneath their fingernails and scars on their knuckles. For additional information on the Hot Rods Forever stamp offerings, visit About.USPS.com.


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BJ'S BLOG 08/15/12 "Friends are NOT Therapists "
by BJ Shea
posted Aug 15 2012 8:00AM
Earlier this week during Group Therapy, we read a Facebook message from a Rock-A-Holic named Jared.
Jared's friend had just gotten out of a two year relationship and said that he still wants to be friends with his ex. The problem is that the friend's ex told the friend's dad that she wants to get a restraining order against him and this isn't the first time she has involved the cops in their relationship.
Jared has known this guy for years and has tried to get him to cut ties with this woman but this guy still insists he cares about her.
He didn't know if he should still try to help this guy or to just stay out of it even though he asks for Jared's advice.
This is a hard thing; I understand wanting to help a friend but why do we have to become other people's therapists?
I have no training in the field of psychology so I cannot give you the help you need when it involves a serious problem!
It's always the people who say that therapy is dumb and a waste of time that pesters their friends and relatives for advice they should get from a real therapist!
The best thing Jared can do for his friend is to tell him to go to counselor because they are the only ones who can help his friend before he does something he will regret.
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Are 5D rides like 'Vengeance' at the London Dungeons the way forward?The London Dungeons here in London has recently premiered it's new 5D ride. Is this the way forward or is 5D just too much for a single ride experience ?
From Rob PWe've had 3D and 4D but now we have the London Dungeon's 5D ride: "Vengeance".
Posted May 24, 2011 at 10:07 AM
It comprises three elements:
3D: A high definition 3D film
Do you think that this is the future of dark rides or can one ride simply have too many elements ? Personally I think the concept is a great one and any number of themes would suit the 5D experience. Not least of all any new Marvel rides.
Your thoughts on this ?
Comments in chronological order. Most recent at the bottom. Scroll down to respond.
From Robert NilesThis sounds like the Alterface 5Di Interactive Theater that I rode at the IAAPA trade show last November.
Posted May 24, 2011 at 10:11 AM
From Albino PygmyThere's an attraction in Branson called Castle of Chaos that sounds exactly what it was. The concept and effects were great, but the storyline and 3D film were rather weak IMO.
Posted May 24, 2011 at 10:49 AM
From Andrew MooneySo thats what 5D is. My younger brother asked me if there will ever be 5D and I said no, 4D was enough. Oops I better apologise - I'm such a nice brother ;)
Posted May 24, 2011 at 11:20 AM
Seriously I think 5D (the extra dimension being interactivity) is quite cool. So I'm guessing it's basically Toy Story Mania with the scare factor stuff in it (ie water spray, air flow and movement)
From Rob PI understand that there are just 3 rides of this type in the world today but I suspect that there'll be a lot more in the coming years.
Posted May 27, 2011 at 1:50 AM
The Muppets, with a new movie hitting our screens, could do with a facelift so there's one opportunity for Disney to get on board.
This discussion has been archived, and is not accepting additional responses.
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Jacksonville, FLUSA 32225
September 5, 2013
I love to blend genres--fantasy, historical fiction, science fiction, drama, romance--I pull them together and try to weave a cogent, engaging story unlike anything I've ever seen or read before.
I have not yet been published, but I have outlines for several stories that need fleshing out. I will be published in the next few years!
1. Finish one book. 2. Finish the second book...I tend to enjoy the creative process and developing the details more than the actual writing, so I get bored and move on to something else. Obviously, this is no way to complete a novel (or five). I would like to become more structured, develop my craft, finish my stories, and get published.
Accountability. I want someone to help me set goals, deadlines, and review my work with scrutiny in a respectful manner. I hope this group will provide that. I have read many books and generally feel disappointed at the end, because I have so many great stories I want to tell and simply don't connect with the characters in the stories. I believe: "If there's a book that you want to read, but it hasn't been written yet, then you must write it." ― Toni Morrison
Aspiring novelist, artist, designer, wife, and future lawyer; I love the craft of writing after years of being a pencil artist. I'm fiercely creative and generally use writing as my outlet; my goal is to publish my 1st novel in the next five years.
Awesome. Amazing. Loved it! A supportive and engaging group of creative, brilliant minds.
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Michaels Genuine
The seed of Michael's fresh, simple, and pure mission was first planted and nurtured here in Miami, with daily care and attention to the quality of our local sources and getting their beautiful product into the kitchen at its freshest. In fact, if there's one thing you should take away from the Michael's Genuine experience, it's know your source.
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Michael's Genuine Food & Drink in the Miami Design District is Michael's first born — a vibrant neighborhood bistro where people gather to enjoy simply-prepared dishes made fresh from local ingredients.read more
Brunch Sun 11am to 3pm
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Narrow your search
Mercedes-Benz will bring 10 PHEVs to market by 2017. The C350e is one of the first.
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The 2015 Lexus RC 350 F Sport looks like a boy racer, but it has the soul (and slightly soft performance) of a grand tourer.
Edgier styling, more efficiency and greater technology make the 2016 Malibu an interesting prospect, but a new "Teen Driver" mode might make the kids a little nervous.
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The iPad Air 2 is a nice refinement and finesse of last year's model, with a bevy of tweaks, enhancements, a much faster processor, and the welcome addition of Touch ID. Simply put: it's still the gold standard for tablets.
It's wearing a new Scion badge, but the 2016 iM that debuted this week in New York is a restyled hatchback inherited from parent Toyota.
The LG 55EC9300 lives up to the promise of OLED with the best picture quality of any TV we've ever reviewed.
For those few who buck American automotive buying trends where the sedan is king, Volkswagen offers the Golf SportWagen, a station wagon boasting loads of cargo space and a diesel engine option.
Unless you have a very specific need for the data tracking or automation provided by the PicoBrew Zymatic, you will likely see very limited benefit for the cost of this machine over traditional home-brewing equipment.
Transform this one machine into a lawn mower, snow thrower, leaf blower, or pressure washer.
The HTC Desire 510 doesn't have the specs to excite committed tech fans, but it handles the basics well, has 4G LTE for superfast data speeds, and it doesn't cost the earth.


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Compositions exhibiting high catalytic activity in the polymerization of α-olefins at temperatures above 140¯ C. are provided by reacting a transition metal compound such as tetra(isopropoxy)titanium, an organomagnesium component such as a hydrocarbon soluble complex of dialkyl magnesium and an alkyl aluminum, e.g., di-n-butylmagnesium.x triethylaluminum and a hydrogen halide or an active hydrocarbyl halide such as t-butyl chloride. Polymerization processes employing this catalyst composition do not require conventional catalyst removal steps in order to provide polymers having suitable color and other physical characteristics.
1. A process for the polymerization of an α-olefin under conditions characteristic of Ziegler polymerization in the presence of a catalytic amount of a catalytic reaction product of (A) compound of a transition metal (TM), (B) an organomagnesium component selected from (1) an organomagnesium compound or (2) a complex of an organomagnesium compound and an organometallic compound in an amount sufficient to solubilize the organomagnesium compound in hydrocarbon and (C) an active non-metallic halide, said non-metallic halide corresponding to the formula R'X wherein R' is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group containing a labile halogen atom as easily lost to another compound as the chloride atom of sec-butyl chloride and X is halogen; said reaction product being produced in a manner such that the organomagnesium component reacts with the non-metallic halide to form a hydrocarbon insoluble portion, and further provided that sufficient aluminum, in the form of a hydrocarbyl-aluminum compound represented by the formula R3-a AlXa wherein R is hydrocarbyl, X is halide and a is a number from 0 to 1.5, is present in the catalytic reaction product in an amount sufficient to provide a reaction product that is catalytic for the polymerization of an α-olefin; the proportions of the foregoing components of said catalytic reaction product being such that the atomic ratio of Mg:TM is within the range from about 5:1 to about 2000:1, the atomic ratio of X:TM is within the range from about 50:1 to about 2000:1, the atomic ratio of Mg:X is within the range from about 0.2:1 to about 1:1, the atomic ratio of Mg:Al is at least 0.3:1, and the atomic ratio of Al:TM is not more than about 120:1 and said process is carried out at a polymerization temperature of at least 185¯ C.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the organo-magnesium compound is a dihydrocarbyl magnesium.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein the organomagnesium component is a complex of dialkyl magnesium and a trialkyl aluminum represented by the formula MgR2.XAlR3 wherein R is alkyl and X is from about 0.001 to 3.3.
4. The process of claim 3 wherein the atomic ratio of Mg:TM is from about 10:1 to about 60:1, the atomic ratio of Mg:X is from about 0.2:1 to about 0.7:1 and the atomic ratio of Mg to Al is from about 0.6:1 to about 7:1 for the total catalytic reaction product.
5. The process of claim 4 wherein the transition metal compound is a hydrocarbyloxide of tetravalent or trivalent titanium.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein the catalytic reaction product is the reaction product of the alkoxide of titanium with an intermediate reaction product of the organomagnesium component and the non-metallic halide.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein the transition metal compound is tetra(alkoxy)titanium, the organo-magnesium compound is dihydrocarbyl magnesium, the organometallic compound is trihydrocarbyl aluminum, the non-metallic halide is hydrogen halide or a t-alkyl halide, the Mg:X ratio is from about 0.2:1 to about 0.7:1, the Mg:Al ratio is from about 0.6:1 to about 7:1, the Al:Ti ratio is less than about 40:1, and the polymerization temperature is at least about 185¯ C.
8. The process of claim 7 wherein the ester of titanium is tetra(alkoxy)titanium, the organomagnesium compound is dialkyl magnesium, the non-metallic halide is hydrogen chloride, the α-olefin is ethylene or a mixture of ethylene and up to 10 weight percent of higher α-olefin and the process is carried out at a polymerization temperature from about 185¯ C. to about 250¯ C.
9. The process of claim 8 wherein the non-metallic halide is hydrogen chloride, the tetra(alkoxy)titanium is tetra(isopropoxy)titanium or tetra(butoxy)titanium, the dialkyl magnesium is dibutyl magnesium, the α-olefin is ethylene or a mixture of ethylene and up to 5 weight percent of propylene or butene-1, the Mg:X ratio is from about 0.4:1 to 0.6:1 and the process is carried out at a polymerization temperature above 220¯ C.
This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 581,294 filed May 27, 1975, now abandoned.
This invention relates to a new catalyst composition useful for initiating and promoting polymerization of α-olefins and to a polymerization process employing such a catalyst composition.
It is well known that olefins such as ethylene, propylene, and 1-butene in the presence of metallic catalysts, particularly the reaction products of organometallic compounds and transition metal compounds can be polymerized to form substantially unbranched polymers of relatively high molecular weight. Typically such polymerizations are carried out at relatively low temperatures and pressures.
Among the methods for producing such linear olefin polymers, some of the most widely utilized are those described by Professor Karl Ziegler in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,113,115 and 3,257,332. In these methods, the catalyst employed is obtained by admixing a compound of a transition metal of Groups 4b, 5b, 6b and 8 of Mendeleev's Periodic Table of Elements with an organometallic compound. Generally, the halides, oxyhalides and alkoxides or esters of titanium, vanadium and zirconium are the most widely used transition metal compounds. Common examples of the organometallic compounds include the hydrides, alkyls and haloalkyls of aluminum, alkylaluminum halides, Grignard reagents, alkali metal aluminum hydrides, alkali metal borohydrides, alkali metal hydrides, alkaline earth metal hydrides and the like. Usually, polymerizaton is carried out in a reaction medium comprising an inert organic liquid, e.g., an aliphatic hydrocarbon and the aforementioned catalyst. One or more olefins may be brought into contact with the reaction medium in any suitable manner, and a molecular weight regulator, which is normally hydrogen, is usually present in the reaction vessel in order to suppress the formation of undesirably high molecular weight polymers.
Following polymerization, it is common to remove catalyst residues from the polymer by repeatedly treating the polymer with alcohol or other deactivating agent such as aqueous base. Such catalyst deactivation and/or removal procedures are expensive both in time and material consumed as well as the equipment required to carry out such treatment.
Furthermore, most of the aforementioned known catalyst systems are more efficient in preparing polyolefins in slurry (i.e., wherein the polymer is not dissolved in the carrier) than in solution (i.e., wherein the temperature is high enough to solubilize the polymer in the carrier). The lower efficiencies of such catalysts in solution polymerization is generally believed to be caused by the general tendency of such catalysts to become rapidly depleted or deactivated by significantly higher temperatures that are normally employed in solution processes.
Recently, catalysts having higher efficiencies have been disclosed, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 3,392,159, U.S. Pat. No. 3,737,393, West German patent application No. 2,231,982 and British Pat. Nos. 1,305,610 and 1,358,437. While the increased efficiencies achieved by using these recent catalysts are significant, even higher efficiencies are desirable in order to more effectively control the polymerization at polymerization temperatures above 140¯ C. and the products made thereby.
In view of the foregoing problems encountered in the use of conventional Ziegler catalysts, it would be highly desirable to provide a polymerization catalyst which is sufficiently active, even at solution polymerization temperatures above 140¯ C., to produce such high quantities of polymer per unit of catalyst that it is no longer necessary to remove catalyst residue in order to obtain a polymer of the desired purity.
The present invention, in one aspect, is the catalytic reaction product of (A) a compound of a transition metal (TM), (B) an organomagnesium component and (C) a non-metallic monohalide. The magnesium component is (1) a complex of an organomagnesium compound and an organometallic compound such as an alkylaluminum compound which solubilizes the organomagnesium compound in hydrocarbon or (2) an organomagnesium compound. The non-metallic halide corresponds to the formula R'X wherein R' is hydrogen or an active monovalent organic radical and X is halogen. Furthermore, the catalytic reaction product contains a sufficient proportion of aluminum in the form of a hydrocarbyl aluminum compound represented by the formula R3-a AlXa wherein R is hydrocarbyl, X is halide and a is a number from 0 to 1. The proportions of the foregoing components of said catalytic reaction products are such that the atomic ratio of Mg:TM is from about 5:1 to about 2000:1, the atomic ratio of X:TM is within the range from about 50:1 to about 2000:1, the atomic ratio of Mg:X is within the range from about 0.1:1 to about 1:1, the atomic ratio of Mg:Al is at least about 0.3:1 and the atomic ratio of Al:TM is not more than about 120:1.
In a second aspect, the invention is a process for polymerizing an α-olefin under conditions characteristic of Ziegler polymerization wherein the aforementioned reaction product is preferably employed as the sole catalyst.
In view of the reduced activity of conventional Ziegler catalysts at polymerization temperatures above 140¯ C., it is indeed surprising that the aforementioned catalytic reaction product is a high efficiency catalyst capable of producing more than a million pounds of olefin polymer per pound of transition metal at polymerization temperatures greater than 150¯ C., e.g., from 185¯ to 220¯ C. and higher. Accordingly, olefin polymers produced in accordance with the foregoing process generally contain lower amounts of catalyst residues than polymers produced in the presence of conventional catalysts even after subjecting such polymers to catalyst removal treatments. Further, these catalytic reaction products enable a higher degree of control over the polymerization in order that a more uniform product can be made. Additionally, the polymer produced in the practice of the present invention has a very narrow molecular weight distribution and is therefore highly useful in molding applications such as injection molding, film application and rotational molding.
The present invention is most advantageously practiced in a polymerization process wherein an α-olefin is polymerized, generally in the presence of hydrogen as a molecular weight control agent, in a polymerization zone containing an inert diluent and the reaction product as hereinbefore described. The foregoing polymerization process is most beneficially carried out under inert atmosphere and relatively low temperature and pressure, although very high pressures are optionally employed.
Olefins which are suitably polymerized or copolymerized in the practice of this invention are generally the aliphatic α-monoolefins having from 2 to 18 carbon atoms. Illustratively, such α-olefins can include ethylene, propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, 3-methylbutene-1, hexene-1, octene-1, dodecene-1, octadecene-1 and the like. It is understood that α-olefins may be copolymerized with other α-olefins and/or with small amounts, i.e., up to about 10 weight percent based on the polymer, of other ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as butadiene, isoprene, pentadiene-1,3, styrene, α-methylstyrene and similar ethylenically unsaturated monomers which do not destroy conventional Ziegler catalysts. Most benefits are realized in the polymerization of aliphatic α-monoolefins, particularly ethylene and mixtures of ethylene and up to 10, especially from about 0.1 to about 5, weight percent of propylene, butene-1 or similar higher α-olefin based on total monomer.
Advantageously, the novel catalyst composition of the present invention is the reaction product of (A) a compound of a transition metal (hereinafter called "TM") of Groups 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b and 8 of Mendeleev's Periodic Table of Elements as shown in The Chemical Rubber Company's Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 48th edition, and (B) an intermediate reaction product of (a) a hydrocarbon soluble organomagnesium compound or a hydrocarbon soluble complex of an organomagnesium compound and an organometallic compound having the formula MRy wherein M is a metal of Groups 2b, 3a including boron, 1a, 4a including silicon; R is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical, i.e., hydrocarbyl, such as alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl and alkylaryl, or other monovalent organic radical such as alkoxy, aryloxy, alkoxyalkyl, and the like; and y is a number corresponding to the valence of M, and (b) an active non-metallic halide corresponding to the formula R'X wherein R' is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl such as alkyl, aryl and that are at least as active as sec-butyl and X is halogen, preferably chloride, bromide, and iodide. It is understood that the organic moieties of the aforementioned catalyst components, e.g., R and R', are suitably any other organic radical provided that they do not contain functional groups that poison conventional Ziegler catalysts. Preferably such organic moieties do not contain active hydrogen, i.e., those sufficiently active to react with the Zerewitinoff reagent. The foregoing catalyst composition has an atomic ratio of Mg:TM in the range from about 5:1 to about 2000:1, preferably from about 10:1 to about 200:1, most preferably from about 10:1 to about 60:1; an atomic ratio of Mg:X in the range from about 0.1:1 to about 1:1, preferably from about 0.2:1 to about 0.7:1, most preferably from about 0.4:1 to 0.6:1; and an atomic ratio of X:TM in the range from about 40:1 to about 2000:1, preferably from about 50:1 to about 400:1, most preferably from about 60:1 to about 120:1. Furthermore, the catalytic reaction product contains sufficient R3-a AlXa as defined hereinbefore (preferably wherein R is alkyl, X is Cl or Br and a is 0 to 1) to provide an atomic ratio of Mg:Al of at least 0.3:1, preferably from about 0.5:1 to about 10:1, more preferably from about 0.6:1 to about 7:1, and an atomic ratio of Al:TM less than about 120:1, preferably less than about 40:1.
Of the suitable transition metal compounds, those of titanium, vanadium, zirconium are more advantageously employed, with those of titanium being most advantageous. Beneficial compounds are the halides, oxyhalides, hydrocarbyloxides (e.g. alkoxides) amides acetylacetonates, alkyls, aryls, alkenyls, and alkadienyls. Of the foregoing transition metal compounds, the hydrocarbyloxides of titanium, so-called titanates, are the most beneficial.
Of the titanates, preferred ones are alkoxides or aryloxides, especially alkoxides having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms or a phenoxide, of trivalent or tetravalent titanium. Such titanates are preferably derived from halides of trivalent or tetravalent titanium including alkyl titanium halides wherein one or more halogen atoms are replaced by an alkoxy or aryloxy group. Exemplary preferred titanates include tetrabutoxytitanium, tetra(isopropoxy)titanium, diethoxytitanium bromide, dibutoxytitanium dichloride, n-butyltriisopropoxytitanium, ethyl dibutoxytitanium chloride, monoethoxytitanium trichloride, tetraphenoxytitanium and the like. Of the preferred titanates, the tetravalent ones wherein all halogen atoms are replaced by alkoxide are most preferred, with tetra(isopropoxy)titanium and tetrabutoxytitanium being especially preferred.
Examples of other transition metal compounds which are advantageously employed are titanium tetrachloride, titanium trichloride, vanadium trichloride, vanadium tetrachloride, vanadium oxychloride, zirconium tetrachloride, titanocene dichloride, zirconium tetraalcoholates such as tetrabutoxyzirconium, vanadium acetylacetonate and the like.
The preferred organomagnesium complex is a hydrocarbon soluble complex illustrated by the formula MgR2.MRy wherein R is hydrocarbyl, M is aluminum, zinc or mixtures thereof and x is about 0.001 to 10 (usually from 0.001 to 3.3 when M is Al) and y denotes the number of hydrocarbyl groups which corresponds to the valence of M. When the organometallic compound (MRy) is an aluminum compound, it is desirable to maintain the atomic ratios of Mg:Al and Al:TM within the ranges specified hereinbefore. In order to obtain maximum catalyst efficiency at polymerization temperatures above 180¯ C., it is desirable to minimize the amount of aluminum in the complex as well as in the total catalyst so that the atomic ratio of Al:TM in the total catalytic reaction product is less than about 40:1.
This complex is prepared by reacting particulate magnesium such as magnesium turnings or magnesium particles with about a stoichiometric amount of hydrocarbyl halide, illustrated as RX. The resulting hydrocarbon insoluble MgR2 is then solubilized by adding the organometallic compound such as AlR3 or mixtures thereof with ZnR2. When employing a mixture of AlR3 and ZnR2 to solubilized MgR2, the atomic ratio of Zn to Al is from about 3000:1 to about 0.01:1, preferably from about 350:1 to about 1:1. The amount of organometallic compound which is added to the MgR2 to form the organomagnesium complex should be enough to solubilize a significant amount of MgR2, e.g., at least 5 weight percent of MgR2 is solubilized. It is preferred to solubilize at least 50 weight percent of the MgR2 and especially preferred to solubilize all of MgR2.
In suitable complexes, organometallic compounds (other than AlR3, ZnR2 or mixtures thereof) which also solubilize the organomagnesium compound in hydrocarbon are employed in beneficial amounts, usually an amount sufficient to produce an atomic ratio of 0.01:1 to 10:1 of metal of the organometallic compound to magnesium. Examples of such other organometallic compounds include boron trialkyls such as boron triethyl, alkyl silanes such as dimethyl silane and tetraethyl silane.
Alternative to the aforementioned hydrocarbon soluble complexes, it is also advantageous to employ organomagnesium compounds as the organomagnesium component. Such compounds, although conventionally insoluble in hydrocarbon, are suitably employed. These compounds can be rendered soluble in hydrocarbon by addition of ether, amine, etc., although such solubilizing agents often reduce the activity of the catalyst. Recently, such compounds have been made hydrocarbon soluble without using such catalyst poisons, e.g., as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,646,231. The more recent hydrocarbon solubilized organomagnesium compounds are the most desirable if an organomagnesium compound is to be used as the organomagnesium component.
Preferably the organomagnesium compound is dihydrocarbylmagnesium such as the magnesium dialkyls and the magnesium diaryls. Exemplary suitable magnesium dialkyls include dibutylmagnesium, dipropylmagnesium, diethylmagnesium, dihexylmagnesium, propylbutylmagnesium and others wherein alkyl has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Exemplary suitable magnesium diaryls include diphenylmagnesium, dibenzylmagnesium, and ditolylmagnesium, with the dialkylmagnesiums such as dibutylmagnesium, being especially preferred. Suitable organomagnesium compounds include alkyl and aryl magnesium alkoxides and aryloxides and aryl and alkyl magnesium halides with the halogen-free organomagnesium compounds being more desirable.
In cases wherein the organomagnesium component does not contain aluminum, it is desirable to add a small proportion of an aluminum compound during the preparation of the catalytic reaction product in order to provide the desired Mg:Al and Al:TM ratios specified hereinbefore. Such aluminum compounds which may be added include alkyl aluminum compounds, e.g., a trialkyl aluminum, an alkyl aluminum halide or an aluminum halide. However, when the aluminum compound added is alkyl aluminum dihalide or aluminum halide, steps should be taken that the catalytic reaction product be substantially free of R3-b AlXb wherein b=1.5 or more. Preferably, the catalytic reaction product contains less than 5 weight percent of R3-b AlXb, most preferably less than about 1 weight percent, based on the weight of total aluminum compound.
The active non-metallic halides of the formula set forth hereinbefore include hydrogen halides and active organic halides such as t-alkyl halides, allyl halides, benzyl halides and other active hydrocarbyl halides wherein hydrocarbyl is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical. By an active organic halide is meant a hydrocarbyl halide that contains a labile halogen at least as active, i.e., easily lost to another compound, as the halogen of sec-butyl chloride, preferably as active as t-butyl chloride. In addition to the organic monohalides, it is understood that organic dihalides, trihalides and other polyhalides that are active as defined hereinbefore are also suitably employed.
Examples of preferred active halides include hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide, t-butyl chloride, t-amyl bromide, allyl chloride, benzyl chloride, crotyl chloride, methylvinyl carbinyl chloride, α-phenylethyl bromide, diphenyl methyl chloride and the like. Most preferred are hydrogen chloride, t-butyl chloride, allyl chloride, and benzyl chloride.
The organomagnesium component is preferably reacted in hydrocarbon with the active non-metallic halide by adding with stirring the halide to the hydrocarbon containing the organomagnesium component. Alternatively, this desired intermediate reaction product may be formed by adding with stirring the organomagnesium component to the active halide or by simultaneously adding and mixing the halide and the organomagnesium component over a period of time. The reaction between the organomagnesium component and the active halide causes the formation of a finely divided insoluble material. This intermediate reaction product contains hydrocarbon soluble portions as well as hydrocarbon insoluble portions. In preferred embodiments, essentially all (preferably 100 weight percent) of the organomagnesium compound is converted to a hydrocarbon insoluble solid. The amount of the halide added to the organomagnesium component is sufficient to provide an atomic ratio of Mg:X as set forth hereinbefore. However, the amount of halide should not be in such amounts and/or in such a manner as to produce significant amounts of R3-b AlXb as defined hereinbefore.
The aforementioned intermediate reaction product is then advantageously mixed with an amount of the transition metal compound, preferably by adding the transition metal compound to the intermediate reaction product, sufficient to provide a catalytic reaction product having an atomic ratio of X:TM and Mg:TM as indicated hereinbefore.
While the catalytic reaction product prepared in the foregoing manner is especially preferred in the practice of this invention, a beneficial catalytic reaction product can be prepared by mixing the active non-metallic halide with the transition metal compound to form an intermediate reaction product thereof and subsequently reacting this intermediate product with the organomagnesium complex. Also suitable, but less preferred, catalytic reaction products can be made by first mixing the organomagnesium complex with the transition metal compound and then adding the active non-metallic halide or by adding and mixing all three components simultaneously.
In the preparation of the foregoing catalytic reaction products, it is preferred to carry out such preparation in the presence of an inert diluent. The concentrations of catalyst components are preferably such that when the active non-metallic halide, and the magnesium complex are combined, the resultant slurry is from about 0.005 to about 0.1 molar (moles/liter) with respect to magnesium. By way of an example of suitable inert organic diluents can be mentioned liquefied ethane, propane, isobutane, n-butane, n-hexane, the various isomeric hexanes, isooctane, paraffinic mixtures of alkanes having from 8 to 9 carbon atoms, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, dimethylcyclohexane, dodecane, industrial solvents composed of saturated or aromatic hydrocarbons such as kerosene, naphthas, etc., especially when freed of any olefin compounds and other impurities, and especially those having boiling points in the range from about -50¯ to about 200¯ C. Also included as suitable inert diluents are benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, cumene, decalin and the like.
Mixing of the catalyst components to provide the desired catalytic reaction product is advantageously carried out under an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen, argon or other inert gas at temperatures in the range from about -50¯ to about 150¯ C., preferably from about 0¯ to about 50¯ C. The period of mixing is not considered to be critical as it is found that a sufficient catalyst composition most often occurs within about 1 minute or less. In the preparation of the catalytic reaction product, it is not necessary to separate hydrocarbon soluble components from hydrocarbon insoluble components of the reaction product. Further it is not required to add a cocatalyst or an activator such as an alkyl aluuminum compound to the catalytic reaction product in order to obtain a high efficiency catalyst. In fact, it is generally undesirable to add any aluminum compound in excess of the amounts prescribed hereinbefore in order to retain high catalyst efficiency at high polymerization temperatures.
In the polymerization process employing the aforementioned catalytic reaction product, polymerization is effected by adding a catalytic amount of the above catalyst composition to a polymerization zone containing α-olefin monomer, or vice versa. The polymerization zone is maintained at temperatures in the range from about 0¯ to about 300¯ C., preferably at solution polymerization temperatures, e.g., from about 150¯ to about 250¯ C. for a residence time of about 10 minutes to several hours, preferably 15 minutes to 1 hour. It is generally desirable to carry out the polymerization in the absence of moisture and oxygen and a catalytic amount of the catalytic reaction product is generally within the range from about 0.0001 to about 0.01 milligram-atoms transition metal per liter of diluent. It is understood, however, that the most advantageous catalyst concentration will depend upon polymerization conditions such as temperature, pressure, solvent and presence of catalyst poisons and that the foregoing range is given to obtain maximum catalyst yields. Generally in the polymerization process, a carrier which may be an inert organic diluent or solvent or excess monomer is generally employed. In order to realize the full benefit of the high efficiency catalyst of the present invention, care must be taken to avoid oversaturation of the solvent with polymer. If such saturation occurs before the catalyst becomes depleted, the full efficiency of the catalyst is not realized. For best results, it is preferred that the amount of polymer in the carrier not exceed about 50 weight percent based on the total weight of the reaction mixture.
It is understood that inert diluents employed in the polymerization recipe are suitably as defined as hereinbefore.
The polymerization pressures preferably employed are relatively low, e.g., from about 100 to about 500 psig. However, polymerization within the scope of the present invention can occur at pressures from atmospheric up to pressures determined by the capabilities of the polymerization equipment. During polymerization it is desirable to stir the polymerization recipe to obtain better temperature control and to maintain uniform polymerization mixtures throughout the polymerization zone.
In order to optimize catalyst yields in the polymerization of ethylene, it is preferable to maintain an ethylene concentration in the solvent in the range from 1 to 10 weight percent, most advantageously 1.2 to 2 weight percent. To achieve this when an excess of ethylene is fed into the system, a portion of the ethylene can be vented.
Hydrogen is often employed in the practice of this invention to lower molecular weight of the resultant polymer. For the purpose of this invention, it is beneficial to employ hydrogen in concentrations ranging from about 0.001 to about 1 mole per mole of monomer. The larger amounts of hydrogen within this range are found to produce generally lower molecular weight polymers. It is understood that hydrogen can be added with a monomer stream to the polymerization vessel or separately added to the vessel before, during or after addition of the monomer to the polymerization vessel, but during or before the addition of the catalyst.
The monomer or mixture of monomers is contacted with the catalytic reaction product in any conventional manner, preferably by bringing the catalytic reaction product and monomer together with intimate agitation provided by suitable stirring or other means. Agitation can be continued during polymerization, or in some instances the polymerization can be allowed to remain unstirred while polymerization takes place. In the case of more rapid reactions with more active catalysts, means can be provided for refluxing monomer and solvent, if any of the latter is present and thus remove the heat of reaction. In any event, adequate means should be provided for dissipating the exothermic heat of polymerization. If desired, the monomer can be brought in the vapor phase into contact with the catalytic reaction product, in the presence or absence of liquid material. The polymerization can be effected in the batch manner, or in a continuous manner, such as, for example, by passing the reaction mixture through an elongated reaction tube which is contacted externally with suitable cooling medium to maintain the desired reaction temperature, or by passing the reaction mixture through an equilibrium overflow reactor or a series of the same.
The polymer is readily recovered from the polymerization mixture by driving off unreacted monomer and solvent if any is employed. No further removal of impurities is required. Thus, a significant advantage of the present invention is the elimination of the catalyst residue removal steps. In some instances, however, it may be desirable to add a small amount of a catalyst deactivating reagent. The resultant polymer is found to contain insignificant amounts of catalyst residue and to possess a very narrow molecular weight distribution.
The following examples are given to illustrate the invention, and should not be construed as limiting its scope. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
In the following examples the catalyst preparations are carried out in the absence of oxygen or water in a nitrogen filled gloved box. The catalyst components are used as diluted solutions in either n-heptane or Isopar EÛ (a mixture of saturated isoparaffins having 8 to 9 carbon atoms). The polymerization reactions are carried out in a five-liter stainless steel stirred batch reactor at 150¯ C. unless otherwise stated. In such polymerization reactions two liters of dry oxygen-free Isopar EÛ are added to the reactor and heated to 150¯ C. The reactor is vented to about 25 psig and 15 to 20 psi of hydrogen is added for polymer molecular weight control. Then, 120 psi of ethylene is added to the reactor and the ethylene pressure is set to maintain the reactor pressure at 155 to 165 psig. The catalyst is then pressured into the reactor using nitrogen and the reactor temperature is maintained for the desired polymerization time. The polymerization reactor contents are dumped into a stainless steel beaker and allowed to cool. The resulting slurry is filtered and the polymer dried and weighed. The ethylene consumption during polymerization is recorded with a DP cell which shows the rate of polymerization and the amount of polymer produced. Catalyst efficiencies are reported as grams of polyethylene catalyst per gram of titanium, g.PE/g.Ti.
A catalyst is prepared by adding with stirring 0.946 ml of 0.519 M di(n-butyl)magnesium.2 triethylaluminum to a solution of 15 ml of 0.123 M anhydrous hydrogen chloride in Isopar EÛ. A white precipitate results immediately upon addition of the magnesium complex. To the resultant slurry are added 1.18 ml of 0.01 M tetra(isopropoxy)titanium and 82.9 ml of Isopar EÛ. A 12.7-ml aliquot (0.0015 mmole Ti) of this catalyst is added to the polymerization reactor producing an increase in temperature to 167¯ C. After 30 minutes, 230 grams of linear polyethylene is formed to give a catalyst efficiency of 3.2æ106 g.PE/g.Ti.
A catalyst is prepared by adding 93 ml of Isopar EÛ, 2.5 ml of 1.15 M t-butylchloride in Isopar EÛ, 3.05 ml of 0.295 M di(n-butyl)magnesium.2 triethylaluminum to a 4 oz. bottle. To the resultant slurry is added 1.5 ml of 0.01 M tetra(isopropoxy)titanium. Ten millileters of this catalyst (0.0015 mmole Ti) is added to the polymerization reactor and after 30 minutes the reactor contents are dumped. The yield of polymer is 204 grams indicating a catalyst efficiency of 2.8æ106 g.PE/g.Ti.
To 247 pounds of Isopar EÛ is added 133 pounds of 0.516 M di(n-butyl)magnesium.2 aluminum triethyl complex. An 11.75-lb. portion of hydrogen chloride gas is added to the foregoing solution of the complex with agitation. The resultant slurry is cooled to ambient temperature (25¯ C.) and 322 ml of neat tetra(isopropoxy)-titanium is added. The resulting catalyst is diluted with Isopar EÛ to give 500 pounds of total catalyst. This catalyst is added continuously to a 6900-gallon reactor along with 40,000 lbs/hr of ethylene and Isopar EÛ. The amounts of catalyst and Isopar EÛ are varied to maintain a reactor temperature of at least 185¯ C. Hydrogen is added to the reactor to control molecular weight of the polymer such that the polymer has a Melt Index of 2.5 to 12 decigrams per minute as determined by ASTM D-1238-65T (Condition E). The catalyst efficiency of the foregoing polymerization is greater than 1æ106 g.PE/g.Ti.
To establish the improved stability of the present catalyst at high temperature, three runs are carried out employing catalysts which differ only as to source of halide and concentration of aluminum.
In accordance with the present invention, a catalyst is prepared by adding to 30.16 Kg. of Isopar EÛ the following components:
311.85 g. of HCl gas
5.556 Kg. of 0.548 M DBMg.2ATE* in Isopar EÛ
29.6 mols. (28.27 g.) of neat tetra(isopropoxy)-titanium
The resulting catalyst has an atomic ratio as follows:
Following the general polymerization procedure in a 250-gallon stirred reaction vessel set hereinbefore except employing a polymerization temperature of 185¯ l C., the foregoing catalyst exhibits a catalyst efficiency of 1.07æ106 g.PE/g.Ti.
For purposes of comparison, a catalyst is prepared by adding to 25.54 Kg. of Isopar EÛ the following components:
6.01 Kg. of 15 percent ethylaluminum dichloride in Isopar EÛ
6.69 Kg. of 0.548 M DBMg.2ATE* in Isopar EÛ
31.5 mols. (30.08 g.) neat tetra(isopropoxy)titanium.
The resulting catalyst has an atomic ratio as follows:
Again following the foregoing general polymerization procedure except for polymerization temperature two runs using this catalyst are carried out at polymerization temperatures of 150¯ C. and 170¯ C. In these runs, the catalyst exhibits catalyst efficiencies of 1.16æ106 g.PE/g.Ti and 0.43æ106 g.PE/g.Ti, respectively. In a similar run wherein a polymerization temperature of 185¯ C. is employed, no measurable amount of polyethylene is produced.
As evidence of preferred order of addition of components in catalyst preparation, three runs are carried out under similar conditions except that the order of addition of components in preparation of the catalyst differs from one run to another. The components of the catalyst are as follows:
0.0657 g. of HCl in 15 mls. of Isopar EÛ
0.1726 g. of 0.51 M DBMg.2ATE* in Isopar EÛ
0.0039 g. of neat tetra(isopropoxy)titanium.
Atomic ratio of the components is
Polymerization is carried out according to the procedure of Example 4 using a polymerization temperature of 150¯ C. The results are recorded in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________ CatalystRun Efficiency, (2)No. Order of Addition (1) g . PE/g . Ti______________________________________1 HCl/DBMg . 2ATE*/Ti(OiPr)4 2.0 æ 1062 HCl/Ti(OiPr)4 /DBMg . 2ATE* 0.98 æ 1063 DMBg . 2ATE*/Ti(OiPr)4 /HCl 0.68 æ 106______________________________________ (1) Components added to the catalyst reaction vessel in left to right order. In Run No. 3, the mixture of DBMg . 2ATE* + Ti(OiPr)4 is adde to HCl in Isopar EÛ. (2) Catalyst efficiency in grams of polyethylene per gram of titanium. *di(nbutyl)magnesium . 2 aluminum triethyl
To illustrate the relation between Al:Ti and Al:Mg ratios and catalyst efficiencies as temperature increases, several runs are carried out using different proportions of the following catalyst components:
anhydrous HCl
DBMg.x ATE*
in Isopar EÛ. The ratios of the foregoing catalyst components are shown in Table II.
Following the polymerization procedure of Example 4 at a polymerization temperature as indicated in Table II, ethylene is polymerized in the presence of the several catalysts and the results are shown in Table II.
TABLE II______________________________________ CatalystRun Atomic Ratio, Polymerization Efficiency,No. Cl/Mg/Al/Ti Temperature, ¯C. g . PE/g . Ti______________________________________1 134/40/58/1 185 1.8 æ 1062 90/40/58/1 185 1.0 æ 1063 90/40/40/1 189 1.0 æ 1064 90/40/20/1 196 1.0 æ 1065 90/40/13.3/1 199 1.6 æ 1066 90/40/8/1 199 1.5 æ 1067 90/40/8/1 205 1.4 æ 1068 84.5/40/6.25/1 212 1.1 æ 106______________________________________
As evidenced by the foregoing data of Example 4 and Table II, as polymerization temperature increases, the ratio of Al:Mg and Al:Ti should be reduced in order to obtain high catalyst efficiencies.
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Southeast Nebraska Cooperative Patrons voted to merge with Farmers Cooperative of Dorchester, nearly 85% in favor with results of a mail-in ballot announced at a special stockholders meeting. The merger, effective September 1, 2014 will allow for transition for southeast patrons and employees. Additional specifics are anticipated as actions to dissolve the Southeast Nebraska Cooperative, based in Beatrice, with multiple ...Read More »
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I have been stuck on this for a few days now. I am attempting to create an app that is for the forum fightlockdown (its an MMA forum).
The area where I am running into trouble is on pages such as http://fightlockdown.com/forum/forumdisplay.php?f=1 where I would like to display each section in a table as a row but am having trouble grabbing only the sections i.e. UFC, The Ultimate Fighter, etc...
The closest I have been able to get is grabbing all of the anchor tags but there are obviously others on the page which could throw off my results if I don't remove them from the returned Elements correctly.
I have not been able to figure out how to get the table to narrow down my results since as far as I can tell doc.select("table.tborder") does not yield any results and neither does doc.select("td.alt1Active").
Any help would be very much appreciated. Thanks in advance.