text:
Eyeko Skinny Liquid Eyeliner - Black
63 reviews
30% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.2
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 3.2
Price: $$$
on 9/21/2014 12:27:00 PM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Oily, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
One of the worst. It's dry. Ran the brush over my lids to get the liner on till my eyes hurt. How did this product get pass you, Alexa? Why did this product win some awards? Extremely disappointing. I can't return it and demand my money back as I have thrown the receipt away.
on 8/26/2014 3:37:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Dry, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Red, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
Honestly the worst liquid liner I've ever used. I'm really sad I paid money for it. First of all, it dried out before I even finished doing one eye on the very first application. The liquid also dispenses really oddly so at certain angles you would get a ton of product, and then at others you would get absolutely nothing. What you DO manage to get on your eye comes out in a wonky, uneven line which is then "erased" if you try to go over it again with the pen. It's like the awful dried up dry erase marker of the makeup world. After my disappointing first experience I stored it upside down for a couple days in hopes that would fix my issue with it. It did not. It was on fact, worse than before. The positive reviews tell me one thing: either they're being paid to write them, or the production of this product is so wildly inconsistent that you're essentially playing Russian roulette with a mostly loaded gun if you purchase this liner.
on 6/8/2014 4:29:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Cool
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Other
Eyes: Blue
I agree with most of the other reviewers in that this is dreadful! I was considering purchasing this product due to the hype it gets in magazines. When I saw it as a free gift with Glamour magazine, I thought that it was a great opportunity to try it. I am so glad that I didn't pay full price for this product. The packaging is awful and the tip doesn't dispense product evenly - the application is very patchy. When you go over the line, the felt tip scratches off the product you have already applied, leaving it even more patchy! I would also imagine that it dries out very quickly so, if you do want to use this product, I'd recommend storing it upside down so that the tip doesn't dry out. Save yourself the money and buy a decent drugstore eyeliner - Rimmel's liquid eyeliner is 100 x better than this!
on 6/8/2014 1:56:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Other
This is a felt tip eyeliner that gives me a deep black line and it does not smudge. I been using mine for over a year now and it has not dry out on me. The negative thing I have to say about this is the tip. It gets dull over time but I do like the formula. This does not smudge on me and I have monolids and it does not flake. Watch my video for a demo and swatches.
on 6/7/2014 4:40:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Dry, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I got one of these free in a magazine this month but I'm aware that Eyeko is a more high-end rather than drugstore brand so this is about £12 if you were to buy it here in England.
This was rubbish, in short. It had basically dried out when I applied it.
I was really happy about the pointed-tip applicator but the eyeliner itself didn't seem to really soak into that bit which made doing a thin line impossible.
The worst bit was that it smudged everywhere! After literally half an hour it had rubbed all over the corner of my eyes and onto my cheeks practically. I know I didn't rub or touch my eyes during that half an hour so the staying power is just abysmal.
Don't waste your money, ladies! There are plenty of better drugstore alternatives out there.
on 6/5/2014 12:44:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
It applied ok, not too spotty but not the most pigmented eyeliner ever.
BUT it dries out SO FAST.
And I don't use liquid eyeliner everyday so I managed to use this... twice.
Would not repurchase because of plain average application and very short longevity.
Skip this and get the Soap and Glory equivalent - far more pigmented and I've had it for at least 6 months and hasn't dried out yet!
on 5/3/2014 4:05:00 AM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Very Dry, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Black
I regularly use the Avon liquid eyeliner & that is 200% better than Eyeko liquid eyeliner, also cheaper. Eyeko eyeliner is spotty & I ended up with panda eyes, the tip of the Eyeko product fell off into the lid, so the quality is obviously low. I'll be going back to Avon.
on 2/20/2014 5:41:00 AM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Warm
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Other
Eyes: Green
got this as a GWP when i hadn't used liquid liner for some 15+ years, so impressed by the beautiful results and ease of use that i've already bought more. very smooth line, soft black shade, doesn't budge but is easily removed, mistakes are easy to fix w/o messing up your entire eye and having to start from scratch.
one MAJOR flaw: dries out in less than two weeks! tried out a few other felt tip liners to replace this but the results were inferior, so despite the longevity issue i've still repurchased this.
on 2/13/2014 2:20:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Normal, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I should had asked for my money back. It dried out. For the price, I was expecting more durability. I bought a different eyeliner for $16, and even tho I had it longer than eyeko, it still works perfectly.
I only bought this because people recommended it but now I know sometimes they recommend expensive things, while there are much cheaper alternatives.
on 1/22/2014 5:00:00 PM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Combination, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Thankfully I didn't pay for this as it was free with a magazine. I wouldn't pay a penny for it, it's awful. The only positive thing is the sturdy packaging and felt tip which is a good size. The 'ink' itself is awful. there's no twist to get more ink and it dries out so quickly when you're applying it that it goes crusty on your eyelid. seriously it's awful. even flicking it upside down doesn't make the tip any more wet. So it drags across your eyelid when your'e trying to draw it on, if you try and layer it to get a thicker line it just rubs the underneath layer off. Once you finally manage to get a satisfactory line, which takes ages cos of all of these problems, it doesn't stay on well at all. after a couple of hours it's smudged in the corner of my eyes and the line has turned into messy flaky dots on the top and the finish is crusty + terrible. do not buy it, rimmel / collection 2000 / l'oreal liquid liner etc all better than this. if i could rate it a zero i would!
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text:
A cleaning composition bath, concentrate for its preparation, and method of use of an aqueous alkaline cleaner comprising an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or nitrilotriacetic acid alkali metal salt, an inorganic alkali metal phosphate, a surfactant and optionally an aluminum sequestrant, other inorganic salts and an alkali metal hydroxide, if needed, to adjust the pH of the composition to at least 11.0.
1. In an aqueous alkaline cleaning composition bath for removing and dissolving aluminum fines and lubricating oils from formed aluminum surfaces, said bath having a water base, a pH of at least 11, and ingredients consisting essentially of:
(a) an alkali metal salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, an alkali metal salt of nitrilotriacetic acid, or their mixture, present in the bath in about 0.1 to about 8.0 g/l;
(b) at least one surfactant, present in the bath in about 0.1 to about 10 g/l; and
(c) at least one alkali metal hydroxide present in the bath in an amount sufficient to adjust the pH to at least 11; the improvement consisting of
(d) at least one inorganic alkali metal phosphate, present in the bath in about 0.1 to 20 g/l.
2. The bath of claim 1 adjusted to a pH of from 11 to about 12.5.
3. The bath of claim 1 adjusted to a pH of about 11.5 to about 12.3.
4. The bath of claim 1 wherein (a) is a sodium salt and is present in the bath in about 0.3 to about 5.0 g/l.
5. The bath of claim 1 wherein (a) is sodium salt and is present in the bath in about 1.5 to 3.0 g/l.
6. The bath of claim 1 wherein (b) is at least one anionic, cationic or nonionic surfactant and is present in the bath in about 0.2 to about 3.0 g/l.
7. The bath of claim 1 wherein (d) is at least one of: sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium phosphate monobasic, sodium phosphate dibasic, or a corresponding potassium or lithium salt; and is present in the bath in about 2.0 to about 10.0 g/l.
8. The bath of claim 1 wherein (d) is at least one of: sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium phosphate monobasic, sodium phosphate dibasic, or a corresponding potassium or lithium salt; and is present in the bath in about 4.0 to about 8.0 g/l.
9. The bath of claim 1 wherein (c) is NaOH, KOH, or a mixture thereof, and is present in the bath in up to about 5.0 g/l.
10. The bath of claim 1 wherein:
(a) is a sodium salt and is present in the bath in about 0.3 to about 5.0 g/l;
(b) is at least one anionic, cationic or nonionic surfactant and is present in the bath in about 0.2 to about 3.0 g/l;
(c) is NaOH, KOH, or a mixture thereof, and is present in the bath in up to about 5.0 g/l; and
(d) is at least one of sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium phosphate monobasic, sodium phosphate dibasic, or a corresponding potassium or lithium salt, and is present in the bath in about 2.0 to about 10.0 g/l.
11. The bath of claim 3 wherein:
(a) is a sodium salt and is present in the bath in about 1.5 to 3.0 g/l;
(b) is at least one anionic, cationic or nonionic surfactant and is present in the bath in about 0.2 to about 3.0 g/l;
(c) is NaOH, KOH, or a mixture thereof, and is present in the bath in up to about 5.0 g/l; and
(d) is at least one of sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, trisodium phosphate, sodium phosphate monobasic, sodium phosphate dibasic, or a corresponding potassium or lithium salt, and is present in the bath in about 4.0 to about 8.0 g/l.
12. The bath of claim 1 wherein (a) is sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate.
13. The bath of claim 1 wherein (a) is sodium nitrilotriacetate.
14. A concentrate for preparing an aqueous alkaline cleaning composition bath for removing and dissolving aluminum fines and lubricating oils from formed aluminum surfaces consisting essentially of the ingredients of claim 1, each present in an amount in parts by weight numerically equal to said respective grams per liter.
15. A concentrate for preparing an aqueous alkaline cleaning composition bath for removing and dissolving aluminum fines and lubricating oils from formed aluminum surfaces consisting essentially of the ingredients of claim 10, each present in an amount in parts by weight numerically equal to said respective grams per liter.
16. A concentrate for preparing an aqueous alkaline cleaning composition bath for removing and dissolving aluminum fines and lubricating oils from formed aluminum surfaces consisting essentially of the ingredients of claim 11, each present in an amount in parts by weight numerically equal to said respective grams per liter.
17. A method for removing and dissolving aluminum fines and lubricating oils from formed metal surfaces comprising contacting said surfaces with a removing and dissolving effective amount of the composition bath of claim 1.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein said contacting is for a time of about 10 to about 120 seconds and said bath is at a temperature of about 27� C. to about 66� C.
19. The method of claim 17 wherein said contacting is by immersing said surface in said bath for a time of about 10 seconds to about 60 seconds while maintaining said bath at a temperature of about 32� C. to about 60� C.
20. The method of claim 17 wherein said contacting is by spraying said surface with said bath for a time of about 10 seconds to about 60 seconds while maintaining said bath at a temperature of about 32� C. to about 60� C.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 853,481, filed Apr. 23, 1986, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 733,546 filed on May 13, 1985, both now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the cleaning of aluminum surfaces, particularly drawn and ironed aluminum cans containing lubricant contaminants, using an alkaline composition.
2. Statement of the Related Art
Containers of aluminum and aluminum alloys are manufactured by a drawing and forming operation, commonly referred to as drawing and ironing. This operation results in the deposition of lubricant and forming oil contaminants on the surfaces of the container. In addition, residual aluminum fine contaminants are deposited on the surfaces, with relatively larger quantities present on the inside surface of the container.
Prior to processing the containers, e.g. conversion coating and sanitary lacquer deposition, the surfaces of the containers must be clean and free of waterbreaks, so that no contaminants remain on the surfaces which will interfere with further processing of the containers.
Compositions currently used commercially for cleaning such aluminum containers are aqueous sulfuric acid solutions containing hydrofluoric acid and one or more surfactants. Such cleaning solutions are quite effective and have many advantages. However, there are also some disadvantages associated with such acid cleaning compositions. For example, such compositions are capable of dissolving stainless steel and other iron alloy equipment commonly utilized in the container cleaning lines. Also, hydrofluoric acid and fluorides present in spent cleaning baths and rinse water present an environmental problem in their disposition.
Alkaline cleaning solutions have been formulated in the past to try to overcome the above problems, but such alkaline solutions have instead raised new serious problems of their own which have mitigated against their commercial use. For example, when cleaning solutions employing alkali metal hydroxides were tried, extensive and irregular etching of the aluminum containers occurred, rendering the containers commercially unacceptable.
Other alkaline cleaning solutions have also been tried with varying success. For example, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 273,484 and a continuation-in-part thereof, Ser. No. 383,289 disclosed an alkaline cleaner comprising: 0.5 to 3 grams/liter (g/l) of an alkali metal hydroxide (such as NaOH); 1 to 5 g/l of an alkali metal salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (such as sodium EDTA); 0.1 to 10 g/l of at least one anionic, cationic, or nonionic surfactant (such as an anionic surfactant believed to be composed of two parts of a modified polyethoxylated straight chain alcohol and one part of a linear alkyl succinate, optionally combined with an alkali metal salt of 2-butoxyethoxyacetate); and optionally further containing 0.6 to 1.3 g/l of an aluminum sequestering agent (such as sodium glucoheptonate). It may be noted that the EDTA in this composition does not function as an aluminum sequestering agent, because of the alkaline pH of the composition.
While the compositions of the above applications were excellent aluminum can cleaners, resulting in cans with virtually no waterbreaks, problems arose when a production line was interrupted for any length of time beyond a few minutes. It was found that cans that stood without after rinsing for any length of time developed severe staining, particularly at those points where the cans were in contact with each other. Even the slightest such stain would make the cans unusable, since they appeared blemished, even after subsequent coating. While most can cleaning operations are by spraying with a cleaner for a short time such as 10 to 60 seconds, it was also found that times of 60 to 120 seconds, which are occasionally employed, might also result in staining. Additionally, it was found that where there was an usually large amount of lubricant contaminant, such as more than about 1.5 g/l, the cleaner was less effective.
A number of patents or published patent applications disclose alkaline or neutral cleaning compositions for metal surfaces, including the following:
U.S. Pat. No. 3,975,215--Rodzewich, assigned to Amchem Products, Inc.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,888,783--Rodzewich, assigned to Amchem, Products, Inc.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,566, assigned to the United States of America
Japanese No. 53/149,130, assigned to Nihon Parkerizing
Japanese No. 51/149,830, assigned to Matsushita Elc. Ind.
Japanese No. 50/067,726, assigned to Kurita Water Ind.
Japanese No. 48/103,033, assigned to Nittan Co., Ltd.
Prior art acid cleaning composition for cleaning aluminum surfaces are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,124,407--Binns, U.S. Pat. No. 4,116,853--Binns, U.S. Pat. No. 4,009,115--Binns, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,969,135--King.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,477,290 assigned to Pennwalt, describes an alkaline aluminum cleaner having a minimum amount of 6 g/l of NaOH or KOH, which is far in excess of a desirable amount and will cause smutting. The solutions are stated as having a pH of about 13. Chelating (sequestrant) agents including sorbitol, gluconic acid, and glucoheptoic acid are disclosed. A composition of 0.6 to 2 g/l of tetrapotassium pyrophosphate, 0.5 to 1.8 g/l of sodium gluconate, and 0.5 to 1.8 g/l of KOH is also disclosed, although no EDTA or surfactant is present.
The invention affords compositions and methods for cleaning aluminum, particularly aluminum cans contaminated with lubricants and other oils, aluminum fines, etc. The compositions are in the nature of both initial cleaners and replenisher cleaners, as well as concentrates used in formulating these cleaners.
The alkaline aluminum-cleaning compositions of this invention are employed in aqueous cleaning baths, whose pH must be 11.0 or higher, preferably in the range 11.0 to 12.5, most preferably 11.5 to 12.3. The compositions may be either in powder-form or in the form of an aqueous concentrate solution. Both powder and aqueous solution may be in a single component package, or may have two or three components.
The ingredients of the inventive compositions comprise the following:
(a) an alkali metal salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or of nitrilotriacetic acod (NTA) or a combination of these salts; present in the bath in 0.1 to 8.0 g/l (grams per liter), preferably 0.3 to 5.0 g/l, most preferably 1.5 to 3.0 g/l;
(b) at least one surfactant; present in the bath in 0.1 to 10 g/l, preferably 0.2 to 3.0 g/l; and
(c) at least one inorganic alkali metal phosphate; present in the bath in 0.1 to 20 g/l, preferably 2.0 to 10.0 g/l, most preferably 4.0 to 8.0 g/l.
It is usually necessary to raise the pH of the cleaning bath to at least the critical value of 11.0, for which purpose one optionally should include in the powder or aqueous concentrate:
(d) at least one alkali metal hydroxide; present in the bath in an amount necessary to achieve the desired pH of above 11, preferably in an amount of up to 5 g/l.
Further optional ingredients are:
(e) a second inorganic salt; which may be present in the bath in an amount in g/l up to one-half the amount of inorganic alkali metal phosphate (ingredient c) which is present; and/or
(f) a second aluminum sequestering agent (other than ingredient a); which may be present in 0 to 10 g/l, preferably 0.5 to 10 g/l, most preferably 0.6 to 1.3 g/l.
Because the compositions of this invention are used primarily for cleaning aluminum cans in a production line, and in the final form of an aqueous cleaning solution into which the unfinished cans are dipped, or with which they are sprayed, quantities of ingredients are stated in terms of grams per liter of the complete aqueous cleaning solution. Because of the nature of the various composition ingredients, they may be added to the aqueous cleaning bath individually, all at once, or in any combinations.
Where the ingredients are added in their essentially dry (powder) form, they are generally physically compatible with each other, although where a liquid surfactant is used, it may be advantageous to add it separately. Adding powder-form ingredients has the advantage of lighter weight in transportation, since the water is absent. However, powders usually must be premixed with water for ease of addition.
In a preferred embodiment, the ingredients are added in the form of aqueous solutions. Advantages of using such solutions are ease of handling, bulk storage capability, and the avoidance of premixing. The at least one surfactant may tend to separate from the other liquid ingredients, in which instance it simply should be added separately.
Because the pH of the cleaning bath is critical, variations in pH (caused by extraneous factors such as the ambient pH of the bath water) must be capable of adjustment. The easiest way to adjust the pH is by varying the amount of alkali metal hydroxide. For this reason, it generally is advantageous to add the alkali metal hydroxide separately. Thus, a two-component or even three-component composition package is generally advantageous, although a one-component composition package is feasible.
Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, or defining ingredient parameters used herein are understood as modified in all instances by the term "about".
The alkali metal salt of either the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or nitrilotriacetic acid is preferably a sodium salt, although potassium and lithium salts can also be employed. The salt is preferably the di-, tri-, or, in the case of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid the tetra-alkali metal salt, a mixture of such salts can be used. The mono-alkali metal salt can be used, but tends to be somewhat less soluble in the concentrates of the invention. In general, the alkali metal salts of the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and the nitrilotriacetic acid can be substituted, one for the other, on a mol per mol basis.
The surfactant can be anionic, cationic or nonionic and combinations of two or more surfactants can be employed. Examples of surfactants that can be used in the cleaning solutions of the present invention are disclosed in columns 6 and 7 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,116,853--Binns.
The following specific surfactants and/or combinations thereof are preferred in the practice of the invention.
(A) nonylphenoxy polyethoxy ethanol (sold by Rohm and Haas Co. under the trademark "Triton" N 100).
(B) a modified polyethoxy adduct (sold by Rohm and Haas Co. under the trademark "Triton" CF 76).
(C) a nonionic believed to be an alkyl polyethoxylated ether (sold by Jefferson Chemical Co. under the trademark "Surfonic" LF 17).
(D) an anionic believed to be comprised of two parts of a modified polyethoxylated straight chain alcohol and one part of a linear alkyl succinate (sold by Rohm and Haas Co. under the trademark "Triton" DF-20).
(E) a nonionic believed to be a modified ethoxylated straight chain alcohol (sold by BASF Wyandotte Corp. under the trademark "Plurafac" D-25).
(F) a nonionic believed to be an ethoxylated abietic acid derivative+15 E.O. (sold by Hercules, Inc. under the trademark "Surfactant AR 150").
(G) a nonionic believed to be a block copolymer of about 90% polyoxypropylene and about 10% polyoxyethylene (sold by BASF Wyandotte Corp. under the trademark "Pluronic" 31R1).
(H) a combination of (D) with an alkali metal salt of 2-butoxyethoxyacetate (preferably sodium, although potassium and lithium may be employed).
Various combinations of the above surfactants (A) through (H) may be used, some of which are preferred. Thus, a combination of (A) and (C) is most preferred, while a preferred combination is (A) and (B). Other useful combinations are (C) and (F), and (H). When any combination of surfactants is employed, it is preferred that each surfactant is present in 0.1 to 5 g/l, in the cleaning solution. A defoamer may also be present.
The above preferred surfactants and surfactant combinations are in fact much preferred for use in the present cleaning solutions based on their ability, particularly when an aluminum sequestering agent is also present, to contribute to preventing discoloration (staining) of those aluminum cans that stand wet with the cleaning solution during periods of line stoppage. It is believed that this is because the surfactants wet the can surfaces sufficiently to prevent the formation of a meniscus between the cans or at least to reduce any such meniscus in size. However, with the inorganic salts according to this invention added to the cleaning solution, the staining problem appears to be obviated regardless of the surfactant.
The second aluminum sequestering agent optionally (but preferably) included in the cleaning solutions of the invention can be any compound known for its ability to sequester aluminum in aqueous alkaline solution. Examples of such compounds include sorbitol, an alkali metal (e.g. sodium) gluconate, an alkali metal (e.g. sodium) glucoheptonate, and an alkali metal (e.g. sodium) tartrate, with sorbitol and sodium glucoheptonate being preferred.
The useful inorganic alkali metal phosphates are sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, trisodiumphosphate, sodium phosphate monobasic, and sodium phosphate dibasic as well as corresponding potassium and lithium salts.
Any of the phosphate salts or their combinations, which are critical to this invention, may be used. In descending order of preference, these salts are (a) tripolyphosphates, (b) pyrophosphates, (c) hexametaphosphates or trisodium phosphates, and (d) all of the remaining salts. The sodium salts are always preferred, although the potassium salts and even the lithium salts may also be used.
The second inorganic salts which optionally may be used include sodium carbonate, sodium nitrate, sodium sulfate, sodium aluminate, and corresponding potassium or lithium salts.
The alkali metal hydroxide which is used herein if necessary to adjust the pH of the composition to within the required ranges, may be sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), potassium hydroxide (potash), lithium hydroxide, or their mixture. Sodium hydroxide is preferred. Where potassium hydroxide is used, the amounts of other ingredients may be reduced, although still within the above parameters. It may also be necessary to increase the pH while a production line is running, in order to prevent staining in case of line stoppage. This can be done by titering the hydroxide addition upward, starting from a minimal amount, until acceptably clean cans are obtained. Since the ingredients do not react with each other prior to their cleaning of the aluminum surfaces, they may be added all together, individually, or in any combination. Thus, a preferred concentrate is a two-package combination, the first package containing all ingredients except the alkali metal hydroxide and the second package containing the hydroxide with, optionally, some or all of the inorganic salt. When the cleaning solution is prepared from the concentrate, water is added to the first package so that the various ingredients therein are in the concentration ranges set forth herein and the second package containing the alkali metal hydroxide is dissolved in the water before, after, or simultaneously with the first package if necessary to adjust the pH to at least 11, preferably 11 to 12.5, more preferably 11.5 to 12.3. When it is desired to include all ingredients in a single concentrate package, it may be stirred or shaken just prior to metering a given amount or it may be supplied in containers small enough so that the entire container content is used at once.
The processes of the invention comprise contacting the aluminum or aluminum alloy surfaces to be cleaned with the aqueous cleaning compositions of the invention using any of the contacting techniques known in the art, such as conventional spray or immersion methods, spraying being preferred.
The temperature of the cleaning composition should be maintained within the range 80� to 150� F. (27� to 66� C.), preferably 90� to 140� F. (32� to 60� C.), most preferably 100� to 130� F. (38� to 55� C.).
The treatment time may vary, depending upon the nature of the aluminum production line. Such times are generally 10 to 120 seconds, preferably 10 to 60 seconds.
Following the cleaning step, the aluminum surfaces are rinsed with water to remove the cleaning solution. The aluminum surface may then be treated with coating solutions or siccative finish coating compositions well known to the art. Also, prerinses of the aluminum surfaces with water prior to the cleaning step is sometimes beneficial in reducing the amount of contaminants that would otherwise enter the cleaning bath.
Spent cleaning solutions and rinse waters present few problems in their safe disposition. For example, the alkali metal salts of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid are readily oxidized to environmentally relatively harmless components by treatment of the spent cleaning solutions with small quantities of peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide. To render any alkali metal hydroxide which is present harmless, water containing hydrochloric acid can be added until a pH of about 7 is obtained.
The following examples, although not intended to be limiting, are illustrative of this invention.
In all of the following examples, the alkaline hydroxide was NaOH used in a constant ratio of 1 g/l, the EDTA was sodium EDTA used in a constant ratio of 2.5 g/l, and the aluminum sequestering agent was sodium glucoheptonate and was always present in a ratio of 1 g/l. The inorganic and phosphate salts were varied, as were their amounts. Some tests were run without any salts, for comparison purposes. (See Examples C-1 to C-7) The surfactant used in all of these tests was a combination of 3:5 parts of (A) and (C), although the amounts used were varied. In one comparative test, no surfactant was used and the inorganic salt was sodium tripolyphosphate. While this composition had some utility, the amount of tripolyphosphate had to be increased to the point where it could not be dissolved in the make-up concentrate and therefore had to be added as a separate solution. (see Example 2).
Each of the baths were run in a laboratory carrousel washer with a prewash of water at 145� F. (63� C.) for 30 seconds with a 20 second blow-off and a wash at 135� F. (57� C.) for 15 seconds followed by a 30 second blow-off.
The tests were all run on two-part 3004 alloy aluminum cans (without tops) which had been drawn and ironed and which were covered with aluminum fines and drawing oils. The cans were treated in circular groupings of fourteen cans, so that each can was in constant contact with at least two other cans.
The percentage of waterbreak free surface (% WFS) was determined as follows. After the cans are treated and washed, they are dipped into a saturated sodium sulfate bath kept at 150� F. (66� C.). After excess water runs off (10 seconds) they are flash dried in an oven at 300� C. Where waterbreak is evident on a can, the surface will be clear of salt (i.e. silver). Where the surface is waterbreak free, it will be covered with a coating of salt, and will appear white. The percentage of white to silver may be determined visually, with an optical scanner, or by any other means. 100% means that the surface is completely white (i.e. waterbreak free). This test is extremely rigorous, and a percentage of at least 70% is needed to be within the scope of this invention, at least 80% being preferred, and at least 90% being most preferred. An acceptable test result means that a can will be waterbreak free for most practical purposes, in a production line.
The stain (blemish) is usually brown and may be measured visually or by a suitable scanning device. Once such device is a "Stain Scanner" which measures the amount of light reflected off a can dome. Light is transmitted by means of optical fibers to a chamber, where it is reflected off a can to a photovoltaic cell. The intensity of the reflected light is proportional to the brightness of the can surface. A millevolt meter is used to measure the output of the photovoltaic cell. The light is adjusted to a standard with a variable rheostat. The standard in this instance is 300 mv. After the cans are washed and allowed to dry, a reflectance measurement is taken. The bath used to treat the can is then poured into the (concave) dome of the can. It is then heated in an oven at 200� C. for 5 minutes. The cans are then rinsed and dried. A second reflectance measurement is then taken and the result compared with the first. The differential (dSS) determines the amount of stain. The result must not be a negative number, which would indicate staining. The most desireable result for stain prevention is 0 or close to 0, indicating little or no change.
Foaming may be a problem with some cleaner compositions. When aluminum cans are sprayed, the residue solution is collected in a tank below the suspended cans. This residue solution is then recirculated to the sprayers, in a continuing operation. An excess of foaming (i.e. over the top of the tank) may result in a loss of treating composition as well as undesireable contamination. The control of foaming is therefore very desireable. To test for foaming a single can washer was used. It was filled with 4 l of cleaning bath solution, and the temperature set at 135� F. (57� C.). The bath was sprayed for the indicated time and the foam level was recorded in liters of foam. After 10 minutes of spraying, the foam was allowed to decay for 10 minutes and the level was again recorded.
Sodium tripolyphosphate was used as the nonorganic salt.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________TPP Surfactant FoamingExample(g/l) (g/l) % WBF dSS 1 min 3 min 5 min 10 min 10 min Decay__________________________________________________________________________C-1 0 1.25 23.6 -23 .5 1.1 1.4 2.4 1.0C-2 0 3.75 44.5 -29 .8 1.6 2.0 2.6 .8C-3 0 6.25 60.5 -36 3.4 *C-4 0 7.5 78.6 -36 5.1 *C-5 0 8.75 82.9 -34 3.8 *C-6 0 12.5 73.3 -36 1.8 2.9 3.6 4.1 .2C-7 0 15.0 57.7 -37 .9 .5 .4 .4 .1 8 4 1.25 81.2 +1 .5 1.0 1.2 1.8 .8 9 4 2.5 89.9 +1 1.1 2.1 2.6 3.1 .810 4 5.0 88.3 +2 3.8 *11 4 7.5 93.9 +0 .8 2.2 2.5 2.6 .212 4 8.75 92.0 +3 .4 1.2 1.6 2.0 .213 4 10.0 90.3 +1 .4 .3 .3 .4 .114 4 12.5 88.3 +3 .4 .2 .2 .2 .115 4 15.0 76.3 +4 .2 .2 .2 .2 016 8 1.25 84.3 +8 .8 1.3 1.6 2.2 .817 8 2.5 90.5 +8 2.1 4.1 5.8 6.2 .418 8 3.75 93.6 +9 3.4 *19 8 6.25 95.7 +8 .2 .4 .4 .4 020 8 8.75 92.2 +6 .2 .2 .2 .2 021 8 10.0 96.5 +8 .2 .2 .2 .2 022 12 1.25 90.4 +5 .7 1.5 1.7 2.8 .723 12 2.5 93.4 +7 2.6 6.3 #24 12 5.0 93.6 +5 .2 .2 .2 .2 025 12 7.5 93.5 +5 .2 .2 .2 .2 026 16 1.25 91.2 +5 1.0 2.1 2.8 3.5 .427 16 2.5 95.4 +9 2.8 *28 16 5.0 94.0 +9 .2 .2 .2 .2 029 20 0 81.8 +5 .5 .8 1.0 1.8 0__________________________________________________________________________ *over top at 2 min. # over top at 4 min.
Various other nonorganic salts were used.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________ FoamingExamplesalt (amount g/l) % WBF dSS 1 min 3 min 5 min 10 min__________________________________________________________________________C-30 sodium carbonate 4 83.1 -20 2.5 5.1 7.0 (a)C-31 sodium carbonate 4 83.2 -19 1.3 2.5 7.9 3.4C-32 sodium carbonate 12 96.3 -15 .7 1.5 1.9 2.1C-33 sodium carbonate 12 93.4 -10 .1 .1 .1 .1C-34 sodium hexametaphosphate 4 80.0 -3 .8 1.5 2.0 2.335 sodium hexametaphosphate 4 88.0 0 4.7 (b)36 sodium hexametaphosphate 12 80.2 +2 1.5 2.7 3.5 4.337 sodium hexametaphosphate 12 86.5 +4 3.4 (c)C-38 sodium nitrate 4 84.3 -36 1.7 3.5 4.5 5.7C-39 sodium nitrate 4 89.2 -41 3.8 (b)C-40 sodium nitrate 12 60.2 -41 3.5 7.1 (d)C-41 sodium nitrate 12 78.7 -44 .7 1.3 1.9 2.1C-42 sodium sulfate 4 57.9 -25 1.7 3.5 4.7 6.4C-43 sodium sulfate 4 72.8 -25 3.5 1.2 (e)C-44 sodium sulfate 12 58.6 -26 2.5 5.6 (f)C-45 sodium sulfate 12 73.2 -35 .2 .2 .2 .146 tetrasodium pyrophosphate 4 90.3 +7 1.3 2.5 3.2 4.047 tetrasodium pyrophosphate 4 97.1 +12 4.5 (g)48 tetrasodium pyrophosphate 12 94.0 +11 2.6 6.9 (h)50 tetrasodium pyrophosphate 12 96.8 +14 .2 .2 .2 .2C-51 trisodium phosphate 4 97.1 -17 2.1 4.9 6.8 (i)C-52 trisodium phosphate 4 92.3 -23 2.8 4.3 5.1 5.953 trisodium phosphate 12 97.3 +5 2.1 2.8 3.9 4.554 trisodium phosphate 12 96.1 0 .1 .1 .1 .1C-55 sodium aluminate 4 64.3 -21 .5 1.1 1.5 2.3C-56 sodium aluminate 4 47.0 -26 1.6 2.9 3.9 6.4C-57 sodium aluminate 12 55.4 -20 .5 1.1 1.1 1.9C-58 sodium aluminate 12 79.9 -11 .2 .3 .3 .3__________________________________________________________________________ (a) over top at 6 min (b) over top at 2 min (c) over top at 2.25 min (d) over top at 3.25 min (e) over top at 4 min (f) over top at 5 min. (g) over top at 3 min (h) over top at 3.5 min (i) over top at 9 min.
As will be seen from Table 1, all examples according to this invention (nos. 8-29) showed excellent to acceptable stain test results, whereas all examples without any inorganic phosphate salts (C-1 to C-7) showed severe staining. Furthermore, as can be seen by comparing the % WBF for a given amount of surfactant, the results are always better when the inorganic phosphate salt is included for example, taking the best result for the absence of the inorganic phosphate salt (Ex. C-5) in which the surfactant is present in 8.75 g/l, and comparing this result with Examples 12 and 20, it can be seen that the results according to this invention are always superior. In fact, the compositions according to this invention may employ less surfactant, replacing it partially with the lower cost inorganic phosphate salt, which is a great advantage. An interesting observation is that excessive foaming without the inorganic phosphate salt starts at a surfactant level of 6.25 (Ex. C-3) and continues through a level of 8.75 (Ex. C-5). In striking and desireable contrast, the excessive foaming with the inorganic salt is of a much shorter range, as indicated in Examples 10, 18, 23, and 27, and occurs at much lower surfactant levels. This permits the addition of larger amounts of surfactants (when the inorganic phosphate salts are present) to overcome specific production problems which may occur. Particularly striking is that Ex. 29, which used no surfactant at all, achieved a satisfactory % WBF and dSS. Thus, the surfactant may be eliminated entirely, although then it is preferred that it be used in 1 to 3 g/l quantities.
Table 2 demonstrates that only some inorganic salts are useful for this invention. All of the salts in Table 2 were chosen because they were thought likely to be effective. However, as can be seen, those labeled comparative examples (sodium carbonate, sodium nitrate, sodium sulfate, and sodium aluminate) produced severe staining. Marginally acceptable salts include trisodium phosphate (which is acceptable in larger amounts), and sodium hexametaphosphate (which gave mixed results at lower amounts). Clearly, the tetrasodium pyrophosphate produced excellent staining results, and is less preferred than the sodium tripolyphosphate only because the latter is more soluble. It should be noted that the salts in the comparative examples were all satisfactory in the foaming tests, and it may therefore be possible to employ them in admixture with the salts according to this invention, especially where such admixtures are cost effective.
It is of course, known in the art that the initial make-up cleaner composition has all ingredients in the desired quantities, but that these ingredients are consumed in differing proportions. Thus, when the cleaner solution is replenished, the ingredients are added in proportions different from the initial solution, so that the initial ingredient proportions are maintained.
All of the above examples are directed to showing that using the compositions of this invention will avoid the serious problem of staining caused when the can cleaning production line is stopped while the cans are in contact with the cleaning solution. The following examples demonstrate that the cleaning composition of this invention also produces superior cleaning results.
In order to demonstrate that the inventive alkaline aluminum-cleaning composition not only avoided problems but also cleaned aluminum cans satisfactorily, the compositions disclosed in Table 3, below, were prepared and used to clean aluminum can blanks. The prewash was at a temperature of 120� F. (49� C.) for 30 seconds, followed by a wash with the following compositions at 120� F. (49� C.) for 35 seconds, and then by a rinse with deionized water at ambient temperature. All ingredients below are in g/l.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ EDTA NTA seq. NaOH ReflectivityExampleTPP Na Salt Na Salt agnt. surf. present pH interior exterior % WBF__________________________________________________________________________C-59 4 8 -- 1 1 no 10.75 201 356 98.460 4 2.5 -- 1 1 yes 12.0 245 369 99.761 4 -- 1.65 1 1 yes 12.0 240 369 99.4__________________________________________________________________________
In comparative example C-59 the pH was below the minimum of 11 required according to the invention. As a result, the interior reflectivity value was too low, indicating that the can was not clean enough. The base line reflectivity values were 169 for interior and 329 for exterior. At an interior reflectivity of above 235, there was no visible signs of fines, indicating that the can was acceptably clean. The interior reflectivity of example C-59 was completely unacceptable. The particular can blanks tested were obtained from National Can Co., Piscataway, N.J., U.S.A. It should be noted that the acceptable interior reflectivity value will vary for each type of can configuration, each type of production equipment, ambient water, cleaning conditions, and the like. Therefore this value should be taken only as a comparative for identical cans tested under identical conditions. The exterior reflectivity values were acceptable for all three examples. The secondary sequestrant (seq.) used was sorbitol. The surfactant (surf.) used was a combination of A and C in a weight ratio A:C of 3.5. Although the pH in example C-59 was too low with the use of 8 g/l of EDTA Na salt, this amount may be enough where the ambient water has a sufficiently high pH to result in a cleaning bath pH of at least 11. The EDTA Na salt and NTA Na salt were each present in the equimolar amount of 0.006 mols. As can be seen, both of these salts gave acceptable results.
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Publication details for Professor Matthew RatcliffeHutto, D.D. & Ratcliffe, M. (2007). Folk Psychology Reassessed. Dordrecht: Springer.
- Publication type: Books: edited
Author(s) from Durham
What is central to our ability to interpret one another? A great deal of work in philosophy of mind, cognitive science, anthropology, developmental psychology and a host of other disciplines assumes that, at root, interpersonal interpretation is accomplished through the employment of a 'commonsense' or 'folk' psychology, meaning an 'everyday', rather than 'scientific', appreciation of mindedness. Although there is considerable debate over which cognitive processes support our folk psychological abilities and how those abilities develop during childhood, there is a remarkable degree of consensus concerning what folk psychology involves. Most discussions begin by stating or assuming that it consists primarily of an ability to attribute propositional attitudes to humans and other organisms, in order to predict and explain their behavior. This ability is usually regarded as an underlying core that enables all social life, rather than just one amongst many ingredients of human social ability. There have been a number of recent criticisms of this orthodox characterization, which question the scope, function, reliability and even the very nature of folk psychology. This book brings them together for the first time. The contributors all maintain that current understandings of folk psychology and of the mechanisms that underlie it need to be revised, supplemented or dismissed altogether.
Contributors: Kristin Andrews, Shaun Gallagher, Peter Goldie, Peter Hobson, Daniel Hutto, Joshua Knobe, Martin Kusch, Victoria McGeer, Adam Morton, Matthew Ratcliffe, Beata Stawarska, Dan Zahavi.


text:
hunter pence
Playoff Pinch Hits: Giants' Bumgarner Is The New World Series Hero
Pitcher Madison Bumgarner carried the San Francisco Giants to a third World Series win in 5 seasons. The Kansas City Royals fall just short.
5 Things You Missed: 2014 World Series, Game 7
Madison Bumgarner carried the Giants to World Series victory over the Royals in Game 7. Here are 5 things you missed.
5 Things You Missed: 2014 World Series, Game 1
The Giants controlled the Royals in game 1 of the 2014 World Series. Here are 5 things you missed.
Report: Astros Not Taking Calls On Reliever Chad Qualls, Yet
It appears the Houston Astros have their trade deadline priorities MLB in order. Minutes after FOX Sports Ken Rosenthal reported the club was "very, very busy" with talks for right-hander Jarred Cosart, CBS Sports Jon […]
5 Crazy Events From Major League Baseball You May Have Missed
By Adam W. Bloom The second half of the MLB season is under way with a number of teams making moves to try and stamp their ticket into the playoffs. While you'd think the pressure […]
Astros' Jason Castro Named AL Player Of The Week
The often maligned Astros received some much needed recognition Tuesday.
Giants, Tigers Will Need All Seven Games To Decide World Series
It looks like the World Series will go the distance and seven games for the second straight year.
Notable Deals By MLB Trade Deadline
At 4 p.m. ET on Tuesday afternoon, Major League Baseball's non-waiver Trade Deadline passed with 19 teams within five games of postseason contention.
Pence's Homer In 10th Lifts Phillies Over Astros
Hunter Pence let the lead slip away with one big bobble out in right.
Astros-Phillies Preview
Hunter Pence is mired in a difficult slump for a Philadelphia Phillies club that hasn't won consecutive games in two weeks.


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KISSIMMEE, Fla. — SunState Aviation at Kissimmee Gateway Airport (ISM) is hosting an open house on Saturday, June 14, from 10 a.m. until 3 p.m.
AOPA Foundation offers scholarships
The Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA) Foundation will award 11 scholarships in 2014 to help support outstanding student pilots. Ten of the scholarships will provide $5,000 each and an 11th scholarship will award $12,000 to student pilots pursuing an FAA sport, recreational or private pilot certificate.
Zulu Flight Training and Continental Motors plan Learn to Fly Day
FAIRHOPE, Ala. — Zulu Flight Training and Continental Motors will hold a "Learn to Fly" day on Saturday, May 24, from 9 a.m. – 4 p.m. at H. L. Sonny Callahan Airport. Admission is free.
Events and activities include Discovery Flights, Young Eagles flights, aircraft displays, flight simulators, educational seminars, children's activities, and more. Hamburgers, hotdogs, ice cream handmade on site, and other refreshments will be available free of charge.
King Schools offers discount on ATP training
SAN DIEGO, Calif. — Pilots who pass the ATP written exam before Aug. 1 of this year won't have to take the expensive ground and simulator training that will be required after that date.
A surprise bonus is that once you pass the knowledge test, 14 CFR 61.155(d) gives you two years to pass the practical test.
There's a window of opportunity here, officials at King Schools note. Pass the knowledge test now, and you completely sidestep these expensive new requirements and you have two years to get the certificate. It will save pilots thousands of dollars.
Plus, you don't need to have the 1,500 hours required for an ATP now. If you think you might have the hours within the next two years, you should pass your written before Aug. 1, King Schools officials advise.
"To help motivate pilots to get this done now," said John King of King Schools, "we are making it easy on their pocketbooks by offering a 50% discount on our Airline Transport Pilot ATP Interactive Video Ground School and Test Prep course right up until the FAA deadline."
Many in the aviation training industry are concerned that the high cost associated with passing the ATP written under the new regulations may prevent many pilots from ever achieving this certificate.
"Our discounted price reflects a savings of $150," commented Martha King. "But the real motivation should be to get in under the wire before getting an ATP becomes significantly more difficult. We want to encourage pilots to get their ATP Written passed now. Otherwise, they may miss an opportunity that will not come back."
John continued, "We use full-screen, bite-sized video segments, averaging about 10 minutes long. Pilots learn the concepts behind the questions, which is more fun and rewarding than just memorizing answers. Each video segment is automatically followed by a quiz – using actual FAA questions. The course tracks the pilot's progress and includes a test prep section where they can practice on questions by subject area, answered status, marked questions, or any combination. The program can also generate as many random practice tests as you want."
King Schools offers a money-back guarantee, officials add.
For more information, go to www.kingschools.com/ground-school/atp or call toll-free 1-800-854-1001.
Scholarships available for Aerosim Flight Academy
K-State Salina and Yingling Aviation cut the ribbon on a new flight simulator
Kansas State University Salina aviation students now have a new piece of technology to train on thanks to a generous donation from a Wichita aviation company.
Touch Trainer available at Banyan Pilot Shop
FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. — Banyan Pilot Shop now offers pilots the chance to use — for free — the FlyThisSim's Touch Trainer, an FAA Basic Aviation Training Device that accurately simulates performance on Cirrus, Cessna, Beechcraft, and Diamond aircraft.
Plotting your course on becoming a pilot
Designed to mimic a true aeronautical chart, ASA's Plotting Your Course fold-out brochure is loaded with information about how to get a pilot's license. While this free "chart" should not be used for navigation, it should be used to inspire and inform future pilots that their dreams are within reach, ASA officials note. [Read more…]
Embry-Riddle adds Arrow trainers to fleet
VERO BEACH, Fla. — Piper Aircraft will begin delivering the first of five new Piper Arrow pilot training aircraft to Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University's Daytona Beach, Fla. campus.
Zenith aircraft training Chinese pilots
Zenith recently shipped its 45th kit for a STOL CH 750 to China.


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How to dye the perfect Easter egg—no kit required!
Why your BF doesn't notice your new 'do
Dear Carol: How can I turn my attitude around?
The Mortal Instruments series is coming to TV
April Fools' Day: Jokes on You!
How to make a pretty (and inspiring) mason jar terrarium
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It's FREE Breakfast Week at Chick-fil-A in Wichita!
FREE Chick-fil-A for breakfast? That's right. The cow-approved fast food chain is bringing attention to its breakfast menu with another free breakfast promotion.
From January 26-31, 2015, two Wichita Chick-fil-A restaurants are giving away FREE breakfast entrées from 6 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. each day. NO purchase required. NO coupon required. Valid for dine-in or drive-through. Yes, really!
Just choose your location – East Wichita or West Wichita – show up inside or at the drive-through, and get the free breakfast entree of the day.
- On Monday, January 26, it's the 3-count Chick-n-Minis.
- On Tuesday, January 27, you'll get a Chicken Biscuit.
- On Wednesday, January 28, the Chicken Burrito (breakfast version) is free.
- On Thursday, January 29, get another Chicken Biscuit.
- On Friday, January 30, try another 3-count Chick-n-Mini.
- On Saturday, January 31, end the week with a Chicken Biscuit again.
Remember, it's from 6 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. every day this week. No purchase is required. You do have to be there in person to pick up your free breakfast item (so we can't send our spouses to get us free breakfast ). You can get one free item per day.
Wichita has two participating Chick-fil-A locations. I don't think the Derby location is participating yet, because they're so new. (You can imagine the breakfast rush this kind of deal would bring!)
Chick-fil-A East Wichita
Central & Rock Road
7990 E Central Ave
Wichita, KS 67206
Chick-fil-A West Wichita
21st & Maize
10515 W 21st St N
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Alaska Airlines has partnered with Gogo to offer wireless in-flight entertainment, which is already available on 50 of its 737s.
Brett Proud, President & CEO of GuestLogix, discusses onboard merchandising, NFC, personalisation, data protection and the commercial relevance of BYOD.
Airberlin has equipped the first two aircraft with onboard Wi-Fi as it starts a fleet-wide rollout, and is also introducing wireless in-flight entertainment.
Verizon Wireless has declared 26 November – the day before Thanksgiving – "Connection Day" and will offer free onboard Wi-Fi to air travellers.
FTE takes a look at how Asian airlines are embracing the latest technological developments to improve the in-flight passenger experience.
Philippines-based Cebu Pacific Air has started a trial of the SKYfi club wireless in-flight entertainment (IFE) system alongside KID-Systeme GmbH.
Gogo has teamed up with T-Mobile to allow passengers to make use of free in-flight texting and Visual Voicemail on Gogo-equipped aircraft in the US.
The Australian carriers have relaxed their rules on the use of personal electronic devices following a change in policy by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority.
Gogo has received a supplemental type certificate from the FAA to install Gogo Vision as a standalone product, even without the company's connectivity service.
Following the rollout of Delta's new IFE streaming product, FTE explores how the major US carriers are upping their game when it comes to in-flight entertainment.


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Comments about 'Six arrested after Kearns home invasion'
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South Jordan, UT
Wow no one was shot? After all they did have guns, held hostages. Sounds to me that they LISTENED to what they were told to do by the police and no one was hurt, not even the criminals.
- 12:02 p.m. Sept. 1, 2013
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Sugar City, ID
Since a 17 year old boy was among the criminals, will that enhance the penalty that the adult criminals will get? It's not as evil as the child sex trade but it's still very serious to involve a juvenile in a criminal act such as this one. Maybe add another five years to each sentence for involving a juvenile in a felony.
- 8:34 p.m. Sept. 1, 2013
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birds flying into windows
I don't know what to do anymore. Everyday we hear birds hitting the window, some only a 'tap' but unfortunately I found a few dead ones. We have a large dresser with a mirror opposite the window so we put up a blind and keep it pulled. Then we bought some of those reflective decals and put them up. That didn't work either. Any suggestions anyone? Thanks for any advice. Marg
I never thought of that. I'm just afraid that would chase them away from the feeder to. It's also on the north side and we get a lot of north winds. The chimes may not be such a great idea. Now if I could just figure out what attracts them to the window.
We used to have that in one of our houses I think it was the reflection they were flying into because from the yard it appeared to be an open sky with trees below. That was a south window so the sun made it just like a mirror. You try hanging fishing line down from your overhang with weights they don't like their wings touching things might work and shouldn't block your view.
The explanation I've always heard it that they see the sky reflected in the glass so think the flight path is clear sailing. Put up some Christmassy ornaments or decals on the window but make sure they are something that can easily be seen through the glass.
We have a basement window that every year one stupid robin will continue to flutter against/hit over and over! I'm talking an hour or more at a time, day after day. They (or it, I'm not sure)don't actually fly into it, but they bang against it constantly. In the fall, when I wash the windows, it is all muddy and covered with smudges. I have no idea what it thinks is inside. A good place to have a nest?!
Anyway, that was completely unhelpful, but I just wanted you to know you aren't alone with bird/window problems. :)
I have many bird collisions with various windows. I think it is the location of the trees in my area. They come swooping in to get the berries and smack into the windows.
It is a huge concern for me because I have a sunroom with windows on three sides, so lots of opportunity for disasters.
I've read that decals etc. don't help at all. But one site I found recommended hanging screens on the outside of problem windows. That will cushion the impact. I might consider that for the sunroom, as I wouldn't mind blocking out some of the sun in the summer anyway. I could try it on the west and east sides as they seem to be the worst.
According to the bird site I was on, most birds that fly away after a collision still die.
I get birds hitting windows, too. And some birds are worse than others - house sparrows, for example, never hit the windows, but I've picked up lots of dead Cedar Waxwings that hit windows on the house and the garage. Big birds, like crows, blue jays, small hawks, rarely hit but those little redpolls hit frequently.
I think the best method to curb the window hits while still inviting birds is to have some branches in front of the window for them to swoop in and perch on - like maybe a few tall willow or dogwood branches firmly pushed in the ground below the window, or fashion a light twig trellis. Or grow a small tree in front of the window. One year I had tall castor bean plants growing in front of the window - awesome view of the birds pirched in the plants and no window hits.
Our house is a bi-level so the branches aren't an option. We leave our blinds (mini-blinds) down but with the slats open and that helps a bit.
Weeper, the robin is attacking his reflection thinking it's an intruder on his territory!
O.K., I was thinking about what to do and then I realized that all the dead birds were dark eyed juncos. We've never had them before! We've only been here a few years and we had red polls, sparrow and chickadees hit the window a few times but they learned to ignore it. These Juncos are new so do you think they may be learning their way around and that's what's causing it? The window is on the north side and gets no direct sun and the overhang stops any reflection so I don't see that as the problem. Marg
Most often this happens in spring and fall when birds migrate.
In link below some ideas on what to do.
Two times in a row in spring I've seen a male junco standing on the window sill and jumping towards the window. This was at the Devonian Garden in one of the trailers in the woods we had scion wood exchange. Trees & shrub branches were inches away, probably it was reflection.
Here is a link that might be useful: How to Stop Birds from Flying into Your Windows


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Wake County Democrats criticize vote on school funding
The Wake County Democratic Party and two of the party's candidates for the Board of Commissioners are criticizing the decision today to not give teachers a bigger pay raise.
The Wake County Board of Commissioners agreed to give teachers an average raise of $237 – using $3.75 million in funds from excess liquor sales – instead of the $29.1 million plan from the school board to give all employees a 3.5-percent raise. The vote was 6-1 with two Democrats joining the Republican majority in adopting the new budget.
The statements show how much school funding could be an issue in this fall's elections. Four seats held by Republican commissioners will be on the November ballot.
Here's the statement from Dan Blue III, chairman of the Wake County Democratic Party:
"Last year, the Wake County Board of Commissioners and the Wake County Board of Education compromised and asked the voters of Wake County for a 4.86 cents increase on property taxes to support education. By a wide margin, the voters of Wake County approved that increase because we believed it to be necessary and proper then, and we know it to be necessary and proper now.
The budget passed today ignores the voters and replaces their judgment with the judgment of the GOP majority on the county commission. This budget leaves $5.8 million, which could have helped teachers and schools and had been approved by the voters, off the table. Even after the voters have demanded more, this GOP majority has joined with its allies in the General Assembly to short-change our schools. We can do better and the voters of Wake County will have another chance this November to show their support for public education by replacing the GOP majority on our county commission."
Here's the statement from John Burns, who is running against Republican Commissioner Paul Coble:
"Today, the County Commissioners adopted a budget despite having no clear indication from the General Assembly of what the State's budget will look like. The adopted County budget shortchanges children and teachers by ignoring the Superintendent's request that the County reverse years of neglect of our school system. Instead, the budget uses one-time temporary funds to provide our teachers with another $20 a month. While it is good that the commissioners recognized that Wake County needs to pay its teachers more, this budget is not sufficient. Wake County is hemorrhaging qualified teachers. This budget puts a band-aid on the wound, but does nothing to stop the bleeding.
Wake County can and should do better."
Here's the statement from Matt Calabria, who is running against Republican Phil Matthews, chairman of the board of commissioners:
"We can't give our children a great education without providing great teachers. That's common sense. But the recent spike in Wake County teacher resignations shows that our teachers and students are suffering under this state legislature and the current majority on the Wake County Commission. Today, the Commission missed an opportunity to improve working conditions for our teachers and learning conditions for our students. Teacher pay is not the only issue facing our schools, and the small pay hike our teachers will receive is a fraction of what our superintendent says we need to stay competitive. This budget is not a long-term solution to our teacher retention problem. It's an election-year gesture from a Commission majority that's under fire from the citizens they represent. Wake County needs leadership every year, not just in election years."
WakeEd Follow @nckhui
Wake Ed
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