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Kv1 K+ channels control Purkinje cell output to facilitate postsynaptic rebound discharge in deep cerebellar neurons
ABSTRACT Purkinje cells (PCs) generate the sole output of the cerebellar cortex and govern the timing of action potential discharge from neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). Here, we examine how voltage-gated Kv1 K+ channels shape intrinsically generated and synaptically controlled behaviors of PCs and address how the timing of DCN neuron output is modulated by manipulating PC Kv1 channels. Kv1 channels were studied in cerebellar slices at physiological temperatures with Kv1-specific toxins. Outside-out voltage-clamp recordings indicated that Kv1 channels are present in both somatic and dendritic membranes and are activated by Na+ spike-clamp commands. Whole-cell current-clamp recordings revealed that Kv1 K+ channels maintain low frequencies of Na+ spike and Ca-Na burst output, regulate the duration of plateau potentials, and set the threshold for Ca2+ spike discharge. Kv1 channels shaped the characteristics of climbing fiber (CF) responses evoked by extracellular stimulation or intracellular simulated EPSCs. In the presence of Kv1 toxins, CFs discharged spontaneously at approximately 1 Hz. Finally, "Kv1-intact" and "Kv1-deficient" PC tonic and burst outputs were converted to stimulus protocols and used as patterns to stimulate PC axons and synaptically activate DCN neurons. We found that the Kv1-intact patterns facilitated short-latency and high-frequency DCN neuron rebound discharges, whereas DCN neuron output timing was markedly disrupted by the Kv1-deficient stimulus protocols. Our results suggest that Kv1 K+ channels are critical for regulating the excitability of PCs and CFs and optimize the timing of PC outputs to generate appropriate discharge patterns in postsynaptic DCN neurons.
- SourceAvailable from: Philippe Isope
Article: Activity-Dependent Gating of Calcium Spikes by A-type K+ Channels Controls Climbing Fiber Signaling in Purkinje Cell Dendrites[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: In cerebellar Purkinje cell dendrites, heterosynaptic calcium signaling induced by the proximal climbing fiber (CF) input controls plasticity at distal parallel fiber (PF) synapses. The substrate and regulation of this long-range dendritic calcium signaling are poorly understood. Using high-speed calcium imaging, we examine the role of active dendritic conductances. Under basal conditions, CF stimulation evokes T-type calcium signaling displaying sharp proximodistal decrement. Combined mGluR1 receptor activation and depolarization, two activity-dependent signals, unlock P/Q calcium spikes initiation and propagation, mediating efficient CF signaling at distal sites. These spikes are initiated in proximal smooth dendrites, independently from somatic sodium action potentials, and evoke high-frequency bursts of all-or-none fast-rising calcium transients in PF spines. Gradual calcium spike burst unlocking arises from increasing inactivation of mGluR1-modulated low-threshold A-type potassium channels located in distal dendrites. Evidence for graded activity-dependent CF calcium signaling at PF synapses refines current views on cerebellar supervised learning rules.Neuron 10/2014; 84(1). DOI:10.1016/j.neuron.2014.08.035 · 15.98 Impact Factor
Article: Intracellular calcium dynamics permit a Purkinje neuron model to perform toggle and gain computations upon its inputs[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Without synaptic input, Purkinje neurons can spontaneously fire in a repeating trimodal pattern that consists of tonic spiking, bursting and quiescence. Climbing fiber input (CF) switches Purkinje neurons out of the trimodal firing pattern and toggles them between a tonic firing and a quiescent state, while setting the gain of their response to Parallel Fiber (PF) input. The basis to this transition is unclear. We investigate it using a biophysical Purkinje cell model under conditions of CF and PF input. The model can replicate these toggle and gain functions, dependent upon a novel account of intracellular calcium dynamics that we hypothesize to be applicable in real Purkinje cells.Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience 08/2014; 8(86). DOI:10.3389/fncom.2014.00086 · 2.23 Impact Factor
Article: Computational modeling predicts the ionic mechanism of late-onset responses in unipolar brush cells[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Unipolar Brush Cells (UBCs) have been suggested to play a critical role in cerebellar functioning, yet the corresponding cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. UBCs have recently been reported to generate, in addition to early-onset glutamate receptor-dependent synaptic responses, a late-onset response (LOR) composed of a slow depolarizing ramp followed by a spike burst (Locatelli et al., 2013). The LOR activates as a consequence of synaptic activity and involves an intracellular cascade modulating H- and TRP-current gating. In order to assess the LOR mechanisms, we have developed a UBC multi-compartmental model (including soma, dendrite, initial segment, and axon) incorporating biologically realistic representations of ionic currents and a cytoplasmic coupling mechanism regulating TRP and H channel gating. The model finely reproduced UBC responses to current injection, including a burst triggered by a low-threshold spike (LTS) sustained by CaLVA currents, a persistent discharge sustained by CaHVA currents, and a rebound burst following hyperpolarization sustained by H- and CaLVA-currents. Moreover, the model predicted that H- and TRP-current regulation was necessary and sufficient to generate the LOR and its dependence on the intensity and duration of mossy fiber activity. Therefore, the model showed that, using a basic set of ionic channels, UBCs generate a rich repertoire of bursts, which could effectively implement tunable delay-lines in the local microcircuit.Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 08/2014; 8:237. DOI:10.3389/fncel.2014.00237 · 4.18 Impact Factor

subset: commoncrawl


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Jun 16 - Homily: No Vain Repetition
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Fr. Bonaventure explains what is meant by "In praying, do not babble like the pagans, who think that they will be heard because of their many words.", and how the Rosary is not included in this. Ave Maria! Mass: Thursday 11th Week of Ordinary Time - - Form: OF Readings: 1st: 2co 11:1-11 Resp: psa 111:1-2, 3-4, 7-8 Gsp: mat 6:7-15 To Download Audio go to http://airmaria.com?p=20104
Prayer Repitition Rosary Vain
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Garmin domestics
Previous Forum topic
Next Forum topic
there are no garmin riders availeble in the domestic group
In the domestic section click to order by/filter by team. They are on the second page.
posted by CadenceKings [8 posts]
15th August 2011 - 16:33
@ The Instigator: Looks like you might've been looking at precisely the time we were updating the start list, all riders are now available, but keep checking throughout the week as the start list is bound to change.
posted by Oli Pendrey [110 posts]
15th August 2011 - 20:43


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District 206 enrollment continues climb
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Town Square
Major work on Bay Bridge's eastern span may be completed today
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Read the full story here Web Link posted Monday, May 7, 2012, 6:44 AM
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a resident of Another Pleasanton neighborhood
on May 7, 2012 at 9:11 am
$6.2 Billion!
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I have an application which creates 300-400 threads. Every thread has a different job to be done, nobody knows when they are going to end. So I've joined them to make my application wait for every thread to end. But when i run the software and track how many threads are running, even thread numbers are declining, my applications size in memory still gets bigger. So i wonder if threads clean-up after themselves in Ruby 1.9.2, and if they are not, what can i do about this?
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As far as I know Ruby (MRI) doesn't release memory back to the system once it allocates some.
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text: Simone Genatt Haft | IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information Official Broadway League sites: - sites - broadway.org broadwayleague.com broadwayfanclub.com kidsnightonbroadway.com stagespecs.org tonyawards.com Quick Search For: In This Category: All Show People/Org. Theatre Season View more items Simone Genatt Haft Producer Female See Also: Simone Genatt Haft/Marc Routh ProductionsAwards ProductionsDate of ProductionsAn American in Paris[Musical, Original] Produced by Simone Genatt Haft/Marc Routh Apr 12, 2015 - ?Little Shop of Horrors[Musical, Comedy, Puppets, Original] Produced by Simone Genatt Haft Oct 02, 2003 - Aug 22, 2004The Sound of Music[Musical, Drama, Revival] Produced in association with Simone Genatt Haft Mar 12, 1998 - Jun 20, 1999 1998 Tony Award® Best Revival of a MusicalThe Sound of Music [nominee]Produced in association with Simone Genatt Haft Find out where Simone Genatt Haft and are credited together © 2001-2015, The Broadway League, All Rights Reserved. (Copyright and Disclaimer)


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An optical clock distribution method and apparatus is disclosed that minimizes clock skew in the distribution of clock signals to logic assemblies in a computer system. The logic assemblies convert the optical signals into equivalent electrical signals.
1. An optical clock distribution system for controlling skew between clocks distributed to a plurality of logic assemblies in a data processing system, comprising:
laser generating means for generating coherent light modulated at a system clock frequency;
first distribution means, connected to said laser generating means, for dividing said modulated light into a plurality of optical clock signals of approximately the same optical power;
second distribution means, connected to said first distribution means and including a plurality of second equalized distribution paths, each connected for receiving and transmitting one of said plurality of optical clock signals; and
third distribution means, connected to said second distribution means and including a plurality of third equalized distribution paths, each connected for receiving one of the optical clock signals from said second distribution means and each for generating a plurality of electrical clock signals representative of the received optical clock signal;
wherein any one of said second equalized distribution paths may be connected to any one of said third equalized distribution paths resulting in the same clock path delay between said laser generating means and said third distribution means.
2. The optical clock distribution system of claim 1 wherein the third distribution means includes optical translation means connected to said first distribution means for converting an optical clock signal to an intermediate electrical clock signal and clock fanout means connected to said optical translation means for buffering said intermediate electrical signal to produce a plurality of electrical clock signals representative of the received optical clock signal.
3. The optical clock distribution system of claim 2 wherein the third distribution means further includes coupler means for distributing said optical signal to a plurality of said optical translation means.
4. The optical clock distribution system of claim 3 wherein the coupler means is an optical waveguide.
5. The optical clock distribution system of claim 1 wherein the first distribution means includes an optical coupler having at least one optical fiber connected to the input of the coupler and to said laser generating means so as to receive the modulated light signal, and wherein the second distribution means includes a plurality of optical fibers connected to the output of the coupler and to said third distribution means for transporting a portion of the modulated light thereto.
6. The optical clock distribution system of claim 1 wherein the laser generating means includes a YAG laser with optical cavity length such as to produce coherent light at the system clock frequency.
7. The optical clock distribution system of claim 1 wherein the laser generating means includes an oscillator connected to a laser diode for modulating the coherent light produced by said laser diode at the system clock frequency.
8. The optical clock distribution system of claim 1 wherein the laser generating means includes a plurality of laser diodes and at least one oscillator connected to the laser diodes for modulating the coherent light produced by each of the laser diodes at the system clock frequency, and wherein the first distribution means includes a plurality of optical couplers each connected to a different one of the laser diodes for accepting light generated by each diode and distributing it to said third distribution means.
9. A method of controlling clock skew in an optical clock distribution system in which an optical clock signal is distributed through an optical coupler and optical fiber to a plurality of optical-to-electrical translation devices, comprising:
(a) generating the optical clock signal;
(b) providing an optical coupler including an integrated input optical fiber pigtail for receiving the optical clock signal, the optical coupler further including a plurality of integrated output optical fiber pigtails for distributing the optical clock signal;
(c) providing a plurality of optical-to-electrical translation devices, wherein each device includes an integrated input optical fiber pigtail and an electrical output;
(d) cutting each integrated output optical fiber pigtail of the coupler so that the times required to propagate the optical clock signal through said coupler to the output of each of said output optical fiber pigtails of the coupler are equivalent;
(e) cutting the input optical fiber pigtail of each translation device so that the times required to propagate the optical clock signal from each of said input optical fiber pigtails to the output of its corresponding translation device are equivalent; and
(f) connecting the input optical fiber pigtail of each translation device to an output optical fiber pigtail of said optical coupler.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/807,100, filed Jul. 15, 1991, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to methods of distributing clock signals in computer systems. In particular, the present invention provides a method and apparatus for distributing an optical clock signal in computer systems.
2. Background Information
In computer systems, a system clock signal is distributed throughout as a reference signal to control the timing of events. The use of a reference clock simplifies the design of data transfer structures within the computer since they can be designed to operate synchronous to the system clock. Synchronous designs are easier to conceptualize and to partition.
System clock signals are typically distributed from a single source point to various destination points within the computer system, which may be located some distance apart. In complex, high performance data processing systems such as those manufactured by Cray Research, Inc., the Assignee of the present invention, the clock frequency is high and the number of points to which the system clock is provided may be large. In prior art systems, high frequency clock signals were typically distributed as electrical signals sent point-to-point from the source to the destination. Point-to-point connections made in this manner act as individual antennae radiating radio frequency (RF) energy that adds to system noise and can significantly affect reliability.
Also, for reasons which will be discussed later, signals distributed by this means do not arrive at all destination points at exactly the same time. The difference in time between these arrivals is called skew.
Within a computer system, data is passed from register to register, with varying amounts of processing performed between registers. Registers store data present at their inputs either at a system clock transition or during a phase of the system clock. Skew in the system clock signal impacts register-to-register transfers; it may cause a register to store data either before it has become valid or after it is no longer valid.
On slower computer systems, skew is usually a small portion of the clock period. Its impact can be reduced by adding delay to the data path. However, on high performance data processing systems such as those manufactured by Cray Research, Inc., the Assignee of the present invention, the same amount of skew may be a substantial portion of the clock period and may actually limit the speed at which the computer system can operate. The amount of delay that can be added to a data path is limited. Therefore skew becomes a major design factor in the transfer of data.
Clock skew is caused by a number of factors. A typical path for a clock signal will include interconnections between circuit boards, fanout gates, circuit board foil paths, and integrated circuit (IC) interconnect metal. Each of these provides an opportunity for introducing undesired clock skew. The amount of time it takes a signal to travel along a wire, foil path, or interconnect metal is called its electrical path length and is dependent upon physical length and capacitance. All else being equal, a signal will take longer to travel a long path than a short one. If the electrical path lengths of all the clock signal paths are not equal, skew is introduced.
A second major source of skew is from the integrated circuits that drive the clock signals. In a typical system the clock signal is distributed to a limited number of clock fanout devices on a circuit board. These clock fanout devices in turn distribute the clock signal to the remaining integrated circuits on the board. There will always be differences in propagation delay between fanout devices. One reason is variation in the semiconductor manufacturing process; another is temperature and voltage differences. Propagation delay differences between fanout devices further increase clock skew. In addition, in systems where there are a large number of integrated circuits, two or more levels of fanout devices may be needed to provide a clock signal to all the registers in the system. Each level of fanout has the potential of adding additional skew to the system clock signal.
Crosstalk from adjacent signals, coupled RF interference and power and ground noise also act to increase clock skew. For example, if a signal's voltage level is altered by crosstalk, then the point in time when the signal is determined to have switched will be altered, thus introducing skew.
As system clock periods shrink there is increasing pressure on the computer architect to reduce in determinism in the system design. Clock skew, like setup and hold time and propagation delay, increase the amount of time that data is in an indeterminable state. System designers must be careful that this indeterminable state does not fall within the sampling window of a register if they are going to preserve data integrity. In prior art systems, data path delay was often used to move the location of the indeterminable state outside the sampling window. However, as clock frequencies approach 500 MHz, the ability to position the indeterminable state becomes more difficult. As a result clock skew reduces the ability to increase the system clock frequency.
Several techniques have been used to reduce clock skew. System designers attempt to equalize the wire, foil path, and interconnect metal lengths between the clock source and all destinations. This helps to reduce variation in the electrical path length due to physical length. However, since each path may have a different impedance, it is difficult to truly match electrical path length.
Methods are well known in the art for minimizing crosstalk, shielding signals and providing more stable temperature and voltage references. Likewise, variation in propagation delay between fanout devices can be controlled to a degree. This can be done by mandating stringent screening requirements or by matching components during assembly. However the former drives up the price of the devices while the latter drives up manufacturing costs. Truly matched performance is difficult to achieve because of the different loads and impedances faced by each device.
Clock distribution network tuning is a different approach at reducing the effects of clock skew. Delay is added selectively to clock paths in an attempt to equalize the delay through each of the paths. A representative tuning strategy is disclosed in the co-pending and commonly assigned patent application Ser. No. 07/465,947 filed Jan. 16, 1990 by Stephen E. Nelson et al. entitled "CLOCK DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND METHOD", which application is incorporated herein by reference. That application discloses the use of selectable delay paths to tune clock signal paths to compensate for clock skew.
In addition, optical clock distribution networks have been proposed as a viable alternative to electrical clock distribution. Optical fiber as a transmission medium provides numerous advantages. An optical clock distribution method provides a noise-free signal transmission environment, is resistant to electromagnetic interference, and supports high transmission rates. However, in systems proposed to date, high frequency clocks with minimal skew have been difficult to achieve.
The effectiveness and practicality of these methods varies. It is clear that there has existed a long and unfilled need in the prior art for a clock distribution method and apparatus capable of reducing clock skew. The present invention solves these and other shortcomings of the techniques known in the prior art.
To overcome the limitations in the prior art discussed above, and to overcome other limitations readily recognizable to those skilled in the art, this invention provides an optical clock distribution method and apparatus for computer systems. A high fanout coupler distributes optical clock signals of approximately the same amplitude to logic assemblies. Optical-to-electrical translation devices on each logic assembly convert the received optical clock signal to an equivalent ECL clock signal.
According to another aspect of the present invention a method is disclosed for manufacturing an optical clock distribution system to minimize clock skew.
In the drawings, where like numerals refer to like elements throughout the several views;
FIG. 1 illustrates the major components of the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 2 illustrates the clock distribution system on a logic assembly according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows an example of an oscillator connected to a common drive bus which powers multiple laser diodes;
FIG. 4 illustrates a first alternative distribution method for the optical clock signal; and
FIG. 5 illustrates a second alternative distribution method for the optical clock signal.
FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention showing the application of the present invention to multiple assemblies.
In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration a specific embodiment in which the invention may be practiced. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The preferred embodiment discloses an optical clock distribution method and apparatus for transmitting clock signals to logic assemblies using optical fibers. The logic assemblies convert the optical clock signals into the equivalent electrical clock signals.
FIG. 1 illustrates the major components of the preferred embodiment, including an oscillator 10, laser diode 12, optical coupler 14, optical fibers 16 and logic assemblies 18. Optical coupler 14 has an input fiber optic pigtail 20 for receiving the output of laser diode 12 and N output fiber optic pigtails 22.1 through 22.N for transmitting approximately 1/N of the light produced by laser diode 12 through each optical fiber 16 to its respective logic assembly 18. Logic assembly 18, in turn, comprises a substrate 24 and two clock chips 26 for converting the optical clock signal to equivalent electrical clock signals. Splice 28 connects each optical fiber 16 to an output fiber optic pigtail 22.
Oscillator 10 is connected to laser diode 12 for modulating the current driving laser diode 12, thereby producing coherent light pulses at the frequency of oscillator 10. In the preferred embodiment oscillator 10 is capable of modulating diode 12 at 500 to 1000 MHz with a 50% duty cycle. The light produced by laser diode 12 is directed as described above to each of the logic assemblies 18. Once at logic assembly 18, light from optical fiber 16 is directed to clock chip 26 where it is converted to an equivalent electrical clock signal by the lateral coupling method disclosed in an article entitled "An Effective Lateral Fiber-Optic Electronic Coupling and Packaging Technique Suitable for VHSIC Applications" published in the Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. LT-4, No. 1, January 1986. Lateral coupling is an effective method of directing the received optical signal onto the surface of a photodetector. Lateral coupling reduces the required board height by allowing optical fiber 16 to lay on the surface of clock chip 26 rather than approach perpendicularly as in prior methods. Also, this method moves the stress relief point to the board edge. In the preferred embodiment, a gold coating is applied to the beveled end of fiber 16 to enhance reflection of light down to clock chip 26.
As is illustrated in FIG. 2, in the preferred embodiment two clock chips 26.1 and 26.2 are provided on each substrate 24 to share the load of distributing the clock. Optical fibers 16.1 and 16.2 are terminated at clock chips 26.1 and 26.2, respectively. Each clock chip 26 includes a photodetector and transimpedance amplifier that are used to convert the incident optical clock signal into an equivalent ECL level differential clock signal. That signal is driven through clock fanout device 32 and then driven to integrated circuits 34 through a plurality of differential clock paths.
FIG. 6 illustrates a clock source 70 connected to multiple logic assemblies 18 according to the present invention. Clock source 70 includes oscillator 10, laser diode 12 and optical coupler 14 of FIG. 1. Output fiber optic pigtails 22 are connected through splices 28 to optical fibers 16. Each optical fiber 16 is connected directly to a clock chip 26 on a logic assembly 18. Clock source 70 generates and distributes a single system clock. In the preferred embodiment the system clock ranges in frequency from 500 MHz to 1 GHz with a 50 percent duty cycle.
In the preferred embodiment, optical fiber 16 is multimode optical fiber. Multimode optical fiber offers greater coupling tolerances than does a corresponding single mode fiber. Also, in the preferred embodiment fibers 16 are supported by an optical backplane, such as that disclosed in the co-pending and commonly assigned patent application Ser. No. 07/556,031 filed Jul. 20, 1990 by Melvin C. August et al. entitled "COMPUTER SIGNAL INTERCONNECT APPARATUS", which application is incorporated herein by reference. Spare output fiber optic pigtails 22 are provided at coupler 14 to facilitate field repair.
As stated previously, clock skew does not become a major design problem until the system clock frequency approaches 500 MHz. In the preferred embodiment, clock skew is restricted to less than 30 picoseconds. This permits use of a 1 GHz system clock. The optical clock system of the present invention reduces clock skew primarily by eliminating the levels of interconnect necessary to achieve fanout of 100 clock signals in an electrical clock distribution network and by reducing system noise. Optical fibers 16 do not radiate RF energy as would their electrical counterparts. The use of optical fibers permits greater control of path length from the clock source to the logic assemblies.
The design methodology of the present invention introduces further ways to reduce clock skew. For one, output pigtails 22 of optical coupler 14 are trimmed so as to present approximately equivalent optical path lengths to light from laser diode 12. Likewise, optical fibers 16 are attached to clock chips 26 as part of the chip assembly and then trimmed to ensure that the time required for light entering fiber 16 to appear as an electrical clock signal at the output of clock chip 26 is equivalent across all assemblies. This approach guarantees equivalent clock path delays no matter which output fiber optic pigtail 22 is connected to an optical fiber 16. In addition, clock fanout devices 32 contain selectable delay paths as detailed in the Nelson et al. application described above to correct for variations in propagation delay within each device 32.
Also, in the preferred embodiment, a monolithic glass coupler manufactured with an ion exchange process such as that produced by the Fiber Optic Component Division of Corning France located in Cedex, France is used to provide a relatively uniform distribution of the optical clock signal. Optical coupler 14 must be fairly uniform in its ability to split incident light into relatively equal portions. The rise and fall time of the photodetector in clock chip 26 is a function of amplitude. A large amplitude signal will pass through the threshold voltage more rapidly than a small amplitude signal. This will be reflected in the output of clock chip 26 as a large amplitude optical signal will produce an electrical signal with a longer pulse width than a corresponding lower amplitude signal. The Corning process causes changes in the index of refraction of a piece of glass. These changes create waveguides in the glass that match up very well with the optical fiber pigtails. The result is a coupler 14 that reproduces pulses produced by diode 12 uniformly and with minimal distortion.
In the preferred embodiment, coupler 14 is formed by cascading one Corning MGC 8010 Monolithic Glass Coupler with eight MGC 1610 Monolithic Glass Couplers, also from Corning. The MGC 8010 performs a one-to-eight split while the MGC 1610 performs a one-to-sixteen split. A one- to thirty-two coupler is currently available (MGC 3210 from Corning) and it is expected that as the technology matures a single integrated coupler 14 of the desired fanout will become available.
Referring again to FIG. 1, the optical output from laser diode 12 is transmitted to optical coupler 14. In the preferred embodiment, the optical coupler 14 splits the optical signal in a 1:100 fanout. If more than 100 separate optical clock signals are required, additional laser diodes 12 and optical couplers 14 can be added. A system with multiple laser diodes 12 and optical couplers 14 is illustrated in FIG. 3. Oscillator 10 is connected through a common drive bus 40 to a plurality of laser diodes 12. Fanout is only limited by the ability of the oscillator 10 to drive bus 40.
In an alternate embodiment, oscillator 10 and laser diode 12 can be replaced with a laser diode pumped YAG laser. YAG lasers produce an abundance of laser power at a frequency determined by the optical cavity length. This approach however limits the system to operating at a single frequency rather than the range of frequencies possible with the oscillator 10 and laser diode 12 combination of FIGS. 1 and 3.
Other methods can be used to distribute the optical clock signal. FIG. 4 illustrates a first alternative distribution method wherein an optical fiber 16 connects to an optical wave guide 50 embedded in substrate 24. Optical wave guide 50 performs a 1:2 split of the optical signal which is then transmitted to clock chips 26.1 and 26.2, converted to equivalent electrical signals and sent to clock fanout devices 32.
FIG. 5 illustrates a second alternative distribution method wherein optical fiber 16 is connected to an optical coupler 60 on each logic assembly 18. Optical coupler 60 is connected through waveguides 62 to integrated circuits 64. In this embodiment, the photodetector and transimpedance amplifier of clock chip 26 is integrated into each integrated circuit device 64.
An optical clock distribution method and apparatus has been disclosed wherein clock signals are transmitted to logic assemblies using optical fibers. The logic assemblies convert the optical clock signals into the equivalent electrical signals. The preferred embodiment is capable of an adjustable clock rate between 500 MHz and 1 GHz, with a skew less than or equal to 30 picoseconds as measured at the output of clock chip 26.
The foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.
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Celebrity parents stepped out in London last night for the 2015 Elle Style Awards held at Sky Garden at The Walkie Talkie Tower.
Olivia Wilde Enjoying Extended Vacation With Jason and Otis
It's good to be Olivia Wilde and Jason Sudeikis! The celeb couple (and proud parents of baby Otis) are spending their holidays in Hawaii! They've been spotted all around Maui this past week as they enjoy the surf and sunshine and no work!
Olivia Wilde And Jason Sudeikis Hit The Beach With Otis
Baby's first family vacation? Probably not, but it's the first trip we've seen! Jason Sudeikis and Olivia Wilde are on a family getaway in Maui. Color us jealous!
Photo Gallery: See Which Celeb Moms Glammed It Up This Week!
Celebrity moms showed off their glam style this week as they were spotted out and about, attending events and having fun with fashion. Victoria Beckham was chic as ever as she launched her new clothing line at Selfridges in Manchester, UK. [Read more…]
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Hot Bodies
Red Carpet
Most Important People
Crap We Missed
Posts tagged "The Crap I Missed"
Ela Rose Topless in a Bikini is The Crap I Missed – Tuesday 11.25.14
Posted by Photo Boy It's been a long day filling in for Fish that contained two rape posts, one of which playfully suggested maybe everyone in Ferguson is knee-jerk crazy and took a swipe at football worship, so I'm going to find a bunker to hide in. But before I go, I…
Photo Boy
November 25, 2014
Lisa Opie in a Bikini is The Crap I Missed – 5.2.14
Here's Lisa Opie trying out this new thing where you take your phone and aim it at your face and tits, then post it all over the Internet. I think they're calling it a selfie. Sounds so dumb right? Probably won't catch on at all. Anyway, huge thanks to you guys for hanging…
Photo Boy
May 2, 2014
Taylor Momsen & Some Gold-Painted Naked Chicks Are The Crap I Missed – 5.1.14
Posted by Photo Boy Because Katie Cassidy was the only chick in a bikini I found today and according to my calculations here *crumbles up Wendy's receipt* exactly six of you looked at those yesterday, here's Taylor Momsen on the set of The Pretty Reckless' new video, 'Fucked Up World.' It ha…
Photo Boy
May 1, 2014
Katie Cassidy in a Bikini is The Crap I Missed – 4.30.14
Posted by Photo Boy I've got another site first-timer for you here with Katie Cassidy. She's on Arrow now, but you may remember her as Maggie Grace's friend who died and nobody gave a shit in Taken or "Samantha at 27 Years Old" from Click.
Photo Boy
April 30, 2014
Andrea Calle in a Bikini is The Crap I Missed – 4.29.14
Posted by Photo Boy Here's Andrea Calle, whose bio says she has something to do with MMA, so I'm kind of confused as to why she's not pretending to work out. I'm also starting to realize that posting shots of a model walking around Miami Beach in her bikini is equivalent to me…
Photo Boy
April 29, 2014
Casey Batchelor in a Bikini is The Crap I Missed – Monday 4.28.14
Posted by Photo Boy It's vacation mode TCWM time, so here goes another round of random shitty show star/model person, Casey Batchelor, in a bikini, because Fish is a selfish bastard who doesn't care if I get to know what Constantine Maroulis might have worn to a D-level red carpet event…
Photo Boy
April 28, 2014
Lauren Stoner in a Bikini is The Crap I Missed – Friday 4.25.14
Alright guys, Fish is officially south of the Mason-Dixon line by now, which if you're a regular reader, you know means he will be terrified for the next week I'm steering the tit-ship solo for a while. That doesn't leave me enough time to put together the usual end-of-day compilation of butt…
Photo Boy
April 25, 2014
Anais Zanotti & Coralie Teraiefa In Bikinis:
The Crap I Missed – 2.28.14
Welcome to Friday's The Crap I Missed where I return you to your normally scheduled butt floss post instead of whatever kind of Rust Cohle seizure my brain just had down there. (Can you tell Fish was off today?) So here's Anais Zanotti and Coralie Terafaffiaffala or whatever doing that…
Photo Boy
February 28, 2014
Michelle Lewin in a Bikini:
The Crap I Missed – Thursday 2.20.14
Today's The Crap We Missed is just a giant gallery of Venezuelan fitness model Michelle Lewin, or "The Female Jennifer Nicole Lee," as I'm calling her. They're practically the same person, right down to the "Bikini string knots, how do they work?" move, but without the feverish anticipation menacing…
Photo Boy
February 20, 2014
Helen Flanagan & Gemma Merna at FHM's Sexiest Women Awards: The Crap I Missed – Thursday 4.2.13
Here are Helen Flanagan and Gemma Merna, two women I know exactly four things about, at The FHM 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2013 Launch Party. It seems to be a classy affair designed either to celebrate their annual 100 Sexiest Women In The World List or intrigue me into…
Photo Boy
May 2, 2013
Melissa Satta in a Bikini:
The Crap I Missed – Wednesday 5.1.13
Alright guys, another day, another Richard Grieco-less crap post that yes, feels like cheating to me too. Today's random bikini chick got way more than five pics and as far as I can see doesn't have the slightest hint of penis, so yeah, she doesn't belong here either. This is all wrong!
Photo Boy
May 1, 2013
Vida Guerra in a Bikini:
The Crap I Missed – Tuesday 4.30.13
Alright guys, it's the end of day two of a week for me with my boss out of the office. Although, I'm confident his spirit can be felt. No wait, that's just my jock itch acting up again. The point here is Fish took all of my salves and cremes with him…
Photo Boy
April 30, 2013
Michelle Rodriguez in a Bikini:
The Crap I Missed – Monday 4.29.13
I'm sure you guys have gathered that I'm filling in for Fish while he's "whistlin' dixie" or whatever the southern phrase is for discreetly checking out boardshort bulges from behind aviators. Something about bumps on a log? I don't know, I went to college. Anyway, there won't be any genuine The Crap We Missed…
Photo Boy
April 29, 2013
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So Freaking Hot
The Crap We Missed - Friday 3.27.15
The Crap We Missed - Thursday 3.26.15
Jessica Alba In A Bikini
Rita Ora's Nipples: An Extended Report
Good Morning, Shelly Scholten Bikini Photos, And Other News
Chrissy Teigen Is Topless
Kelly Brook Looks Like This Now
Good Morning, Anna Sophia Berglund Bikini Photos, And Other News
BEST OF 2014: Kate Upton Topless
BEST OF 2014: Miley Cyrus Topless
BEST OF 2014: Jennifer Lopez & Iggy Azalea's Butts
BEST OF 2014: Rihanna's Naked Under There
BEST OF 2014: Jennette McCurdy Leaked Photos
BEST OF 2014: Jessie Nizewitz's Gaping Vagina
BEST OF 2014: Courtney Stodden Plays The Field
BEST OF 2014: Heidi Klum Topless
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Rose M. Guimont (born 1875)
Biography & Family History Add details
Rose M. Guimont (born 1875) was born in 1875. She was born into the Guimont family.
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FREERIDE in Italy
deck: landyachtz chinook
wheels: landiachtz hawgs
truck: Randall RII 180
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Burning Red Spots After Eating Food Made By Someone With HIV Worried I Have HIV
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
throat burning sensations with AptriplaFirstly thank you for this great forum. I find it incredibly helpful particularly as I live in a developing country and have no support services. My question is I have been on Aptipla for about 3 months and regularly (but not every day) have a...
Response from Keith Henry, M.D.
University of Minnesota, School of Medicine...examination of the throat would be helfpul to sort out. If swallowing similar size capsules and food/liquids doesn't trigger similar burning sensations then you might have an unusual reaction to the Atripla which might lead to consideration of a... Read more »
Dr Bob - another "am I in the clear" question! Please Help!Hey Doc - love your forum! I know what you're thinking...another "am I in the clear" question! ... Read more »
skin sensitivity - burning sensationI have been experiencing a burning sensation on my skin lasting about a month.The sensation started... Read more »
High Anxiety: AIDS Anxiety in the Worried-Wells and Worried-Sicks, Part One...Mar 22, 2006 or on license plates ... hiv 2 research Jun 13, 2006 There are many terms for this type of irrational worrying -- AIDS phobia, AIDS panic, AIDS hysteria, AIDS anxiety, etc. The condition is comprised of three major... Read more »
High Anxiety: AIDS Anxiety in the Worried-Wells and Worried-Sicks, Part Two...predisposed to anxiety, individuals facing physical challenges, such as chronic illness like HIV/AIDS or cancer, experience excessive worry and fear at a higher rate than the general population. The challenges associated with a virus that wants... Read more »
Philippines Worried About Rapid Rise in HIV/AIDS Cases... Responding to a worrying spike in new HIV/AIDS diagnoses, the Philippines health department today vowed to increase its outreach to those most at risk. Read more »
Caring for Your Gut: Dealing With Diarrhea, Nausea and Other Stomach Problems if You Have HIV/AIDS...and vegetable skins. Over the counter or prescription drugs may also be used to relieve gas. Heartburn (acid reflux) causes a burning sensation in your chest. It has nothing to do with your heart! It can happen when your stomach acid backs up... Read more »
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Broken Condom New HIV strain or What? WORRIED
Posted by ademalu, 1 Reply...seroconversion past 14 months since tests negative.All doctors I have seen have said I am conclusively negative and should stop worrying. Please comment on my worries that i could be infectedwith an undetectable new strain. Read more »
Long-term HIV and Aids survivors' health worrying
Posted by ScotCharles...From KaiserNet January 8, 2008 Some experts and doctors recently have voiced concerns that people who were diagnosed with HIV and Aids in the early years of the epidemic are experiencing "premature[e]" or "disproportionate numbers" of ailments... Read more »
Posted by NoLife, 2 Replies...first HIV and STD tests. Results where negative. Anyway September 2005 i had muscle stiffness, mouth ulser and permininetn white bumps on my lips. Now, my cuts take a while to heal and when they do, there is a red pigment left where it was on... Read more »
On the edge
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply...and i can definitely feel one worm-like (node)? on each side of my groin. In the exact same place on both sides. I noticed red bumps on the very back of my tongue, although no thrush or burning sensations. Maybe it was there before but I just... Read more »
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text:
Created in this Craftsy Course
Classic Sugar Flowers: Peony, Anemone, Tulip taught by Nicholas Lodge
Make your cakes petal-perfect with instruction from Nicholas Lodge, sugar artist extraordinaire.
Other projects made as part of this class:
Cake DecoratingMy First Peony From This Craftsy Class
Cake DecoratingSimple delight
Cake DecoratingSimple Cake
Offer some kudos...
Join the conversation...
Ask a question...
Add your comment...
03/04/2013 Flag
thank you!
03/04/2013 Flag
03/08/2013 Flag
thank you very much
03/08/2013 Flag
Nice touch adding your dragonfly to every cake. Brands your cakes in a subtle but effective way. Good marketing!
05/05/2013 Flag
The dragonfly is my signature! I love dragonflies !!!
05/05/2013 Flag
So very pretty!
12/13/2014 Flag


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We invite you to join us this Sunday as we celebrate and worship our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, at 1025 Greenville Rd., St. Marys (near Joint Township District Memorial Hospital) , with Children's Church and Nursery provided. Please contact us with any questions or needs.
10:00 AM Worship Service
Please scroll down for Sunday
and Wednesday small group
times and topics
Sunday Lunch Bunch - Marshall and Vickey Royer host lunches at various restaurants after service on the 1st and 3rd Sundays of each month. The church will cover the cost of lunch for any first time visitors who choose to join us for lunch. The location will be in the bulletin on the appropriate Sunday morning.
Small Group Schedule and topics:
Sunday 6PM 4/12 Jeremiah
Sunday 5PM 3/29 Phillipians
Sunday 5PM 4/12 Unexplainable Apart From God
Wednesday 7PM 4/8 1 & 2 Peter, Jude
Wednesday 6PM 4/1 How To Be & Build The Church
Wednesday 6PM 4/1 Teen Group meets
Forever Faithful - Camp Ludlow Falls is in the midst of a 3 year capital campaign to raise $500,000. It is anticipated that every district church will participate in the campaign in some way to show their support for the ministry of the camp. Because God has been forever faithful to the Ludlow Falls Camp, the people wish to see that work continue for generations to come.


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Juarez businessmen find peace of mind across the border
Dec 3, 2010 Several Juarez businessmen have moved their businesses across the border to El Paso, Texas, to escape the drug violence. Reporter Monica Ortiz Uribe takes a look at a what benefits and challenges the business owners have.
Wal-Mart's bank ambitions in Mexico
Jeff Tyler
Sep 22, 2011 In Mexico, one firm is opening new bank branches left and right. The name might sound familiar -- Banco de Wal-Mart. That's right. Wal-Mart has its own bank in Mexico. Jeff Tyler reports it's recruiting new business from inside its retail stores.
For heart surgery, head for the border?
Sep 22, 2011 A few medical tourism groups want to bring more American patients to Mexican hospitals for more than cheap prescriptions and dental work. They're promoting top notch care for cheaper price tag than what the patient would get in the U.S.
Drug gangs moved money via Wachovia
Sep 22, 2011 Mike Smith, Latin America correspondent for Bloomberg Markets magazine, talks with Steve Chiotakis about an article he wrote that reveals which U.S. banks helped move money to drug cartels in Mexico.
Calderon's U.S. visit opens truck debate
Rob Schmitz
May 19, 2010 Mexican President Felipe Calderon is beginning a two-day state visit to the U.S. He'll address the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, meet with President Obama, and address Congress. One issue he'll bring up? Truckers. More specifically, why Mexican trucks aren't allowed to cross the border. Rob Schmitz reports.
Arizona faces immigrant law backlash
Jeff Tyler
Apr 27, 2010 Arizona's tough new legislation targeting undocumented immigrants has made the state itself a target. Jeff Tyler reports.
How Juarez became murder city
Sep 22, 2011 Reporter Charles Bowden, author of "Murder City," talks with Kai Ryssdal about how the Mexican border town of Juarez became caught up in drug violence, and what responsibility the U.S. has to help.
Is Carlos Slim good for Mexico?
Jeff Tyler
Mar 11, 2010 Forbes Magazine has named Mexican businessman Carlos Slim the world's richest man, worth some $53 billion. It's the first time in almost two decades a billionaire outside the U.S. has topped the list. Jeff Tyler reports.
Authentic Mexican food push: Delicioso!
Jan 12, 2010 Mexican food is so common in the U.S., you might forget it comes from Mexico. But with the help of the Mexican government, a new restaurant association is trying to encourage the spread of more authentic cuisine. Sylvia Maria Gross reports.
Heineken to buy Femsa for over $7.5B
Stephen Beard
Jan 11, 2010 Dutch brewing company Heineken is buying Mexico's Femsa, the second-largest beer maker in the country. The deal is worth over $7.5 billion and will give Heineken a leading position in the Mexican market. Stephen Beard reports.


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While Jets coach Rex Ryan tried to escape the media in the Bahamas (and was photographed displaying an arm tattoo of his wife wearing only a Mark Sanchez Jets jersey), Giants coach Tom Coughlin talked Thursday about how distraught he is over his team missing the playoffs.
"I can't even describe how it hurts. I don't know what to do," Coughlin said in an interview on New York sports radio station WFAN. "I'm walking around here like a crazy man. I am. I don't know what to do with myself. We shouldn't be doing this right now. The pain of it is almost indescribable."
The defending Super Bowl champions lost five of their final eight games to squander their chance to defend their title.
"For us, right now, to not be in the playoffs; to be the Super Bowl champion and not be in the playoffs, if that doesn't bring you down to earth and create the kind of humility that comes along with getting your nose back to the grindstone, I don't know what does," Coughlin said.
Read more about that story and others, plus check out videos, trivia and more, at Friday's Morning Mashup.
Greg and Chris talk with Mike Reiss from ESPN Boston in hour 2 of NFL Sunday to discuss a variety of offseason happenings with the Pats and throughout the league. Greg and Chris also get into the NFL Draft and where Mariota and Winston will go.
Mike Reiss calls the guys to talk about the offseason news for the Pats. He talks about the Pats/Jets tampoering fiasco, free agency, where he sees Ridley and Connolly ending up, if the Patriots would be interested in Reggie Wayne and more.
In the first hour of the show, Greg and Chris discuss the news coming out of the owners' meetings this week and rule changes. Belichick's blow-up over the league not wanting to spend on endzone cameras was well documented and the guys react. They also talk about the Jets ridiculous tampering charges, free agents still lingering out there, where Stevan Ridley will land and the RB position in New England. Dickerson and Price briefly discuss the adventures of Tom Brady before being joined by WEEI.com's Mike Petraglia to talk all things Pats in the offseason.
Brow Buff's Sam Packard and Ben Kichen break down Marcus Smart's unfortunate ball tap, debate leadership in the Celtics locker room, and rehash the great Kevin Love to Boston rumors.
Flannery joins Mut to break down the Isaiah Thomas trade to Boston and what it means for the Celtics this season and in the future. Paul also chats with Mut about the other deals that happened at the NBA's trading deadline
We talk to Chris Mannix from SI to break down the C's acquisition of Isaiah Thomas and the crazy trade deadline in the rest of the NBA.
Joe and Alex talked with the Sox AGM about the state of the team as Opening Day approaches.
Mut, Tomase, and Bradford kick things off talking about Shane Victorino taking offense to people reading into some comments he made about trading for Cole Hamels. They also discuss Blake Swihart and how soon he could be up if Christian Vazquez starts the season on the DL.
Joe Kelly joined the Hot Stove show where he talked about being ready for his next spring training start after a biceps ailment forced him out of his last outing, he talks about his NCAA brackets and how teammate Wade Miley has a perfect bracket still.
Peter Chiarelli joined the Sunday Skate crew to talk about the Bruins playoff push heading into the final handful of games of the regular season. Chiarelli talked about avoiding some of the overly negative feedback he gets while realizing that the team does have real issues. He discusses what went down at the trade deadline and if he was happy with the outcome, Lucic having a down year and underperforming, the salary cap and if he considers it as big of an issue as it's been made out to be and what the future holds for the team.
It's a big hour #2 for the Sunday Skate dudes - they talk about the B's defenseman and what the future looks like at that position, with both moves the team can make and younger guys in the AHL. They also get into the Bruins philosophy on bringing guys up and sending them back down and how players deal with that. Finally, the boys are joined by Bruins GM Peter Chiarelli to discuss EVERYTHING.
The Sunday Skate crew gets the show going discussing the Bruins big, impressive victory over the NY Rangers yesterday. What can you take from that game? According to LB - Lyndon Byers - who called the guys from the road, not a lot. LB drops a dime on what was going on with the Rangers yesterday. DJ and Joe discuss Claude's lines and groupings and the importance of Ryan Spooner. They also get into Lucic, his contributions this year and if he can turn things around.
The latest feud between Shank and Papi was discussed.
The top stories of the day as recounted by Kirk Minihane.
The guys discussed the disgusting protests at the scene of Officer Moynihan's shooting.
John Farrell has named Clay Buchholz the starter for Tuesday's opener. Koji and Christian Vasquez are already ruled out. Vasquez on the 60 day DL.
Wrestlemania was a trial run for Super Bowl 50. More Christian dog stuff. Superintendent in Chief William Gross of the BPD deals with some idiotic protesters after the fatal shooting in Roxbury on Friday night.
Shawn Thornton is now a member of the Panthers, who come to town tomorrow night. Thornton spoke about Claude Julien's control of the Bruins locker room, and his own team playing his former team on Tuesday night.
As the testimony of Hernandez' fiancee wrapped up today, we checked in with attorney Michael McCann for all the latest developments and analysis.
We wrap up the day with the best in sound that you may have missed throughout the day.
We listen in on Adam Shefter's deflategate report on NFL Live on ESPN, and discuss when we can expect this whole mess to come to a head.
Chris Price joins Mut to talk about how Revis will heat up the Jets-Pats rivalry next season
Mut opens his show talking about the New York Jets filing tampering charges on the Patriots
Mikey, Mut, and Lucy are talking about all things New England sports, the Red Sox spring training, more Darrelle Revis and Jets talk, and some Bruins mixed in.
Dino, Gerry and Kirk talk about Kirk's massage and crap all over Sausage.
Ben and Adam finish the odyssey that is the history of Wrestlemania. Wrestlemanias 21-30 are discussed and analyzed.
Mike Mulloy joins Chris in the studio to talk Raw and Wrestlemania.
The latest feud between Shank and Papi was discussed.More from this show
The guys discussed the disgusting protests at the scene of Officer Moynihan's shooting.More from this show
The top stories of the day as recounted by Kirk Minihane.More from this show
The guys opened the show by discussing the Final Four and Kirk's latest road race.More from this show
The latest edition of the highly rated segment.More from this show


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Century 10.4 ft. Supreme Aluminum Attic StairItem # HN-CENII010
- Made in USA of lightweight, durable aluminum
- Weight capacity: 350 lbs.
- Rough opening: 25.5 x 54 in.
- For ceiling heights 8 ft. 9 in. - 10 ft. 4 in.
- Outer dimensions: 54L x 22.5W x 124H inches
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Homelite UT8010B Primer Bulb
Homelite Blower (UT8010B) primer bulb is busted which probably explains why it won't start. I've found three different replacement bulbs online but not sure which model the carburetor is. They fit Walbro carburetors but there are several different model numbers of carbs (HDA, WZ, WA, etc...). Anyone have any ideas where I can find these letters on the carburetor? OR perhaps someone has this model of blower and could share this information?
Unfortunately, I've been unable to locate these prominent letters on the carburetor. I can clearly see where WALBRO is but nothing more. Where would I find the model numbers in regard to "WALBRO"? Should they they be on the same side? On the back side...that is not so accessible? If you would point me into the right direction, I will look for them.
Thank you!
I was able to take the bulb into a local mower shop and they were able to sell me a new bulb for about $5. We're up and running now!
Thanks for the advice! Sometimes I think I'm so confident that the internet will provide what I need, I forget about local shops and sometimes they really are easier.


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After the town of Middleborough, Mass., voted to impose a $20 fine for the use of "unsavory language" in its public spaces, we asked our listeners on social media: "What would you outlaw in your city, if you could?"
Our very own John Hockenberry presented at the Design Studio session at TED2012 in March. Watch his talk below about how design taught him to live his life with intent.
The introduction to Dan Ariely's new book "The Honest Truth About Dishonesty."
Today's bumper music is all about regret, politics, and pop music from the mid-seventies. Gov. Scott Walker survived his recall election in Wisconsin last night, and we don't know if he had any regrets, but we do know that a band called The Walker Brothers included a guy named Scott and that they played a song called No Regrets. What more explanation do you need?
Today we asked our twitter followers: What sounds from your childhood are going extinct? Rotary phones? Dial-up connections? Tetris?
What is essential knowledge for an American citizen? For the government, that's not a philosophical question, it's a pragmatic list of essential civic knowledge, codified in the citizenship test. Think you could pass? Try it out with this practice test from the US Citizenship and Immigration Services department.
Two themes in today's bumper music: Venus coming directly between Earth and the Sun, and an audio essay by co-host John Hockenberry about how The Beach Boys, who released "Surfin' Safari" fifty years ago.
Today we asked our listeners to respond to our interview with Stephen Prothero, who's new book "The American Bible" attempts to bring together the core texts of the American experience.
Aaron Freeman, Ween frontman, announced the band's breakup yesterday to Rolling Stone from his home in New Jersey. In Ween's honor, which was formed 25 years ago by Freeman and his high school classmate Mickey Melchiondo, today's bumper music is Ween-only.
Peter Edelman is among the most outspoken antipoverty advocates in the United States. Currently a law professor at Georgetown University School of Law, Edelman has became a household name in 1996 after he resigned from his position in the Department of Health and Human Services in protest against President Bill Clinton signing of the welfare reform bill into law. In his new book, "So Rich, So Poor: Why It's So Hard to End Poverty in America," Edelman explores the intricacies of poverty in America. You can order the book here.
"When I heard the diagnosis of ovarian cancer on November 5, 2008, I assumed it was a death sentence. Lying on a gurney in a hospital hallway, I concentrated on accepting my impending mortality with equanimity. Scientific advances have not yet made a significant impact on detection or treatment and ovarian cancer remains largely incurable."
The following is an excerpt from "Up: A Mother and Daughter's Peakbagging Adventure" by Patricia Ellis Herr. You can also listen to The Takeaway's interview with Herr and her daughter, Alex.
I'm going to begin by telling you about Miss Frost. While I say to everyone that I became a writer because I read a certain novel by Charles Dickens at the formative age of fifteen, the truth is I was younger than that when I first met Miss Frost and imagined having sex with her, and this moment of my sexual awakening also marked the fitful birth of my imagination. We are formed by what we desire. In less than a minute of excited, secretive longing, I desired to become a writer and to have sex with Miss Frost — not necessarily in that order.
Karen Washington, a social studies teacher at Watertown High School in Massachusetts, sent us this message in response to Monday's story about a group of girls who were expelled for talking on Facebook about killing several peers and a teacher. Ms. Washington used the story as the foundation for a classroom discussion. She describes what her students had to say.
We had a great response to today's conversation about this year's crop of college graduates. Check out this collection of responses from viewers, who called, texted, and posted advice for those facing the job market for the first time.
What better way to start the weekend than with the iconic '80s alternative/punk band The Replacements. Today we heard "Kiss Me on the Bus."
Here is the rest of the playlist:
Vitamin String Quartet – Dissident
The Who – Pinball Wizard
R.E.M. – Leave
The Replacements – Kiss me On the Bus
Bonobo – Sleepy Seven
Broken Social Scene – Romance to the Grave
Budos Band – Monkey See Monkey Go
Gil Scott Heron – Almost Lost Detroit
Leos Janacek – String Quarter Number 2
You've been telling us about your family trees and just how gnarled and suprising they can get. What surprises in your family's history have you uncovered? You can add them in the comments below:
After we aired the segment "Lonely in a Digital Age" on Wednesday, we got lots of responses from listeners. Many agreed with our guest, Sherry Turkle, who argued that our digital-saturated society has sacrificed conversation in favor of connection. However, we also heard from those who believe that digital innovations have allowed them to communicate in ways previously impossible.
Lauren Howie is a 26-year-old leasing consultant in Atlanta, Georgia. She has a speech impediment, and she told us how technology has helped her communicate.
The Danger Assessment was created by Jacquelyn Campbell, Professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing. The Assessment is a screen that helps police, advocates, judges and others determine the likelihood that an abuser will murder his or her partner.
Jacquelyn C. Campbell, Ph.D., R.N. Copyright, 2003; www.dangerassessment.com
Several risk factors have been associated with increased risk of homicides (murders) of women and men in violent relationships. We cannot predict what will happen in your case, but we would like you to be aware of the danger of homicide in situations of abuse and for you to see how many of the risk factors apply to your situation.
Using the calendar, please mark the approximate dates during the past year when you were abused by your partner or ex partner. Write on that date how bad the incident was according to the following scale:
1. Slapping, pushing; no injuries and/or lasting pain
2. Punching, kicking; bruises, cuts, and/or continuing pain
3. "Beating up"; severe contusions, burns, broken bones
4. Threat to use weapon; head injury, internal injury, permanent injury
5. Use of weapon; wounds from weapon
(If any of the descriptions for the higher number apply, use the higher number.)
Mark Yes or No for each of the following. ("He" refers to your husband, partner, ex-husband, ex- partner, or whoever is currently physically hurting you.)
___1. Has the physical violence increased in severity or frequency over the past year?
___2. Does he own a gun?
___3. Have you left him after living together during the past year? 3a. (If have never lived with him, check here___)
___4. Is he unemployed?
___5. Has he ever used a weapon against you or threatened you with a lethal weapon? (If yes, was the weapon a gun?____)
___6. Does he threaten to kill you?
___7. Has he avoided being arrested for domestic violence?
___8. Do you have a child that is not his?
___9. Has he ever forced you to have sex when you did not wish to do so?
___10. Does he ever try to choke you?
___11. Does he use illegal drugs? By drugs, I mean "uppers" or amphetamines, "meth", speed, angel dust, cocaine, "crack", street drugs or ___mixtures.
___12. Is he an alcoholic or problem drinker?
___13. Does he control most or all of your daily activities? For instance: does he tell you who you can be friends with, when you can see your family, how much money you can use, or when you can take the car? (If he tries, but you do not let him, check here: ____)
___14. Is he violently and constantly jealous of you? (For instance, does he say "If I can't have you, no one can.")
___15. Have you ever been beaten by him while you were pregnant? (If you have never been pregnant by him, check here: ____)
___16. Has he ever threatened or tried to commit suicide?
___17. Does he threaten to harm your children?
___18. Do you believe he is capable of killing you?
___19. Does he follow or spy on you, leave threatening notes or messages, destroy your property, or call you when you don't want him to?
___20. Have you ever threatened or tried to commit suicide?
____ Total "Yes" Answers
Thank you. Please talk to your nurse, advocate or counselor about what the Danger Assessment means in terms of your situation.


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Below are top resources on SparkPeople for My Protein.
Protein supplements are popular among casual exercisers, serious bodybuilders, dieters and even non-exercisers for many reasons. Most people know that protein is an essential nutrient for overall health that helps promote fullness and also plays... Read more
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Protein is an important component of any diet for satiety, muscle repair, and generating hormones and enzymes. Need a protein pick-me-up? These filling recipes are great for refueling after a workout--or anytime!
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Adding Protein Powder to water, milk, or juice can really aid your protein intake, give you energy, and jump start your day.... Read more
Carry a protein bar to stave off hunger. Or if you can, a protein drink.... Read more
We will discuss low carb lifestyles (including Atkins,Protein Power, South Beach and other doctor-recommended low carb plans), trade low carb recipes and team up to do this together!... Read more
Protein is an important part of any healthy diet and has been shown to help you feel full longer. But some of the best sources of protein like eggs, chicken and milk aren't easy to carry with you on the go. And having a healthy, protein-pack... Read more
"Food with Integrity" is the holistic philosophy that guides the Chipotle restaurant chain. Some of the key words that are used in their "food with integrity" motto include words like unprocessed, sustainable, naturally raised, ad... Read more
Can you guess what is on my mind? It seems over the last few weeks I have gotten away from concentrating on eating my protein first. This resulted in the scale staying in the same spot for almost a month. NOT COOL! Yesterday I refocused and plann... Read more
Since I injured my quadriceps in my left leg, Ive been really focused on loading up on protein. I know that protein helps to rebuild the muscles, so Ive been aiming for 85-90 grams/day. Prior to this, I was feeling pretty good about my protein in... Read more


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Registration online is now available!!!
Online Registration
Registration online is now available!!!
Registration Feb 7th
Registration opens in person Feb 7th at the St George Arena! Online opens Feb 9th!!
We are still looking for players, refs, coaches and sponsors. If you have any questions please feel free to contact us!
With registration only a couple weeks away here is some info!
2015 Season Registration
The 2015 Season Registration will be open soon. We are planning a in person and online in early Feb.
We are working on some exciting changes this year, with a slightly shortened Micro Season (and reduced cost) along with, for the first time, a U10 "travel" team to align with our U12 and Up teams. We will continue to offer the U10 House league, and adding the additional teams for those players that are up for the challenge!
Watch our Facebook and Twitter accounts for more information to come!!
2015 Season is rapidly approaching!
Can you believe the 2015 Soccer Season is already in its planning stages?
Would you believe it takes a team of dedicated people many months to organize the rapidly approaching season?
We are looking for volunteers to help us this year on the Executive Committee and as on Field Conveners. Our Field Conveners are responsible for opening and closing the trailer, watching the time and notifying the Coaches in rain out or weather extremes.
If you are going to be on the field watching your child play, why don't you coach while you are there. We are always looking for coaches often right up to days before the season starts.
Any and all help would be appreciated. If you have any question please feel free to contact me directly. 519-865-3485
Soccer Camp is Back!
We are pleased to announce another year of partnership with Challenger Sports, providers of North America's most popular soccer camp, to host the week long British Soccer camp during the week of
July 21st-25th at Sunny Hill Field, 87 Sunnyside Drive, St George
The camps will run Monday through Friday and each child will be coached by a member of Challenger's British coaching staff flown to Canada exclusively to work on these programs. Challenger will hold over 3,500 British Soccer Camps this summer and will coach over 140,000 players between the ages of 3 and 18, as well as completing FREE coach education clinics for over 40,000 parents and coaches.
Challenger's British Soccer Camp is more than a week of drills and skills. In addition to taking part in a daily regimen of foot skill development (through the 1,000 touches curriculum), technical and tactical practices and daily 'World Cup' tournament style plays, each child will be treated to a rich cultural experience and lessons on respect, responsibility, integrity, leadership and sportsmanship. Each camp is custom built to meet the needs of your players so Challenger will be directed by the organization on the content of the camp that they too require.
Each camper will receive a FREE camp T-shirt, soccer ball, soccer poster, individual skills performance evaluation and free access to an educational soccer website. In addition, any child who signs up online by June 6th will receive a genuine British Soccer replica Jersey valued at $39. For further information please visit www.challengersports.com.
To register for the camp, please click here:
Season Delay
Due to the poor wet weather the County has deemed all fields unplayable at this time. Season is now scheduled to start week of May 12 and will be extended by one week.
Also, you should have received notification from your coach for this year. Please email (firstname.lastname@example.com) me if you have not and I will forward to the league convenors.
Online Registration
Online Registration is open and teams are filing up fast. Click Here for the online registration page.
Registrations are about to open for the 2014 Season!
January 20th our online registration opens, with a in person option at the arena on Feb 1st 2014.
Registration Information
Can you believe it? The 2014 Season is about to begin!!
This year we are offering two forms of registration, online and in-person.
Online will be available starting January 20th 2014, and in-person will be Saturday Feb 1st 2014 from 9AM-11AM at the St George Arena! Please let everybody you know know as the teams always fill up fast.
Don't forget we are always looking for coaches, refs and even sponsors!


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All Season
No matter what the season, you are sure to find an all season hat here that you can wear all year round. These hats were designed to be worn all throughout the year. We carry, summer ball caps, baseball caps, fedoras and more. Our fedora, spring bucket, cowboy hats, cadet, beret, visor, newsboy and ivy hat types can be worn anytime of the year especially during fall. For the cold winter times we have beanie, trooper, and Western hats to fit any season and climate. No matter what the season and what hat you choose you can be confident that you are going to love the way you look, and how you feel. We are your all season hat and cap provider of fantastic hats and caps.
Assorted Navy Patches - Seabees$9.49
Europe Flag Embroidered Patches - Ireland$5.99
Eastern State Police Embroidered Patches - FL Hwy$5.49
Eastern State Police Embroidered Patches - VA State$5.49
Eastern State Embroidered Patches - Delaware$5.99
Air Force Other Shape Large Patch - Brown USAF$5.99
Naval Aircraft Patches - Deep Pride$10.49
US Military Police Large Patch - K9 Corps$5.99
MCAS Miramar Marine Patches - MCAS Miramar$15.49
Out of stock
Military Aviation Squadron Patch - VFA-81$10.49


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News Archive
Meet Martin Goodman
Martin Goodman has been the director of the USC Region SBDC since 2007. This region includes eight centers serving thirteen counties. In addition to his position as director, he teaches the Boots to Business program at the Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort and counsels about 90 small business clients each year, something he finds rewarding.
"It's fun to drive down a street and realize that probably 25 percent of our local businesses were my clients at one time," Goodman said. "I enjoy getting to know my clients. Building that individual rapport to where they can call and ask me most anything and feel they are going to get an honest appraisal."
Beaufort is a small town with a strong community spirit and Goodman feels lucky to have been given the opportunity to move there with the SBDC in 1992. He was living in Greenville where he owned a tire and alignment company. Goodman also taught business development, plans and management at Greenville Technical College. Often he would invite a consultant from the Greenville Area SBDC to speak to his classes. When the position in Beaufort came open, Goodman applied although he'd never been there. Twenty-three years later, he is completely happy with his decision to move.
Goodman immediately became involved in the local business community, serving on a variety of boards and advisory committees including the Beaufort Economic Development Board, the Redevelopment Commission and the Chamber of Commerce.
A serial entrepreneur from early in his career, Goodman and his wife opened Ollie's Seafood Grille & Bar that grew to three locations in Beaufort and Walterboro. In a state economically driven by tourism and the service industry, Goodman's background in restaurant management often comes into play with clients. Goodman has worked with a number of restaurants over his years with the SBDC, but he gladly helps any client who comes through his door at USC Beaufort where his center is located.
"I enjoy working with clients who understand that being in business is a long term proposition," Goodman said. "You don't get into business for yourself to become wealthy overnight. You build wealth over time. People who understand this are ultimately your most successful clients."
Goodman doesn't take the trust and the confidence people have in his counsel lightly.
"People walk into our office with a dream. Even if we suspect that an idea may not be a particularly good one, it is our job to help them understand the reality of their dream without being discouraging," Goodman said. "Often people haven't thoroughly thought things through and they need an unbiased and informed opinion of their prospective business proposition."
Whether he is at the grand opening of a client's business, working with local business development groups or counseling clients one-on-one, Goodman is appreciative of the role he plays in helping people succeed.
"People drop by and ask me what I think of their business ideas," Goodman said. "It's great when people feel comfortable enough that they share their ideas with you. I like that what I do makes a positive difference for people who take risks, work hard and contribute to the community."