text:
Intervention Review
Pin site care for preventing infections associated with external bone fixators and pins
Editorial Group: Cochrane Wounds Group
Published Online: 3 DEC 2013
Assessed as up-to-date: 5 SEP 2013
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004551.pub3
Copyright © 2013 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Database Title
Additional Information
How to Cite
Lethaby A, Temple J, Santy-Tomlinson J. Pin site care for preventing infections associated with external bone fixators and pins. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD004551. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004551.pub3.
Publication History
- Publication Status: New search for studies and content updated (no change to conclusions)
- Published Online: 3 DEC 2013
Metal pins are used to apply skeletal traction or external fixation devices in the management of orthopaedic fractures. These percutaneous pins protrude through the skin, and the way in which they are treated after insertion may affect the incidence of pin site infection. This review set out to summarise the evidence of pin site care on infection rates.
To assess the effect on infection rates of different methods of cleansing and dressing orthopaedic percutaneous pin sites.
Search methods
In September 2013, for this third update, we searched the Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register; The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library); Ovid MEDLINE; Ovid MEDLINE (In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations); Ovid EMBASE; and EBSCO CINAHL.
Selection criteria
We evaluated all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the effect on infection and other complication rates of different methods of cleansing or dressing orthopaedic percutaneous pin sites.
Data collection and analysis
Two review authors independently assessed the citations retrieved by the search strategies for reports of relevant RCTs, then independently selected trials that satisfied the inclusion criteria, extracted data and undertook quality assessment.
Main results
A total of eleven trials (572 participants) were eligible for inclusion in the review but not all participants contributed data to each comparison. Three trials compared a cleansing regimen (saline, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide or antibacterial soap) with no cleansing (application of a dry dressing), three trials compared alternative sterile cleansing solutions (saline, alcohol, peroxide, povidone iodine), three trials compared methods of cleansing (one trial compared identical pin site care performed daily or weekly and the two others compared sterile with non sterile techniques), one trial compared daily pin site care with no care and six trials compared different dressings (using different solutions/ointments and dry and impregnated gauze or sponges). One small blinded study of 38 patients found that the risk of pin site infection was significantly reduced with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) gauze when compared to plain gauze (RR 0.23, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.44) (infection rate of 1% in the PHMB group and 4.5% in the control group) but this study was at high risk of bias as the unit of analysis was observations rather than patients. There were no other statistically significant differences between groups in any of the other trials.
Authors' conclusions
The available trial evidence was not extensive, was very heterogeneous and generally of poor quality, so there was insufficient evidence to be able to identify a strategy of pin site care that minimises infection rates. Adequately-powered randomised trials are required to examine the effects of different pin care regimens, and co-interventions - such as antibiotic use - and other extraneous factors must be controlled in the study designs.
Plain language summary
Methods of pin site care for reducing infection and complications associated with external bone fixators and pins
Metal pins are sometimes used to apply traction or to attach other external fixation devices into broken arms or legs. These pins pierce through the skin. The way they are cared for may affect the frequency of infection. Different solutions are used for cleaning around pins, different dressings can be used, scabs may or may not be removed and massage might be used to drain fluids around them. Few clinical trials have investigated this area, and they were of poor quality. As a result, this review found no strong evidence that one pin care technique was better than any other for reducing the chance of infection and other complications.


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KINGSTON TWP. — A Shavertown man was arraigned Tuesday on charges he downloaded and shared child pornography.
Matthew B. Silvestri, 20, of Summit Street, was charged with 10 counts of possession of child pornography, and one count each of dissemination of child pornography and criminal use of communication facility. He was arraigned by District Judge James Tupper and released after posting $10,000 bail.
State police Bureau of Criminal Investigations and Luzerne County detectives with the Northeast Computer Crime Task Force allege they found eight movie clips of naked children and two movie clips of children engaged in lewd acts on Silvestri's computer, according to the criminal complaint.
Investigators searched Silvestri's house on Monday and seized a laptop computer.
Silvestri allegedly told investigators he possessed and distributed child pornography using sharing software, the complaint says.
A preliminary hearing is scheduled on April 18.
WILKES-BARRE — State police Bureau of Liquor Control Enforcement reported they recently cited Wyoming Valley Detachment Marine Corps League Home Association,Inc., 158 E. Main St., with possessing or operating gambling devices or permitted gambling or lotteries.
HAZLETON — City police said numerous car windows were broken with a pellet gun throughout the city. Anyone with information about the vandalism is asked to call 911.
PLYMOUTH - Plymouth police reported they took Brian Engle, no address listed, who was wanted on several outstanding warrants, into custody Tuesday after a police officer on patrol witnessed him enter a home.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Gay men who dress up as Eminem
Eminem is the patron saint of homothugs.
от Screamapillar 29 август 2003
24 more definitions
Top Definition
A black or Latino homosexual who dresses hip hop and does not act "gay."
Sometimes a homo thug has relationships with women, and keeps his gay sex on the DL.
Sometimes a homo thug has relationships with women, and keeps his gay sex on the DL.
A lot of homo thugs hang out at the KFC on 125th street.
от gay unit 26 декември 2004
A man who acts like a gangsta thug but really enjoys male pussy(anal sex).
"Yo you know Montay, that nigga turned into a homothug from going to prision"
от Symone..AKA Ill NANA 27 май 2004
A homosexual or queer identifying male who dresses, appears and partakes in such activities as would a thug. His attire is stereotypical of hip-hop and street fashion. He may speak with a street slang and present a rough exterior. He can be either butch or femme. This identity has no attachment to race or ethnicity.
I am in love with the new barber at Cordell's! I absolutely hope he's a homo thug!
от Aleksandr 12 юни 2007
DMX's kind of man. In one of his songs he says "I show no love for homo thugs" but he is just kidding. DMX loves cock.
"I show love for homo thugs" - DMX
от Alomar 27 ноември 2004
a male who wants to be known as a straight (heterosexual) male to society put enjoys sex with men on the DL
от Anonymous 22 юни 2003
Lil Wayne
Steve: Did you see Lil Wayne on MTV last night? That guy is a real blood
Bill: No he ain't, that niggas a homo thug...
Bill: No he ain't, that niggas a homo thug...
от Arturo Gatti 18 октомври 2008
A man who is a street thug/tough/drug dealer with all the swagger and attire to go with this life but who is actually an "in the closet" homosexual
Money Man ain't nuthing but a homo-thug. His man lives around the way.
от netnet 04 май 2004


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Carrie Vaughn
- When: Saturday, January 18, 2014, 1 p.m.
- Where: Eagle Eye Book Shop, Decatur
- Cost: Not available
- Age limit: All ages
- Categories: Literary
Eagle Eye Book Shop will host Carrie Vaughn to discuss and sign her book, Dreams of the Golden Age, at 1 p.m. Jan. 18 at the shop, 2076 North Decatur Rd. in Decatur. For more information, call 404-486-0307.
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.


text:
Best Night Ever (2014)
Watch Trailers
- Title:Best Night Ever
- Release Date:January 31st, 2014
- Starring: 20 more cast & crew »
- Meter: 50% 0%
- Director:Jason Friedberg, Aaron Seltzer
- Writer:Jason Friedberg, Aaron Seltzer
- Studio:Magnet
- Genre:Comedy
- Official Site:https://facebook.com/bestnighteverfilm, magnetreleasing.com/bestnightever
- Rating:
- Runtime:1 hour 30 minutes
Best Night Ever PlotBride-to-be Claire, her sister Leslie, fun-loving Zoe, and quirky new friend Janet set off to Las Vegas for a one-night bachelorette party that turns out to be more than they bargained for. A series of unexpected adventures—including getting kicked out of a strip club, being mugged, and getting pummeled by the Las Vegas reigning gelatin-wrestling champion, Veronica—rips them from the glitz and glamour of the Las Vegas strip and places them smack dab in Vegas's seedy underbelly. Determined to keep their bachelorette party dreams alive, the girls band together and embark on the wildest night in bachelorette party history. Fueled by sex and booze, this raunchy, riotously hilarious, out-of-control blow-out is, for better or worse, all caught on tape. And is destined to go down as the Best Night Ever.
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Enjoy all that Belgrade has to offer from these centrally positioned, beautifully designed, modern apartment, named after the Sain't Sava's Temple, that is located nearby.
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text:
UN: No One Will Be SparedSubmitted by Perry911 on Mon, 03/31/2014 - 10:18
YOKOHAMA, Japan (AP) — If the world doesn't cut pollution of heat-trapping gases, the already noticeable harms of global warming could spiral "out of control," the head of a United Nations scientific panel warned Monday.
And he's not alone. The Obama White House says it is taking this new report as a call for action, with Secretary of State John Kerry saying "the costs of inaction are catastrophic."
Rajendra Pachauri, chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that issued the 32-volume, 2,610-page report here early Monday, told The Associated Press: "it is a call for action." Without reductions in emissions, he said, impacts from warming "could get out of control."
- Login to post comments
Just my 2 cents,
but perhaps they are gearing up to blame the coming effects of Fukishima on GW so they can say, "I told you so".
amazing!!! I don't know what
amazing!!! I don't know what else to say...
Beware the cult of "government"...
Sonmi 541: "Truth is singular. Its "versions" are mistruths."
Dateline on this article is Japan...my first thought is, finally they are going to bring up concerns about Fukushima. Nope. Should have known...it just doesn't fit their agenda.
An alternate reality
They create a fantasy, they engage others to support that fantasy and MSM spreads the fantasy..we all live in the twilight zone, where nothing is as it seems.
"Hell is empty, and all the devils are here" (Shakespeare)
RP 2012~ Intellectual Revolution.
"Cyril" pronounced "see real". I code stuff.
"To study and not think is a waste. To think and not study is dangerous." -- Confucius
I have only one question for these U.N. "scientists" :
I have only one question for these U.N. "scientists" :
how about they just go ahead and...
finally ?
That'd be great. My thanks in advance.
"Cyril" pronounced "see real". I code stuff.
"To study and not think is a waste. To think and not study is dangerous." -- Confucius
Chicken Little Syndrome
UN: 'Seriously guys, this is so serious we had to add another color to our risk levels. Deep purple is the level we're at, and according to my mood ring instruction manual, we're in love with global warming.'
One quote I found interesting from the article: "Rich people benefit from using all these fossil fuels," University of Sussex economist Richard Tol said. "Poorer people lose out."
Huh? Last time I checked fossil fuels made everything from electricity to water bottles cheaper...how are the "poorer" people loosing out? Cause there aren't as many?
If ignorance is bliss, Washington DC must be heaven.


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Housing Affordability Edges Higher in First Quarter
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May 13, 2014 - Slightly lower median home prices along with steady mortgage rates contributed to higher housing affordability in the first quarter, according to the National Association of Home Builders/Wells Fargo Housing Opportunity Index (HOI), released today.
In all, 65.5 percent of new and existing homes sold between the beginning of January and end of March were affordable to families earning the U.S. median income of $63,900. This is slightly higher from the 64.7 percent of homes sold that were affordable to median-income earners in the fourth quarter.
Meanwhile, the national median home price dipped from $205,000 in the fourth quarter to $195,000 in the first quarter while average mortgage interest rates were virtually unchanged, moving from 4.54 percent to 4.57 percent in the same period.
"Housing affordability remains strong and this is an encouraging sign as the spring home building season moves into high gear," said NAHB Chairman Kevin Kelly, a home builder and developer from Wilmington, Del.
"As home prices and mortgage interest rates are unlikely to go down, the first quarter HOI is another indicator that this is an opportune time to buy," said NAHB Chief Economist David Crowe.
Syracuse, N.Y. was the nation's most affordable major housing market, as 93.7 percent
of all new and existing homes sold in this year's first quarter were affordable to families earning the area's median income of $67,700. Meanwhile, Cumberland, Md-W.Va. claimed the title of most affordable smaller market, with 96.3 percent of homes sold in the first quarter being affordable to those earning the median income of $54,100.
Other major U.S. housing markets at the top of the affordability chart in the first quarter included Buffalo-Niagara Falls, N.Y.; Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, Ohio-Pa.; Harrisburg-Carlisle, Pa.; and Dayton, Ohio; in descending order.
Smaller markets joining Cumberland at the top of the affordability chart included Springfield, Ohio; Kokomo, Ind.; Mansfield, Ohio; and Lima, Ohio.
For a sixth consecutive quarter, San Francisco-San Mateo-Redwood City, Calif. held the lowest spot among major markets on the affordability chart. There, just 13.3 percent of homes sold in the first quarter were affordable to families earning the area's median income of $100,400.
Other major metros at the bottom of the affordability chart included Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine, Calif.; Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, Calif.; New York-White Plains-Wayne, N.Y.-N.J.; and San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, Calif.; in descending order.
All of the five least affordable small housing markets were in California. At the very bottom of the affordability chart was Santa Cruz-Watsonville, where 21.1 percent of all new and existing homes sold were affordable to families earning the area's median income of $77,900. Other small markets at the lowest end of the affordability scale included Napa, Salinas, San Luis Obispo-Paso Robles, and Santa Rosa-Petaluma, respectively.
Please visit nahb.org/hoi for tables, historic data and details.
Editor's Note: The NAHB/Wells Fargo Housing Opportunity Index (HOI) is a measure of the percentage of homes sold in a given area that are affordable to families earning the area's median income during a specific quarter. Prices of new and existing homes sold are collected from actual court records by Core Logic, a data and analytics company. Mortgage financing conditions incorporate interest rates on fixed- and adjustable-rate loans reported by the Federal Housing Finance Agency.
The NAHB/Wells Fargo HOI is strictly the product of NAHB Economics, and is not seen or influenced by any outside party prior to being released to the public.News Source : Housing Affordability Edges Higher in First Quarter
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"In his compelling, important book about American schools and discipline, Kupchik, a professor of sociology at the University of Delaware, punctures the myth that tighter security measures stemmed from Columbine or any other school shooting."
-Kate Tuttle,Boston Globe
Aaron Kupchik is Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice at the University of Delaware. He is the author of Judging Juveniles: Prosecuting Adolescents in Adult and Juvenile Courts (NYU Press), winner of the 2007 American Society of Ciminology Michael J. Hindelang Award for the Most Outstanding Contribution to Research in Criminology.
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Can you put a rheostat on a whole house fan?
After hearing people in my area raving about whole house fans I had a 36" 6900CFM one installed in my house which is the largest I could fit in my hallway, it was purchased at Home Depot. I didn't install it nor wire it. Turning it on low, sounds as loud as a Harley Davidson idling in my house and I later found out the size of my house needed only a 1000 CFM. We can't sleep with it on, and our 2 cats get the *#$! scared out of them and run around in a panic the entire time, which usually means running over us trying to sleep.
It's a fixed pulley on a motor using a belt to drive the fan blades. The switch has a High/Low/Off. I don't know if this applies but I intercept the wires going to the motor and put in I think it's called a dual pole single throw. I did that because in winter I cover it with insulation and had a friend ask, "What's this" and flicked the switch. After that disaster I put in that switch so it can't be turned on accidentally when I have insulation over it. Does it sound like a system I can replace the High/Low/Off switch with a special fan rheostat? Thanks
Most of the fan rheostats I've seen are rated for light duty, such as for a fireplace blower fan. If you can find one that is the same current rating as the fan (or higher) it should work.
You might also want to call the fan manufacturer, tell them your problem, and see what they recommend.
This type of motor cannot be speed-controled with a rheostat. You would be much better off to get a smaller fan installed. Perhaps you can sell this one on e-bay.
Even with the current fan, the noise level might improve with improved vibration resistant mounting for the fan and motor (it may not be isolated from one of the houses framing members), better ventilation from the attic to the outside (the air has to go somewhere), and more open windows (the air has to come from somewhere). You might also look into getting a larger pulley for the fan and/or a smaller one for the motor.
If the fan uses an induction motor, which is likely, I think a ceiling fan control may be able to handle it IF the control is up to the load your fan presents. Check the fan's nameplate and the control's rating. It sounds like a big'un, so I expect that you'll have a tough time finding a control with enough capacity.
Note also that you will probably void the warranty by operating it with a speed control. It may even be a code violation if the installation instructions state that a speed control should not be used.
Induction motor that can have speed varied are a relatively new and will be labeled as 'suitable for...'.
A regular induction motor will be damaged by a speed control.
Special cores and windings are required to use a conventional triac dimmer (or even an 'inductive dimmer') with an electric motor.
Brick, you're probably right, but I would argue that a motor whose windings are already tapped for speed control is pretty likely to survive the torture of a triac control. At least that's been my experience - but I'll admit my experience isn't exhaustive, and perhaps I should be wary of suggesting such things.
Regardless, it's likely to void the warranty.
try increasing the size of the pulley on the fan end..
mcmaster.com is a good place for pulleys.
otherwise a rheostat will not work.
the triac based speed controller will if its size for the the motor.
the other way would be to block some of the air flow.
since the fan is driven with a belt the motor the motor isn't cooled by the fan
Yes, solid state. I've used one for 20 years now on a 3/4HP permanent split capacitor induction motor driven whole house fan(came with it). Electricsurplusstore.com has the lowest price or you can pay two to three times as much. These switches are widely available.
I had to join to post this. I have twenty eight years industrial I&E experience. These other answers were killing me.
Here is a link that might be useful: KB Electronics


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Member associations can now submit candidates for Athletes Committee Member positions to be elected at World Archery Congress
National archery associations are producing outstanding projects and will be rewarded for their excellence with the introduction of the Best Project Award
The Minutes of the 50th World Archery Congress held in Belek Antalya, Turkey on 27-28 September 2013 have been issued and are now available in pdf format.
The second day of the 50th World Archery Congress featured the election of the new President, in which Prof Dr Uğur ERDENER was the only candidate, and other important positions across World Archery's governance.
Important decisions voted on during the first day of the 2013 World Archery Congress - held in Belek - included a number of updates to international competition rules.
The 2013 edition of the Outdoor World Championships will be held from 29 September to 6 October in the municipality of Belek, Turkey's Antalya Province.
The 50th World Archery Congress will be held on 27-28 September in Belek just before the opening of the World Championships 2013.
Bylaws approved by the World Archery Executive Board since July 2013 (NOT YET APPROVED by the World Archery Congress). These bylaws will be submitted to Congress approval in July 2015 in Copenhagen, Denmark.
We inform our Member Associations that the correct email address of the Organising Committee for the World Archery Championships 2013 to be held in Belek Antalya is firstname.lastname@example.com.
Please send all forms to this address.
World Archery Communication


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Systems and methods of recording user actions on an industrial controller. When a user logs into an industrial controller (e.g., a stand-alone controller) changes made to the controller can be recorded by a logging component. The recorded information can be encrypted to ensure reliability of the information. The logging component can be periodically brought into communication with an aggregation component which can receive log entries from a plurality of controllers and their associated logging components, and compile the log entries into an aggregate log.
1. A controller system, comprising:
a logging component that records data related to an industrial process; and
an aggregation component that receives the data, and based in part thereon, compiles information into an aggregate log.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. The system of
11. A method of recording industrial data comprising:
recording an event occurring with an industrial controller;
recording contextual information associated with the event; and
aggregating recorded event information and the contextual information into an aggregate log.
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. A logging and aggregation system, comprising:
means for determining contextual information related to modifications of an industrial controller; and
means for aggregating recorded modifications and contextual information associated therewith.
20. The system of
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/944,240 filed on Jun. 15, 2007, entitled �CONTROLLER LOG AND LOG AGGREGATION,� the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Manufacturers typically require collection, analysis, and optimization of real time data from a plurality of sites that are located globally. One common solution for recording such data includes providing a local recording module that often occupies a slot in a controller backplane such as a PC-Historian. A particular and common solution for recording data includes a PC-Historian which is an industrial computer for the controller backplane, and employs a transitional layer to supply an indirect interface to the controller. This includes a platform that provides high speed, time series, data storage and retrieval with both local and remote control processors. The PC-Historian communicates with controllers directly through the backplane and can communicate remotely via a network interface. The PC-Historian allows archiving data from the controller to an Archive Engine which provides additional storage capabilities.
Typically, such controllers are special-purpose computers utilized for controlling industrial processes, manufacturing equipment, and other factory automation, such as data collection or networked systems. At the core of the industrial control system, is a logic processor such as a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) or PC-based controller. Programmable Logic Controllers for instance, are programmed by systems designers to operate manufacturing processes via user-designed logic programs or user programs. The user programs are stored in memory and generally executed by the PLC in a sequential manner although instruction jumping, looping and interrupt routines, for example, are also common. Associated with the user program are a plurality of memory elements or variables that provide dynamics to PLC operations and programs. Differences in PLCs are typically dependent on the number of Input/Output (I/O) they can process, amount of memory, number and type of instructions, and speed of the PLC central processing unit (CPU).
An industrial controller can be customized to a particular process by writing one or more control software routines that may be stored in the controller's memory and/or by changing the hardware configuration of the controller to match the control task or strategy. Such control routines may be generated using controller configurations systems or tools, which facilitate translation of a desired control strategy for the process into a control routine executable in a controller. For example, configuration tools can provide for graphical representations of control functions known as function blocks. A user models a control strategy by placing function blocks in a user interface work surface, and associating the function blocks using graphical connections known as wires, via a graphical user interface. Once the user has thus defined the desired control strategy, the configuration system compiles or verifies the graphical representation to produce a control routine, which may then be downloaded to one or more control modules in the control system. The control functions represented by the function blocks are implemented in the verified control routine according to execution ordering which may be determined in the compilation or verification process in the configuration tool.
Controllers and associated I/O modules can typically generate a significant amount of data relating to industrial processes. For example, controllers output status of sensors, drives, actuators, and the like. Recent market and technological factors have caused many industries to rely purely on a network connection and a central recording system that requires a persistent network connection. However, not all controllers are continuously connected to a network. While there are typically mechanisms in place to record data relating to the operation of a controller or group of controllers, users can and do frequently make changes to settings of a controller, which are not recorded or logged. Many controllers are not configured to record the identity of the initiator of the changes and therefore a knowledgeable operator can make changes to a controller and leave no trace behind. If the changes cause an error, a problem, or a failure, there is no way to determine who performed which actions on the controller.
The following presents a simplified summary of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the innovation. This summary is not an extensive overview of the innovation. It is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of the innovation nor delineate the scope of the innovation. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the innovation in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
The subject innovation records changes made to a controller (e.g., controllers that are periodically connected to the network) via a logging component and supplies such changes to an administrator upon occurrence of a predetermined event, such as upon connection to a network. While many controllers maintain a persistent network connection to supporting mechanisms, not all industrial operations are so connected�some controllers are brought into communication with other components at irregular intervals only. The subject innovation enables a controller or group of controllers to transfer information to supporting mechanisms for oversight and review despite a discontinuous network connection. The subject innovation allows programmatic detection of modifications to a controller at run time. Also, employing the systems and methods disclosed herein allows the monitored equipment to be shut down to a safe state if and when any modifications occur; the logging capabilities of the subject disclosure allow recordation of settings and any changes, to facilitate such shut down.
In a related aspect, an aggregation component associated with the industrial process receives the logged information from the controller or group of controllers when the controllers are brought into communication with the aggregation component. The logging component can employ an identity component to record the user's identity and other circumstantial information such as location, status, permission level, and the like. Such logging can comprise contextual data relating to any aspect of an industrial process. A security component can protect the logged information from compromise (e.g., by encryption, reporting of attempts to access or alter the data) so as to ensure reliable data. In an aspect, the information can be used in a post hoc investigation to assess liability, warranty validity, or merely to improve operation of a plant, and so the logged information can prove invaluable�but only so far as the information has avoided tampering.
In an aspect, the log resides on the controller and can typically mitigate a requirement of external devices or hardware to create and distribute the logged information. Periodically, the logging component can communicate the information to an aggregation component that can receive information from a plurality of logging components associated with a plurality of controllers. The aggregation component can compile an aggregate log containing information from the plurality of controllers and their associated logging components, and re-order the log entries to describe the events of the plurality of controllers in a central aggregate log.
According to a further aspect, a plurality of methodologies can be employed to trigger transfer of information from the memory to the logging component. Such can include transferring information if local memory reaches a certain threshold capacity, if the user issues a command, or if a predetermined event that merits recording is detected. The information recorded can include user events as well as non-user events (e.g., machine self-diagnosis).
According to a related methodology, while operating with or without a persistent network connection, the controller can receive alteration commands from a user. The alterations and related information such as user identity, user location, user permissions, and the like, can be recorded in the controller's local memory. The information can be recorded by the logging component if requested by a user, if the local memory reaches a predetermined capacity (e.g., 60%, 70%), or if a predetermined event (e.g., pre-defined thresholds, manipulation of sensitive data, alterations made without supervision) is detected. Periodically the controller can be brought into communication with an aggregation component to transfer the logged information to the aggregation component, which can receive logged information from a plurality of controllers. The logged information can comprise a plurality of log entries which can include such information as a timestamp, which can be used to synchronize the log entries and create an aggregate log.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the invention then, comprises the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the innovation. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the innovation may be employed; the subject innovation is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents. Other objects, advantages, and novel features of the innovation will become apparent from the following detailed description of the innovation when considered in conjunction with the drawings.
The various aspects of the subject innovation are now described with reference to the annexed drawings, wherein like numerals refer to like or corresponding elements throughout. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description relating thereto are not intended to limit the claimed subject matter to the particular form disclosed. Rather, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter.
As used in this application, the terms �component� and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers. Also, these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon. The components may communicate via local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems via the signal).
The word �exemplary� is used herein to mean serving as an example, instance or illustration. Any aspect or design described herein as �exemplary� is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects or designs. Furthermore, examples are provided solely for purposes of clarity and understanding and are not meant to limit the subject innovation or relevant portion thereof in any manner. It is to be appreciated that a myriad of additional or alternate examples could have been presented, but have been omitted for purposes of brevity. Furthermore, all or portions of the subject innovation may be implemented as a method, apparatus or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or any combination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosed innovation.
The logging component 104 can serve as a data store for the controller 102 that can employ volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or a combination thereof. In one example, nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. The memory can include removable memory such as Compact Flash cards, Secure Digital cards, and the like. Volatile memory can include random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). The data store of the subject systems and methods is intended to comprise, without being limited to, these and any other suitable types of memory.
In a related aspect, the logging component 104 can employ an internal flash storage device which can be integral to the controller 102. Accordingly, the system can act in a controller-centric fashion. It is to be appreciated, however, that in alternative aspects a logging component 104 can be stored externally or employ removable storage. Removable storage can be used to perform offsite or remote review of the information stored by the logging component 104 on a scheduled basis, or if circumstances so require. Removal and review can be performed without requiring additional network infrastructure and can enable an understanding of changes that occur over a period of time. The logging component 104 can record user modifications to any aspect of the system 100 and to the controller 102 such as a gain value, a PID loop, and the like.
The subject innovation can employ various methodologies to trigger the logging component 104 to record information; a small number of examples are given here for illustrative purposes. Before information is recorded by the logging component 104, it can be stored in local memory. When this temporary storage area reaches a predetermined level of capacity (e.g., 60%, 80%) the information can automatically be recorded by the logging component 104. Moreover, the logging component 104 can automatically record logged information before a controller firmware update in order to ensure that the logged information is associated with an appropriate firmware version, mitigating a need for backward compatibility. In one aspect, when the firmware is updated the local storage can be free from logged information that pertains to a previous firmware version, so logged information thereafter can correspond to the current firmware version. Also, a user 106 or 108 can send a command to the controller object at any time instructing the logging component 104 to record information. Any of these features can be enabled or disabled by the user; also, a default value can be specified either to perform a write, or to forebear if one or more of the above conditions is met.
It is to be appreciated that the logging component 104 of the subject innovation can record any type of data related to the industrial process (e.g., monitoring, quality control, process management, maintenance, firmware upgrades, and the like). The list of actions that can be recorded by the logging component 104 is virtually unlimited. The following indicates examples that can be recorded by the logging component 104, including examples of relevant data that can be captured along with each entry:
According to a further aspect, User1 103 can make alterations to the controller 102, which can be recorded as described above by the logging component 104. User1 103 can also indicate that if any other user should attempt to make a change to a setting, action can be taken. User1 103 can be notified of the change, the change can be prevented, and/or the change can be recorded by the logging component 104. For example, the User1 103 configures controller 102, and asks to be notified of any changes made to a number of his settings. If and when a User2 106 (or any of a number of users Userm 108) attempts to make changes, the User1 103 can receive notification of the fact. The users can group settings, and dictate which actions are to be taken in response to attempts to alter or otherwise access settings in a group. User1 103 may wish to prevent any changes to some settings, or at least desire that any such changes are recorded by the logging component 104. In another aspect, the logging component 104 can record non-user events, such as self-diagnosis records that may be produced periodically by a machine related to the controller 102. By way of example, self-diagnosis equipment can be implemented to monitor a tool (e.g., a drill bit, lathe bit) for heat, wear, corrosion, and the like. If the tool begins to wear, or breaks, or any other detectable event occurs, the self-diagnosis equipment can record the event. According to this aspect, this information can be recorded by the logging component 104 along with the other user information and user-initiated changes made to the controller 102. In this way, a rich context of information can be included by the logging component 104.
The logging component 104 can communicate with a workstation 110 from time to time to facilitate access to the information on the log. The system 100 can be used in a smaller manufacturing plant with one (or few) stand-alone controller(s), with a limited amount of storage and periods of time without network connectivity. Periodically, the information stored by the logging component 104 can be retrieved by the workstation 110 and reviewed.
In accordance with another aspect, the logging component 202 can contain a tolerance component 206 that can employ a range check or tolerance to a given value in the controller (or other monitored equipment in which the logging component 202 is deployed), where if changes are made that exceed a range predetermined and known by the tolerance component 206, the logging component 202 can be triggered to record the event. Different values can have different impact on a manufacturing or industrial process, so accordingly the acceptable range can vary depending on context and an associated importance of the variable. Focusing the stored information to logged information thus deemed important, the tolerance component 206 can help minimize the amount of information collected/acquired by the logging component 202, easing post hoc investigations. The range of acceptable modification to a setting can vary as a function of a characteristic of a user attempting to change the setting, as indicated by the identity component 204. A high level manager or executive may be allowed to change values to a greater degree than someone with lower credentials or permissions. The system 200 can therefore record changes that are more likely to be suspect (e.g. performed by a less skilled/trusted individual). Also, the range can expand or contract as a function of the location of the user, which can also be recorded by the identity component 204. When a user logs into the monitored equipment, his location can be determined and used to adjust the range of acceptable change criteria. In certain contexts, a user standing in front of the monitored equipment can be given greater latitude than a remote user. This can also limit the effectiveness of an unauthorized assailant who will likely attack remotely via the internet or other networked environment. All these factors can be used in isolation or in combination to assess and apply a range within which the logging component 202 will not make an entry. In a related aspect, a user can be required to provide credentials accompanying modifications that exceed the range, even if the user has previously logged in to the terminal.
In an aspect of the subject innovation, an artificial intelligence component 208 can be employed to facilitate the range checking of control values and settings. As used herein, the term �inference� refers generally to the process of reasoning about or inferring states of the system, environment, and/or user from a set of observations as captured via events and/or data. Inference can be employed to identify a specific context or action, or can generate a probability distribution over states, for example. The inference can be probabilistic�that is, the computation of a probability distribution over states of interest based on a consideration of data and events. Inference can also refer to techniques employed for composing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data. Such inference results in the construction of new events or actions from a set of observed events and/or stored event data, whether or not the events are correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether the events and data come from one or several event and data sources.
The range of acceptable changes that can be made before the logging component 202 records an entry can be varied by inference from a variety of factors. For example, factors such as user permissions and authority can be used to decide whether to record a given operation. A list of employees and their allowed actions can be maintained, but since controllers in general can be altered to such a great degree, the list is perhaps less than exhaustive. If a user attempts to make a change that is not on a list of permissible changes, but through an inference is deemed similar to a change that is on the list, the logging component 202 can record the change despite lacking explicit instructions to do so. In general, the artificial intelligence component 208 can be instructed to infer a likelihood that a piece of information would be valuable if recorded, and to direct the logging component to record the information if the likelihood is above a threshold.
Logging component 202 can employ a security component 210 to ensure reliability of logged information. Controllers regularly handle extremely valuable and sensitive equipment, and any delay or failure can potentially cost astronomical amounts of time and money. It can be therefore important to have a record of the circumstances surrounding a machine failure or problem. If a machinery operator with poor skill or judgment alters a controller and causes a problem, the information stored in the logging component 202 can become highly illuminating when it comes time to investigate the problem. To be valuable, the information should be protected from tampering. A company responsible for a catastrophic machine failure can face an incredible incentive to delete or modify log entries to escape liability; therefore, in an aspect of the subject innovation, the security component 210 can encrypt log entries. In addition, the security component 210 can also record attempts to access or modify the information. As shown here, the security component 210 resides externally to the logging component 202; however, the security component can reside within the logging component 202, and can integrate with other security measures employed with the monitored equipment.
According to an aspect, the aggregation component 310 can include a tracking component 312, which can receive information relating to changes made to a controller 302 and recorded by a logging component 304. The tracking component 312 can restore the altered setting to at least one previous state. The tracking component 312 is shown as part of the aggregation component 310, but it is to be appreciated that the logging component 304 can contain a tracking component 312.
For example, in connection with recording actions taken on a controller, the subject innovation can employ various artificial intelligence schemes. A process for learning explicitly or implicitly whether data from local memory should be recorded, can be facilitated via an automatic classification system and process. Classification can employ a probabilistic and/or statistical-based analysis (e.g., factoring into the analysis utilities and costs) to prognose or infer an action that a user desires to be automatically performed. For example, a support vector machine (SVM) classifier can be employed. Other classification approaches include Bayesian networks, decision trees, and probabilistic classification models providing different patterns of independence can be employed. Classification as used herein also is inclusive of statistical regression that is utilized to develop models of priority.
As will be readily appreciated from the subject specification, the subject innovation can employ classifiers that are explicitly trained (e.g., via a generic training data) as well as implicitly trained (e.g., via observing user behavior, receiving extrinsic information) so that the classifier is used to automatically determine according to a predetermined criteria which answer to return to a question. For example, with respect to SVM's that are well understood, SVM's are configured via a learning or training phase within a classifier constructor and feature selection module. A classifier is a function that maps an input attribute vector, x=(x1, x2, x3, x4, xn), to a confidence that the input belongs to a class�that is, f(x)=confidence(class). As shown in
In addition, the directory interface 440 can be employed to provide data from an appropriate location such as the data source 460, a server 470 and/or a proxy server 480. Accordingly, the directory interface 440 can point to a source of data based upon role and requirements (needs) of a requester (e.g., database 410, HMI 420, PLC 430, and the like.) The database 410 can be any number of various types such as a relational, network, flat-file or hierarchical systems. Typically, such databases can be employed in connection with various enterprise resource planning (ERP) applications that can service any number of various business related processes within a company. For example, ERP applications can be related to human resources, budgeting, forecasting, purchasing and the like. In this regard, particular ERP applications may require data that has certain desired attributes associated therewith. Thus, in accordance with an aspect of the subject innovation, the directory interface 440 can provide data to the database 410 from the server 470, which provides data with the attributes desired by the database 410.
Moreover, the HMI 420 can employ the directory interface 440 to point to data located within the system 400. The HMI 420 can be employed to graphically display various aspects of a process, system, factory, etc. to provide a simplistic and/or user-friendly view of the system. Accordingly, various data points within a system can be displayed as graphical (e.g., bitmaps, jpegs, vector based graphics, clip art and the like) representations with desired color schemes, animation, and layout.
The HMI 420 can request data to have particular visualization attributes associated with data in order to easily display such data thereto. For example, the HMI 420 can query the directory interface 440 for a particular data point that has associated visualization attributes. The directory interface 440 can determine the proxy server 480 contains the attributed data point with the desired visualization attributes. For instance, the attributed data point can have a particular graphic that is either referenced or sent along with the data such that this graphic appears within the HMI environment instead of or along with the data value.
PLC 430 can be any number of models such as Allen Bradley PLC5, SLC-500, MicroLogix, ControlLogix, and the like. The PLC 430 is generally defined as a specialized device employed to provide high-speed, low-level control of a process and/or system. The PLC 430 can be programmed using ladder logic or some form of structured language. Typically, the PLC 430 can utilize data directly from a data source (e.g., data source 460) that can be a sensor, encoder, measurement sensor, switch, valve and the like. The data source 460 can provide data to a register in a PLC and such data can be stored in the PLC if desired. Additionally, data can be updated (e.g., based on a clock cycle) and/or output to other devices for further processing. In general, the embedded historian 433 (unlike conventional PC historians) can supply a direct interface to the PLC 430 without employing a transitional layer, and hence provide a substantially higher data exchange rate as compared to conventional PC historians.
The aforementioned systems, architectures and the like have been described with respect to interaction between several components. It should be appreciated that such systems and components can include those components or sub-components specified therein, some of the specified components or sub-components, and/or additional components. Sub-components could also be implemented as components communicatively coupled to other components rather than included within parent components. Further yet, one or more components and/or sub-components may be combined into a single component to provide aggregate functionality. Communication between systems, components and/or sub-components can be accomplished in accordance with either a push and/or pull model. The components may also interact with one or more other components not specifically described herein for the sake of brevity, but known by those of skill in the art.
Furthermore, as will be appreciated, various portions of the disclosed systems and methods may include or consist of machine learning, or knowledge or rule based components, sub-components, processes, means, methodologies, or mechanisms (e.g., support vector machines, neural networks, expert systems, Bayesian belief networks, fuzzy logic, data fusion engines, classifiers . . . ). Such components, inter alia, can automate certain mechanisms or processes performed thereby to make portions of the systems and methods more adaptive as well as efficient and intelligent.
In view of the illustrative systems described supra, methodologies that can be implemented in accordance with the disclosed subject matter will be better appreciated with reference to the flow charts of
As described above, a controller can contain local memory, as well as a logging component that facilitates recording information relating to alterations made to the controller, or any other related information. At 602, the local memory of the controller can be assessed to determine whether the amount of information stored in memory has reached a threshold level (which may be a percentage of capacity, e.g., 60%, 75%). The threshold can be any appropriate number as determined by the particulars of a given situation; different implementations of the methodology 600 can demand different thresholds. If the threshold has been reached or exceeded, at 604 the information can be recorded by a logging component. If memory has not reached the threshold, at 606 the presence of a user command to write to the log is detected. If the user has issued a command to write, the information is written to the log at 604. Moreover, an event that merits recording in the log may have occurred, and if so, the event can be recorded by the logging component at 604. An event that merits recording can comprise a major change to the system, a previously unknown user logging in for the first time, a firmware upgrade, or the like. Firmware upgrades can contain alterations to the log file structure, and therefore before the firmware upgrade log files in memory can be written to the log. The determination of a log-worthy event can be made using artificial intelligence techniques as described above. If no log-worthy event is detected, or after completing a log entry, at 610 the methodology can wait a given amount of time before repeating. The waiting period serves to reduce the effort required to perform the methodology, and can depend on the frequency of events or the workload of the system. An industrial process that runs continuously can have a shorter waiting period than another process where there is much downtime. In addition, artificial intelligence techniques can be employed to determine the appropriate waiting period by detecting recorded events and the intervals between events. It is to be appreciated that the events described at 602, 606, and 608, are merely illustrative, and not limiting in number or in scope. Also, the order in which the decisions are made as described herein is merely for illustration. The decisions can be made in any order, and some decisions may be omitted entirely or in part in a given iteration.
The acts 704, 706, 708, and 710 can occur in any order and can repeat as dictated by the circumstances. At reference numeral 712, the presence of communication means can be sought. A network connection or other means of communication to another component or device capable of receiving a communication can act as communication means for the methodology 700. If there is no such communication means available, the process can repeat at numeral 704. If and when communication means are available, at reference numeral 714 the information can be encrypted or otherwise secured, and uploaded at reference numeral 716.
The methods and systems of the subject innovation can be employed in association with many forms of control systems. In order to provide context for the various applications in which the aspects of the innovation may be carried out, an exemplary control system is now illustrated and described with respect to
The modules 914 within the rack 912A may include, for example, a power supply module 918, a processor module 926, two communication modules 924A and 924B and two I/O modules 920. A power supply module 918 receives an external source of power (not shown) and provides regulated voltages to the other modules 914 by means of conductors on the backplane 916A. The I/O modules 920 provide an interface between inputs from, and outputs to external equipment (not shown) via cabling 922 attached to the I/O modules 920 at terminals on their front panels. The I/O modules 920 convert input signals on the cables 922 into digital words for transmission on the backplane 916A. The I/O modules 920 also convert other digital words from the backplane 916A to the necessary signal levels for control of equipment.
The communication modules 924A and 924B provide a similar interface between the backplane 916A and one of two external high speed communication networks 927A and 927B. The high speed communication networks 927A and 927B may connect with other modules 914 or with remote racks of I/O modules 920, controller configuration tools or systems, or the like. In the example illustrated in
Referring also to
The internal bus 1034 joins the backplane interface 1032 with a memory 1036, a microprocessor 1028, front panel circuitry 1038, I/O interface circuitry 1039 (if the module is an I/O module 920) and communication network interface circuitry 1041 (if the module is a communication module 924). The microprocessor 1028 may be a general purpose microprocessor providing for the sequential execution of instructions included within the memory 1036 and the reading and writing of data to and from the memory 1036 and the other devices associated with the internal bus 1034. The microprocessor 1028 includes an internal clock circuit (not shown) providing the timing of the microprocessor 1028 but may also communicate with an external clock 1043 of improved precision. This clock 1043 may be a crystal controlled oscillator or other time standard including a radio link to an external time standard. The precision of the clock 1043 may be recorded in the memory 1036 as a quality factor. The panel circuitry 1038 includes status indication lights such as are well known in the art and manually operable switches such as for locking the module 1014 in the off state.
The memory 1036 may comprise control programs or routines executed by the microprocessor 1028 to provide control functions, as well as variables and data necessary for the execution of those programs or routines. For I/O modules 920, the memory 1036 may also include an I/O table holding the current state of inputs and outputs received from and transmitted to the industrial controller 910 via the I/O modules 920. The module 1014 may be adapted to perform the various methodologies of the innovation, via hardware configuration techniques and/or by software programming techniques.
Although the innovation has been shown and described with respect to certain illustrated aspects, it will be appreciated that equivalent alterations and modifications will occur to others skilled in the art upon the reading and understanding of this specification and the annexed drawings. In particular regard to the various functions performed by the above described components (assemblies, devices, circuits, systems, etc.), the terms (including a reference to a �means�) used to describe such components are intended to correspond, unless otherwise indicated, to any component which performs the specified function of the described component (e.g., that is functionally equivalent), even though not structurally equivalent to the disclosed structure, which performs the function in the herein illustrated exemplary aspects of the innovation. In this regard, it will also be recognized that the innovation includes a system as well as a computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for performing the acts and/or events of the various methods of the innovation.
What has been described above includes various exemplary aspects. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing these aspects, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations are possible. Accordingly, the aspects described herein are intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term �includes� is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term �comprising� as �comprising� is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.
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Rangers-Angels postponed by rain; play 2 Sunday
Updated: September 29, 2012, 9:29 PM ETAssociated Press
ARLINGTON, Texas -- Texas Rangers manager Ron Washington kept his eye on the weather instead of watching the Oakland A's play on television.
He had no control in either situation.
The Rangers' magic number remained at three to win their third consecutive AL West title after their game Saturday with the wild-card hopeful Los Angeles Angels was rained out, and the second-place A's won.
"Just concerned about Texas Rangers and the Angels," Washington said.
Officials waited ...
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Concerned about Plaster
We went with a dark gray finish on our pool. They finished the plaster on Friday - no acid wash - and started filling immediately. The pool was completely filled late Saturday evening. Pool builder did not get the pool started up and acid bath until the following Tuesday morning. The first picture shows the plaster before the acid started, and then the subsequent pictures show the plaster as of today (7 days later). As you can see the dark plaster is looking pretty good on the walls but the floor of the pool has what appear to be heavy white streaks still. I've been brushing 3 times a day (and being very thorough with my brushing). My wife and I are both starting to get nervous about these spots. The pool builders says they should be completely gone within a month of brushing. He said he is going to stop the pool and put a few more gallons of acid to sit on the bottom.
Should I be worried? Is it true that these sort of discolorations will go away like he says? I just want to get a second opinion from the group here. You guys have been so helpful in this process.
Before Acid and Brushing
7 Days later (after 12 gallons of acid and brushing 3 times a day)
PB brought it way down with the initial acid bath but it may have crept back up since (we are on day 7) - I haven't tested it myself since the PB is still directing the show. He said he would be adding some more acid in a couple of days and then turn the pool off so it can concentrate on the bottom. He was out today and said it would all be gone in a few weeks and to not worry about it.