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United States Ptent Campanella Feb. 29, 1972 [54] PHASED ARRAY BEAM STEERING CONTROL WITH PHASE MISALIGNMENT CORRECTION Primary ExaminerCarl D. Quarforth Assistant Examiner-J. M. Potenza Attorney-R. S. Sciascia and Thomas 0. Watson, Jr.
[72] Inventor: Matthew J. Campanella, Hammonton, NJ. 7 ABSTRACT Assigneei The United Sums of Amerim as A system for remotely controlling the phase of active antenna represented y the Secretary of the Navy elements in a phased array that has the capability of correcting the inherent phase misalignment of each individual antenna [22] Flled 1970 element within the array. Beam azimuth and elevation signals [21] Appl. No.: 18,029 are fed into an appropriate arithmetic unit by a radar signal processor. Roll, yaw and pitch signals are fed into the same arithmetic unit by an inertial navigation system. The [52] [1.8. CI. ..343/l00 SA, 343/854 arithmetic unit using the information from the inertial h 7/03 tion system and the radar signal processor, computes the of Search R, pha e shift required for each individual antenna element in order to point the radar beam in the desired direction. To [56] References Cited compensate for inherent phase alignment in the system, an antennule position and alignment store feeds a predetermined UNITED STATES PATENTS alignment factor for each antennule into the arithmetic unit. 3 324 452 6/1967 Brightman et a1. ""343/100 SA The arithmetic unit then adds or subtracts the alignment fac- 3,482244 12/1969 Gadenne n "3 43 00 S A tors from the respectlve computed phase angles. All the calcu- 3 478 358 1 1/1969 Tri on 343/100 S A lated phase angles are then sent to the control circuitry of the g antenna array. A Csc beam phase shift store provides for 1 generation ofaCsc beam at the array.
7 Claims, 7 Drawing Figures T0 REC RIER 222;: i
L STORE STORE RPE N U L ES 'Q coat l ot i J, 1 IN THE SET REGISTER REGISTER ROLL sm, cos TRANSFER YAW sm cos 26 2a 29 a PITCH sm, cos DATA AZ. sm, cos WF ADDRESS mg r RECEIVING s FT ,2 ELGSINICOS 27 l DRIVERS L REGISTER POLARIZATION REC-GATE 36 ANTENULE Asses wa LINE REGISTER MODE 46 47 37 SYNC CONTROL TIMING a 40 CONTROL L 19g L CPOUNLTSlE SL 2 PQLAR|ZAT|QN /-/a /7 /5 I Q P DISCRMWATCD REGISTER J t l I CONTROL PULSES LINE POLARTIQATION DIGITAL CONTROL CONTROLLER l6 MONOPULSE ERROR smmu. RADAR susmu. l i i PROCESSOR ANTENULE PATENTEBFIEB as me SHEET 1 OF 3 zl A y BEAM POINTING ANGLES m APERTURE COORDINATES' GEOMETRY OF THE MONOPULSE ANGLE ERROR SIGNAL WITH RESPECT TO THE X INERTIAL AND APERTURE COORDINATES F IG. 2
ADDRESS RESET 9/ TRANSFER 94 SHIFT 93 SHIFT I /L L\ A CONTROL illlll I|||ll||l| ||l m5? 1 i I l i F1660 i I A RESET AND GAIN92 RESIET AND 96 POLARIZATION TRANSFER ADDRESS /0/ /6'\2 DATA TRANSFER DATA AND {PRE INVENTOR.
' MATTHEW J CAMPA/VELLA 11M aux).
ATTORNEY PHASE!) Y BEAM STEERING CONTROL WITH PHASE MTSALIGNMENT CORRECTION STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT INTEREST The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalties thereon or therefor.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention pertains to radar antenna systems and more specifically to microwave energy radar antenna systems of the phased array type. VHF or lower UHF antenna arrays for radar systems are well known in the art. By applying a predetermined relative amplitude and phase to the signal applied to each of the antenna elements within the array, the desired radiation pattern can be obtained from the combined action of all the elements. The relative phases of the signals received by the antenna elements within the array determine the position of the main beam. If the relative phases do not vary, the entire radiation pattern is fixed. If steering of the beam is desired, varying the phase relationship between the elements of the array will vary the position of the main beam.
A two-dimensional planar array of antenna elements has been found to be one of the most versatile antenna arrays available since it is possible to cause such an array to generate a variety of beams by varying the phase relationship between the individual antenna elements of the array. The beams generated by a two-dimensional planar array may be scanned by applying to each element the necessary phase shift required to position the beam in the desired direction at each point in time. An independently controlled phase shifter is attached to each element to provide the proper phase shift. These phase shifters may be controlled separately or by groups, such as controlling the rows and columns of the array in groups, which is called parallel-parallel control.
One of the major drawbacks in a phased antenna array is the difficulty of maintaining phase stability under less than laboratory conditions. Since the system itself will introduce phase changes, it becomes necessary that the phase changes introduced by the transmission lines, amplifiers, mixers and other components in the array be constant and negligibly small. In order to achieve this ideal, the environment within which the radar operates must be maintained at constant conditions and the voltages applied to the amplifiers must not vary.
Several approaches have been tried to get satisfactory operation in less than ideal conditions. One approach has been the use of a servo-controlled loop to maintain constant the phase shift through the major networks of the array. Another method would be to provide a vemier phase shifter in the signal path of each antenna element and have each vemier individually set during the alignment procedures of the array. The servoloop system previously mentioned is very complex, expensive and difficult to maintain whereas the use of vernier phase shifters complicates the active antenna element electronics. Use of vemier phase shifters presents a physical problem of where to locate the alignment control since there is not much room on the element itself for mounting controls that are easily accessible when the antennule is in place in the array.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The instant invention resolves the inherent phase misalignment problem economically and with the least amount of complexity. In an electronically scanned phased antenna array, the required respective phase shifts are stored in an antennule position and alignment store and are fed to a central arithmetic unit when required. The central arithmetic unit receives desired azimuth and elevation data from a radar signal processor. The arithmetic unit, using the roll, pitch and yaw information from an inertial navigation system, and antennule coordinates obtained from the antennule position and alignment store, computes the phase shift required for the respective antennule to point the beam in the desired direction. It then compensates the computed phase shift for the inherent phase misalignment of each antennule system. After being so computed and compensated, the phase shifts are sent to the antennules via fan out and driver circuits. To route the correct phase shift to each antennule, an antennule address is associated with each computed phase shift and both are sent out serially over data and address signal lines to the addressed antennule. If the particular antennule is being addressed, it is recognized by an address decode gate. When this gate is activated, it will cause the phase shift information which follows the address information on the signal line to be entered into the receiving shift register of the addressed antennule. In normal operation, all the antennules of an array are loaded in sequence. When they have all been loaded, an address code, to which all the antennules respond is sent out by the arithmetic unit. Upon receipt of this code, all the phase shifts are simultaneously transferred from the respective receiving shift registers to the respective phase shift registers. The latter register drives the phase shifter in the antennule. Therefore, it can be seen that by adding or subtracting the respective phase shift required to correct for the inherent phase misalignment of each antennule system in the central arithmetic unit before the phase shift is distributed to the various antennules, a vemier phase shift control on the antennule proper is not necessary and the whole system is simplified and more reliable.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION An object of this invention is to provide phase shift beam steering control for an antenna array that automatically corrects for inherent phase misalignments.
A further object of this invention is to provide phase shift beam-steering control for an antenna array that automatically corrects for inherent phase misalignments and is compatible with roll, pitch and yaw stabilization of the entire array.
A still further object of this invention is to provide phase shift beam-steering control for a planar antenna array that automatically corrects for inherent phase misalignments and is compatible with generation of a diversity of beam patterns.
Another object of this invention is to provide phase shift beam-steering control for a planar antenna array that facilitates beam scanning and automatically corrects for inherent phase misalignments as the individual array elements are phase shifted.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide phase shift beam-steering control for a planar antenna array that facilitates beam scanning and automatically corrects for inherent phase misalignments as the individual array elements are individually phase shifted.
Another object of this invention is to provide phase shift beam-steering control for a corporate fed, active aperture planar antenna array that facilitates beam scanning and automatically corrects for inherent phase misalignments as the individual array elements are individually phase shifted.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. l is a vector illustration of the beam pointing vector and the angles that are utilized in computing its direction;
FIG. 2 is a vector illustration of the angular error created by the rolling motion of the antenna structure;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the overall phased array beam pointing and scanning system;
FIG. 4 is a diagram partially in block and partially in schematic form which illustrates the data-receiving and implementation control circuitry of each antennule in the array;
IIII a! FIG. is a diagram partially in block and partially in schematic form which illustrates the control signal receiving and implementation control circuitry of each antennule in the array;
FIG. 6a illustrates the type of control pulses sent to the control circuits of the antennules; and
FIG. 6b illustrates the data and address pulses sent to the information circuits of the antennules.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The phase shift beam-steering control function and embodiment of the instant invention will be illustrated in a corporate' fed, active aperture, antenna array. A corporate-fed array, as is well known in the art, implies that the distribution of microwave energy to the array elements is by shielded transmission lines which have equal length paths from the input port to all the elements of the array. An active aperture antenna (antennule) array, as is well known in the art, implies that the individual array elements contain active devices for generating or amplifying microwave energy. Choice of a corporate-fed, active aperture, array does not preclude the use of other forms of arrays such as the space-fed type using a refractive lens array or a reflective array, either with active antenna elements or passive antenna elements. The planar, active aperture corporate fed, antenna array, contemplated for use with the present invention is capable of generating the two basic beam shapes required for all radar modes, the Csc 0Cos 0 beam which is used for mapping modes, and the pencil beam which is used for all other modes.
Use of a trihex antennule as the antenna element is contemplated with this invention. The trihex antennule comprises three hexagonal elements grouped together to form a linear trihex package. A hexagonal element was selected to obtain maximum radiation area and to maintain the desired centerto-center spacing between the antennules. The grouping together of three hexagonal-shaped antenna elements into a linear trihex package results in a reduction of the number of connectors that are required to connect the antennules to the beam-steering control circuitry. The present invention functions equally effectively with any other antennule arrangement.
A phased antenna array such as described above requires beam-steering and control systems to direct and control the radiated beam formed by the array. Since an array involves hundreds and perhaps even thousands of individual radiating elements whose individual phases must be controlled, the problem of controlling the beam quickly takes on gigantic proportions. This is particularly true in an airborne environment where weight and space limitations further complicate the problem.
The direction and pointing control of the beam is based on the fact that the far field radiation pattern can be determined by use of the fourier transform of the excitation in the antenna aperture:
cost? cosy ii ,x i
This equation gives the phase of each radiating element in the array for the desired pointing direction. The equation needs to be solved for each antennule very time the beam is repositioned.
Two possible methods for stabilizing the antenna beam in space may be used, the electronic and the electromechanical. The electromechanical method introduces certain distinct disadvantages in that the antenna aperture, along with most of its supporting electronics, must be free to rotate. Electronic stabilization on the other hand requires less space and is appreciably lighter along with the additional factor of having higher reliability. Computations required to keep the radiated beam fixed in space as an aircraft, for example, rotates are basically those of a three-dimensional angular coordinates conversion. The functional relationships between the aircraft angular motion and beam pointing angles, in aperture coordinates, are given by:
CosB= Sin 6 Sin 4) Cos E [Cos ill Cos A Sin i1: Sin A] +Cos CosE [CosubCosA-Sin illCosA] +Cos0SinSinE (501.311)
Cos y= Sin 0 Cos d) Cos E [Cos illCos A Sin ll; Sin A] Sin 4) Cos E [Sin ilvCos A Cos ibSin A] +Cosd Cos0SinE (Eq.3b) where:
,3, beam pointing direction angles in aperture coordinates 111 yaw angle 6 pitch angle (1) roll angle A azimuth position of beam in inertial reference frame E elevation position of beam in inertial reference frame The functional relationship between the aircraft motion and the beam-pointing angles in aperture coordinates can be seen by looking at FIG. 1 where the y--z plane is the plane of the aperture. The X axis is therefore the broadside direction. Angles a, [3 and 'y are the direction angles of the beam-pointing vector [3,. Angle 3 is the azimuth angle and angle 4 is the elevation angle of the beam-pointing vector.
Equations 3a and 3b give the beam-pointing direction in aperture coordinates for any desired azimuth and elevation position in inertial coordinates. The angles calculated are carried through and utilized by the beam-pointing control system of the invention as direction cosines rather than radian measures, since that is the way they appear in the equation for the antennule phase shift; this simplifies the computations required.
If the antenna aperture is not roll gimbal stabilized then the azimuth and elevation error signals do not form a tracking mode with respect to the inertial coordinate system but rather with respect to the aperture (vehicle) coordinate system. Conceivably the tracking loops could be arranged to be executed in aperture coordinates. But, an inverse computation would have to be implemented as part of this approach in which the inertial position of the beam is computed from its direction cosine in aperture coordinates. The equations involved are the inverses of equations 3a and 3b. Since the solution of these equations have to be implemented for regular positioning of the beam in standing modes, it would be advantageous if they could be used again for monopulse tracking and thereby avoid implementing their inverses.
This can be done by initially converting the monopulse error signals to inertial coordinates, using a simpler computation. and performing tracking in inertial coordinates. FIG. 2 shows the geometry of the monopulse angle error signal with respect to the inertial and aperture coordinates. From this figure it is readily seen that:
E'E eE Cos 4: t eA Sin (11 (Eq. 4a) e' eE Sin d: EA Cos (Eq. 4b) where:
e angular error E5 ekfvanon error i .aperture coordinates A azimuth error I eA azimuth error 7 roll angle The error signals given by the above two angular error equations 4a and 4b are applied to the initial azimuth and elevation beam pointing control circuits so as to reposition the beam and drive it to zero, but at the same time retain the beam position in inertial coordinations without further computations.
An appropriate phase angle, previously determined, is added to each antennule to obtain a csc beam pattern. These phase shifts are in addition to those required to point the beam in a given direction. Phase shift values will be predetermined in the computer rather than repeatedly calculating them by use of some form of curve. In the equation used, the symetry of the phases required to obtain the csc 9 beam is such that the phase shifts are the same per each row of antennules in the array. Consequently, a different phase shift is only required for each row, which considerably reduces the storage requirement.
In addition to pointing the beam, it is sometimes desired that the beam-pointing control system be used for remotely controlling the polarization of the radiated signal and the receiving gain of the antennule aperture. Signals for both of these functions would be sent at the beginning of an operating mode and need not be repeatedly updated every time the beam is stepped. But, provision must be made in a central unit for generating it and in the antennule for receiving and holding this control information. Two bits of storage are required in the antennule for controlling the polarization state. Four polarization states exist, vertical, horizontal, left circular and right circular.
Control of the antennule-receiving gain is used to obtain signal shading across the aperture. The gain is varied as a function of radial distance from the aperture origin with a functional relationship of the form Cos X.
Another requirement of the beam-pointing control circuitry is that of providing means for correcting the inherent phase misalignment of the antennules in the aperture. This basically amounts to adding an additional phase shift to the beam-point ing phase shift to compensate for the fact that the azimuth signal path through the manifold varies slightly from antennule to antennule. The amount of phase shift to be added, which is stored within the beam-pointing control circuitry, is experiinently determined for each antennule during alignment of the radar beam.
The foregoing discussion of the basic mathematical and logic manipulations necessary to accomplish the function of a phased array beam-steering control system will now be implemented by reference to a specific organization of the abovementioned mathematical and logic manipulations to accomplish a contemplated embodiment of a phased array beamsteering control system which will control the phase shift of the antennules within the array and thereby control the direction of the beam.
Referring to FIG. 3, the functional blocks to the right of the dashed-line labeled antennule show the functions contained in a typical antennule of which there would be hundreds or perhaps even thousands in one array. The functional blocks on the left side of the dashed line labeled antennule show those functions that are performed for many or all of the antennules by centralized circuitry.
The signals indicating the direction in which it is desired to point the beam, originate in digital controller 15 of FIG. 3 which is part of a standard radar signal processor. A radar application is used for illustrative purposes because this is a primary application of phased array antennas. The beam direction indicating signal is sent by digital controller 15 over lines i2 and 13 to arithmetic unit 22. The beam direction indicating signal is in the form of sines and cosines of the desired azimuth and elevation angles. This form of the signal is chosen for convenience to save computation time in arithmetic unit 22. Had the digital controller output been in terms of the angle directly in degrees of radian measure, arithmetic unit 22 "Gina would have to convert them into sines and cosines since that is the functional form which enters into the beam-pointing equations, previously noted.
The pointing angle designated by digital control 15 is in inertial coordinates. When the antenna array is movable and unstabilized these inertial angles have to be converted to angles using the antenna planes as a reference. A coordinate conversion using roll, yaw and pitch angles from an inertial navigation system, not shown, is performed in arithmetic unit 22. The inertial angles of azimuth and elevation from the digital controller are converted to angles with respect to the antenna plane. The specific mathematical equations 3a and 3b, to accomplish this function were mentioned above.
Having established the pointing angles with respect to the array plane, in aperture coordinates, the next operation in arithmetic unit 22 involves determining the phase shift required for each antennule to obtain the desired pointing angle of the beam. The basic beam-pointing equation, Equation 2, is used to compute the required phase shift for each antennule. The coordinates of each antennule in the array are stored in antennule position and alignment store 24 from which they are retrieved in sequence. These coordinates address the calculated phase shifts.
Antennule position and alignment store also provides the alignment phase shift required to compensate for phase shifts introduced by the various radiofrequency paths. As far as the radiation field of the array is concerned, it makes no difference whether the phase shift of a specific antennule is caused by a difference in the azimuth path lengths or by a calculated phase shifting in the phase shifter. If the deviations of the radiofrequency path length with respect to a nominal value is determined by experimentation for a particular antennule, this value can then be added or subtracted from every phase shift computed for that particular antennule. This would automatically, thereby, eliminate the path phase shift error. The experimentally determined phase shifts are stored in antennule position and alignment store 24 with the associated coordinate positions. When a phase shift for an antennule at a particular array position is computed, the associated phase shift error is simply added or subtracted therefrom.
The phase shifts for all the antennules are computed in sequence in arithmetic unit 22. As each is computed it is sent to the addressed antennule and stored there while the phase shifts for the rest of the antennules are being computed. Conceivably, the phase shifts could be initially stored in a central more and then distributed to the antennules after all the computations had been made. This has the disadvantage, however, that wider bandwidth data lines and drivers are needed for a given antenna scan rate than is required when the phase shifts are sent to the antennules individually.
After being computed, the phase shift information is sent to the antennule by way of a serial data and address lines 26 and 27. All the antennules are attached to line 29 which is connected to lines 26 and 27 by means of fan-out and drivers 28. In addition to the phase shift information these lines also carry, in serial form, the address of the antennule for which the data is intended. Appropriate circuitry is provided in the antennule to recognize when the data on line 29 is intended for it. A single data and address line is used instead of a plurality in order to reduce the number of signal leads going to each antennule.
Another signal lead going to each antennule is the control pulses line 30 of FIG. 3. It carries timing and control signals from control unit 119 to the antennule. The signals received control and direct the signals appearing on data and address line 29.
The relationship between the signals on data and address line 29 and control pulses line 3% and some pomible waveforms are shown in FIG. 6. The signals appearing on control pulses line 30 are used to command such control functions as reset, shift and address transfer. Since it is not desirable to use separate lines for each separate command because of the large number of antennules used in an array, all the sigials are put on a single line and identifying characteristics such as differences in amplitude and/or spacing are employed to separate them. This method of signal transmission is commonly known in the art as multiplexing. For example, the shift pulses 93 and 95 which are used to shift incoming data on data and address line 29 into the shift register 35 have one-half the amplitude of reset pulses 91. The reset signal 91 consists of three full amplitude pulses while address transfer signal 94 consists of two pulses. Reset and gain transfer signal 92 and reset and polarization transfer signal 96 have a different polarity than the other signals. These are only a few of the possible characteristics that might be used to identify and separate the various control signals coming over the control pulses line.
The antennule address and phase shift data appear in sequence on the data and address line 29. Normally, address data 101 of FIG. 6b which contains as many bits as is required to individually address all the antennules in the array follows, in time, the reset signal on control pulses line 30. The particular antennule that is addressed will then admit phase shift data I02 that follows address bits 101. The format of the data bits may be return to zero or not return to zero, at the designers discretion. They are shown as not return to zero in FIG. 6b since this requires less bandwidth and would therefore be preferrable in this embodiment.
Referring now to FIG. 3 and the right-hand side of the dashedline labeled antennule which illustrates the antennule section of the phased array beam-steering control system, the address data appearing on the data and address line 29 is shifted into antennule address shift register 36 if the address corresponds to that of the particular antennule to which this shift register belongs. Antennule address shift register 36 upon being addressed will put out a received data signal which opens a gate in the input of the receiving serial register 35. This allows the phase shift data that follows the address data to be entered into receiving serial register 35 where it is stored until all the antennule receiving serial registers in the array have been loaded. When all the registers have been loaded with phase shift information, a special address transfer command is sent to all the antennules. Upon receiving it all the antennule address shift registers, such as 36, put out a transfer signal over line 48 which transfers the phase shift data in the receiving shift registers, such as 35, to the antennule phase shift register, such as 38. The phase shift registers, such as 38, drive the phase shifters within each antennule. When this occurs, the antenna beam steps to its new pointing direction.
It is sometimes desirable to vary the radiofrequency gain and/or the polarization of the signal radiated by the antennule aperture. The signals to vary the gain and polarization can be handled over the same signal lines as used for the basic phase shift information, either by adding this to the basic phase shift or by using separate data words that are transmitted at different times than the phase shift data. The latter method which has the advantage of requiring less computation time is illustrated in FIG. 3. This scheme also requires additional control signals such as reset and gain transfer signals 92 and reset and polarization transfer signals 96 which are illustrated in FIG. 6. The command signals, when radiofrequency gain or polarization control is used, originate in digital controller 16 of the radar signal processor and flow to arithmetic unit 22 by way of lines 1 8 and 21. The signals flow through arithmetic unit 22 and to driver circuit 28 where they are appropriately modified in format before being sent to the antennule.
The right-hand side of the dashed line in FIG. 3 also illustrates the origin of the control pulses on control pulses line 30. Digit controller provides to control circuit 19 mode and synchronizing data by way of lines I8 and 17 from which control circuit 19 determines appropriate timing and control signals. These signals are sent out over line 20 to fan-out and driver circuits 28 which distribute them to all the antennules by means of a control pulse line such as 30.
In some modes of operation it is desired that the antenna beam be a Csc fl variation rather than the normal pencil beam.
5 To obtain this beam a particular pattern of phase shift data has to be given to the antennule array above that required to point the antenna beam. This data is stored in Csc e beam phase shift store 23 and is a factor determining the phase shift data computed for each antennule in arithmetic unit 22.
If the antenna aperture is not gimbal roll stabilized, the monopulse angle error created by aperture roll must be compensated by a monopulse error signal 16 which is introduced into digital controller 15. This monopulse error signal is calculated within the radar signal processor as explained in conjunction with the description of FIG. 2.
FIGS. 4 and 5 show in detailed block diagram form a possible way of implementing the functions performed in the antennule as shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 shows a scheme for separating out the various controls signals that appear on control pulse line 30 and corresponds to control pulse discriminator 37 of FIG. 3. The first step in the process is separating the positive control pulses from the negative ones. This is accomplished by polarity sensing and shaping circuits 50. Following the path of negative pulses 92 and 96, shown in FIG. 6a, first, the first negative pulse to occur fires one-shot 51 whose output (on the negative going edge) sets flip-flop 53. The first occurring negative pulse is also applied to the trigger input of flip-flop 53 but is overridden by the output of one shot 51. The succeeding input negative pulses trigger flip-flop 53 through two steps if the group contains three pulses or just one step if the group contains only two. Therefore, depending on the number of pulses in the train, the gain transfer gate 54 or polarization transfer gate 55 will be primed by the output of flip-flop 53. The second oneshot 52 is triggered by the trailing edge of the output of the first one shot 51. The output pulse duration of the first one shot 51 is adjusted so that it is longer in duration than either the group of three of two negative pulses triggering flip-flop 53. Consequently, when one shot 52 is fired by the trailing edge on the first pulse, its output pulse is channeled to the gain transfer line 44 or the polarization transfer line 43 in aceordance with the state of flip-flop 53. Flip-flop 53, of course, has been set by the number (two or three) of negative pulses in the group.
Returning to the polarity sensing and shaping circuit 50 let us consider the positive-going pulses that appear out of the right-hand side. By passing them through thresholding circuits 57, the full-amplitude pulses containing reset and address transfer signals are separated from the half-amplitude shift pulses. However, mixed in with these shift pulses are the bases of the double-amplitude pulses which must be separated out. This is accomplished by using and gate 63 in conjunction with the output of one shot 58. Shown to the right of thresholding circuit 57, the output of one-shot 58 is adjusted to be equal to or slightly better than the duration of the sets of reset or address transfer pulses. By using this output to inhibit and gate 63, only those pulses which correspond to the original shift pulses get through the gate, and are so indicated on output line 45.
To distinguish between the groups of two or three positive pulses, the same logical operation as was used for the negative-going pulses is used. This is seen by glancing at the righthand side of FIG. 5. Gates 61 and 62 in conjunction with flipflop 64. one shot 59 and one-shot 58 perform the same functions as one-shot 51 in conjunction with one-shot 52, flip-flop S3 in conjunction with gates 54 and 55, in distinguishing between the groups containing two or three positive pulses.
The various control pulses generated by the logic circuitry of FIG. 5 are used to control the shift register transfer gate and stores in FIG. 4. The latter are used to receive and hold the incoming address and phase shift data appearing on data and address line 29. Address bits appearing on data and address line 29 are shifted serially into the address serial register 65 by phase shift command pulse generated by the circuitry of FIG. 5 at output line 45. Phase shift register 65 is shown as having a bit storage length of six bits for illustrative purposes only, for it can actually be any length that is required. These same address bits do not enter receiving serial register 76 because receive gate 75 is normally closed. Address decode gate 67 which is attached to address serial register 65 senses when the received address is that of the particular antennule. When it is, flip-flop 70 is set causing receive gate 75 to open the path to receiving serial registers 76. This allows the data bits which follow the address bits on the data and address line 29 to enter the receiving serial register 76. Had the particular antennule not been addressed, receive gate 75 as well as shift pulses gate 74 would have remained closed and the receiving serial register 76 would have been undisturbed.
It is therefore obvious that by this scheme data may be sequentially sent to all the antennules in an array. The data is held in a receiving serial register 76 until transferred to the appropriate store, such as transmit phase shift register 79, receive phase shift register 80, gain control register 86, or polarization register 87, by the transfer pulses generated in the control pulses discriminator of FIG. 5, or by the phase shift transfer pulse generated from the address serial register 65. The phase shift transfer pulse is generated when address serial register 65 receives a step decode word which is recognized by all the antennules which have a step decode gate 66. Thus, the transfer of phase shift data within the antennule is basically under remote control.
Separate transmit phase shift and received phase shift registers are shown in FIG. 4 because in some applications different phase shifts are desired when transmitting energy then when receiving it. In certain applications when this is not desired nor necessary, only one phase shift store register need be provided.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings.
What is claimed is:
l. A phase shift beam-steering control system for an antenna array comprising:
an array of antenna elements;
a plurality of phase shifter means equal in number to said antenna elements and connected to a corresponding antenna element for causing a phase shift in signals applied to said array;
antenna control means connected to said phase shifter means for controlling the sequence and distribution of phase shift data to individual phase shifter means;
an arithmetic unit connected to said control means and responsive to beam-steering input data, which comprises beam-pointing data and alignment data, for calculating beam phase shift data for each antenna in said array and delivering it to said antenna control means;
an alignment store connected to said arithmetic unit for delivering alignment data to said arithmetic unit;
said alignment data includes for each antenna element (a) its coordinates in said array and (b) phase shift compensation data; and
a system controller means connected to said arithmetic unit for delivering beam-pointing data to said arithmetic unit.
2. The phase shift beam-steering control system of claim 1 wherein said arithmetic unit is further responsive to roll, pitch, and yaw data for said array, said arithmetic unit taking such data into consideration in calculating beam phase shift data.
3. The phase shift beam-steering control system of claim 1 further comprising a beam pattern data store connected to said arithmetic unit for supplying said arithmetic unit with beam pattern data; and
wherein said arithmetic unit is further responsive to beam pattern data when calculating beam phase shift data; and wherein said antenna array is a planar antenna array.
4. The phase shift beam-steering control system of claim 1 wherein said system controller means delivers beam-pointing data in a predetermined order to said arithmetic unit causing it to calculate and deliver phase shift data to said antenna control means that instructs said antenna control means to provide a scanning pattern for the beam generated by said array.
5. The phase shift beam-steering control system of claim 1 wherein said arithmetic unit calculates the beam phase shift data for each individual antenna element and prefixes such data with an identifying address; and
wherein said antenna control means comprises logic circuitry individual to each active element responsive to its identifying address to process the beam phase shift data transmitted by said arithmetic unit.
6. The phase shift beam-steering control system of claim 5 wherein said alignment store delivers predetermined alignment data to said arithmetic unit for each individual antenna element, the alignment data being prefixed by the appropriate active antenna element address.
7. The phase shift beam-steering control system of claim 6 wherein said alignment store provides alignment data for the receive mode of system operation and for the transmit mode of system operation, if the two modes require different alignment data for each antenna element.
Referenced by
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With the New Year, many people reflect on dietary habits and resolve to "eat better this year." A new trend to support locally produced foods by spending 10 percent of your food budget on community agriculture products is gaining in popularity. Money spent on goods and services with community-based, rather than national or international, companies can benefit economic development and well-being.
For example, if a family spends $100 per week on groceries, they would pledge to spend at least $10 a week on locally produced foods. This could include fruits and vegetables, dairy products, eggs, grains, meat, poultry, fish and value-added products like honey, jams, relishes, sauces, baking mixes or herbs and seasonings
By spending your food dollar locally, you are supporting your neighbors. You might also eat a healthier diet with more seasonal fruits and vegetables. The local food businesses that receive your money will spend some of their income with other local businesses. Businesses in your community pay taxes to support local government.
It may take a little extra effort to make spending 10 percent of your food budget locally. But supporting your neighbors and eating a healthier diet while supporting agriculture and green space is well worth the effort.
North Carolina State University, 10% Campaign. Retrieved October 2013 from
Source: Janet Mullins, Extension Specialist for Food and Nutrition, University Of Kentucky; College of Agriculture, Food and Environment

subset: commoncrawl


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Find commute times to your work, school, gym and more.
Pavilions at Pebble View
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Business Center, Clubhouse, Controlled Access, Extra Storage, Fitness Center, Gated Access, Hot Tub, On Site Maintenance, On Site Management, On Site Patrol, Playground, Recreation Room, Swimming Pool
BBQ/Picnic Area, High Ceilings, Media Room, Public Transportation, Short Term Available
Property Details
Jogging Trails...Water Volleyball...Swimming Pool...Walk-In Closets...Frost Free Refrigerators...Vaulted Ceilings
Welcome home to Pavilions at Pebble View Luxury Apartment Homes. Conveniently located in North Dallas, Texas. Pavilions at Pebble View Apartments offers easy access to major thoroughfares, including 635 and 75, and is just minutes away from North Park Mall, Richardson Square, Valley View Mall, and the Galleria. Major employers in the area include Texas Instruments, Medical City, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Cigna Insurance, and Blue Cross Blue Shield. The new DART rail system has a station within walking distance, which allows residents easy access to the entire metroplex. Plus, you will find the finest restaurants, shops and entertainment Dallas has to offer.
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text: This hotel has some decent things going for it. It is located on a beautiful section of Miami beach that is perfect for swimming. It has a nice pool which is clean and well maintained. (I can't say the same for the pool bar or the pool bar service mind you). It is technically walkable to Ocean Drive if you... More


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It was like Christmas in September for 10,000 workers of Chinese technology giant Lenovo over the weekend as they received about $325 each because their boss, Chief Executive Officer Yang Yuanqing, distributed his $3 million bonus to his employees.
Source: Social.Lenovo.com
It is his way of observing Labour Day. Mr Yang had shown his generosity for the second year in a row, Bloomberg News reports. But it is not just the China-based staff who would enjoy the windfall, but all Lenovo employees in 20 countries.
About 85 per cent of Lenovo's workers are based in China where the average salary is about $325. It would be like the yearend bonus made in many countries where the equivalent of one month's pay is given to employees for them to have extra cash to celebrate the yearend holidays and start with incoming year with enough funds.
One reason why the Lenovo CEO has been very generous the past two years is that the tech giant took the crown from Hewlett-Packard as the world's number one supplier of personal computers in the second quarter of 2013, accounting for 16.7 per cent of the Q2 PC sales while that of HP went down to 16.4 per cent.
Source: Lenovo.com
Two other CEOs have also been generous to their workers recently. Lord Wolfson, CEO of the UK retailer Next gave 100 per cent of his yearly bonus in April of $3.6 million to his employees. In 2012, another tech CEO, Markus Persson, also distributed hs $3 million bonus to his staff.
These bosses from heaven could actually afford to be extra generous once a year since CEO pay gap with workers continues to widen with the average ratio of CEO-to-worker pay hitting 204 in 2012, up 20 per cent from the 2009 level and 1,000 per cent from 1950.
So, would you rather work for Lenovo or Next and get a one-month extra bonus whenever the CEO feels generous or one day be the CEO yourself and enjoy the big pay gap every month?


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Your birthday's about to come up! Happy birthday, Kedar!!! ^___^ *hugz*
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...and btw, the answer is "NO".
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Just dropping by ........................hope your day is great and that life is treating you well? **********waves****
Hello Wise Kedar, *glomps, pounces and hugs Kedar*
I wish that the new year is a happy one for you. And it has started off nicely.
I hope everything is going well for you ^___^
hey how are you i really dont know you or anything just stoped by to say hi
Kayy. :] :] I won't.
What have ya been up to eh?
Pandit jee, nayaa saal mubaarak ho.
is On Point
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Add a touch of elegance to your home with our blackout faux silk roman blinds, available online today in a range of sizes. Practical and stylish blackout blinds for your homeSimple and stylish our roman blinds feature a simple and plain design whilst the delicate sheen of the faux silk will add an elegant look to your room. A great alternative to traditional window coverings, our blackout blinds combine the stylish lines of curtains with the simplicity of a blind. Easy to install and use, these blackout blinds offer you the privacy you need in your home and are available in a wide choice of sizes to suit your home. It's very simple to keep these blinds looking great by simply sponge cleaning when required.Child Safety – Read more about blinds and child safety in our Blinds Buying Guide. All cord safety devices must be installed and used as directed in the manufacturer's instructions.Please note that our Roman blinds cannot be cut down in size.Please note: This product is subject to stock availability.
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I would buy this blind again.
By Shaz
from Exeter
About Me Midrange Shopper
Good value for money, very pleased.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Quality and attractive blinds
By Homemaker
from Leicestershire
I had considered making my own blinds and bought fabric to do do,but with the cost of kits online I bought two blinds to go almost side by side in a guest bedroom. The cost of the two blinds was less than the cost of the kit. I am absolutely delighted with the quality and appearance of them.
By Shell
from Cheshire
Great blind for a great price looks lovely in daughters bedroom just what we were looking for ! Reserved for collection staff lovely thank you
Would buy again
By Prancer
from Belfast
Have this blind in another room, but different colour. The blind really lifts the bedroom replacing traditional curtains. It blocks out the light excep there are small pin holes of light where the rods are sewn, but not enough to bother me. The pleats are not 100% straight. As I got this is the sale I consider the blind good value for money. The staff in Newtownabbey were extremely helpful and pleasant 100% customer service. Would buy again.
(3 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
works well apart from the confusing emai
By dlove
from eastbourne
Product is great and perfect for what it's used for. The email system doesn't work as well as it should, it said to pick up after 3pm but it also said to wait for an email to confirm my order is ready so it was a bit confusing


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"England's Border country" Top 5 Page for this destination Northumberland by toonsarah
Northumberland Travel Guide: 389 reviews and 1,255 photos
Despite that fear though, I cannot resist any longer the temptation to share some of its beauty here on VT and to encourage anyone who wants to see a different side of England to visit. Whether you're looking for stunning coastal scenery, wild landscapes or ancient history, you will find them here.
Some of the country's most beautiful beaches line to Northumbrian coast, although the chilly waters of the North Sea and the often cold winds that blow off it mean that they will be largely deserted on all but the hottest of summer days. Inland the Cheviot Hills are almost completely unspoiled, and you can stand on the ancient Roman Hadrian's Wall and look north across one of the least populated areas of the country. A series of majestic castles fringes the land on its seaward side, including Alnwick and Bamburgh – two of the most interesting castles in the country to visit. And to the south lies industrial Tyneside, which too has its attractions, not least in that very industrial heritage.
This page does not claim to paint a comprehensive picture of this beautiful county, but is rather a collection of snapshots of destinations there that I have enjoyed visiting. Some of these are duplicated from my Newcastle upon Tyne page, as they make great day trips from the city. I will add more suggestions as we continue to explore this lovely county.
Reviews (12)
In a county famed for its wide open sandy beaches, Alnmouth boasts one of the best. It also boasts the smallest museum... more travel advice
Wherever you travel in Northumberland you are likely to come across this flag. It was adopted as the county council's... more travel advice
Although two villages, Ford and Etal belong to the same family estate and are usually referred to together. Ford was... more travel advice
Kielder Water Kielder Water is the biggest man-made lake in Northern Europe and has a wealth of sights and activities.... more travel advice
Comments (5)
Brilliant little page here.Now as you have shared so many outstanding photos of lovely Northumberland, you can be sure that sooner or later masses of tourists will check it out by themselves.
I can see why you like visiting this area. Rothbury, Bamburgh Castle and Holy Island look like great places to explore. Also, I look forward to seeing you again in Sibiu and thrilled that you are staying at the IR. See you soon. xx Lori
Another amazing pocket full of beauty in England. As always, I enjoyed your lovely descriptions and photos!
What a wonderful place, I love your photos! I must visit more of England - I would love to visit the old fashioned stores.
A beautiful selection of your photos from this lovely area. I am always fascinated by places with tides (never having lived in such a place).
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Top 10 Pages
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Slice sausages 1 inch thick; brown in butter or margarine in a heavy kettle; remove and set aside.
Stir onion into drippings; saute until soft.
Stir in mixed vegetables and water; cook, following label directions.
Stir in milk, mustard, salt, pepper and sausages.
Heat slowly, stirring several times, to boiling.
Slowly stir in dry potatoes until mixture thickens slightly.
Ladle into heated soup bowls; serve with chowder crackers.


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Handy size tote bag of environmentally-friendly jute; Woman of God design and Bible verse quote from II Peter 3:18
11.75" x 7" x 4.75" with 5" drop handles; sits on flat base when filled and won't tip over; affordable gift for women's ministries and Christian gift giving.
|Format: Gift
Vendor: Christian Tools Affirmation
Publication Date: 2013
Availability: Expected to ship on or about 04/29/15.
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The SakerA bird's eye view of the vineyard
Good news out of Russia - even the "non-system" opposition refuses to blame the Kremlin VINEYARDSAKER:
Nemtsov murder: Putin warned about exactly this type of "false flag" two years ago VINEYARDSAKER:
DPR PM Zakharchenko presser 27/02/15 Economical and political future of DPR VINEYARDSAKER:
Human Rights in Irelandwww.humanrights.ie
The Prince Charles Black Spider Memos and Unreasonableness in the UK: The Resurgence of the Common L... Sat Mar 28, 2015 14:58 | Alan Greene
End Direct Provision: #DirectProvision15 Wed Mar 25, 2015 10:16 | GuestPost
Guest Post: 20 years after Beijing: let?s take a few steps back. Fri Mar 20, 2015 08:13 | GuestPost
Socio-Economic Rights, the Constitution and the ECHR Act 2003: O?Donnell v South Dublin County Counc... Mon Mar 16, 2015 10:53 | Liam Thornton
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Cedar LoungeFor lefties too stubborn to quit
The economics of ?collectible? toys? 18:58 Sun Mar 29, 2015 | WorldbyStorm
Sunday Independent Stupid Statement of the Week 12:34 Sun Mar 29, 2015 | WorldbyStorm
Evolution? and not evolution 08:20 Sun Mar 29, 2015 | WorldbyStorm
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Dublin OpinionLife should be full of strangeness, like a rich painting
THE WRATH OF KANE: BANKING CRISES AND POLITICAL POWER 09:32 Fri Jan 30, 2015
ALWAYS THE ARTISTS: WEEK THREE OF THE BANK INQUIRY 23:11 Thu Jan 22, 2015
FIANNA FÁIL AND THE BANK INQUIRY : SOME INITIAL OBSERVATIONS 21:04 Mon Jan 12, 2015
PETER NYBERG BANK INQUIRY EVIDENCE, 17 DECEMBER 2014 18:05 Sun Dec 28, 2014
For Some Vicious Mole of Nature: Making Sense of The Irish Bank Crisis 21:07 Fri Dec 26, 2014
Communist Party of Ireland - Sun Mar 29, 2015 23:23
The March issue of Socialist Voice is out now.
Northern workers protest against austerity
Eugene McCartan
On Friday 13 March tens of thousands of public-sector workers took part in a day of action against proposed cuts, job losses, and welfare cuts.
Irish Left Review - Thu Mar 19, 2015 09:28
The Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) Youth, the Union of Students in Ireland (USI) and the Irish Federation of University Teachers (IFUT) want to express our support for the New University / ReThink UvA occupation at the University of Amsterdam.
The demand to put an end to ?managerialism, real-estate-speculation and precarious labour in Higher Education? should unite students and staff across the world.
In Ireland, the campaigning group Third Level Workplace Watch recently highlighted the terrible conditions facing adjunct staff in our Higher Education institutions - where lecturers are surviving on welfare, in ?permanent? part-time status for years, and working sixty hours per week while barely making minimum wage.
At the same time, students are facing exorbitant increases in fees as budgets for Higher Education are cut by successive austerity governments. In the twenty years between 1995 and 2015 these fees have increased 1,579%. From an adjusted figure of just under ?190 in 1995 to ?3,000 for incoming students.
The balance of funding for Higher Education in Ireland is moving from public to private. In some cases this takes the form of major multinational corporations directing scientific research, in others EU research grants being used in the development of drones and ?counter-terrorist? weaponry. Little if any of this enjoys democratic oversight.
Still again this neoliberalisation takes the form of increased emphasis on attracting international students - who pay exorbitant, unsubsidised fees and are set into competition with Irish students for places in a process antithetical to genuine internationalism. These students can expect to pay more for poorer services too.
The neoliberal university in Ireland is profoundly changing the student experience. Most students aspire to engage in the free and critical pursuit of knowledge, to use our time in Higher Education for personal development and to become rounded citizens of society. However, increasingly it seems like we are reduced to consumers in a rat race, with degrees little more than stamps of social capital meant to improve our chances in the job market.
But this is not simply a problem in Higher Education. In Further Education budget cuts have forced the closure of many programmes. Community education and training has also been devalued, utilised as a source of free labour and a means to hide real unemployment figures. 85,000 people are on ?labour activation? schemes in Ireland at the moment which are often exploitative and result in little experience being gained. Apprentices have found themselves burdened with extortionate fee increases too.
The occupation in Amsterdam inspires many of us - both students and staff - who are trying to understand how we can break these cycles which worsen year-on-year. In Ireland we understand, like you do, that it is time for a fight back.
We send our solidarity to all of those involved in the occupation and in our common struggle for an education system that is democratic, developmental and focused on serving the needs of society rather than the careers of technocrats or the profits of business.
Derek Keenan (Chairperson, Irish Congress of Trade Unions Youth)
Laura Harmon (President, Union of Students in Ireland)
Mike Jennings (General Secretary, Irish Federation of University Teachers)
Irish Left Review - Wed Mar 18, 2015 23:15
Two recent interviews with Marxist economist, and now Greek MP Costas Lapavitsas are worth have a look at, particularly as they outline his view of the strategies that Syriza need to follow during the engineered 'breathing space' created by recent negotiations with the European institutions. He also outlines how a strategy he has long advocated, a Greek exit from the Euro, should be managed.
The first, published on the 12th of March in Jacobin magazine. The interviewer was Sebastian Budgen, an editor at Historical Materialism.
The People's Movement - Wed Mar 18, 2015 21:56
P1. Juncker: The EU needs an army. The European Union needs its own army ?to face up to Russia?, as well as to restore the bloc's standing around the world, according to EU Commission President Jean-Claude Juncker.
P2. Is ?Another Europe? Possible? There are over 100,000 EU rules, international agreements and legal acts binding on or affecting Irish and other citizens across the EU.
P3. Save the Date: Friday, 27 March 2015: Protest ? Scrap TTIP! 10.00 - 11.00. Venue: Dublin Castle, (Dame St Entrance). EU Trade Commissioner, Cecilia Malmström, will be in town.
P4. A Dilemma for 2016? Dominic Hannigan, Labour TD, the chairman of the Oireachtas Joint Committee on European Union Affairs seems to believe that were Britain the leave the EU many of the financial institutions currently based in London would move to Dublin!
P4. An obstacle to real and sustained growth: Despite a fairly shameless campaign to persuade us that the worst is behind us most people are aware of the fact that we are still burdened with huge government, corporate and private debts.
Michael Burke - Mon Mar 16, 2015 23:38
This article is based on a background paper which was delivered to a fringe meeting at the recent Sinn Féin Ard Fheis
In Ireland there are two separate economic entities. Their separation means they run up against the fundamental laws of economics, as first identified by Adam Smith[i].
In the first instance it is the size of the home market which determines the scope of the division of labour. But in Ireland both economies, by their separation, have a truncated home market. This was not always the case. As part of the British Empire the North East portion of the island was highly integrated into what was then the largest ?home? market in human history. At the same time most of the rest of the island was primarily a breeding ground for cattle, to help feed the large metropolitan imperial centres.
Post-Partition the situation has dramatically changed. The Empire is gone while the southern economy has both developed a home market of a certain size while integrating itself to one of the world?s largest markets in the EU. This is the key fundamental fact which explains the dramatic changes in average living standards in the two parts of the Ireland since Partition.
This is illustrated in Fig.1 below, which shows per capita GDP using common international Dollars (adjusted for Purchasing Power Parities, first Angus Maddison and then OECD). It amounts to a startling transformation of relative prosperity within Ireland.
To specify the data, Maddison shows that per capita GDP in Ireland in 1921 was $2,533 and that in Britain it was $4,439 (and from a variety of sources that average incomes in the north-east counties of Ireland was at least on a par with Britain). From OECD data per capita GDP in RoI was $37,581 in 2013 and in the UK it was 34,755 (and the ONS data shows NI per capita output was 82% of the UK level).
David Lordan - Fri Mar 13, 2015 12:43
My Mother Speaks to me of Suicide is a collaboration between Dave Lordan and Padraig Burke of runawaypenguin.com. The text of the poem, previously broadcast on RTE Arena, can be found in Lordan's latest acclaimed collection Lost Tribe of The Wicklow Mountains. Lordan's new project is the popular and iconoclastic website bogmanscannon.com.
Michael Taft - Thu Mar 12, 2015 21:43
When we look at the headline numbers, it appears that Ireland is a low-spend economy ? that is, Government spending is well below EU averages. This helps explain why we don?t have anything near the public services, income supports and investment that other EU countries enjoy. However, it is claimed that a significant part of the extra spend in other EU countries is due to their older demographic which necessitates higher public resources (pensions, healthcare, etc.). Strip this away, and we may find that Ireland is actually a high spending country.
Seamus Coffey has contributed to the debate by doing just that - stripping out spending on the elderly. When this is done Ireland comes in, not near the bottom, but near the top: the 5th highest public spending economy in the EU-15, even ahead of ?high-spend, high-tax? Sweden.
This is a politically loaded argument. If it can be established that we are, in fact, a high spending country this would justify a tax-cutting agenda. We have the money, so the argument would go, we just don?t spend it right.
So are we an average or even high spending economy by EU standards? No. Not even close. In fact we are starving ourselves of public resources. Let?s go through this argument because I?m sure we?ll hear more of this as the campaign to cut taxes continues.
Headline Figures
First, with the help of the EU Ameco database, let?s look at primary expenditure (public spending excluding interest payments) with an adjustment for GDP per the Irish Fiscal Advisory Council (which has created a hybrid measurement between GDP and GNP). 2012 is the last year we have data for old age expenditure ? and as we will see below, it is highly misleading to make any conclusions about spending levels for this year.
Irish Left Review - Thu Mar 12, 2015 21:21
A reminder of our screening this Saturday, in conjunction with the Ireland-Palestine Solidarity Campaign, which features the multi-award winning "A World not Ours".
We will be having two screenings this month. Details of our show on the will be sent next week.
2.30pm: The Great Book Robbery (2012)
Telling the story of the systematic looting in 1948 of 30,000 Palestinian books in a joint operation by the nascent Israeli army and the Israeli national library. A remarkable illustration of how one culture emerges from the dust of another after it has laid it to waste; the moment Palestinian culture is destroyed is also the moment a new Israeli consciousness is born, based not only on the erasure of the Arabs? presence in Palestine but also on the destruction of their culture.
¦ Directed by Benny Brunner.
**3.45pm: A World Not Ours (2012)
An intimate, humorous, portrait of three generations of exile in the Palestinian refugee camp of Ain el-Helweh, in Lebanon. Personal recordings, family archives, and historical footage ensure the film is a sensitive and illuminating study of belonging, friendship, and family. Filmed over more than 20 years by multiple generations of one family, is more than just a family portrait; it is an attempt to record what is being forgotten, and mark what should not be erased from collective memory.
?Flips storytelling and Mideast-Arab cliches on their heads ... The Wonder Years in a refugee camp? - Variety
¦ Directed by Mahdi Fleifel.
**A note of thanks to the directors
Spyros Lapatsioras - Sun Mar 08, 2015 22:17
An article by Spyros Lapatsioras,[1] John Milios[2] and Dimitris P. Sotiropoulos[3]
1. Introduction
The transitional ?bridge Agreement? of the 20th of February is a truce intended by the Greek government and welcomed by the other side (the European ?institutions?). Within the truce period (the next four months), the conditions for negotiating the next agreement will be shaped. This could mean that everything is still open. However, that is not true for two reasons. First, the very transitional agreement changes the balance of power. Second, the ?hostilities? will continue in the course of the next four months (i.e. the review of the commitments and the re-interpretation of the terms by each party).
2. The agreement of the 20th February: A first step on slippery ground?
2.1 Negotiation targets
In the first substantive phase of negotiations at the Eurogroup of the 12th February, the Greek government sought an agreement on a new ?bridge program? stating that it would be impossible to extend the existing program on the grounds that it has been rejected by the Greek people:
The German government and the ?institutions? (EU, ECB, IMF) came to the negotiations with the position that Greece had to request a six-month ?technical extension? of the existing program ? renamed as the ?existing arrangement? ? to enable its successful completion.
2.2 The outcome of the negotiation
The agreement of the 20th of February includes a four-month extension of the ?Master Financial Assistance Facility Agreement (MFFA), which is underpinned by a set of commitments.? The extension of the Agreement (?which is underpinned by a set of commitments?) means: (a) evaluations by the three ?institutions,? (b) commitments and conditions, (c) scheduled installments as they appear in the previous Program, subject to a positive evaluation, (d) return of the profits from holding Greek bonds by the ECB and national CBs, but subject to a positive evaluation by the ?institutions? (even given the ?independence? of the ECB).
In short there is a rejection-withdrawal of the Greek government?s negotiation targets (1) and (2). In addition, there is no explicit reference to how the government will cover its short term financing needs (e.g. issuing treasury bills to cover bond redemptions, interest payments and other possible emergencies) until the completion of the assessment. In this regard, the reference to the independence of the ECB may imply its ?discretion? in assessing the extent to which the Greek government responds positively to the ?commitments? that accompany the extension of the agreement (something which undoubtedly will complicate any ?interpretative? attempts in relation to the agreement on the part of Greek government).
At the same time, the February 20 Agreement includes the statement: ?The Greek authorities have also committed to ensure the appropriate primary fiscal surpluses or financing proceeds required to guarantee debt sustainability in line with the November 2012 Eurogroup statement.? This means that the Greek government refrains from the target of debt restructuring-reduction and adopts the sustainability plan based on debt repayment mostly through primary surpluses. This implies the rollback from point (3b) of its initial negotiating package.
What the Greek government has won (aside from the mere change in terminology, about which there was intense debate) is:
It is clear that the new agreement is a truce, but truce is by no means a tie. The agreement is a first step on slippery ground. The Greek government may have gained time, but the political landscape seems quite tough, having minor similarities with the initial minimum negotiation targets set by the Greek side on the 12th February.
Donagh Brennan - Thu Mar 05, 2015 13:38
Like a lot of people, I try and avoid reading media stories that have all the hallmarks of absurdity. As these stories grow, boosted by some invisible force they annoy me more because they prove difficult to ignore. You find that you have the gist of what is going on without even trying. Work colleagues discuss them in your presence, people waiting in supermarket queues rattle through the reported facts, and even sometimes, curiosity gets the better of you and in a bored moment you click a link to a seductive news headline and scan the article's salacious content.
Then the deed is done. You've gone deeper than you ever indended. The mind recoils at the avoidance of facts contained in it and the framing of the story to justify the attention given to something that deserves none.
The example I am talking about is this Irish Times story about the 'repossession' and Jerry Beades role in it.


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Our special coverage of the closest race for years
Explore the personal stories of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
As climate change negotiations begin in Doha, environmentalists and the online community share their hopes and fears.
25 Nov 2012 17:17 GMT | Environment, Qatar
Follow our in-depth coverage of negotiations at the UN Climate Change Conference in Qatar.
18 Nov 2012 16:34 GMT
It is a source of sustenance but also of tension and new political realities are now increasing uncertainty.
Egypt, Sudan, Middle East
A media post-mortem into the UK's surveillance report. Plus, why five years on in Argentina the media looks so familiar.
Media, Edward Snowden, Security
The untold story of how the Lebanese community overcame the odds and found their place in multicultural Australia.
Asia Pacific, Australia, Lebanon
How to keep a telenovela profitable and demanding sponsors happy while inspiring the production team to stay passionate.
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anyone know of any site updating software
A friend has asked me to create a web-site for an estate agents (a real estate company). Here is the problem - once the site is up and running he wants to be able to update it himself. Is there a neat bit of software that can do this and be simple enough to be used by a non web designer?
I don't know of any software on the market, but you should look into creating the interface he's looking for yourself.
The hospital I work at now has an online job database that the HR staff can add, edit and delete jobs from without talking to me.
You just create forms like the forum ones and have the information store in a database.
The fun part is error checking. Oh yeah... lots of fun. If it can be done... they will do it and do it wrong. ;-)
------------- M *arf arf* C -------------
---- http://www.LiveNudeDogs.com ----
-----------"Run Toto Run" ------------
There is a very good book out on website automation. You might look into it. It comes with a CD that has utilities for doing this.


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Hotel Andel
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- Free High-Speed Internet
- Wheelchair accessibility
- Free parking
- Pets allowed
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TripAdvisor Reviews Hotel Andel Prague
Travel Blogs from Prague
Beautiful Prague
... compound is the wonderful Cathedral of St Vitus, St Wenceslas and St Adalbert. All of the two or three churches we have looked inside today are incredibly ornate, with gorgeous statues and painted ceilings, and loads of gilt everywhere. We saw the changing of the guard, and spent some time just gazing out over the city.
We had lunch in Mala Strana (Small Side of Town) in a small Czech tavern. Charlie had an ENORMOUS pork 'knee' - a bit like a lamb shank, but three times the ...
Another thunderstorm in Prague!
Another early start - 8 am! We had a coach transfer from our hotel to the top of the Prague Castle area, where it had to leave us a vehicles are not allowed into the precinct. We walked through the three castle courtyards and St Vitus Cathedral, then stopped for coffee and strudel at Lobkowicz Palace Cafe. At this stage the 'easy walkers' caught a minibus back to the hotel, but we did the "wicinity walk" down to the city, across Charles St Bridge and ...
Prague Beer Drinkers Paradise
... Beatles covers. We lingered there with a cool beer until the sunset, very atmospheric and the feel of summer.
On the last day in Prague we visited a marvellous Church just at the end of the street where we stayed. It was next to the Police museum which was so interesting with many cars from the 60's & 70's in the photo you may notice the computer in the car where Roger is standing.
The beer is cheaper than water!!!
... inside the airport) is czech republic. I am in love with the city! The beer is so cheap (cheaper than water, they like to brag) and the people are very friendly. Asides from all the tourists I had a very pleasant stay and met even more lovely people. Even though im traveling alone I have never met so many people in such a short span of time in my life! I did 2 back to back tours, one of the famous castle and the next, a beer tour. The czechs really are proud of their beer, ...
Ceramics in Czech Republic
In September I got an exciting and unexpected invite to join a team of BA and MA ceramics graduates from Wolverhampton University on their ceramics adventure in Kohoutov in Czech. 24hrs from receiving the invite I had a plane ticket, a hostel booked and a bag packed ready to go - no way I was going to miss an opportunity like that!
It was great to get back to Prague (4th time I've been) I was knackered from moving out of the cottage ...


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Mid-Atlantic Lunch Seminar Series: May - Baltimore
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Practical and Inspirational: Exposing the Potential of Heavy Timber Construction - Atlanta
Thursday, July 25, 2013 from 11:00 AM to 2:00 PM
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MAC Penultimate Eye Liner - Rapidblack
243 reviews
44% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.9
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 3.9
Price: $$$
on 5/9/2012 8:12:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Normal, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
This product is actually not bad, kind of pricy tho, but can't compalint!
The tip of the pen is very thin so you can draw any kinds of eyelines easily. It does smudge a bit but overall it is a good product.
on 5/9/2012 11:43:00 AM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Ive tried so many eyeliner pens. I got this one for Christmas from a good friend so I didnt even have to buy it. It doesnt work on my monolid let me explain, the pen tip is like a felt tip and stiffer than most eyeliner pens. However this causes the line to drag across my lid and give a jagged not smooth line. Fortunately I have a very forgiving lid that covers most of the line. Now I used this pen with both the UDPP and Too Faced Shadow insurance followed by shadow then the liner but it still smudged. Ive used other pen liners that dont budge with this same method of application. So it just didnt work for me. My lid was also sensitive to the ingredients of the products as they kept getting irritated. However, the friend who bought it for me it worked great for her.
on 5/8/2012 1:15:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Normal, Fair, Cool
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Hazel
This eyeliner is easy to put on but it doesn't have good staying power. I find it melts off on my top eyelid near the inner corner so that within an hour I only have eyeliner on the outer half of my upper eyelid and a mess on the inner corner of my lower eyelid.
The color isn't that dark unless you do a few coats.
I will not be repurchasing.
on 5/8/2012 8:32:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Blond, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Blue
I usually love pen-style liquid liners, for their ease and pigmentation in creating the perfect line and cat flick (when needed). Despite this being the first one I tried, it isn't my favourite, and there are a lot better out there. This liner always seems really dry to me, unless it dried out REALLY quickly, and whenever I tried it, it faded after 2 hours maximum. I didn't find the colour that intense either, not a true deep black. As far as pen liners go, I much prefer the Napoleon Perdis Neo Noir and Chanel's Ecriture de Chanel.
on 5/8/2012 5:31:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Hazel
This product dries up very quickly and the colour is nowhere near as intense as implied in the name
on 5/7/2012 6:42:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Oily, Tan, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Black
I loveeee this eyeliner, but it dries up super quick, I only used it about 10 times.
on 5/6/2012 2:02:00 PM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Fine
Eyes: Green
I love liquid eyeliners in general, especially in pen form, so you can imagine my excitement when I saw that MAC - a brand I was familiar and usually satisfied with - had one. I bought it immediately and boy, oh, boy what a disappointment!
Upon first application it was fine but didn't seem ''Rapidblack'' or very intense at all. The application was quite easy sure, but definitely not worth the price. It smudged within 2 hours and was a nightmare to take off.
In my opinion, if you are going to lash out and get a pen liquid eyeliner, the essence one which is dirt cheap compared to the MAC one will do wonders.
on 4/24/2012 7:23:00 AM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Dry, Fair-Medium, Warm
Hair: Brown, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Green
I can understand the negative reviews of this product, but I really like it despite its limitations. It's very easy to use and makes a nice, defined, hassle-free cat eye that I love. I like the pen application much better than using a brush or other more liquid eyeliners. For me though the problem is that the color fades so quickly. It has a striking black color when first applied that fades throughout the day. I use this every day, but what I end up doing is making a precise cat eye and then smudging it a little with one of Urban Decay's liners (I have the anniversary edition set which I LOVE). That way I get a little color as well as some added staying power.
on 4/20/2012 12:26:00 AM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Brown, Curly, Medium
Eyes: Hazel
The fist time I put it on I loved it! But it seemed to dry out way too fast, I had to put it on from the side instead of the tip and I just dont think it's worth the $
on 4/10/2012 9:16:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Warm
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
Unbelievable. I've been using liquid liners for more than three years now, and while at the MAC store the salesperson introduced me to this. He recommended this, as it is easier to apply (precision felt tip) instead of the normal messiness a liquid liner would give, plus a tiny bit cheaper. I decided to give it a try, but regret it till this date. Giving SGD 31 for this is worthless in my opinion, as an SGD 6.90 eyeliner did the job better. It never was liquidy, and the colour never came out dark. It always faded in 2-3 hours (without sweating or anything). And now the tip is dried, the product will only come out for like half of an eye, so obviously I don't use it. It dried up within 1 month of irregular use (not everyday, just a maximum of thrice a week). I was extremely disappointed as it was my first MAC, and now I'm scared to use MAC products because they're pricey and I fear it will let me down just like this one. Definitely not recommending nor rebuying!! And people, DO NOT BUY THIS!
Popular Eyeliners


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Wintersweet Blooming (Chimonanthus)
It opened it's first flower on November 30th. Now, there are enough open that I can catch it in the air as I approach the shrub. If you haven't smelled Chimonanthus, imagine this: 2 parts Arabian Jasmine (sambac), 1 part Juicy Fruit Gum, and a dash of black pepper!
Beautiful pics! Thank you for sharing. I've read that Wintersweet has a Sambac Jasmine scent. Really makes me want to make room for one! I also like your honeysuckle nearby to have scented blooms when your Wintersweet is not blooming.
I think this is a true "winter" blooming shrub that needs cold to get it going. Alabama probably doesn't cool down enough until mid-winter. My plant is slightly ahead of last year. We've been in the 50F to 20F range for almost two months, with a few short spells where we stay below freezing during the day. By the way, the color of your flowers is much more intensely yellow than mine. AND, you can prune your shrub hard in early spring to encourage growth down low, and then pinch the growing tips after each shoot produces its third or fourth pair of leaves. You will end up with a more compact shrub with thousands of flowers!