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Painting kitchen cabinets--oil vs latex--VOCs concern
I am having my 8 yr old builder-grade honey oak kitchen cabinets painted white. I am leaning toward BM Satin Impervo because I'd like a high quality paint with a low sheen that would still be washable. My painter says that oil-based is the most durable and will give the smoothest finish. I am really concerned about VOCs, though. I have 2 kids that I don't want breathing in the off-gasses.
Does anyone have advice regarding how well the Satin Impervo in latex will hold up on kitchen cabinets? Should I really go with the oil-based paint? Are there better paints for cabinets I could use and still get a satin finish?
Thanks for any advice!
Don't forget that oil based paints have other drawbacks besides being smelly and hazardous to breathe. The paint film itself is also very brittle and will crack faster than latex. Oil based paints will also yellow over time. Mildew and mold prefer to grow on oil based paints as well. So, even if we can prove that oil based paints are the most durable, we still have these other issues. By the way, we can't prove that oil based paints are more durable....painters are divided pretty squarely on this topic.
Thanks for the input, paintguy. So do you think I'd be okay going with the BM Satin Impervo (latex)? I just want as smooth and nice a finish as I can possibly get. We are trying to dress up these builder grade oak cabinets with crown and light rail mouldings, as well as adding some glass inserts, and of course, paint. We don't have the money to replace, but we are still spending quite a bit on these improvements to the existing cabs, and I just don't want the final paint job to say "low quality" or "budget" if you know what I mean.
It is so true, you can talk to one painter and he'll say today's latex rivals oil paint, and another will tell you nothing compares to the finish of oil. So I'm still confused...
I'd be just as concerned about painting oak cabinets and which paint will work the best on those specifically. I want to paint my oakies, too, but the more I read about the prep involved and quality of paint so you don't have the oak grain showing through, the more gun-shy I am.
I like low VOC, too. Lots of differing opinions on oil vs. water soluble for cabinets. Funcolors recommended finepaintsofeurope.com (I think that is the url), and that is super high quality stuff. They have water soluble/low VOC paint that is supposedly suitable for cabinets, and also primer putty that you can use to fill the oak grain and sand to a "glass" smooth finish. I haven't used it myself, just read about it in other posts around the web during my research and visited the site today. I'm sure the regular posters and pros will have better experience based advice than I do, but I thought I'd share what I am going through right now about oak cabinets. Please come back after your paint job and post pix.
You've maybe read my "babblings" about FPE.
Jeez it's some sweet stuff!
I've only been lucky enough to do some sample-boards, using some of their products...but, WOW.
Their ECO series paint, in Satin or Gloss(Brilliant) would be a stunner on your cabs. Grain-filling is always optional; but, if done, can be a show-piece!
The ECO flows on like silk....BUT...minimize stroking, and leave it alone for ONE DAY, then apply 2nd coat. Sand 1st coat lightly with 220, remove all dusts, and apply 2nd coat.
Use one of FPE's "wet floor" techniques!
>>> This may sound crazy, but get out the small plastic kiddy-pool, OR TWO!!, put 1" of water in it...in the room you're painting the cabs.
>>> The key is...NOT depth of water...but the SURFACE-AREA of it. Use 2 or 3 pools if it's a big area.
>>> Have a couple small fans blowing opposite each other, to make a "vortex" in the room.
>>> After a day of this, lots of airborne dust will have precipitated out of the air & into the pool!!!
>>> You can also add a furnace-filter in the room, and spray it with "filter-charger". This helps filters grab dust by increasing static-attraction.
>>> There'll be much less dust in the air now!
Yep, Faron has been the FPE go-to-person around here lately. I trust his opinions and ideas a bunch. We're lucky he shares well-balanced opinions and expertise with us!
I also like ACE cabinet paint or Cabinet Coat on oak. You can still see the grain pattern, but some people find that textural aspect attractive -- and it can be -- just depends on your preference.
I think that getting a smooth finish on cabinets depends a lot on person applying it. If you have a painter that is accustomed to using oil paints, he may not be that good with the acrylics. What happens is these old timers may get stuck in their ways and never make that adjustment to modern day paints so they may not be that good at applying it. I would spray them if possible...that is really the best way to acheive that oil based look.
Thank you guys for all of your advice! I think I am going to go with the BM Satin Impervo in latex.
Faron, I have read a lot about the Fine Paints of Europe products, and I know theirs is a superior product. However, it is so expensive, and my painter includes the cost of paint (anything available locally) in his price, so I think I'll have to go with BM (or maybe Cabinet Coat??) for $$ reasons.
So, unless someone convinces me that Cabinet Coat is a better product for cabinets, I think I'll just go with the BM. I don't really know anything about CC....any thoughts??
I wouldn't focus "totally" on just the $$$...
Think of the "Total $ value" added to the home, etc.
>>> I think some people tend to think too "small box" when improving their homes, and get too concerned over the price of a single gallon of product.
>>> Yet $$Thousands$$ are spent on furniture, tiles, etc., that can easily be "too trendy", and REDUCE a homes value!
If another $100 (or whatever $ amount...) in paint adds "even more" to the worth....just sayin'....
The additional $$/sq. ft. soon become meaningless.
Plus, a high-end finish like FPE wears VERY well too.
CC is a very good finish. It's NOT Low-VOC however. Colors can be tedious to match into this line.
The ACE Cabinet, Door, & Trim paint IS Low-VOC, looks very nice, easily tinted to ANY ACE color, and can be sold in all 50 states...CC cannot.
...gettin' off my soapbox now...;-)
I've been reading for months on painting oak cabinets and this forum has been so nice to have!
I am ready to start but can't decide between cabinet coat and satin impervo waterborne. Is the Cabinet Coat better? Or will they both be equal? I have an in home daycare, 3 young kids of my own as well so I would really like something that will stand up to the wear the best. HELP PLEASE!
A few years ago I wanted to switch from oil base to water base on all my woodwork and I sampled BM Impervo, SW Classic, Dunn Edwards, and Cabinet Coat. CC was highly rated on this site and I liked it's smooth finish the best. I also like the hard finish, my door frames do get bunped. Home Depot now carries it online.
I used the Insl-x Cabinet Coat on my ugly dark oak kitchen cabinets. I'm impressed with this finish.
I had originally planned to use oil, for it gives a hard, durable finish. The downside of using oil, aside from long drying times, is that it yellows over time.
However, after much research on the web, I decided to try the Cabinet Coat. Glad I did. The whole job came out great and it's so nice to be in a nice, bright kitchen for a change.
In fact, I liked this paint so much that I intend to use it on all the rest of the woodwork in my home.


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The Site, Praxis Film Works' North Hollywood-based 30,000-square-foot visual effects facility, has after 13 years of exclusivity opened its doors to outside productions, per director Robert Blalack, the principal owner of Praxis.Under the new arrangement, an outside director can come to the Site and use motion control equipment without the involvement of house staff, making the facility accessible and economical for low-budget productions.
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Whether it's what you write about, how long you write about it, or who's writing it with you, intricacies abound in the art of law-related blogging. If you are considering starting a blog, or looking to overhaul your existing one, ...Read More »
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Employee or independent contractor? Misclassification could cost employers
For years, employers have struggled with correctly classifying workers as employees or independent contractors. When the economy went south, the problem became more serious as various state and federal agencies, seeking revenue, brought enforcement actions against companies that misclassified workers. ...
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Blogging: Making the words work
Never underestimate the power of the blog. According to web design firm Go-Globe.com, more than 60 blogs make their debut every minute. And it's easy for an attorney or law firm who want to reach the right audience — prospective ...Read More »
Conflict resolution panel decides venue question
Only one claim in a multiclaim complaint has to be tort-based when determining venue in a joined cause of action, a Michigan Court of Appeals conflict resolution panel has ruled. The panel, focusing on the "last antecedent rule" of statutory ...
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When staff complains, law firms should listen
A group of staffers at a Florida law firm showed up at the office all sporting orange shirts. Management wondered what it meant. The firm's top brass didn't spend a lot of time pondering the point, they just fired the ...Read More »
Takeaway on lower bar exam rates: the status quo is not acceptable
It looks like there is a new normal for passing the Michigan bar examination — starting last year, there will be a lower percentage of those taking the test passing. February's bar passers came in at 58 percent overall and ...Read More »
Court reporters say firm owes them $1M
A lawsuit against one of the largest court reporting companies in the state has been filed in Macomb County Circuit Court, seeking more than $1 million. But the attorney for the defendants is crying foul over an unusual introductory statement ...Read More »
The wild and wooly world of attorney-client confidentiality
If you ask lay people to name the ethical duties lawyers have to their clients, the most frequent response would be the duty to keep their client's information confidential. The duty of confidentiality is the ethical duty most familiar to ...Read More »
Marijuana ruling will prompt new challenges to stops
More lawyers will be challenging the validity of traffic stops involving medical marijuana users as a result of a new Michigan Supreme Court case, attorneys told Michigan Lawyers Weekly. In People v. Koon (MiLW No. 06-82079, 10 pages), the Supreme ...
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Should the legal limit be dropped to 0.05?
A recent recommendation from the National Traffic Safety Board is drawing the ire of DUI attorneys. The NTSB's report, "Reaching Zero: Actions to Eliminate Alcohol-Impaired Driving," made several suggestions about improving the safety of the country's roads. Included in the ...
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Here's just a few great events we're currently offering!
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Fenway Park, Boston, MA.
Great baseball fun for the whole family!
Tickets go on sale on Thurs., April 9, 11am at MITAC.
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The Last Two People on Earth: An Apocalyptic Vaudeville
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Re: [N1MM] Which call goes where?
Expand Messages
- Thanks guys. I think I was misunderstanding what data stays regardless of the contest (or database) and what didn't. All makes sense now, so far.
--- In firstname.lastname@example.com, "Ted Bryant" <w4nz@...> wrote:
> Yes, your callsign goes in your station data. The callsign in the station
> data is the one that gets put into the cabrillo log. So, if you wanted to
> use a different callsign, like a club call for a particular contest, put
> that call in the place of yours in the station data. Don't forget to change
> it back!
> 73, Ted W4NZ
> -----Original Message-----
> From: email@example.com [mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com]On
> Behalf Of wilson.darcy@...
> Sent: Wednesday, January 25, 2012 9:43 PM
> To: firstname.lastname@example.com
> Subject: [N1MM] Which call goes where?
> Sorry, simple question I know...but what callsign goes where? Station
> settings...is this my PERSONAL callsign? If for a contest I want to use a
> club station callsign where is this entered. I also see Operator callsign.
> I confuse easily...
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White House On Supreme Court Prognostication: Remember Health Care
"I think we've seen in recent history that there's ample reason to be cautious," says Carney.
"I think we've seen in recent history that there's ample reason to be cautious," says Carney.
Evan McMorris-Santoro 2 years ago respond
Vast expansion in insurance for Americans in 2014. Obama avoids catastrophe, but Republicans sharpen their knives.
Zeke Miller 2 years ago 137 responses
In 2007 during a campaign stop in New Hampshire, Vice President Biden, then a candidate for president in the Democratic primary said the states should experiment with health care reform first. Biden added that once a majority of the states have reformed health care "30, 35 states" the Federal government should cherry pick the best parts for national reform.
Andrew Kaczynski 2 years ago respond
At National Prayer Breakfast, Obama grounds his controversial policies in the Bible. Tax hikes for rich "[coincide] with Jesus's teaching."
Zeke Miller 3 years ago 73 responses
Sue Lowden, who is challenging Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid for his seat, has the best healthcare plan EVER. It involves bartering chickens (for real). Watch Video ›
Jack Shepherd 4 years ago 24 responses
No medical care for you! View Image ›
Douglas Heidland 4 years ago 92 responses
Watch White House Staff Secretary Lisa Brown prepare the twenty-two pens President Obama used earlier this week to sign the health care reform bill. Watch Video ›
minjae 5 years ago 14 responses
After yesterday's gaffe, the Internet's been hard at work coming up with some pretty awesome Joe Biden puns. View Image ›
Tanner Ringerud 5 years ago 38 responses
House minority leader John Boehner has teamed up with Will.i.am to produce the GOP's campaign video, and rallying cry, for 2010: "Hell No You Can't!" Inspiring stuff. In black and white, doesn't he almost look human? Watch Video ›
eixo 5 years ago 27 responses
Randy Neugebauer (R-TX) has come forward as the Representative who shouted "Baby Killer" during Stupak's speech about healthcare yesterday! Read More ›
Jack Shepherd 5 years ago 4 responses
NPR has put together a very nice list of ways in which you may be affected by the health care overhaul.
Cricketwhacker 5 years ago respond
Here's hoping that this brilliant new video from New Left Media represents the Teabaggers' last gasp of opposition to the inevitable health care reform bill. (Via Gotcha Media.) Watch Video ›
Matt Wilstein 5 years ago 31 responses
Guy calls into CSPAN in tears to ask Sen. Barrasso if he prayed hard enough (on Sen. Tom Coburn's instruction) to stop a Democrat from making it to the vote on Health Care. Watch Video ›
Ash 5 years ago 18 responses
Because as of now, in 8 states, being beaten by your spouse is a "pre-existing condition." View Media ›
Conor H. 5 years ago 11 responses


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xxxHolic Episode 13
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Spring is slow in France too!
Hi all. I can't wait to post some pics of the rudest pruning I have ever seen! Stump cuts with branches a diameter of six inches, easy! It appears many of the French grow their cherries on broom ends. Hmm. . . These were on cherry trees in the south of france between Avignon and Bonnieux. All of their new plantings of orchards seem to be columnar and the plantings are only approx. two feet apart. They prune almost all trees to about nine feet or shorter except for the cherries. All orchards are very well maintained without weeds and nicely mowed patches of grass in between rows. The fruit trees are in bloom. Very few apples, they are grown in a different region. Apricots, tons of plums, cherries, and pears. Stone fruit and grapes. They were getting the fields ready in Cavaillon for the melons. It never got into the 60's while we were there. Ooh la la, Mrs. G
Lucky! I want to go to France. My niece just got back from Spain (high school trip) and it was not warm there either. I think they had rain most of the time. It sure seems like the warmth must be over Russia or the Atlantic...Maybe Iceland is warm :)
Only flowers, small leaves and buds in the south of France. They are behind in heat as we are for this time of year. Provence seems to have parallel weather to Newport, RI. Its interesting that I can grow everything they can except for excellent melons. They take more heat and sun and we have too much summer fog. I still plant 'Charentais' melon every summer. Mrs. G
Yeah...and to think I"m at the same latitude as Nice, France and they grow palm trees outside there ...not fair!
36F and raining here today...and there is about 2 inches of sleet on the ground.
I think summers here are hotter then most of France, for the most part... I doubt they see dew points in the 80Fs like we do now and then.


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By a GenomeWeb staff reporter
NEW YORK (GenomeWeb News) – The University of Sunderland, UK has received a three-year £80,000 ($131,424) grant from the Cystinosis Research Network to perform proteomics research into the disease in order to find better treatments.
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In Genome Research this week: methylation patterns in multiple myeloma, recent Y chromosome bottleneck, and more.
By studying the spectra of microbes on Earth, a team of researchers hopes to be better equipped to detect any on other worlds.
SolveBio's Mark Kaganovich says at TechCrunch that genomics needs an app to push it into the mainstream.
A University of Michigan team is using a Facebook app to recruit and keep in touch with participants in its 'Genes for Good' project.
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About Trumbull IndustriesFounded in 1922 as a single branch plumbing supply house, Trumball Industries has evolved over the years in to a privately held corporation and full-line distributor with specialized divisions. With 6 branch locations, Trumball Industries has several divisions: an Industrial Division that provides products and services to industrial manufacturers, a Home Center Division that offers expertise in all major kitchen and bath products, a Municipal Division that offers a f


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Please help me ID my roses - thanks
Hmm, not very experienced so please verify. Could it be double delight or harlekin?
More information. Size of plant, size of bloom, fragrance, height, width, est. age/purchase date, any other data points.
Is this a small bush or a climber. It looks like my Nicole. How large are the flowers .. if small flower could be a mini but if it is a 3 inch bloom it could be a Nicole or even a double delight
It looks like Hilde.


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OP Junior Member
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Join Date:Joined: Nov 2012
pda: M250S.uc21.2357
phone: M250S.ub23.0933.st (skt)
movinand: uc21
baseband version: m250s.ub23.0933.st
kernel version: 3.0.15-m250s.uc21.2357-cl281641
se.infra@sep-102 #3
build number: iml74k.uc21
I followed the steps what Sticks02 mentioned on page 2, post 18 (http://forum.xda-developers.com/show...1068307&page=2)
I downloaded M250S_HOME_M250S.UC21.ROOT.ver4.zip but after I click Start I only got this...
its been 15min & there's no progress?? same goes to my Phone
I decided to disconnect the usb cable & re-booted my Phone, it turned on normally, everything still working properly.
can anyone tell me what im doing wrong??
Last edited by sillyboy89; 15th November 2012 at 07:29 PM.


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Piddle, Piddle, Piddle.
Three weeks ago I got a 3yr old Westie.
She came from a lady that had 7 of them
and yes she bred the crap out of them.
She is the sweetest, loving dog.
Starved for attention.
But when you call her,
3 feet before she gets to you,
she crouches down and piddles,
leaving a winding trail of pee 5 foot long!
I know your laughing. It's not funnnnnnnnny......
Our carpet is 2 years old!
We need to find out how we can help her to stop doing this.
She came with her crate, she is potty trained and has not had an accident otherwise.
Your poor little gal is most probably displaying submissive urination, and given the environment she came from, that doesn't surprise me. The treatment is through patience and training. Do not try to comfort or make over her when she does it, or scold her. There are probably many sites on the internet to talk about how to improve her problem by establishing some self-confidence in her. Good luck.
I agree that she's having submission urination so getting down to her level while she adjusts to you and her new home will help. Squat down so that you're not hovering over her each time you want her to come to you you. You will appear less threatening than when you're standing upright.
Also, offering treats so that she gets a reward each time she comes to you should help change her behavior.
I would work on the recall outdoors so that you don't have to worry about your carpet. You'll probably have to try different approaches such as not calling her with 'come xxx'. A low whistle or saying 'want a treat' may get a better response than 'come' until she becomes more confident.
Yes, either submissive or excitement urination. Crouching is one approach, but very important NOT to give eye contact, (look away or at her tail)and present your SIDE not your front when she is approaching you. Have you ever noticed that well mannered dogs greet each other side to side? Face to face is confrontational - a human style which can be threatening to dogs. The concept is not to threaten her with postures that she will read as "dominant." Also try throwing treats at her across the room and gradually from shorter distances while saying 'treat time' and looking away. Be careful not to reinforce the submissive behavior with treats though. The urination will stop when she settles in and feels more confident. Keep everything very low key for at least a month. (I'm assuming she's already been to the vet and any medical issues have been ruled out that might complicate things or make the behavior harder to overcome.)
Thank you for answering.
I think you are right with the submission urination.
It is her to a "T"!
Starting tomorrow, we're going to do everything you all have suggested.
She did come with vet record.
I took her to their vet to get her checked out,
her Heartgard and Frontline and got her spayed!
She just makes our hearts melt.
We just have to get over this hurdle.........cheryl
Many years ago we acquired a year-old female Jack Russell from a home where she had been screamed at and finally banished to the basement. My first memory is of her racing down the driveway of that home to greet us and then peeing on my foot. Yep, we took her anyway :o)
At that time, we both worked out of the home, and it was a pee-fest in the hallway every night when we got home. We just started ignoring her when we opened the door - just let her run right past us outside onto the step or drive and do what she had to do. The problem started improving almost immediately, and resolved itself completely and permanently in less than a month.
Just keep everything very low-key and avoid eye contact when greeting or calling her and and during other situations when she displays this behavior. Even praising her too much may set her off, so keep repeating "serenity now" to yourself! She just needs a chance to calm down and realize that she's in a MUCH better place, so she can relax and start to enjoy life.
Our girl turned out to be just the best dog ever. She was the most sensitive, devoted little soul, very people-oriented and considerate and sweet. Just a good little citizen who always wanted to do the right thing. We still miss her terribly - we had to put her down a few years ago at age 16 due to hypoglycemic seizures (probably due to pancreatic cancer).
This problem is easily fixed and will definitely pass!
Susan is right, the piddles will definitely peter out.
That's how my little puppy started out (she's 14, now). I had to let myself in the house and just walk past, her, ignoring her when I came home. After a few days she started feeling safe. I'd put all my stuff away and sit on the floor, and then she'd come over and the greeting would be pee-free.
Your Jack Russell sounds like she was a real gem, Susan. I'm sad she's gone.
We are 3 day piddle-free!
I'm learning when I come in the door,
no matter how excited she is to see me,
I dare not bend down to pet her.
I just walk on by,sit down and
wait till she is on my lap - 3 seconds flat!
I am so glad I came here and asked.
Thank you all so much.......cheryl
I'm so glad things have worked out for you and your dog Cheryl. While Misty never peed when Mom came home, she would so excited, barking, whining and make the biggest racket! She also would go up and down the stairs very excited and could have knocked someone over. Mom misses it, she thought it meant that Misty really missed her (and I'm sure she did) but I saw it as a sign of anxiety. Now Mom comes in and will get the puppies going, talking all baby-talk when greeting them. I think many people would think that just walking in the door and not greeting their dog would be rude or hurt the dog's feelings but that is not the case. I think its a wonderful way to reunite with your pet and makes coming home/visiting easier for all humans.


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Let it be known: Humans are not the only ones whose egos are bolstered by booze.... READ ON
Beer labels are full of little symbols that point to their storied histories. That, or they just load up the bottles with weird crap so you have something to talk about as you're downing your fifth cold one.... READ ON
Rum isn't just the preferred drink of pirates: For more than 300 years, the booze was also part of the daily rations of sailors in Britain's Royal Navy.... READ ON
Who knew drinking games had such a long and sozzled history?... READ ON
There's more than the mixing of two great things—booze and food—that makes drunken dishes that much better. The scientific properties of alcohol make the final product even greater than the sum of its parts.... READ ON
Over 200 kinds of whiskey are mapped by origin and style in this striking new poster from Pop Chart Lab. The levels of complexity inherent in the history of drink become apparent as American whiskey is whittled down to Jim Beam Bourbon and Scottish Whiskey distills into The Glenlivet.... READ ON
Looking for an Independence Day tipple that says "No hard feelings about that revolution business" to our British chums? Grab the star of the colonial British medicine cabinet!... READ ON
Irish whiskey almost died in the 1970s. To survive, it needed a little luck.... READ ON
Everybody's favorite beer fridge is back! This time, it's making its Olympic debut.... READ ON
The actor who was inside R2-D2 hated the guy who played C-3PO.


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The boy's grandmother says she received a text message and looked away from the toddler for a moment, then heard a "bang" and saw the boy inside the claw crane.Comments
A Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation program offers a low interest loan, as well as the possibility of "loan forgiveness."Comments
A group of Tri-Cities disk golf enthusiasts didn't sink a hole-in-one during Thursday's Parks Committee meeting at Laurel Run Park, but they might salvage par if they raise $4,000 in sponsorship money.Comments
Hubbard hammers 14 kills in five-game victory that marks first Twin Springs volleyball win over Rye Cove since 1989Comments
For 2014-15, the plan is to buy 630 computers for the sixth grade and 630 computers for the seventh grade at a cost of $381,667 per grade, or $763,334 total.Comments
Dobyns-Bennett claimed a hard-earned 3-1 win over South-Doyle in a Region 1-AAA semifinal at Indian Highland Park on Tuesday.Comments
A 16-year-old girl told police that 20-year-old convicted sex offender Corey Cinnamon had been coming to her home "almost every day" and "stays overnight about half the time."Comments
Kaye Gonel is a beautiful woman who shares her story of cancer with faith, poise and a good sense of humor. You can support patients like Kaye by participating in the Making Strides Against Breast Cancer Walk of Tri-Cities on Oct. 26.Comments
The trend is being seen at Tri-Cities Regional Airport as one firearm was confiscated last year compared to four this year.Comments
A Hawkins County trial jury may be voting on Surgoinsville alderman candidate Jerry Edward "J.E." Stoker's guilt or innocence five days before the votes cast by local residents are tallied in the Nov. 4 election.Comments


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Contact AgentLearn how to appear in this listCloseWant to learn more about appearing in the list of agents above? Contact us here or call us at foto memek smp – Michelle GerberShort N SweetMisty Short SneedLaura Love ShortThomas A. GerberAbigail ShortChristie ShortJames GerberFacebook © 2012 · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · cookie · · How many holes will these dudes fill on this very Email address: available in facility report. foto memek smp, HUBERTPAGES Found: 10, 0. 000212HUEPAGES Found: 7, 0. 000006 Preview: Below is a barebones preview of your message. News-gathering operations were, for a time, organized using two-way radios, operating on 173. JAVIERPAGES Found: 2, 0. 000354JAYPAGES Found: 9, 0. 000660 WEAVER, Maud V. married 15 Apr 1897 in Barbour County, West Virginia, U. S. A. a groom named Emery M. Anderson. 2,278,524 EnquireWith a Design Analysis, we produce an personal, in-depth report into every aspect of your website. It covers code, design, layout, semantics, SEO, and everything else, all provided in a beautiful printed report. foto memek smp – LEANNPAGES Found: 3, 0. 000085LEANNAPAGES Found: 4, 0. 000051 PATTONS rush to the RHINE at the head of the 3rdARMY. SELINAPAGES Found: 11, 0. 000045SELMAPAGES Found: 10, 0. 000091 Where the Completely Addicted come for Digital Entertainment. foto memek smp: Band recordings 2012 for the new album Shoesstore shoesstoreshoesstore. com GeoffHamer on May 14, 09 at 04:33 PM Grimaldi Lines sail from Porto Torres to Barcelona. Kalia McDonadle was born in 1990. Kalia currently lives in Belton, South Carolina. foto memek smp – LESHAPAGES Found: 3, 0. 000006LESIAPAGES Found: 3, 0. 000011 Sign-up today and well send you a daily email when there are new jobs in your area. If your family lived in a small town, look for a nearly larger nearby city newspaper which might have included local news. IVORYPAGES Found: 10, 0. 000061IVYPAGES Found: 8, 0. 000091 Toys and Games Characters and Brands Star Wars Toys WEAVER, Maude E. was born ABT 1877 in West Virginia and she was in the 1920 census in Ohio County, West Virginia, U. S. A. 2,278,479 foto memek smp: Beach Creek ** 57 ** 57 ** Reader ** Charles ** ** 18 ** M ** ** 1832 ** Laborer ** ** The first king of Arborea to actively pursue the plan to unite Sardinia under the rule of Arborea was Barisone the First. foto memek smp: To continue using your current Web browser, Adobe Flash must be installed or upgraded: CHEATS, CHEAT CODES & HINTSback to top Pete Martell: Shes dead. Wrapped in plastic. However, language became a political and an emotional issue as early as the 1750s, when British settlers in Pennsylvania began to fear and resent the fact that a third of their fellow Pennsylvanians were German speakers. And today, the issue carries more political baggage than a presidential motorcade. Products range: Products include luggage(EVA and soft), laptop bag, camera bag, CD bag; Mummy(diaper)bag; Fashion handbags; Backpack and sports bag; Beach bag and cosmetic bag etc. Store Manager (Retail) West CoastCo. Mayo Salary €27k Immediate start available We are working in. . . . motivate and retain sales assistants within a fast paced environment Ensure all team members are trained in customer service and product knowledge Ensure excellent. . Learn more With over 275,000 made just for the tablet in Apples store, though, it can be overwhelming to find the right ones. LILLIAPAGES Found: 4, 0. 000006LILLIAMPAGES Found: 5, 0. 000006 foto memek smp: Being high and solitary and most stern? Ott, Brian L. (2007). The Small Screen: How Television Equips Us to Live in the Information Age. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 68. Considering that the new device is smaller, it is a direct competitor to the Google Nexus 7. And, the SkyMiles program does not have a mileage expiration policy, so you can earn and use your miles without worrying if and when they will expire. foto memek smp: Home | Hosted Videos | Free Porn | Porn Links | Submit Link | Contact | FLORANCEPAGES Found: 10, 0. 000011FLORENCEPAGES Found: 10, 0. 001133
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Chipotle in adobo: Put that in your meatball and smoke it
Everything's better with a sweet and spicy meatball.
When I think of summer, I don't think of cooking. Don't get me wrong, I love to cook. But this time of year, there are so many other fabulous things to do that standing at the kitchen counter or over the stove simply pales in comparison.
But what can you do? You've got to eat, which means you've got to go to the grocery store and jockey for position with glassy-eyed, sunbaked, bathing-suit clad tourists who maneuver in the aisles like they drive on Interstate 95. I find a defensive posture serves me well in both places.
My husband and I used to live on burgers and hot dogs from the grill, corn on the cob and fresh tomato slices during the summer. Although we still enjoy these delicacies on occasion, we're trying to maintain a healthier routine fare. We've been eating a lot of big salads with some kind of grilled meat, everything from your basic chicken Caesar to an incredible spinach, asparagus and shrimp salad he made for me on a recent weekend. So good.
I've been poring over recipes for these hot, humid days we've been having lately, ones that are delicious, without tons of mayonnaise, and don't require too much shopping or cooking. I've experimented with an orzo salad dressed with broccoli pesto. I've tried a tasty, spicy pineapple and tomato salad. And I've been cooking vegetables on the grill, dressing them with balsamic vinegar and olive oil, and serving them warm the first time, then cold as leftovers.
But then I came across this tried-and-true favorite in my recipe cache. My sister-in-law, Stevi, brought this salad to a picnic at our house one summer. I liked it so much, I asked her for the recipe and have been making it ever since. It goes particularly well with grilled lamb, but it's also wonderful by itself as a snack.
The chickpeas, spices and sweet and tangy dressing (with one surprising ingredient) work so well with the creamy couscous, the tender-crisp peppers and onions, and the rich, sweet cherries. It's another recipe that tastes much better than you'd imagine, given how easy it is to make.
Enjoy, and thanks, Stevi!
Moroccan Couscous & Chickpea Salad
Serves six
1 cup couscous
½ cup dried cherries
1 cup boiling water
5 tablespoons olive oil, divided
1 large orange bell pepper, cut into bite-size sticks (yellow pepper works fine, too.)
1 large onion, halved around its equator and cut into thin slices (We use red onion.)
1½ teaspoons ground cumin
½ teaspoon ground ginger
¼ teaspoon ground cloves
Salt and ground black pepper
1 16-ounce can chickpeas, drained and rinsed
¼ cup chopped fresh cilantro (We're not fans, so we leave it out.)
3 tablespoons rice wine vinegar
3 tablespoons frozen orange juice concentrate, thawed
Place couscous and dried cherries in a medium bowl. Add boiling water. Immediately cover bowl with plastic wrap and let sit until water is completely absorbed, about 5 minutes.
Meanwhile, heat 2 tablespoons of the olive oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Add peppers and onions, sautéing until tender-crisp, about 5 minutes, seasoning with cumin, ginger, cinnamon, salt and pepper as they cook. Add to couscous, along with chickpeas and cilantro, if using.
Whisk remaining 3 tablespoons of olive oil with vinegar and orange juice concentrate. Pour over salad and toss to coat. Cover and refrigerate until ready to serve.
PER SERVING: 343 calories, 9g protein, 49g carbohydrates, 13g fat (1.6g saturated), 0mg cholesterol, 5g fiber, 206 mg sodium.
Original recipe by Brain Leatart for USA Weekend.
Jill Blanchette works at night at The Day. Share comments or recipes with her at email@example.com.
Everything's better with a sweet and spicy meatball.
I have a secret girl-crush on The Pioneer Woman, Ree Drummond, who writes a blog and has a Food Network TV show...
I had one serving for my dinner then, a day or so later, my husband sent me a text at work that included a photo of the empty dish.
Here's one thing I know for sure. Spaghetti squash tastes nothing like spaghetti.
Generally, I'm not crazy about food gimmicks. I'm suspicious of miraculous shortcuts involving cake mixes, coffee cans or cooking breakfast under the hood of your...
We're preparing to begin a remodeling project at home and I have been forced to contend with my various piles, stacks and shelves of cookbooks and cooking magazines.
When you need something special to bring to a potluck or serve with a salad to your favorite group of ladies who lunch, look no further than Broccoli Cheese Strudel.
Sometimes an old recipe pops into my head, one that once was in heavy rotation but that I haven't cooked lately.
When it comes to a gardener's pride of harvest, size matters.
My husband and I eat a lot of roasted vegetables. They're so easy to prepare and so versatile. They can take on different personalities depending on which combination you choose and how you serve them when they're done.
The party's over. The holidays are behind us and the New Year has begun.
Court orders Lyme property owner to pay $650,000 for violations
Groton will need magnet programs to solve racial imbalance, consultant says
Mystic market owner says Coogan Farm parking is what worries him
Griswold man drags undercover trooper with car in attempt to avoid arrest
EB planning today for tomorrow's growth in Connecticut, Rhode Island
Six early dismissal days proposed for Groton schools to give teachers more training time
Students question administration's response to professor's Facebook post
Groton will need magnet programs to solve racial imbalance, consultant says


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Because Nintendo would rather make 6 million New Super Mario Bros. games than actually bring back old franchises that haven't been driven into the ground. I would love another proper Metroid game (2d or 3d would be fine) or a new Star Fox game.
They've only made four New Super Mario games in the span of eight years. I don't see how they're really driving the franchise into the ground, comparatively speaking.


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It's all about Milos Raonic this week
Originally Published: July 23, 2012By Kamakshi Tandon | Special to ESPN.com
TORONTO -- The past two years have brought plenty of new, dizzying experiences for Milos Raonic, and this week is set to be another. So far in his young career, he has won titles, played Grand Slam night matches and faced legends. But never, until now, has he been the center of attention at a tournament like this.
With Roger Federer and Rafael Nadal missing, the Rogers Cup in Toronto is banking on the presence of Raonic, an area native from Thornhill, Ontario. He's the subject of posters ...
Read full story
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RANGE COMPOSITION The range of Zanussi Professional baskets consists of 24 different models and has been designed to solve the diverse problems involved in the efficient washing of tableware. The internationally accepted dimensions of 500 x 500 mm and the symmetrical shapes of the baskets make them easy to handle and load from any side. The range of cutlery baskets consists of 2 models, 1 with a close mesh for utensils laid loose on the base (Model CEP 100) and 1 with 16 cutlery holders (Model CEP 240) and a set of 4 cutlery holders, 15 cutlery items per holder (Model CEP 460). CEP 240 BASKETS UTENSILS AND CUTLERY CONTAINERS ZANUSSI PROF E SSIONA L FUNCTIONAL AND CONSTRUCTION FEATURES � Double wall construction in polypropylene for increased strength and flexibility � The construction material is water repellent to help deflection of the water during washing � Extremely resistant to both detergents and high temperatures � It is possible to stack the baskets in order to maximise the management of storage space � Smooth surfaces and rounded corners prevent build up of dirt and ensure perfect hygiene � The clip together modules and easy-to-fit internal structures mean that the baskets can be quickly prepared for different uses TECHNICAL DATA CHARACTERISTICS CEP100 867009 External dimensions - mm width depth height Capacity Max. tableware size - mm Height INCLUDED ACCESSORIES KIT 4 PLASTIC BOXES FOR CUTLERY-YELLOW 500 500 105 100 MODELS CEP240 867010 500 500 155 240 170 4 CEP460 865574 220 220 150 60 170 ZANUSSI PROF E SSIONA L www.zanussiprofessional.com EF006 2009-06-19 The Company reserves the right to alter technical specifications without prior notice.
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Helsingin yliopisto
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Influenza A virus-host interactions and their control by viral non-structural protein NS1
Anastasina, Maria
Helsingin yliopisto
Viruses infect all domains of life. They establish complex interactions with their host cells to subvert and hijack multiple cellular processes and warrant their own replication. Understanding virus-host interactions is critical to control spread of pathogenic viruses, develop vaccines and search for antivirals. Besides that, understanding virus-host interactions allows deciphering complex cellular processes and provides useful tools for biotechnology. My research is dedicated to influenza A virus, an important pathogen that infects humans worldwide, represents a constant health care threat and elicits continuous efforts to control the human spread of the disease. Influenza A expresses a non-structural protein NS1 that is a key regulator of viral interactions with the host cell and an important virulence factor. Versatile functions of NS1 modulate multiple cellular functions to secure viral replication. This work addresses several aspects of NS1-mediated modulation of core cellular processes. We discovered that NS1 binds to dsDNA and inhibits transcription of cellular genes, thus limiting antiviral responses. We found that NS1 secures general protein synthesis and mapped several residues within NS1 that are essential for this function. Further, we showed that the length of C-terminal ``tail'' of NS1 is essential for control of cellular antiviral responses and virus pathogenicity. The presented results increase the understanding of influenza A virus-host interactions and can be further utilized in the search for antivirals and vaccine development. In addition, this work provides a biotechnological application of influenza A NS1 protein for improvement of cell-free translation system.
The fate and effects of lead (Pb) at active and abandoned shooting ranges in a boreal forest ecosystem
Selonen, Salla
Helsingin yliopisto
Despite the known toxicity of lead (Pb) and the ban on waterfowl hunting, Pb pellets are still used at shotgun shooting ranges around the world. After firing a shotgun, pellets spread across wide areas, ending up in nearby ecosystems, which typically are forests in Finland. Still, little is known about the effects of Pb in these ecosystems and hardly anything about changes in ecosystem structure and function after range abandonment. Thus, ecosystem-level research was conducted in a shotgun shooting range area to evaluate the fate and effects of Pb in a boreal forest ecosystem and the possible recovery of the system after range abandonment. Bioaccumulation, the leaching and vertical distribution of Pb in the soil, soil nutrients and their leaching as well as structure and activity of decomposer community were studied at two contaminated sites (active [NC] and abandoned [OC] shooting ranges) and a control site, each locating in the same pine forest stand. Furthermore, tree growth, nutritional status and litter production were measured. Total Pb pellet burdens at the contaminated sites were similar, reaching up to 4 kg m-2, and shooting activity had lasted for 20 years at both sites, but occurred 20 years earlier at OC. Total Pb concentrations at the shooting ranges were extremely high, and Pb accumulated in the biota. The vertical distribution of Pb in the organic soil horizon differed between the shooting range sites, with total Pb concentrations at NC being higher in the upper F layer than in the lower H layer, but vice versa at OC. Soil fungi and all studied faunal groups (enchytraeid worms, microarthropods and nematodes) except protozoans were affected negatively by Pb. Lead decreased phosphate (PO43-) and increased nitrate (NO3-) concentrations. pH was also increased by Pb, which can further affect the biota directly or indirectly by changing Pb availability and toxicity. In the entire organic soil horizon, the negative effects of Pb were less pronounced at OC than at NC. In addition, pine needle litter decomposed faster at OC than at NC, and tree (Pinus sylvestris) radial growth was suppressed at NC after shooting activity started and increased at OC after shooting activity ceased. However, in the H layer the effects were stronger at OC, enchytraeid worms being completely absent. Furthermore, leaching of Pb through the organic soil horizon was twice as high at OC as at NC. A decrease in total Pb concentrations and toxicity in the topmost soil layer and enhanced litter decomposition rate at the abandoned shooting range indicate an on-going recovery process. In boreal forest soils that are characterized by low decomposition rates and little soil mixing due to the scarcity of earthworms, a less contaminated soil layer is gradually formed when shooting activities cease. This topmost soil layer can provide habitat for the decomposer biota and promote the recovery of soil functions. However, at the same time the dissolution of Pb from pellets deeper in the soil increases toxicity of the humus and the leaching of Pb, increasing risks to the ecosystem and groundwater quality. These findings suggest that communities and functions in Pb-contaminated boreal forest ecosystems depend on contamination history. However, despite Pb-induced changes in the decomposer communities, only slight changes in ecosystem processes were detected. This indicates high resistance of boreal forest ecosystems to this type of stress.
Effects of urbanization on seasonal runoff generation and pollutant transport under cold climate
Valtanen, Marjo
Helsingin yliopisto
Urbanization is causing a substantial increase in impervious surfaces and thereby alterations in the hydrological cycle, e.g. by increasing runoff volumes and intensities that can lead to urban flooding. Furthermore, urban runoff is considered as one of the most important surface water pollutant sources. The characteristics of urban runoff are known to vary greatly between land use types and climates. However, in cold climates, only a few studies have tackled urban runoff phenomena and these studies rarely include catchment-based and long-term monitoring on both runoff quantity and quality. Yet, to develop successful urban runoff management practices, knowledge on runoff characteristics from various urban sites that are monitored for several pollutants throughout the year is required. The aim of this thesis was to fill gaps in our knowledge on the effects of urbanization on runoff characteristics and to study the mechanisms affecting runoff generation and pollutant transport during vastly divergent seasons in cold climates. This research was conducted in the city of Lahti, southern Finland, and comprised three urban catchments of varying imperviousness: High catchment (city centre, total impervious area [TIA], 89%), Intermediate catchment (city centre, 62%) and Low catchment (residential, 19%). At each catchment, continuous measurements on runoff flow rate and precipitation were carried out for a period of two years. In addition, runoff samples were taken to determine concentrations for total nitrogen (tot-N), total phosphorus (tot-P), total suspended solids (TSS), total and dissolved heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Mn, Al, Co, Ni, Pb) and total organic carbon (TOC). I showed that in cold climates, annual runoff volumes, most pollutant loads and some of the pollutant concentrations increased with increasing imperviousness. Furthermore, urbanization altered runoff generation (volume, intensity, duration, number of events) more strongly during the warm than the cold period. However, when the summer was dry and the winter wet, the effects of urbanization on annual runoff volumes diminished most likely due to snow removal. The spring snowmelt period began earlier and occurred as several events at the city centres in comparison to the low-development catchment. In contrast with patterns observed during warm periods, cumulative runoff volumes during cold periods decreased with increasing urbanization when TIA reached about 60%. Nevertheless, urbanization increased both warm and cold period loads for most pollutants. However, the mechanisms controlling runoff event quality were distinct between seasons: during cold periods event loads and concentrations were mainly increased by long event durations, yet, during warm periods the peak intensity of runoff was the main increasing factor whereas concentrations tended to decrease as event durations increased. Because of snow removal in the High catchment with TIA of 89%, snowmelt volumes during spring were not affected by the amount of precipitation. In addition, at the High catchment, warm periods contributed more to annual volumes than cold periods, contrary to the pattern observed at the Low catchment. Irrespective of land use, the largest seasonal pollutant loads and concentrations for several pollutants occurred during spring. However, the importance of the warm season in annual pollutant load generation increased with increasing urbanization. This study provides updated data on pollutant unit loads, especially for city centres and for heavy metals. This thesis - applying a catchment-based approach - also showed, for the first time how the seasonality of runoff volumes and loads change at highly impervious city centres.
Implications of bacterial viruses on pathogenic bacteria: from natural microbial communities to therapeutic applications
Örmälä-Odegrip, Anni-Maria
Helsingin yliopisto
Bacterial viruses (i.e. phages) are ubiquitous intracellular parasites of bacteria, that along with protist grazers account for majority of bacterial mortality in nature. Phages impose strong selection for bacterial phage-resistance, which is often coupled with fitness costs on bacterial traits such as growth ability, virulence or motility. Traditionally phage-host interactions have been studied with two species systems in the laboratory, neglecting the complex web of interactions present in natural communities. The ability of phages to selectively kill bacteria has ignited an interest on phages as alternative antibacterials. However, in order to develop phage therapy, understanding of phage-host interactions in the eco-evolutionary context is essential. In this thesis I studied the implications of lytic phages on opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, as opportunists often have the ability reproduce and reside in outside-host environments, where they are predisposed to a variety of selection pressures. The role of phages in top-down control of bacterial biomass and the evolution of bacterial phage-resistance were studied in the presence of protist predators with differing feeding modes, in low-resource systems mimicking natural pond environment. Hypothesis of coincidental evolution suggests that virulence is a by-product of selection for traits that maximize bacterial fitness in environmental reservoirs. Yet, disease outbreaks by opportunists are relatively rare, suggesting that something constrains the selection for virulence. To assess the role of lytic phages on the evolution of virulence, bacteria were cultured in low-resource environment, accompanied with changes in temperature regime or changes in composition of the community of interacting bacterial enemy species, and the virulence of bacteria was measured in vivo. To study whether the potential phage-resistant bacteria surviving phage therapy would be coupled with lowered virulence, due to costs associated with phage-resistance, a clinical bacterial isolate was exposed to phage cocktails and the virulence of the phage-resistant bacteria was measured in vivo. given the strong selection for phage- resistance, the prospects of phage therapy depend a great deal on whether new phages infecting pathogenic bacteria can be readily isolated from environment. To address this, an attempt was made to isolate phages against clinical bacterial isolates harboring resistance genes to multiple antibiotics. A single lytic phage was shown to be a non- efficient top-down regulator of bacterial biomass. Rapidly emerging phage-resistant bacteria took over the bacterial populations after initial lysis by phages and protist grazers accounted for most of the long-term negative trophic effects on bacterial biomass. The presence of protist predators selected for bacteria that were less susceptible to infection by lytic phages, which suggests an overlap in the bacterial defense against a parasite and predatory protists. In general, the presence of lytic phages selected for lowered virulence in bacteria. High temperature selected for more virulent and more motile bacteria, but this was constrained by the presence of a lytic phage. In the multispecies communities the presence of all bacterial enemies led to decreased virulence in vivo. Altogether, these results contrast the hypothesis of coincidental evolution, and suggest that the presence of phages in natural reservoirs constrains the evolution of virulence, most likely through fitness costs associated with phage-resistance. Exposure to phage cocktails was also shown to be associated with decreased bacterial virulence in the phage-resistant bacteria. However, exposure to some individual phages resulted in more virulent bacteria, suggesting that the outcome of therapy could depend on the identity of the phage cocktail. Finally, a phage cocktail lysing a wide range of clinical strains was isolated from sewage. This, along with geographical patterns of phage infections suggest that new phages are available in environmental reservoirs for therapy, and the emergence of phage-resistance should not hinder the prospects of phage therapy in the global perspective.
Plant biomarkers as a proxy to study highly decomposed fen peat
Ronkainen, Tiina
Helsingin yliopisto
Northern peatlands form a large storage of terrestrial carbon and at the same time they provide an important palaeoecological archive to study past climate changes and associated carbon dynamics. One of the most widely used methods to study peatland histories is the plant macrofossil method. However, peat material of the early succession stages, the fens, is often highly decomposed hampering the identification of the fossil plant remains. Thus, current methods may give only a partial view on the past vegetation, and as a result the accuracy of carbon balance estimations and climate implications may remain low. A new promising method to study past plant assemblages from peat is the geochemical plant biomarker method, which has performed well in less decomposed bog peat environments. In my study I assess the applicability of the geochemical plant biomarker method to study past plant assemblages from highly decomposed fen peat. For the first time I apply a living fen plant biomarker training set to study past fen phases. To do this, I collected and analysed two sets of living key fen plants. The training sets included boreal fen, arctic fen and permafrost peat plateau plants. The biomarker analyses on fossil peat were applied in parallel with macrofossil analyses to two boreal and one arctic permafrost peat section, all known to contain highly decomposed peat. The analyses of living plants showed that the biomarker compositions did not differ between the same species collected from different bioclimatic zones, suggesting that, at least to some extent, plant biomarkers can be used universally beyond the geographical areas where the training set was collected. The plant biomarker analyses indicate that the n-alkanes, and their ratios, are the most useful compounds to separate fen plant groups: Sphagnum mosses and vascular plants. Results showed also that biomarker composition of fen plants did not differ substantially from their bog counterparts. However, results indicated that when a wider combination of plants, plant parts and peatland habitats are incorporated into the training set the data interpretation becomes more challenging. For example, the biomarker composition of Sphagnum mosses and sedge roots resembled each other despite their differences in biology. Thus, a larger set of proxies is advisable when plant groups need to be separated more accurately. In the peat sections studied here, the biomarker method performed well in less humified bog peat layers but less well in the highly decomposed fen peat layers. The macrofossil method proved to be most competitive proxy to reconstruct past vegetation assemblages and local environmental conditions through-out the peat sections. However, when macrofossil and biomarker data were interpreted in parallel, it became clear that biomarkers were also able to reflect the major changes in dominating plant groups and in moisture conditions. Accordingly, the analysis separated the most important bog microhabitats and the major regime shifts from fen to bog. I conclude, however, that in fen environments the interpretation of biomarker data can be rather challenging. As a result, it appears that the biomarker method, as applied here, performs the best as a complimentary proxy when used in conjunction with macrofossils, and that the data should be interpreted cautiously.
Genetic profiling of the interactions between soft rot Pectobacterium species and plants
Broberg, Martin
Helsingin yliopisto
The interactions between phytopathogenic bacteria and their host plants can be characterized as an intricate web of signals and appropriate responses. Phytopathogenic soft rot bacteria occur globally, causing disease in Solanum tuberosum (potato) and other tubular staple foods in both the field and storage. One widely studied soft rot bacterium is Pectobacterium wasabiae, which has been identified in Eutrema wasabi (wasabi) plants in Japan and in potatoes in Finland. Generally, the interactions between this type of bacterium and host plants are characterized by maceration of plant tissue, due to the actions of secreted plant cell wall degrading enzymes (PCWDE), and the induction of phytohormone dependent defenses in the plants. The maceration of plant tissue involves the release of pectic oligogalacturonides (OGs) from plant cell walls. OGs have been identified as important signaling compounds, inducing the expression of a variety of defense-related genes. As the bacterial infection advances, the bacteria coordinate the production of virulence factors by utilizing regulatory proteins that modulate the transcriptome. Transcriptomic analyses have been used extensively in past studies to identify regulatory networks and signaling pathways, and these studies have provided insights into the processes underlying plant-pathogen interactions. The novel scientific results of this dissertation are derived from a combination of transcriptomic, genomic, genetic, and phenotypic analyses. This study analyzed various aspects of plant-pathogen interactions. The central bacterial model used was P. wasabiae, and the model plant of interest was Arabidopsis thaliana. This study characterized the genome of P. wasabiae via sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. Various virulence associated genes and operons, such as two distinct type 6 secretion systems, were identified and annotated. The bacterium was found to in fact be more related to P. wasabiae than Pectobacterium carotovorum, which the strain originally had been named after. Furthermore, a combination of functional genetics and transcriptomic methods, such as reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and microarrays, were used to determine the regulons controlled by the proteins ExpA and RsmA in P. wasabiae. These two proteins have been identified as important for the virulence of several γ-proteobacterial pathogens. This study analyzed the regulons via the use of three mutants: expA, rsmA, and an expA rsmA double mutant (DM). Overlapping and independently regulated targets were identified between ExpA and RsmA. Phenotypic assays for motility, growth, PCWDE activity, and virulence confirmed the transcriptomic data for the mutant strains. Novel findings included reduction of swimming motility in agar medium for P. wasabiae expA and rsmA mutants. In addition, the DM exhibited enhanced virulence and fitness in planta compared to either single mutant. Via analysis of transcriptomic data, a subset of genes was identified as affected in expression by an expA mutation independently of the presence of rsmA. The relatively unexplored role of short OGs (with a degree of polymerization (DP) less than 10) in damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling in A. thaliana was characterized in this study. Comparative gene expression profiling based on RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR was performed on RNA harvested from plants treated with short OGs or with a mock suspension. Phenotypic assays confirmed the gene expression data. In a meta-data analysis, the resulting RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR data were compared with gene expression data from previous studies, in which long OGs (DP more than 10) were used to treat plants. This work demonstrated that short and long OGs induce genes and genesets associated with pathogen defense and phytohormone signaling, whereas reducing plant growth and development. The transcriptomic data of this study suggests that plant treatment with a mixture of short or long OGs yields a more pronounced and varied modulation of global gene expression, compared to treatment with only trimeric OGs. The regulation of the virulence of P. wasabiae, and the DAMP signaling triggered by plant cell wall damage in A. thaliana, are elements of the interactions between the plant and pathogen. The studies presented in this dissertation provide novel information about these two biological processes and highlights their connection.
Biological effects of contaminants in mussels (Mytilus trossulus) transplanted in northern Baltic Sea coastal areas
Turja, Raisa
Helsingin yliopisto
Biomarkers measured in organisms are sensitive molecular, cellular or individual level biological effects, which can be applied as early-warning signals of environmental contamination before damage occurs at population, community or ecosystem levels. In this thesis, a suite of biomarkers and tissue concentrations of chemicals were measured in mussels (Mytilus trossulus) as indicators of environmental pollution. The mussels were transplanted in specially made cages in coastal areas of the northern Baltic Sea influenced by different types of contamination and environmental factors. The aims of the research were to apply the biomarker approach to (1) assess the impact of contaminants on the health status of mussels, (2) investigate the effects of seasonal variability in biotic and abiotic factors, and low salinity, and (3) validate the usefulness of the mussel caging method for biomonitoring of chemical contamination in the northern Baltic Sea. The results showed marked biomarker responses coinciding with higher concentrations of contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organotins and trace metals, in mussels caged at the most contaminated study sites. At the contaminated sites, for example the enzymatic biomark¬ers of the antioxidant defense system indicated higher stress level, which was closely linked to elevated level of DNA-damage, increased biotransformation activity and decreased general health status of the cells. Biomarker responses and tissue contaminant concentrations were also related to the seasonal variability in growth and especially in soft tissue weight of the mussels. In the northern Baltic Sea the mussels almost fully deplete their energy stores during the winter; in the spring mussels efficiently feed on the fresh phytoplankton, which forms the main source of energy for their reproduction, energy metabolism and growth. Natural environmental factors caused less variation in the biomarker responses in the late summer and autumn suggesting that this time period is the most suitable for studying contaminant induced effects in mussels. More pronounced effects were observed in mussels exposed jointly to low salinity and chemical contamination, indicating that increased environmental stress reduces the tolerance of mussels towards anthropogenic pressures. This work showed that the mussel caging approach is an efficient biomonitoring method to assess biological effects and tissue accumulation of complex mixtures of contaminants as long as the effects of seasonal variability and low salinity are taken into account.
Composition and structure of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain in relation to end uses
Holopainen-Mantila, Ulla
Helsingin yliopisto
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is a globally important grain crop. The composition and structure of barley grain is under genotypic and environmental control during grain development, when storage compounds (mainly starch and protein), are accumulated. Grain structure plays a significant role in malting and feed- and food-processing quality of barley. Hordeins, the major storage proteins in barley grains, are centrally located in the endosperm forming a matrix surrounding starch granules, but their role in the structural properties of barley grain is not completely understood. Thus, the main aim of the current study was to demonstrate the role of hordeins in barley grain structure. The dependence of the grain structure on the growth environment, in particular with respect to day-length and sulphur application relevant to northern growing conditions, was studied. The effects of the grain structure on end use properties in milling as well as in hydration and modification during malting were characterized. The longer photoperiod typical to latitudes in Southern Finland resulted in a C hordein fraction, entrapped by aggregated B and D hordeins, being more deeply located in the endosperm of barley cultivar Barke. Thus the impact of the growing environment on hordein deposition during grain filling was observed both at the tissue and subcellular level. However, the mechanism behind the differential accumulation of C hordein remains unclear. The deeper localization of entrapped C hordein was linked to improved hydration of grains during malting in three barley cultivars. Thus, the role of the subaleurone region in barley grain was found to be significant with respect to end use quality. Moreover, the results suggest that the growing environment affects the end-use properties of barley and that especially the northern growing conditions have a positive impact on barley processing quality. The influence of sulphur application on hordein composition in the Northern European growing conditions was demonstrated for the first time. Asparagine and C hordein served as nitrogen storage pools when the S application rate was lower than 20 mg S / kg soil, whereas total hordein and B hordein contents increased with higher S application rates. The current study also showed that even when sulphur is sufficiently available in field conditions, the hordein composition may react to sulphur application. The observed sulphur responses were in accordance with those reported earlier for hordein composition. This indicates that the more intensive growth rhythm induced in northern growing conditions does not alter greatly the effect of sulphur on grain composition. The current study confirmed that the main grain components: starch, protein and β-glucan, influence grain processing properties including milling, hydration and endosperm modification. However, their influence on endosperm texture (hardness or steeliness), which also affects the performance of barley grains in these processes, cannot be directly derived or estimated on the basis of the grain composition. The results obtained suggest that hordeins should also be taken into account in the evaluation of the processing behaviour of barley grains.
Diamond-like carbon binding peptides evolutionary selection, characterization, and engineering
Gabryelczyk, Bartosz
Helsingin yliopisto
The possibility of controlling interactions at interfaces and surfaces of solid materials is highly interesting for a wide range of materials-related nanotechnological applications, for example, colloidal systems, adhesives, biosensors, biomimetic composite and biomedical materials. In Nature, many proteins and peptides possess the ability to recognize, specifically bind, and modify the surfaces of solid materials through sophisticated mechanism of molecular recognition. These properties have been developed during evolution via successive cycles of random mutations and selection. The natural evolution processes can be mimicked in the laboratory scale with the use of a directed evolution approach, for instance, based on the selection of short material-specific peptides from the combinatorial libraries displayed on the surface of bacteriophages or bacterial cells. Selected from billions of different variants, material-specific peptides can be studied by experimental and computational methods to define their sequence, structure, and binding properties. Subsequently, they can be engineered in order to improve their binding affinity and tailor their function for practical applications. The studies presented in this thesis show how phage display was used to identify peptides binding to diamond-like carbon (DLC). DLC is an amorphous form of carbon, with chemical and physical properties resembling natural diamond. It is used as a coating material in many industrial and biomedical applications. Peptides binding to DLC were selected form a combinatorial phage display library. Their binding and molecular basis of the function were investigated in different molecular contexts (when displayed on the phage surface, forming fusion proteins, or present in free soluble form), using multiple independent methods. It was also demonstrated that the peptides can be used in nanotechnological applications, i.e., as a self-assembling coating on the DLC surface, and for controlling properties of a colloidal form of DLC. Besides finding and characterizing peptides binding to DLC, the thesis also highlights different challenges of the directed evolution techniques, for example, selection of target unrelated peptides during biopanning, and the necessity of multiple independent ways of analyzing the functionality of selected peptides.
Embracing uncertainty in fisheries stock assessment using Bayesian hierarchical models
Pulkkinen, Henni
Helsingin yliopisto
Overfishing and environmental changes impose high risks on the wellbeing of the world's fish stocks. It is commonly acknowledged that fisheries management should be risk averse, following the principles of the precautionary approach, but unfortunately the statistical stock assessment methods often lack the ability to estimate the uncertainties related to their results. Further challenges arise from the fact that stocks which are in the most desperate need of a stock assessment are often data poor and resources to gather new data from them are scarce. Bayesian statistical inference can be utilized to conduct stock assessments cost-efficiently since these methods provide a formal way to combine information from various sources including databases, literature and expert knowledge. Bayesian inference is essentially a learning process where existing information is combined into a prior distribution, which is further updated with the most recent data. The result, a posterior distribution, expresses the best available knowledge about the phenomenon, including the related uncertainty. Furthermore, Bayesian hierarchical models enable learning between similar units, for example, stocks of the same or related species. This thesis consists of four studies that use Bayesian hierarchical models to improve knowledge in the fisheries stock assessment. Correlations between biological parameters, arising from different life history strategies among species, are utilized in paper [I] so that a data rich set of length-weight parameters can reduce the uncertainty of length-fecundity parameters for a data poor species. In paper [II], similarities between stocks of Atlantic salmon are used to estimate the stock specific key parameters of eggs-to-smolts relationship. A predictive distribution of this key parameter is also estimated, and could be used as an informative prior in a subsequent study of another Atlantic salmon stock. In addition, a hierarchical model is built to study structural uncertainty, estimating posterior probabilities of competing functional forms that describe the eggs-to-smolts survival at different juvenile densities. The Bayesian approach makes it possible to conduct analyses sequentially, as in the case of Baltic salmon stock assessment reviewed in paper [III]. Sequential analysis is useful if a stock assessment is complex and computational power does not enable analysis of all observation models at the same time. Thus, the Bayesian methods permit the creation of complex model frameworks, where incentives for structural choices arise rather from the biological process, than from the requirements or limitations of the datasets. The analysis of acoustic survey information to estimate herring resources at Bothnian Sea (paper [IV]) is another example of a computationally intensive model that has been built on the basis of available background information. This includes on one hand, the technical knowledge about the survey, and on the other hand, the biological knowledge about the spatial distribution of the fish.
Precautionary management of Baltic Sea cod (Gadus morhua callaris) under different harvesting and environmental scenarios.
Isomaa, Marleena
Helsingin yliopisto
The purpose of this thesis was to increase knowledge of heavily harvested cod stock dynamics and attain information for more suitable and sustainable management strategies. Achieving sustainable management strategies requires sufficient knowledge about the population dynamics. One tool for research this is to introduce stochastic variation models in investigated species stock dynamics. As a model species we use eastern Baltic Sea cod (Gadus morhua callarias), where the population dynamics are strongly influenced by environmental factors and fishing. We consider the stock dynamics and recovery potential under three different harvest strategies (proportional, threshold) and environmental noise scenarios. We developed age-structured discrete-time population models that include interactions with the environmental factors, e.g. salinity, fishing and natural mortality. Our results show that under current environmental conditions and threshold harvest methods cod fishing is at a sustainable level. Precautionary management ensures the best economical incomes and sustainable stocks in the long run, despite environmental fluctuations or moratoria. Results also reveal how the unpredictability of stock size, catch, and recovery increase with increasing environmental autocorrelation. Initial age structure has a strong impact on population recovery capacity in the short run, especially in over-harvested populations and under strongly fluctuating environmental conditions. Protection of younger age groups will substantially increase the recovery potential and will increase the maximum sustainable yield considerably. As a whole, precautionary harvesting strategies will increase the stock resilience against adverse environmental conditions and harvesting, guaranteeing sustainable yields in the future.
Molecular regulation of embryonic mammary gland development
Voutilainen, Maria
Helsingin yliopisto
Mammary gland development begins during embryogenesis with the formation of species-typical number of mammary placodes that emerge along the flanks of the embryo at conserved positions. By birth, the mammary primordium has undergone branching morphogenesis and displays a small ductal tree with several branches. The organ development and growth continues throughout postnatal life and the mammary gland matures to functional form only during pregnancy and following lactation. Ectodysplasin (Eda), a member of the tumour necrosis factor family, is one of the key regulators of epithelial appendage development in all vertebrates. In humans, mutations in the Eda gene, or in other components of the signalling pathway, cause hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED), a disorder characterized by sparse hair, missing teeth, and defects in several exocrine glands including the breast. Previous studies have shown that transgenic overexpression of Eda (K14-Eda mice) in the developing ectoderm leads to formation of ectopic mammary placodes, which give rise to supernumerary glands in the adult mice. Otherwise, effects of Eda signalling in the mammary gland have been fairly unknown. Here I have analysed the role of Eda in prepubertal mammary gland development. Characterization of the mammary glands of Eda gain- (K14-Eda) and loss-of-function (Eda−/−) mice revealed that the branching morphogenesis of the organs correlated with Eda levels. Overexpression of Eda induced precocious and accelerated branching whereas lack of Eda reduced number of ductal tips. Furthermore, Eda induced supernumerary mammary placode formation not only on the flank but also in the neck region. Analysis of the mouse line with suppressed NF-kappaB signaling (IκBαΔN mice) revealed that the transcription factor is a major mediator of Eda in the mammary gland. NF-kappaB activity was shown to be necessary for the ability of Eda to induce supernumerary mammary primordia and to accelerate branching morphogenesis. With a candidate gene approach and genome wide-profiling several potent Eda target genes were identified in the mammary gland. Among them were members of the Wnt/beta-cat pathway. The obtained results suggest that Eda promotes mammary cell fate by enhancing canonical Wnt pathway activity and other effects of Eda are cooperatively mediated by certain Wnt family members in addition to other factors. To study mammary placode formation and branching morphogenesis and to assess roles of individual downstream factors or pathways, ex vivo culture systems were developed and utilized in this thesis work.
Swimming through troubled waters : Eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and parasites of the threespine stickleback
Budria, Alexandre
Helsingin yliopisto
Recent research has strongly linked disease emergence and resurgence with human-induced environmental change. Habitat alteration, biodiversity loss, pollution, climate change and introduced species are nowadays considered potential threats to human and wildlife health. However, the impacts of these changes are not always so clear. Recent findings indicate that anthropogenic disturbances may favour the transmission of some parasites, but can also be disadvantageous to others. The aim of this thesis is to determine how human-induced environmental change affects host-parasite interactions by using anthropogenic eutrophication of the habitat of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and its macroparasites as a model system. The different parts of the thesis focus on the influence of anthropogenic disturbances on epidemics, and on the ecological mechanisms underlying the observed patterns. After reviewing current knowledge about the influence of human-induced environmental change on host-parasites interactions, I focus on epidemiological patterns in fish populations inhabiting eutrophied waters, which vary in the extent of eutrophication. By analysing the data in respect to the degree of environmental disturbance and the knowledge about the biology of the parasites and their hosts, I develop hypotheses regarding the different mechanisms explaining the observed patterns. To test these hypotheses, I perform statistical modelling and experimental work focusing on the two most prevalent endoparasites in the studied stickleback populations, i.e. the eye fluke Diplostomum spp. and the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. The different approaches used in my thesis reflect the complexity of host-parasite systems and the need to mix theory, monitoring and experimental work to estimate the impact of human-induced environmental change on host-parasite interactions. Finally I point out areas that are in need of further investigation in order to elucidate the consequences of human activities for ecosystems and to build a predictive framework for how global change can affect parasitic diseases.
Systematizing morphology: a total evidence approach to ditrysian phylogenetics (Lepidoptera)
Heikkilä, Maria
Helsingin yliopisto
Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) are one of the most diverse and species-rich groups of organisms. Currently, the number of described species is close to 160.000, but it is estimated that the true number of species could be as high as half a million. Nearly 99% of all Lepidoptera belong to the more advanced subclade Ditrysia. The focus of this thesis is the evolutionary history of the enormous ditrysian clade. The relatedness between the 30 ditrysian superfamilies has been a mystery that has only recently begun to unfold. The aim of the thesis is to find new information on the evolutionary relationships between these superfamilies, and within two of the largest of them, Gelechioidea and Papilionoidea, both with over 18.000 described species. Evidence on the evolutionary relationships is sought from both morphological and genetic data. The morphological datasets are based on characters coded from larval, pupal and adult stages, and are thus far the largest in terms of the number of coded characters and of the number of exemplar species. In the analyses of chapters II-IV, morphological data are combined to molecular data from eight gene regions sequenced from corresponding species or genera. Morphological characters supporting phylogenetic affinities are discussed in detail. Characters described in the articles of this thesis can be used in the identification of extant and fossil taxa, and in future studies focusing on the evolution of specific morphological traits. Chapter I elucidates the evolutionary affinities of the mysterious family Lypusidae, the phylogenetic position of which has not been known. It is demonstrated that this family belongs within the megadiverse superfamily Gelechioidea. Chapter II focuses on the phylogenetic relationships between the families of the superfamily Papilionoidea (Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Riodinidae, Hesperiidae and Hedylidae). The results show that the traditional concept of butterflies, i.e. including only the first five above-mentioned families is paraphyletic. Hesperiidae and Hedylidae are sister-groups and are internested within the rest of the butterflies. A divergence time analysis indicates that this superfamily originated in the Cretaceous and diversified in the Tertiary. Chapter III explores the evolutionary relationships within one of the largest but least studied groups of Lepidoptera, Gelechioidea. Based on the results, a new classification into 16 families is proposed. The aim of chapter IV is to find morphological evidence on the relationships between the ditrysian superfamilies. Several morphological characters claimed to define subgroups of Ditrysia are tested. New characters supporting evolutionary affinities of clades are described and discussed. By combining morphological and sequence data, some taxa that have been unstable in analyses based on either type of data only, find a stable position, e.g. Epipyropiidae and Cyclotornidae, Urodidoidea + Schreckensteinioidea.
Activation of innate immune response in human macrophages by Herpes simplex virus-1 and crystallized monosodium urate
Miettinen, Juho
Helsingin yliopisto
Innate immunity provides the first line of defence against invading pathogens, and can also be activated by endogenous danger signals released upon tissue damage or injury. Macrophages play an important role in innate immunity. They perform the immune surveillance of their immediate surroundings seeking out tissue damage and/or invading pathogens via pattern recognition receptors. Macrophages are activated upon detection of an invading pathogen or tissue damage, leading to the expression, and secretion of the proteins required for an efficient innate immune response. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is a common human pathogen. It is a master of evading the host immune response leading to its ability to cause a life-long infection in its host. In most cases, HSV-1 does not cause any symptoms in the host, or causes nothing more than an occasional painful blister in the orofacial region. However, in certain cases when the host immune system is compromised, it can cause severe, even lethal, infections. Uric acid can act as an endogenous danger signal that cells can produce and release into the extracellular space after encountering a stress, including that caused by certain viral infections. A high amount of uric acid in cells can also be attributed to certain dietary habits. In the extracellular space if present at high enough concentrations and in the presence of sodium, uric acid can become crystallized into monosodium urate (MSU). MSU is the causative of gouty inflammation in the joints and is known to be phagocytosed by macrophages. In this work, human monocyte-derived macrophages infected with HSV-1, or stimulated with MSU were studied using several proteomic methods combined with functional assays. The main goals were: to characterize the protein secretion pathways and the proteins being secreted from macrophages upon (1) HSV-1 infection, and (2) MSU stimulation; and (3) to characterize the functional mechanisms of HSV-1 infected cell protein 27 (ICP27) in the inhibition of the interferon (IFN) response and also inhibition of apoptosis during HSV-1 infection. The results revealed that robust extracellular vesicle-mediated unconventional protein secretion is induced by IFN-beta priming in HSV-1-infected, and by MSU stimulation in Toll-like receptor 4 ligand, bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide-primed human macrophages. The secreted proteins included endogenous danger signal proteins, and interferon-stimulated gene-encoded proteins. In addition, HSV-1 ICP27 protein requires both the nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and nuclear export sequence (NES) in order to inhibit the IFN response, whereas the NES, but not NLS, is required for the inhibition of apoptosis. The results also demonstrate that pattern recognition receptors RIG-I and/or MDA5 are involved in the HSV-1-induced activation of apoptosis. To conclude, this thesis provides new information on the innate immune response induced by HSV-1 infection, and MSU stimulation, and also on the evasion mechanisms deployed by HSV-1 to avoid the innate immune response in human macrophages. These new results presented in this thesis may be exploited in several ways; in the development of new therapies against viral infections, and in the treatment of autoinflammatory diseases.


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