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What do you do with your spent Orchids?
Real (and silk) Orchids are a hot commodity these days in decorating. I love them, and I jumped on the Orchid bandwagon too, but I buy real Orchids. They're so easy to grow.
A friend of mine has a flower shop and he told me most people throw away the Orchids when they're finished blooming because they're so cheap to buy. Plus, it won't bloom again for at least 6 months to a year.
I have four Orchids, 1 in full bloom, the other 3 with spent flowers and are near a window (indirect sun only) in matching pots.
The thing is, I want to buy more that are in bloom, but I don't want to end up with a zillion flowerless plants waiting to bloom, if they do.
What do you do with your spent Orchids?
i just clip the stems and wait until next year for the beauty again!! it never would occur to me to throw them away! most of my indoor plants are flowerless most of the time...orchids just aren't the prettiest when not in bloom. my orchids are in bathrooms tho, so the haphazard roots, etc are only seen by us!
There is an orchid man in our area who delivers fresh orchids twice weekly and picks up your spent ones, takes them to his orchid house and lets them bloom again. He keeps you in fresh orchids and you don't have to worry about them. What is the price? I am not sure but my hairdresser has this service at her home and shop. Maybe that is the reason she charges Las Vegas prices for a haircut, paying for the orchids.
I keep mine, and depending on the conditions, some will bloom more frequently than just 6 months.
They like a little direct sunlight each day. I find mine prefer a west window.
I keep the blooming ones upstairs and put my non blooming ones in my craft room til they bloom again.
I really struggle not to buy more as I love them, but don't have the heart to toss them unless they die, yet don't want to spend hours caring for them either...
Mine stay outside all summer then get moved to a spare bedroom for winter. I move them into main areas when they bloom. I only keep phals and they are so easy. After bloom, cut the spike back half way, fertilize, and they will bloom again. Only buy orchids with multiple spikes for maximum bloom.
I have to keep myself from buying more though too! I have about 6 which is all I want to manage.
Bumble, how often to you fertilize them? I read once a week, then once a month.
Annie, I have mine in a west window also. When they are in bloom they go to the LR. I hope mine bloom again soon, they are so pretty.
Patricia, I would LOVE to have an orchid man!
Of course!! What Cyn said!
I do pretty much what Bumble said. Mine seem to bloom more often than every six months. The blooming ones are in the main area of the house. However, I have been known to become frustrated with an orchid that is not reblooming and tossed it. Orchids are one of the cheapest ways to have fresh/blooming flowers.
Oh Nicole, I like the way you think! I may have to do that.
The greenhouse is really hot and I think it's too hot for orchids. I'll be putting them there come winter. The electricity won't be installed for another month or so, and even with good circulation and fans, it's still too hot.
Tina, when you get another bloom, does it come from a new leaf on the plant? I think I read if they put out a new leaf it means a bloom will follow.
Nicole, you are brilliant.
Oakley, I just clip the stem and wait till it blooms again. It sits in a south window with a couple of houseplants, so it feels right at home when between blooms.
I never fertilize, and it blooms for several months, then green for a couple of months, then one day a bloom catches my eye. Sha-zaam! While it's nice to have them bloom, I love getting that little "surprise" a couple times a year, it's like a letter from a friend :)
My dentist's receptionist tends to all their fabulous orchids, and for watering she just drops an ice cube or two on each pot once a week! I like that plan.
The fake one in the powder room, people think it's real!
Some are more prolific bloomers than others. I have one that has huge blooms but will only send up one spike each year.
Many of mine bloom most often in winter and I can't keep them from bud blast, it's disheartening to see tons of buds that all fall off because of changes in temperatures. In February, the house can go from 75 with the fireplace going, to 60 at night and they don't like that.
But then the spikes get trimmed and in May they are moved outside and bloom all summer.
I have no regular fertilizer plan, just whenever, after bloom though. For ten years i have always been on the verge of throwing them out then this happens.
Yes I have cried to see 40 buds all fall off and not one open!
We have a large house and they have been moved around to find the most optimal winter spot and there is none.
I one time I though about getting a huge terrarium until I realized how stupid that was.
Oakly, bright shade. Very pretty!
Another orchid lover here. I think I have about 30 of them now. I've been tending to them for about 10 years which explains the large three level plant stand in my kitchen bay window. The ones in bloom go on the top shelf and in some strategic areas in the house where they can be seen.
The orchids that are resting go on the lower two levels of the plant stand.
Some orchids need more light than others - I keep pretty much all of my orchid plants outdoors, but most of them (except the Cymbidiums) need to be protected from too much sun, especially in the summer, and most of the shady area of my back yard is filled with bromeliads. I built some small shelves on two sides of the house for orchids that need shade, and I put covers over them and also a mosquito net over one set of shelves to filter the light. I keep the Phalaenopsis in the house on a shelf in the art studio, which as a skylight, and so they get a fair amount of light there, although they do better when I leave them outside most of the time. The average low temp in January where I live is 50 degrees, but it usually gets down to 45 most winters. This is okay for most of the orchids I have, but the Phalaenopsis do not like for it get below 50. All orchids do prefer some seasonal change instead of the same temperature all year, however.
I have epidendrums growing all over my yard, and even some had planted themselves in my front yard, but the flowers are not appropriate for indoors, as they are very stemy. However, they bloom pretty much all year, and so they are nice for the yards.
Cymbidiums are very easy to grow, as they can take quite a bit of light and can handle temps down to 40 degrees without any damage. Some of the hybrids do especially well also, and I have a couple of those blooming right now. I've had good luck growiong dendrobiums, miltonia, and odontoglossum outdoors beside the house with light protection.
I feed my orchids about twice a month (if I remember), and I use different fertilizer for different types.
I'm loving how this topic has taken off!
Maire, I wish I had a window like that, it couldn't get any more perfect for an Orchid!
Lars, I'm quite impressed. Glad you popped in. It can get to a 100 here, is that too hot for the plants?
Tell me, how do you all water your Orchids? I do the soak in water for 15 min. method, about once a week. Little ones more often.
I just run lots of water into the pot once a week and let it sit and drain. I find they best in a clay pot which is then suspended inside a ceramic one so the pot stays humid but not wet....or some of the purchased ones come in a plastic pot full of slots which is then suspended in a ceramic pot.
Oakley - that's the window over my kitchen sink and I love to place an orchid there when in bloom. There are times when nothing is blooming and I have to resort to a silk one.
This one is a pansy orchid ( Miltoniopsis) and the location is better since it gets indirect light there.
I stopped putting my orchids outside due to the bug problems - I discovered ants were living in the planting medium and I had to re-pot several taking care to wash all the ants off the roots.
I've been growing orchids for a long time. I grew them in NY in windows and now we live in Florida so they live outside.
You should all visit the Orchid Forum for help with your plants. Its on Gardenweb under 'Orchids.' Lots of nice people who can answer your questions and help you be successful.
Most Phals bloom once a year from new spikes. If you leave the old spikes they are not as pretty as a new spike as the flowers get smaller and smaller and the old spike crooked. Much better to cut the old spikes off and let the plant grow new leaves over the summer months.
Phals will initiate new spikes with temperature drop. In the late summer/fall as the night temps drop it triggers the plant to flower. So, if you grow in the house, you must provide a temp drop of at least 10/15 degrees. Easiest to do if your plant spends the summer outdoors in a sheltered spot.
The bud blast is caused by the sudden change of temps or direct sunlight on the buds. Best to start bringing your plants in after they begin spiking and let them develop their buds in a window. This way the plant can adjust to the dry air in the house. They are very easy to grow, you just need to understand that a sudden change in temps and humidity can affect the buds.
I always brought my Phals back indoors before the heat was on in the house, usually mid September (in NY).
If your Phals are to remain in the house, just provide the night time temperature drop in the Fall. A cooler room where you can crack the window at night would work. Remember, they need that temperature drop to flower.
In nature, Phals grow attached to tree trunks, high above the ground. They do not grow in dirt. Their roots have evolved to catch rain water or humidity. Growing in pots is something we do, not the way they grow. Keeping them in pots works if you let their roots have air. They are air-roots, they will rot if kept too wet.
Forget ice cubes. These plants grow in tropical rain forests. No ice cubes there. Just water when they are almost dry. Do not keep them wet or they will die. Us your finger to feel the potting mix before watering. Do not water if it feels damp...wait!
Best to repot yearly. Use an orchid mix and make sure the pot has drain holes. Remember, these plants do not grow in dirt. They grow attached to tree trunks exposed to the air and rain. Do not overwater and do not let the potting mix stay too wet.
You should only fertilize in spring and summer when you see new growth beginning. Phals make their leaves in summer and flower in fall. Feed the leaves for the best flowering. You can give a weak fertilizer in the winter, but only a very weak amount. Feed Spring and summer.
Sorry to write so much. These plants are so easy to grow if you remember where they originate. They grow on trees out in the air, not in pots. They can grow well in pots if you remember their roots need air.
Truly easy to grow and will flower for 6 months. What plant does that? Each year they grow bigger and bigger and you get more and more flowers.
This was a small Phal sitting in a dentist office. I took it back to my house that summer until it bloomed and brought it back to the dentist office. This plant was small and this is only its second year.
Don't toss them. Just forget what you've learned about 'dirt plants.' These are 'air plants.' If you give their roots air you can't go wrong. You'll be rewarded.
Here is a link that might be useful: American Orchid Society
Maire, I'm so envious I can't stand it! Wow! I think the white has to be my favorite. Unfortunately I don't have any white one's, but I do have three baby plants I ordered online recently so they may be white, if they ever bloom.
Jane, I'm going to save your reply. Very informative! I have a question for you. Do you prefer the Orchids to be planted in wood bark or Orchid potting soil?
I have one in soil, the others in bark. When I got some in the mail, one of them (only 2 leaves) was planted in a tiny crate with one piece of bark in it, but with a lot of root wrapped about the bark and in and out of the crate. I was totally confused on how to repot it! lol
Another question. I only have Phal's, but is it okay to fertilize them now even though they don't have blooms or new leaves? I'm waiting and waiting for new leaves to appear.
Don't they only bloom from new leaves or did I read that wrong?


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By Daniel Trugman
From: La Jolla, CA
Sep 21, 2012
|There are three sets of chains on the West Face (to the right of the ones for Full Rubber Mission). I presume the ones on the right are for Zee Wicked and Ripped Van Winkle and the next ones to the left are for Mad Hatter. I don't know anything about the furthest left anchors. Can anyone clarify which starts/finishes correspond to which routes?
By LeeAB
From: ABQ, NM
Sep 22, 2012
|The anchor in question has been there for a long time. I believe it was put in by Chris Grijavla. The line to it was not bolted at the time. This spring I headed up and started working on that line. With the intention of starting on the Hatter and heading straight up as opposed to moving right to the Jack Daniels pit stop, hopefully yielding a more continuous line. It however still needs a fair bit of cleaning through about 15 feet and this is over the trail so cleaning needs to be done when there is nobody around.
By Daniel Trugman
From: La Jolla, CA
Sep 22, 2012
|Thanks for clarifying, Lee! I hope the new line works out. Looks cool.
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While wandering around a multi storey car park in
Docklands, Melbourne, looking for shots, I looked
over the edge to see this site. I only had until the lights
turned green to capture this amazing colour quirk.
Nothing added and no colours changed,
seven red cars caught in time….
How lucky was that!!
Such great work mark!
Great capture! You're very observant! Do you always have your camera on you? :)
I always carry the camera and a tripod in the car and
try to have it on me most of the time when i am out.
Not always possible though as we all know.
In this situation it was just a specific saturday meander
looking for interesting subject matter.
I don't like seeing a great photo opportunity and be in
the situation of not having a camera handy.
It is a bad feeling.
Hahaha! Excellent capture, lucky too.
This is incredible Mark, what a total coincidence…makes for a fantastic shot…
Bizarre scene. Ready made for RED Bubble i think. Good, quick work Mark.
really excellent!!! i live above a major busy street near acropolis in athens, (most of the time) and often go outside on the balcony to watch the happenings in the streets below me…
if i had a dollar for every time i went out there without a camera, and saw a string of bright yellow taxis all in a row, (my record so far is 13 in a row!!) and not a single car interrupting them, against the gray dirtiness of the street, id be RICH!!!!
with camera in hand….think i ever see this phenomenon???? ;)
great find, even better catch!!!
Ha, great stuff! Love the framing. Nice capture mate, what it's all about…


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Presentation: Architecting for Latency
In this presentation, Dan Pritchett addresses latency issues in web applications that should be dealt with from the beginning when the system is designed. Dan offers some practical solutions to latency.
Watch: Architecting for Latency (55 min)
Many times, network latency is ignored, says Dan, and in some applications it does not matter that much. However, in most web applications, latency is an important factor to consider, and plans for it should be made early in the design phase.
Dan offers several solutions for lessening the impact of latency on system's performance:
- Loose component coupling.
- Using messaging with asynchronous interfaces.
- Using a BASE (Basically Available Soft state Eventually consistent) shared storage model.
More information can be found in Dan's article The Challenges of Latency published by InfoQ.
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Harry Potter Deathly Hallows Part II – Trailer
All of you Harry Potter dorks are in for quite a treat as you awake this morning as the brand new trailer for the epic conclusion to the story has surfaced this morning.
All of you Harry Potter dorks are in for quite a treat as you awake this morning as the brand new trailer for the epic conclusion to the story has surfaced this morning.
One of the most well known movie franchises is getting a prequel that's due out this summer. This is a first look at the brand new trailer for Rise of the Planet of the Apes.
Across America movie theaters are pulling the trailer for the much anticipated The Hangover II. Why? Warner Bros has yet to say exactly what the reasoning is.
The first Hangover took everyone by surprise and is now a favorite movie of many. It brought Bradley Cooper and Zach Galifianakis to the forefront and they are now superstars in Hollywood. When I heard they were making a second Hangover I couldn't wait to see what they were bringing to the table.
I love and am addicted to the iPhone/iPod game Angry Birds. I can't get enough of it. I came across this obvious, but still hilarious, fake trailer for an Angry Birds movie. It's set up like a dramatic war movie where the birds are our secret ammo for the new sling shot weapon. Very funny, and if you like the game you'll get a kick out of this.
Yesterday I posted exclusive footage from Captain America. Today Marvel finally released an extended trailer for the movie.
I was tooling around YouTube when this popped up on my recommended videos. It is an indy film that tackles the story of one of my favorite video games of all time, Super Mario Bros. It is the video game meets reality, meets awesome. People attending this years SXSW Film fest got a look at the interesting perspective on everyone's favorite koopa stomping plumber.
I will admit that when Russell Brand first came onto the scene I found him incredibly annoying but he won me over with his performance in Get Him To The Greek. When I heard he was going to be reprising Dudley Moore's role as Arthur for a remake of the film I was a little skeptical, but after watching the trailer it looks like this is going to be a great film with a fresh take.
Jackass star rumored to join Three Stooges movie; New Super 8 trailer; A Conan The Barbarian reboot on the way.
Rumors of another Batman villain added; Another reason why I am skeptical the new X-Men movie may suck; Brand new extended Thor Trailer.
This is pure genius. Some of the greatest internet sensations have teamed up for The Chronicles of Rick Roll. As of right now it seems like it could be a real movie, but I have learned not to trust anything "Rick Roll". The double rainbow guy, bed intruder guy, numa numa dance kid and more of your favorite viral video superstars team up in an epic adventure to save the world.
Finally we get a glimpse at the sequel to The Hangover. It is scheduled to be released on May 26 and the whole cast is back together. Mike Tyson is back to make another appearance and this time Bill Clinton is even in the film. I can't wait! Enjoy the teaser trailer.


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This is interesting if you like old grand houses, or you are interested in the Hawaiian monarchy. You definitely won't see anything like it elsewhere in the US. Catty-corner from the Palace is the HI State Art Museum, rather good.
If you own or manage Iolani Palace, register now for free tools to enhance your listing, attract new reviews, and respond to reviewers.


text: Images Videos Interactive The geologic time scale from 650 million years ago to the present, showing major evolutionary events. Homologies of the forelimb among vertebrates, giving evidence for evolution. The bones correspond, although they are adapted to the specific mode of life of the animal. (Some anatomists interpret the digits in the bird's wing as being 1, 2, and 3, rather than 2, 3, and 4.) Title page of the 1859 edition of Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Alfred Russel Wallace, detail of a painting over a photograph; in the National Portrait Gallery, London. August Weismann, German biologist and one of the founders of the science of genetics. The Creation of Adam, detail of the ceiling fresco by Michelangelo, 1508–12; in the Sistine Chapel, Vatican City. William Jennings Bryan (lower left, with fan) and Clarence Darrow (centre right, arms folded) in a Dayton, Tennessee, courtroom during the Scopes Trial, July 1925. The effect of base substitutions, or point mutations, on the messenger-RNA codon AUA, which codes for the amino acid isoleucine. Substitutions (red letters) at the first, second, or third position in the codon can result in nine new codons corresponding to six different amino acids in addition to isoleucine itself. The chemical properties of some of these amino acids are quite different from those of isoleucine. Replacement of one amino acid in a protein by another can seriously affect the protein's biological function. Three types of natural selection, showing the effects of each on the distribution of phenotypes within a population. The downward arrows point to those phenotypes against which selection acts. Stabilizing selection (left column) acts against phenotypes at both extremes of the distribution, favouring the multiplication of intermediate phenotypes. Directional selection (centre column) acts against only one extreme of phenotypes, causing a shift in distribution toward the other extreme. Diversifying selection (right column) acts against intermediate phenotypes, creating a split in distribution toward each extreme. A light gray peppered moth (Biston betularia) and a darkly pigmented variant rest near each other on the trunk of a soot-covered oak tree. Against this background, the light gray moth is more easily noticed than the darker variant. Against the background of a lichen-covered oak tree, a darkly pigmented peppered moth (Biston betularia) stands out, while the light gray moth (left) remains inconspicuous. A pair of red deer stags (Cervus elaphus) competing for possession of a female in the rutting season. Members of a group of Japanese macaques grooming each other. Grooming is a type of altruistic behaviour that can extend even to unrelated individuals when the behaviour is reciprocal and the giver's costs are smaller than the recipient's benefits. A liger, the result of a mating between a male lion and a female tiger in a captive environment. In nature, interbreeding between these separate species is prevented by prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms (RIMs), such as differences in behaviour, and by nonbiologic factors, such as differences in range. Most, if not all, male ligers and many female ligers that arise by accident or intent do not develop functional sex cells. Such hybrid sterility is a postzygotic RIM. . Fourteen species of Galapagos finches that evolved from a common ancestor. The different shapes of their bills, suited to different diets and habitats, show the process of adaptive radiation. Morphological evolution in a lineage of brachiopods, presented as an illustration of the ambiguity in interpreting whether the process is gradual or punctuational. From the statistical analysis of fossil shells detailed in steps A through D, one may conclude that periods of essentially no change in shell rib strength, each lasting millions of years, are interspersed with comparatively short bursts of rapid change. From another point of view, however, one may see the same record as evidence of an unbroken process of evolution in which the rate of change speeds up somewhat at particular times. The diversity of marine animal families since late Precambrian time. The data for the curve comprise only those families that are reliably preserved in the fossil record; the 1,900 value for living families also includes those families rarely preserved as fossils. The several pronounced dips in the curve correspond to major mass-extinction events. The most catastrophic extinction took place at the end of the Permian Period. Steps in the evolution of the eye as reflected in the range of eye complexity in living mollusk species (left to right): a pigment spot, as in the limpet Patella; a pigment cup, as in the slit shell mollusk Pleurotomaria; the "pinhole-lens" eye of Nautilus; a primitive lensed eye, as in the marine snail Murex; and the complex eye—with iris, crystalline lens, and retina—of octopuses and squids. (Left) Amount of change in the evolutionary history of three hypothetical living species (C, D, and E), inferred by comparing amino-acid differences in their myoglobin molecules. All three species have the same earlier ancestor (A). (Right) Phylogeny of the human, the rhesus monkey, and the horse, based on amino-acid substitutions in the evolution of cytochrome c in the lineages of the three species. Rate of nucleotide substitution over paleontological time. Each of the 16 dots marks the time at which a pair of species diverged from a common ancestor (horizontal scale) and the number of nucleotide substitutions, or protein changes, that have occurred since the divergence (vertical scale). The solid line drawn from the origin to the outermost dot gives the average rate of substitution. Over hundreds of millions of years, life spread through the seas and over Earth's surface. The first life-forms were small and simple. Later forms were more complicated and diverse. Figure 6: Evolution of the chordates. Possible pathways in the evolution of the human lineage. Figure 5: Significant events in plant evolution. Ernst Haeckel's evolutionary scheme presented in the form of a tree. From The Evolution of Man: A Popular Scientific Study, 5th ed., 1910. The central role of natural selection in biological evolution. Overview of Charles Darwin's life, with a focus on his work involving evolution. The changing Earth through geologic time, from the late Cambrian Period (c. 500 million years ago) to the projected period of "Pangea Ultima" (c. 250 million years from now). The locations over time of the present-day continents are shown in the inset. The 14 species of Galapagos finches differ from each other mainly in beak structure and feeding habits. The birds are believed to have undergone adaptive radiation from a single ancestral species, evolving to fill a variety of unoccupied ecological niches. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). The Kaibab Sea's withdrawal from the Grand Canyon marked the end of the Paleozoic Era. The rise of oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. Hundreds of millions of years ago, primitive life-forms evolved to use the oxygen that was produced as a "waste gas" by bacteria. Sir Paul Nurse, 2001 Nobelist and president of the Rockefeller University, describing Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin as an early evolutionary thinker and education reformer, New York, N.Y., April 12, 2010." Author Malcolm Potts presenting a video that depicts a raid of one troop of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) upon a member of another troop, presentation at the Axis Cafe in San Francisco, Calif., March 2009. Click here to view the video at Fora.tv. Antonio Damasio, professor of neuroscience at the University of Southern California, talking with The New York Times columnist David Brooks at the Aspen Ideas Festival in Aspen, Colo., in July 2009 about the evolution of emotion. Click here to view the video at Fora.tv. Philosopher Michael Ruse on the evolution-creationism debate as a cultural phenomenon, remarks in Sydney, Austl., February 2009. Click here to view the video at Fora.tv. Psychology professor Gary Marcus discussing the tendency for evolution to create kluges, Palo Alto, Calif., April 2008. Click here to view the video at Fora.tv. Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins discussing theories that multiple universes may be shaped by Darwinian selection and evolution, Berkeley, Calif., October 2009. Click here to view the video at Fora.tv. Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, using poor eyesight as an example, points out that genetic defects that express themselves late in life are more likely to be passed on to the next generation, Adelaide, S.Aus., March 1, 2010." Evolution of the horse over the past 55 million years. The present-day Przewalski's horse is believed to be the only remaining example of a wild horse—i.e., the last remaining modern horse to have evolved by natural selection. Numbered bones in the forefoot illustrations trace the gradual transition from a four-toed to a one-toed animal. Click on an individual animal's image for a larger view. Click on the animal's name to see an article on the topic. Five hominins—members of the human lineage after it separated at least seven million to six million years ago from lineages going to the apes—are depicted in an artist's interpretations. All but Homo sapiens, the species that comprises modern humans, are extinct and have been reconstructed from fossil evidence. Parallel evolution of marsupial mammals in Australia and placental mammals on other continents. Click on an individual animal's image for a larger view. Click on the animal's name to see an article on the topic.


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SINGAPORE, March 30- Brent crude oil prices fell below $56 a barrel on Monday, extending steep losses from the previous session, as Iran and six world powers tried to reach a deal that could add oil to the market if sanctions against Tehran are lifted. International benchmark Brent crude oil futures had dropped to $55.99 by 0224 GMT, down 42 cents since its last...» Read More
CNBC's Jackie DeAngelis tracks rig counts and factors that may have an impact on oil prices as oil comes to a close.
Discussing global markets and supply risks in oil, related to activity in Yemen, with Richard Mallinson, Energy Aspects.
Former U.S. Energy Secretary Bill Richardson, shares perspective on how growing tensions in the Middle East is impacting politics and security in the region.
CNBC's Michelle Caruso-Cabrera takes a look at how escalating conflict in the Middle East is impacting politics in the region.
Chris Faulkner, Breitling Energy CEO, provides his take on how geopolitical risk is impacting the price of crude.
SEOUL, March 27- U.S. crude futures dipped on Friday on crude stocks extending their record build, but stayed above $51 a barrel and near 2015 highs as air strikes in Yemen by Saudi Arabia and its Gulf Arab allies stoked supply concerns. *Conflict in Yemen risks spilling out into the busy sea lanes that pass it and potentially disrupt the less than 40 km wide waters...
CNBC's Jackie DeAngelis discusses the day's activity in the commodities markets.
CNBC's Jackie DeAngelis tracks crude near session highs as oil comes to a close.
Francisco Blanch, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, discusses geopolitics, emerging markets, and oil prices in relation to Saudi Arabia going to war in Yemen.
CNBC's Jackie DeAngelis reports natural gas inventories as the Department of Energy comes out with its weekly report.
Dennis Gartman, The Gartman Letter, provides his thoughts on oil and the euro.
Brian Belski, BMO Capital Markets, provides perspective on the drastic drop in the Dow and whether the Apple trade is crowded
CNBC's Michelle Caruso-Cabrera reports Brent crude prices rose, after Saudi Arabia began military operations against Yemen. This is a classic proxy war, says Caruso-Cabrera.
*War-torn Yemen sits on the Gulf of Aden. *Tankers to Asia do not pass through Gulf of Aden. TOKYO/ SINGAPORE, March 26- Brent crude oil prices rose by more than a dollar in early Asian trading on Thursday after Saudi Arabia and its Gulf Arab allies began a military operation in Yemen, although Asian importers said they were not immediately worried about supply...
CNBC's Jackie DeAngelis discusses the day's activity in the commodities markets.
NEW YORK, March 25- Oil prices rose on Wednesday, tracking a weaker dollar despite U.S. government data showing a higher-than-expected build in crude inventories last week. Brent was up 63 cents at $55.74 a barrel by 12:07 a.m. EDT. "If it weren't for the dollar being down today, oil be down a lot more," said Tariq Zahir, managing member at Tyche Capital Advisors in...
*China strategic reserves close to capacity- Sinopec exec. LONDON, March 25- Brent oil prices rose on Wednesday as the euro strengthened against the dollar following a boost in business morale in the euro zone's top two economies. Brent crude oil was up 74 cents at $55.85 a barrel by 1236 GMT.
*U.S. inventories to rise until May- Morgan Stanley. *Ballooning stocks to weigh on WTI- Morgan Stanley. SINGAPORE, March 25- Crude oil futures fell on Wednesday as more evidence emerged that China's strategic reserves could nearly be full and U.S. inventories were also ballooning.


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BackgroundIn this 3rd person adventure, players will encounter classic villains, exotic locations, beautiful girls, fast cars, and high-tech gadgetry. The storyline plants the player in the world of James Bond. with missions that span in four continents. Bond likeness and voice will be played by Pierce Bronson, while Shannon Elizabeth will cast the 'Bond girl'.
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AimBot2 played James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing
AimBot2 and 2 others own James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing
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- Genre: Adventure (GBA)
- Theme(s): Espionage/Secret Ops
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Released North America Nov 17, 2003 Europe Dec 5, 2003 Japan Feb 11, 2004
James Bond Series
- James Bond 007: Everything or Nothing
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Awesome Tanning Salon Right In The Heart Of Medford, Located Directly Across From Mcdonald's. High Visibility, High Traffic, Busy Shopping Center. Business Is Free And Clear, Cash Sale Only. Landlord Will Give New Lease. Owner Relocated, Must Sell Asap, Best Offer.
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Miss Meghan McKeever « Teacher Connection / Documents / Calendar
Welcome to OUR 1st Grade Page!
I can't believe we are already in the month of March and at the start of our last 9 weeks! This year has been full of fun and learning and I am excited to continue this journey with the class during our last weeks of school.
* Remember that Spring Break is the week of March 30-April 3. Students will return to school on Monday, April 6. Students will be very busy the final two months of school, completing a variety of projects and activities, including our final at-home project: Garbage Monsters! More to come on this exciting project soon!
As always, don't hesitate to email me or write a note in your child's agenda with any questions, comments, or concerns. Thank you for all you do!
Miss M
"Kindness, I've discovered, is everything in life." - Isaac Bashevis Singer
Our classroom is in need of some miscellaneous items:
- Small Treasure box items
- 8pk small white poster board
- Snacks (No peanut ingredients please)
- Plastic Containers with wheels
- Recycled Materials (That can be used for crafts/storage)
- Other items that could be of good use in our classroom
All of these items can go toward PI time or will just be happily accepted into the classroom :) If you would like to volunteer in the classroom or help with things for the classroom at home, please do not hesitate to email me or write a note in your child's agenda. This is a big help for the students and I :)
Important Dates/Events to Remember:
March 3 - Buffalo PRIDE Meeting
March 6 - Spelling/Reading Test
March 10 - Field Trip to the Orlando Science Center
March 12 - Spelling/Reading Test
March 12 - End of 3rd 9 Weeks
March 13 - No School for Students - Teacher Professional Day
March 20 - Spelling/Reading Test
March 20 - Report Cards Go Home Today
March 27 - Spelling/Reading Test
March 30 - April 3 - SPRING BREAK :)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________March Breakfast Menu
CLICK the LINKS below to FIND some of our important SITES :)
Contact: email@example.com
PDF documents
100's Chart -
Behavior Plan 2014-2015 -
Reading Questions -
Reading Websites -
Spelling Practice Ideas -
Volunteer App. Page 1 -
Volunteer App. Page 2 -


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A multispectral radiation detector for detecting radiation in at least two spectral bands, comprises a substrate and a layer stack grown on the substrate. The layer stack comprises at least first and second photodiodes, each photodiode having at least one strain-compensating superlattice absorbing layer substantially lattice matched to adjacent layers of the detector. Each strain-compensating superlattice absorbing layer has an energy gap responsive to radiation energy in a corresponding spectral region and different from the energy gaps of other strain-compensating superlattice absorbing layers of the detector.
1. A multispectral radiation detector for detecting radiation directed into the detector in at least two spectral bands, comprising:
a substrate; and
a layer stack grown on the substrate, the layer stack comprising at least first and second photodiodes, each photodiode having at least one strain-compensating superlattice absorbing layer substantially lattice matched to adjacent layers of the detector, each strain-compensating superlattice absorbing layer having an energy gap responsive to radiation energy in a corresponding spectral region and different from the energy gaps of other strain-compensating superlattice absorbing layers of the detector.
2. The radiation detector of
3. The radiation detector of
4. The radiation detector of
5. The radiation detector of
6. The radiation detector of
7. The radiation detector of
8. The radiation detector of
9. The radiation detector of
10. The radiation detector of
11. The radiation detector of
12. The radiation detector of
13. The radiation detector of
14. The radiation detector of
15. The radiation detector of
16. The radiation detector of
17. The radiation detector of
the spectral regions of the first and second photodiode absorbing layers are MWIR and LWIR, respectively; and
the absorbing layer of the first photodiode employs an alternating 27 Å InAs/18 Å GaSb strained-compensating superlattice layer structure; and
the absorbing layer of the first photodiode employs an alternating 42 Å InAs/20 Å In0.20Ga0.80Sb strained-compensating superlattice layer structure.
18. The radiation detector of
19. The radiation detector of
20. The radiation detector of
21. The radiation detector of
[0001] 1. Field of the Invention
[0002] This invention pertains to detection of radiation, and more particularly to multispectral radiation detectors for detection of radiation in multiple spectral bands.
[0003] 2. Description of the Related Art
[0004] The following descriptions and examples are not admitted to be prior art by virtue of their inclusion within this section.
[0005] It is desirable to employ radiation detectors to convert electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared (IR) radiation, into electrical signals. The term photodetector is sometimes used, and is used herein, to refer to any type of radiation detector, i.e. a detector that detects electromagnetic radiation. Such detectors may be used in a variety of applications, including thermal imaging and transmission of information using signals having infrared wavelengths. One type of photodetector is the junction photodetector, or photodiode, which has a semiconductor p-n junction that produces electrical current under illumination with electromagnetic radiation. Other approaches, such as the use of bolometers which detect temperature changes caused by incident radiation, or quantum-well intra-subband detectors in which incident radiation causes excitation of electrons between confined energy states of a quantum well, generally provide lower sensitivity and/or slower frequency response.
[0006] The operation of a basic semiconductor p-n junction photodetector is illustrated by the energy band diagrams of FIGS. 1A-B. An energy band diagram, showing electron energy vs. distance, of a p-n junction under equilibrium conditions is shown in FIG. 1A. This diagram includes conduction band edge 10, valence band edge 12, and Fermi energy level 14. The energy difference 16 between the conduction and valence band energies is known as the energy gap, or bandgap, of the semiconductor. Because the same semiconductor material is used throughout the junction of FIG. 1A, this energy gap is shown as constant with distance throughout the junction.
[0007] Conduction in a semiconductor can generally be described in terms of the movement of electrons in the conduction band (having energy at and above that of conduction band edge 10) and holes in the valence band (having energy at and below that of valence band edge 12). The proximity of Fermi level 14 to conduction band edge 10 on the left side of the junction indicates that this portion of the semiconductor is doped n-type, while the right side of the junction is doped p-type. On the n-type side of the junction the majority carriers are electrons and the minority carriers are holes, while the reverse is true on the p-type side. The p-n junction includes a built-in electric field E0 in the junction region where the conduction and valence band edges are bent. The field exerts a force moving any holes appearing in this junction region to the right (in the direction of the field, as shown by the arrow in FIG. 1A), and moving any electrons appearing in the junction region to the left (opposite the direction of the field).
[0008] A photodiode is typically operated with the p-n junction reverse-biased, as shown in FIG. 1B. As in the case of built-in electric field of FIG. 1A, the larger applied electric field of FIG. 1B forces electrons toward the n-type side of the junction and holes toward the p-type side. Electrons and holes may be generated in the junction region by absorption of an incident photon such as photon 18. If photon 18 has energy higher than energy gap 16, absorption of the photon may provide energy to excite an electron from the valence band to the conduction band, creating conduction electron 20 and hole 22. The junction region 24 over which electric field E appears may be considered the collection region of the photodiode (collecting the photogenerated carriers), while the outer neutral n-type and p-type regions may be considered absorber regions, as well as contact regions for connecting the photodiode to a surrounding circuit. Because electrons are collected on the n-type side and holes on the p-type side, each contact collects photogenerated majority carriers. The designation of a �majority� or �minority� carrier is dependent upon the location of the carrier within the device. A hole formed by absorption of a photon on the n-type side of the photodiode is a minority carrier when formed, and becomes a majority carrier upon being transported by the electric field to the p-type side of the photodiode.
[0009] When properly biased, the photodiode thus produces a current related in a known manner to the electromagnetic radiation incident thereon. Photodiodes are used, for example, to detect short-, mid-, and long-wavelength IR radiation having wavelengths from about 1 μm to about 30 μm.
[0010] Semiconductor-based IR photon detectors (photodiodes), as well as other types of radiation detectors, are generally characterized as having an energy gap (bandgap) that is suitable for absorbing radiation within a specified spectral region. Infrared detectors that gather data in more than one IR spectral band can determine increased information from the scene to further improve sensitivity above that of single-band detection. Because a new dimension of contrast is obtained, the detection of radiation within two or more spectral regimes using a single detector has been established as a desirable goal. A single detector capable of detecting radiation of two or more distinct spectral regions, or �colors,� may be referred to as a multispectral, or multicolor, photodetector.
[0011] There are two primary ways to achieve multicolor capability: �multiple detector� systems having separate detectors for each spectral band; and �multispectral detectors� that provide separate but spatially and temporally collocated signals from multiple IR spectral bands using a single detector element. To obtain multiple spectral band sensitivity, multiple detector systems currently rely on cumbersome imaging techniques that either disperse the optical signal across multiple IR detectors or use a filter wheel to spectrally discriminate the image focused on single detecting element. In comparison, integrated multispectral detectors offer separate and simultaneous sensitivity to different spectral bands within the same detector unit cell (spatially collocated). The use of an integrated multispectral detector eliminates the need for aligning two or more detectors and also reduces the number of on-board optical components, thereby providing significant reduction of weight and power in a simpler, more reliable, and less costly package. Furthermore, the temporal and spatial co-registration between each spectral field occurs on the pixel level, which enables high-performance signal processing.
[0012] Referring now to FIG. 2A, there is shown a perspective view of the wafer layer structure of an exemplary single-color photodetector 200. Such a photodiode detector is formed from a plurality of absorption layers stacked on a common substrate. To fabricate such a photodetector, an n-type absorption layer 212 is grown on a transparent substrate 211, followed by a p-type barrier layer 213 to form the IR photodiode. Light 201 within the spectral absorption band 212 of the n-type absorber layer which impinging upon the photodiode of detector 200 is transmitted through transparent substrate 211, and absorbed by n-type absorber region 212. When the photodiode of the junction of layers 213, 212 is properly biased, the absorption of the light causes a corresponding current to flow across the p-n junction of the photodiode. Photodetector 200 thus produces a current having a magnitude related in a known manner to the intensity of radiation within the spectral band of region 212 impinging on the photodiode of detector 200.
[0013] Two-color detection is achieved by extending the structure of photodetector 200 by one additional absorbing layer tuned to respond to the IR radiation that transmits through the lower layers. Referring now to FIG. 2B, there is shown a perspective view of the wafer layer structure of an exemplary two-color photodetector 250, which is also formed from a plurality of absorption layers stacked on a common substrate, and as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,113,076 (Schulte), the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein. Two-color detectors such as photodetector 250 extend upon single-color design of FIG. 2A by simply growing a second n-type absorbing layer 214 on top of the p-type barrier layer 213 to form two back-to-back (tandem) photodiode junctions.
[0014] Vertically stacking two p-n junctions, as illustrated in FIG. 2B, permits incorporation of two tandem photodiodes or detectors (layers 214, 213; 212, 213) into a single detector element 250. Varying the composition of the absorbing materials of n-type absorption layers 212, 214 controls the spectral sensitivity and cutoff wavelength of each junction. The first layer 212 responds to a shorter wavelength IR radiation (i.e., light 201), allowing the longer wavelength radiation (i.e., light 202) to pass through the first absorber and barrier layer and to be absorbed in the longer wavelength-sensitive material of layer 214 on the top. An SLS absorption layer of a photodiode generally absorbs radiation up to a cutoff wavelength. It is in this sense a long-pass filter, passing (not absorbing) radiation above its cutoff wavelength. Radiation below its cutoff wavelength is absorbed, meaning the photons of the EM radiation are converted to electrons, which result in a current delta across the photodiode junction when the photodiode is properly biased. The amount of current resulting from a given intensity of in-band radiation depends on the absorption coefficient of the photodiode, as will be appreciated.
[0015] While material layer design dictates the spectral bands of the respective n-type absorption layers, the fabrication process determines the detection mode. Two-color detectors fabricated from multi-layer materials, such as detector 250, can operate in either sequential or simultaneous mode. In simultaneous mode, each detector (e.g., a unit cell of an array of detectors, where each cell represents a pixel) is independently accessed by making electrical contact not only to the top and bottom (common) n-type absorber layers, but also to the shared p-type barrier layer. For simultaneous detection, two top contacts per unit cell are required, in addition to the bottom (common) contact. Thus, a first metal contact (e.g. an indium bump) is deposited on n-type absorption layer 214. A portion of n-type absorption layer 214 is etched to permit the deposition of a second metal contact onto p-type barrier layer 213. The two photodiodes may thus be independently biased, and the current in each independently sensed, to simultaneously detect the intensity of radiation absorbed by each of layers 212, 214. The spectral bands to which layers 212, 214 are sensitive may be referred to as bands 1 and 2, respectively. Discussion of these types of detectors can be found in R. D. Rajavel, J. L. Johnson et al., �Molecular beam epitaxial growth and performance of HgCdTe-based simultaneous mode two-color detectors,� J. Electr. Mat., vol. 27, no. 6 (1998): 747.
[0016] Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a perspective view of unit cells of a two-color photodetector array, in which each two-color photodetector 300 is operated in sequential detection mode. In sequential mode, the dual p-n junctions of detector 300 are electrically isolated (other than a common ground) from those of other unit cells in the same wafer by the same single-mesa delineation step. These form photodiodes electrically coupled together in series, illustrated schematically in FIG. 3 as diodes 322, 321. However, unlike in simultaneous mode, contact is made only to the top n-type layer 312 and to the bottom contact layer 311, which is used as an array common. Having no contact to the p-type barrier layer 313, each detector is sequentially accessed by the bias voltage applied across the tandem junctions. For example, a first bias voltage is applied across the two contacts, to activate the first photodiode 321 and effectively short photodiode 321; the opposite occurs in a second measuring operation using a second bias volage. Sequential mode thus requires only a single metal contact (e.g., indium bump) per unit cell. Waveguiding of incident radiation may be employed to achieve 100% optical fill factor in both bands. For example, the angle of the mesa sides of each unit cell can be selected so that radiation does not pass through the gap between unit cells, but instead is reflected off the inside of a unit cell's mesa walls so that it is detected by the photodiodes of the unit cell. Further discussion of these types of detectors may be found in T. De Lyon, J. L. Johnson, et al., �Molecular Beam epitaxial growth of HgCdTe midwave infrared multispectral detectors,� J. Vac. Sci. Technol B, 16(3) pp 1321-1325, 1998.
[0017] Other multispectral detector designs also use a plurality of n-type absorbing layers stacked on a common substrate but the deposition of the p-type contact layers is omitted. Instead, in this approach, the photovoltaic junctions are created by implanting a p-type dopant into delineated areas of the absorbing layers at a later stage of fabrication. Such multispectral detectors are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,479,032 (Forrest et al.), the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.
[0018] Unfortunately, there are fundamental material issues associated with the growth of such multispectral detectors employing a plurality of stacked absorbing layers. These structures consist of absorption layers traditionally formed from semiconductor alloys. In each of the layers, the composition of the alloy is chosen to provide an energy gap sensitive to the spectral band of interest. As the layers are stacked (grown), the composition is changed toward decreasing energy gap; further, each absorbing layer must be optically thick enough to absorb the radiation and provide spectral discrimination of the incident light. However, with the change of composition and energy gap comes a substantial change in lattice parameter relative to the substrate and/or the preceding layer. As a result, lattice mismatch dislocations can propagate up though successive absorption layers, diminishing the crystalline quality of the material and ultimately leading to reduced performance.
[0019] Typically, a lattice mismatch of Δa/a0<0.05% is desirable (where ao is the lattice constant of the substrate or base layer on which an epi layer is grown, and Δa is the difference in lattice constant between the epi layer and the substrate, or preceding layer, on which it is grown). Requirements for lattice matching can either restrict the alloy composition to a small subset of available possibilities, or the limit the growth thickness of the absorbing layer, which may prevent adequate absorption of the light in the respective spectral band. Forest et al., in the '032 patent, circumvented this problem by including buffer layers of increased lattice constant interlaced between the stacked absorbing layers. This approach complicates the growth; also, it does not completely prevent lattice mismatch dislocations from forming but merely getters or concentrates them in regions outside the active absorption layers. Other approaches rely on the very small lattice mismatch associated with closely lattice-matched ternary and quaternary compounds such as AlGaAs, HgCdTe, or InGaAsP. This approach restricts the choices of available alloy. Hence, the diversity of spectral bands that can be combined in a given detector stack is limited to but a few selections afforded by nature.
[0020] There is, therefore, a need for improved multispectral photodetectors.
[0021] Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
[0022]FIG. 1 includes exemplary energy band diagrams of a p-n junction photodetector;
[0023]FIG. 2A is a perspective view of the wafer layer structure of an exemplary single-color photodetector;
[0024]FIG. 2B is a perspective view of the wafer layer structure of an exemplary two-color photodetector, which may be operated in simultaneous mode;
[0025]FIG. 3 is a perspective view of neighboring unit cells of a two-color photodetector array, in which each two-color photodetector is operated in sequential detection mode;
[0026]FIG. 4. is a perspective view of a multispectral photodetector employing strain-compensating superlattices, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and
[0027]FIG. 5 shows the energy band diagram of the tandem photodiodes of the photodetector of FIG. 4.
[0028] In order to further the development of multispectral photodetectors, there is a need for a new approach to the stacking of multiple absorption layers with varying energy gap, without giving rise to lattice mismatch. An embodiment of the present invention employs absorption layers formed from strain-compensating (or -compensated) superlattices, which can be designed with varying energy gap (responsive to a particular spectral region) but nearly perfectly latticematched to the underlying substrate and to each other.
[0029] The absorption and contact regions of photodetectors, such as that illustrated in FIGS. 1-3, are formed using semiconductor materials. Semiconductor alloys have been used traditionally. In recent years, semiconductor superlattices formed from thin alternating layers of two different semiconductors have been used in photodetector structures. Further discussion of superlattice photodiodes may be found, for example, in: Jeffery L. Johnson et al. �Electrical and optical properties of infrared photodiodes using the InAs/Ga1−xInxSb superlattice in heterojunctions with GaSb,� J. Appl. Phys. 80(2), pp. 1116-1127, 1996; B�rkle et al., �Electrical characterization of InAs/(GaIn)Sb infrared superlattice photodiodes for the 8 to 12 μm range,� Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. Vol. 607, p. 77, 2000; and Fuchs et al., �InAs/Ga1−xInxSb infrared superlattice photodiodes for infrared detection,� Proc. SPIE 3287, p. 14, 1998.
[0030] The constituent layers of a superlattice as described in these references are thin enough that the energy band structures of the layers interact with each other to form conduction and valence �minibands� extending throughout the superlattice. The lowest-energy conduction miniband may be described as the �effective conduction band,� the highest-energy valence miniband may be described as the �effective valence band,� and the energy difference between these bands may be described as the �effective energy gap� or �effective bandgap� of the superlattice. Energy band diagrams as used herein are intended to represent the effective band structure in the case of superlattice implementations. Furthermore, the phrase �energy gap� or �bandgap� is intended to also refer to an effective energy gap in the case of superlattices.
[0031] There exists a class of superlattice structures referred to as �strained-compensating� superlattices, sometimes referred to as �strained-layer� superlattices (SLS). These structures are formed by layers of materials having lattice constants that are alternately smaller and larger than that of the substrate upon which they are grown. The layers with smaller lattice constant are said to be in tension while the layers with larger lattice constant remain in compression. However, the net cumulative strain in the layer stack can be balanced so that the structure becomes pseudomorphically latticed-matched to the substrate. The physics of these types of structures is discussed in further detail in Semiconductors and Semimetals, vol. 32: Strained Layer Superlattices: Physics, R. K. Willardson & Albert C. Beer, eds. (New York: Academic Press, 1990), esp. ch. 1.
[0032] One unique feature of strain-compensated superlattice structures is that due to the many degrees of freedom in the design parameter space, it is possible to produce absorbing materials with an energy gap sensitive to a wide range of spectral bands while maintaining lattice-matched conditions to an underlying substrate, such as GaSb, or to a preceding and other adjacent layers of a fabricated semiconductor structure.
[0033] One type of strain-compensated superlattice is the mixed-anion superlattice. One such type of mixed-anion superlattice employs alternating layers formed from binary, ternary, or quaternary variations of InxGayAl1−x−yAs and InxGa1−x−yAlySb grown on GaSb substrates. The subscripts of the first three elements of each compound may be rearranged, but they should add to 1. Moreover, the parameters x, y are independent for each of the two alternating layer structures. In one embodiment, for example, x=1 and y=0 for the first alternating layer; and x=x and y=0 for the second superlattice layer, resulting in an InAs/InxGa1−xSb superlattice system. The InAs/InxGa1−xSb superlattice system represents one such structure suitable for IR detector applications.
[0034] Fuchs et al. demonstrated lattice matched InAs/InxGa1−xSb structures by precisely engineering the interfacial layers between the constituent materials. See F. Fuchs et al, �Optoelectronic properties of photodiodes for the mid- and far-infrared based on the InAs/GaSb/AlSb materials family,� presented at Photonics West 2001 SPIE Conference, San Jose, Calif. (January 2001; forthcoming). These interfacial layers can be InSb-like or GaAs-like in nature, each contributing differently to the overall strain. The net result is that different superlattices with varying spectral properties can be grown nearly lattice matched to GaSb.
[0035] Hence, absorbing materials formed from these superlattices can be grown together to form a plurality of layers constituting a multispectral detector layer stack. Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown a perspective view of a multispectral photodetector 400 employing two strain-compensating superlattice absorption layers, responsive to different spectral regions, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Each strain-compensating superlattice absorption layer can be designed with a particular bandgap responsive to radiation energy in corresponding spectral regions, and can also be designed to be nearly perfectly lattice-matched to both the underlying substrate and to other layers of the fabricated photodetector.
[0036] For example, InAs/InxGa1−xSb superlattice structures may be used to form photodiode absorption layers with a bandgap responsive to mid-wavelength IR (MWIR) radiation; to short-wavelength IR (SWIR); or to long-wavelength IR (LWIR). With a multispectral detector, such as a two-color detector having both MWIR and LWIR spectral regions, better results may be obtained than with single-color detectors. For example, the MWIR region (e.g., the mid-IR atmospheric window from 3 μm to 5 μm) may be better suited for normal night-vision sensing; and LWIR sensing (e.g., the long-IR atmospheric window from 8 μm to 12 μm), while not necessarily as detailed for night vision as is MWIR, may be better suited for long-range sensing, sensing through fog and smoke, and so forth. Suitable signal processing can be using to combine the signals to obtain improved image or data acquisition.
[0037] In an embodiment, as shown in FIG. 4, the multispectral radiation detector 400 is a two-color MWIR/LWIR SLS detector formed from an n-p-n layer stack of InAs/InxGa1−xSb superlattices and GaSb. The n-p-n layer stack of photodetector 400 consists of a MWIR InAs/InxGa1−xSb superlattice (SLS) n-type absorbing layer 412, a p-type (transparent) GaSb barrier layer, and a LWIR InAs/InxGa1−xSb superlattice n-type absorbing layer 433, as well as p-type layers 413, 432, all grown nearly lattice matched to the (transparent) GaSb substrate 411. The subscripts x and y are selected for layer 433 to achieve an appropriate cutoff wavelength for LWIR absorption; and likewise for layer 412, for MWIR.
[0038] Multispectral radiation detector 400 is thus for detecting radiation in at least two spectral bands, and has substrate 411, and a layer stack grown on the substrate. The layer stack comprises at least first and second photodiodes (i.e., the first photodiode comprising layers 412, 413; the second comprising layers 432, 433), each photodiode having at least one strain-compensating superlattice absorbing layer (i.e., layers 412, 433) substantially lattice matched to adjacent layers of the detector. Each strain-compensating superlattice absorbing layer has an energy gap responsive to radiation energy in a corresponding spectral region and different from the energy gaps of other strain-compensating superlattice absorbing layers of the detector.
[0039] Each superlattice absorbing layer of a photodiode has a given type of electrical conductivity (i.e., either p-type or n-type), and forms a junction with a second layer having the other type of electrical conductivity (i.e., either n-type or p-type), so as to from a p-n photojunction. This photojunction collects the current resulting from absorption of photons by the absorbing layer(s) of the photodiode, from radiation in the spectral band corresponding to the energy gap of the absorbing layer(s). The second layer of each photodiode can be, but need not be, of the same type of superlattice structure as the absorbing superlattice layer of the photodiode. In the case where the second layer is of the same strain-compensating superlattice structure as its corresponding absorbing layer, the second layer also serves as an absorbing layer for the photodiode, although typically its contribution to the current collected across the photojunction is inconsequential or insubstantial. The photojunctions of the photodiodes are coupled in series and function electrically as two back-to-back (tandem) diodes.
[0040] The layers of detector 400, including the alternating layers of each SLS layer, may be grown with suitable techniques, such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), or other techniques such as liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) or metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).
[0041] In photodetector 400, light passes through substrate 411 first, moving upwards. In such an embodiment, the GaSb substrate 411 must be transparent at least to the spectral bands of absorber layers 412, 433; and p-type GaSb barrier layer 421 must be transparent at least to the spectral band of LWIR absorber layer 433. Also, the shorter-cutoff-wavelength absorption layer (i.e., MWIR absorber layer 412) must receive the light incident on photodetector 400 before longer-cutoff-wavelength absorption layers (e.g., LWIR absorber layer 433). Otherwise, the LWIR absorber layer 433 would absorb most of the light before it reached MWIR absorber layer 412. For example, n-type MWIR absorber layer 412 is designed to be lattice-matched to the GaSb substrate 411, and to have an energy gap providing sensitivity (i.e., absorption) of radiation with wavelengths below 5.5 μm; and n-type LWIR absorber layer 433 is designed to be lattice-matched to the GaSb substrate 411 (and to other layers 432, 421, 413, 412 of photodetector 400), and to have an energy gap providing sensitivity (i.e., absorption) of radiation with wavelengths below about 10.5 μm.
[0042] To achieve these cutoff wavelengths and lattice matching, in one embodiment, the detector structure begins with an MWIR p-n junction (the junction of layers 412, 413) formed from an appropriately doped 27 Å InAs/18 Å GaSb superlattice, which is sensitive to IR radiation with wavelengths below 5.5 μm at 77K; i.e., the MWIR photodiode is sensitive to the spectral �band� from 0 to 5.5 μm. This photodiode is formed by growing MWIR n-type absorber layer 412 on GaSb substrate 411, and then growing p-type MWIR layer 413 on layer 412, as will be appreciated.
[0043] A p-type GaSb layer is used as an isotype heterojunction barrier separating the bottom p-n homojunction from the LWIR p-n homojunction grown on top. The LWIR p-n junction photodiode (i.e., layers 432, 433) consists nominally of a 42 Å InAs/20 Å In0.20Ga0.80Sb superlattice, which is sensitive to radiation with wavelengths below 10.5 μm. Because wavelengths up to 5.5 μm are substantially absorbed by layer 412 (and to a small degree, layer 413), layer 433 has an effective spectral absorption region of approximately 5.5 μm to 10.5 μm. Thus, MWIR absorber layer 412 is sensitive to the mid-IR atmospheric window from 3 μm to 5 μm; and LWIR absorber layer 433 is sensitive to (part of) the long-IR atmospheric window from 8 μm to 12 μm.
[0044] In an embodiment, the substrate has an arbitrary thickness, and the other layers of detector 400 have the following approximate thicknesses: layer 411, 5 to 10 μm; layer 412, about 1 μm; layer 421, about 3 μm; layer 432, about 1 μm (p-type layers 432, 421, 413 should be about 5 μm total); layer 413, 5 to 10 μm. The n-type layers may be thinner, given a higher absorption coefficient, as will be appreciated.
[0045] In the embodiment of FIG. 4, layer 413 has the same InAs/InxGa1−xSb superlattice structure as layer 412; only the doping and layer thickness is different. Also, layer 433 has the same InAs/InxGa1−xSb superlattice structure as layer 432; again, only the doping and layer thickness is different. This means that the p-type layers 432, 413 have the same spectral absorption region as their corresponding n-type absorber layers 433, 412, respectively. However, the n-type layers 412, 433 are referred to as �absorber� layers, for several reasons. First, these layers are thicker than the thinner p-type layers 432, 413, and thus absorb more of the radiation in that spectral band. Second, in this embodiment, the n-type absorber layers are better collectors, and thus convert more of the absorbed light into usable electrical signal across the p-n junction of the corresponding photodiode. Third, for the MWIR photodiode, thicker n-type layer 412 absorbs most of the light in the MWIR spectral band before it reaches p-type layer 413.
[0046] Radiation detector 400 thus has a two-color (two-spectral region) structure consisting of two back-to-back p-n junctions separated by a p-type GaSb barrier layer. In other words, layers 412, 413 form an MWIR photodiode, and layers 432, 433 form an LWIR photodiode, as will be appreciated. These photodiodes are electrically coupled at their anode terminals via p-type barrier layer 421, and may be referred to as tandem photodiodes. Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown the energy band diagram 500 of the tandem photodiodes of photodetector 400 of FIG. 4. In FIG. 5, energy bands of the superlattices are represented by the bottommost/topmost energy levels of the conduction/valence minibands. In particular, the conduction band (EC) and valence band (EV) energy band edges represent the bottommost/topmost energy levels of the conduction/valence superlattice sub-bands. The horizontal line at 0 eV, denoted EF, represents the Fermi energy level. The vertical difference between EC and EV represents the effective bandgap.
[0047] Referring once more to FIG. 4, each of the superlattice layers of the two photodiodes are engineered to be sensitive to separate spectral bands but nearly lattice matched to GaSb. By alleviating growth complications due to lattice mismatch, it is possible to grow arbitrarily thick, high-quality absorber layers. Optically thick layers are required to effectively absorb the incident radiation as signal in the respective spectral band. It also preserves the spectral purity of the multi-color signal by preventing radiation from one spectral band (e.g., band 1, the MWIR band sensed by absorber layer 412) propagating into the other absorber region, appearing as signal in the other spectral region. Hence, the lattice matching conditions met by strain-compensated superlattices permits material more suitable for multispectral detectors formed from a plurality of such layers.
[0048] Photodetector 400 may be one of a plurality (e.g., a two-dimensional array) of similar photodetectors fabricated simultaneously and identically on the same substrate (wafer).
[0049] Each radiation detector, such as detector 400, must have sufficient contacts to permit the photodiodes of the detector to be biased and the current therein measured. Detector 400 can operate in either sequential or simultaneous mode. In simultaneous mode, as described above, an array common contact is made to the substrate 411 and n-type absorber layer 412; and electrical contacts are also made to (top) n-type absorber layer 433 and to p-type barrier layer 421. This latter contact may be made by appropriate etching and deposition techniques, as will be understood. In this case, the p-n junction of each photodiode of the detector is independently biased and its diode current (related to the radiation aborbed) is sensed. The two top metal contacts used for simultaneous operation may be indium bumps, for example. In sequential mode, the contact to barrier layer 421 need not be made. Whether sequential or simultaneous mode is employed, the signals for bands 1 and 2 may be subjected to further signal processing to optimize the image or information gathered. In an embodiment, when a photodiode of detector 400 is biased by an appropriate voltage, the photodiode current (current across the diode's p-n junction) will be related in a known manner (i.e., roughly proportional) to the intensity of light passing through the photodiode that is within the spectral band of the n-type absorber region of the photodiode. Thus, by measuring the diode current, the light intensity within a given spectral band may be determined.
[0050] Multispectral photodetectors in accordance with the present invention may be employed in a variety of applications. For example, an array of such photodetectors may be used in a camera, for night-vision purposes. In another application, a two-color photodetector array may be employed in an industrial camera to directly monitor and map the surface temperature of a wafer undergoing growth by MBE. Such information could be used to monitor the MBE process for improved quality control, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.
[0051] In alternative embodiments, a multispectral photodetector, in accordance with the present invention, has more than two strain-compensating superlattice photodiodes, to provide a plurality of detection spectra. For example, three separate photodiodes, for SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR, respectively, may be employed.
[0052] In an alternative embodiment, layer 413 may have a different superlattice structure from layer 412; and layer 432 may have a different superlattice structure from that of layer 433. In such an embodiment, all SLS layers preferably have a lattice structure selected to be nearly perfectly lattice-matched to both the underlying substrate and to each other; and the two (or more) absorber SLS structures are different from one another, so as to have a different effective energy gap and thus respond to a different spectral band.
[0053] In further alternative embodiments, the spectral regions detected by detector 400 may be spectral regions outside the IR spectrum. In this case, each SLS layer has the appropriate structure designed to absorb in the spectral region of interest, while maintaining the appropriate lattice constant. In embodiments described above, SLS structures based on mixed-anion superlattices were employed. As noted above, such superlattices may employ alternating layers formed from binary, ternary, or quaternary variations of InxGayAl1−x−yAs and InxGa1−x−yAlySb grown on GaSb substrates. In particular, the InAs/InxGa1−xSb superlattice system was used for IR spectral sensitivity: 27 Å InAs/18 Å GaSb for MWIR, 42 Å InAs/20 Å In0.20Ga0.80Sb for LWIR. In alternative embodiments, other types of SLSs (strain-compensating superlattices) may be employed for the p and n layers of the photodiodes of the detector. For example, variations of the InAs/InxGa1−xSb superlattice system other than those given above for the MWIR and LWIR spectral regions, may be employed; other variations of the binary, ternary, or quaternary variations of InxGayAl1−x−yAs and InxGa1−x−yAlySb grown on GaSb substrates may be employed; and mixed-anion superlattice systems other than binary, ternary, or quaternary variations of InxGayA1−x−yAs and InxGa1−x−yAlySb may be employed. In addition, strain-compensating superlattice structures other than mixed-anion superlattice systems may be employed.
[0054] In the embodiment of FIG. 4, an n-p-n structure is used, in which p-type GaSb layer 421 acts as a barrier layer, between p-type photodiode layers 432 and 413. I.e., p-type GaSb layer 421 is an isotype heterojunction barrier separating two p-n homojunctions. In an alternative embodiment, p-type photodiode layers 432 and 413 are omitted; layers 433 and 412 directly join to p-type layer 421. In this case, the junction of the n-type layers 433 and 412 with p-type layer 421 form a double heterojunction.
[0055] In the embodiment of FIG. 4, an n-p-n structure is used. In alternative embodiments, a p-n-p structure is employed, with the thicker absorbing layers being the p-type layers of the respective photodiodes, instead of the n-type layers as shown in FIG. 4.
[0056] In the embodiment of detector 400, shorter-cutoff-wavelength absorption layers are placed physically below longer-cutoff-wavelength absorption layers, when light is directed into the photodetector structure from the bottom up, through the transparent substrate. This ensures that each SLS absorption layer receives and filters (absorbs or passes) radiation before the passed radiation reaches any longer-cutoff-wavelength SLS absorption layers. In an alternative embodiment, light (radiation) to be detected impinges on the photodetector from the top instead of from the bottom. In this case, the shorter-cutoff-wavelength photodiodes are above all longer-cutoff-wavelength photodiodes, opposite the arrangement in detector 400; and the substrate need not be transparent.
[0057] The present invention, therefore, is well adapted to carry out the objects and attain the ends and advantages mentioned, as well as others inherent therein. While the invention has been depicted and described and is defined by reference to particular preferred embodiments of the invention, such references do not imply a limitation on the invention, and no such limitation is to be inferred. The invention is capable of considerable modification, alteration and equivalents in form and function, as will occur to those ordinarily skilled in the pertinent arts. The depicted and described preferred embodiments of the invention are exemplary only and are not exhaustive of the scope of the invention. Consequently, the invention is intended to be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims, giving full cognizance to equivalents in all respects.
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U.S. Tightens Security After Terror Attack In France
In the wake of the terror attack in France, the U.S. is tightening up its own security.
Police To Use New High-Tech Surveillance At Fourth Of July Celebration
The security around this year's Fourth of July Esplanade celebration may be more high-tech than ever before.
All Things Travel: The Boston Marathon Changes Everything
Does Boston need to make a bid for The 2024 Summer Olympics?
Patriots Day Lantern Ceremony Adds Honors For Marathon Survivors
Ceremonies at Boston's Old North Church Sunday night linked the historic events commemorated every year on Patriots Day and the tragic events at last year's Boston Marathon.
Officials Announce Safety Measures For Boston Stretch Of Marathon
City officials have announced improved public safety measures for the final two miles of the world's oldest marathon,
Marathon Security To Include 3,500 Police; Backpacks Discouraged
More than 3,500 police officers will patrol this year's Boston Marathon, more than double the number deployed last year, when two bombs exploded near the finish line, killing three people and injuring more than 260.
Suspicious Truck Leads To Brief Evacuation Outside Fenway Park
Boston police cleared out part of the area outside Fenway Park Wednesday morning because of a suspicious truck.
Bradley Jay: 'What Do You Want Out Of Life?'
Click play to find out what folks really want out of life and see how it compares to what you would have expected.
Security Bolstered For 2013 Head Of The Charles Regatta
Added security measures are in place for this weekend's Head of the Charles Regatta.
Daily Talker: Do Enhanced Security Measures At Sporting Events Make You Feel Safer?
The NFL is instituting a new bag policy at all stadiums for security reasons. Backpacks and purses are out. Clear, plastic bags are in. Good call by the league? Do enhanced security measures make you feel safer?


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text: Still waiting for the Lumia Black firmware update for your Nokia Lumia 925 on T-Mobile? You're not alone. I've recently switched back to the Lumia 925 as my daily and only bust out the Lumia 1020 for when I know I'll be taking a ton of pictures. The Lumia 925 isn't just one of the most elegant Windows Phone devices, it's one of the most elegant smartphones period. Thankfully you and I won't have to wait too much longer for the Lumia Black update. It should be out pretty soon.


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Wayland Display Server Gets A Terminal
Published on 08 December 2008 03:32 PM EST
Written by
Michael Larabel
3 Comments
A month ago we talked about
Red Hat's Wayland Project
, which is a
nano display server with integrated compositing manager
that is much simpler than the long-standing
X Server
. Today this project has released a new milestone: Wayland gets a terminal.
The Wayland project is led by
Kristian Høgsberg
and recently he's been attempting to get a full-screen X Server running within Wayland. As Kristian mentions in his new blog post though, so far the system is only crashing or locking up when attempting this feat. In the process of this work, Kristian has written a basic terminal for Wayland with very limited ANSI support. The plan though is to add a Wayland back-end to GTK+.
More information on this Wayland update can be found on
Kristian's blog
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Minnesota News Roundup: Suicidal man arrested for setting home ablaze
ST. PAUL -- Investigators say a suicidal man in St. Paul torched his own home last (Tue) night, just before county mental health officials were expected to arrive. 55-year-old Glen Krueger is also accused of splashing a flammable liquid on his roommate, but St. Paul Police say it's not clear whether that was intentional. Family members had asked Ramsey County mental health officials to check on Krueger because he has a history of mental illness and they say he wasn't taking his medication.


text:
The fatal shooting at the Riff Music Lounge early Saturday "is unacceptable," Ald. Pat Dowell said.Read More »
Bad Dog Tavern has been transformed into Mash, with a new look and menu set to debut Thursday.Read More »
Community reaction to the proposed dual tower development was loudly opposed Monday at a public meeting.Read More »
Authorities found the bodies Tuesday afternoon in the 2800 block of North Maplewood Avenue.Read More »
A man who covered the left half of his face robbed a PNC bank branch on Madison Tuesday morning.Read More »
The university is selling 19 buildings in May to reinvest in teaching and research.Read More »
Jake Bickelhaupt represents Chicago on the list of America's 10 most innovative, up-and-coming cooks.Read More »
Robert Murphy, who finished second, has promised to hold the alderman accountable.Read More »
You don't have to break the bank to think outside the drugstore jelly bean box this Easter.Read More »
Mike Sheerin of Blackbird and Trencherman will open Packed in late summer in the former Edwardo's Pizza.Read More »
Hundreds of runners from all over the city will participate in this year's race in scenic Door County.Read More »
Google Maps has a Pac-Man filter today, allowing you to play all around Chicago's neighborhoods.Read More »
But the right field video board and the bleachers won't be, the team said on Tuesday.Read More »
Margot Burke Holland has been named executive director of the Beverly Area Planning Association.Read More »
Want to stay Airbnb style in a Bulls-themed bedroom and play b-ball with Scottie? Here's your chance.Read More »
The restaurant-lounge also is facing city lawsuits, and after a recent shooting, angry neighbors.Read More »


text:
American Airlines flight AA7308 schedule, March 28
Flight departure days
1. Flight AA7308: Sydney / Mascot - Dallas-Fort Worth, SYD - DFW, 15h 20m
American Airlines international flight AA7308 departs from «Terminal 1» of airport Sydney / Mascot, Sydney (SYD), Australia on Saturday, 28 March at 14:25 / 2:25 pm. The flight arrives to «Terminal D» of airport Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW), United States on Saturday, 28 March at 13:45 / 1:45 pm. Flight duration is 15h 20m. The flight is operated by Qantas, flight number QF7.
Sydney / Mascot, Sydney (SYD)
2:25 pm
2:25 pm
Mar 28
Terminal 1
American Airlines
15h 20m
Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW)
1:45 pm
1:45 pm
Mar 28
Terminal D
American Airlines AA 7308 alternative and return flights
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text:
A 10-year-old boy died after he was struck by lightning at Nettanige Mudnoor in Puttur taluk on Thursday afternoon.
Headmistress of the Government Higher Primary School, Menala, Sarojini said in the complaint that Nityananda had gone to wash his hands after lunch around 1 p.m. when a bolt of lightning struck him. According to the police although he was immediately rushed to the government hospital, the doctors declared him brought dead.
Keywords: lightning, school boy, government hospital
More In: Mangaluru


text:
Hero of the Arena
50,000 - 100,000 downloadsAdd this app to your listsTweets por @Appszoom
Hero of the Arena is a unique endless action arena survival game with retro graphics and many features. Upgrade your skills, buy and find deadly items, unlock new rooms to crush hundreds of enemies in seek for blood and glory!
-Dozens of USEFUL ITEMS, including bombs, dynamite, rockets, laser guns, armor and magic artifacts of many purposes.
-TONS of enemies
-BOSS fights
-Achievable HATS and ITEMS
-Farming system.
Tags: heroe de la arena, hero of the arena.
-Shop bug fixed
(37 stars)
You can play it normally by turning the Wi-Fi off. It is annoying to keep turning it off everytime you play though.
(37 stars)
I opened this game over 300 times but it still haven't open it is loading 1 minute then exit itself
(37 stars)
But the constant crashing is horrible I kept playing for 5mins cause the game is fun but can't get pass wave 2 :-/
(37 stars)
For fixing the crashing in this awesome game
(37 stars)
It's force crashsing way too much and the classic controls sometimes won't respond please fix this i know you'll do what you can thanks
(37 stars)
Please make the arena get bigger as the waves progress, expand the pre-arena area and add more overall to the rest of the game. Love it!
(37 stars)
A casa le keep logging out after you play do not download


text:
ninebark diablo-transplanting
We were getting new windows and transplanted our ninebark just a few feet from where it was originally. It has not bunced back since doing this. It has been hot and we have been watering it a few times a day. There are no green or dark purple leaves anymore. Is there any hope in revitaling this bush?? Any suggestions on how much to water or is it a lost cause?
No matter how badly a shrub or tree looks above the ground after I've transplanted it, I never, ever count it out until the following spring, and even then I hold out for many weeks to see if it will put out new growth. I always assume like Ian said that the plant is busy with work below the ground. I've had some shrubs and trees look really nasty after transplanting and by the following spring they are just fine. Make sure it doesn't dry out.


text:
For the past 8 months, Sereno Group offices have created and overseen the company's "1% for Good" charitable philanthropy program. With "1% for Good", Sereno Group has pledged to give 1% of their gross commissions to a charitable or community minded organization committed to making a positive difference in the community.
The program is organized and directed by committees within each respective Sereno Group office. This structure allows each office the opportunity to choose local organizations and will allow their philanthropic contribution to have a direct impact on the local communities. Organizations are selected on a quarterly basis, with the 90 day aggregate sum of donation dollars being delivered to the chosen beneficiary organizations at the end of each period.
"The idea of '1% for Good' originated in our Santa Cruz office with a group of agents who wanted to do more for their local community," said Chris Trapani, Founder of Sereno Group, "I believe it is an incredible extension of our core values to be a company that is intertwined and involved with the communities we serve. '1% for Good' offers a way for the entire company to participate in organizations who are making a positive impact in the world."
For further details on Sereno Group's 1% for Good, visit: serenogroup.com/onepercent


text:
Comfort Inn
818 South State Street
Clarksdale, MS 38614
Phone: (662) 627-5122
Fax: (662) 627-1668
»Ground Zero Blues Club
If you are a true blues music fan, then a visit to the Ground Zero Blues Club is a must. Co-owned by Bill Luckett and Morgan Freeman, Ground Zero completely focuses on Delta Blues music and musicians. This club is always crowded with music lovers who come here to watch their favorite bands play. Loved by locals and lauded by critics and lifestyle magazines, this venue is fast gaining popularity. Also, its Southern cuisine featuring tasty dishes is certainly an added bonus. For gig schedule and other details, call ahead.