text:
A method of constructing a barrier upon an underwater surface by storing sheet material as a rolled web, unrolling the web, continuously forming the web into a longitudinal hollow of a tube-like configuration, progressively positioning spaced longitudinal slot-defining edge portions defining the underside of the longitudinal hollow upon an underwater surface, thereafter delivering ballast material through and between the spaced edge portions into the longitudinal hollow and into overlying relationship upon the edge portions to hold the edge portions upon the underwater surface, and the ballast material being delivered through a portion of the longitudinal hollow as the web is unrolled but the longitudinal hollow is not yet positioned upon the underwater surface.
1. A method of producing and laying on the ground an elongated structure consisting of at least one layer of flexible, tight and/or permeable and/or porous sheet material (13, 14, 16, 1), which forms at least one longitudinal hollow filled with sedimentary ballast material (19), characterized by a procedure comprising the following steps:
unrolling from a roll (32) said sheet material in its longitudinal direction;
advancing said roll in pace with the speed of said unrolling of said sheet material;
shaping said sheet material into a tube-like configuration comprising at least one longitudinal hollow, in which the underside of said tube-like configuration is provided with at least one opening allowing for passage of said sedimentary ballast material;
laying the tubelike configured sheet material on the ground with the opening bottommost;
and filling said hollow with sedimentary ballast material through said opening in the underside of the unrolled, but not yet laid portion of said sheet material.
2. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the filling step is performed by pumping a suspension of the sedimentary ballast material into said hollow.
3. The method as defined in claim 1 wherein the sedimentary ballast material includes particles of ballast material and suspension fluid, and at least portions of the sheet material are permeable enough to allow for passage through the sheet material of the suspension fluid, but retain at least some of the particles of ballast material.
4. The method as defined in claim 3 including the step of sucking at least part of the suspension fluid from the hollow out through the porous sheet material.
5. The method as defined in claim 4 including the step of recirculating the fluid that is sucked out of the hollow back into the hollow to establish a generally closed circulation system.
6. The method as defined in claim 5 including the step of conducting the recirculated fluid along the ground wherefrom it entrains sediment on its way back to the hollow.
7. A method of constructing a barrier upon an underwater surface comprising the steps of progressively positioning spaced longitudinal slot-defining edge portions defining the underside of an elongated tube upon an underwater surface, and thereafter delivering ballast material through and between the spaced edge portions into the tube and into overlying relationship upon the edge portions to hold the edge portions upon the underwater surface.
8. The method as defined in claim 7 including the steps of forming the elongated tube by unrolling sheet material from a roll in its longitudinal direction, and advancing the roll in pace with the speed of the unrolling of the sheet material.
9. Apparatus for producing and laying on the ground an elongated structure formed of at least one layer of flexible, tight and/or permeable and/or porous sheet material which forms at least one longitudinal hollow filled with sedimentary ballast material comprising means for unrolling from a roll sheet material in its longitudinal direction, means for advancing the roll in pace with the speed of unrolling of the sheet material, means for shaping the sheet material into a tube-like configuration having at least one longitudinal hollow in which the underside of the tube-like configuration is provided with at least one opening allowing for passage of the sedimentary ballast material, means for laying the tube-like configured sheet material on the ground with the opening bottommost, and means for filling the hollow with sedimentary ballast material through the opening in the underside of the unrolled but not yet laid portion of the sheet material.
10. Apparatus for constructing a barrier upon an underwater surface comprising means for progressively positioning spaced longitudinal slot-defining edge portions defining the underside of an elongated tube upon an underwater surface, and means for thereafter delivering ballast material through and between the spaced edge portions into the tube and into overlying relationship upon the edge portions to hold the edge portions upon the underwater surface.
11. The apparatus as defined in claim 10 including means for forming the elongated tube by unrolling sheet material from a roll in its longitudinal direction, and means for advancing the roll in pace with the speed of the unrolling of the sheet material.
12. The apparatus as defined in claim 10 wherein said ballast delivering means is operative for delivering sufficient ballast to additionally fill the tube.
13. The apparatus as defined in claim 10 including means for storing sheet material as a web, and means for continuously forming the web into the elongated tube.
14. The apparatus as defined in claim 10 including means for storing sheet material as a rolled web, means for unrolling the web, means for continuously forming the web into the elongated tube, and said ballast delivering means being operative for delivering the ballast through a portion of the elongated tube which is unrolled but not yet positioned upon the underwater surface.
15. The apparatus as defined in claim 14 including means for guiding the web edge portions from maximum transversely spaced parallel relationship through an arc of converging relationship to form the elongated tube at which the web edge portions are again parallel but in immediately adjacent relationship.
16. The apparatus as defined in claim 10 including means for storing the sheet material as a rolled web, and means for forming the web into the tube.
17. A method of producing and laying on the ground an elongated structure consisting of sheet material forming at least one longitudinal hollow filled with sedimentary ballast material characterized by a procedure comprising the following steps:
unrolling from a roll the sheet material in its longitudinal direction;
advancing the roll in the pace with the speed of the unrolling of the sheet material into a tube-like configuration comprising at least one longitudinal hollow in which the underside of the tube-like configurations provided with at least one opening allowing for passage of the sedimentary ballast material;
laying the tube-like configured sheet material on the ground with the opening bottommost; and
filling the hollow with sedimentary ballast material through the opening in the underside of the unrolled portion of the sheet material.
18. A method of constructing a barrier upon an underwater surface comprising the steps of progressively positioning spaced longitudinal edges of sheet material into spaced relationship to each other and upon an underwater surface to thereby form a tube with a longitudinal slot at an underside thereof, and as the tube is being progressively formed delivering ballast material through the longitudinal slot into the tube and into interior overlying relationship upon the edge portions of the tube to hold the tube edge portions upon the underwater surface.
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 06/336,356, filed Dec. 18, 1981, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,541,751.
The invention relates to a barrier for control of erosion on land due to wind, or erosion in a body of water due to waves and currents. On land the barrier may be used for instance for dune, bank or beach stabilization, in water for example for coastal protection, prevention of siltation is a waterway, prevention of erosion along a submarine installation such as a pipeline, and the like.
Various gravity types of prefabricated groins and breakwaters exist. Made of concrete, stones or other heavy materials, they have either solid cross-section or are formed as shell-like ridge-structures. As these heavy structures are kept in place by their own weight, costly anchoring in the seabed is avoided.
The drawback of these heavy barriers is the expensive transportation of them from factory to installation site.
Other prefabricated systems consist of light materials, such as plastic, and therefore have to be anchored. For example, British Pat. No. 1383011 presents a system consisting of a sheet which, in use, forms a ridge-like barrier anchored in the seabed.
Danish Pat. No. 121080 presents a special method of filling a closed, circular hose of flexible material with sediment pumped into the interior of the hose.
Such circular cross-section of the structure, however, is inappropriate for fulfillment of most of the above objective of the present invention. A circular-cylindrical body is unstable, as it is undermined by waves and currents.
The present structure has little weight and thereby avoids expensive transportation. One or more hollows occupies the whole interior of the structure, which, when laid, is filled with natural sedimentary ballast, preferably taken from the area adjacent to the installation site, so that anchoring is avoided.
The structure has a wide base and thereby avoids undermining by waves and currents.
The barrier comprises an inexpensive, hollow, elongate structure with any suitable cross-section with a height/base width ratio less than 1. The ballast material is placed artificially and/or naturally in at least part of the hollows of the barrier, preferably during or immediately after laying of the barrier.
While the fields of application of the present invention cover uses above as well as under water, a full and complete understanding of the invention may be had by reference to the description of preferred embodiments relating to underwater uses as set forth hereinafter and as may be seen in the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-section of a completed barrier,
FIG. 2 is a plan view of an underwater sled for producing and laying the barrier shown in FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 is a section along the line I--I in FIG. 2,
FIG. 4 is a section along the line II--II of FIG. 2,
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a barrier-shaping device of the sled shown in FIGS. 2-4.
FIG. 6 is a section through a preferred type of pump,
FIG. 7 is a cross-section of an alternative grab-type device for filling and shaping the barrier,
FIGS. 8-12 are cross-sections of alternative shapes and materials of the barrier,
FIG. 13 is a plan view of a coast protected by barriers placed at intervals along the coast,
FIG. 14 is a cross-section of three parallel barriers,
FIG. 15 is a plan view of a coast protected by assemblies of barriers with different layouts.
The construction material of the barrier may be rigid or flexible, or a combination of rigid and flexible materials. The structure may consist of a sheet 13, FIGS. 1, 8, 9, enclosing the ballast material 19, or a thicker, porous material 1, FIGS. 11-12, in which at least part of the pores are filled with ballast material, or a combination hereof, FIG. 10.
In the first case the sheet 13 may be pre-shaped, FIGS. 8-10, and rigid enough to assume and/or maintain its final shape when it is laid on the floor. The sufficient rigidity may be obtained by corrugating the sheet 13, and/or by means of ribs in its transverse and/or longitudinal directions.
The spaces to be filled with ballast material 19 are formed by the edge portions 14, 15 or 16, which are bent 180� around. The edges may be rounded, FIGS. 1, 9, or sharp.
Alternatively, the sheet material may not be pre-shaped, and the desired shape of the cross-section of the barrier obtained by bending the edge portions of the sheet around, during the installation operation, FIGS. 1-6. The edge portions 16, FIG. 1, and thereby the whole barrier, are kept in place by the weight of the ballast material 19.
To prevent the fill material 19 from being washed out through the ends of the barrier, these should be closed, for instance by joining the lower portions 16 to the upper portion 13, e.g. by stapling them together.
In stead of bending the edge portions of the sheet 13 downwards, they may be bent upwards and interconnected, so that a closed tube is formed, FIG. 8.
FIG. 9 is a cross-section of a barrier where the center portion of the pre-shaped sheet 13 is upwardly arched and the edge portions 14 are bent upwardly around to meet the arched center portion and thereby enclose two longitudinal hollows.
The connections in FIGS. 8-9 may be obtained by connecting means attached to the edges, or by interlocking configurations of these.
If the sheet 13 is rigid enough and/or the dimensions of the barrier are small, the elasticity of the sheet 13 by itself may be sufficient to keep the tubes closed, after they have been filled with sediment 19, FIGS. 8-9.
FIG. 10 is a cross-section of a barrier consisting of a pre-shaped sheet 13, combined with porous material 1.
Examples of barriers consisting of porous material 1 are shown in FIGS. 11-12. To minimize the resistance of the barrier against being flattened out and wound up, the cross-section of the barrier may arched, FIG. 11. The barrier may contain cavities 17 to save material, FIG. 12.
The sheet 13, 16, FIG. 1, may be made of water-impermeable, elastic material, e.g. polypropylene, polyethylene, aluminium or steel. The thickness of the sheet may vary over the cross-section of the barrier. For example, the edge portions 16 may be thinner than the center portion.
Relief of pressure differences between the two sides of the sheet may be achieved by means of holes 38 placed at appropriate locations of the surface. And at least part of the water of the water/sediment mixture may escape through such holes. To prevent the sediment 19 from being washed out through the holes 38, these may be supplied with filter cloth. Or the edges of the holes may be bent outwards or inwards, so that each hole forms a funnel preventing the current from drawing the sediment 19 out through the hole.
Alternatively, all of the sheet 13 may consist of a water-permeable, flexible filter cloth, e.g. consisting of non-woven polypropylene and/or polyester fibres welded together by a heating process. To strengthen the cloth, for instance against vandalism, it may be reinforced with resistable threads, made for example of metal.
The pores of the filter material should be so small, that only an insignificant part of the smallest particles of the sediment 19 can pass through. Such filter material also has the advantage that a part of the water of the water/sediment mixture can pass through the sheet, although the major part may have to escape underneath the sheet 13 at the front end of the sled 40. Another advantage of filter material is the fact that the tendency of the wave action to cause flapping of the sheet 13 and thereby deformation of the barrier is much less than for an impermeable and/or more rigid sheet.
The voids of a barrier consisting of porous material 1, FIGS. 10-12, may be open hollows. Preferably the cells are parallel, narrow and extend vertically throughout the height of the barrier, the upper end of each cell being open, so that the ballast material can deposit in the cell, and the lower end being closed, so that the ballast material is retained in the cell. The cross-section of the individual cell may be hexagonal, quadrangular, circular, or shaped otherwise.
Alternatively, or in combination with such kind of cellular structure, the barrier may consist of a tangle of crisscross threads that are straight, crooked, wavy and/or looped, and twisted or welded together to form a very open and permeable structure 1.
Generally, the spacing of the threads in the tangle of threads only has to be tight enough to reduce the velocity of the wind or the current and orbital motion of the waves to such level that the fill material in the hollows of the barrier will not be removed. In some areas of the barrier, however, the surface appropriately is tighter: (1) To prevent the fill 19 from slipping through, at least the lower periphery of the compartments intended for containing the fill should be tight enough. Examples are shown in FIGS. 11-12, where the lower surface 3 of either side of the barrier is tight. (2) To strengthen the surface of the crest 2, which always will remain uncovered by drift material, even when the slopes 5 on both sides are covered, this surface also may be at least comparatively tight and smooth.
To prevent the fill material 19 in the upper part of the cells or the tangle from being washed out, some kind of means allowing for downward, but hindering upward passage of the fill 19, may be supplied to the upper surface. For example, a membrane provided with rows of short slits may be attached to the surface. The thickness of the membrane should be adjusted so that the slits open up, when a certain height of fill 19 is placed on top of the membrane, but keeps closed when exposed to wave action.
Appropriate materials for fabrication of the porous structure 1 may be synthetic, e.g. polypropylene or polyethylene, chips of metal or other waste material, or natural fibres such as coco fibres coated with synthetic or natural rubber or plastic.
The best manner of installing the barrier structure depends on the local conditions and the type of material used for fabrication of the barrier.
A more or less rigid structure may be floated to the installation site, where it is sunk and filled with ballast material.
A more advantageous method normally is to fabricate the barrier from flexible material that can be wound around a reel 32, so that it can be rolled off from a surface vessel, or even better, from an underwater sled 40, FIGS. 2-6, or vehicle supplied with wheels, caterpillars or longitudinal, rotating cylinders with screw thread, fore and/or aft, and which may be pulled along via a rope 46 by a winch on shore or by a surface vessel, or may be self-propelled and/or remotely controlled. In the last-mentioned cases the highest degree of independence of weather conditions is obtained.
On land the barrier material may be rolled off from a vehicle. When a barrier structure as the one shown in FIG. 9 is to be flattened out before winding up on a reel, the edge portions 14 are to be turned about 180 degrees away from the barrier, so that the barrier structure becomes nearly plane, whereas sharply edged portions are to be pressed directly against the adjacent portion 13, so that they become nearly plane and level with 13.
The sled 40, FIGS. 2-6, may have several functions:
A sheet that is not pre-shaped, may be gradually shaped into the desired cross-section of the barrier, e.g. the one shown in FIG. 1, by means of guiding members 33, FIG. 5. As the sheet 13 rolls off the roll 32, which may be provided with brake means, and passes through the sled 40, the system of longitudinal and crosswise guiding members 33 with successively differing cross-sections gradually bends the edge portions of the sheet 13 around to form the lower ballasted horizontal portions 16, and successively transforms the sheet from its plane shape at the roll 32 to the desired almost closed cross-section, FIG. 1, where the sheet passes the rear end of 33. The shaping members 33 may contain hinges 47, so that the resulting shape of the barrier is adjustable.
The rear end of the sled 40, FIG. 4, prevents deformation of the barrier during the filling of this with ballast material.
Furthermore, the sled may include the pumping or plowing means used for filling the barrier.
The sled may also include sonars and/or underwater television cameras to monitor the filling process. Such devices for instance may be mounted on the sled 88, FIG. 2.
The shaping members appropriately are assembled to form one unit 33, which may be hanging in chains 76 from the sled 40. If the sheet material 13 is very flexible, supplementary guiding members 34 underneath 33 may be required to steer the sheet during the laying process. At least part of the assembly of separate members 33 or 34 may be replaced by continuous plate. To allow for initial manual feeding of the sheet 13 through the narrow slit 78 between the upper (33) and lower (34) sets of guiding members, hinges 47 may be required.
The upper part 35 of the framework 33 may be extended toward the rear end of the sled 40 where it maintains the outer shape of the sheet 13 during the filling of this. Alternatively, such shaping members may be in fixed connection with the sled 40. To eliminate friction, the members and/or the guiding members 33, 34, 35 may be supplied with rollers.
As the filling process may not be completed before the sled 40 has passed the section that is being filled, an extra sled may be pulled along some distance behind the sled 40, in order to shape the desired configuration of the barrier.
The ballast material 19 may be supplied through a hose from a surface vessel or, preferably, be taken from the adjacent seabed area. In the latter case the sediment may be plowed from this area into the hollow in, respectively up upon the upper surface of, the barrier, by means of at least one pair of long plow shares which form a suitable angle with the sled 40. The material 19 thereby can be lead into the space under the sheet 13, FIG. 1, or up on top of the sheet, FIGS. 8-12.
Wherever possible, pumping of the sediment 19, however, is preferable. The pumping equipment 80 may be installed on the surface vessel or, preferably, on the sled 40, FIGS. 2-3.
An appropriate type of pump is shown in FIG. 6. The pump 80 produces a high speed jet of water through the nozzle 83 and thereby draws big volumes of water/sediment mixture with lesser velocity through the pipes 36.
The percentage content of water in the water/sediment mixture may be controlled by valved side openings somewhere in the system of mouthpieces 45, hoses and/or pipes 36 and pump.
If the sediment 19 is taken from the adjacent seafloor, it should, generally, be picked up as far away from the barrier as possible. The hoses or pipes 36 through which the sediment is drawn from the seafloor, therefore may be mounted on extended frames 81. These may be in hinged connection with the sled 40, so that they can yield in case they hit obstacles on the seabed.
To minimize the depth of the excavations caused by the removal of sediment, each hose or pipe 36 may split up and end with a plurality of parallel hoses or pipes 36, and/or end in wide, flat mouthpieces 45, so that the sediment is taken from a wide area.
Depending on the rigidity of the sheet 13, it may in some cases be desirable or necessary to draw part of the sediment 82, FIG. 4, through hoses or pipes 85 from the seabed along the edges of the barrier, so that the edges consequently will sink, and the desired streamlined cross-section of the barrier and/or the necessary strain in the sheet 13 is obtained.
Filling with sediment 19 of barrier structures as shown in FIGS. 8-12 may be achieved by jetting the water/sediment mixture directly from the adjacent seabed up upon the upper surface of the barrier structure. Structures with normally inaccessible spaces for ballast material 19 as shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 may be filled by means of hoses and/or pipes 86 which force the elastic upper portion 14 or 15 away from the barrier during their passage and lead the water/sediment mixture into the spaces to be filled. Then the elasticity of the sheet 13, 14, 15 will make the portions 14 or 15 bend back to the original position, so that the space is closed and prevents the sediment 19 from becoming washed out.
A barrier structure as shown in FIG. 1 has to be filled with sediment 19 through the front end of the sled 40, accordingly as the sled moves forward, and the filling hose and/or pipe 22 being carried or dragged along underneath the sheet 13 and between the two portions 16. All or most of the water of the sediment/water mixture may have to escape in forward direction through the same opening between the two portions 16. Hereby a fraction of the sediment of the mixture will deposit in front of the sled 40, so that the lower portions 16 of the sheet will be slanting downwardly toward the edges of the barrier, FIG. 4.
A rigid pipe 22 may be mounted in fixed connection with the sled 40 at a certain distance above the floor. A hose or flexible pipe 22 may be dragged along on the floor. In both cases a proper filling and tight packing of the full cross-section of the barrier may require that the flow of water/sediment mixture is distributed over the cross-section by means of a plurality of hoses or pipes, which may end in diffusers, preferably so that the total cross-section area of the hoses or pipes gradually increase toward the downstream end.
The assembly of hoses or flexible pipes 22 may be mounted on members 87 hinged to a sled 88 dragged along on top of the lower portions 16, which thereby will be kept in place, even if they have a positive buoyancy. The pivotal connection of the member 87 allow the sled 88 to be put through the opening between the two portions 16, even if these are made of rather rigid material.
For decrease of the velocity of the flow of sediment/water mixture when it leaves the hoses or pipes 22, so that the sediment can deposit, the directions of the downstream ends of these hoses or pipes should be adjustable.
These directions may for instance be upwards and more or less backwards toward the rear end of the sled 40, to ensure filling of the top of the barrier.
Another principle which may be combined with the first one, is arrangement of the downstream ends of the hoses or pipes 22 two and two opposite each other, so that the outflows meet and neutralize eachother.
If the sheet 13 consists of filter cloth or of perforated material in which the perforated holes are covered with filter cloth, e.g. in the form of a continuous cloth underneath the perforated material, a compact filling of the top of the barrier can be achieved by drawing the superfluous water out through the filter cloth. This excessive water may be sucked out for instance by a pipe 97, FIGS. 1, 2, 5, with a longitudinal profile identical with the upper surface of the desired cross-section of the barrier. Its underside is perforated with holes, and may be provided with one continuous or several separate mouthpieces like those of a vacuum cleaner. Besides removing the superfluous water, such pipe at the same time shapes the barrier.
Preferably the superfluous water is drawn by the pump 80 through the hose or pipe 98, so that the water is recycled by the same pump in an almost closed flow system.
This system should be closed as completely as possible, so that a minimum of the surrounding water outside the system becomes involved, and the required pumping capacity for suction through the sheet 13 thereby is minimized.
The hoses or pipes 36 and/or 85 therefore may be connected to the pipes 97, e.g. by ending 36 and/or 85 as connections to 97, and by sucking the sediment from the seafloor through side openings on the underside of 36 and/or 85, so that to some extent it is the water sucked out through 97 that carries the sediment to fill the barrier.
Additionally, the outlets of the pipes or hoses 50 may be very close to the pipes 97 and point directly in direction of these. The outlets may match the sucking members 97 completely. If these are formed as pipes 97 as shown, the outlets of 50 may also be interconnected by perforated pipes of the same shape as 97 and move close to the sheet just below 97. The outlets of 50 or such interconnecting pipe may even be provided with flexible diffuser heads made for instance of rubber, which move in tight-fitting contact with the underside of the sheet 13 and exactly opposite the sucking members 97 on the other side of the sheet 13. The flexibility of the diffusers on their rear side allows for escape of the supplied sediment.
Suction through the filter cloth not only allows for compact, but also for fast filling of the barrier, because high velocity of the outflow is no hindrance for settling of the sediment particles in such case. To maximize the velocity, additional pumping capacity for suction of the superfluous water may be required.
Holes 38 through the sheet 13 may for example be produced continuously by means of a pair of rollers 39 mounted on the sled 40. One of the rollers is supplied with short spikes punching through the sheet 13 when it passes between the two rollers, the other roller being supplied with holes matching the spikes.
The sled 40 may consist of valved pipe members, which may be emptied of water, so that the sled becomes buoyant and able to float on the surface, when the sled is to be moved from one installation site to the next.
The cost of the sheet material 13 constituting an essential part of the total cost, re-use of the sheet may be wothwhile when more layers of deposited sediment on top of eachother are required.
For reversing the process, i.e. for loosening and collecting the sheet material 13 already installed, a backwardly moving sled 40 of principally the same design as the one described above, may be appropriate. By moving the sled backwards on top of the deposited sediment 42, FIG. 14, and by lowering the system of guiding members 33, 34, which should be supplied with plow shares 89, FIG. 5, through the deposition 42 to the lower side of the lower portions 16 of the structure 13, the plow shares and the members 33, 34 will raise and unfold the sheet 13. If necessary, the loosening of the sheet may be facilitated by means of water jets removing the deposits 42 along the sides of the barrier. The jet means may be mounted on either side of the sled 40.
When a sheet 13 is to be re-used on top of the deposition 42, two sleds 40 in succession may be used. The front sled moves backwards, so that it loosens, raises and unfolds the sheet. The next sled moving forwards takes over, folds, lays and fills up the sheet with sediment 19, on top of the deposition 42. Alternatively, the front sled only loosens and raises the sheet, without unfolding it, and the second sled only lays and fills it with sediment. To level off the seabed after the passage of the front sled, a scraper may be moved along between the two sleds. The two sleds may be joined together to form one apparatus.
In particular for smaller structures, grabbing of the fill material may be an alternative to filling the structure 13 with sediment by pumping. The sheet 13 may be laid flat on the ground. The sled 40 may be supplied with a row of grabs 92, FIG. 7. Each grab being provided with one or more hinges, the edge portions 95 of such grab are pressed down into the ground material on either side of the sheet 13, when the center portion of the grab is lifted. The grab in this way clutching the sheet 13 and a portion of the ground material will gradually assume and fill the desired profile, e.g. the one shown in FIG. 1.
To prevent the water waves from flapping the sheet 13, and/or from undermining the barrier, at least sections of the barrier may be covered by a wide ballasted mat, e.g. of the type disclosed in PCT Application No. DK/80/00068.
Used as a submarine barrier, the above structure among other aspects opens up for a new method of protecting coasts against erosion. And the inexpensiveness of the structure allows for protection of long continuous coast sections on a large scale.
Perpendicular or possibly parallel to the coastline long submarine barriers 65 may be placed at long intervals, FIG. 13.
The landward end of each barrier may be placed some distance from the shoreline 95. The littoral drift will deposit sediment 56 along both sides of the barrier. Consequently, the waves will be refracted and cause the area 57 between the landward end and the shoreline to shoal. And deposition will take place in the areas 58 on both sides of the barrier. A partly submerged headland 57, 58 thereby is created, the littoral drift is minimized, and the coast between the headlands created this way is stabilized.
Depending on the dimensions of the barrier, the depths of water, the wave climate and current conditions on the site, one barrier may not be sufficient to hold the individual coast-section. And two or more parallel barriers 59, FIG. 14, with suitable mutual spacing may be required.
With time the height of the deposition, if necessary, may be increased by raising the barriers, or by placing a third barrier 60 on top of the deposition of sediment caused by the first two barriers 59 between these.
The number of parallel barriers 66, FIG. 15, may vary from the landward to the seaward end of the headland. Depending on the local conditions, the number may increase in the seaward direction, FIG. 15, or in the landward direction.
Furthermore, such assembly of adjacent barriers may not be parallel, but converge in either the seaward or the landward direction. FIG. 15 shows an example where two barriers 67 converging in the landward direction together with a third barrier 68 form a Y. FIG. 15 also shows an example where two barriers 69 converge in the seaward direction.
For prevention of siltation in a waterway, the barrier is placed along both sides of the channel.
If there is any tidal range in the channel, the channel may be maintained by the tidal current, and even deepened, by means of barriers placed parallel with, oblique to or perpendicular to the channel on its both sides. Due to the shallowing of the sides of the channel, the tidal current will deepen and maintain the middle part of the channel.
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these pants are great, if a little low cut in the back. that is my only complaint! but order up and maybe you'll be fine. otherwise, the quality is excellent and the fabric is super soft. haven't taken them touring yet, so can't comment on how long they'll last.
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»Wilcrest Baptist Church
Wilcrest Baptist Church was foundeed in 1970 and is known for its racially diverse following. The church has an active membership of around 500 and boasts of having members of 47 nationalities. The church conducts various events to keep in touch with the local community. It not only organizes religious events such as Bible studies, but also hosts social events like a Summer event for the youth, a bridge night, where people of all ages are brought together etc. It also has various local and international missions and its members are proactive in helping out the community.
»Notre Dame Catholic Church
The Notre Dame Catholic Church is committed to forming a large membership of disciples and facilitating their spiritual and cultural growth. The church was established in 1969 and takes pride in being a muti-cultural parish with a following of Catholic Christians of Hispanic, Asian, African, Indian and European descents. The parish takes its name from the Patron Saint of Noter Dame Cathedral in Paris. It provides Christian education and interacts with its community through various groups and programs. The classes are provided in English as well as Spanish to cater to it's multi-cultural disciples.
»Shri Radha Krishna Temple
Shri Radha Krishna Temple is a Hindu place of worship dedicated to Krishna, Radha and the Ram family. The temple is a quiet place and hosts four artis everyday. It also performs other religious services like Puja's, marriages, Namkarans (naming ceremony) etc. The temple works largely on donations and hosts special prayers on various Hindu festivals. The temple is only open during arti times and for a few hours for darshan. Please check the website for detailed timings.
»Westchase United Methodist Church
Westchase United Methodist Church organizes a number of events to get some strong followers from the nearby area. It houses four ministries of different racial dissents namely the Spanish, Ethiopian, Chinese and Vietnamese. The church's aim is to bring various people of different kind together under God's roof. It also facilitates a cultural exchange as it brings together people of various nationalities. It also promotes a strong family unit by having occasional family nights out.
»Masjid Muhammadi
Masjid Muhammadi was one of the first mosques in Houston and was built in 1980 by Sister Saeeda Khan to cater to the fast-growing Muslim population of the city. It is a mosque of the Sunni denomination. The mosque imparts religious education through an after-school and weekend Islamic classes. It also holds daily Quran recitals and offers daily Iftar during Ramzaan. The mosque has a group of qualified teachers to help the children learn the various duas and surahs of the Quran.
»First Methodist Houston
First Methodist Houston is just another campus for the First United Methodist Church Houston. The is as old as the city itself and was incorporated in the first city plan in the 1800's. It has a great impact on the adjoining community and provides a lot of facilities and amenities for the community. It has catered the building of a community center, a retirement home, a Methodist hospital and such entities. The church originally was located here, but in order to reach out to a lager following, it shifted base to the downtown area.With various worship services, a school and community groups, the church aims to serve the un-churched and lost souls as well as the faithful followers.
»Congregation Or Ami
Congregation Or Ami was established in 2001 and was a result of the merging of two of Houston's conservative synagogues, congregations Beth Am and Or Hadash. The synagogue provides a very small and intimate setting allowing you to worship without being disturbed. The Shabbat practices of this synagogue are highly praised as it celebrates Shabbat with a respect for the diversity of practice and helps its members to understand and appreciate the traditional Shabbat customs. It also highlights people's weekly lives and provides warmth and support.
»Alliance Business Centers
With Alliance Business Centers you can set up shop and be open for business in more than 500 locations around the world. You can select from a menu of services such as a corporate mailing address, personal telephone receptionist, and full suite or conference room facilities. No matter how big or small you are Alliance Business Centers has just what you need.
»St Raphael The Archangel Parish
St Raphael The Archangel Parish is a Roman Catholic church that serves a large community in Houston. Rooted in the bonds of charity and mutual concern the parish is welcoming towards old and new members and provides them with the spiritual experience that they crave for. The church has a diverse following and engages with the community through weekly sermons, Bible studies and other programs. The church brings people closer to the rest of the community and to God.
»Ayva Center
Ayva Center is one place which is solely dedicated to hosting events, conventions and banquets. It is a full-fledged convention center spread over an area of 45,000 square feet and it comprises 20 different venues. The center is maintained and operated by its administration department which also offers a service staff for assistance in any event. Besides, all major components like the kitchen, bakery, videography, florists and so on, are an in-house extendable service. The center comprises of ample of meeting spaces, three richly designed ballrooms, a leisure club and a moderate-size concert hall that can accommodate 2500 people at one go. Call for booking information.
»St. Cyril of Alexandria Catholic Church
St. Cyril of Alexandria Catholic Church is located on Westheimer Road, in Westchase, Houston. Dedicated to St. Cyril, the Confessor and Doctor of the Church, this place of worship invites believers from a wide demographic, regardless of their ethnicity, the cultures they belong to or the languages they speak. Along with regular worship service in English, the Catholic church also conducts service in Spanish. For worship timings and the rest of church schedule, visit their website.
»Pilgrim Rest Missionary Baptist Church
Pilgrim Rest Missionary Baptist Church was founded in 1865 by a group of citizens of the Piney Point community. The community felt a strong need for a place of worship and thus bough a land to build a church. The church remains very active today, with a wide number of community programs like Baptist Training, Bible school, worship music choir, youth groups etc. that allow various members from the community to connect with the church and one another. The church maintains a warm relationship with its members and is a friendly place for new members.


text:
Eliza, the 1966 brainchild of programmer Joseph Weizenbaum, has enjoyed many artistic interpretations and now she's about to step onto the telerobotic stage: Adrianne Wortzel's "Eliza Redux" has been recently selected by Franklin Furnace for their 2003-04
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Town Square
Why doesn't Dolores have a BLOG?
Original post made by Hal Bailey, another community, on Jan 30, 2012
Neighborhoods from Walnut Creek to Sunol have been interested in more content authored by Dolores Fox Ciardelli. Why doesn't she have a BLOG covering our 680 south corridor role in state, national and global economics and humanity?
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Another bad idea from the air board
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Bidding My Training Dept. Goodbye
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text:
A wavefront measurement system includes a source of electromagnetic radiation. An imaging system directs the electromagnetic radiation at an object plane that it uniformly illuminates. A first grating is positioned in the object plane to condition the radiation entering the input of a projection optic. A projection optical system projects an image of the first grating onto the focal plane. A second grating is positioned at the focal plane that receives a diffracted image of the object plane to form a shearing interferometer. A CCD detector receives the image of the pupil of the projection optical system through the projection optical system and the second grating that forms a fringe pattern if there are aberrations in the projection optical system. Phaseshift readout of fringe pattern can be accomplished by stepping the first grating in a lateral direction and reading each frame with the CCD detector.
1. A wavefront measurement system comprising:
a source of electromagnetic radiation;
an illumination system that directs the electromagnetic radiation uniformly at an object plane;
a first grating positioned in the object plane to condition the electromagnetic radiation, wherein lines of the first grating comprise a plurality of dots;
a projection optical system that projects an image of the first grating onto a focal plane;
a second grating at the focal plane; and
a detector behind the second grating that receives a fringe pattern produced by the second grating.
2. The system of
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28. A wavefront measurement system comprising:
a source of electromagnetic radiation;
an imaging system that focuses the electromagnetic radiation at an object plane;
a first grating, positioned on a reticle stage, that generates a diffraction pattern at a focal plane, wherein lines of the first grating comprise a plurality of dots;
a projection optical system that projects an image of the first grating onto the focal plane;
a second grating positioned on a wafer stage that receives a diffracted image of the first grating; and
a detector positioned on the wafer stage in the focal plane that receives the image of a pupil of the projection optical system through the second grating.
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60. A system for EUV photolithography comprising:
an EUV source emitting EUV radiation;
an imaging system that uniformly illuminates an object plane with the EUV radiation;
a reticle stage for mounting a reticle in an object plane;
a first grating, positioned on a reticle stage, that generates a diffraction pattern at a focal plane, wherein lines of the first grating comprise a plurality of dots;
a projection optical system that optically conjugates the focal plane and the object plane;
a wafer stage;
a second grating in the focal plane and positioned on the wafer stage; and
a detector positioned on the wafer stage that receives multiple images of a pupil of the projection optical system through the second grating.
61. A method of measuring a wavefront of an optical system comprising:
generating electromagnetic radiation at a source;
directing the electromagnetic radiation at an object plane of the optical system;
positioning a first grating in an optical path of the optical system to generate a diffraction pattern at a focal plane of the optical systems, wherein lines of the first grating comprise a plurality of dots;
conjugating the focal plane and the object plane;
positioning a detector below the focal plane and a second grating at the focal plane;
receiving multiple images of a pupil of the projection optical system through the second grating to obtain wavefront parameters from the multiple images.
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/440,050, Filed: Jan. 15, 2003, Titled: TRANSMISSION SHEAR GRATING IN CHECKERBOARD CONFIGURATION FOR EUV WAVEFRONT SENSOR, which is incorporated by reference herein.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is generally related to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photolithography systems, and more particularly, to measuring wavefront parameters in a photolithographic system.
2. Related Art
Lithography is a process used to create features on the surface of substrates. Such substrates can include those used in the manufacture of flat panel displays, circuit boards, various integrated circuits, and the like. A frequently used substrate for such applications is a semiconductor wafer. One skilled in the relevant art would recognize that the description herein would also apply to other types of substrates.
During lithography, a wafer, which is disposed on a wafer stage (WS), is exposed to an image projected onto the surface of the wafer by an exposure system located within a lithography system. The exposure system includes a reticle (also called a mask) for projecting the image onto the wafer.
The reticle is generally located between a semiconductor chip and a light source, usually mounted on a reticle stage (RS). In photolithography, the reticle is used as a photo mask for printing a circuit on a semiconductor chip, for example. Lithography light shines through the mask and then through a series of optical lenses that shrink the image. This small image is then projected onto the silicon or semiconductor wafer. The process is similar to how a camera bends light to form an image on film. The light plays an integral role in the lithographic process. For example, in the manufacture of microprocessors (also known as computer chips), the key to creating more powerful microprocessors is the size of the light's wavelength. The shorter the wavelength, the more transistors can be etched onto the silicon wafer. A silicon wafer with many transistors results in a more powerful, faster microprocessor.
As chip manufacturers have been able to use shorter wavelengths of light, they have encountered a problem of the shorter wavelength light becoming absorbed by the glass lenses that are intended to focus the light. Due to the absorption of the shorter wavelength light, the light fails to reach the silicon wafer. As a result, no circuit pattern is created on the silicon wafer. In an attempt to overcome this problem, chip manufacturers developed a lithography process known as Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL). In this process, a glass lens can be replaced by a mirror.
The problem of measuring the quality of the illumination beam is a persistent one for the lithographic applications. In particular, it is desirable to be able to measure wavefront quality in the photolithographic tool during wafer production and exposure, rather than having to disassemble the tool in order to do so. The particular environmental needs of an EUV Tool make disassembly a long and arduous task.
The present invention is directed to a transmission shear grating and checkerboard configuration for EUV wavefront sensor that substantially obviates one or more of the problems and disadvantages of the related art.
An embodiment of the present invention comprises a wavefront measurement system that includes a source of electromagnetic radiation. An imaging system directs the electromagnetic radiation uniformly at an object plane. A first grating is positioned in the object plane for conditioning the illumination reaching the input NA pupil plane of the projection optics (PO). The first grating includes a plurality of reflecting lines each formed by a plurality of reflecting dots. A projection optical system projects an image of the first grating onto the focal plane. A second grating is positioned at the focal plane. A detector is positioned in the fringe plane and receives the multiple images of the PO pupil through the second grating.
Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description that follows, and in part will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by the structure and particularly pointed out in the written description and claims hereof as well as the appended drawings.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.
The accompanying drawings, which are included to illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the invention. In the drawings:
Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the present invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
As further shown in
The wavefront can be measured when imaging is not being performed. In order to measure the wavefront, the reticle stage is moved, such that one of the gratings 203 in the source module 103 on the reticle stage is placed in the optical path, rather than the reticle 102 itself. The wafer stage is also moved such that the wavefront sensor is positioned to receive an image of the source module grating 203. The CCD detector 202 below the 2-D grating 201 then receives and measures the transmitted radiation. The reticle stage can then be moved to place a different diffraction grating in the optical path, so as to measure the wavefront with an orthogonal orientation of the source module grating 203.
The 2-D grating 201 also includes reflective (or opaque) regions, as may be seen in
In one embodiment, the checkerboard grating pitch was chosen as 1.6 microns. Note that the pitch has to be carefully chosen, to cause an appropriate angle for first order diffraction (as discussed below) for a particular shear ratio and numerical aperture. In one preferred embodiment the shear ratio was chosen to be 1/30th, although it will be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art that the invention is not limited to these particular numbers or dimensions. Also, in one particular embodiment, the output numerical aperture of the system is 0.25 (and the input numerical aperture is 0.0625, for 4� magnification), although the invention is not limited to this particular numerical aperture.
As noted above, the pitch of the 2-D grating 201 is chosen in one embodiment to provide a shear ratio of 1/30th, where the CCD detector 202 is in the fringe plane (i.e., below the focal plane of the system), and �sees� a pattern of fringes (an interferogram) or a number of overlapping circles, as will be discussed further below. The shear ratio is a measure of the overlap of two circles, where a shear ratio of zero represents perfect overlap. Note also that it is desirable for the CCD detector 202 to �see� only the zeroth order and the + and −1st order diffraction images, and to eliminate the + and −2nd order on diffraction images. For this purpose, the use of a checkerboard grating with square transmission and reflection areas, as shown in
One of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that some of the tolerancing concerns between the sensor module 106 and the source module 103 can be resolved by first fabricating the 2-D grating 201 of the sensor module 106, measuring its exact dimensions, and then fabricating the source module gratings 203 accordingly. In a 4� magnification system, the pitch of the linear grating of the source module 103 is preferably exactly 4� the pitch of the 2-D grating 201 of the sensor module 106. Thus, for a 1.6 micron pitch of the 2-D grating 201, the pitch of the source module grating 203 is preferably 6.4 microns. However, if the 2-D grating 201 is measured to be deviating by, e.g., 10% from the nominal value of 1.6, the source module grating 203 can be manufactured accordingly to have a pitch 4� times the measured checkerboard grating pitch. This reduces the need for extreme precision in the manufacture of both sets of gratings simultaneously.
Another embodiment of the 2-D grating 201 is a cross grating, such that two linear gratings of an appropriate pitch are essentially placed one on top of another, with each grating having the appropriate pitch dimension to result in an appropriate combined diagonal pitch. It is believed, however, that the checkerboard grating gives best results.
It will also be appreciated that a checkerboard grating or a cross grating can be used in the source module 103 instead of two separate linear gratings, although the use of a 2-D grating in the source module 103 complicates the detector readout and the analysis mathematics.
It will also be appreciated that although the discussion above is primarily in terms of a EUV photolithography system, where reflective optical elements are typically used (such as the source module gratings 203, the projection optics 104, and the imaging optics), the invention is equally applicable to other wavelengths used in the photolithographic system, with appropriate transmissive/refractive components used in place of reflective ones, as appropriate.
The pitch of the source module grating 203 is also chosen to make interference between + and −1st order images disappear.
With further reference to
A particular problem that frequently exists in many EUV photolithographic systems is that the EUV source does not provide uniform illumination at the pupil of the PO, but instead has a number of facets, or hot spots, that result from use of flies' eye lenses in the optics of the EUV source. This results in a non-uniform wavefront at the input numerical aperture of the pupil of the PO 104, or sometimes, in underfilled numerical aperture of the PO. For example, the particular system of one embodiment of the present invention has an input numerical aperture of 0.0625 for the projection optics 104, and an output numerical aperture of 0.25. Thus, it is desirable to be able to eliminate the underfilling and intensity nonuniformity at the input numerical aperture of the PO 104. Note that the problems discussed above affect the measurement of the wavefront by the wavefront sensor discussed above.
The grating lines are chosen as already stated to have a direct relation to the 2nd grating lines so as to further maximize the use of the object plane illumination, preserve fringe visibility at the detector, and eliminate + and −1 order fringes.
In one embodiment, the diameter of the dots, for the parameters discussed above (6.4 μm for 4� magnification, 0.25 output numerical aperture, 0.0625 input numerical aperture, 13.5 m source) is between 70 and 120 nm, preferably close to 70 nm.
The bottom portion of
It will be appreciated that with the use of the reflecting dots of the present invention, the single diffraction pattern, as shown in
Additionally, a factor of 2 drop-off in intensity can be allowable for each dot, since photon noise-limited elemental detection signal-to-noise ratio increases only by the square root of two. Note also that larger diameters can be desirable due to manufacturability issues. Calculations show that a 44 nm diameter dot gives a 10% drop-off, a 66 nm diameter dot gives a 20% drop-off, and a 112 nm diameter dot gives a 50% drop-off, for example.
Thus, the reflecting dot grating 203 of the present invention is an example of a reflective EUV scattering device, that in this case has 0.4% efficiency for the large number of dots and first grating size, with an additional goal of maximizing the efficiency. Efficiency here is defined as the fraction of the illumination power falling within the desired numerical aperture after reflection from the device, as compared to a Lambertian diffuser.
A tailored reflecting EUV diffractor fills the input numerical aperture of the projection optics, to eliminate pupil facets due to the Illumination Subsystem, and to maximize utilization of the illumination for optical system aberration measurements at EUV wavelengths using a lateral grating shearing interferometer. The last requires the equivalent of a grating placed in front of the incoherent extended source in the reticle plane. The first two require that the input illumination be reflected by a diffractor with a more favorable pattern than a Lambertian diffuser. The tailored reflecting diffractor may be an ensemble of micro-reflector diffraction-limited dots in the form of a grating. The individual reflecting dots in that ensemble would be placed at the �slits� of the 50% duty cycle �grating� and each individual reflecting dot of the size and shape to fill by diffraction the input numerical aperture of the optics being measured. For a numerical aperture of 0.0625 at 13.5 nm, the dot diameter might be 70 nm (to 210 nm). A single 70 nm dot would yield about 0.01 �detectable� EUV photon in EUV ILIAS. However, a 50% duty cycle �grating� 300 μm long, with 45 lines of pitch 6.4 μm, and with dots only along the central axis of each line, could accommodate enough spots to yield up to 1,000 �detectable� photons which is more than adequate for EUV ILIAS. �Grating� lines filled with dots would give larger signals. A single (dotted) line would give an inadequate signal. A Lambertian diffuser and regular grating of similar form would give a barely adequate signal.
The reflecting dots could have different heights so as to give them phase differences and so serve to eliminate the center bright spot of the prior random pattern. The random phases due to random heights serve the same purpose. However, the speckle in the presence of partially coherent illumination may be a problem for some applications. The reflective dots can be placed regularly without the phase steps, and such regular placement may trade speckle for less troublesome very low frequency artifacts.
When the reflective dots are placed randomly within the grating lines, speckle appears in the fringe pattern, as well as a bright spot at the center. The bright center can be eliminated by making the reflective dots of random height with a standard deviation of many times the wavelength (i.e., OPD many times π plus a fraction. When dots are placed in regular pattern, the overlapping fringe artifacts in the fringe plane can likewise be eliminated (but causing speckle) by making the dots of random height with an optical path difference standard deviation of many times π. However, the fringe artifacts may have less impact on fringe analysis.
It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. Thus, the breadth and scope of the present invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
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If you believe you are being treated wrongly, differently or unfairly at work because of your race, sex, age, religion, disability, pregnancy or national origin, you may protect your rights ONLY if you file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC in a timely fashion. If you fail to do so, ALL of your rights may be lost.
|Invidious, Common, Dreadful, Illegal
The United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission is a Federal Agency That Helps Pennsylvania Workers
The EEOC was created in 1971, and investigates and potentially prosecutes unlawful discriminatory practices in the workplace.
The EEOC handles discrimination/retaliation claims arising under Title VII, the Americans With Disabilities Act, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, and some other federal employment statutes.
Pennsylvania Employees Should Also Pursue Discrimination or Hostile Work Environment Claims With the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission
|Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission Enforces
the State's Anti-Discrimination Laws
The PHRC handles claims filed under the Pennsylvania Human Relations Act, which in most
If You Work in Philadelphia County, You May Also File a Discrimination Complaint With the Philadelphia Commission on Human Relations
|Philadelphia Very Protective
of Employee Rights
The Philadelphia Commission investigates potential violations of the City's Fair Practices Ordinance, which in some instances provides even broader protection than found under the laws covered by EEOC or PHRC.
Sexual Preference and Sexual Orientation Discrimination Illegal in Philadelphia
|Protected in Philly; Not Necessarily
Under State or Federal Laws
One major example of this broader protection scheme is that the the Fair Practice Ordinance makes discrimination based upon sexual preference (or sexual orientation) illegal within the City's limits; as of today, sexual preference discrimination may not be protected under federal or state anti-discrimination laws.
How Much Time Do I Have to File a Charge of Discrimination Claim Under State and Federal Laws in Pennsylvania?
You have 180 days to file a Charge of Discrimination with the PHRC; the deadline begins to run on the date of the first "unlawful occurrence" or "act of discrimination."
Defining an unlawful occurrence or act of discrimination can be complicated, and I will not attempt to do so here, except to say that, without question, a demotion, failure to promote and/or termination based upon discriminatory factors most certainly start the deadline. ...
You have 300 days to file a Charge with the EEOC.
You have 300 days to file a Charge with the Philadelphia Commission on Human Relations.
Pennsylvania Lawyer Charges One Flat Fee to File and Serve Charge of Discrimination With Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission and/or Philadelphia Commission on Human Relations
I routinely prepare and file Charges of Discrimination on behalf of Pennsylvania workers within hours of being asked to do so, and charge on flat fee to do so.
I charge one flat fee to do so, and, where appropriate, I serve the filed charges on the employer. The fee I charge for filing the Charge also covers this service.
Philadelphia Area Attorney Who Will Prepare, File and Serve on Your Employer an EEOC Charge of Discrimination Within 2 Hours
I know know how to prepare the Charge, fax to EEOC/PHRC and then serve on the company to protect you from retaliation (if you ant such service). I can get this done in 2 hours, usually.
|Filing Charges of Discrimination Since 1991
Philadelphia Are Employment Attorney Representing Employees
John A. Gallagher is an employment lawyer who represents employees in Pennsylvania.
John typically represents employees who need an employment lawyer in Philadelphia County, Chester County, Delaware County, Bucks County, Berks County, Lancaster County and Montgomery County.
Pennsylvania Employment Attorney Provides Free Telephone Consultations
If you are looking for an employment lawyer, and live in Malvern, Wayne, King of Prussia, Downingtown, Glenside, Doylestown, Radnor, Newtown Square, Exton, Philadelphia, West Chester, Skippack, Langhorne, Haverford, Nether Providence, Broomall, Drexel Hill, Reading or any of their surrounding towns, feel free to send me an e-mail or give me a call. I am always glad to spend some time with people via a free telephone consultation.
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Click Here if you have questions about any aspect of employment law, from wrongful termination, to wage and overtime claims, to discrimination and retaliation laws, to Family and Medical Leave…
Click Here if you have questions about any aspect of Pennsylvania Unemployment Law, from willful misconduct, to voluntary quit, to Referee Hearings, to severance issues…
Click Here to e-mail John directly.
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Looking for a side dish that you can serve up with any type of grilled meat? Then try this delicious potato bake that's just so quick and easy to make, you'll be wanting to dish it up every night of the week.
Oven bakes, Potatoes, Side dishes, Vegetarian
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Place potatoes in shallow ovenproof dish. Combine milk with MAGGI Recipe Base, pour over potatoes, cover, bake 35 minutes.
Remove lid, sprinkle with cheese, bake uncovered further 15 minutes or until potatoes are cooked.


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"'Little Satchmo' & 'Malcolm Shabazz Update!!!'"
in Culture
Hour 1
Topic: 'Little Satchmo: The Daughter of Louis Armstrong Speaks'
Guest: Sis. Sharon L. Preston-Folta
To Learn More Please Visit The Official Website: http://www.littlesatchmo.com
Hour 2
Topic: 'Malcolm Shabazz Update'
Guests: People Activists Sis. Sabrina Green, Dr. Randy Short, & Sis. Mama Dee
The Official FB Malcolm Shabazz Memorial Page:
G3 Merchendise Part 7 - 3/23/2015
in Hobbies
Well we will be exploring the exciting and fun world of G3 Merchandise. It will be a lot of fun exploring this line in the G3's.
Plesae note that we will be using multiple sites for this one including:
My Little Wiki
Strawberry Reef's site
One of the posts from MLP Trading Post
Also join us for our wacky conversations.
Please note that we maybe late in starting our topic due to issues beyond our control. If co-hosts are not yet at their computers or we get distracted please bare with us. We are not always perfect. PONY HUGS.
Also if we continue to be off topic we will change the topic of the show to reflect that. Also we don't take random callers due to the issues we have had with random people in the chat rooms. We keep this a family friendly show and want to keep it that way.
Guest:Peter Gregson/Composer/A Little Chaos/Sons of Liberty
in Movies
Peter Gregson is a cellist and composer "working at the forefront of the new music scene" (The New Yorker) Recently, he has premiered works by composers including Tod Machover, Daníel Bjarnason, Gabriel Prokofiev, Max Richter, Jóhann Jóhannsson, Steve Reich, and Sally Beamish; he collaborates with many of the world's leading technologists, including Microsoft Labs, UnitedVisualArtists, Reactify and the MIT Media Lab.His debut solo album, 'Terminal', was commissioned by Bowers & Wilkins and launched in April 2010. A limited edition 10′′ vinyl was commissioned by Mute in May 2011, featuring new solo works for Peter written by Max Richter and Jóhann Jóhannsson and was released at the 'Short Circuit' Festival at The Roundhouse. In May 2012, Nonclassical released Gabriel Prokofiev's 'Cello Multitracks', a cello suite written for Peter which the two have toured around the world. 'Lights in the Sky', his second studio album, composed for cello, piano, and analogue synthesisers, was released at Imogen Heap's 'Reverb Festival' in August 2014. He recently completed scoring his first feature film, 'A Little Chaos' , directed by Alan Rickman and starring Kate Winslet and Matthias Schoenaerts, which closed the Toronto International Film Festival 2014.You can email your questions to email@example.com or follow us on Twitter @123Film
PRETTY LITTLE KILLERS-Daleen Berry
In Pretty Little Killers, journalist Daleen Berry and investigator Geoffrey Fuller expand upon their New York Times bestselling ebook The Savage Murder of Skylar Neese to give you even more information behind one of the most horrific and shocking murders of our time. Including over 100 pages of new material, Pretty Little Killers shares the latest theories and answers the questions that have left many people baffled.
After killer Shelia Eddy pled guilty to first degree murder and was sentenced to life in prison and Rachel Shoaf was sentenced to thirty years for second-degree murder, family, friends, investigators, and other key sources reveal the facts you would have learned if the case had gone to trial.
Including specific details drawn from Rachel's confession, Pretty Little Killers looks at the crime through the eyes of the victim and killers, providing intimate testimony from the pages of Rachel's personal journal, Skylar's diary and school papers, and court records.
Berry and Fuller examine all this, including previously unreported details about Rachel and Shelia's rumored lesbian relationship and explain why more than one investigator believes Skylar's murder was a thrill kill.
Most important, Pretty Little Killers provides a satisfying answer to Skylar's final question: "Why?" PRETTY LITTLE KILLERS-The Truth Behind the Savage Murder of Skylar Neese-Daleen Berry
Cara Brookins: Author of Little Boy Blu
in Writing
Best selling author Cara Brookins returns to Rated G Radio tonight to talk about her latest hit "Little Boy Blu" while also catching us up on what her talented family has been up to since our last visit.
You'll he hearing about Cara's touring schedule while maintaining a full time career, as well as creating a new busniess start up focusing on social media management.
Call 323 657-1493 to ask a question!
Check out and BUY all of Cara's books on Amazon by clicking her author page here!
About Cara: "I'm the girl with a book in her hand. If I'm not writing one, I'm reading or plotting one. I also love to build things with wood, concrete, clay, tile, and paper mache. I even built my own house from the ground up with my children. My day job is developing new computer software systems as a programmer analyst. I also love to scuba dive, hoop, swim, ride my bike, listen to music, garden, and spend time in the mountains. I like a little bit of everything and writing allows me to express that."
MLP Easter/Spring Special 3/30/2015
in Hobbies
OH yes its that time of the year. Here comes the Easter Bunny, flowers start blooming*looks out window to see the snow on the ground* well in some places that is. Yes its Easter and spring time. Come and join us as we skip through the spring/Easter ponies of all generations.
Yes we realize that not everyone celebrates Easter but I know we all love spring. We will be talking about ponies whom remind us of this time of the year, and no we won't be cliche and only do spring/Easter exclusives.
Also join us for our wacky conversations.
Please note that we maybe late in starting our topic due to issues beyond our control. If co-hosts are not yet at their computers or we get distracted please bare with us. We are not always perfect. PONY HUGS.
Also if we continue to be off topic we will change the topic of the show to reflect that. Also we don't take random callers due to the issues we have had with random people in the chat rooms. We keep this a family friendly show and want to keep it that way.
Little Big Town's Girl Crush
Pulling a smash hit record from the radio listening crowds. Haven't been done since the Dixie Chicks
The Blindness of Israel-Little Apocalypse In Isaiah
in Religion
We continue our study of Eschatology on the Blindness of Israel with a focus on the Isaiah chapter 24-29 in what is commonly referred to as the Little Apocalypse.Join us with your questions and comments for some engaging, thought provoking and sometimes revolutionizing thoughts. Your paradigms are subject to reinvestigation through the word of God. To learn more visit DonKPreston or AllThingsFulfilled.com
Random Talk - 3/16/2015
in Hobbies
Yes sory again we got off topic, and couldn't find our way back. Enjoy this random talk though.
Also join us for our wacky conversations.
Please note that we maybe late in starting our topic due to issues beyond our control. If co-hosts are not yet at their computers or we get distracted please bare with us. We are not always perfect. PONY HUGS.
Also if we continue to be off topic we will change the topic of the show to reflect that. Also we don't take random callers due to the issues we have had with random people in the chat rooms. We keep this a family friendly show and want to keep it that way.
Little Itty Bitty
in Lifestyle
Who says bigger is better? Why does competition matter? What role does competition play in children's lives? How can we move away from competition into creativity? What if we all created in our work instead of just produced old values. Would the world be more than little itty bitty and evolve into a world of wealth, health and safety? Give me your thoughts on little itty bitty!
What do you REALLY want?? - with Patrick Moulin "Little Book of Oneness"
in Education
THIS WEEKS SHOW: Patrick Moulin - author of the "Little Book of Oneness" and Quantum Healer
12/13 Mar 2015 - 5pm PST (US), 8pm EST (US), 11am AEST (AUS)
Hi Everyone, our special guest this week is Patrick Moulin - author of Little Book of Oneness. Patrick is incredibly knowledgable in the field of energy healing, he has trained in the Yang method of Tai Chi and is also a QHHT practitioner! Tonight He will also be facilitating a mini tower of light session to experience higher dimensional information fields or states of Onenes as well as working with the light body. ....Join hosts Tammy Anahata, Amy Brimicombe and Chris Hales as we explore deep aspects of our experience in this amazing world...It is going to be an amazing show tonight guys!
So the burning question, one which we fail to ask ourselves at the time when it matters the most:
"What do we REALLY want?"
Come join us as we candidly voice aloud 'conversations with self' and ponder questions such as:
Why we made certain things unattainable simply because we were too afraid to connect with our true desires? … and How do our conflicting conversations with SELF keep us out of alignment with what we truly want to experience? What is it that you are waiting for anyway? What happens when the inner world is at odds with the outer world? What is the missing elusive ingredient?
Join us weekly as we discuss, explore and uncover the genesis of our illustrious manifestations and creations!!
Little Brother is watching!!!
in Rock Music
Yes folks after last weeks foul up we need to come back strong. So this weeks show is full of great stuff. Again thanks to new show producer, Joe Gansas, we have Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal who is promoting his latest CD "Little Brother is Watching" on the show. We also have Johnny Collins from "Fuzz on the Lens" apearing as well to promote a some of their up coming events. John is an old family friend who will never be boring.
The Rangers and Islanders are in a groove, but the Knicks and Nets Still Suck,
A-Rod got a hit and Matt Harvey is throwing stinkin' Dynamite. Will Tanaka's elbow continue to hold up for the season and will Daniel Murphy turn a double play? We have a lot of Spring Training baseball to talk about as well.
Finally, Football is now a year round sport and with all the big trades that have been going on and with fre agency kicking in officially Tuesday March 10th, I am sure we can find a way to discuss some of stuff from our new National Past time.
All this and a few big announcements and we have a packed show for you. So as always I ask That you tune in This coming Thursday Night at 6:30 pm est to blogtalkradio.com and search for our show. If you want to talk to either Bumblefoot or Johnny Collins, call in to (347) 826-9934 and we will try and get your questions on the air.
See you Thursday
Keep On RockN'!!!!
- ...
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What is YouTube mp3? YouTube-mp3.org is the easiest online service for converting videos to mp3. You do not need an account, the only thing you need is a YouTube URL. - read more
Ytmp3.com - Ytmp3, statistics, analysis, alexa rank, pagerank, traffic, SEO, keywords, social, server, dns lookup, whois lookup, revenue potential, worth - read more
Please vote if the answer you were given helped you or not, thats the best way to improve our algorithm. You can also submit an answer or search documents about ytmp3.


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Registration for Just Drift TopDrift Formula D ProAm Round one is now open. Head on over to www.justdrift.com for registration and all other event information. MARCH 28 – PRACTICE/SHAKE DOWN MARCH 29 – COMPETITION ROUND 1 $250 – TopDrift Round 1 weekend or Full season pre-registration $800 (save $200)
Just Drift All Star Bash 2014 Registration Now Open
Well It's that time of year again. ASB2014 Registration is now open. Register and clam your spot as this event is sure to sell out yet again. But if not able to drive and just going to spectate mark your calendars as well to come out and enjoy some awesome drifting from Pro and Pro-Am
Just Drift TopDrift Finals This Weekend
Come out to Willow Springs International Raceway this Friday and Saturday and enjoy the final round of the Just Drift TopDrift Championship presented by: Megan Racing at the Willow Speedway – 1/4 mile bank oval with walls. The Driver's will be battle it out for the top spot in the championship and trying to obtain a New
Top Drift Round 4 THE FINAL ROUND! Promo Video
Awesome Just Drift TopDrift Rd.4 Promo video from Winding Highway Studios.
Just Drift Top Drift Rd.4 Final Round
Registration for Just Drift R.4 is now open. This is that last round in the TopDrift Formula D ProAm Series and will take place at Speedway Willow Springs. It is a 1/4 mile oval track with walls and always offers up some great Driving. For Registration link click HERE or above Image


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Get all the latest Pavilion News and Event Information.
GUESTS WINED AND DINED CENTER STAGE TO RAISE NEARLY $170,000A record 259 guests experienced a one-of-a-kind evening dining on the Main Stage at The Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion in support of the arts at The Pavilion Partners 17th Annual Wine Dinner & Auction March 22. Partners, the official volunteer organization of The Pavilion, raised approximately $170,000 at the event, with $106,000 going directly to scholarships. Read More
BE INSPIRED BY THE ARTS IN 2015 AT THE PAVILIONExperience a performing arts season full of classical music, dance, rock n roll, your favorite movies, patriotic fanfare and more at The Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion in 2015. Read More
THE PAVILION RANKS SECOND IN THE WORLDThe Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion ranked second in the top 100 amphitheaters in the world based on the number of tickets sold during 2014, according to Pollstar magazine, the concert industrys leading trade publication. Read More
The Cynthia Woods Mitchell Pavilion acknowledges the financial support of The Woodlands Township that is generated by the Event Admissions Tax for its performing arts and educational programs.


text: My name is Christian Dumky i live in Gothenburg sweden were I'm studying a master in fine arts. I'm a light version of a fotball fanatic , like to cook a great meal and invite my friends over for food and boardgame hangouts. I'v just started on my master so that takes alot of my time. So on a typicall friday i'm standing in a gallery opening with a glass of wine in my hand talking with my fellow classmates about they coming essay.


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£875 pcm
2 bedroom flat to rent STATION ROAD, Sway, SO411 of 4 delightful apartments in a lovely Edwardian house. Ideally located in the centre of Sway in the New Forest, close to mainline train station, and yet set within mature grounds to afford quiet and privacy. This property has the benefit of its own small garden area, parking space and a garage. More details ›
£900 pcm
2 bedroom apartment to rent STATION ROAD - SWAYSET IN THE LOVELY VILLAGE OF SWAY - EDWARDIAN HOUSE SPLIT INTO 4 FLATS - 2 BEDROOM FIRST FLOOR FLAT - GARAGE AND PARKING - AVAILABLE NOW More details ›
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mechanical technician worker at cnc metal machining milling center in tool workshop
- Image ID: 75449074
- Release Information: Signed model release filed with Shutterstock, Inc
- Copyright: Dmitry Kalinovsky
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Excellent facility for family or business travels. Breakfast every morning and dinner each weeknight! Suites were more than adequate and every staff member encountered very helpful! Would definitely recommend!!
- Reservation Options:
- TripAdvisor is proud to partner with Expedia, Booking.com, Orbitz, Priceline, Hilton Hotels, Hotels.com, Odigeo, TripOnline SA and Tingo so you can book your Homewood Suites Fredericksburg reservations with confidence. We help millions of travelers each month to find the perfect hotel for both vacation and business trips, always with the best discounts and special offers.
- Also Known As:
- Homewood Suites Fredericksburg Hotel Fredericksburg
- Homewood Fredericksburg
- Fredericksburg Homewood Suites


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How long before harvesting onions
My Utah sweet spanish onions are beginning to bend over about half way up the stalks. I have stopped watering them. Now do I wait until they fall over just above the 4" bulbs and brown before harvesting or what? They were grown from seed this spring. Thanks Brent
There is no such thing as a 'ripe' onion so you never have to wait for that.
The usual advice is to wait for the tops to brown and fall over. The trouble with this advice is that sometimes the tops don't actually do this until well after bulb growth is done.
The logic behind this advice is the presumption that you want the largest bulb the plant can produce and therefore leave them in the ground until the tops are dead and the bulb clearly can't grow any larger.
Forget about that. Harvest onions when you want to eat them. If your bulbs are 4" in diameter I guess the question is why wait any longer? They are already good sized onions so what do you have to gain by waiting?


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Second Lieutenant John George Cosson
|Birth date:
|Birth place:
|United Kingdom: England, Essex
|Death date:
|07 August 1916
|Death place:
|France: Picardie, Somme, Pozieres
|Final rank:
|Second Lieutenant
|Service number:
|2454 - First World War, 1914-1918
John George Cosson was born at Barnes, England during 1866 to parents John and Eliza. He immigrated to Australia at the age of eight and married Elizabeth Mackenzie in 1900. A tobacconist by trade, he enlisted at Perth on 12 May 1915. At the age of 49, he joined the 16th Infantry Battalion with the rank of private and departed Fremantle aboard HMAT Chilka on 18 June 1915. Two nephews, Private Frederick Arthur Kinsey and Private Harry Cosson, also served during the First World War.
Cosson was wounded at the battle of Lone Pine on 7 August 1915 and re-joined his unit during October 1915. Cosson was still at Gallipoli for the evacuation and was amongst the last 22 men to leave. On 1 January 1916, he was promoted to the rank of corporal and four months later transferred to the 48th Infantry Battalion. It was also at this time that he became a second lieutenant. During 1916, Cosson also received a mention in despatches and was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal. John Cosson was 50 years old when he was killed in action at the battle of Pozieres on 7 August 1916 and he is commemorated on the Villers-Brettoneux Memorial.
Rolls and Awards
- Rank: Second Lieutenant
- Date of Death: 07 August 1916
- Unit: 48th Australian Infantry Battalion
- Rank: Private
- Date of embarkation: 18 June 1915
- Place of embarkation: Fremantle
- Unit: 16th Australian Infantry Battalion
- Conflict: First World War, 1914-1918
- Awarded: Mention in despatches
- Unit: 16th Australian Infantry Battalion
- Conflict: First World War, 1914-1918
- Awarded: Distinguished Conduct Medal
- Unit: 16th Australian Infantry Battalion
- Conflict: First World War, 1914-1918
Private Record
Cosson, John George (Lieutenant, b.1866 - d.1916)
Collection relating to service of 2454 Lieutenant John George Cosson DCM, 16 Battalion and 48 Battalion. Collection includes handwritten transcripts of extracts from part of a diary written by Cosson while on Gallipoli prior to the evacuation, December 1915. During this time he was awarded a...
Maker: Cosson, John George
Digitised Collection
Transcript of extracts from diary of John George Cosson, 1915
Transcript of diary extracts relating to the First World War service of 2454 Private John George Cosson DCM, 48th Battalion. These extracts are from a diary written by Private Cosson at Gallipoli between 13 and 21 December 1915. The extracts describe the preparations for the evacuation of...
|Date of birth
|Date of embarkation
|Date of death


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VIEWS: 6 PAGES: 2 CATEGORY: Online Business POSTED ON: 4/4/2013
Is it Possible to obtain a YouTube Backlink? Video marketing has become extremely common but is it feasible to get a YouTube backlink? Over 2 billion videos are viewed by 80% of US internet users every month. But surprisingly most people who post marketing-related videos on YouTube believe that the only way they can get a link back to their web site is by posting their site's domain name on the video itself. But a YouTube Backlink is Usually NoFollow! The majority of outgoing backlinks from YouTube are indeed NoFollow, and therefore have absolutely no worth in terms of SEO. Do these NoFollow back links truly count for anything? That debate has been going on for some time nevertheless it appears that if Google (who owns YouTube) took the trouble to put all those NoFollow links in place, why would they one start to give them some value? The excellent news is the fact that not all YouTube backlinks have the NoFollow attribute. Visit YouTube and it is possible to find exactly where one of the DoFollow links can be placed. It's in Profile Setup, underneath Describe Yourself. It has its limitations but it is a real functioning PR8 backlink and its link juice directly to your domain. This is not the only backlink with the DoFollow attribute either. It is possible to find another place to leave a basic backlink in the About Me box and yet another in the Profile section under Jobs and Career. So that's three very helpful PR8 backlinks from YouTube. If you have a number of various channels, check to determine which you have used all these opportunities to leave backlinks. Backlinks & Social Media Are backlinks becoming increasingly less important? There are two schools of thought about this and right now it's difficult to say. Matt Cutts has already announced that Google is using social media signals in its ranking algorithms. Many are saying Google is also placing less value on backlinks. It is hard to fathom how it will deal with YouTube. Nevertheless I'd cover all bases and make sure that any opportunity to pick up a good PR8 is jumped on. If Google goes ahead and does start to use social media interaction as an indicator, then back hyperlinks will decrease in importance and the quality and share-ability of the videos themselves will become far more important. Google has already wielded its ax on YouTube. Many people who had home associated or internet marketing related videos posted - all of them legitimate by the way - woke up to discover every last one had been taken down about a year ago. It's very important in any online marketing effort to be aware of search engine rules and regulations, especially Google's. Try to always keep apprised of the latest news in this area. Don't be the next one to wake up and discover their business has literally disappeared overnight! Until it's absolutely obvious what direction Google is taking in the backlink versus social media signal arena go grab your YouTube backlink - it certainly can't do any harm. PS: Learn how to increase conversions and explode your sales profits http://mlsp.co/ccb57
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The SPSIG's inaugural meeting will be held in conjunction with the 225th AAS meeting in Seattle on Tuesday afternoon, 6 January, and is open to all attendees interested in issues related to software publication.
The upcoming 225th AAS meeting, 4-8 January 2015, offers workshops, sessions, posters, tutorials, and discussions that focus on many aspects of astronomical software — and Hack Day, too!
This year CVD will be 17-18 March 2015. The AAS aims to select at least 15 volunteers to come to Washington, DC, to raise visibility and support for science. Sign-up deadline: 3 February 2015.
The AAS election of officers and councilors for terms beginning in 2015 is now under way. The best way to ensure that your voice is heard is to vote! Deadline: 31 January 2015.
AAS Executive Officer Kevin Marvel highlights some of the many ways you can support the Society, not only by participating in its programs and activities, but also by contributing to its prize endowments and other funds.
Here's your chance to provide scientific input to the Thirty Meter Telescope project, stimulate planning for future TMT science programs, and help expand the international TMT partnership. Deadline: 16 January.
Applications are now being accepted for the next AAS John N. Bahcall Public Policy Fellow. If you have, or will have, a PhD by Fall 2015 and are interested in science policy, you are encouraged to apply!
AAS members interested in astronomy education, outreach, and heritage are invited to participate in a two-day meeting on these topics at the International Astronomical Union's General Assembly in August 2015.
The AAS and IOP Publishing have created a new electronic book publishing partnership as part of the Society's mission to enhance and share humanity's scientific understanding of the universe.
If you have a love of astronomy, a thirst for travel, and a desire to share this passion with others, apply now to become one of the first participants in the Astronomy in Chile Education Ambassadors Program (ACEAP).


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Robert Southwell
Robert Southwell was born at Horsham St. Faith's, Norfolk, England, in 1561; hanged at Tyburn, 21 February, 1595. His grandfather, Sir Richard Southwell, had been a wealthy man and a prominent courtier in the reign of Henry VIII. His grandfather had been a prominent man in Henry VIII's court and the family remained among the elite of the land. He was so beautiful as a young boy that a gypsy stole him. He was soon recovered by his family and became a short, handsome man, with gray eyes and red hair.
It was Richard Southwell who in 1547 had brought the poet Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, to the block, and Surrey had vainly begged to be allowed to "fight him in his shirt". ... more »
Click here to add this poet to your My Favorite Poets.
Robert Southwell Poems
The Burning Babe
AS I in hoary winter's night Stood shivering in the snow, Surprised I was with sudden heat Which made my heart to glow;
Man's Civil War
MY hovering thoughts would fly to heaven And quiet nestle in the sky, Fain would my ship in Virtue's shore Without remove at anchor lie.
A Child My Choice
Let folly praise that fancy loves, I praise and love that Child Whose heart no thought, whose tongue no word, whose hand no deed defiled. I praise Him most, I love Him best, all praise and love is His;
The Nativity of Christ
Behold the father is his daughter's son, The bird that built the nest is hatched therein, The old of years an hour hath not outrun, Eternal life to live doth now begin,
Look Home
Retired thoughts enjoy their own delights, As beauty doth in self-beholding eye ; Man's mind a mirror is of heavenly sights, A brief wherein all marvels summed lie,
New Prince New Pomp
Behold, a seely tender babe In freezing winter night In homely manger trembling lies; Alas, a piteous sight!
Love's Servile Lot
LOVE, mistress is of many minds, Yet few know whom they serve; They reckon least how little Love Their service doth deserve.
Upon The Image Of Death
Before my face the picture hangs That daily should put me in mind Of those cold names and bitter pangs That shortly I am like to find;
Content and Rich
I dwell in Grace's court, Enriched with Virtue's rights; Faith guides my wit, Love leads my will, Hope all my mind delights.
New Heaven, New War
Come to your heaven, you heavenly choirs, Earth hath the heaven of your desires; Remove your dwelling to your God, A stall is now his best abode;
Quotationsmore quotations »
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The Burning Babe
AS I in hoary winter's night
Stood shivering in the snow,
Surprised I was with sudden heat
Which made my heart to glow;
And lifting up a fearful eye
To view what fire was near,
A pretty babe all burning bright
Did in the air appear;
Who, scorched with excessive heat,
Such floods of tears did shed,
As though His floods should quench His flames,
Which with His tears were bred:
'Alas!' quoth He, 'but newly born
In fiery ...
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Imagine you're sitting on the patio sipping a cold, refreshing drink, or you're watching your kid's afternoon game. Then, without warning, those annoying, unwelcome guests swoop in and ruin the fun.
Come on, now, I don't mean your in-laws! I'm talking about those pesky mosquitoes, buzzing around and bugging everyone in sight. We've all been there, right?
Now, I bet that if there were a product that could keep those little buggers away, you'd be itchin' to buy it. Before you make a rash decision, you should know that the FTC is swatting down a company's claims that its mosquito repellent bands can protect you from mosquito bites.
Continue reading "Feds charge company with deceptively marketing mosquito repellent wristbands" »