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An integrated LED display array wherein light is emitted and observed through a light-transmissive substrate, i.e., single crystal, which carries a plurality of optically isolated LED assemblies. Scattering of light from individual assemblies is prevented by an optically absorbing doped region which optically isolates each assembly. Light is generated at the back of the single crystal and viewed through the crystal. The LED assemblies, preferably multicolor, are directly mated to energizing electronic circuitry, e.g., a monolithic integrated circuit, via appropriate interconnections sandwiched between the two. The energizing electronic circuitry comprise an array of circuit elements which provide the energizing currents for respective ones of the LED assemblies.
1. A composite integrated circuit LED display array comprising:
a light-transmissive monolithic planar substrate of a single III-V crystal including a plurality of LED devices carried in the body of said substrate and forming an array of LED devices, each of said LED devices being adapted when energized to emit light at the back surface of said substrate, said LED devices being optically isolated from one another, the optical isolation being affected by a light-absorbing doped region between said LED devices, said doped region being adapted to absorb light emitted by the individual LED devices, each of said LED devices being constituted by at least one diode having a separate p-n junction at which said light is radiated, said junction being at the back surface of said crystal, said light being transmitted through said crystal for being observed at the front surface of said crystal;
a monolithic integrated circuit array of circuit elements corresponding to and adapted for energizing respective ones of said LED devices, said integrated circuit array being adjacent the back surface of said crystal; and
interconnection means sandwiched between said arrays for providing electrical interconnections between respective ones of said LED devices and circuit elements at said back surface, said circuit elements being selectively operable for independently energizing corresponding ones of said LED devices to emit light at said back surface, said light being transmitted through said substrate for being observed at the front surface of said substrate.
2. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 1 wherein said substrate is a monocrystalline III/V compound.
3. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 2 wherein said substrate comprises a monolithic crystal of GaP doped to have n-type conductivity.
4. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 3 wherein said GaP is doped with Te or Se.
5. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 3 wherein said LED devices are formed in a single crystal nitrogen-doped GaP epitaxial layer on said substrate of GaP.
6. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 5 wherein said LED devices are adapted to emit light of a plurality of colors, there being at least one LED for each color.
7. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 6 wherein said LED devices comprise a plurality of LED assemblies, each assembly comprising at least one green LED and at least one red LED.
8. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 7 wherein the red LED comprises a p-n junction formed by a zinc and oxygen doped GaP area at the surface of said nitrogen-doped GaP epitaxial layer.
9. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 8 wherein each LED assembly comprises a central red LED flanked by a green LED.
10. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 9 wherein the green LED comprises a zinc diffusion area on each side of the red LED at the surface of said nitrogen-doped GaP epitaxial layer.
11. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 2 wherein said light-absorbing doped region is characterized by zinc doping having a concentration greater than 1018 atoms/cc but less than 1020 atoms/cc.
12. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 1 wherein said light-absorbing doped region extends through said substrate.
13. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 1 wherein said doped region comprises a metal selected from atomic group II.
14. A composite LED display array as set forth in claim 13 wherein the group II metal is zinc and is doped to a concentration greater than 1018 atoms/cc.
15. A composite integrated circuit LED display array comprising:
a light-transmissive planar substrate of a single III-V crystal carrying on the back side thereof of a plurality of optically isolated LED devices, the optical isolation being effected by a light-absorbing doped region between individual LED devices, said doped region being adapted to absorb light emitted by the individual LED devices, each of said LED devices being constituted by at least one diode having a separate p-n junction at which said light is radiated, said junction being at the back surface of said crystal, said light being transmitted through said crystal for being observed at the front surface of said crystal; and
a planar integrated circuit array comprising memory and drive circuit elements corresponding to respective ones of said LED devices, said integrated circuit array being integrally joined to said light-transmissive substrate at the back side of said crystal, said memory circuit elements being selectively addressable to cause said drive circuit elements to independently energize the respective LED devices to emit light at said back surface, said light being transmitted through said substrate for being observed at the front surface of said substrate.
The present invention relates to visual display devices and, more particularly, to a composite integrated LED (light-emitting diode) display array, the LED devices being in planar array in a monolithic crystal wherein light is generated at a back surface of the crystal but transmitted through it and observed from the front surface of the crystal.
Heretofore, semiconductor light-emitting devices (whether of discrete, matrix, or array types) have been utilized in a fashion in which light was generated at or close to a "front" surface which is viewed by the observer. It has recently been proposed to construct LED devices from a transparent crystal in which light is generated at the "back" surface of the crystal but is transmitted through it and viewed from the "front" of the crystal. It is herein proposed to utilize this concept in a composite semiconductor array which includes an integrated circuit. The array disclosed is of an X-Y addressable configuration, i.e., a solid state planar array.
In the past, a variet of devices for non-permanent visual presentation of information has been available. Perhaps one of the most widely used and accepted visual display devices is the cathode ray tube. While the cathode ray tube has served admirably in many dieverse applications, it does suffer many disadvantages which limits its future use in many applications. These include high-voltage requirements (usually of the order of 15,000 volts or more) and x-ray and radio frequency emissions which are attendant to such high voltages requiring shielding in order to reduce radio-frequency interference. In addition, cathode ray tubes are expensive owing to their complexity of manufacture and their relatively short lifetime requireing periodic replacement. The low light output of cathode tube displays requires care to prevent glare from the ambient surroundings from preventing the readability of the display. Even under ideal conditions, cathode ray tube displays being analog in nature have poor resolution with accuracies achievable only to about 2%. Furthermore, the large size and weight and the nonruggedness of the cathode ray displays prevent their use in many environments where space is at a premium and rugged, dependable construction is a prerequisite.
Another type of display is the so-called plasma discharge (or simply "gas discharge") display, in which gas between planar electrodes in a gas-filled envelope is excited by voltages across the electrodes provides emission of light. Such devices require relatively high energizing voltages, are somewhat bulky, and have limited lifetime. Because of their higher energizing voltages, they are not directly compatible with semiconductor circuitry of the type employed in integrated circuits.
These and other type of displays are described, and their relative merits noted, in the article entitle "Circuit/System Building Blocks" by Lapidus, G., in IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 11, No. 1, January, 1974, p. 54.
Recently, semiconductor light-emitting diodes ("LED's") and other semiconductor light-emitting devices have been developed. While LED's were predicted to lend themselves to fabrication in a form amenable to X-Y scanning, a simple X-Y matrix of solid-state light-emitting devices has many drawbacks. One major disadvantage to X-Y scanning of a large array is that high-peak currents are required for very short periods of time. Further, where a large number of LED's are simply arrayed, as in the form of an integrated semiconductor display chip, optical crosstalk often occurs, i.e., a manifestation in which an LED which is energized scatters light to adjacent non-energized LED's, making the latter appear to be energized, or reducing the contrast, resolution and general optical quality of any image displayed by the array. Moreover, the use of LED's in a multicolor display array presents formidable problems, particularly as to the difficulties of providing electrical interconnection between electronic circuit elements (e.g., memory and drive circuits) and the individual LED's. Prior art approaches have not satisfactorily solved such problems and have not facilitated the desirable integration of the display array with integrated circuitry for energizing the LED's.
Among the several objects of the invention may be noted the provision of an improved LED display array; the provision of such an array which is of planar configuration having a plurality of LED's arrayed in rectangular row-and-column format; the provision of such an array which is multicolor and which permits mixed color displays; the provision of a composite integrated circuit LED display array having an LED array sandwiched or integrally interconnected with a monolithic integrated circuit for energizing the LED's of the array; the provision of such display arrays which provide high contrast, brightness and resolution and are substantially free of optical crosstalk; and the provision of such display arrays which require only low voltages and currents for operation.
Briefly, a composite integrated circuit LED display array of the invention comprises an LED array formed in a light-transmissive monolithic planar substrate, the arrayed LED devices of this array being adapted when energized to emit light at the back surface of the substrate. The LED devices, which may be multicolor, are optically isolated from one another by a light-absorbing doped region between the devices which absorbs light emitted by the individual devices. The LED array is useful when integrally associated and interconnected with a monolithic integrated circuit array of circuit elements corresponding to and adapted for energizing the respective LED devices. The electrical interconnection is effected by interconnection means sandwiched between the LED and circuit arrays. The circuit elements are selectively operable, as by X-Y addressing, for energizing the LED devices. The LED devices emit light at the back surface of the substrate but the light is observed at the front surface of the substrate.
Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinbelow.
FIGS. 1A to 1H are cross-sectional views illustrating a process of forming an array of optically isolated multicolor LED assemblies in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 1I is a top view of a certain LED assembly mesa.
FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic circuit diagram illustrating a combination of certain circuit elements and LED's in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a simplified schematic circuit diagram illustrating a LED current source in accordance with the present invention used in the combination illustrated in FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a composite integrated circuit LED display array in accordance with the present invention.
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several view of the drawings.
The formation of an array of optically isolated, multicolor LED's in accordance with the present invention will firstly be illustrated in detail with reference to FIGS. 1A to 1I.
The preferred processing sequence exemplified can be summarized as follows:
1. Epitaxial growth of a single crystal layer, in which green LED's are to be formed, on a single crystal substrate.
2. Diffusion of optical isolation zones into the epitaxial single crystal layer and substrate.
3. Formation of red LED's in the epitaxial single crystal layer.
4. Formation of green LED's in the epitaxial single crystal layer.
5. Framing the individual LED assemblies of the red and green LED's.
6. Defining LED assembly mesas.
The completed array is then directly mated to a monolithic integrated circuit, which can be considered step 7, at the light generating side thereof.
The fabrication sequence will now be illustrated in detail.
In the following discussion the LED array will be exemplified with reference to the formation of a module comprising 16 LED assemblies (in 4 � 4 rectangular format, i.e., with four rows and four columns) for purposes of later brevity in describing the mating energizing electronic circuitry. As will be apparent to one skilled in the art, however, the LED array of the present invention can be produced in the monolithic state containing a substantially greater number of LED assemblies as desired, or, alternatively, a number of smaller replaceable LED modules can be joined to provide a quasi-monolithic array. Thus, the configuration is such that the LED assemblies are arranged in rows and columns in a rectangular format of the type disclosed in copending, co-assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 498,142 filed in the name of P. T. Bailey et al. on Aug. 16, 1974 entitled Integrated Semiconductor Light-Emitting Display Array Having LED's and Selectively Addressable Memory Elements, hereby incorporated by reference.
The preferred substrates are bulk-grown, single-crystal III/V compounds (i.e., having elements selected from atomic groups III and V) having n-type conductivity with GaP doped with Te or Se being most preferred.
Feasible alternative substrates are sapphire and spinel, both of which have a sufficiently wide band gap.
Feasible alternative dopants include the group VI materials such as S and the Group IV materials such as Si and Ge.
The doping level in the substrate should not be so high as to interfere with the light transmission, since viewing is through the substrate, but should be sufficiently high to permit adequate current transmission through the substrate to appropriate contact(s) when such is desired. These two parameters can obviously be varied widely depending upon user requirements, and thus the exact doping level is not overly critical. Usually substrate doping levels of about 1016 to about 1018 atoms/cc are preferred.
The substrate thickness is not overly critical from the viewpoint of device performance, and is established by a balance of the following factors: thicker substrates are more easily handled without fear of breakage; thinner substrates provide the benefits of lower cost and better light transmission. Typically, the substrate will be on the order of 6 mils or thicker.
The epitaxial single crystal layer grown on the substrate in which the green LED's are to be formed is preferably nitrogen-doped single crystal GaP, as the isoelectronic trap nitrogen is an efficient light-emitting center. This growth step can be carried out by vapor or liquid epitaxial techniques, but vapor epitaxial techniques are preferred.
The vapor epitaxial growth techniques disclosed in co-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 3,218,205 (R. A. Ruehrwein) and U.S. Pat. Application Ser. No. 313,227 (A. S. Epstein and W. O. Groves), filed Dec. 8, 1972, and now abandoned, entitled "Gallium Phosphide Light Emitting Diodes" or the liquid epitaxial techniques disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 383,646,406 (Logan et al.) can be used with success to form this nitrogen-doped GaP layer.
The thickness of the nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP layer is not overly important so long as it is sufficiently thick to contain the LED junctions. Typically, thicknesses of the order of 10 microns to 6-8 mils will be used, with most preferred thicknesses being 1/2 mil to about 3 mils for ease of fabrication.
The nitrogen-doping level is most preferably 1018 to 5 � 1020 atoms/cc for optimum green LED performance.
A specific exemplification of the module at this fabrication step is illustrated in FIG. 1A where an n-type Te or Se doped GaP substrate 10 [dopant concentration 1 � 1017 atoms/cc] 15 mils thick has formed thereon a 3 mil thick layer 11 of nitrogen-doped GaP [dopant concentration 1 � 1019 atoms/cc]. The vapor epitaxial technique described in U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 313,227 referenced above was used to form the nitrogen-doped single crystal GaP layer.
If desired, "graded" substrates, for example, graded from GaAsP to GaP, can be used. Techniques for forming such graded substrates are well known in the art.
Further, if desired, it is possible to delete the nitrogen-doped single crystal epitaxial layer and nitrogen-dope directly into the substrate, thereby forming a region equivalent to the grown nitrogen-doped epitaxial layer. Known techniques can be used to practice this modification of the invention. It is preferred, however, to use the nitrogen-doped single crystal epitaxial layer for purposes of ease of process control.
Following the growth of the nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP layer, optical isolation zones are diffused into the spaces between the individual LED assemblies which will later be formed.
The preferred optical isolation diffusion impurity is zinc. Feasible alternatives which illustrate a suitable absorption coefficient are, e.g., the group II metals such as Cd and Be, but these suffer from the faults of inferior optical properties and high toxicity, respectively.
To achieve optimum optical isolation of the individual LED assemblies, the zinc diffusion is preferably performed to a concentration in excess of about 1018 atoms/cc, but less than about 1020 atoms/cc.
The volume occupied by the optical isolation diffusion is not overly important, subject to two precautions: the optical isolation diffusion should not contact the junctions of the LED's and lateral optical crosstalk will potentially occur unless the optical isolation diffusion extends vertically through the substrate and nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP layer. If some optical crosstalk is acceptable, the optical isolation diffusion need not extend completely through the substrate.
The optical isolation diffusion essentially absorbs light generated in one LED assembly which is scattered by the transparent substrate, preventing optical crosstalk between separate LED assemblies.
In a specific exemplification of the module at this state of fabrication given with reference to FIG. 1B, a silicon nitride masking layer 12 which is resistant to diffusion of zinc is formed on the nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP layer 11 and a thin window 13 etched or scribed therein to expose the nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP layer 11.
Since the diffusion of zinc into the GaP substrate 10 is essentially isotropic, the window 13 can essentially be viewed as a line or infinite point diffusion source, the zinc diffusing equally in all directions to provide the semicircular shape shown by 14 in the cross-sectional view presented in FIG. 1B.
Since the face of the substrate 10 remote from nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP layer 11 is later to be lapped in this exemplification, the diffused zinc regions 14 extend only about 7 mils below the surface of the substrate 10, are spaced 45 mils center-to-center and have a maximum width of about 15 mils at the nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP layer 11.
Diffusion is at 800�-900� C. for about 250 hours using ZnP2 as the zinc source. Typically, diffusion will be at such temperatures for about 100 to about 400 hours to perform the optical isolation diffusion. The diffused zinc region 14 (dopant concentration�1019 atoms/cc) have an absorption coefficient of about 40 cm- 1, compared with that of the "undiffused" substrate (dopant concentration�1017 atoms/cc) absorption coefficient of about 0.5 cm- 1, for the light generated from the red and green LED's to be formed.
The substrate 10 is then lapped to the zinc optical isolation regions 14, as shown in FIG. 1C. This lapping step is optional, and if used can occur at subsequent processing stages.
The silicon nitride mask 12 is removed subsequent to the zinc diffusion.
If the substrate 10 is to serve as a common conductor for all LED's so that only one other connection is required to each LED, the heavy zinc isolation zones 14 reduce the efficiency of the substrate in this regard, but a later described metal mask 18 applied when the LED assemblies are framed overcomes this problem.
The red LED's are preferably formed in the nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP layer from a binary or ternary single crystal material by a liquid or vapor phase epitaxial growth technique. Liquid epitaxial techniques are preferred. Exemplary of such single crystal materials are GaP, GaAsP, GaInP, GaAlP, GaAlAs, InAlP, AlS, and the like. Zinc and oxygen doped single crystal GaP is most preferred.
Suitable epitaxial growth techniques are disclosed in Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 61, No. 7, "Vapor Phase Epitaxial Materials for LED Application", M. G. Craford and W. O. Groves, page 862.
The thickness or depth of the red LED is not overly important so long as the requisite junction is formed in the nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP layer. Typically a fraction of a mil to a few mils suffices.
The zinc doping level is preferably about 1016 to about 1020 atoms/cc and the oxygen doping level is preferably about 1016 to about 1018 atoms/cc.
A specific exemplification will now be given with reference to FIG. 1D, where the upper surface of the nitrogen-doped GaP layer 11 and zinc optical isolation regions 14 are first masked with a silicon nitride mask 15 and parallel grooves 16 etched in the nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP layer 11 using aqua regia. Single crystal zinc and oxygen doped GaP 17 which is to form the red LED are then grown in the grooves 16 using the liquid epitaxial technique disclosed by R. H. Saul et al, "GaP Red Electroluminescent Diodes With an External Quantum Efficiency of 7%", Appl. Phys. Lett., Vol. 15, pp 229-331, October, 1969.
Grooves 16, which are filled with zinc and oxygen doped GaP, are 3 mils wide, about 1.5 mils deep and spaced 45 mils center-to-center. The zinc and oxygen doping densities are about 1 � 1018 and 1 � 1017 atoms/cc, respectively.
The module is then generally lapped to remove the silicon nitride mask 15 and to ensure the site of the red and green LED's next formed will constitute a flat back surface of the crystalline substrate. The wafer is not shown at this stage in the attached drawing in a separate figure.
The green LED's are formed by a diffusion into the epitaxially grown single crystal layer adjacent the red LED's. While not mandatory, to achieve good color mixing and color uniformity each green LED is preferably made in two halves which flank a red LED. These two halves are subsequently electrically joined to behave as one green LED, for example, by horseshoe or U-shaped metallurgy which connects both halves of the green LED.
Most preferably, the two LED halves are simultaneously formed by a zinc diffusion into the nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP layer through an appropriate mask.
In a specific exemplification given with reference to FIG. 1E, a silicon nitride mask 18 is formed over the module and windows 19 etched therein. Thereafter, using zinc metal as the source, zinc is diffused at 875� C. for 15 minutes to a depth of 5�10 microns into the nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP layer 11 to provide green LED "halves" 20 flanking red LED's 17.
The green LED halves are each 1.5 mils wide and are spaced from the red LED 2 mils.
The silicon nitride mask 18 is removed after the zinc diffusion to form the green LED's.
Since the light is viewed through the substrate, i.e., at its front surface, a conductive metal mask 21 is evaporated onto the side of the GaP substrate remote from the LED's, the mask defining open frames centered on each red-green pair of LED's on the other side of the wafer, as is shown in FIG. 1F.
In a specific exemplification given with reference to FIG. 1F, the frames 21 are aluminum and 18 � 18 mils on 45 mil centers above the LED assemblies. As earlier indicated, the metal mask 21 can function with the substrate 10 as a common conductor for all LED's so that only one additional connection is required for each LED.
The exposed GaP surface within each frame 18 is then preferably sandblasted in order to render the surface a diffusing surface. When the light from the two LED's strikes, the surface becomes a lambertian light-emitting surface, 18 � 18 mils, whose color varies from pure red, through yellow, to pure green, depending on the relative outputs of the pair of LED's behind the frame. Following sandblasting, the lambertian surface is generally indicated by 22 in FIG. 1F.
Both framing and sandblasting are optional, but preferred operations.
As alternatives, the frame could be replaced by a transparent thin film of tin oxide or a metal mesh, or, conductive metallurgy can be provided on the side of the LED array which contains the LED's.
The final step in fabricating the monolithic LED array is a masking and etching step to define LED assembly containing mesas. This step serves two purposes: Firstly, it defines the size of the red LED's and electrically isolates the red LED's in the same groove from one another; secondly, it can assist to reduce crosstalk between one red-green pair of LED's in an individual LED assembly and adjacent similar pairs, and at the same time channel the light into the desired forward direction through the substrate. This step in the fabrication procedure of the module is illustrated in FIG. 1G, where a suitable mask 23 of silicon nitride is shown applied over the LED assembly, leaving the remainder of the surface exposed.
In a specific exemplification, etching is with aqua regia to a depth of about 2.5 mils beneath the original nitrogen-doped, single crystal GaP surface, providing a module as shown in cross-section in FIG. 1H after mask 23 has been removed, the mesas being generally indicated by numeral 24. The direction of light emission is indicated by arrows thereon.
An upper view of an individual LED assembly mesa is shown in FIG. 1I.
The mesa surface is about 10 mils in length parallel to the LED's and about 12 mils in width perpendicular to the LED's.
The green LED's emit light peaking between 550 and 560 nanometers and the red LED's emit light of equal brightness with a broad peak near 690 nanometers.
The reduced junction area, with respect to the front-face emitting area (within the frames 18), results in a higher current density in the LED for a given surface brightness. This is desirable, particularly for the case of the green emitting diode. For example, if a full 18 � 18 mil LED were formed and operated at 30 ft.-lamberts surface brightness, low current densities are used which are in the diode performance region where light output is superlinear with current density, whereby power is wasted and heat unnecessarily generated.
The smallest possible LED size is desired so that the best color mixing will result and so that the total LED area subtends the smallest possible solid angle at the diffusing front-face emitter, thus reducing loss of light at the front-face.
The lower limit on the LED assembly size (total LED active area) is primarily established by the fact that if the assembly size is too small the current density is not in the linear operating region but in the region where light output varies sublinearly with current density. Sublinear operation can be determined using techniques available to one skilled in the art.
The monolithic LED array thus fabricated is composed of many integrated red-green-red LED assemblies in modular wafers of GaP, which can provide not only green, red and yellow radiation, but different shades of red and green, depending on the green-red mixing ratio.
Immediately behind each LED assembly will be an integrated circuit consisting of a flip-flop memory, a drive transistor plus an AND gate, the whole being integral with the monolithic LED array.
The overall integration of the monolithic LED array mated to integrated memory-drive circuitry at the light generating side of the array enables several substantial benefits to be realized as compared to prior art large area displays.
First, a simple array suffers from the major drawback that extremely large peak currents are required for very short time durations, e.g., assuming 1 million LED's requiring 2 mA to give 30 ft. L and a frame rate of 10 Hz, the pulse current will be 2,000 A and the pulse duration 100nS.
The display array of the present invention enables these requirements to be substantially decreased and the radio frequency interference to be reduced by the use of a display array comprising a monolithic LED array with memory-drive circuitry mated to the light generating side, the whole being addressed in parallel or series parallel fashion.
The LED-with-memory combination also contains a minimum of wire connections and bonds. For example, assuming a modular GaP wafer with 16 LED assemblies (4�4), all LED assemblies can share one connection (to the substrate) which is common. The second connection will be to the energizing electronic circuitry so that the total display will have random write and erase features and will display data identically regardless of the position on the display or the number of modules involved.
The following discussion exemplifies appropriate integrated memory drive circuitry as briefly discussed above.
The energizing electronic circuitry is basically a MOS integrated circuit chip which supplies decoding, memory and LED drive capability. The chip is organized in a four-by-four array of 16 total display elements, each with three color capability.
The electronics for a multicolor display element is shown in FIG. 2. The element has the following states: (a) Off, (b), RED, (c) GREEN, and (d) YELLOW. The electronics contains individual circuits to generate the color RED or GREEN, and combines both to generate the color YELLOW.
Logic elements Q1, Q2, Q7 and Q8 are AND circuits. The common inputs to these elements are the element select signals X and Y, which are decode outputs of 1/16 Word Decoders in the associated display module electronics. The other inputs R, R*, G and G* contain the "Action" information.
When inputs X, Y and R are coincident in time at the logical AND gate Q1, Flip-Flop Q3 is set to the logical ONE state. In the event that Flip-Flop Q9 was not previously set and in the absence of G action bit at this decode time, Flip-Flop Q9 will be in the reset state. For this condition, LED 1 (RED) will be driven by a current I equal to I1 + I2 from the current sources Q5 and Q6. Current source Q5 is driven by the 1 output of Q3 and current source Q6 is driven by the logical AND gate Q4 whose true inputs are the 1 state of Q3 and 0 state of Q9. Hence the color RED is produced.
If Flip-Flop Q9 was previously set or the G action bit is present at this decode time, Flip-Flop Q9 will be in the set state. This condition together with Q3 being set simultaneously will inhibit the outputs of both Q4 and Q10 allowing current source Q5 to drive I1 current through LED 1 and Q11 to drive I4 current through LED 2. Since both the RED and GREEN diodes are driven, the YELLOW color will be produced. It should be noted that the color YELLOW is achieved without pulse or power modulation techniques and memory capability is exhibited.
The color GREEN is produced in an identical way as the color RED using elements Q7 through Q12 with LED 2.
The brightness of the three colors can be made equal by proper design of the currents I1, I2, I3 and I4.
Action bits R* and G* are required to reset Q3 or Q9 by the logical AND gates Q2 or Q8 at an element decode time. The reset action extinguishes the respective LED 1 or LED 2.
The Flip-Flops Q3 and Q9 operate as memories since they retain their states until altered during a decode time by any of the inputs R, R*, G, G*. It will be apparent that decode time is defined by the presence of inputs X and Y.
Conventional thick oxide, P-channel MOS technology is capable of holding ON resistance variations to about � 30% which is an order of magnitude higher than can be allowed for. The "brute force" approach to this problem would be to insert an accurate thin film resistor in series with the uncertain FET resistance. Normal device geometry for driver transistors give ON resistances in the neighborhood of 300 ohms, so a 3,000 ohm resistor would be necessary to "swamp out" the FET variations. This resistance would dissipate 5.1 mw at 1.3 ma, or several times the power in the LED. (Larger FET devices can be built, the penalty being lower yield).
The problem of large ON resistance variations is solved by including relatively simple current sources alongside the memory elements. These current sources are shown as Q5, Q6, Q11 and Q12 in FIG. 2 and are shown in detail in FIG. 3. Here, the voltage drop across an accurate thin film resistor R1 is sensed by a differential amplifier comprising transistors T2, T3 and T4 and an analog error signal is sent to the driver transistor T5. The voltage required across the current set resistor (and thus the power dissipation) is lower than the "brute force" approach gives and only enough voltage need be developed to be sensed unambiguously by the differential amplifier. For a device compatible with the earlier exemplified monolithic LED array, in the present design this voltage could be 650 mv.
Should more than three discrete colors be required in a LED assembly, for example, RED, YELLOW-RED, YELLOW, YELLOW-GREEN, and GREEN, it would be necessary to add an additional memory, AND gate and current source element. The addition of this extra element would provide for four additional states where the remaining two might be used for additional brightness to one of the above colors for added emphasis.
If BLUE LED's are utilized, the additional element above will be needed for controlling this LED and would give the following color capabilities: RED, GREEN, BLUE and various mixes of these three colors.
An exemplification of a light-emitting display array according to the invention is shown in cross-section in FIG. 4 where the numerology of FIG. 1 is used to identify like elements. In this array, however, the nitrogen-doped single crystal layer 11 is shown removed in all areas other than mesa areas. This is accomplished by extending the etch time for mesa formation.
The array is a sandwich structure comprising a monolithic array of light-emitting devices 30 and a monolithic silicon large-scale integrated circuit 40 with a multi-layer metallization and interconnections generally indicated at 50 sandwiched between the two. The monolithic silicon circuit comprising the array of memory elements can be mounted on a metallic heat sink to provide both rigidity and even thermal distribution, if desired.
A characteristic feature of this invention resides in the fact that the light is generated at the back of the crystal of the array 30, or adjacent the interconnections 50 with the monolithic silicon circuit 40, with the light generated by the LED assemblies being observed from the front surface as indicated by the arrows in the drawing.
Spherical or hemispherical metal contacts 51 and 52 are preferably used between the pads 53 of multilayer metallization 50 and the individual green and red LED's, respectively, to provide good electrical contact between the LED's and their associated memory elements in the monolithic silicon circuit 40. U-shaped surface metallurgy (not shown) joins the two green LED halves 20. This sandwiched construction and electrical interconnection, involving what is referred to in the art as flip-chip bonding, permits an extremely compact fabrication of the integrated semiconductor display array according to the invention.
Contact 60 to the framing mask 18 is also shown in FIG. 4 to complete the electrical circuitry. Alternative techniques for completing the circuitry have been earlier discussed. A further alternative would be to form LED's only in every other mesa and to use the mesa free of LED's for the same purpose as contact 60. In this case, such mesas could be mated to pads 53 using a spherical contact similar to spherical contacts 51 and 52.
Alternatively, such mesas could be directly mated to the pads 53, but in such a case it is necessary to insure these mesas extend further from the substrate than the LED containing mesas.
Although the above discussion has been in terms of green and red light-emitting LED's, it should be clear that, if desired, LED's generating other colors can be formed if desired, e.g., nitrogen-doped GaAsP (orange, yellow), Zn, O and nitrogen-doped GaP (yellow) and the like.
Appropriate addressing means which can be used in combination with the display arrays of the present invention is disclosed in copending, co-assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 497,991, filed in the name of A. G. Findlay on Aug. 16, 1974 and entitled "Integrated Semiconductor Light-Emitting Display Array," hereby incorporated by reference.
In view of the foregoing, it will be seen that the several objects of the invention are achieved and other advantages are attained.
As various changes could be made in the constructions herein described without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the foregoing description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative rather than in a limiting sense.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
General Chat
Welcome to the Genes Reunited community boards!
- The Genes Reunited community is made up of millions of people with similar interests. Discover your family history and make life long friends along the way.
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Albert Blackley
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|11 Sep 2003 07:38
I am trying to find information about my father Albert's sister Jessie who I believed married around the first world war to a shipmate of my father.I am also interested in information about his mother Jessie (nee Alexander).My grandparents seperated around the end of the war and my grandmother went to America.My grandfather name was Albert George Blackley and is listed as a painter on my fathers birth certificate.Dad was born in Perth (Scotland)29th June 1895..

subset: commoncrawl


text:
TRUE linkswear Mens TRUE sensei Golf Shoes 27 27
TRUE linkswear Mens sensei Golf Shoes.BUY 'EM!!!! What a great deal on a comfortable pair of golf shoes. You really feel and grip the ground. Great fit/ true to fit and at a great price! January 28, 2015
Good shoes This is my second pair of True Links. They have a wide footbed and don't really need to be broken in. They are well made and comfortable on and off the course. Pretty true to size. Super buy on sale. January 18, 2015
Comfortable, but little heel cushioning Comfortable, decent traction, very light, but the bottom of the heel has little cushioning. I have used them on the range so far, not on the course yet. December 17, 2014
Great shoe: comfortable, good traction and stylish This my 3rd pair of Trues! They feel great right out of the box. They provide good traction even on wet turf. November 22, 2014


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London Fashion Week an important date in the diary for the fashion conscious. It is nearly that time of year again, when the stylish descend on London's Somerset House, and the streets are full of fashion bloggers taking street style pictures. 12th September 2014 is the start of London Fashion Week! Continue reading →
Tag Archives: intellicig
8th September 2014
London Fashion Week 2014
27th August 2014
E-Cig and Vape added to the Oxford English Dictionary
A whole host of new words have been added to the Oxford English online dictionary including E-cig and Vape! Continue reading →
4th August 2014
Technologies Biggest Prediction Flops
Throughout history mankind has made some pretty big claims about technology. We are forever fascinated not by what is, but instead by what will be? In the not too distant past we were told by various literature and television that in the year 2000 there would be cities a thousand feet tall, flying cars as the norm and almost all daily tasks automated by robots. For now, however, The Jetsons will have to remain fiction as we take a look back at some of history's biggest technology prediction fails! Continue reading →
11th July 2014
Intellicig Vaping Diary - You Live, You Learn and You Don't Need to Light Up!
It has now been a few weeks since my last vaping diary, for this I apologise. I have however got good news on the non-smoking front. I have now been tobacco free for almost 3 weeks! Continue reading →
3rd July 2014
Tips for Packing like a Pro!
Let's face it; we've all been guilty of postponing packing until the last possible minute when it comes to our summer holidays. It can be a daunting task going in with no plan of action, and it can all too easily become a brain overload, especially if you're responsible for packing for somebody else too. Continue reading →


text:
You may have noticed things look a little different around here - we've switched to a new platform (XenForo) and have some new forum styles and features. This how-to guide will help you find your way around. If you find anything that looks strange, post it in this thread.
Install Acer 4820T Applications ON an Acer 4810T
Discussion in 'Acer' started by NoMa, May 18, 2010.
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text:
David Lewis Paget
The Press & Rickety Dan Poem by David Lewis Paget
The Press surrounded the boarding house
That was kept by Mary Toft,
Her sailor man was Rickety Dan
Who was hidden, up in the loft.
'Come out, come out, wherever you are, '
Cried the head of the Press Gang crew,
We've got you a berth on the frigate 'Perth',
'Don't make us come looking for you! '
Mary stood by the door and blocked,
'You'll not be coming in here,
You can't Impress in a private house,
The law of the land is clear.'
'But this is a plain old Bawdy House
It's the Navy's right to come in,
You don't say no to a guinea or so
From a sailor, looking for sin.'
'I'll have you know it's a Boarding House
Not a Bawdy House, Oh dear!
You'd better go off for a pint of gin
And swill it around in your ear!
A Boarding House is a private house
And protected, under the law,
You'd better go looking somewhere else,
Like 'The Angel', down at the shore.'
'We're here to pick up Rickety Dan
We know that he's here with you,
There's no protection since Bony came
And the Navy's short of a crew,
So stand aside, by the rising tide
He'll be lost to you, Miss Toft,
For somewhere out by the channel ports
He'll be clambering up, aloft.'
Dan had rickets when he was young
His legs were bowed like a bell,
He heard the door come clattering in
And he heard young Mary yell;
He seized his favourite capstan-bar
And he leapt right out of the loft,
Then laid about him from right to left
In defence of his Mary Toft.
The Press consisted of Isaac Raines
A farmer, plucked from the hay,
A weaver, minus the broken frames
The Luddites had taken away,
A shipwright, also a ropemaker
Who had joined to avoid the Press,
'As long as you bring them in, my lads,
I'll not let you go for less! '
Dan lashed out with the capstan-bar
And he laid the weaver low,
Sent the farmer to tend his fields
With only a single blow,
Chased the shipwright out of the door
Where the ropemaker had fled,
Knocked the Lieutenant down to the floor,
Then saw that he lay, stone dead!
'I'm gone, I'm gone, ' said Rickety Dan,
'I'd better head back to the sea,
It's bad enough that I've killed the man
They'll all be looking for me,
I'll go and sign on an Indiaman
If I have to sign as a cook,
Once I'm safely away at sea
It's the last place that they'll look.'
She never saw Rickety Dan again
Though she'd wait at the turning tide,
Whenever an Indiaman came in
She would dress herself as a bride,
And even after they'd left this life
With Dan no longer aloft,
A bird perched up on the mizzen mast
Would look out for Mary Toft.
David Lewis Paget's Other Poems
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Comments about this poem (The Press & Rickety Dan by David Lewis Paget )
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text:
The Future Shop location in Guelph will reopen in a week as a Best Buy.
BlackBerry Ltd. squeezed out a small profit in the fourth quarter,...
Perhaps it's a playoff mentality that had the Guelph Storm maintaining a...
Ryan Phillippe's daughter Ava hates it when people think the...
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Troy Bridgeman's asserted in his Nov. 21 column (Difficult search for peace in the Middle East) that violence "permeates the security walls and barbwire that have come to symbolize more than six decades of occupation and containment."
In making such a statement, it seems to me this journalist has either knowingly or, if I am to judge favourably, inadvertently denied Israel's right to exist.
In claiming that Israel has been occupying Palestinian territories for more than 60 years, in and around the time Israel declared its independence in 1948, he has called into question Israel's right to exist as a sovereign UN-member state and the world's only Jewish state in the community of nations.
Israel certainly wasn't in possession of the Gaza Strip and the West Bank from 1948-67. Instead, Egypt and Jordan unlawfully occupied these areas post-Israel's War of Independence, which was aggressively waged by five Arab armies (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Transjordan, and Egypt) who tried to destroy the nascent state of Israel following its declaration of independence
The column also asserts that Gaza today "is under a blockade and military occupation by Israel." Of course, occupation implies being able to impose your will on the occupied, and as Israel disengaged from Gaza, removing more than 8,500 settlers in the summer of 2005 and as it doesn't have any soldiers on the ground, claiming that Gaza is currently "occupied" doesn't have any merit.
Although Israel does carry out military incursions to thwart and disrupt terror cells, this does not qualify as "occupation," nor does any other claims that because Israel controls the sea/air access to Gaza that it's an "occupier."
Bridgeman also references a nasty conspiracy theory claiming that "Hamas is … controlled by the Mossad, because the philosophy and actions of Hamas have helped the opponents to Palestinian independence and justified military actions by Israel." Such a contention, even one prefaced with an acknowledgement that it's a conspiracy theory, is outright preposterous. Was the inclusion of this charge designed to plant subliminal thoughts in reader's minds?
Bridgeman also asserts that Iran is "a country Israel has been threatening to attack for years," whereas only the inverse is true.
Iran's destructive pursuit of nuclear weapons and avowed calls to wipe the Jewish state from the map have rightly made Israelis see Iran as an existential threat. Iran also serves to foment terror on Israel's borders, terror that in the past week saw more than 800 rockets fired at Israel's borders and in the past decade, more than 13,000 have been fired at Israeli cities. Rockets, which this author has seemingly only characterized as "white noise of small arms fire violence."
In reality, these rockets are deadly. Thanks to Iran's help in financing and smuggling Fajr-5 rockets to Hamas, this Palestinian terror group now can fire this rocket and its 90 kilogram payload with a range of 75 kilometres, putting 3.5 million Israeli civilians at risk. With Iran's long-range rockets in Hamas' arsenal, heavily populated Israeli cities like Jerusalem and Tel Aviv are now in rocket range.
This year alone, more than 1,600 rockets have been fired at Israeli cities from Hamas-held Gaza Strip.
Since 2001, more than 12,800 rockets and mortars have been fired at and landed in Israel.
As Prime Minister Harper rightly proclaimed: "We recognize and support Israel's right to defend itself against such terrorist attacks."
I'm not a peace negotiator, but I can tell you this: if we are to make progress in "the difficult search for peace in the Middle East," we must take care in checking and processing assertions and arguments such as were in Bridgeman's commentary.
Mike Fegelman is executive director of HonestReporting Canada ( www.HonestReporting.ca), a non-profit organization that works to try to ensure fair and accurate Canadian media coverage of Israel.
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text:
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Posted November 27, 2007
A reviewer
Recipes are really good, instructions are easy to understand, step-by-step approach. We refer to it every year to prepare our Thanksgiving party
1 out of 1 people found this review helpful.Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.
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text:
(forgot?) or Register
Loads jQuery from Google using the exact jQuery version as your current WordPress install while still maintaining backwards comptability for the core
Download Version 1.0.1
Sure! I'm always open to knew ideas. Just create a new forum post and I'll take a gander.
Requires: 3.5 or higher
Compatible up to: 3.8.3
Last Updated: 2014-1-18
Active Installs:
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text: The All Wars Must End! wiki last edited by Darkside_of_the_Sun on 08/01/14 03:54PM View full history Cover by John Byrne."All Wars Must End!" (part 1) written by Barbara Randall and Dan Mishkin, penciled by Richard Howell, inked by Carlos Garzon, colored by Michele Wolfman and lettered by Agustin Mas. Hawkman and Hawkwoman go to Superman for help in stopping a Thangarian invasion fleet. Can Superman help Hawkman and Hawkwoman repel the Thangarians?Notes:Story continues in Action Comics #588.Story concludes in Hawkman #11.Superman cameo appearance.


text:
Bed & Bath Coupon Codes
Bed & Bath
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Rexcraft is Now Presented by Bed Bath & Beyond. Please Visit Bed Bath & Beyond Website for Great Online Deals!
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Offer valid on bed & bath, furniture, window treatments, luggage, rugs & more! Items must be marked Sold by Sears. Excludes Clearance, Hot Buy, Unilateral Pricing Policy, and Everyday Great Price items. Other exclusions may apply. Coupon offer cannot be combined with associate discount. Limited to 1 coupon per purchase.
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text: My husband and I have the traveling bug, can barely keep our feet planted in one place. We are in the art and design field and own our company so we have a lot of flexibility; hence we're never in one place for too long. There isn't a place on earth I wouldn't want to visit as long as I have comfortable walking shoes and some sunscreen.


text:
This page isn't finished yet.
Your feedback to email@example.com would be greatly appreciated.
Gaiatest is a Python package based on Marionette, which is designed specifically for writing tests against Gaia. It's like a mobile phone version of Selenium Webdriver---but in python. Basically, it uses python to communicate with a device/emulator, and it executes JavaScript inside the device/emulator to act as the device/emulator.
The main repository is currently in github: Mozilla-b2g/gaia. Look under the gaia/tests/python/gaia-ui-tests/ for the gaia-ui-tests specific code. Due to Taiwan's local test needs, we also have another repository synchronized with main repository: Mozilla-TWQA/gaia-ui-tests. Before you start a new area of test script writing, you might want to look into Mozilla-TWQA/gaia-ui-tests to see if they have something ready for you already.
Running and Writing Tests
- Environment Setup
- What you'll need and need to do before you run or write the gaiatest the first time.
- Tests Running
- How to run the gaiatest.
- Tests Writing
- How to write the tests for gaiatest.
- Function Reference
Marionette method overview
shortcut to "Basic Action" part
shortcut to "Action Chain" part
Gaia-ui-test method overview (note that this is only draft now)
Gaia-ui-test apps overview
There are two categories of bugs when using gaia-ui-tests, marionette related or gaia-ui-tests related. It's kind of ambiguous to distinguish between these two. However, you can follow the basic rules:
1. Marionette related bugs: If there are connection issues, marionette command not recognized, or tests that started to fail without much change in gaia, this might be a marionette related bug. Before you report the bug, make sure it's not because of your unupdated marionette client/server.
*You can also view a list of current bugs to see if your problem is already being addressed. Report bug in bugzilla is the best way to do so.
2. Gaia-ui-tests: When tests started to fail without much changes in gaia and marionette client, it might be gaia-ui-tests bug.
*You can view bugs or report bugs in github of Mozilla/gaia-ui-tests.
Email to firstname.lastname@example.com. Or, find us on irc at channels #ateam, #mozwebqa, and #moztpeqa.


text: Goods: The Wooden Workspace Goods: The Wooden Workspace There should be no need to point out the importance of a man's workspace. It's not only a place to get necessary work completed - it also serves as a sacred space saved for scholarly intent only. In order to maximize any work area, it is important to keep it neat and clean, but ... continue reading MORE: Features, Office Accessories, Work.


text:
I am looking at building a Electric All Grain Setup with an Electric HLT at the moment. I am thinking about going the route of using 120V elements as compared to the 240V elements.
Does anyone have any recommendations on what 120V elements to use?
This one is a Camaco 1500W Ultra Low Watt Densityhttp://www.amazon.com/Camco-02853-He...heater+element
Or should I go with a Higher Wattage saw 2000W http://www.amazon.com/Camco-02203-20...heater+element
Now when building this I am considering using 2 120V elements as I can have two outlets on different breakers available.
Also anyone have first hand experience of the time it would take for 120V elements to heat up a HLT. I would only be heating say 5 to 10 gallons at a time.
I use 2, 120 volt 1,500 watt heaters. I think it takes 35-45 minutes to heat up about 8 gallons of water from 65 to 160 or so. About the same to get it boiling. I think the Camco element is fairly typical. I got my elements from http://www.plumbingsupply.com/elements.html
If you have 20 amp circuits, I would go w/ the 2000w elements for faster heating. 3000 - 4000w total will give you decent heating times for 5-10 gallon batches, on par w/ propane I'd guess. I do 1/4 keg 7.75 gallon batches with 2 at 2000w, 4000w total and it is reasonably quick.
Well that sounds good and probably what I'll go with.
Do you have any issue with the 2000W elements and scorching the wort?
Do you use them for just for your Hot Liquor Tank or for Boiling Wort too?
Also those elements are safe to use for potable water, I know its a silly question but rather ask then be sorry. Since they are for water heaters I am assuming that they wont be an issue.
Awesome that sounds perfect. I'm going to use two of the 2000W elements that I posted. Thanks for the feedback.
I use a single 2000w element from Lowes in my HLT. Takes about 45 minutes to heat up 6-7 gal sparge water. Just enough time to fill up and flip on just after I mash in.
Primary: Honey Kolsch Take 2
Kegged: Alt
Kegged: meBohPils
Bottled: Belgian Gold
Awesome. Double 2000W element build it is. Thanks for the feedback guys.


text:
AIA|LA City Leaders Breakfast Receptions
The 2015 AIA|LA City Leaders Breakfast Series ::
Further connecting City Leadership with the Architecture & Design Community
Presented by Sponsorship Opportunities Still Available
The 2015 AIA|LA CITY LEADERS BREAKFAST SERIES serves as an opportunity for architects & designers and other community stakeholders to meet directly with key individuals transforming the Los Angeles region in a roundtable setting to discuss innovative ideas that will ensure a healthy, sustainable and economically competitive future.
We encourage you to join us at the table and actively share your thoughts on issues relevant to improving the built and natural environment of the city in areas relating to economic development, energy and water conservation, open space, architecture, urban design and land-use policy.
Click on red names below to registerGUEST SPEAKERS INCLUDE:
- Martha Welborne, FAIA & Calvin E. Hollis
Friday, January 9, 2015 (8:00 AM)
- Ana Guerrero - Chief of Staff - City of Los Angles Mayors Office
Thursday, January 29, 2015 (8:00 AM)
- Michelle Boehm - Southern California Regional Director - California High-Speed Rail Authority
Wednesday, March 18, 2015 (8:00 AM)
- Miguel Santiago - Assemblymember, District #53 - State of California
Thursday, April 2, 2015 (8:00 AM)
- Paul N. Keller - Founding Principal & CEO, - MACK URBAN
Thursday, April 23, 2015 (8:00 AM)
- Ken Alex - Director - The Governor's Office of Planning & Research, State of California
Wednesday, April 29, 2015 (12:00 PM)
- Danielle Brazell - General Manager - Department of Cultural Affairs
Friday, July 24, 2015 (8:00 AM)
- Robert M. Hertzberg - Senator, District #18 - State of California
Friday, July 24, 2015 (8:00 AM)
More speakers to be Announced.
For 2015 Sponsorship Opportunities Click HERE
For more information, please contact:
Will Wright, Hon. AIA|LA
Director of Government & Public Affairs
AIA|Los Angeles
Tel: 213.639.0764
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
For reasons beyond the scope of this post, I want to run external (user submitted) code similar to the computer language benchmark game. Obviously this needs to be done in a restricted environment. Here are my restriction requirements:
- Can only read/write to current working directory (will be large tempdir)
- No external access (internet, etc)
Anything else I probably don't care about (e.g., processor/memory usage, etc).
I myself have several restrictions. A solution which uses standard *nix functionality (specifically RHEL 5.x) would be preferred, as then I could use our cluster for the backend. It is also difficult to get software installed there, so something in the base distribution would be optimal.
Now, the questions:
- Can this even be done with externally compiled binaries? It seems like it could be possible, but also like it could just be hopeless.
- What about if we force the code itself to be submitted, and compile it ourselves. Does that make the problem easier or harder?
- Should I just give up on home directory protection, and use a VM/rollback? What about blocking external communication (isn't the VM usually talked to over a bridged LAN connection?)
- Something I missed?
Possibly useful ideas:
- rssh. Doesn't help with compiled code though
- Using a VM with rollback after code finishes (can network be configured so there is a local bridge but no WAN bridge?). Doesn't work on cluster.


text:
PseudoFusion says: "MetalKitty's 1st Zivity set! Vote lots for extra goodies! - 10 Votes = Hi-Def of published set - 20 Votes = HD Set + 10 BONUS Pics!"
Only voters receive the private messages a model sends to her fans.
Voting is how you show love and appreciation to your favorite models & photographers.
Zivity pays them a cash royalty for each vote they receive.


text:
Chefs Settle the Deep Dish Debate Once and for All: Chicago Pizza Is Not Actually Pizza
Reality bites, Chi city!
Four out of four chefs (kind of) agree: New York has the best pizza. Professionals have finally weighed in on the Chicago vs. New York slice war, and it's finally, definitively settled, that's it, forever, no take-backs... deep dish pizza is not actually pizza.Read More


text:
The Executive Branch
Leading the Nation
From Library Staff
How the president is elected, what are the presidents duties and who runs the nation if the president is sick are answered. Also explained are the origins of the presidency, the daily workings and structure of the executive branch, its relationship to the rest of the government.
From the critics
Community Activity
CommentAdd a Comment
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text:
Experts! What kind of floor is this and is it expensive? Thanks!
I was going to do a light maple laminate, but I walked into this one furniture galleria and fell in love with this floor:
All the furniture looked really good with this floor. I like that ultra modern, minimalist look.
I currently have yucky old carpet, and underneath is concrete, of course. I was wondering if this look is way too expensive to try? Should I stick to laminate instead?
Could be almost anything from stained concrete to genuine linoleum. You can get that minimalist look with almost any resilient material, even laminate flooring.
Genuine linoleum in sheets would probably be your most expensive option. VCT (vinyl composition tile) and laminate flooring would cost less. Right in the middle would be the "new" fiber floor sheet vinyl materials from Tarkett, Armstrong and others.
Then, of course, and good floor deck paint skillfully applied might be your least expensive option in material cost.


text:
Item in stock
Cinderella's Castle - 6154
Item No.1710109636
LEGO DUPLO Cinderella's Castle. This fantastic set is perfect for developing role play skills. Includes Cinderella and Prince Charming DUPLO figures. Castle with towers, staircase, portal and doors. Table and 2 chairs, chest, mirror and bed. For 2 years and over.
This item is available for
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- HWD: 37.8 x 48 x 9.4cm
- Exclusively available online


text:
Totally confused with shower fixtures...
I started looking for faucet and shower fixtures for our master bath remodeling and I realized that I am totally confused.
We will have in our bath:
Double sink vanity - will need two single hole faucets
Tub - will need a tub filler, shower head and hand held shower
Shower with frameless glass inclosure - will need rain shower head, hand held shower and jets (possibly). Rain head should be wall mounted because we have a sloped ceiling.
I planned to spend no more than $1500 on all fixtures. They should be brushed nickel or stainless steel and contemporary.
I bought a shower tower at Costco - it already has rain shower head, hand held shower, and built-in thermostatic valve. The price was $400 on sale. I am not crazy about the design, but it is acceptable.
Now, I am thinking about Hansgrohe fixtures that has great reviews here on this forum and on retailers' sites. They are very expensive for our budget, but to figure out whether we can afford them, I need to know what exactly we need to buy.
And I got lost at this point...
I was thinking about this Raindance kit for the shower.
My questions:
If I buy this kit, what matching pieces and other fixtures (for installation?) I should buy for my tub and vanity?
Is this kit just a trim and I need some other plumbing fixtures?
If I buy it, can jets be purchased separately and installed with it?
Besides jet trim, what else should I buy for jets?
Is it worth to install jets or it is just a waste of money?
And one more question.
Does someone has any experience with La Toscana showers? They are cheaper than Hansgrohe and look nice. I was wondering if the quality is OK..
Any other thoughts or advices?
TIA for your help!
This post was edited by alina_1 on Mon, Mar 10, 14 at 15:01
The system you linked to includes valves. You don't need anything else and it should be a fairly simple install. Your hot and cold supply lines will connect directly to the unit. Hot cold/water will be mixed inside the unit and depending on the position of the included diverter valve, will go through the units piping to the rain or handheld shower.
As for jets - the short answer is you can't easily add them to this unit. For your budget I would recommend forgetting the jets and putting all your money towards quality fixtures.
Hope that is helpful... would offer more guidance/ explanation but just learning all this myself. Do some digging on this forum, there are a lot of helpful threads.
Thanks for your reply!
I've been reading similar threads for hours now.
Still, so many questions..
A main question for now - how I can tell the quality of the fixture besides reading the reviews? What should I look for in the description/specs? What I should splurge on and where I can save? I try to stay with the budget, but I do not want to buy a piece of junk or to have constant repairs in the future.
I found a nice looking Delta line, but then I read that lots of parts are plastic - does not sound good..
Am I reading this correctly, you have two showers? One in the tub and one in a stall with a frameless door? Which one is the Costco tower for?
We also purchased a shower tower from Costco. Have had it for about a year now and I still like it. It included jets and all the ones they had at that time did also. Does the one you bought not also include jets?
Costco also had a hansgrohe single handle sink faucet that we purchased for our guest bathroom for about $50, Don't know if they have them now, but I've seen it there several times. I actually bought it a long time ago when they had a coupon for it in anticipation of this bathroom remodel. It was only installed a few weeks ago, but so far so good.


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David Johnson
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Geneologist by default. Everyone in the fam. has started on this stuff at one time or another but I am putting all of their pieces together. Want something done...ask a busy person.
Also, if I have added a memorial for anyone that may be near and dear to you please ask me to transfer it to you if you feel that you would take care of it. I feel that this is an important part of this website.
Also, I keep original copies of all photos. So if you wold like a larger copy please contact me and add the full name and cemetery of the person you are looking for. Or just send an "edit" message.
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Debra Sanden
Maude Phernetton
I believe this is Maude G. Beeman born about 1884 Missouri. Her husband was Floyd Arch Phernetton born 1876 died 1953 he is buried in the Fern Hill Cemetery, Washington. She was his first wife and they had four kids that I could find, but then I think she died after 1911 and before 1914. They lived Blaine and or Swiss, Burnett, Wisconsin. That is all I got so far. Deb
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Debra Sanden
on Jan 11, 2015 2:54 PM
Becky Bergstrom
Stephen Mencel
Thank you so much for all your hard work and energy you put in everything you for all of the helping people like my self. If it wasn't for you, I wouldn't of found my great grandparents. Thank you again.
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Becky Bergstrom
on Nov 26, 2014 8:44 PM
Longrie Family Transfers
Thank you very much for my Longrie family transfers. I appreciate all the pictures and the time that you invested in posting them. Best, Sonja
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on Oct 24, 2014 10:22 PM
Emma Phillips
Chris Youngjohn
Hi David, I have never heard the nickname for
him as Christ, it was always Chris.His nephew,
Irving Youngjohn, Sr always referred to him as
Uncle Chris.
The third brother, Ramiel Youngjohn lived and died
in California, but I haven't found enough info on
him yet.
Added by
Emma Phillips
on Oct 04, 2014 7:53 AM
Kandace N. Gutierrez
Joanis Family
I saw your message on Eva Joanis memorial. My grandmother is the niece of Augustin Joanis. You can find Uncle Augie's memorial in my list of added memorials. Please feel free to message or email me if you have any questions.
Added by
Kandace N. Gutierrez
on Sep 09, 2014 1:08 AM
Thanks for the Picture!
Thank you so much for being so quick to send me the picture of the gravesite I requested!
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on Aug 13, 2014 1:47 PM
Mike Hughes
RE: Wassenhove
Thank you so much for all you do Dave!
Added by
Mike Hughes
on May 30, 2014 11:39 PM
Karen S.
Gottlieb Seelig
Should have added Gottlieb Seelig is buried in Hermantown Cemetery, MN. KarenS
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Karen S.
on May 18, 2014 6:01 PM
Karen S.
Gottlieb Seelig
I added another photo of his stone, cleaned up his birth date is May 5,1835, death date May 1, 1892.
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Karen S.
on May 18, 2014 5:58 PM
S. Moorhouse
David, Yes, you can use our photo for S. Moorhouse.
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on Mar 26, 2014 9:10 PM
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Justin Bieber, One Direction Among Best Global Act Nominees at MTV EMAs
MTV had nine fans from around the world unveil the 10 regional nominees who will go head to head in its Worldwide Act category at the European Music Awards held in Amsterdam on Nov. 10.
Justin Bieber made the final cut as North America's nominee, while One Direction will represent all of Northern Europe.
PHOTOS: Miley Cyrus' Most Controversial Moments
This year 186 global music acts battled it out during six weeks of first-round voting by fans. The contenders were narrowed down to 37 on Oct. 25, before being further culled earlier today. Fans have until Nov. 8 to vote for their favorite global act among the final 10 nominees.
This year's MTV EMAs are hosted by Redfoo and will feature live performances by Miley Cyrus, Robin Thicke, Bruno Mars, Kings of Leon, Snoop Dogg, Afrojack, Imagine Dragons, Icona Pop, The Killers and Katy Perry. Will Ferrell will be in attendance as Anchorman 2 character Ron Burgundy.
The complete list of Worldwide Act nominees is below.
Africa/India/Middle East:
Ahmed Soultan
Australia/New Zealand:
Cody Simpson
Europe North:
One Direction
Europe Central:
Europe East:
Europe South:
Marco Mengoni
Latin America:
North America:
Justin Bieber
Mainland China/Hong Kong/Southeast Asia/Taiwan:
Chris Lee
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
Must Reads
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Gavin Polone on TV's Dirty Secret: Your Agent Gets Money for Nothing (Guest Column)
'Game of Thrones' Star Emilia Clarke on Playing Sarah Connor, Turning Down 'Fifty Shades' and Moving on From Nudity
Reality Power: The Declining Clout of the Broadcast Unscripted Chief
Why More 'Star Wars' Actors Haven't Become Stars
The Uncensored, Epic, Never-Told Story Behind 'Mad Men'
Justin Bieber Roast: Ludacris Speaks Out About "Over the Line" Paul Walker Jokes


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The Policy and Standards Unit kindly invite Stakeholders to participate in the Spanish webinar dedicated to the consulted documentation.
The webinar will be performed on 06 September, 17:00-18:30 CEST (UTM/GTM +2h)
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- Home
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Thursday, May 31
Weight Watchers, weigh-in at 9:30 a.m., meeting at 10 a.m., Southport Presbyterian Church, 1025 E. Moore St., Southport. For details, call (800) 651-6000.
Rotary Club of Shallotte, meets 12:30 p.m. at Starz Grill at Planet Fun, Whiteville Road, Shallotte. Visiting Rotarians welcome.
VFW Post 7288 bingo, 5:30 doors open, early birds start at 6:30 p.m. Carter Drive, Calabash. Call 579-3577 for information.
Friday, June 1
Rotary Club of the South Brunswick Islands, 7:30 a.m., Tamers Restaurant, Lions Paw. Visiting Rotarians welcome.
Duplicate bridge, 10 a.m., Sunset Beach. Call 754-9169 for details.
Contract bridge, 11:30 a.m., Sea Man's Restaurant in Calabash. Call Brenda Day at 575-1209 for details.
Bingo, 7 p.m., Shallotte Moose Lodge, 253 Holden Beach Road (half-mile east of Walmart.) Doors open at 5:30 p.m. For details, call 754-4921.
Shallotte Wheel and Dealers, 6:30-8:30 p.m., Western square dance club, Shallotte Middle School cafeteria, September-May. For more information, call Dee Garner at 262-5504 or Ilene Simmons at 754-4764.
Bluegrass music, 7-9:30 p.m., Shallotte Senior Center, Main Street.
Weekly Shallotte art classes, drawing, painting, oil and acrylic, taught by Lola Jackson, MA certified. Day and evening classes offered in Calabash and Shallotte. For more information, call 612-4453.
Gallery art walk, 5-7 p.m., downtown Southport. For more information, call 457-1129 or visit www.rickyevansgallery.com.
Holden Beach-Shallotte VFW Post 8866, 5-7 p.m., fish fry at the Post, 1.5 miles past the Holden Beach stoplight on Sabbath Home Road.
Saturday, June 2
Brunswick County Fishing Club Family Beach Bingo, 8 p.m., at Sunset Harbor fishing club. Strictly a family event.
Breakfast, 7-10:30 a.m., Shallotte Moose Lodge, N.C. 130. Full menu.
Sunday, June 3
Sunday breakfast with veterans, 8-11 a.m., Calabash VFW Post No. 7288, Traders Village, Calabash. Eggs, bacon, sausage, pancakes, country fries, grits, toast, orange juice, coffee and tea with waitress table service, $5.
Monday, June 4
Stitchin' Time Needlework Club, 9 a.m., Hickmans Crossroads Library, Calabash.
Weekly Shallotte art classes, drawing, painting, oil and acrylic, taught by Lola Jackson, MA certified. For more information, call 612-4453.
Weight Watchers, St. James the Fisherman Episcopal Church, 4941 Main St., Shallotte; 9:30 a.m. weigh-in, 10 a.m. meeting. Parking on Powell Street.
Take Off Pounds Sensibly (TOPS), 10 a.m., Sharon United Methodist Church, Holden Beach Road.
Gentle yoga class, 10-11 a.m., Seaside United Methodist Church, Sunset Beach. $5 per class. Taught by a certified yoga instructor. No pre-registration required. For more information, call 575-9642.
Carolina Coastal Carvers Wood Carving Club, 2-5 p.m., Bonaparte Baptist Church, Shady Forest Drive. All skill levels welcome. For details, call 579-4461.
Shallotte Point Volunteer Fire Department, 6:30 p.m. New volunteers welcome.
Bridge, Mahjong, Scrabble, 6:30 p.m., Shallotte Senior Center, Main Street. For details, call 842-5297.
Southporters Square Dance Club, 7-9 p.m., Virginia Williamson Elementary School. For details, call 383-0721 or visit www.southporters.org.
Pilot Club of South Brunswick Islands, 6:30 p.m., Supply Baptist Church.
Democratic Women's Club, 7 p.m., at Brunswick Democrat Headquarters. For details, call 742-7724.
Riverside Property Owners Association meeting, 7 p.m., 279 Riverside Drive. For the purpose of discussing POA issues.
South Brunswick Isles Sertoma Club, 7 p.m., Ocean Isle Inn conference room. Charles Smith, 579-7977.
Calabash VFW Post No. 7288, 7:30 p.m., VFW Building, Traders Village, Calabash.
Tuesday, June 5
Holden Beach Seniors mature movement classes, 9-10 a.m., Lockwood Folly Community Building.
Gentle yoga class, 10-11 a.m., St. Luke Lutheran Church, U.S. 17. $5 per class. Taught by a certified yoga instructor. No pre-registration required. For more information, call 575-9642.
Healing From Trauma Support Group, 1-2:30 p.m. Coastal Horizons Center, Shallotte. For those 18 and older who have experienced trauma and are having difficulty healing. For more information, call 754-4515 or email email@example.com.
Weight Watchers, weigh-in at 5:30 p.m., meeting at 6 p.m., Southport Presbyterian Church, 1025 E. Moore St., Southport. For details, call (800) 651-6000.
Tri-Beach Volunteer Fire Department training sessions, 7 p.m.
Elks charity bingo, Calabash Elks Lodge, 937 Carter Drive, Calabash. Doors and kitchen open at 5:15 p.m. Smoke-free facility. For more information, call 579-4600.
Seniors' bridge game, 6:45 p.m., Shallotte Senior Center, Main Street. Members and new arrivals welcome. Reservations: Ruth Shupe, 575-4962 or Melba Williams, 754-4681.
South Brunswick Kiwanis Club, breakfast, 7:30 a.m., meeting at 8 a.m., Sunny Side Up Diner, 10068 Beach Drive (N.C. 179) in Calabash. Visiting Kiwanians and those interested in joining are welcome. Meetings are first and third Tuesdays of each month. For details, call Tom Gardner at 575-7895.
NARFE Chapter 2266, 11:30 a.m.-1 p.m., Calabash Elks Lodge, Carter Drive, Calabash. Current and retired federal employees and their spouses are invited. For details, call 612-0412.
Calabash VFW Post 7288 MEN'S AUXILIARY, 2:30 p.m., Carter Drive, Calabash.
Holden Beach-Shallotte VFW Post 8866, 7 p.m., monthly meeting at the post, 1.5 miles past the Holden Beach stoplight on Sabbath Home Road.
Diabetes education class, 7-9 p.m., Concord United Methodist Church, at the corner of N.C. 211 and Stone Chimney Road. No charge. Donations accepted. Sponsored by New Hope Clinic. Those who have previously attended New Hope classes are already registered. If not, call 457-6044 for details and to register.
Calabash Lions Club, 7-9 p.m., Calabash Fire Department, Persimmon Road. For details, call president Irwin Seigelwax at 209-6170.
Libertarian Party of Brunswick County regular meeting, 7 p.m., Pizza Hut in Leland.
Little River Lions Club, 7 p.m., Best Pancake House, Little River, S.C.
Wednesday, June 6
Weight Watchers, open hours from 8:30 a.m.-4 p.m., 8:30 a.m. weigh-in, 9 a.m. meeting, 10 a.m. weigh-in, 10: 30 a.m. meeting, Sea Trail POA Building, Station Road, Sunset Beach; For details, call (800) 651-6000.
Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Support Group, 9 a.m., Seaside United Methodist Church, Sunset Beach. For details, call 579-5753.
Weight Watchers, Sea Trail POA Building, Station Trail, Sunset Beach; 10:30 a.m. weigh-in, 11 a.m. meeting. For details, call (800) 651-6000.
Free paint-ins, Waterway Art Association, Calabash Firehouse. Two Wednesdays each month will have live models. For more information, call Marilyn at 575-7981 or visit www.waterwayart.org.
Senior Contract Bridge, 2 p.m., Shallotte Senior Center. Members and newcomers welcome. Call Ruth Hood at 575-7194 for details.
Bingo, 6 p.m., Little River Elks Lodge, Highway 57, S.C. Members and guests welcome. For more information, call (843) 390-2840.
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Henry Panion on cover of B-Metro magazine
Additional Info
- Alternate Title Link: http://b-metro.com/the-a-list-dr-henry-panion-iii/13947/
Each year during Women's History Month, UAB honors women who have mentored or served other women, taken a courageous stance or overcome adversity to achieve a goal.
Sherri Price, administrative supervisor in Occupational Health and Safety, has been named Employee of the Month for March.
Twelve faculty who exemplify the best in classroom teaching will be recognized during the annual Faculty Awards Convocation at 4 p.m. in the UAB National Alumni Society House.
Julie Decker, program manager in the School of Medicine Department of Microbiology is Employee of the Month for February.
Loy O. Vaughan, Ph.D., associate professor of mathematics, is among the more than 250 employees who will be honored during this year's Service Awards Program luncheon, which recognizes employees with 20 or more years of service. A list of recipients is online.
Anitra Baylor, financial officer in the Division of Preventive Medicine, is Employee of the Month for January.
More than $39,000 has been awarded through nine grants to 15 faculty for proposals that support teaching innovation and development at UAB. All but one are tied directly to the Quality Enhancement Plan, which will launch in fall.
John Moore, research associate in the Department of Genetics, is Employee of the Month for December.
Pauline Jolly, Ph.D., is a dedicated teacher, researcher and mentor who equips people with the knowledge and competencies to make the world a better place for all.


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Registration takes less than 1 minute.
New buyers focused on Canadian investment and economic development.
AlixPartners says liner carriers face "headwinds related to continued supply and demand imbalances."
Real time data needed for distributing, marketing, promotional and sales activities, according to the Global Shippers Alliance.
MIT's Center for Transportation & Logistics' Crossroads event showcased uses for additive manufacturing, autonomous parcel delivery machines, and low-cost, scalable batteries for electricity storage.
Impact of speed limiters and logging devices will be apparent on truckload capacity by 2017, with 2015 likely a transitional year in which carriers see fewer disruptions, according to investment advisor Stifel.
Overall container traffic is down at Port of Jacksonville for the first five months of fiscal year 2015.


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|contoured design With an aluminum frame and a high-quality synthetic fiber weave, the Polo armchair can weather even the harshest elements. Lightweight and stackable, this curved-back seat is perfect for basking in the sun or relaxing in the shade. In Etna (gray) or Natural, shown. 31½" high x 22" wide x 25" deep. $320. Kettal, kettal.com.
|stylish comfort An update on Mission furniture, the Divano sofa and chairs sport Dacron-filled cushions that resist mildew and water. In more than 80 fabrics and 13 finishes. Sofa, 34¾" high x 85" wide x 35" deep. $2,000. Lounge chair, 34¾" high x 35" wide x 32½" deep. $1,000. Homecrest; 800-346-4852, homecrest.com.
|long & lean The Biaritz chaise's lightweight aluminum frame and oversize wheels allow for nearly effortless repositioning. Its woven covering is reminiscent of rattan, but the synthetic fiber is easier to care for and more resistant to outdoor wear and tear. 25¼" high x 29½" wide x 75¼" deep. $1,353. CNI; 450-674-1669, furniture-cni.com.
|modern & modular For ultimate seating flexibility, consider a sectional, whose individual parts— with or without arms—can be merged or separated as needed. These Manhattan Beach pieces incorporate thick acrylic-covered cushions and aluminum frames wrapped in an all-weather basket-weave. Right and left arm, 28½" high x 35" wide x 35" deep. From $1,069 each. Armless, 28½" high x 26" wide x 35" deep. From $899 each. Square corner, 28½" high x 34" wide x 35" deep. From $1,349 each. Ottoman, 12¼" high x 26" wide x 35" deep. From $629 each. Ethan Allen; 888-324-3571, ethanallen.com.
|french flair Best suited for covered outdoor areas, the Campagne folding bench evokes a Parisian café. Curled wroughtiron arms and polished wooden slats add panache. And practicality hasn't been forgotten—this petite seat folds flat, making it easy to carry and store. 34" high x 39" wide x 21" deep. $295. Comptoir de Famille; 866-709- 8085, comptoirdefamille.net.
Best Outdoor Seating
Stylish, yet functional outdoor furniture is an essential backyard staple.
Exclusive: A Sneak Peek at Nate Berkus's Spring/Summer 2015 Collection for Target
Refresh your space this upcoming season with these chic and affordable finds, available at Target stores and online later this month.
Sneak Peek: Jonathan Adler's Spring 2015 Collection
Dreaming of a cheery spring? Jonathan Adler's newest collection of colorful, classic furniture and accessories — launching March 16 —...
A Few Hardware Store Finds Become Something Really Special
This project is so stylish (and so cheap!).
Valentine's Day Flowers for the Girl Who Turns Her Nose Up at Roses
And don't even get us started on baby's breath.
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Acolyte Lee Sin
Senior Member
Hey lyte , I'm still playing against ppl 1700+elo and 800+wins normal.
i'm unranked with 1110 wins normal
From my first experiences I'm noticing less dodging by players and the matches have felt even
Your system still has problems with spikes.
I played a few premades with my friend and brother yesterday, got matched against someone with 2k wins. I have 300 ish with more losses. They're not even level 30 yet.
I'd much rather wait an extra minute if the games were actually fair.
While the longer queues bugged me a bit, the matches are definitely better than they were.
Good job riot!
so... we usually wait 40-70 seconds to get in a game now we have to wait at least in min every time? i dont like this just my opinion but lets be honest ill get downvoted for speaking my mind.
I am by no means pro/elite I enjoy playing the game at my general skill level, the last few games I have played(since the patch) I have been against some really wonky comps with Olaf/ Fiora/ Vi all as supports for opposing teams, also I am generally destroying people in creep score there seems to be too much variance between the players on a team.
I find it weird that all of a sudden it seems like I am playing in such a low elo(was thinking that my elo has become trash with the new season) I'm happy to see Riot trying new approaches to matchmaking but at the same time I do not want to be stuck playing with/against people that do not even seem to know the Meta(even though I realize that this is not set in stone)
If I had to guess I would say Im in the 1000-1200 elo range but with the way the team comps have been panning out I feel like Im playing with/against people in the 600-800 elo range just because we have a similar number of wins.
How does the new MM work with custom games effecting you summoners rift win/loss ratio because players can hyper inflate their wins by playing a bot game in customs, Will we see changes to this current system to help adjust for skill balance?
played a few games, made no difference. still noobs and crappy players no matter how many games people play.
Queuing up with friends who doesn't play as much as you now is a pain.
I always get matched with enemies who completely destroy us.
...it also takes very longer to start a game when you have a premade team.
The Dork
well whatever is going on I like it, won 6 in a row ranked
© 2015 Riot Games, Inc. All rights reserved. Riot Games, League of Legends and PvP.net are trademarks, services marks, or registered trademarks of Riot Games, Inc.


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Role: Professor and Senior Scholar in Social Determinants of Health
Degrees/Credentials: M.D., Columbia University; Internal Medicine Residency, Oregon Health & Science University; M.P.H. and Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, University of Washington.
Teaching Areas: Applied research methods in social determinants of health
Interests: Community Based Participatory Research; improving the health and healthcare of marginalized populations, including racial/ethnic minorities, violence survivors, and adults on the autism spectrum or people with other developmental disabilities; depression, PTSD, and chronic pain; primary healthcare services, mental health services, and chronic illness management; mixed-methods research.
Experience: I have focused my career on improving the health and healthcare of marginalized communities. I mostly use community-partnered approaches to include community members as equal partners in all phases of the research project. Examples include the Voices of Survivors Project (where survivors of domestic violence created an educational documentary for healthcare providers), the Interconnections Project (where our academic-community partnership developed a community-based depression care program for African-American and Latina intimate partner violence survivors), the Academic Autistic Spectrum Partnership in Research and Education www.aaspire.org (which is developing tools to improve the primary healthcare of adults on the autism spectrum), and the Partnering Project (which assessed the relationship between violence and health in people with developmental disabilities). I am currently leading PSU's Social Determinants of Health Initiative. I also continue to practice and teach Internal Medicine at OHSU.


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Traffic restrictions will be in place in the city from 2 p.m. on Friday in connection with the President's visit to unveil a statue of former Chief Minister K. Karunakaran.
Offices functioning on the Senate Hall campus will not function on Friday. The traffic restrictions will affect vehicle movement at airport, Shangumugham, All Saints, Chaka Bypass, Pettah, Pattoor, Asan Square, RR Lamp, Corporation Point, Museum, Vellayambalam and Raj Bhavan.
Vehicles coming from the airport side towards the city will have to take the Valiyathura - Ponnara Bridge - Kallummoodu - Eenchakkal route while those proceeding from Palayam towards the Shangumugham/ airport side will have to take the Ayurveda college - Uppidamoodu bridge - West Fort- Eenchakkal- Valiyathura route or the PMG - Pattom - Kumarapuram - KIMS - Venpalavattom Junction - Veli - Vettukadu - Shangumugham route.
Vehicles from East Fort towards Vattiyoorkavu will have to proceed via Thampanoor – flyover- Thycaud – Vazhuthacaud – SMC- Edapazhinji - Kochar Road- Maruthamkuzhi.
The public can dial 9497987001 or 0471-2558726 and 2558731 to register complaints and suggestions, a release said.