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A method is disclosed for analyzing quality of an electronic service (e-service), such as an Internet-based service, hosted by an e-service platform. The provider or separate administrator defines quality of e-service execution by creating quality index records stored in an e-service warehouse. The quality index records allow assigning quality indexes to e-service execution based on specified parameters related to service execution, such as parameters related to transaction duration. As e-services are executed, service data is stored in a log. The service data is processed by an extract-transfer-load (ETL) engine that transfers data from the log to the warehouse. The data is mapped to quality indexes for analysis. The data can be viewed with a reporting tool, such as a dedicated console or a commercially-available analysis tool. Using the tool, the administrator can identify patterns corresponding to poor execution quality and can attempt to resolve the problems. Classification and prediction models are also created and stored to analyze past transactions and to predict behavior of future transactions. The models can be used to re-design the e-service execution and/or can be used at run-time to optimize e-service execution.
1. A method of analyzing quality of electronic services hosted by an electronic services platform, comprising:
specifying parameters related to quality of execution of an electronic service hosted by a platform;
retrieving electronic service execution data for a plurality of executions of the electronic service, the data being related to the parameters;
identifying characteristics related to the quality using the execution data; and
associating the characteristics with the parameters.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. A method of analyzing quality of an electronic service hosted by an electronic service platform, the method comprising:
assigning quality indexes to sets of parameters related to execution of an electronic service;
executing the electronic service a plurality of times using an electronic service platform;
storing electronic service data related to service execution in a log maintained by the platform;
storing the electronic service data to an electronic service warehouse; and
applying the quality indexes to the service data to analyze the service execution.
11. The method of
12. The method of
storing raw data related to individual instances of electronic service execution;
storing aggregate data related to a plurality of executions; and
storing definitions of functions for analyzing the service data.
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. A system for analyzing quality of an electronic service, comprising:
a platform that executes an electronic service for a service provider, wherein the platform maintains a log of electronic service data related to execution of the electronic service;
an electronic service warehouse that stores the service data;
an ETL engine that transfers the service data from the log to the warehouse; and
an ESI engine that applies a quality index to the service data based on quality of the execution, wherein the quality index is used to analyze the execution.
16. The system of
17. The system of
18. The system of
19. The system of
20. The system of
[0001] The present invention relates generally to software systems for computer networking. More particularly, it relates to a software system for monitoring, analyzing, predicting, and improving quality performance of electronic services provided via a computer network.
[0002] In the field of electronic services (e-services), service providers seek to provide the services in an efficient and desirable manner to the user, or client. E-services include, for example, electronic web services provided via a global computer network, such as the Internet, as well as services provided independent of the Internet. Examples of conventional e-services include delivery of customized news and stock market updates, on-line ticket reservations, monitoring of flight statuses, and electronic advertisements.
[0003] One benefit of the e-services environment is that clients can dynamically identify the available web service that meets his or her needs, can examine the properties of the web service, and can determine how to access the service. Additionally, low-cost web services platforms and low-cost registration on web directories have emerged, allowing small providers to compete with larger providers in the e-services marketplace. Web services for both large and small providers may be listed in the same directories, and users can access e-services and e-service provider information to select an e-service based on quality and cost.
[0004] In this competitive environment, it is desirable for providers to deliver services with high, consistent, and predictable quality. Quality in this context includes both internal and external quality. Internal quality refers to quality as judged from the perspective of the provider, including such factors as operating costs. External quality refers to quality as judged from the perspective of the user, including such factors as speed, on-time delivery, low cost, and ease of access to the service.
[0005] Quality problems occur from a variety of sources. For example, an e-service such as a car rental service may involve multiple stages such as stages for browsing vehicles, selecting a vehicle, and paying for the vehicle. One or more of these stages may create a bottleneck that hinders performance and therefore quality of the service. In another case, the e-service may be overwhelmed by service requests from a particular origin or at a particular time of the day or week. For example, some services such as stock market updates may receive significant use during week days, but less use on weekends. The peak usage times may diminish quality in terms of user response time, if they are not handled properly. It is therefore desirable to analyze e-service execution and to identify quality problems.
[0006] Currently, providers have limited tools at their disposal to understand and analyze service execution to improve quality. What is needed is a way of analyzing e-services provided to a user to identify sources of quality problems and to remove those sources. What is also needed is a method and system for predicting e-service behavior based on previous transactions.
[0007] A method is disclosed for analyzing quality of an electronic service (e-service), such as an Internet-based, or other network-based, service, hosted by an e-service platform. A service provider or administrator defines quality of e-service execution by creating quality index records stored in an e-service warehouse. The quality index records allow assigning quality indexes to e-service execution based on specified parameters related to service execution, such as parameters related to transaction duration. As e-services are performed, service execution data is stored in a log. The service data is processed by an extract-transfer-load (ETL) engine that extracts selected service data from the log and transfers it to the warehouse. The warehouse holds raw data for individual instances of e-service executions, aggregated data for multiple executions, and defined functions for calculating other characteristics of aggregated transaction data, such as averages and ranges. The data is labeled with quality indexes as defined by the quality index records. The data is formatted to be viewed with a dedicated console or a commercially-available analysis tool. Using the tool, the administrator can identify patterns resulting in poor execution quality and can attempt to resolve the problems. Also based on the analysis, classification and prediction models are created and stored to predict behavior of future transactions. The models can be used to re-design the e-service execution and/or can be used at run-time to optimize e-service execution.
[0008] A system is also disclosed for analyzing e-service transactions. The system retrieves service execution data from logs using an extract-transfer-load (ETL) engine. The ETL engine extracts data from the execution logs, loads the data into a data warehouse, and computes quality indexes based on the defined quality index records. The warehouse includes a data store for the raw data for individual instances of transactions, and a data store that holds aggregate data as well as defined functions for aggregating the raw data for analysis. An e-services intelligence (ESI) engine retrieves the data from the warehouse and prepares it for analysis by a reporting tool, such as commercially-available software application or a dedicated console. The ESI engine computes quality indexes for transaction data. The reporting tool uses the quality indexes to analyze the performance of the e-services.
[0009]FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an e-service system to be analyzed by the method.
[0010]FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of the system analyzing e-service performance.
[0011]FIG. 3 shows a flow chart of a method consistent with the present invention.
[0012]FIGS. 4A and 4B show an example data structure and record for data to be analyzed.
[0013]FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of systems for creating logs to store service data.
[0014]FIGS. 6A and 6B show block diagrams of systems for transferring data from service logs to an e-service warehouse database.
[0015]FIGS. 7A and 7B show flow charts of methods performed by the systems shown in FIGS. 6A and 6B.
[0016]FIG. 8 shows a more detailed block diagram of the analysis system shown in FIG. 2.
[0017]FIG. 9 shows a flow chart of a method of reporting e-service quality.
[0018]FIG. 1 shows an example system 10 for providing electronic services (eservices) to users. Examples of e-services and e-service platforms are described more fully in F. Casati, Ming-Chien Shan, Definition, Execution, Analysis, and Optimization of Composite E-Services, Bull. Tech. Comm. on Data Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 1 (March 2001), p.31, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Various software vendors including BEA, WebMethods, Sun Microsystems, Microsoft, and Hewlett-Packard Company, and consortiums including Oasis and UDDI have provided models, languages, and interfaces for describing e-services and for making them available to users. Such frameworks typically allow the specification of business functions or applications in terms of their properties, which can be generic (such as the service name and location) or service-specific (such as the car size for a car rental e-service). Depending upon the framework, the properties may be represented by, for example, Java vectors or XML documents.
[0019] In addition, vendors provide software platforms 40, 42 (referred to as e-service platforms (ESPs) or web service platforms) that allow service providers 20 to register and advertise their services 30-38 and to allow authorized users 50 to look up and access registered services 30-38. Examples of such platforms 40, 42 include the BEA WebLogic Collaborate, WebMethods Enterprise, Sun Jini, Microsoft net, and Hewlett-Packard e-speak. As shown in FIG. 1, e-services 30-38 are controlled by one or more interconnected e-services platforms 40, 42. Service providers 20 register services 30-38 with the platforms 40 to make the services 30-38 available to clients 50, also referred to as users 50. The client 50 invokes a look-up function to access one or more of the services 30-38 through the platform 40. These approaches allow uniform representation, search, and access of business applications, both those used for internal operations and those that are made available to users 50, for example via the Internet.
[0020] To make the services 30-38 searchable and accessible to users 50, service providers 20 register a service definition with the platform 40 and, in one embodiment, with advertising services as well. As part of the registration process, the service provider 20 gives information about the service 30-38, such as the service name, the methods (operations) that can be performed on the service 30-38 along with their input/output parameters, or the list of authorized users. In many service models, a service may provide several methods (operations) to be invoked as part of its interface. For instance, a emusic service may allow users to browse or search the catalog, to listen to songs, or to buy discs or mp3 files. To achieve its goal, users may be required to invoke several methods of a service. The set of interactions needed to achieve a business goal is referred to as a conversation. Advanced platform models support the notion of conversation and allow service developers to define conversation and conversation-specific properties, such as security requirements or constraints among the order of method invocation within a conversation.
[0021] The provider 20 also specifies a handler for the service 30-38. A handler is an application that is contacted in order to request service executions. Depending upon the service model and the platform 40, the service handler can be identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) (such as in e-speak) or by giving a proxy Java object that will take care of contacting the handler (such as in this Jini application manufactured by Sun Microsystems). Customers may look for available service by issuing service selection queries over service directories, also referred to as brokers. Queries may simply search service by name, or can include more complex constraints on the service properties as well as ranking criteria if multiple services satisfy the search criteria. Service selection queries return a reference to one or more services that can be used to invoke them.
[0022] Platforms 40 may also provide �middleware� functionalities for business-to-business integration. Under this perspective, they can be thought of as an extension of traditional message brokers and Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) suites. Although the system is described with respect to web services, the same concepts apply to many middleware applications, including message brokers, workflows, application servers, enterprise java beans (EJB), and traditional common object request broker architecture (CORBA). In other embodiments, e-services 30-32 may be deployed on top of simple platforms 40 that do not support registration, look-up, and middleware functionalities.
[0023]FIG. 2 shows an example e-services system 12 under analysis. The e-services platform 40 hosts several e-services 30-32. Users 50 access these services 30-32 by connecting to the platform 40 directly or through a web server 52. Users 50 may be both humans or other computer systems, for example in business-to-business e-services. As the e-services 30-32 are executed, data packets are transferred between the user 50 and the platform 40 pursuant to a communications protocol. Service data related to the execution of e-services 30-32 is stored in a log 41 maintained by the platform 40. As used herein, service data refers to any data related to the execution of e-services 30-32 and may include, for example, data related to individual data packets transferred between the user 50 and the platform 40 during the execution of an e-service 30-32.
[0024] Service data is transferred from the log 41 to an electronic service warehouse (ESW) 60, using an extract-transfer-load (ETL) engine 70. As used herein, the term warehouse refers to any data store including, for example, one or more databases. The ETL engine 70 extracts service data from the log 41 and other sources 42, transfers the service data to the data warehouse 60, and loads the data into a data structure that has been pre-defined to analyze desired characteristics of the service execution. The other sources 42 include data provided to the ETL engine 70 that is not part of the execution log 41. For example, other sources data may include general information related to a particular e-service 30-32. The other sources 42 data may also include quality index definitions, described herein. The service definition and execution database 64 of the warehouse 60 stores raw service data retrieved from execution logs 41, after being processed by the ETL engine 70.
[0025] The ESW 60 also includes an aggregated data database 62 that stores aggregate data as well as definitions for analyzing the raw data in the service definition and execution database 64. The aggregated data includes service data related to a plurality of executions of the e-service. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, data related to individual transactions is stored in the service definition and execution database 64, and the aggregated database 62 defines �functions� or other means of analyzing the specific data. For example, the aggregated data database 62 may specify a function for calculating the average execution time for a specific process in an e-service 30-32. The function defined in the aggregated data database 62 extracts the underlying data from the service definition and execution database 64 to calculate the average execution time, in this example. In one embodiment, the aggregated data database 62 includes common functions used in analysis. More specific, user-defined functions or analyses may be conducted using separately using analysis tools, described herein. The analysis tools may use the functions defined in the aggregated data database 62 as part of user-defined functions.
[0026] The service data is reported for analysis using either a dedicated e-service intelligence (ESI) console 80 or a commercially-available reporting tool 82, such as Microsoft Excel or an on-line analytical processing (OLAP) tool. The person or computer system analyzing the service data, referred to herein as the administrator, analyzes the service data using quality indexes, described herein. In one embodiment, the administrator may be part of the e-service provider 20, while in other embodiments the administrator may be a separate entity. Various transaction characteristics are given scores, referred to as quality indexes, for judging their quality. For example, the warehouse 60 may store service data related to characteristics of execution time, on-time delivery, etc. The administrator may also define, or �score,� various quality levels associated with the characteristics. For example, on-time delivery beyond a first threshold but within a second threshold may be associated with a first quality score, while an on-time delivery beyond both thresholds may be associated with a second score, if on-time delivery is a characteristic under test. Parameters for numerous characteristics may be defined as part of the quality analysis, and various quality indexes may be given for different combinations of characteristics. In this format, the analysis can quickly and easily identify e-service execution characteristics associated with low quality so that adjustments may be made.
[0027]FIG. 3 shows a flow chart of the method 100 used by the system 12 shown in FIG. 2 to analyze the performance of an e-service 30-32. An e-service 30-32 is executed 110 numerous times by various users 50. Service data related to each of the executions is stored 120 in a log 41 at the e-service platform 40. E-services 30-32, and particularly web services, typically interact with users 50 by exchanging extensible mark-up language (XML) documents. The service data is transferred 130 from the log 41 to a e-service warehouse 60 that stores the service data in an aggregated data location 62. In one embodiment, the service data is transferred 130 periodically. In another embodiment, the service data is transferred 130 manually, when desired by an administrator. In one embodiment, the warehouse 60 stores the execution data and functions that calculate aggregated data characteristics.
[0028] In one embodiment, the system considers the individual sending or receiving of documents as the facts of data warehouse 60, because these are the events of interest that users want to analyze or mine in order to extract knowledge related to service executions and to support business decisions. In an alternative embodiment, the system considers a document exchange�that is, a pair of XML documents, the request and the reply�to be the fact, because in many cases invocation of a service's business function includes an XML request and reply. For those document exchanges that follow more complex patterns, such as request-acknowledge-reply or request only, and for asynchronous exchanges, the former convention may be used. Other facts stored in the warehouse 60 may include data, conversations, and behaviors. Data facts store data items included in XML documents sent or received, or subsets of the data items.
[0029] The service data is then reported 140 to the administrator using a dedicated console 80 or a commercially-available reporting tool 82. The reporting tool 80, 82 shows patterns of transactions having good or bad quality, as defined by the administrator, shows patterns with other data related to the service, and reports the results. For example, service data may include the client's location, the time of day or week, the type of transaction, the stage of a transaction in a transaction having multiple stages, the supplier of services for a transaction, etc., and the system 12 will report 140 any patterns that emerge in terms of high or low quality, as associated with the transaction properties. The service data may be reported 140 with a dedicated ESI console 80 or with a commercially available reporting tool 82. The results may then be analyzed to determine causes of poor quality service. The reporting tool 82 or console 80 can assess quality of transactions as cross-referenced by the other data, such as that identified above. For example, the reported output allows analysis of quality based on users' locations, transaction times, etc.
[0030] In one embodiment, the method makes no assumptions regarding the definition of �good� or �bad� service execution. �Quality� is defined by the provider 20 or by the administrator, and the method simply gathers data on service execution and applies the provider's definition to judge the service execution quality. The service provider specifies the quality criteria that he or she wants to monitor and analyze. For example, a provider of a supply-chain management service may consider �on-time delivery� as a significant quality parameter, and would therefore be interested in understanding why delays happen and what causes them. Service execution analysis may reveal that delays occur whenever a specific supplier is involved, or whenever there is the need of fulfilling complex orders that include products from more than three suppliers. Understanding the causes of problems can assist the information technology (IT) manager and business manager to identify the changes required to avoid future occurrences of the undesired situation. In one embodiment, the service provider 20 or administrator defines quality using data structures that define quality index records and allow the method to assign quality indexes, or �scores,� to service data executions based on particular characteristics of the executions. Any characteristics related to any aspect of e-service execution may be analyzed. As used herein, a quality index refers to any measure of any aspect of e-service execution. The quality index may be assigned by a quality index record, which includes any type of data structure that holds data related to characteristics of execution.
[0031]FIGS. 4A and 4B show examples of records 44, 45 that define quality index records specified by the provider or administrator for analysis of the service data. The records 44, 45 may be stored in the �other sources� data structure 42 shown in FIG. 2, or they may be introduced to the system at another point. The quality index records 44, 45 allow the provider 20 or administrator to define quality of e-service execution based on one or more particular characteristics of the transaction.
[0032]FIG. 4A is a generic data structure 44 that has been labeled �ConversationBehaviorMonitors� and includes a number of fields, namely BehaviorType, ConversationID, RServiceID, RoperationID, RUserID, RNumInvocations, RDataItem, RDuration, RPlusMinus, RSTDEVMultiplier, RExtensibility, and a QualityIndex. Each of these fields is a field from which a quality index record may be created by further specifying some or all of these fields, as shown in FIG. 4B. As used herein, a conversation refers to a series of interactions between a user 50 and an e-service platform 40 that occur during the execution of an e-service 30-32. FIG. 4B shows a record 45 with data inserted to define a quality index based on the specified parameters. In this example, the record 45 is labeled �BehaviorID: 1.� The record shown in FIG. 4B assigns a Quality Index value of −10 for conversations of type 23 (defined as a selected one of different conversation types for an e-service) that last more than 12 minutes. For this index record, fields are specified for BehaviorType, ConversationID, RDuration, RPlusMinus, and QualityIndex. The example of FIG. 4B is for a record that defines quality of an e-service in terms of the duration of the service. The BehaviorType field refers to the type of behavior for which a quality index is defined in the record, and is set to �Duration� in the example. The ConversationID field refers to a unique identifier that corresponds to a specific type of conversation of interest. The RDuration field refers to the duration of the transaction, and is set at 12 minutes in the example shown. The RPlusMinus field refers to a greater or less than indicator for the duration. The remaining fields are not used, as indicated by the NULL entries. For e-service executions meeting these criteria�that is, having a type 23 conversation lasting more than 12 minutes�a quality index of −10 is assigned. Similar quality index records may define quality for type 23 conversations lasting longer or shorter times, may define quality in terms of the duration of other conversation types, may include other fields, or may define quality in terms entirely unrelated to conversation duration.
[0033] The unused fields in the example of FIG. 4B, include RServiceID, RoperationID, RUserID, RNumInvocations, RDataItem, RSTDEVMultiplier, and RExtensibility. In this example, RserviceID refers to an identifier of a specific service; ROperationID refers to an identifier for a particular operation within a service; RUserID refers to an identifier for a user; RNumInvocations refers to the number of times a particular operation is called (for example, the calling of the same operation numerous times may indicate a glitch); RDataltem refers to a particular item of data; RSTDEVMultiplier refers to a multiplier of a standard deviation (for example, to evaluate those transactions that exceed the average plus the standard deviation of transaction time for similar transactions); RExtensibility refers to a generic field to be supplied by the administrator.
[0034]FIG. 5 shows a block diagram illustrating the creation of logs 41 storing service data at the e-services platform 40. Logs 41 are formed for each of the e-services 30-32 hosted by the platform 40, and may be formed in at least three different ways, as illustrated by the letters A, B, C. In many conventional e-service platforms 40, the platform 40 automatically maintains a log 41, as indicated by letter A. If the platform 40 maintains its own log 41, then this log 41 is used to analyze the e-service performance. Alternatively, if the platform 40 does not maintain a log 41, then the e-service 30-32 may create a log 41 as part of its execution, as indicated by letter B. If the e-service 30-32 maintains a log 41, then that log 41 is accessed through the provider 20 and used. If neither the platform 40 nor the provider 20 maintain a log 41, then a proxy 42 is created between the e-service 30-32 and the platform 40 to create a log 41 based on data created during execution of the e-service 30-32, as indicated by letter C. The proxy 42 shown in FIG. 5 is not part of the first two implementations, A and B.
[0035]FIGS. 6A and 6B show block diagrams of the operation of two embodiments of extract-transfer-load (ETL) engines 70, 71 used to transfer service data from the log 41 to the warehouse 60. FIGS. 7A and 7B are flow charts showing the methods 200, 202 of transferring data as implemented by the ETL engines 70, 71 of FIGS. 6A and 6B, respectively. FIG. 6A is a simple block diagram of an ETL engine 70 having a multi16 step process, using shadow tables 77 to hold formatted data. Once the data is formatted and stored in the shadow tables 77, it may be simply transferred to the warehouse 60. The use of shadow tables 77 or similar means minimizes the time required to access the warehouse 60, which may be useful if the system does not allow data to be read from the warehouse 60 while new data is transferred to the warehouse 60. Service data is loaded 218 from the log 41 to a shadow data loader 76. The shadow data loader 76 formats the data to fit the data structure used by the warehouse 60 and stores 220 the service data in shadow tables 77. An e-service warehouse (ESW) loader 81 retrieves 226 the data from the shadow tables 77 and loads 228 the data into the warehouse 60. In some embodiments, the process of accessing the data in the log 41 and preparing it for entry into the warehouse 60 may require a significant amount of time and may occupy system resources if the data were loaded directly into the warehouse 60.
[0036]FIG. 6B shows a more detailed block diagram of another implementation of an ETL engine 71. Data from the log 41 is checked and cleaned 210 by a first ETL data checker 71 to remove invalid data. For instance, a log 41 may indicate invalid data by giving it a very large value, such as a transaction time of 999 years, when average transaction times are in the range of minutes. The cleaned data are then loaded 212 into a first ETL log 73, and are then re-checked and re-cleaned 214 by a second ETL data checker 74. The ETL engine 71 may be implemented using various numbers of data check steps that may perform one or more checking functions. One check may identify special codes in the data that represent matters other than true data, for example, a date code of 1/1/1111 that might represent an invalid date. One check extracts these special codes so that they are not treated as other data. After the second cleaning, the data are stored 216 to a second ETL log 75. The cleaned data are then loaded 218 into the shadow data loader 76 and stored 220 into shadow tables 79. A behavior analyzer 78 analyzes 222 the service execution by determining values for the fields specified in the quality index records, such as the example shown in FIG. 4A. Based upon the values calculated, the behavior analyzer 78 labels specific transaction instances with the corresponding quality index. After behavior analysis, the data are stored 224 in a second set of shadow tables 79. The ESW loader 81 retrieves 226 the data and loads 228 it into the warehouse 60.
[0037]FIG. 8 shows a more detailed block diagram of the analysis portion 14 shown in FIG. 2. Data in the warehouse 60 are retrieved by an e-services intelligence (ESI) engine 66 that prepares the data for processing by data mining tools 82. Based on its analysis, the reporting tool 82 also creates classification and prediction models 69. These models 69 suggest how certain e-service transactions will perform based on the analysis of the data. For example, the tool 82 might identify those services delivered on weekends that have low quality. The models 69 may be used to identify ways to restructure the e-service 30-32 to make it perform better. Also, the models 69 may be used dynamically at run-time of the e-service 30-32 to direct the use of resources. For example, if a problem is identified involving certain types of transactions from users 50 at a certain time of the day using certain third-party outsourced services as part of the service, then those transactions might be re-routed to a different third-party provider during peak usage times. In the example of FIG. 8, the prediction models 69 are available to a dedicated ESI console 80 for further analysis and implementation of the models 69 at run-time.
[0038]FIG. 9 shows a more detailed flow chart of the reporting step 140 shown in the flow chart of FIG. 3, as implemented in the block diagram of FIG. 8. The ESI engine 66 retrieves 142 the service data from the warehouse 60 and transforms 144 it to correspond to the analysis parameters specified in the quality index records. The transformed data is stored 146 to a data structure 68, where it may be accessed by a commercially-available reporting tool 82 for analysis. In an alternative embodiment, the ESI engine 66 can directly create analysis and prediction models 69 without requiring a separate data mining tool 82.
[0039] Although the present invention has been described with respect to particular embodiments thereof, variations are possible. The present invention may be embodied in specific forms without departing from the essential spirit or attributes thereof. In particular, although the invention has been described with respect to web services, one skilled in the art will recognize that it extends to all electronic services and is not limited to web services or to other services provided by a network. In addition, although aspects of an implementation consistent with the present invention are described as being stored in memory, one skilled in the art will appreciate that these aspects can also be stored on or read from other types of computer program products or computer-readable media, such as secondary storage devices, including hard disks, floppy disks, or CD-ROM; a carrier wave from the Internet or other network; or other forms of RAM or read-only memory (ROM). It is desired that the embodiments described herein be considered in all respects illustrative and not restrictive and that reference be made to the appended claims and their equivalents for determining the scope of the invention.
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Cassettes Won't Listen – "Falling Apart" Video
Last month, the indie-pop multi-instrumentalist and producer Jason Drake, who records as Cassettes Won't Listen, released a new EP called Casa. And now there's an artfully done lyric video for that EP's warm, florid closer "Falling Apart." Check it out below.
The self-released Casa is out now.

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Microsoft, Apple, EMC, and Oracle Form Patent Bloc 113
from the axis-of-prior-art dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
Microsoft tried to fight Linux with its "253 Patents infringed by Linux" portfolio, even supplying instructions on how to attack Linux in court to a would-be buyer. But, the cockroaches scurried away into the darkness when their plans came to light.
The entire purpose of this group's combined patent portfolio will be to fight Linux and FOSS, with a goal of doing what SCO failed to do: gain "ownership" of the Linux kernel.
no because it's been done for decades
That's only a half-truth. All examples that you give are application- or field-limited: the WiFi alliance only issues and collects patents for wireless networking, MPEG-LA only licenses video codec implementations, JEDEC only holds DRAM storage/bus technology.
This consortium does not appear to have a clear goal, other than complete dominance over "computing" in the broadest sense. And without a mission statement (their current mission statement is "patents"), I guess that is exactly what this will be used for. I mean, having a gun in your house "for self-defense" is fine, but when you combine that with the corporate mindset of limitless entitlement and the non-accountability as demonstrated by the outcome of most anti-trust probes, it becomes very tempting to just shoot everyone that walks on "your" street.
Before the United States government forced aircraft manufacturers and patent holders into the Manufacturers Aircraft Association [wikipedia.org] there was a patent war that resulted in lots of litigation in the United States but no aircraft manufacturing or innovation once the patent war started.
When a real war broke out, WW1, the United States had to buy aircraft from France because the United States business ventures were more interested in lawsuits than making aircraft.
After ending the patent war by forcing everyone into a patent pool the aircraft industry in the United States took off.
There are other similar cases that plainly show how the patent system has been a failure from the beginning in serving the Constitutional requirements. To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts [wikipedia.org].
Note that the aircraft industry had to be forced into a patent pool by the US Government. This is another patent pool, but unfortunately controlled by a few giants. It's totally necessary to get business done, but excludes everyone else.
"What is wanted is not the will to believe, but the will to find out, which is the exact opposite." -- Bertrand Russell, _Sceptical_Essays_, 1928


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Casino, eh, Rooms, Pretty Nice
Casino is basically three or four rooms that seem to have been flung together. Imagine taking a four bedroom house and putting in slots and that's pretty much the casino. Games are older and most look like hand-me-downs from older casinos. One game table. Woo Hoo!
Folks at the bar and restaurant were great and both food and drink were very good. We also stayed in the hotel. For the price, it was a pretty nice room and very comfortable beds.
Reminded me of Jackson Rancheria when they first got started. I'm sure there will be some major improvements in the casino in the next year or so.


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Nov 14, 2011; Green Bay, WI, USA; Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers (12) throws a pass during the game against the Minnesota Vikings at Lambeau Field. The Packers defeated the Vikings 45-7. Jeff Hanisch-US PRESSWIRE
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We have yet to pay the complete costs of the militarization of foreign policy under the Bush administration, and the bill will be high.
Issues / War & Peace
Winning a worldwide war on terrorism is much more about overcoming cultural mindsets that set people apart from each other out of fear and ignorance than about celebrating the freedom of the American barbecue.
The Japanese weekly magazine Aera questioned whether Kim Jong Il would follow the cooperative path of Moammar Gadhafi, or continue along the confrontational, and ultimately self-destructive, path that Saddam Hussein trod.
Does Qadhafi mean what he says and will Washington reciprocate and normalize relations with Libya?
With a constitution ratified and the country's first elections in decades scheduled for June-July 2004--although the continued deterioration of security conditions have placed this target in doubt--the Bonn political process has entered its final phase.
One year after the start of war in Iraq, the peace movement in the United States faces an unusual predicament. Critics of the invasion had many of their key arguments vindicated in the past year, as President Bush's case for war has collapsed.
Afghans have seized the opportunity provided by the United States and its international partners to lay the foundation for democratic institutions and provide a framework for national elections.
With less than a year before the next election, the recent scandal over a sweetheart deal to lease air tankers from the Boeing Corporation underlines the enormous and disturbing power the arms industry exerts on American politics.
The recent capture of Saddam Hussein serves as a distraction from the real issue: the lack of a viable exit strategy from Iraq.
The military maxim in Iraq might be summarized inelegantly as, "Do nothing that boosts or gives comfort to the guerrilla cause."


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SPRINGFIELD — Christina Hillman, a senior at Effingham County High School, was recently recognized by the Georgia General Assembly for being named the school system's 2011 STAR student.
Rep. Ann Purcell, R-Rincon, drafted two separate resolutions commending Hillman and her chosen STAR teacher Kimberly Larson.
To be selected as a STAR student for a high school, a student must have obtained the highest score in one administration of the new three-part Scholastic Aptitude Test and be in the top 10 percent or top 10 students of his or her class.
Each school has one STAR student who in turn has the opportunity to choose a STAR teacher that has inspired and encouraged them throughout their high school career.
Hillman chose as her STAR teacher, Larson, an educator at the Effingham Career Academy, who provided support and guidance throughout the years.
Hillman is the state president for SkillsUSA, and in 2009, she placed first in Georgia's Skills USA competition for graphic design and eighth in the nation.
She is the daughter of Linda and Russell Hillman of Springfield and plans to attend Savannah College of Art and Design upon her graduation.


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|Coach Flood, Rutgers fill needs and add depth
|Written by Admin
|Wednesday, 06 February 2013 10:47
The second-year coach signed 23 players for the Scarlet Knights' final season in the Big East Conference.
In keeping with the tradition started by former coach Greg Schiano, the majority of players came from New Jersey with the rest coming from New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Florida. Flood also made a small venture into Big 10 territory, signing a linebacker from Michigan.
Flood, who only had two days to recruit last season after replacing Schiano, seemed pleased with a class which didn't seem to have a can't-miss star. But he added speed without sacrificing size.
Rutgers went 9-4 last season, finishing tied for the regular-season conference title.


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Yair Emanuel Rectangular Tzedakah Box With Prophets
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This Yair Emanuel rectangular Tzedakah box boasts hand-painted, detailed depictions of well-known prophets. Read more
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This incredible Yair Emanuel Tzedakah box is the embodiment of beauty and elegance, with its hand-painted depictions of prophets this Tzedakah box is the perfect way of celebrating your faith. The Tzedakah box will also make a great birthday or housewarming gift. Delight your friends and loved ones with this amazing Tzedakah box.
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Material Wood
Dimensions 5" X 3.5" X 2.5"
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The Sims is one of the few games that still openly permits the use of cheat codes. Here are the codes for the newly launched The Sims 4.
Uzbekistan only wants the best of the best to succeed. So it finds a simple way to achieve it: shut off the technology during university entrance exams.
Most broadband customers get the speeds ISPs advertise -- but some don't, and they're likely to be DSL users, says an FCC report.
Android 4.4 KitKat has cleaned up the reputations of Samsung's superphones, with the flagship devices no longer artificially boosting their benchmarks.
Curious about Ultra HD, also known as "4K"? Here's a quick look at at what you need to know.
Locked in a room with 60 minutes to escape by solving a series of puzzles, escape rooms are the live-action gaming trend taking over the world. But forget jigsaws and crosswords -- the games have gone high tech.
Form virtual pottery throwing to music making, these Android apps do wonders to get you out of your mental rut and try something new.
The Samsung Galaxy Note 3 and HTC One have been disqualified from performance rankings for apparently cheating benchmark tests.
Samsung denies reports that its Galaxy Note 3 superphone exaggerates its performance when it detects well-known benchmarks running.
The only Android manufacturers who aren't cheating at benchmarks are Google and its subsidiary Motorola, according to a new report.


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The Maxell AA is commonly used for Digital photography, Emergency equipment, Everyday, Having around the house, Home, Portable electronics, Travel and more.The Maxell AA is most used by customers who consider themselves to be a Budget shopper, Casual photographer, Casual user, Enthusiast, Quality oriented, Semi-professional among others.The Maxell AA is popular because customers like the following qualities of the Maxell AA: Durable, Easy to use, Good power output, Good value, Long lasting, Long-lasting and Reliable
Most Liked Positive Review
Great price and fast delivery
Can't beat the price on quality batteries, especially with free shipping. And they arrived shortly after ordering!
Reviewed by 62 customers
Rather than spending a bunch of time charging NIMH batteries, it's easier to use these very inexpensive Maxells. They don't lose charge when sitting on a shelf the way NIMH batteries do.
Good price & arrived quickly.
Used in all electronics. Very reliable.
Great price, great brand, good value
Came as advertised
Nice price for batteries
These batteries last long and are a great value.
These are high quality batteries from a reputable manufacturer - nothing really to comment here. I wrote the review just to praise Adorama - even as simple as batteries product came well packaged, along with a small Adorama catalog, quickly shipped. Over the years I have purchased many times from Adorama, these guys are great!
Battries arrived in a very short time and at a good price (5 stars). Haven't used them yet so rating will have to wait. They are made in [*] so time will tell about rating after use.
good price, long lived


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|Boxing Champions | Boxing Schedule | Boxing Video | Boxing History | Pound For Pound | Lounge | The Wire | Audio | Arcade
Dorian's Protege
Join Date: Apr 2010
Posts: 15,214
Rep Power: 66
Points: 5,542,271,043,678.88
Bank: 11,877,961,826,171,334.00
Total Points: 11,883,504,097,215,010.00
"filipinos stand beside you when you were on top, and pinos will be there when youre down. youre still a champ no matter what happened."
he just gave in at the thought of his family being devastated of the fights outcome.
Interim Champion
Join Date: Mar 2011
Location: Jackson Heights
Posts: 924
Rep Power: 6
Points: 100,500,020,156.03
Bank: 899,701,742.66
Total Points: 101,399,721,898.69
poor guy. i would like to see him fight the ghost if he comes back
Undisputed Champion
Join Date: Jul 2012
Posts: 6,020
Rep Power: 24
Points: 7,000,000,000,116,303.00
Bank: 2,730,443,649,925.13
Total Points: 7,002,730,443,766,228.00
Pac has massive heart, man. Dude walked out that night with what -- like 30 mil give or take? He has a net worth in the 100 million range and yet, all those figures mean zero to him. Less than zero. The only thing that matters to him at this point in time is the fact that he lost in the sport that he lives for...and how disappointed he is in letting his fans & country down.
Love him or hate him you gotta respect the passion he has for the sport we all love so dearly.
Undisputed Champion
Join Date: Jun 2011
Location: London, England
Age: 26
Posts: 16,011
Rep Power: 58
Points: 10,002,154,256,764,046.00
Bank: 51,936,311,646,641,048.00
Total Points: 61,938,465,903,405,096.00
ATG Ring Legend
Join Date: Feb 2010
Posts: 137
Rep Power: 6
Points: 10,422.53
Bank: 0.00
Total Points: 10,422.53
He said "thanks God that I'm still breathing"
Undisputed Champion
Join Date: Jul 2011
Posts: 2,383
Rep Power: 8
Points: 10,054,310.16
Bank: 0.00
Total Points: 10,054,310.16
That was an emotional time for them, we could see that. Pacquiao can come back strong, he's a legend.
Interim Champion
Join Date: Mar 2009
Posts: 808
Rep Power: 8
Points: 66,507.18
Bank: 0.00
Total Points: 66,507.18
I just watched closer to the end. He was saying that's the way of the sport. He is just sad because he did not want to disappoint his fans (supporters) or his family.
There just letting him know that even though what happened we support him.
Sorry but even though you guys think whatever of him but filipinos will always cherish his abilities and his legendary career. Placing a third world country on the map is more than even Floyd will ever be able to do. He won't be able to do for his country in any shape or form that Manny will do for the rest of his life.
A good man on and off the field of battle.
Now go retire though!!!
The future FIGHTING PRIDE OF THE PHILIPPINES will be on showcase this SATURDAY!!!!
Undisputed Champion
Join Date: Dec 2009
Posts: 3,389
Rep Power: 0
Points: 20,011,157,551.60
Bank: 811,413,393,518.91
Total Points: 831,424,551,070.51
Don't cry Manny.....You Ko'd your share of fighters to.
I feel Manny can ko Marquez in the 5th fight
Undisputed Champion
Join Date: Feb 2012
Posts: 7,668
Rep Power: 32
Points: 177,298.82
Bank: 389,482,418,360.95
Total Points: 389,482,595,659.77
One thing you can't take away from Pacquiao is his genuine humbleness and respect for others.
Join Date: Nov 2009
Posts: 438
Rep Power: 0
Points: 48,646.31
Bank: 0.00
Total Points: 48,646.31
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Executive Wellness Programs by Lani Anderson L.Ac.
You didn't invest your time and resources to get where you are only to neglect your most important business asset, your health. If you're successful, you're working hard and may be depleting your body in ways you're not aware of.
Through targeted lab testing we assess how your biochemistry and design a program to rebalance and restore your system.
A company with a workforce with health issues is a company growing failure.
With affordable individualized programs to meet you and your team's needs, you owe it to yourself to get a health snap shot and gain competitive advantage by taking care of yourself.
You've heard that a mind is a terrible thing to waste, yet have you heard that stress is one of the leading causes of brain deterioration? Many professions rely on their brainpower in their business; Legal, Financial and High Tech businesses and services top the list. The very success of companies like these depends on a workforce with keen intellect and nimble minds. Our wellness programs are designed for executives and entrepreneurs who understand the need to reduce stress, improve brain health and over all wellbeing, to maintain success but may lack the structure to do so. Contact us to find out if you're a fit for one of our high-powered stress reduction brain health programs.
We are pleased to offer executive retreats designed to reduce stress, increase productivity, improve your team's wellness and instill leadership and unity. Companies perform stronger with a healthy workforce. Executives achieve more for their businesses and themselves when they are functioning with optimal health.
Our wellness and leadership retreats are for executives who understand the value of clear focus and memory, more energy, reduced stress, greater productivity and the value of drive to achieve excellence in all they do.
With Brain degenerative diseases on the rise, focusing on brain health goes a long way to keep dreaded disorders and diseases, such as Alzheimer's, depression, ADHD, chronic headaches, moodiness and Parkinson's at bay. We've long believed that brain disorders were genetic and many of you may hold this belief. The fact is they're not. What we know is that many serious illnesses including Alzheimer's disease, progress slowly until the condition's symptoms become apparent. MetLife did a survey in 2011 that found that over 30% of people fear dementia more than death and cancer. There is a lot we are learning about our brains and there is a lot of misinformation about brain health and degeneration.
Degenerative Brain Disease Myths:
Do you expect to live a long and vibrant life while eating what ever you want and allowing stress to deteriorate your entire being?
My first message to you is that it is totally possible to live a vibrant and full life to an old age. I was a corporate professional myself and lived the daily stresses you are living until I found healing through Traditional Oriental Medicine and other energy medicine modalities. Now I have combined my corporate experience and multiple healing modalities to help entrepreneurs, business professionals, corporations and individuals achieve optimal health. Let's define some new expectations…
It is time for you to take control of your energy, your brain function, and your overall well-BEING. You realize that the tradition of treating symptoms with medication or ignoring or living with your symptoms is not giving you what you need. Wellness is not about taking a pill or hoping things will get better on their own. Wellness is about living a life you love! You CAN achieve longevity, live fully and enjoy clarity of mind and purpose. It's time for you to achieve optimal health and empower your brain!
I offer group and individual programs and am able to take on new clients from time to time. I would be happy to discuss your needs with you. If I am unable to help you I may be able to refer you to a practitioner who can. Contact us to set up a strategy session to determine your needs. email@example.com
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Narrow down the 45 results:Map View
x The average starting price for a place to stay in Valencia is £36 per night.
ellis.juli Really central hostel. Common room was great - everyone really friendly. The hostel has a great atmosphere! Could have done with a mirror in our room though...
sorayago87 REALLY GREAT PLACE, NEAR TO EVERYTHING, REALLY CLEAN, EVERYBODY IS VERY KIND AND I ATE THERE THE BEST PAELLA EVER!!!
antoniakre Very nice and helpfull staff. But it was very noisy. Kitchen only moderate clean, before you used the disches, they had to be rinsed. Conclusion: If you check in as a couple, you could even choose a smallhotel for the same price.
frankpanozzo I stayed in a single room with an ensuite. The room was more than adequate and bigger than most single rooms I have stayed in before. The ensuite is slightly small with very little room particularly around the toilet, I am 175cm and could barely fit, I doubt a bigger person would fit comfortably. The hostal is in a very good location and reception was always courteous and helpful.
trowserfish Very basic but comfortable room with electric fan, shower, basin and toilet across the corridor. Everywhere scrupulously clean. Good, central location, perfect for sightseeing and night life. Very friendly and helpful staff. The down side, wifi connection but signal not strong enough! Very good value for money and I would definitely recommend.
Create your own travel plan including Valencia as one of your stops. You can use it to store all your research (even hotels found on other websites!)
Do you have questions about Valencia? You might try asking in our active travel forums and see if anyone else has been there.
Keep your family and friends up to date with your trip by starting your own travel blog!


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New York and San Francisco coalitions team up against Airbnb
A campaign organized to support a November 2015 ballot measure regulating short-term residential rentals will change its name to Share Better SF.
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The city is referred to as New York City or The City of New York to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part. A global power city, New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.
Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which is a state county. The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898. With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910 distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km), New York is...
A campaign organized to support a November 2015 ballot measure regulating short-term residential rentals will change its name to Share Better SF.
Nothing marks your shift into adulthood quite like your reaction to the sound of an ice cream truck.
Residents of an East London housing estate have marched through the capital to protest against plans that could see them lose their homes.
"This is a hotel, not a shelter, and we want to keep it this way."
Cue the nostalgia! Your favorite model trains are back.
NYC announced on Monday that it had approved Google's Chromebooks -- across the board -- for use in the city's classrooms.
New York City might soon have one more reason to never sleep: free public Wi-Fi. A group of city officials and private business representatives unveiled an ambitious plan for free city-wide Wi-Fi on Monday while displaying sleek new designs for the n...
Dr. Craig Spencer, a New York doctor who was admitted to the city's Bellevue hospital with Ebola on Oct. 23, was discharged on Tuesday after being declared free of the virus.
Enjoy 300 colorful depictions and details about some of the best artwork within the Metro Transportation Authority's collection.
New York City now joins the ranks of Berlin, London, Montreal and Sydney with its first ever New York Festival of Light.
Mashable follows a father-son team who are installing free Wi-Fi in New York City's aging pay phones.
It's the only drink that's more Bill Murray than Bill Murray.
Here's one way to beat NYC rent.
Plenty of New Yorkers know the infamous subway preacher, but most don't willingly stand up to him. Those rules don't apply to Big Boo.
Nothing screams Halloween in New York City quite like the the Empire State Building.
If you're ever feeling a little misanthropic — something many New Yorkers understand — check out these locations, where you can enjoy being alone.
The company is an official marathon sponsor.
A massive drill nearly tore through a packed subway train on Thursday afternoon in what one MTA supervisor is calling "a near miss."
he origins of one of New York's most culturally significant (and spooky) parades.
It all started with a single line and 28 stations.
This club has everything: cupcakes, juice boxes, six-year-old vampires dancing on tables.
The new 432 Park Avenue is the tallest residential building in the Western Hemisphere. We went to the penthouse.
A breakdown of Dr. Craig Spencer's movements before testing positive.
"I don't have any worry except to worry that the man is OK. He seems like a really great guy who's doing wonderful things in this world."
A video featuring the hatchet-wielding man running up to attack New York Police Department officers before he was gunned down Thursday has surfaced.
Many current and former favorite characters have lived in the city, and they often even had real addresses.
Can a design competition improve LaGuardia?
Behind the stove with a New York food hero and his die-hard cult fan base.
Airbnb says the data in the report is outdated, and that it's time to move on.
The city comptroller criticized the health department's response to the problem.


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Ruka today:
Coordinates of snow lead to Ruka and Kuusamo
Every visit to Ruka and Kuusamo is the beginning of a new adventure, where unique experiences come to life to the rhythm of the changing seasons. Many who have experienced the magic of one winter holiday here are already planning their next escape into Kuusamo's thrilling wilderness!
Upcoming events
2.4.-6.4. Easter Time 20145 in Ruka and Kuusamo
2.4.-5.4. Ruka Ski School Easter Class
9.4.-12.4. Finnish Snowboarding Championships 2015
10.4.-12.4. Freestyle Finnish Championships 2015
13.4.-19.4. Ladies Ski Week 2015
23.4.-26.4. Spring Break 2015
30.4.-3.5. Laborday and Wappulounas at Ruka 2015
7.5.-10.5. Ruka Alpine Ski Camp 2015


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babyGap Baby Girl Coat at Gap
With a Gap baby girl coat, she stays warm in style. Choose a baby girl jacket or baby girl coat with trendy faux fur trim or a classic herringbone design for a fashionable look. The baby girl jackets are made with high-quality material and solid construction for a comfortable fit that lasts. The collection of baby girls jackets has a wide range of styles and fabrics that are versatile and fun. Whether you get a baby girl coat or baby girl jacket, your little girl will always be a happy baby.
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jukeboxA device that stores numerous CD-ROMs and uses a mechanical arm, carousel or other device to bring the disk to an optical station for reading and writing. A jukebox can reside in a PC or be an external device. Some of the larger jukeboxes hold as many as 500 disks and have multiple readers and drives to allow a network of users to simultaneously access data.
Perceptual computing is the ability for a computer to recognize what is going on around it. More specifically, the computer can perceive the... Read More »Apple Pay Promises to Strengthen Payment Security
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Hobbs bringing focus to DWU training
Strength and conditioning for a college athletics program goes beyond building muscle and getting stronger.
Dakota Wesleyan University had a broader picture in mind when bringing in strength and conditioning coach Kyle Hobbs in November to work with the school men's and women's teams.
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Seroconverting After Cunilingus
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Get the Facts
HIV TestingWhy Should You Get Tested for HIV? What Are HIV Antibody Tests? ELISA Western Blot (WB) Assay Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) Window Period Interpretation of Test Results Accuracy of Antibody Tests Anonymous HIV Testing Confidential HIV Testing HIV Name-Based Reporting Partner Notification Orasure Test for HIV Rapid...
Ask the Experts
seroconverting to hiv negativeI saw online a dr. Sebi that has 80 documented cases of seroconverting hiv positive to negative. Is this possible?
Response from Mark Holodniy, M.D., F.A.C.P., C.I.C.
Stanford University, School of MedicineStill waiting to see the peer reviewed publication in a reputable journal about this "accomplishment". Read more »
Seroconvert?Hi,I wanted to know if a person who has antibodies level 50 are they considered someone who has seroconverted the Hep B *meaning they are cured*? Does this mean that once that person was chronic and then without treatment had their body rid of the...
Response from Barbara McGovern, M.D.
Tufts University School of MedicineIf you are referring to surface antibody, levels greater than the cutoff of that particular laboratory will suggest protection. The absolute number varies from lab to lab. Surface antibodies are protective. Read more »
Cunilingus t Felacion despues....Estimado Dr.Santana:Soy un admirador suyo y de su capacidad de atendernos a todos en estos temas. Vaya mi reconocimiento por delante. Dios le Bendiga.He navegado mucho por el foro y no encuentro una respuestas similar a mi caso, perdone si me repito...
Response from Jorge Santana Bagur, M.D.
Universidad de Puerto RicoNo existe riesgo real en lo que usted relata o al menos riesgo de preocuparse. Las manchas en la palma de la mano no se que decirle , pero no son tipicas de VIH primoinfeccion. Siempre es importante recordar la sifilis en estos caso de... Read more »
Take longer than 6 months to seroconvert.Hello Dr,Have you personally treat any patients that take longer than 6 months to seroconvert. How old are those document cases that took longer than 6 months to seroconvert? Are there any recent document cases that took longer than 6 months to...
Response from Mark Holodniy, M.D., F.A.C.P., C.I.C.
Stanford University, School of MedicineI have personally not seen any patients take longer than 6 months to seroconvert.MH Read more »
The Evidence That HIV Causes AIDSBackground The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide pandemic. AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By leading to the destruction and/or functional... Read more »
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Cunilingus, possible hiv???
Posted by stressed1, 1 ReplyGood morning, Please offer some advise! approx 4 weeks ago, I was in a lap dancing bar, and very drunk, To cut a long story short I basically performed oral sex on her for no more than 20 seconds, no intercourse took place At the time of this I... Read more »
Sexo oral, cunilingus, encias sangrantes, contagio
Posted by Estupido, 1 ReplyAmigos, tengo una duda, un amigo me comento que a ratos al lavarse sus dientes le sangra las encias, existe posibilidad si este practica sexo oral a una mujer infectada, que esta pueda contagiarse?? Lei este articulo, es 100% real?... Read more »
Posted by jeffo444What is the longest period ever seen in the world for someone to suffer seroconvertion? Read more »
anyone seroconverted late (see links)
Posted by Anonymous, 2 RepliesMy doctor told me that it can take years for it to show it. Not because of the test, but biological factors. Even the body had a posting on late seroconverters. One post indicated one forth of infected will seroconvert late. have anyone experienced... Read more »
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pH up or pH down using commonly found household chemical
Any good suggestion for helping
pH up or pH down using commonly found household chemical and it is effective
Baking soda will work well for PH up. I don't know of any common household items for PH down (there probably are some though). Don't let anyone tell you that vinegar will work because it won't. Sulfuric Acid is sold as swimming pool acid and it is REAL cheap. I bought 2 gallons at a grocery store for 4 dollars and that is enough to get me through 3 lifetimes of hydroponic growing.
I use Miracle-Gro to drop the pH in my solution.It get it's N from Urea, as opposed to Nitrates. So, it's more acid than my hydro-fert.My hydro solution is pretty close to proper pH, but a little basic.I end up only using a Tbsp to get 20gallons "spot-on".
Gotta watch your EC a little bit,but I like the fact that I'm dropping pH with plant food instead of just another chemical.
I'de just like to thank everybody here for your posts. I,ve learned a WHOLE lot from reading on this site. It's been quite a learning curve, but I'm starting to get the hang of it.
KanakaNui; Your reply to this post helped me a lot. The miracile grow works like a charm to lower the PH. Actually it works a little to good, meaning that this stuff builds up in the hydro and the last time I changed out my nutes I did'nt have to add any at all. Now my PH is somewhere around 5. The flowers are'nt taking it to good. I must have added to much, but that info was really good stuff.
I need PH up! for the first time.
jdog006; You wrote about baking soda for PH up. You did'nt get into it, but only to say it works. I just put a 1/2 tee spoon into 20 gallons and I'll be checking out the levels.
I'll let you know how that works out.
Again thanks to everybody here.
Happy Holiday's! Joe
There's nothing wrong with using MG to drop the pH in your nutrient solution.Yes, it's the "wrong" kind of Nitrogen.But this is exactly why the pH goes down. It won't hurt your plants if you can keep the pH where it needs to be for your plants.
Remember, the MG is only an additive to your hydro nutes-used to adjust pH downward.
Works for me. I grow great tomatoes,peppers, basil, recao,etc in a standard hydro fertilizer with epsom salt and Cal Nitrate as proscribed.
My well water here in N.C.FL is a little hard so I use Urea based MG to drop the pH to acceptable levels for the crops I'm growing.Took a little time to dial it in for what I need.But it does work.
You won't break anything using MG to drop the pH in your nutes. I find it cheaper and easier to get than phosphoric acid because my wife buys it to fert her housplants.There is always a little blue stuff to steal.It also seems to do a better job (I use less ) than using lemon juice.
pH up I haven't had to deal with a replacement as our water is hard.
I got the idea from the linked website.Check out Kim's FAQ and Rants links for more info on using MG in hydro.
Here is a link that might be useful: Kim W.'s hydro site
Using ammonium to decrease the Ph does work, but its effects on food substances are not always known. The following abstract regarding tomatoes & nitrogen form does say increasing the ammonium did work to decrease the pH but also increased the chance for blossom end rot.
I'm not a member of actahort so I didn't read the entire abstract. Were there other consequences/considerations?
In my own (extremely limited sampling) I've not had problems with blossom-end rot growing tomatoes this way. The one time I had blossom-end rot was with a (single) tomato start I grabbed as an after thought at the hardware store. I had assumed it was related to cultivar, rather than my cultural practices as my other tomatoes didn't have this problem.My well water does have plenty of Ca so maybe it was compensating.
I've not noticed problems with my other produce using MG to drop pH. I'm not a terribly experienced hydro grower-I've adjusted pH using MG pretty much since the beginning of my hydro gardening and have been pleasantly surprised with my produce.Perhaps if I wasn't so cheap, I'd see better results using recommended chems/ferts to feed my plants.
I still feel if you're going to drop pH with stuff easily available or around the house, you will be better served with the blue stuff, than with vinegar or lemon juice.
You do not need to be a member of ActaHort to read the abstract. The Sams club or equivalent of Miracle Grow, recommended by the above site is not water soluble  it forms a white precipitate when mixed. It also contains the insoluble form of nitrogen (ammonia) compared to the soluble nitrate form.
The purpose of adjusting the pH is to help make the nutrients available for absorption by the plant. A good quality of Phosphoric acid intended for hydroponics is usually recommended. Other substances can interact with nutrients in solution or contain other substances that interact with nutrients rendering them unavailable for absorption. This can result in a deficiency, & can defeat the purpose of pH adjustment. It can also affect the quality of the crop.
Well, the cheapness that urges me to use MG as opposed to good quality phosphoric acid, prevents me from spending 13 bux or 10 Euros to read the article.When you read the article, did it mention any other problems besides increased incidence of BER?
I did find another abstract which suggests using ammonium in the concentrations I am suggesting (just to pH, proboably In fact 10% NH4/N resulted in higher marketable yeild after 8 days.
In my own garden I have grown nice tomatoes and other produce using just this method.It's not a production environment, but I'm able to keep pH in the proper range for good nutrient uptake using common household materials (MG).And I'm able to enjoy fresh home-grown produce,even tomatos w/out BER.
Sorry to hijack this thread.
Back on track, MG can be used as an additive to lower pH in a home hydroponic nute solution.You can still grow good produce.You can avoid a trip to the hydro store to buy expensive pHDown if you have MG in your garage.
Here is a link that might be useful: another actahort abstract
I am currently using a passive hydro set up growing Cherokee purple tomatoes, Ocho Rio Scotch Bonnet Peppers. I think I will try the MG method for a little bit and see how it does, I will also try the Phospheric acid to see how it works also. I'll post up my results. I do not have an EC Meter yet so which should I try first and what are the application rates?
to all of the above - GH products and their website do all calculations for perfect growth in all phases - in a pinch the lemon juice and baking soda work - spend a couple of extra bucks and get a small bottle of ph up and ph down to keep handy
I don't recommend Miracle Grow for anything involving hydroponics. It's nitrogen is derived from ammonia nitrate and urea and it lacks Calcium and Magnesium and there's no way of knowing how much Sulfer is in it. It's simply not formulated for hydroponic use as Ph down or a nutrient. It's designed for soil applications.
Although lemon juice or vinegar can be used with limited success I recommend Sulfuric acid. It's readily available at most auto parts stores as Electrolyte or Battery Fluid (contains 33% sulfuric acid). I reduce it 9 parts distilled or R.O. water to one part Electrolyte for a solution resembling approximately 3-4% Sulfuric acid. It should take somewhere in the neighborhood of 5-10Ml. per gallon to get you from 8.0 Ph down to 6.0 Ph. I have used vinegar in the past, but it takes at least twice as much and doesn't hold the Ph as long, requiring more frequent adjustments.
Good Luck;
Phosphorus acid. Not a big secret in large production ag (soilless and traditional) but a big enough secret in the home gardener world. Often stabilized with potassium hydroxide or manganese, phosphorous acid (phosphite ion) is packaged around pH 3.
The nutrient value, fungicidal activity and increase in overall plant health are exceptional. I worry that sulfuric acid can create sulfur burn, is rough to work with, and how much sulfur do you want your plants to take up? Anyone done tissue testing after using these different pH lower products?
Citric acid is food grade and considered organic but other than the CHO does not provide other plant nutrients.
Give the phosphorous, not phosphoric acid a try.
PS not the phosphite labeled fungicides, they will cost much more and sometimes have adjuvants added that are not helpful for soilless growing.


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Book your room at Golf Resort Achental
Standard Double RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 1 infant)
Comfort Double RoomMax Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 1 infant)
Single RoomMax Occupancy: 1 guest
Comfort Single RoomMax Occupancy: 1 guest
4-star hotel with 2 restaurants and full-service spa
Situated in the mountains, this spa hotel is 2.8 mi (4.5 km) from Hochplatten Cable Car and within 9 mi (15 km) of Hochfelln Cable Car and Geigelstein Cable Car. Kampenwand Cable Car and Pilgrimage Church of Maria Klobenstein are also within 12 mi (20 km).
Hotel Features
Along with 2 restaurants, this smoke-free hotel has a full-service spa and an indoor pool. Free buffet breakfast, free WiFi in public areas, and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, a fitness center, a bar/lounge, and a sauna are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 210 rooms offer free WiFi, balconies or patios, and flat-screen TVs with cable channels. Room service, premium bedding, and hair dryers are among the other amenities available to guests.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to a full-service spa, Golf Resort Achental features an indoor pool and a sauna. Dining is available at one of the hotel's 2 restaurants. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Guests can enjoy a complimentary breakfast. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
Event facilities measuring 12654 square feet (1176 square meters) include conference space and meeting rooms. This Grassau hotel also offers a seasonal outdoor pool, a fitness center, and a steam room. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
Golf Resort Achental is a smoke-free property.
- 24-hour front desk
- Conference space
- Total number of rooms - 210
- Number of floors - 4
- Bar/lounge
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Fitness facilities
- Full-service spa
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Laundry facilities
- Meeting rooms
- Multilingual staff
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Conference space size (meters) - 1176
- Number of meeting rooms - 21
- Tennis on site
- Year Built 1974
- Number of restaurants - 2
- Conference space size (feet) - 12654
- Free self parking
- Sauna
- Shopping on site
- Smoke-free property
- Garden
- Number of buildings/towers - 3
- Spa services on site
- Steam room
- Outdoor seasonal pool
- Free breakfast
- Indoor pool
Family Friendly Amenities
- Indoor pool
- Free Wi-Fi
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Laundry facilities
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Premium bedding
- Balcony or patio
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Shower/tub combination
- Desk
- Iron/ironing board (on request)
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cable TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Room service (limited hours)
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Free cribs/infant beds
Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary buffet breakfast.
Weisser Hirsch - Overlooking the garden, this restaurant serves breakfast and lunch. Guests can enjoy alfresco dining (weather permitting).
Weinstube - This restaurant serves lunch and dinner.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
An indoor pool and a seasonal outdoor pool are on site. Other recreational amenities include a sauna, a steam room, and a fitness center.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Downhill skiing nearby
- Cross-country skiing nearby
- Snowboarding nearby
- Snowshoeing nearby
- Windsurfing nearby
- Rafting nearby
- Kayaking nearby
- Sailing nearby
- Surfing/boogie boarding nearby
- Parasailing nearby
- Golf lessons available nearby
- Bicycle rentals on site
- Hiking/biking trails on site
- Mountain biking on site
Spa Services
Guests can indulge in a pampering treatment at the hotel's full-service spa. Services include massages, facials, body wraps, and body scrubs. A variety of treatment therapies are provided, including aromatherapy. The spa is equipped with a sauna.
Children under 18 years old are not allowed in the spa without adult supervision. Guests under 18 years old are not allowed in the spa.
- Sauna in spa
- Massages
- Minimum age to access spa is 18
- Manicures and pedicures
- Body wraps
- Body scrubs
- Aromatherapy treatments
- Body treatments
- Facial treatments
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
- Accessible path of travel
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Pets allowed, Only dogs and cats are allowed, Maximum number of pets per room 1
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Minimum Spring Break check-in age is 18 years old.
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 0.90 per person, per night
- Pet fee: EUR 9 per pet, per night
We should mention
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the hotel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
National Rating
Hotelstars Union assigns an official star rating for properties in Germany. This property is rated 4 stars.