text:
En Español
Em Português
Other Languages
Washington Post columnist Charles Lane has decided that public sector unions are undemocratic. This will be a surprise to every democracy in the world, since all of them have public sector unions.
The basic argument seems to be that since unions prevent elected officials from paying as little as they miight want to their workers, they interfere with democracy. This is a bit hard to follow. If a pension fund manager refuses to manage the state's pension fund for a $100 an hour wage, or a doctor refuses to work for $50 an hour for Medicaid, are these people interfering with democracy because they are not accepting the pay offered by an elected official?
Lane then complains that public sector unions make campaign contributions to the state officials with whom they negotiate. This is a reasonable complaint for someone who knows nothing about U.S. politics. It is standard for all sorts of people who do business with the government (e.g. defense contractors, construction companies, pension fund managers) to make campaign contributions to the people with whom they negotiate. It might not be pretty, but this is a problem that goes well beyond unions.
Lane then complains about the "rubber rooms" demanded by NYC in its negotiations with the teacher unions. The city required that teachers awaiting hearings on discipline charges come to school and sit for 8 hours a day. This may be stupid, as Lane suggests, but his complaint is with the city, not the union.
If Lane thinks that unions are an obstacle to good education then he needs to do more homework. Nordic countries like Finland, that rank at the top in most education measures, have much higher unionization rates among their teachers than the U.S. This suggests that the problem is more likely to lie with the Lane's friends on the other side of the negotiating table.
Lane is also confused about basic economics. He complains that the clout of public sector unions allow their members:
"to enjoy retirement and health-care benefits that are often better than those available to the middle-class citizens whose tax dollars support them" adding "even after Walker's bill, Wisconsin public employees pay just 5.8 percent of their salary toward their pensions and a modest 12.6 percent of their health-care premiums."
In economics, we look at a workers' total compensation packages. It is understood that benefits that are ostensibly paid by employers are a trade-off for higher wages. When the total compensation packages of public sector workers are compared to those with comparable education and experience in the private sector, they actually get somewhat lower pay.
A chart that accompanied an article about negotiations on Greece's debt showed that GDP had risen since 2007 in all the crisis countries except Ireland. This is not true. GDP is down in all of the crisis countries,
Source: IMF.
It appears that the chart in the NYT is showing nominal GDP. This has risen since 2007 but only as a result of higher prices. Real GDP has fallen in all five crisis countries. (Sorry, I left off Portugal.)
In a front page piece, the Post asked why, given the economy's recovery, so many less-educated workers don't have jobs? There is a very simple answer that could have saved the lives of many trees. The economy has not recovered much. While the unemployment rate has fallen by almost two percentage points from its peak in late 2009, the employment rate (EPOP), the percentage of people with jobs has risen by just 0.6 percentage points. (This adjusts for a change in population controls that reduced the EPOP by 0.3 percentage points from December to January.)
This means that almost two-thirds of the drop in the unemployment rate has been due to people dropping out of the workforce (and therefore not being counted as unemployed), not people getting jobs. Measured in terms of employment, the economy has improved very little from its trough, therefore it is not surprising that less-educated workers, like more educated workers, are still having difficulty finding jobs.
The unemployment rate for the 30 percent of the workforce with college degrees is still more than twice its pre-recession level. If the Post had done its homework it would know that the problem is not the skill levels of unemployed workers, the problem is the skill level of people who make economic policy.
Employment to Population Ratio
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics.
David Brooks devoted today's column to a plea to use a broad range of approaches to combating poverty in the hope that some will work. For this reason his focus on President Obama's decision to end a school voucher program in the District of Columbia is misplaced.
President Obama is not ending school voucher programs, in fact he is protecting the idea of local control that could lead to exactly the sort of diversity of approaches that Brooks is touting. The issue is that Congress has sought to deny local control to the District of Columbia, which has opted not to use school vouchers. Obama's action simply gives the same authority to the people of the District of Columbia to run their schools as people in other cities in other cities enjoy.
This column reports on the fact that people on the center and left of the political spectrum have a range of views in the debt/deficit, which the right seems fairly united in arguing for less government spending. It is worth noting that one reason why there may be divisions and confusions on this issue is that the media routinely allow politicians to say complete nonsense on this topic without correcting it.
For example, the piece tells readers:
"Mitt Romney takes up the same theme, with more subtlety, warning that Obama and the Democratic party are fostering a European-style welfare state with a growing 'contingent of long-term jobless, dependent on government benefits for survival.'"
In fact, the generous European welfare states of northern Europe do not have a growing "contingent of long-term jobless, dependent on government benefits for survival." Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Austria and Norway, the countries with the most generous welfare states, all have lower unemployment rates than the United States both short-term and long-term.
Competent reporters would ridicule Mr. Romney for making such an obviously false assertion, which suggests that either he has no idea of what he is talking about, or is deliberately misrepresenting reality to deceive voters. However, since this assertion generally goes unchallenged, Romney will continually repeat it, leading many in the public to believe that it is true.
Almost no one who wrote about the economy for a major news outlet was able to recognize the $8 trillion housing bubble that was driving the economy before it burst. Because people who write about the economy are not held responsible for the quality of their work, none of the people who missed this huge bubble were held accountable for this failure. Remarkably, many of them even now do not understand the bubble.
Robert Samuelson, the economic columnist for the Washington Post, is among this group. Today he writes that:
"some economists argue that China's trade surpluses — converted into dollars and invested in U.S. bonds — fueled America's financial crisis by driving down interest rates. Low rates then encouraged riskier mortgage loans."
Actually, the problem was not low interest rates. Low interest rates are generally good for growth. The problem was that China's trade surplus with the United States, along with the surplus of other countries, created a large gap in domestic demand. This gap in demand could only be filled by either government budget deficits or negative savings in the private sector. (This is a logical necessity – a trade deficit means negative national saving, there is no way around this story.)
Since folks who write for or get cited in the Washington Post were all yelling about budget deficits, there was no alternative to the housing bubble-type situation where ephemeral bubble wealth led to a consumption boom, while inflated house prices caused construction to surge.
Samuelson also concludes with a dire warning of a dollar crisis in which the value of the dollar plunges against other currencies. It is difficult to envision what this would look like. Right now, other countries are deliberately propping up the value of the dollar in order to preserve their export markets in the United States.
In order for this sort of crisis to come about, they would have to be prepared to give up not only their export markets but to also allow U.S. goods to become hyper-competitive in their home market. If the dollar were to fall to say, 3 yuan to a dollar (from close to 6 yuan to a dollar now) or 3 dollars to a euro, then U.S. exports would hugely undercut many domestically produced items in Europe, China and elsewhere. It is difficult to believe that these countries would allow this sort of disruption to their economies.
Bill Keller tells readers that Congress should pass laws that require intermediaries like Google and Wikipedia to take responsibility for helping to enforce copyrights. It is interesting to see how he thinks the wording of the Article 1, Section 8:
"To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries"
which gives Congress the power to grant copyright and patent monopolies, also authorizes Congress to require that individuals and companies assist others in enforcement of their copyrights. Can Congress require that people help me make a profit on my hotdog stand?
If the development of technology makes copyright and inefficient way to "promote the progress of science and useful arts," then the constitutional route for dealing with the situation would be to find more efficient mechanisms to serve this purpose.
This might be difficult in the United States. There have been numerous news stories and columns decrying the shortage of workers with the necessary skills. In this case, the skill in short supply is the ability to think creatively about an effective response to developments in technology.
The Post ran a piece on the growing number of foreigners who are going to work in Brazil, especially in its financial sector. It attributed this in part to Brazil's rapid growth, which it reports as averaging 4.5 percent since 2004.
According to the IMF, Brazil's growth has averaged 4.1 percent over this period. That is not especially fast for a developing country. Chile averaged an almost identical 4.0 percent over this period while Venezuela grew at a 4.5 percent rate and Argentina grew at a 7.3 percent rate.
If Brazil is attracting a large number of skilled workers from abroad it is primarily because of the lack of domestic supply, not rapid economic growth.
An opinion column in the Post defending Europe against charges of being a continent of broken down socialist states, by Martin Klingst, the Washington bureau chief of the German newspaper Die Zeit, got the basic story of its economic crisis wrong. It told readers that Europe's fiscal calamities, "stem in part from the unaffordable benefits for its citizens," later adding, "it is also true that a number of E.U. countries have irresponsibly expanded their welfare systems and can no longer afford their bills."
In fact, the 5 crisis countries (Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain) all rank near the bottom in terms of the generosity of their welfare states. The European countries with the most generous welfare states, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, France and Germany, are mostly weathering the economic crisis relatively well.
The problems in the crisis countries stem in part from real estate bubbles that were allowed to grow unchecked by the European Central Bank (ECB), massive tax evasion (especially Greece and Italy), and the inflation fighting obsession of the ECB, coupled with its insistence that it would not act as a lender of last resort. The latter policy has caused the interest burden of these countries to soar. This has meant that a country like Spain faces a far higher interest rate than the U.K., which has a central bank that acts as a lender of last resort, even though the U.K. has a much higher debt burden.
An NYT Economix blognote overstated the effective decline in the labor share of national income over the last three decades by using gross national income rather than net national income. The note shares the labor compensation share declining by 4-5 percentage points over this period.
However, the depreciation share of gross domestic product rose by roughly 2 percentage points over this period. If we assume that this increase came proportionately from the capital and labor share of income, then the rise in the depreciation share would lead to a 1.2 percentage point reduction in the labor compensation share of gross national income.
Much of the loss of income by ordinary workers has been due to increased pay of CEOs, doctors, and other highly paid workers. This is still included as part of labor income.
Dean Baker is co-director of the Center for Economic and Policy Research in Washington, D.C. He is the author of several books, his latest being The End of Loser Liberalism: Making Markets Progressive. Read more about Dean. Archives
Home | Research Topics | Jobs/Internships | Contact | Log-in
1611 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20009 | 202-293-5380


text:
June 3, 2013 - The John Frieda Sheer Blonde team has appointed June as Blonde Appreciation Month, calling it a time to celebrate what sets blondes apart and equip them with the expert care they need to preserve their signature shade. To spread the word about Blonde Appreciation Month and ensure that blondes everywhere can preserve their salon-fresh blonde, John Frieda Hair Care turned to modern blonde icon Megan Hilty.
Read more: Megan Hilty Joins John Frieda Sheer Blonde Hair Care To Kick Off Blonde Appreciation Month
May 31, 2013 - Entenmann's, a Bimbo Bakeries USA company, and The Salvation Army get ready to tackle the 76th National Donut Day (#NationalDonutDay) on Friday, June 7, 2013. One of Entenmann's most recognized donut fans, Super Bowl Champion and New Jersey native Victor Cruz is helping to spread the word about this delicious holiday. The Salvation Army and Entenmann's Bakery will celebrate National Donut Day through their continued partnership for a third consecutive year.
Read more: Entenmann's, The Salvation Army Tackle National Donut Day With Super Bowl Champion/N.J. Native...
May 30, 2013 — eWayDirect's just-released Quarterly Retail Acquisition Review (RAR) shows that its CertainSource B2C marketing automation solution generated a positive Return on Ad Spend (ROAS) for clients in less than 90 days, enabling major retailers to boost new customer acquisition and significantly increase the size of their email lists safely with active qualified prospects. "Clients have been impressed with their Q1 performance, generating 10,000 to 100,000 highly qualified new prospects per month using CertainSource to both enhance performance and eliminate risk to inbox delivery or online reputation. That's simply astounding," said Neil Rosen, eWayDirect's CEO (pictured left).
Read more: eWayDirect Releases Q1 Retail Acquisition Review; B2C Brands See Breakeven ROAS in Just 90 Days
May 30, 2013 – FremantleMedia Kids & Family Entertainment and Magic Ruby, the leading provider of technology and apps for the second screen, today announced the upcoming launch of Wizards vs Aliens on Hub Network will be supported by a first-of-its-kind second screen app available exclusively on iPad. Marking the first dedicated second screen experience for a kids' TV show in the U.S., the Wizards vs Aliens app is available now on the App Store, two days prior to the show premiere on Hub Network on June 1, 2013.
Read more: New Wizards vs Aliens App Offers the First Synchronized Second Screen Experience for a Kids' TV...
May 29, 2013 - Vizio has announced its Q1 2013 results, showing continued industry leadership as the #1 seller of LCD HDTVs with built-in Wi-Fi, selling over 3.2 million Smart HDTVs since 2010. With an HDTV portfolio that now includes Smart TVs with built-in Wi-Fi in all size classes from 24" – 80", Vizio's leadership extends beyond LCD HDTVs into the audio category where Vizio has remained the #1 in Sound Bar Brand in the U.S. from 2011-2013.
Read more: Vizio Continues to Lead as the #1 Selling LCD HDTV Brand and #1 in Sound Bar Sales for Q1
May 28, 2013 - Thousands of ice cream enthusiasts throughout the country competed to be named the winner of Baskin-Robbins' Third Annual Create Baskin's Next Favorite Flavor Contest. After tallying the online votes, Baskin-Robbins today announced that Liz DeCecco of Eastchester, New York has won the online contest with her creative and fun ice cream entry, Oreo Cookie Dough Obsession.
Read more: Baskin-Robbins Announces The Winner Of Its Third Annual Create Baskin's Next Favorite Flavor Contest
May 24, 2013 - There is little argument over whether or not smartphones and tablets are changing the way people shop. The challenge has been for brick and mortar retailers to find ways to make smartphones and tablets work for their benefit, instead of simply driving more and more commerce online. The answer may well be augmented reality technology, and Cypher Entertainment's augmented reality technology and applications are pushing the limits of how what we see, feel and experience can be enhanced.
Read more: RM EXCLUSIVE Augmenting the Real World: Cypher Entertainment's augmented reality technology aims...
May 24, 2013 - Pacific Sunwear of California, Inc. (PacSun) today unveiled a new pop-up retail experience in New York's SoHo district. Featuring its most prominent men's and women's brands in new, creative ways, the new PacSun pop-up shop at 583 Broadway will be open Memorial weekend through Labor Day. The pop-up shop will host special events throughout the summer, beginning with live, in-store DJ performances from May 25-27 as part of the grand opening activities this weekend.
Read more: PacSun Brings The Latest Brands And Trends Inspired By The California Lifestyle To SoHo As Part...
Page 44 of 77
Click below for New & Notable products:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Top Three Chicken Cookbook Reviews - Best Chicken Cookbooks
10 Comments
08/22/2011 - 11:49
This was great, I was actually bored of making chicken the same old routine way. I will definitely buy one of these books. Thanks for the helpful review.
08/22/2011 - 12:50
Quick chicken recipes are so helpful for everyday cooking! Thanks for these book names.
08/22/2011 - 13:26
Thanks for such a nice blog. Actually I was in search of some good chicken cookbooks.
08/23/2011 - 01:12
This can make a good gift for friends who love chicken...
08/23/2011 - 05:34
Wow...thanks for the great list. I'm going to buy at least one of these for my friend.
08/23/2011 - 11:59
Betty Crocker's book is bound to be the best. will certainly buy it the next time I step into a book store.
08/23/2011 - 16:51
chicken is definitely the most versatile meat. I might just buy the book1
08/24/2011 - 15:32
These books are a must have for chicken lovers....and since i am one of them, one of these will make it to my shopping list this weekend
11/27/2011 - 13:10
i love to cook


text:
Blagojevich appears on Jon Stewart's show
NEW YORK (AP) -- Despite goading from "The Daily Show" host Jon Stewart, former Illinois Gov. Rod Blagojevich declined Monday night to promise to testify if he is retried on corruption charges.
Get the full story
Subscribe or Log In
Are you a newspaper subscriber but you don't have a Digital Access account yet? Activate your account.
You will need your subscription account number and phone number. Not sure if you have an account? Email us or call 320-214-4364 and we can help you.


text: The hotel was one of my favorites for years so when I decided to go back home for a night with my girls, I picked here to stay. I opened the door and the smell almost choked me, right off. The room had a very old musty scent to it that made you just want to pass out. The carpets... More


text:
1999 Chevrolet Venture User Reviews
Average Ratings from 7 reviews
- Performance:
- Appearance:
- Build Quality:
- Overall:
Review Highlights Click to filter reviews below
User Reviews
Displaying all 7 1999 Chevrolet Venture reviews.
Ignacio writes:
1999 Chevrolet Venture 4 Dr LS Passenger Van Review
very confortable
its a minivan hahahahaha
My Family Ride =) — this car is very confortable, good in acceleration, you can transport alot of people, the build quality is not bad but not very good, the engine is awesome, no mayor repairs since I bought it (3 years ago) and its fast considering its a minivan =D
Primary Use: Family transportation
Looking for a Used Venture in your area?
CarGurus has 832 nationwide Venture listings starting at $1,500.
rjrgemmell writes:
1999 Chevrolet Venture 4 Dr STD Passenger Van Review
Able to seat 7 is an advantage and all rear seats are removeable
No major disadvantages
B+ Overall — Bought this 1999 Venture with 13,000 miles. It was a "program car" so it seemed taken care of. No real issues other than basic maintenance but still having pending DexCool litigation with regard to the seals leaking within the radiator. The automatic door was repaired in early 2000's due to recall on cable. To date, I have several issues I am working on...From research I have water leak causing carpets to be wet on driver and passenger side, the transmission selonoid is beginning to have shifting issues, the wiper fluid pump (if different from the wiper motor) has stopped working, the rear wiper fluid has always worked intermittently, the electrical issues I have with rear vent/AC fan, overhead lights and power door in rear all seem related due to wires being wet under carpet on driver and passenger side. Minor pet peeves are the headlamp lenses being frosty and old, ashtray broke from the track a while back, the driver side door mirror is broke and I had to replace the rear view mirror that finally fell off. I generally haul a pop up camper during the season and it hauls great with the tow package I had installed. Overall, this has been a really reliable vehicle but with 94000 miles on her, its time to get some things tweeked and fixed.
Primary Use: Family transportation
Glen writes:
1999 Chevrolet Venture 4 Dr LT Passenger Van Extended Review
Reliable Big Van With To Be Expected Performance — A big old van. Very spacious. Very good gas mileage for a bigger car. Handles more like a van than our Odyssey. Some buttons are coming off after 10 years, but overall a solid van. Cup holders are an absolute disaster though.
Primary Use: Commuting to work
Terri writes:
1999 Chevrolet Venture 4 Dr LS Passenger Van Extended Review
Can't think of anything
Great Minivan For Us! — Purchased this vehicle new in March 1999. This was our first foray into the minivan market. We were not disappointed! Gas mileage was good, overall performance was good. We sold in in 2006 with just over 75,000 km on it to our friends. They are still driving it and loving it! The only cost it gave us was regular maintenance, tires and a repair to the head gasket which I understand is a problem for all the 6 cyl. 3.4 litre engines that chev used in these vans, the Montana and the Lumina cars. This cost us approximately $1500 to repair but overall this was cheap considering the years of service it gave us.
Andy writes:
1999 Chevrolet Venture 4 Dr LS Passenger Van Extended Review
Easy to take across Canada on a trip.
typical rear view when backing up. Big blind spot.
Kathi writes:
1999 Chevrolet Venture 4 Dr STD Passenger Van Extended Review
Good family vehicle.
Doesn't last over 100,000 miles. I hated the cup holders in the back of the seats. They were worthless. Gas mileage was not that great. Good mileage for a van, I guess.
Displaying all 7 1999 Chevrolet Venture reviews.
Reviews From Other Years
1997 Chevrolet Venture Reviews
Sweet Car, Very Versatile Seating And Stylish Exterior
absolutely beautiful! i really like this car and it is still working very well! we had to take it to the shop a few times but hey, it is 13 years old! good car! i really liked the modular seating wh... Read More
Family Vehicle
A family vehicle..what can I say. I needed something that would grow with my daughters' and for all that shopping! Love the power it has when I pass...or maybe I just got a heavy foot...LOL. We like i... Read More
1998 Chevrolet Venture Reviews
I Like It A Lot. It Used To Be My Grandfather's. Has 125k+ Miles And A Lot Of Oem Parts
Overall, great van. VERY dependable, though I have had to replace several things, they were original parts and with over 125k miles, things do eventually need to be replaced. Its performace is still v... Read More
Great Reliable Solid Van If You Have Kids, Very Little Went Wrong Since Owned
family man van Read More
2000 Chevrolet Venture Reviews
Safe,fun And Reliable And American Made So Parts And Service Is Cheaper.
I like having the 3400 series motor, It has lots of power on the highway, It has the compass and temp display on the ceiling. It also has remote keyless entry and dual sliding doors with 8 passenger s... Read More
Family Friendly
Good for kids. Love the power door but it can get fussy. Great for haling kids and things. Lots of space. True Hockey, Soccer Mom vechical. Can make it throught the toughest Canadain winters... Snow..... Read More
2001 Chevrolet Venture Reviews
Good For A Van Superior Build Quality.
When I purchased this van it had 150,000 on it and still had a lot of life in it. 240,000 miles on it now and its only been 4 years it is amazingly durable. Needs new paint soon. I would recommend th... Read More
Not Impressed
my car is owned and old! 11 yrs. so i'll say, she's had her run. i love how great of a family car she is. she provides entertainment for my kids thru the tv and entertainment for me thru my stereo w/ ... Read More
2002 Chevrolet Venture Reviews
Great Van
Consistently gets 20 miles to the gallon around town and 22-25 on the road. Drives good, hold the road well and is comfortable to drive. It is a very dependable vehicle. We had trouble with overhea... Read More
Nice To Look At, Nice To Drive And Ride In, Horrible To Get Fixed.
This has been a good family car, we have taken it to PA and southern MO. I was able to count on it to commute to college also. The gas mileage seems appropriate for the vehicle. The interior is satisf... Read More


text:
(This story first ran at PressConnects.com) BALTIMORE — At 26 years old, UFC light-heavyweight champion Jon Jones admits it is difficult even for him to realize he could soon be considered the best fighter in the history of mixed martial arts. But it's a reality (…)
On Memorial Day Weekend, two world title fights headline UFC 187 at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas. Champions Jon Jones and Chris Weidman put their titles on the line. read news >>
Tony Ferguson, Holly Holm and Jake Ellenberger make big moves in this week's release of the official UFC rankings. read news >>
There are big things happening Down Under. The UFC announced Tuesday it will be bringing a pay-per-view, UFC 193, to Melbourne, Australia on Nov. 14 following a cage ban in the state of Victoria bein read news >>
UFC 193 has been booked for Melbourne, Australia now that cage ban has been overturned. UFC in Australia has been a limited enterprise due to one of its most populated states, Victoria, having a ban read news >>
It's a battle for light heavyweight relevancy at the UFC Fight Night 68 mixed martial arts (MMA) event on FOX Sports 1 and UFC Fight Pass, as two former top contenders slug it out for a spot in the 2 read news >>
DALLAS – MMAjunkie is on scene and reporting live from Saturday's UFC 185 event, and you can get live play-by-play and official results here beginning at approximately 6:30 p.m. ET.Filed under: News, read news >>
DALLAS – MMAjunkie is on scene and reporting live from Friday's UFC 185 fighter weigh-ins. Get text-only results inside.Filed under: News, UFC read news >>
It was a confrontation with a UFC official -- and not with a fighter or camp member -- that led to Burt Watson's abrupt departure from UFC 184 last month in Los Angeles. Watson, the former UFC event read news >>
Watch the fighters competing on the UFC 185: Pettis vs. dos Anjos fight card officially step on the scales to make weight in Dallas on Friday at 5 p.m. ET. read news >>


text:
New to Typophile? Accounts are free, and easy to set up.
The image is from the cover of Polish Playboy magazine 4/2012. By searching the web, the earliest issues showing this typeface I could find were from 2005, thus, the typeface must have been designed in 2005 or earlier. It looks so familiar, maybe because it's similar to Farnham?
Christian Schwartz' Farnham for Font Bureau
No, it's a different typeface. Compare for example the bottom serifs (rectangular in Farnham, triangular in this typeface) and the beaks on F and T (angular in Farnham, slightly rounded in this typeface).
It's Mercury Display.
You're right, I was too hasty to conclude, it's definitely not Farnham. So, how about Mercury Display?
Right, that's it. Thank you both!


text:
Nation-building & sport promotion: Is Pakistan cricket failing?* **Analysts have tried to explain Pakistan's cricketing success and failure as an overarching metaphor for the country's weaknesses and strengths in the social, cultural and political arenas. The state has also, many a times, tried to use this ... DAWN Group, 6 days ago
Kenya: Ouma Is Back - AllAfrica.com, 4 days ago
A hero's welcome for Sarfaraz as Pakistan team returns - DAWN Group, 1 week ago
6 images for failure of national building
Synagogue collapse: Engineer confirms foundation excellence
At the continued inquest into the cause of the collapse of a building within The Synagogue, Church Of All Nations (SCOAN) last September, an experienced engineer has dismissed insinuations that the collapse was caused by a faulty foundation. Engr.GhanaWeb, 4 days ago Synagogue: Witness faults report on collapsed guest house The Nation Nigeria, 4 days ago Foundations not cause of Lagos church building collapse: engineer Yahoo! Finance, 4 days ago Synagogue Church: Defective foundation not responsible for building collapse News24, 4 days ago
'Now is the time to act' on banking system safety, credit unions and building societies say
Customer-owned banks want the financial system inquiry's recommendations implemented quickly. The nation's credit unions, building societies and mutual banks have urged the federal government to increase the resilience of the financial system and ...WA Today, 4 days ago Financial system inquiry: 'Now is the time to act', credit unions and building societies say Sydney Morning Herald, 4 days ago
Slow-building national crisis requires jump-starting both economic motors
Australia, the standout success story of the world economy for the past couple of decades, is in the very act of abandoning its exceptionalism. It is, day by day, surrendering ambition. The country's problem-solving system otherwise known as ...Melbourne Age, 3 days ago Economy and economy alone Business Recorder, 5 days ago Imperatives of Jonathan's Economic Diversification [opinion] Individual.com, 5 days ago Draghi Cheerleads for Euro-Area Economy as Greek Threat Looms Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide, 6 days ago
Tunisia admits failures in museum assault
Tunisian President Beji Caid Essebsi said security failures had helped facilitate the deadly attack on the country's national museum claimed by the Islamic State group that killed 20 foreign tourists. There were failures which meant that the police ...Taipei Times Online, 1 week ago Questions raised about Tunisia museum security NHK, 1 week ago Tunisia admits security failures ahead of museum assault Iran Daily, 1 week ago Tunisian President admits security failures led to deadly museum attack Albawaba, 1 week ago
Govts fall short at disaster risk reduction conference
International aid agency Oxfam has criticized governments failure to agree on a bold global plan to build disaster resilience for communities in the world's least developed nations during a recent international conference in Japan. Oxfam's senior ...Jakarta Post, 1 week ago Failure to link up with other global agreements in 2015 could spell disaster for Sendai deal Eco-Business, 1 week ago
NHBRC - National Home Builders Registration Council
he National Home Builders Registration Council (NHBRC) is a regulator body of the home building industry. Our goal is to assist and protect housing consumers who have been exposed to contractors who deliver housing units of substandard design, ...Architect Africa Online, 1 week ago NxStage Celebrates Second Annual National Home Hemodialysis Day Wall Street Business Network, 1 week ago Press Release: NxStage Celebrates Second Annual National Home Hemodialysis Day iMarketReports, 1 week ago NXSTAGE MEDICAL : Celebrates Second Annual National Home Hemodialysis Day 4 Traders, 1 week ago
More from: BioSpace, PR Newswire...and 28 other sources
Media, Politics and Nation Building
By Being a paper presented by Prof. Pat Utomi at the lecture marking the establishment of Anambra State Broadcasting Service MEDIA, politics and nation building: I am honoured and quite pleased to be asked to give the lecture marking the ...AllAfrica.com, 1 week ago
DoD Works to Build Competition Into Space Launches
Space capability is critical to national security, and the Defense Department is working to make its launch program more competitive and end its longtime use of a Russian rocket engine on the Atlas launch system, the assistant secretary of defense ...Space Daily, 5 days ago DoD Fosters Competition In Space Launchers Defense-Aerospace, 4 days ago
Make the U.S.-Iran Nuclear Deal: Failure Is Not an Option
Iran has been one of Washington's chief antagonists for nearly four decades. But a deal to keep Tehran from building nuclear weapons is in sight. Tehran, though an ugly regime, does not threaten America. The United States is the globe's greatest ...Cato Institute, 5 days ago Are Iran's Broken Human Rights Promises a Sign of Failure for Nuclear Deal? Foundation for Defense of Democracies, 1 week ago
Realtime News
on your WebpageAdd Widget >Get your members hooked!


text:
Signal transduction From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (March 2010) Overview of signal transduction pathways In biology, signal transduction is a mechanism that converts a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a cell into a specific cellular response.[1] Signal transduction starts with a signal to a receptor, and ends with a change in cell behavior. Transmembrane receptors move across the cell membrane, with half of the receptor outside the cell and the other half inside the cell. The signal, such as a chemical signal, binds to the outer half of the receptor, which changes its shape and conveys another signal inside the cell. Sometimes there is a long cascade of signals, one after the other. Eventually, the signal creates a change in the cell, either in the DNA of the nucleus or the cytoplasm outside the nucleus. Some chemical messengers, such as testosterone, can pass through the cell membrane, and bind directly to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus. With each step of the cascade, the signal can be amplified, so a small signal can result in a large response.[1] These processes can take milliseconds (for ion flux) minutes (for protein- and lipid- mediated kinase cascades), or hours, and days (for gene expression). Contents [hide] 1 Signaling molecules 2 Environmental stimuli 3 Cellular responses 4 Types of receptor o 4.1 Cell-surface receptors 4.1.1 G-protein-coupled receptors 4.1.2 Receptor tyrosine kinases 4.1.3 Integrins 4.1.4 Toll-like receptors 4.1.5 Ligand-gated ion channel receptors o 4.2 Intracellular receptors 5 Second messengers o 5.1 Calcium o 5.2 Lipophilic o 5.3 Nitric oxide 6 Major pathway examples 7 History 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links [edit] Signaling molecules Most signal transduction involves the binding of extracellular signaling molecules (and ligands) to cell-surface receptors that face outward from the plasma membrane and trigger events inside the cell. Intracellular signaling cascades can also be triggered through cell-substratum interactions, as in the case of integrins, which bind ligands found within the extracellular matrix. Steroids represent another example of extracellular signaling molecules that may cross the plasma membrane due to their lipophilic or hydrophobic nature.[2] Many, but not all, steroids have receptors within the cytoplasm, and usually act by stimulating the binding of their receptors to the promoter region of steroid-responsive genes.[3] Within multicellular organisms, numerous small molecules and polypeptides serve to coordinate a cell's individual biological activity within the context of the organism as a whole. These molecules have been functionally classified as: hormones (e.g., melatonin),[4] growth factors (e.g. epidermal growth factor),[5] extra-cellular matrix components (e.g., fibronectin),[6] cytokines (e.g., interferon-gamma),[7] chemokines (e.g., RANTES),[8] neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine),[9] and neurotrophins (e.g., nerve growth factor).[10] active oxygen species ( see redox signaling). Most of these classifications do not take into account the molecular nature of each class member. For example, as a class, neurotransmitters consist of neuropeptides such as endorphins[11] and small molecules such as serotonin[12] and dopamine.[13] Hormones, another generic class of molecules capable of initiating signal transduction, include insulin (a polypeptide),[14] testosterone (a steroid),[15] and epinephrine (an amino acid derivative, in essence a small organic molecule).[16] The classification of one molecule into one class or another is not exact. For example, epinephrine and norepinephrine secreted by the central nervous system act as neurotransmitters. However, epinephrine when secreted by the adrenal medulla acts as a hormone. [edit] Environmental stimuli In bacteria and other single-cell organisms, the variety of a signal transduction processes of which the cell is capable influences how many ways it can react and respond to its environment.[citation needed] In multicellular organisms, numerous signal transduction processes are required for coordinating the behavior of individual cells to support the function of the organism as a whole. The complexity of an organism's signal transduction processes tends to increase with the complexity of the organism itself.[citation needed] Sensing of both the external and internal environments at the cellular level relies on signal transduction.[citation needed] Many disease processes, such as diabetes, heart disease, autoimmunity, and cancer arise from defects in signal transduction pathways, further highlighting the critical importance of signal transduction to biology, as well as medicine. Various environmental stimuli in addition to many of the regular signal transduction stimuli listed above initiate signal transmission processes in complex organisms. Environmental stimuli may also be molecular in nature (as above) or more physical, such as light striking cells in the retina of the eye,[17] odorants binding to odorant receptors in the nasal epithelium,[18] and bitter and sweet tastes stimulating taste receptors in the taste buds.[19] Certain microbial molecules, e.g., viral nucleotides, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, and protein antigens, are able to elicit an immune system response against invading pathogens, mediated by signal transduction processes. An immune response may occur independent of signal transduction stimulation by other molecules, as is the case for signal transduction by way of the Toll-like receptor or with help from stimulatory molecules located at the cell surface of other cells, as is the case for T-cell receptor signaling. Unicellular organisms may also respond to environmental stimuli through the activation of signal transduction pathways. For example, slime molds secrete cyclic-AMP upon starvation, which stimulates individual cells in the immediate environment to aggregate.[20] Yeast use mating factors to determine the mating types of other yeast and to participate in sexual reproduction.[21] [edit] Cellular responses Activation of genes,[22] alterations in metabolism,[23] the continued proliferation and death of the cell,[24] and the stimulation or suppression of locomotion,[25] are some of the cellular responses to extracellular stimulation that require signal transduction. Gene activation leads to further cellular effects, since the protein products of many of the responding genes include enzymes and transcription factors themselves. Transcription factors produced as a result of a signal transduction cascade can, in turn, activate yet more genes. Therefore an initial stimulus can trigger the expression of an entire cohort of genes, and this, in turn, can lead to the activation of any number of complex physiological events. These events include the increased uptake of glucose from the blood stream stimulated by insulin[23] and the migration of neutrophils to sites of infection stimulated by bacterial products. The set of genes and the order in which they are activated in response to stimuli are often referred to as a genetic program.[26] Neurotransmitters are ligands that are capable of binding to ion channel proteins, resulting in their opening to allow the rapid flow of a particular ion across the plasma membrane.[9] This results in an altering of the cell's membrane potential and is important for processes such as the neural conduction of electrochemical impulses. Ligands can be freely soluble,[5] or can be found on the surface of other cells or within the extracellular matrix.[6] Such cell surface or extracellular matrix ligands signal between cells when they come in contact with each other, such as when a phagocytic cell presents antigens to lymphocytes, or upon adhesion to the extracellular matrix, as when integrins at the cell surface of fibroblasts engage fibronectin.[27] Most mammalian cells require stimulation to control not only cell division but also survival. In the absence of growth factor stimulation, programmed cell death ensues in most cells. Such requirements for extra-cellular stimulation are necessary for controlling cell behavior in the context of both unicellular and multi-cellular organisms. Signal transduction pathways are perceived to be so central to biological processes that it is not surprising that a large number of diseases have been attributed to their disregulation. Discussed below are how signal transduction via various classes of receptor may lead to the above cellular responses. [edit] Types of receptor Receptors can be roughly divided into two major classes: 1. Intracellular receptors and 2. Cell-surface receptors. Ligand-gated ion channel receptors are a class of receptor that may occur both at the cell- surface or intracellularly. Solely intracellular receptors include those for steroid hormones, thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, and derivatives of vitamin D3. In contrast to ligands that bind to cell surface receptors to initiate signal transduction, these ligands must cross the cell membrane. See the intracellular receptors section below for more details. Major categories of intracellular receptors include G-protein linked receptors and Tyrosine Kinase receptors. [edit] Cell-surface receptors This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2007) Cell-surface receptors are integral transmembrane proteins and recognize the vast majority of extracellular signaling molecules. Transmembrane receptors span the plasma membrane of the cell, with one part of the receptor on the outside of the cell (the extracellular domain), and the other on the inside of the cell (the intracellular domain). Signal transduction occurs as a result of stimulatory molecule or the binding of a ligand to its extracellular domain; the ligand itself does not pass through the plasma membrane prior to receptor-binding. Binding of a ligand to a cell-surface receptor stimulates a series of events inside the cell, with different types of receptor stimulation of different intracellular responses. Receptors typically respond to only the binding of a specific ligand. Upon binding, the ligand initiates the transmission of a signal across the plasma membrane by inducing a change in the shape or conformation of the intracellular part of the receptor (see this link [2] for a molecular model for receptor activation). Often, such changes in conformation either result in the activation of an enzymatic activity contained within the receptor or expose a binding site for other signaling proteins within the cell. Once these proteins bind to the receptor, they themselves may become active and propagate the signal into the cytoplasm. In eukaryotic cells, most intracellular proteins activated by a ligand/receptor interaction possess an enzymatic activity. These enzymes include tyrosine kinase, heterotrimeric G proteins, small GTPases, various serine/threoine protein kinases, phosphatases, lipid kinases, and hydrolases. Some receptor-stimulated enzymes create specific second messengers including cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP), Phosphatidylinositol derivatives, such as Phosphatidylinositol-triphosphate (PIP3), Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol-triphosphate (IP3), IP3, controlling the release of intracellular calcium stores into the cytoplasm (see second messengers section later in this article). Other activated proteins interact with adapter proteins. Adapter proteins facilitate interactions between other signaling proteins, and coordinate the formation of signaling complexes necessary to produce an appropriate cellular response to a particular stimulus. Enzymes and adapter proteins are both responsive to various second messenger molecules. Many of the enzymes activated as part of the signal transduction mechanism and also many adapter proteins have been found to possess specialized protein domains that bind to specific secondary messenger molecules. For example, calcium ions bind specifically to the EF hand domains of calmodulin, allowing this molecule to bind and activate Calmodulin-dependent kinase. PIP3, PIP2 and other phosphoinositides may bind to the Pleckstrin homology domains of proteins such as the kinase protein AKT again with activation activity. There are many different classes of transmembrane receptor that recognize different extracellular signaling molecules. Specific example receptors discussed in this article are: 1. G-protein coupled receptors, e.g., Chemokine receptors 2. Receptor tyrosine kinases, e.g., Growth factor receptors, 3. Integrins 4. Toll-like receptors Further examples are given in the transmembrane receptor article. [edit] G-protein-coupled receptors For more details on this topic, see G-protein-coupled receptor. Signal transduction from a G-protein-linked receptor following interaction with its hormone ligand G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a family of integral membrane proteins that possess seven membrane-spanning domains, and are linked to a guanine nucleotide- binding protein (or heterotrimeric G protein). Many receptors make up this family, including adrenergic receptors, neurotransmitter receptors, olfactory receptors, opioid receptors, chemokine receptors, and rhodopsin. Signal transduction by a GPCR begins with an inactive G protein coupled to the receptor. An inactive G protein exists as a heterotrimer, a molecule composed of three different protein subunits: Gα, Gβ, and Gγ. Once the GPCR recognizes a ligand, the shape (conformation) of the receptor changes to mechanically activate the G protein, and causes one subunit (Gα) to bind a molecule of GTP (causing activation) and dissociate from the other two G-protein subunits (Gβ and Gγ). The dissociation exposes sites on the G- protein subunits that interact with other molecules.[28] The activated G protein subunits detach from the receptor and initiate signaling from many downstream effector proteins, including phosphodiesterases and adenylyl cyclases, phospholipases, and ion channels that permit the release of second messenger molecules such as cyclic-AMP (cAMP), cyclic-GMP (cGMP), inositol triphosphate (IP3), diacylglycerol (DAG), and calcium (Ca2+) ions.[29] For example, a rhodopsin molecule in the plasma membrane of a retina cell in the eye that was activated by a photon can activate up to 2000 effector molecules (in this case, transducin) per second. The total strength of signal amplification by a GPCR is determined by: The lifetime of the ligand-receptor-complex. If the ligand-receptor-complex is stable, it takes longer for the ligand to dissociate from its receptor, thus the receptor will remain active for longer and will activate more effector proteins. The amount and lifetime of the receptor-effector protein-complex. The more effector protein is available to be activated by the receptor, and the faster the activated effector protein can dissociate from the receptor, the more effector protein will be activated in the same amount of time. Deactivation of the activated receptor. A receptor that is engaged in a hormone- receptor-complex can be deactivated, either by covalent modification (for example, phosphorylation) or by internalization (see ubiquitin). Deactivation of effectors through intrinsic enzymatic activity. Either small or large G-proteins possess intrinsic GTPase activity, which controls the duration of the triggered signal. This activity may be increased through the action of other proteins such as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPS). The idea that G-protein-coupled receptors, to be specific, chemokine receptors, participate in cancer development is suggested by a study wherein a point mutation was inserted into the gene encoding the chemokine receptor CXCR2. Cells transfected with the CXCR2 mutant underwent a malignant transformation.[30] The result of the point mutation was the expression of CXCR2 in an active conformation, despite the absence of chemokine-binding (the CXCR2 mutant is said to be "constitutively active"). [edit] Receptor tyrosine kinases Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are transmembrane proteins with an intracellular kinase domain and an extracellular domain that binds ligand. There are many RTK proteins that are classified into subfamilies depending on their structural properties and ligand specificity. These include many growth factor receptors such as insulin receptor and the insulin-like growth factor receptors, and many others receptors.[31] To conduct their biochemical signals, RTKs need to form dimers in the plasma membrane[32]. The dimer is stabilized by ligand binding by the receptor. Interaction between the two cytoplasmic domains of the dimer is thought to stimulate autophosphorylation of tyrosines within the cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domains of the RTKs causing their conformational changes. The kinase domain of the receptors is subsequently activated, initiating signaling cascades of phosphorylation of downstream cytoplasmic molecules. These signals are essential to various cellular processes, such as control of cell growth, differentiation, metabolism, and migration.[31] As is the case with G-Protein-coupled receptors, proteins that bind GTP play a major role in transmission of signal from the activated RTK into the cell. In this case, the G proteins are members of the Ras, Rho, and Raf families, referred to collectively as small G proteins. These proteins act as molecular switches that are usually tethered to membranes by isoprenyl groups linked to their carboxyl ends. Thus, upon activation, they are responsible for the recruitment of proteins to specific membrane subdomains where they participate in signaling. Activated RTKs, in turn, activate small G proteins, which in turn activate Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors, such as SOS1. Once activated, these exchange factors can activate many more small G-proteins, thus amplifying the receptors initial signal. As with the mutation of G-protein coupled receptors, the mutation of certain RTK genes can result in the expression of receptors that exist in a constitutively-activate state. Such mutated RTK genes may act as oncogenes, genes that contribute to the initiation or progression of cancer.[33] [edit] Integrins For more details on this topic, see Integrin. An overview of integrin-mediated signal transduction, adapted from Hehlgens et al. (2007).[34] Integrins are produced by a wide variety of cell types, and play a role in the attachment of a cell to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and to other cells, and in the signal transduction of signals received from extracellular matrix components such as fibronectin, collagen, and laminin. Ligand-binding to the extracellular domain of integrins induces a conformational change within the protein and a clustering of the protein at the cell surface to initiate signal transduction. Integrins lack kinase activity, and integrin- mediated signal transduction is achieved through a variety of intracellular protein kinases and adaptor molecules such as integrin-linked kinase (ILK), focal-adhesion kinase (FAK), talin, paxillin, parvins, p130Cas, Src-family kinases, and GTPases of the Rho family, the main protein coordinating signal transduction being ILK.[34] As shown in the overview to the right, cooperative integrin and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling determine cellular survival, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation. Important differences exist between integrin-signaling in circulating blood cells and that in non-circulating blood cells such as epithelial cells. Integrins at the cell-surface of circulating cells are inactive under normal physiological conditions. For example, cell- surface integrins on circulating leukocytes are maintained in an inactive state to avoid epithelial cell attachment. Only in response to appropriate stimuli are leukocyte integrins converted into an active form, such as those received at the site of an inflammatory response. In a similar manner, it is important that integrins at the cell surface of circulating platelets are kept in an inactive state under normal conditions to avoid thrombosis. Epithelial cells, in contrast, have active integrins at their cell surface under normal conditions, which help maintain their stable adhesion to underlying stromal cells, which provide appropriate signals to maintain their survival and differentiation.[35] [edit] Toll-like receptors For more details on this topic, see toll-like receptor. When activated, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recruit adapter molecules within the cytoplasm of cells in order to propagate a signal. Four adapter molecules are known to be involved in signaling. These proteins are known as MyD88, Tirap (also called Mal), Trif, and Tram.[36][37][38] The adapters activate other molecules within the cell, including certain protein kinases (IRAK1, IRAK4, TBK1, and IKKi) that amplify the signal, and ultimately lead to the induction or suppression of genes that orchestrate the inflammatory response. In all, thousands of genes are activated by TLR signaling, and, together, the TLRs constitute one of the most powerful and important gateways for gene modulation. [edit] Ligand-gated ion channel receptors For more details on this topic, see ligand gated ion channel. A ligand-activated ion channel will recognize its ligand, and then undergo a structural change that opens a gap (channel) in the plasma membrane through which ions can pass. These ions will then relay the signal. An example for this mechanism is found in the receiving cell, or post-synaptic cell of a neural synapse. By contrast, other ion channels open in response to a change in cell potential, that is, the difference of the electrical charge across the membrane. In neurons, this mechanism underlies the action potentials that travel along nerves. The influx of ions that occurs in response to ligand-gated ion channels often induce action potentials by depolarizing the membrane of the post-synaptic cells, which results in the wave-like opening of voltage- gated ion channels. In addition, calcium ions are also commonly allowed into the cell during ligand-induced ion channel opening. This calcium can act as a classical second messenger, setting in motion signal transduction cascades and altering the cellular physiology of the responding cell. This may result in strengthening of the synapse between the pre- and post-synaptic cells by remodeling the dendritic spines involved in the synapse. [edit] Intracellular receptors Further information: Intracellular receptor Intracellular receptors include nuclear receptors and cytoplasmic receptors, and are soluble proteins localized within the nucleoplasm or the cytoplasm, respectively. The typical ligands for nuclear receptors are lipophilic hormones, with steroid hormones (for example, testosterone, progesterone, and cortisol) and derivatives of vitamin A and D among them. To reach its receptor and initiate signal transduction, the hormone must pass through the plasma membrane, usually by passive diffusion. The nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription activators; on binding with the ligand (the hormone), the ligands will pass through the nuclear membrane into the nucleus and enable the transcription of a certain gene and, thus, the production of a protein. The nuclear receptors that were activated by the hormones attach at the DNA at receptor- specific Hormone-Responsive Elements (HREs), DNA sequences that are located in the promoter region of the genes that are activated by the hormone-receptor complex. As this enables the transcription of the according gene, these hormones are also called inductors of gene expression. The activation of gene transcription is much slower than signals that directly affect existing proteins. As a consequence, the effects of hormones that use nucleic receptors are usually long-term. Although the signal transduction via these soluble receptors involves only a few proteins, the details of gene regulation are yet not well understood. The nucleic receptors all have a similar, modular structure: N-AAAABBBBCCCCDDDDEEEEFFFF-C where CCCC is the DNA-binding domain that contains zinc fingers, and EEEE the ligand-binding domain. The latter is also responsible for dimerization of most nuclearic receptors prior to DNA binding. As a third function, it contains structural elements that are responsible for transactivation, used for communication with the translational apparatus. The zinc fingers in the DNA-binding domain stabilize DNA binding by holding contact to the phosphate backbone of the DNA. The DNA sequences that match the receptor are usually hexameric repeats, either normal, inverted, or everted. The sequences are quite similar, but their orientation and distance are the parameters by which the DNA-binding domains of the receptors can tell them apart. Steroid receptors are a subclass of nuclear receptors, located primarily within the cytosol. In the absence of steroid hormone, the receptors cling together in a complex called an aporeceptor complex, which also contains chaperone proteins (also known as heatshock proteins or Hsps). The Hsps are necessary to activate the receptor by assisting the protein to fold in a way such that the signal sequence that enables its passage into the nucleus is accessible. Steroid receptors can also have a repressive effect on gene expression, when their transactivation domain is hidden so it cannot activate transcription. Furthermore, steroid receptor activity can be enhanced by phosphorylation of serine residues at their N- terminal end, as a result of another signal transduction pathway, for example, a by a growth factor. This behaviour is called crosstalk. RXR- and orphan-receptors These nuclear receptors can be activated by a classic endocrine-synthesized hormone that entered the cell by diffusion a hormone that was built within the cell (for example, retinol) from a precursor or prohormone, which can be brought to the cell through the bloodstream a hormone that was completely synthesized within the cell, for example, prostaglandin. These receptors are located in the nucleus and are not accompanied by chaperone proteins. In the absence of hormone, they bind to their specific DNA sequence, repressing the gene. Upon activation by the hormone, they activate the transcription of the gene that they were repressing. Certain intracellular receptors of the immune system are examples of cytoplasmic receptors. Recently-identified NOD like receptors (NLRs) reside in the cytoplasm of specific eukaryotic cells and interact with particular ligands, such as microbial molecules, using a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motif that is similar to the ligand-binding motif of the extracellular receptors known as TLRs. Some of these molecules (e.g., NOD1 and NOD2) interact with an enzyme called RICK kinase (or RIP2 kinase) that activates NF-κB signaling, whereas others (e.g., NALP3) interact with inflammatory caspases (e.g., caspase 1) and initiate processing of particular cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1β).[39] Similar receptors exist inside plant cells and are called Plant R Proteins. Another type of cytoplasmic receptor also has a role in immune surveillance. These receptors are known as RNA Helicases and include RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2.[40] [edit] Second messengers Intracellular signal transduction is largely carried out by second messenger molecules. [edit] Calcium Ca2+ concentration is usually maintained at a very low level in the cytosol by sequestration in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol results in the binding of the released Ca2+ to signaling proteins that are then activated. There are two combined receptor/ion channel proteins that perform the task of controlled transport of Ca2+: The InsP3-receptor will transport Ca2+ upon interaction with inositol triphosphate (thus the name) on its cytosolic side. It consists of four identical subunits. The ryanodine receptor is named after the plant alkaloid ryanodine. It is similar to the InsP3 receptor and stimulated to transport Ca2+ into the cytosol by recognizing Ca2+ on its cytosolic side, thus establishing a feedback mechanism; a small amount of Ca2+ in the cytosol near the receptor will cause it to release even more Ca2+. It is especially important in neurons and muscle cells. In heart and pancreas cells, another second messenger (cyclic-ADP ribose) takes part in the receptor activation. The localized and time-limited activity of Ca2+ in the cytosol is also called a Ca2+ wave. Once released into the cytosol from intracellular stores or extracellular sources, Ca2+ acts as a signal molecule within the cell. This works by tightly limiting the time and space when Ca2+ is free (and thus active). Therefore, the concentration of free Ca2+ within the cell is usually very low; it is stored within organelles, usually the endoplasmic reticulum (sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells), where it is bound to molecules like calreticulin. Ca2+ is used in a multitude of processes, among them muscle contraction, release of neurotransmitter from nerve endings, vision in retina cells, proliferation, secretion, cytoskeleton management, cell migration, gene expression, and metabolism. The three main pathways that lead to Ca2+ activation are : 1. G protein-regulated pathways 2. Pathways regulated by receptor-tyrosine kinases 3. Ligand- or current-regulated ion channels There are two different ways by which Ca2+ can regulate proteins: 1. A direct recognition of Ca2+ by the protein 2. Binding of Ca2+ in the active site of an enzyme. One of the best-studied interactions of Ca2+ with a protein is the regulation of calmodulin by Ca2+. Calmodulin itself can regulate other proteins, or be part of a larger protein (for example, phosphorylase kinase). The Ca2+/calmodulin complex plays an important role in proliferation, mitosis, and neural signal transduction. [edit] Lipophilic Lipophilic second messenger molecules are derived from lipids that normally reside in cellular membranes. Enzymes stimulated by activated receptors modify the lipids, converting them into second messengers. Diacylglycerol is a lipophilic second messenger, required for the activation of protein kinase C. Ceramide, the eicosanoids, and lysophosphatidic acid are also lipophilic second messengers. [edit] Nitric oxide Nitric oxide (NO) can act as a second messenger. Nitric oxide gas is a free radical that diffuses through the plasma membrane and affects nearby cells. NO is made from arginine and oxygen by the enzyme NO synthase, with citrulline as a by-product. NO works mainly through activation of its target receptor, the enzyme soluble guanylate cyclase, which, when activated, produces the second messenger cyclic-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). NO can also act through covalent modification of proteins or their metal co-factors. Some of these modifications are reversible and work through a redox mechanism. NO is toxic in high concentrations, and is thought to cause damages caused by stroke. NO is involved in a number of functions, including relaxation of blood vessels; regulation of exocytosis of neurotransmitters; cellular immune response; modulation of the Hair Cycle; production and maintenance of penile erections; and activation of apoptosis by initiating signals that lead to H2AX phosphorylation. [edit] Major pathway examples Mechanism of cAMP dependent signaling. In this figure, the neurotransmitter epinephrine (adrenaline) and its receptor (pink) is used as an example. The activated receptor releases the Gs alpha protein (tan) from the beta amd gamma subunits (blue and green) in the heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The activated Gs alpha protein in turn activates adenylyl cyclase (purple) that converts ATP into the second messenger cAMP.[41] cAMP dependent pathway: In humans, cAMP works by activating protein kinase A (PKA, cAMP-dependent protein kinase) (see picture), and thus, further effects mainly depend on cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which vary based on the type of cell. MAPK/ERK pathway: A pathway that couples intracellular responses to the binding of growth factors to cell surface receptors. This pathway is very complex and includes many protein components [42]. The basic pathway shown in the figure (to the right) and described below includes the major components of the pathway. In many cell types, activation of this pathway promotes cell division. IP3/DAG pathway: PLC cleaves the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5- bisphosphate (PIP2) yielding diacyl glycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5- triphosphate (IP3). DAG remains bound to the membrane, and IP3 is released as a soluble structure into the cytosol. IP3 then diffuses through the cytosol to bind to IP3 receptors, particular calcium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These channels are specific to calcium and only allow the passage of calcium to move through. This causes the cytosolic concentration of Calcium to increase, causing a cascade of intracellular changes and activity.[43] In addition, calcium and DAG together works to activate PKC, which goes on to phosphorylate other molecules, leading to altered cellular activity. End effects include taste, manic depression, tumor promotion, etc.[43] [edit] History Occurrence of the term "signal transduction" The total number of papers published in each year since 1977 containing the phrase signal transduction in either their title or abstract section are plotted. These figures were extracted through an analysis of the papers contained within the MEDLINE database. The earliest scientific paper recorded in the MEDLINE database as containing the specific term signal transduction within its text was published in 1972.[44] Some articles published before 1977 use the term signal transmission or sensory transduction in their titles or abstracts[45][46] but it was not until 1977 that papers began to be published with the specific term signal transduction in their abstracts, and it was not until 1979 that the term appeared within a paper title.[47][48] One source attributes the widespread use of the term signal transduction to a 1980 review article by Rodbell.[49][50] As can be seen from the graph to the right, research papers directly addressing signal transduction processes began to appear in large numbers in the scientific literature in the late 1980s and early 1990s. One notable early discovery in the field of signal transduction was the link Rodbell made between metabolic regulation and the activity of GTP and GTP-binding proteins[50]. The current understanding of signal transduction processes reflects contributions made over many years by research groups all over the world. A total of 48,377 scientific papers related to signal transduction were published in 1977; of these, 11,211 were reviews of other papers.
Pages to are hidden for
"Signal transduction"Please download to view full document


text:
Great footage from Accidental Powercut binaural gigs
We recently commissioned a series of exclusive gigs, recorded binaurally, to celebrate the launch of our P5 headphones. This fascinating process captures the sound of the event exactly as a… Read more
Posted on: Wednesday, 15 Sep 2010
Categories: Live music
Tags: accidental powercut, audiophile recordings, binaural recordings, Bowers & Wilkins headphones, P5 headphones
Classic Recordings: Talk Talk – Laughing Stock
Talk Talk – Laughing Stock Polydor (CD) By Paul Rigby All in all, Talk Talk were a strange group. Strange because they were often seen as a pop outfit, by… Read more
Posted on: Monday, 6 Sep 2010
Categories: Classic recordings
Tags: audiophile album downloads, classic album reviews, high-quality music downloads, talk talk
Vinyl sale at Full Time Hobby
Society of Sound favourite, Full Time Hobby, have a vinyl sale in their online shop. Everything from White Denim and School of Seven Bells to Malcolm Middleton and The Accidental.… Read more
Posted on: Thursday, 26 Aug 2010
Categories: Talking about formats
Tags: Full Time Hobby, malcolm middleton, vinyl, white denim
Classic Recordings: Wu-Tang Clan – Enter The Wu-Tang (36 Chambers)
Wu-Tang Clan – Enter The Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) Music On Vinyl/RCA (vinyl) By Paul Rigby During the mid-90s, it seemed that hip hop had already reached a pivotal moment in… Read more
Posted on: Tuesday, 10 Aug 2010
Categories: Classic recordings, Music
Tags: classic album reviews, enter the wu, wu-tang
Binaural recordings available for perfect headphone playback
The recordings from the first Accidental Powercut gig in July are now available. Full members and P5 product registrants will be able to download all the tracks using the Download… Read more
Posted on: Thursday, 5 Aug 2010
Categories: Live music
Tags: accidental powercut, binaural recordings, P5 headphones
Bowers & Wilkins and Abbey Road Studios help celebrate five decades of British cool – and you can be there!
Bowers & Wilkins is attending Vintage at Goodwood, and would love for you to join us. Together with the world-famous Abbey Road Studios, we are representing the very best that… Read more
Posted on: Thursday, 29 Jul 2010
Categories: Competitions
Tags: Abbey Road studios, bowers & wilkins, competition, Live music
PRSF New Music Award –have your say and win a Zeppelin Mini
PLEASE NOTE THIS COMPETITION IS NOW CLOSED. CONGRATULATIONS FELIX ON WINNING THE ZEPPELIN MINI. The UK's most ambitious music prize is the PRS for Music Foundation New Music Award which… Read more
Posted on: Monday, 26 Jul 2010
Categories: Competitions
Tags: competition, PRS Foundation New Music Award, Zeppelin Mini
Classic Recordings: Massive Attack – Heligoland
Massive Attack – Heligoland Vinyl Factory/Virgin (Vinyl) By Paul Rigby Any new album by Massive Attack is worthy of note and Heligoland is no exception, not least for the additional… Read more
Posted on: Thursday, 22 Jul 2010
Categories: Classic recordings, Music
Tags: audiophile vinyl, Classic recordings, heligoland, massive attack, vinyl factory
Lovely film of Peter Gabriel covering Tom Waits
Peter Gabriel » Tom Waits from The Voice Project on Vimeo. Society of Sound Fellow Peter Gabriel covers his favourite Tom Waits song 'In the Neighbourhood' as part of The… Read more
Posted on: Wednesday, 21 Jul 2010
Categories: New music
Tags: Peter Gabriel, The voice project, Tom Waits


text:
Launcher Update
Get the Desktop App for Battle.net Now
- All your games in 1 place
- Log in once
- Automatic game updates
So I was curious as to what the easiest to learn/pickup and most relaxed healing class was. I would really like to give healing a good try but I am not looking to play a super intense, stressful, healing class. My biggest fear is having an "Oh god, oh god, spam the heal button" moment. I want something a little more relaxed, easy to pick up and learn, type of class for maybe some casual raiding and pvping.
Honestly, I am just curious to see what those of you out there think as well as some of your opinions.
100 Human Priest
well you're gonna have to choose the least offensive...I mean the most offensive when you don't feel like spamming an 'oh !@#$' button.
Holy Pally has some stuns. (Lay on Hands is a good 'oh %^-*' heal. The best imo.)
Shaman has totems. (And they can Hex someone into a frog.)
Resto Druid has Cyclone to put someone in a mini-tornado. (Good time to run.)
Holy & Disc priests have psychic scream. (Bubble or use the new offensive spell Holy has. 'Chastise'. I heard it's really good.)
If you are afraid of performing a life-saving rotation of spells...the Holy Paladin's 'Lay on Hands' might work for you.
Even though I didn't know if you were asking which character could offer the least amount of choices for a relaxed healing experience, it occurred to me you might be asking a question you didn't ask.
Which spec has the very best 'Oh !@#$' button? Holy Paladin is the answer.
Edited by Breathes on 1/15/2014 1:23 PM PST
100 Undead Monk
Shaman imo not sure how they are in pvp but in pve it's pretty relax to play even during the oh crap moments.
You shoudl'nt play a healer imo (I'm not trolling).
Specially in PvP, Healer is the most stresfull job (but the most rewarding)
If you trully want to play a non-stresfull char, you should go with a ranged DPS like Hunter or Mage
100 Troll Druid
Paladin: Selfless healer. You can literally make a 1 button macro and do decent healing.
Druid: Throw down mushroom so efflorescence is healing for 5 minutes as an aoe constantly, then just hit swiftmend+ wild growth (with SotF) to do massive healing. Otherwise just keep LB on tank which is easy and throw a rejuv on people sometimes.
Druid with DoC: Spam wrath and watch it heal people. There's a 1 button macro around for "Atonement druids" that handles the other spells as well but it needs an addon to allow larger macros. Spam that one key and watch a movie.
Shaman: healing rain, healing totem, chain heal.
Disc: Atonement spam and watch non-absorb clases CRY while doing very nice dps.
Don't know jack about holy.
Edit: Hunters frequently get put on mechanics so not ideal if you want zero stress. No one likes the guy who messes up on belts.
Edited by Greatdeku on 1/15/2014 7:40 PM PST
I think I can help you out on this question.
My first healer to reach 90 is my Holy/Disc Priest. I absolutely love it.
My next in line is my level 88 Resto Druid. If you want gravy this is the way to go. However there is a catch....
All the way from level 15 on the Druid up until Cata 85 I felt like healing was the laziest most simplest thing to do in the game when playing a Resto Druid. Literally all I did was cast Rejuvenation on the tank and stand there and watch. When I got the green circle of healing it only made it even more ridiculous. HoT (Heals over Time) allows you to just click and let the effect heal for you. A complete moron could heal doing this as long as you keep your durations refreshed (Lifebloom, Rejuv etc).
The Druid may not be that simple once you reach Pandaria and actually have to start dispelling. This is where I considerably favor the Holy Priest because you get the beauty of Mass Dispel which is an Area of Effect cast and is great during a chaotic raid when you can't keep track of everything going on. At higher levels the druid has to be constantly alert of HoT uptimes and can only perform single dispel with an annoying refresh time.
If you want simplicity you'll find it on the Holy Priest because you get a lot of AoE heals and can hit many targets easily. Prayer of Mending jumps from target to target. You get instant use of Circle of Healing, you get a cast of Prayer of Healing, etc.
The best part is the use of the 3 Chakras which are 3 different healing stances. This allows you to choose your own style. You can select single target healing, area of effect healing or select red to get a significant increase in dps if you need to fight.
Disc Priest is cool too, but honestly it's harder to play and I couldn't get the hang of it until I completely learned Holy. You have to keep track of absorb procs and a lot of passives to make it effective. With Holy it's straightforward because heal the group when they need it. You also get Power Word Shield which is obvious and simple to cast on people. While the druid was easy early on, it does not have the ability to shield more than one target.
Holy is great because anytime you freak out you can save your shield and cast it on yourself and one other person (tank). Then spam AoE heals to keep the group from going down. Other than that you get basic single cast heals too, but if you keep up with AoE, Prayer of Mending and Power Shield you'll find yourself hardly ever needing to use them.
What sucks as a new healer is becoming aware of your environment. Knowing when to dispel and having to cycle between player icons to keep tons of absorbs up like on Disc can be difficult, or having to dispel one by one with the druid.
So anyway if you want boring and gravy go with druid, but if you want something you can spam cast like crazy with try Holy Priest.. You even get Divine Hymn which is like a get out of jail free card every 6 mins you just channel it and it saves the raid =) Same goes for Hymn of Hope which is for mana.
The Chakra styles will give you an option for the playing style you're comfortable with and you will find it's simple to play if you can remember three things:
1) Keep Prayer of Mending on the tank at all times
2) Use Power Shield when someone's health decreases fast
3) Cast Dispel on group if everyone's health is sinking fast
After those 3 things are in check then it's simple: Spam AOE Heals!!!
I reserve these abilities while doing dungeons/raids.
Prayer of Mending: Tank
Power Shield: You and Tank
AOE Heals: Cast on Tank (AOE goes to group)
This simplifies keeping your focus on yourself and the tank. Once you get the hang of you'll find yourself gradually learning to keep track of everyone around then you can get more creative in your playing style when you get comfortable.
Aside from Druid and Priest, I haven't liked the other healing specs other than Shaman, but I'm only a level 58 so I got a ways to go. I've tried all the healers and many times I'm out healed by Shamans and Druids, but I find myself always going back to my Holy Priest because it's straightforward to play yet offers versatility in your healing style which comes in handy once you learn the basics of healing so you'll have options later on when you're going through the rotations like everyone else.
Paladin: Selfless healer. You can literally make a 1 button macro and do decent healing.
Chastise Chakra
Holy can easily out dps Disc while using this. My friend and I did 2s with both Holy Priests and it was quite an effective combo with our Prayer of Mending bounding back and force and casting shields on each other. If you combine this Chakra with the Smith/Holy Fire glyph you get a huge DPS bonus. I always outheal the Disc priest but if you use recount and add up the absorbs with the heals then quite often I out dps Holy with Disc. Disc has better defenses than Holy no doubt but if you're not the primary healer and focus on DPS and healing when needed, Holy definitely does more damage. But this depends on which PVP sets your using too. If you get the set which reduces the 30 sec Chakra CD to 6 seconds it's gameover. I know DISC has one that reduces Penance to 3sec CD. I would love to try that =)
I play DISC and HOLY about equally tho. Honestly I love them both.
100 Human Priest
Resto shaman is the droid you're looking for. But honestly, healing in content that's gear appropriate is as stressful as being a main tank.
You should check out some of the nuker ranged dps classes (see any mage spec, destro lock, survival hunter, moonkin, or ele sham).
When I healed back in Cataclysm, Shaman was certainly a very chill class. As someone else said, even in the most intense, panicky moments, you simply let Earth Shield do its work, and the automated smart functionality of Chain Heal prioritize for you.
There's more of course. Don't get the impression that Shaman is a noob class. Interrupting with Wind Shear, blocking spells with Grounding Totem, using Earth Elemental at the right moments, helping a tank kite adds with Frost Shock, plus all the advantageous micro management that exists in the Shaman's healing rotation... there's a lot you can master, if you choose to.
But it's nice that even in the worst of situations, Earth Shield + Chain Heal can buy you time while you take a deep breath, reanalyze the scenario, and come up with a plan.
Wow, thanks for all the information guys. I honestly have a lot to consider now. I use to be a Druid healer back in wrath but have not really healed since. I hear a lot of people saying healing is really stressful, and maybe it has changed since wrath, but I have always felt it was a lot more relaxing than playing as a DPS and FAR more relaxing than a tank... poor tanks... But since I have not healed in such a long time I asked this question to see what was currently a really chill healing class.
Thanks for the discussion and information guys, its given me a lot to think about and I would still love to see some more opinions on the matter while I consider. Thanks again :D
75 Night Elf Hunter
Disc Priest and Resto Druid
End game:
Resto Druid, Holy Paladin, and Disc Priest
Reason being: druid is one of the easier classes to manage dot wise and are very straight forward. Any class with absorbs allows for preparation and I find less stressful as you can avoid headaches compared to reactive healers. Holy paladin doesn't get absorbs until later hence why I don't put the while leveling.
Out of all the healers I find mist weaver monk to be the most engaging (although that's not what you asked). It requires massive management in raids so you never fall asleep (compared with other healers).
Threats of violence. We take these seriously and will alert the proper authorities.
Posts containing personal information about other players. This includes physical addresses, e-mail addresses, phone numbers, and inappropriate photos and/or videos.
Harassing or discriminatory language. This will not be tolerated.


text:
The three divisions of the House Finance Committee have been meeting to develop their version of the State budget. There have been many stories regarding what is going on and none of them offer good news. We need to keep in mind that this is just one step of many and there will be several changes before the final budget is voted on in June. The New Hampshire Fiscal Policy Institute (NHFPI) has put out the most detailed report as to what the committees have recommended. To read this click here. The full House will be voting April 1st (no I am not kidding), on their version of the budget.
Throughout the budget process AFT-NH has supported incremental, common-sense reforms designed to make NH's existing tax system fairer and to produce the revenue needed to preserve the public services essential to NH's residents, businesses, and visitors, and vital to our shared economic success. But both chambers of the Legislature have voted on reducing much needed revenue.
After the full House votes on HB 1 and HB 2 it will move over to the Senate. They will hold a public hearing and then start their work on recommendations for the budget. We know the Senate version will be different from the House's version which means a Committee Of Conference will be formed. This committee will work towards resolving differences and will bring a final version for both chambers to vote on.
This Wednesday or Thursday the full House will be voting on HB 215-FN, relative to school building aid grant payments. AFT-NH is not in support of the committee's recommendation and asks that it be overturned and a recommendation to pass this bill be voted on.
It is shocking that Representative Weyler feels this bill is unnecessary. For the past eight years many districts have not been able to afford to complete upgrades, repairs or build new building because of the cost. Keep in mind 50% of our school building are over 60 years old and many need infrastructure upgrades necessary for a 21st century learning environment.
In Solidarity,
Laura Hainey
AFT-NH President
Have you visited the AFT-NH Facebook page and clicked "Like Us"? Please do so today!
You can also follow us on Twitter at @8027aftnh.
Late breaking news appears on Facebook!
Upcoming Hearings
Monday, March 23
House FINANCE, Room 210-211, LOB
10:30 a.m. Executive session on HB 1-A, making appropriations for the expenses of certain departments of the state for fiscal years ending June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2017, and HB 2-FN-A-L, relative to state fees, funds, revenues, and expenditures.
Divisions I, II & III may meet from time to time, throughout the day.
OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE (RSA 193-C:7), Room 207, LOB
3:00 p.m. Regular meeting.
Tuesday, March 24
Senate EDUCATION, Room 103, LOB
9:00 a.m. HB 126, establishing a commission to study issues related to students receiving special education services while attending a chartered public school.
9:20 a.m. HB 142, relative to student social media policies by educational institutions.
9:40 a.m. HB 206, relative to non-academic surveys or questionnaires given to students.
10:00 a.m. HB 662-FN-L, relative to property taxes paid by chartered public schools leasing property.
House CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY, Rooms 206-208, LOB
10:00 a.m. SB 116-FN, repealing the license requirement for carrying a concealed pistol or revolver.
House EDUCATION, Room 207, LOB
9:30 a.m. SB 166, relative to facilitated individualized education program meetings.
9:50 a.m. SB 71, relative to the administration of glucagon injections for children in schools.
10:15 a.m. SB 194-FN, relative to epinephrine administration policies in postsecondary educational institutions.
10:40 a.m. SB 69, establishing a commission to study social impact bond funding for early childhood education for at-risk students.
11:15 a.m. SB 101, prohibiting the state from requiring implementation of common core standards.
House FINANCE, Room 210-211, LOB
10:00 a.m. Continued executive session on HB 1-A, making appropriations for the expenses of certain departments of the state for fiscal years ending June 30, 2016 and June 30, 2017, and HB 2-FN-A-L, relative to state fees, funds, revenues, and expenditures.
Divisions I, II & III may meet from time to time, throughout the day.
House LABOR, INDUSTRIAL AND REHABILITATIVE SERVICES, Room 307, LOB
10:15 a.m. SB 264, relative to tipped employees.
11:30 a.m. SB 47, repealing the payment of subminimum wages to persons with disabilities.
Wednesday, March 25
10 am House in Session
Senate PUBLIC AND MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS, Room 102, LOB
9:00 a.m. HB 102, relative to consideration of warrant articles.
House LABOR, INDUSTRIAL AND REHABILITATIVE SERVICES
12:00 p.m. or at session lunch break. Executive session on
SB 47, repealing the payment of subminimum wages to persons with disabilities.
SB 264, relative to tipped employees.
Thursday, March 26
10 am Senate in Session
10 am House in Session if needed
Wednesday, April 1
10 am House in Session
Thursday, April 2
10 am House in Session if needed
Monday, April 6
TASK FORCE ON WORK AND FAMILY (RSA 276-B:1), Room 207, LOB
1:15 p.m. Regular meeting


text:
Shoring Up Golgi To Slow Alzheimer's
December 8, 2014|
Blocking activity of a kinase in a mouse model protects Golgi in cells and reduces the build-up of amyloid β, a primary component of Alzheimer's disease.
December 8, 2014|
Blocking activity of a kinase in a mouse model protects Golgi in cells and reduces the build-up of amyloid β, a primary component of Alzheimer's disease.
December 4, 2014|
As the flying mammals navigate complex environments, they make use of specialized brain cells that cooperate to build a coordinate system that works in three dimensions.
December 4, 2014|
A carbohydrate antigen found on cells of E. coli and other species prompts a potent immune response against malaria-causing parasites in mice.
December 3, 2014|
About 100 human brains belonging to a university collection thought lost have turned up at another campus.
December 1, 2014|
Alan Aderem earned his PhD while under house arrest for protesting apartheid in South Africa. His early political involvement has guided his scientific focus, encouraging fellow systems biologists to study immunology and infectious diseases.
December 1, 2014|
Assistant Professor, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Caltech. Age: 33
December 1, 2014|
December 2014's Scientist to Watch, Viviana Gradinaru, helped develop CLARITY, a method for making transparent mice.
November 26, 2014|
A film showcasing stunning images of brain structures is lighting up New York City billboards for three minutes each night.
November 26, 2014|
Infection rates in Liberia decline; aid organizations struggle to procure gear; Merck enters the vaccine race; more
November 24, 2014|
Researchers sequence a rare species of parasitic worm pulled from a patient's cerebrum, where it was causing seizures, headaches, and flashbacks.


text:
Get the Best Priced Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser Clutch
- Fast Shipping
- 30-Day Money-Back Guarantee
- Lowest Prices
Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser Replacement Clutch Information
Search our online clutch catalog and find the lowest priced discount auto parts on the web. We sell wholesale to the public. We offer high quality new, OEM, aftermarket and remanufactured Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser Clutch parts. We specialize in a wide-variety of high-quality car parts and accessories for your car, truck or SUV. Call toll free to order or place your order online via our secure checkout system. Our online parts catalog uses real-time inventory, so you can be assured the parts you buy are in stock at the time of ordering. Most orders are shipped the same day. They are available for the following Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser years: 1981, 1980, 81, 80. This part is also sometimes called Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser Clutch Kits. We stock clutch parts for most Oldsmobile models including Alero, 442, Achieva, Cutlass Supreme, Cutlass Ciera, Cutlass, Delta 88, Cutlass Calais, Cutlass Salon, F85, Dynamic, Starfire, Omega, Calais, Jetstar 88, Vista Cruiser, Delmont 88, Firenza, Cutlass Tiara and Jetstar I.
We stock these Clutch brands for the Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser: Sachs, Exedy and Rhino Pac.
82 1982 Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser Flex Plate 5.0L V8 Hays
80 1980 Oldsmobile Cutlass Cruiser Release Bearing 3.8L V6 Centerforce
I'm fully satisfied with the service. I got exactly what I wanted, everything was delivered in time, all items were in the original packing. Thank you!
Excellent transaction. The price was lower than any other part site I visited and the shipping was very reasonable and fast. The part arrived a lot earlier than I thought it would and was exactly...


text:
Dash and Albert Rugs Woven Birmingham Black Area Rug
This product has additional required/recommended options. To configure, add to your cart.
Runner 2'6" x 8' Rug Size
Runner 2'6" x 12' Rug Size
9' x 12' Rug Size
8' x 10' Rug Size
6' x 9' Rug Size
4' x 6' Rug Size
2' x 3' Rug Size
Dash and Albert Rugs Woven Birmingham Black Area Rug
Weights & Dimensions
Runner 2'6" x 8' Rug Size
Runner 2'6" x 12' Rug Size
9' x 12' Rug Size
8' x 10' Rug Size
6' x 9' Rug Size
4' x 6' Rug Size
2' x 3' Rug Size
|Product Type: Area Rug
|Construction: Handmade
|Technique: Hand woven; Flat woven
|Primary Pattern: Striped
|Primary Color: Black
|Lifestage: Adult
|Material: Cotton
|Number of Items Included: 1
|Reversible: Yes
|Rug Pad Needed: Yes
|Eco-Friendly: No
|Outdoor Use: No
|Product Care: Professionally clean
|Country of Manufacture: India
About the ManufacturerFounded in 2003, Dash & Albert boasts a collection of rugs that are as durable as they are beautiful, and most importantly, affordable. Their philosophy never sacrifices style for substance, and each beautiful product is tested to make sure it can stand up to everyday wear. Dash & Albert's commonsensical collection of rugs, throws, pillows and accessories speaks for itself: "Durable, affordable and utterly lovable."
Dash and Albert Rugs Woven Birmingham Black Area Rug
Questions & Answers (1)
"Hi, what color is this rug?" asked by Janina
Still have questions about this product? We're here to help
Customer Reviews
|5 star
|4 star
|3 star
|2 star
|1 star
Very nice Rug
Kim from Whitehouse, OH– Verified Buyer
Quality for an outdoor rug is very nice. The black is real black (which was an issue for me with some rugs looking black online but were more gray ) and the white is slightly off white. Well made and looks great in my Florida home on hardwood floor. Did get the premium rug pad to give it some cushy-ness
Love Dash & Albert
Catherine from Hodgenville, KY– Verified Buyer
I have multiple Dash & Albert rugs throughout my home, and used this one in our entryway. Like all Dash & Albert rugs, it is a great quality at a great price and looks great! You do need rugs pads underneath them to keep them from slipping, but they are great all purpose rugs.
Katie from Linwood, NJ– Verified Buyer
love this rug! fantastic purchase. i use this runner in my front door entry way. great first impression to our home.
Birmingham rugs transform space
James from Flagstaff, AZ– Verified Buyer
Wanted a minimalist look to a contemporary living space. Replaced two Persian rugs with these, and the environment was perfect!
Andrea from Freehold, NJ– Verified Buyer
Very happy with this purchase. Looks great in our living room. Plan on purchasing another for our downstairs hall.
Nice rug, great price
Mindy from Orange, CA– Verified Buyer
This rug is exactly as described. I was hoping it wasn't as cream/ivory as it is....but I can make it work.
Nice rug
hanh from churchville, MD– Verified Buyer
Used it as a stair runner. hide dirt well. can be vacuumed clean quite effectively. it does stretches a bit when pulled on, but so far it has go back into place.
From one way to the other!
Tyrene from Phenix City, AL– Verified Buyer
I was looking for a rug for the stripes to run out from the couch. I looked everywhere, quite difficult to find for them to run vertically. Some black and white rugs looked like piano keys my husband thought so I decided on this one. ) It looked identical to my inspiration room I saw in a Lonny magazine. The problem was the size...I need a smaller version of an area rug...so...I bought 3 of these small size beauties, put them side by side, sewed them together with fishing line, set my brass coffee table on top of it...and it is perfect! ) It completed the look I wanted in my new living room. )
Great durable rugs
Diana from Houston, TX– Verified Buyer
Using them in the kitchen. They have proved to be durable and to hide spills.
J from NE– Verified Buyer
I am very happy with this rug. It is working out very well for me. The size and the quality are both great and exactly what I was expecting.