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A configuration or system of lenses for use in an arc welding environment variably filters light so that the dramatic contrasts of light present in the welding area are reduced for better remote viewing. A photochromic lens forms a negative image of the welding area. The negative image of the photochromic lens serves as a variable density optical filter to reduce the brightness of the image incident upon the photochromic lens. A first lens initially gathers and focusses the light upon the photochromic lens. Subsequent lenses further prepare the image for camera reception by eliminating ultraviolet (UV) light, by eliminating light at spectral lines, and/or by enhancing the depth of field of the image.
1. A camera assembly for viewing an area of high optical contrast such as a welding operation, the camera assembly comprising:
a video camera;
means for forming a negative image, said negative image means darkening in response to light passed to it and focussed upon it; and
a first lens, said first lens capable of focussing an image of the area upon said negative image means, said negative image means interposed between said video camera and said first lens, whereby said image from said first lens passes through its own negative image in said negative image means resulting in a succeeding image having reduced optical contrast so that an accurate image of said area is transmitted by said video camera.
2. The camera assembly of claim 1, further comprising:
a second lens, said second lens interposed between said area and said video camera, said second lens defining an aperture.
3. A system of lenses for viewing an intense light source and immediate surroundings of the intense light source, comprising:
a photochromic lens, said photochromic lens optically darkening in response to light of wavelengths in an approximate range of short wavelength visible and long wavelength ultraviolet light; and
a first lens, said first lens capable of focussing light of wavelengths in an approximate range of short wavelength visible and long wavelength ultraviolet light, said first lens defining an aperture at its center, said first lens focussing light from the intense light source upon said photochromic lens, whereby said photochromic lens darkens in response to said light focussed upon it by said first lens to form a negative image of said intense light source and its immediate surroundings so that contrast of light passing through said aperture of said first lens and onto said photochromic lens is reduced according to brightness of such aperture light.
4. The system of lenses for viewing an intense light source and immediate surroundings of the intense light of claim 3, further comprising:
an ultraviolet light filter, said ultraviolet light filter inhibiting the further transmission of ultraviolet light from said photochromic lens.
5. The system of lenses for viewing an intense light source and immediate surroundings of the intense light source of claim 4, further comprising:
said ultraviolet filter reflecting ultraviolet light passed to it by said photochromic lens back onto s said photochromic lens to enhance said negative image of said photochromic lens.
6. A system of lenses for viewing an intense light source and its immediate surroundings, comprising:
an objective lens passing both ultraviolet and visible light;
a photochromic lens, said objective lens focussing light upon said photochromic lens, said photochromic lens darkening optically in response to light passed by said objective lens and producing a negative of an image focussed upon said photochromic lens and producing a variable density light filter intersecting visible light focussed upon said photochromic lens by said objective lens;
a field lens, said field lens refracting light incident upon it from said photochromic lens; and
a relay lens, said relay lens defining a small aperture through which light incident upon said relay lens from said field lens is transmitted to an observer or observing device.
7. The lens system of claim 6, further comprising:
a special filter lens, said special filter lens placed between the intense light source and said photochromic lens, said special filter lens enhancing a ratio between light activating said photochromic lens and light bleaching said photochromic lens by allowing light in the approximate spectrum above short wavelength blue to pass through while inhibiting light in the approximate spectrum below green from passing through.
8. The lens system of claim 7, further comprising:
a balancing lens, said balancing lens placed between said photochromic lens and said observer or observing device, said balancing lens allowing light in the approximate spectrum below green to pass through while inhibiting light in the approximate spectrum above short wavelength blue from passing through.
9. The lens system of claim 7, further comprising:
an observing device, said observing device receiving light transmitted by said relay lens, said observing device spectrally compensating for an unbalanced spectrum present in the light transmitted by said relay lens.
10. A method for reducing the optical contrast of a welding area image, the steps comprising:
providing a camera;
providing a negative image of the welding area;
focussing a positive image of the welding area upon said negative image of the welding area and forming a resulting image; and
transmitting said resulting image to said camera.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the use of cameras for monitoring a remotely located welding operation, particularly the automatic adjustment of light incident upon the camera to reduce glare from the welding arc for better contrast resolution and clearer imaging.
2. Description of the Related Art including information disclosed under 37 C.F.R. �� 1.97-1.99
The arc welding machines used for welding pipes of large dimensions are the orbital type and incorporate a motorized support member mounted for movement on a circular rail fixed on one of the pipes being joined. On this support member is mounted a welding head incorporating an electrode permitting the refusion of filler wire continuously fed to the zone of the arc struck between the electrode and the junction zone of the parts. The welding head is mounted for oscillation in the transverse direction in relation to the orbital movement of the welding machine. A sweep is thus made over the width of the weld bead.
Systems for video monitoring an arc welding operation are known in the prior art. Such systems are often used in situations where it is impossible or impractical for a human operator to have direct, hands-on access to the workpiece such as when a weld must be produced in the inner diameter of a pipe, or within the radioactive environment of the steam pipes of a nuclear power generator. These video monitoring systems allow the welder to observe the position of the electrode and the filler wire relative to the workpiece, as well as the characteristics of the weld puddle created by the electric arc. This information helps the operator to remotely control the dynamics of the weld puddle so that the weld is produced uniformly and without flaws.
To lengthen the life of a nuclear power station, it has been proposed to use new piping systems to replace older piping systems and other components which, due to many factors, are deemed to have reached the end of their useful life.
To replace the whole of a steam generator, it is in particular necessary to join, by welding, the primary water inlet and outlet connections of the steam generator to the corresponding primary circuit pipes held ready in the reactor building. This operation can be carried out by a semi-automatic welding operation controlled from a control station situated a certain safe distance from the welding zone properly shielded against nuclear radiation. In order to ensure proper welding throughout the operation, an operator must permanently monitor the welding operation with the aid of a visual display, on a television screen, of the zone in which the weld bead is formed.
It is necessary to provide a very clear image of the welding zone, because only with the aid of the image on the screen can the operator evaluate any action that must be taken to achieve the deposition of a perfect weld bead. It is in fact necessary to obtain a deposit of weld metal which is free from defects as defective welds can lead to expensive re-work or failure. The high temperatures that are used to weld two pieces of material together, typically two metal pieces, are accompanied by high light intensities creating dramatic contrasts between lit and dark areas. This coupling of high temperature with bright light creates problems when the welding area requires close inspection during the welding process.
Originally, welders used masks with plates of heavily darkened glass in order to observe the welding area. However, remote controlled welding in hazardous environments, such as nuclear facilities, have become more commonplace. For these hazardous environments, remote controlled welding machines have been developed that allow a welder to control the welding operation from a safe environment.
In order to observe the welding procedure from a safe environment, video cameras are used to view the welding operation in order to monitor the progress and quality of the weld. Such cameras may be n"charge coupled devices" or CCD's and allow the welder to observe the welding environment under normal conditions. However, when the welding arc is lit, it emits a relatively broad spectrum of light, including light within the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectrums.
The images produced by such video monitoring systems are generally not as clear and informative to a welder as the image he might see through a conventional welding hood. This difference in quality stems largely from the fact that the sensing circuit of a conventional television camera (which is a pixel array of a light-sensitive charge coupled device) does not have the interpretative abilities that the human eye has when used in combination with the brain. While the filter glass used in a conventional welding hood passes an image (where the arc is essentially white and the background of the workpiece is very nearly black) the eye and brain are able to interpret this image so that the welder is able to see fairly clearly the position of the electrode of the torch relative to the workpiece, the resulting weld puddle, the contour of the weld, and the wettability of the leading edge of the puddle.
In the case of a television camera, the bright image of the arc saturates a portion of the charge coupled device (CCD) of the light sensing circuit, yielding a television image that includes severe contrasts wherein the back-ground surrounding the electric arc is darkened into obscurity. The emission of visible light from the welding torch is so intense that the image transmitted by the CCD is not clear. The arc and its proximate plasma overloads the video camera, obscuring the weld puddle melted by the welding torch. Additionally, the light filtration components in these systems may create "ghost" images and stray refractions which further blur the resulting image.
The problem presented when monitoring remotely controlled welding operations is how to observe the welding operation in the glare of the welding torch that obscures a view of the weld puddle formed between the surfaces being welded together.
In an attempt to balance these severe contrasts between the welding area with the arc torch and the surrounding area, some prior art television systems have employed pulsed light sources such as xenon flash units or lasers synchronized with the actuation of the television camera, in combination with narrow bandwidth filters which conduct only a very narrow range of the light frequencies present in the spectrum of the xenon or laser light. As only the pulsed light is allowed through the filter, the light from the arc is eliminated and the welding area is viewed by illumination by the pulsed light. Unfortunately, only a monochrome image is obtained as only the filtered light is used to form an image. Also, the use of such background lighting requires the positioning of still another component in the often limited access area around the weld, and increases the cost of the operation of the monitoring system.
Televisual observation of the welding zone is therefore complicated by the existence of a very bright spot or zone, corresponding to the arc moving over the width of the weld bead, at the center of the welding zone. The weld bead on which the operator must concentrate his attention may be poorly visible because of the very high luminous intensity of the arc.
In the prior art, a semi-opaque filter in the form of a small dot placed strategically between the CCD camera and the arc of the welding torch has been used. The small dot performs much like the hand of a person placed to block the sun when looking at a plane in the sky on a sunny day. The small dot casts a shadow upon the CCD effectively obstructing the glare emitted directly from the welding torch. While this technique is partially effective, drawbacks remain.
Foremost of these drawbacks is the obstruction of the scene that is of most interest in the welding operation, the activity at the tip of the welding torch. Dirt or other foreign matter cannot be seen in the weld when obstructed by the dot. Neither can the weld puddle, filler wire entry or other processes at the arc tip be seen. Other details in the critical welding area are likewise obscured. The static nature of the dot's position requires the camera to display the same scene relative to the welding arc so that the dot may continually block the intense light emitted from the welding arc. Other views are not permitted. Also, the parts of the welding zone which are not directly subjected to the light of the ar will then be poorly visible, even if floodlights are used to illuminate the welding zone.
To achieve effective monitoring of the welding in progress, the operator must be provided with an image of the entire welding zone which is sufficiently clear, in particular, for verification of the state of the bead just deposited and its position in relation to the other beads deposited previously, and also for monitoring the progress of the welding.
In addition to the problem of obscuring contrasts, a second major problem associated with many prior art systems is the mechanical interference that the components of the video monitoring system impose upon the movement of the weld head. In some systems, the movement of the weld head is limited by a relatively large and bulky camera assembly which is connected directly on the weld head. The relatively large and bulky size of such camera assembly is due in part to the fact that such assemblies must contain not only the television camera, but a separate array of lenses, electronic light valves, iris diaphragms, neutral density filters or cross-polarizing filters all positioned in tandem which are used to dim the image of the arc before it strikes the light-sensitive array of charge coupled devices within the camera. In an attempt to solve the mechanical interference problems caused by the mounting of the camera assembly on the weld head, some other prior art systems use fiber optical cables to remotely transmit an optical image to a television camera. However, these fiber optical cables lose a great deal of the transmitted light which reduces the resulting resolution of the television image, and are easily browned and burned out by nuclear radiation which in turn requires costly frequent replacement.
The bulky nature of previous systems was only compounded by the addition of extra equipment allowing the welding arc to be blocked in a movable or dynamic manner or, to move the blocking spot that obscured the welding arc. Previous systems designed to block the overwhelming glare of the welding arc were expensive, limiting their availability in a variety of
Clearly, there is a need for a television monitoring system for observing a welding operation which produces a clear, sharp and contrast-balanced image where the portion of the workpiece surrounding the welding arc is easily visible without the need for auxiliary background lighting. Ideally, such a system should be compact enough in design so as to offer little or no mechanical interference to the weld head as it is manipulated during a welding operation. Moreover, the system should be comprised of a small number of simple and inexpensive parts that are capable of producing a clear and well lighted welding image under a variety of different conditions and for a variety of different welding systems. There is a need for dynamic optical filtration of the welding arc glare so that the camera monitoring the welding process could be moved and positioned for the best view without limitation due to the position of the welding arc relative to the camera.
A camera and lens system for dynamically filtering welding torch glare is set forth which permits clear viewing of a remote welding operation. A lens made of photochromic material is used between the welding area and the camera to create a negative image of the welding area that dynamically filters the glare from the welding area. Effectively, the intense light from the welding area passes through its own shadow. The result is that where there is intense glare in the welding area, the glare is diminished in proportion to its strength. Where the glare is less intense, less filtering is imposed.
In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a lens focusses light from the welding area on a photochromic plate. The photochromic plate responds to the incident light from the welding operation by darkening or becoming somewhat opaque according to the intensity of the incident light impinging at that point of the photochromic lens. A negative of the welding area is thus created by the photochromic plate. Light emitted directly from the welding operation shines upon the photochromic lens with its darkened image of the welding operation. The resulting image transmitted by the photochromic plate, and ultimately onto the CCD or other camera, is an accurate depiction of the welding area with the light intensity greatly reduced by proportion of glare and more easily received and accurately represented by a video camera.
It is an object of this invention to provide better remote monitoring of a weld area.
It is another object of this invention to provide means to reduce weld area glare for camera reception.
It is still another object of this invention to provide greater operator safety and greater weld integrity by better depicting remote welding operations.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide a camera and lens system for the reduction of intense glare that is simple, reliable, mechanically sound, easy to use, and uncomplicated while providing an accurate depiction of the area at and surrounding the source of the intense glare.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from a review of the following specification and accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional schematic representation cf a welding device incorporating the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional schematic view of the first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional schematic view of the second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional schematic view of a particular construction of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional schematic view of another construction of the second embodiment shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5A is a plan view of the front aperture of the camera assembly of FIG. 5.
Referring to FIG. 1, a general diagram for remote controlled welding is shown. The system 1 for video monitoring a welding operation on a workpiece 2 which may be a pair of pipe sections being welded together generally comprises a television monitoring system 4, a television camera assembly 5 mounted on one side of the workpiece 2, an image processing circuit 7 which may be any one of the number of conventional video processing circuits, and a television monitor 8 for displaying the images received by the camera assembly 5.
The welding system 12 that the video monitoring system 1 is preferably used in conjunction with includes a torch assembly and wire manipulator 13 having a tungsten electrode 14 that is surrounded by a gas-conducting ceramic sleeve 15. The tungsten electrode 14 of the torch assembly 13 is electrically connected to a power supply 16, and mechanically connected to a robotic arm 17 that remotely guides and manipulates the weld head 13. The torch assembly is further connected to a bottle of pressurized, inert gas 18 such as argon or helium through the power supply 16. Specifically, the power supply 16 includes a fitting 20 for receiving an inlet hose 22 connected to the bottle 18 of pressurized gas, as well as an outlet hose 24 that is in turn connected to a fitting 26 centrally located within the torch assembly 13.
The power supply 16 is connected to the torch assembly 13 by means of a power cable 28 by way of an electrical and mechanical connector 32. The power supply 16 has water circulation inlet and outlet hoses 35a and 35b. These hoses are respectively connected to the inlet and outlet hoses 37a, 37b of the torch assembly 13, as well as the inlet and outlet hoses 41a, 41b connected to both of the camera assembly 5 in order to maintain the camera assembly 5 and the torch assembly 13 cool during a welding operation. Any one of a number of conventional welding power supplies 16 may be used in conjunction with the system 1 of the invention. A wire feeder 42 is further included with the torch assembly 13 in order to provide a uniform supply of fusible metal during a welding operation which may be used to fill the weld joint or to build up weld overlays.
Coaxial cable 45 connects the camera assembly 5 to the image processing circuitry 7 of the video monitoring system 4. The image processing circuitry 7 also includes a gain control 50 which the operator may use to adjust the overall brightness of the image displayed on the television monitor 8.
Two embodiments of the current invention have been developed. Both embodiments use the light emitted by the welding torch to create a negative image of the welding area. These embodiments would normally be placed inside the camera assembly 5 in order to filter the light incoming to the camera C.
In the first embodiment 60 as shown in FIG. 2, light from the welding operation W passes through a filtering lens assembly 62, a photochromic lens 64, and an ultraviolet (UV) blocking lens 66 before the light is transmitted to the camera C.
Light from the welding operation W is first gathered by a filtering lens assembly 62. The filtering lens assembly 62 as shown in FIG. 2 is compose of three elements. A first lens 62a, a second lens 62b, and a third lens 62c. First and third lenses 62a and 62c pass and focus both visible and UV light. The second lens 62b filters out visible light, but passes and focusses UV light.
The second lens 62b may serve to focus the ultraviolet light on the photochromic lens 64 located in front of the camera. However, it need not do so. Focussing the UV light by means of the filtering lens 62b separates the UV light from the visible light. The UV light may then be focussed at a different location than the visible light.
This separation of UV and visible light allows the use of present commercial CCD cameras to be used in the present invention right off the shelf. Commercially available CCD cameras are protected from incident UV and infrared (IR) light by several layers of interference filters located immediately in front of the photoactive plate of the CCD camera. The second filtering lens 62b may be constructed to focus the UV light from the welding area W on the photochromic lens 64, just in front of the CCD camera and its filtering layers while the visible light may be focussed by the first and third filtering lenses 62a and 62c upon the optically active plate of the CCD camera. As further described below, this optical configuration has certain advantages, including putting to use UV light generated by the welding arc that would normally be wasted.
The second filtering lens 62b has a small aperture or hole 68 at its center, allowing all incident light to pass through it, including visible light. The central location of the aperture 68 is best as it does not distort the image arising from the light passing through the aperture 68. As only a small portion of the visible light emitted by the welding arc is allowed past the filtering lens assembly 62, the intensity of visible light possibly transmitted to the camera C is correspondingly reduced.
The filtering lens assembly 62 focuses the UV light upon a photochromic lens 64. The photochromic lens 64 responds to light above short wavelength blue and into the near ultraviolet, becoming darker or more opaque when exposed to UV light and clearer or more transparent when not exposed to UV light. The photochromic lens 64 also responds to visible and infrared light in the spectrum from green to the near infrared in a range of about 450/500 nanometers to 700/1300 nanometers. In response to this other spectrum, the photochromic lens 64 bleaches out, becoming less dark or opaque and becoming more transparent or clear.
In order to best control the opacity of the photochromic lens 64, it is best to have incident upon the photochromic lens 64 only light in the short wavelength blue to near ultraviolet. The bleaching effect of the lower light frequencies is then avoided. However, some visible light must be incident upon the photochromic lens 64 to provide an image for the camera C.
The high temperatures of the welding torch cause the torch to emit UV light which is used to form a negative image of the welding area W in the photochromic lens 64. Where the image of the welding area is brightest, the photochromic lens 64 is darkest and vice-versa.
The negative image formed in the photochromic lens 64 changes with the UV light emitted from the welding area W. When the welding arc is lit, the photochromic lens 64 responds by forming a negative image thereof. When the welding arc is moved relative to the lens system 60, the negative image in the photochromic lens 64 responds by changing with the relative motion. When the welding arc is extinguished, the photochromic lens loses its opacity and becomes more transparent, revealing the cooling welding area W as seen without the intense light of the welding arc.
When the filtering lens 62 focusses the light from the welding area W upon the photochromic lens 64, and the negative image is formed of the welding area W, a dynamic optical filter is created. Whatever image is presented to the filtering lens assembly 62, any glare present in that image is mediated and reduced by its corresponding negative image formed in the photochromic lens 64. In mediating the glare present in the image, no loss of image integrity arises in the image areas that are less dark. The darker areas of the image do pass through their own negative image, however, as their negative image is much less opaque than that for an intense light source, the darker areas are only slightly filtered.
Visible light passing through the aperture 68 of the lens 64. The visible light forms a positive image of the welding area W on the photochromic lens 68. The image formed upon the photochromic lens 64 by the aperture 68 is the corresponding positive image of the negative image formed upon the photochromic lens 64 by the UV light passed by the filtering lens assembly 62. These two images (positive and negative) combine. The dark portions of the negative image make less intense the bright portions of the positive image. Portions of the positive image which are less bright or more dark are not affected by the negative image as the corresponding portion of the negative image on the photochromic lens 64 is less dark or more transparent, respectively.
The light incident upon the photochromic lens 64 is separated by the filtering lens assembly 62 into separate UV and visible components such that the light transmitted by the filtering lens assembly 62 is significantly different from that incident upon the filtering lens assembly 62. The light transmitted by the filtering lens assembly 62 has had removed from it most of the visible light, while most of the ultraviolet light is retained. Accordingly, the ratio of UV to visible (or bleaching) light is greatly increased by the filtering lens assembly 62.
The ratio of UV to visible light is significant to the optical performance of the photochromic lens 64. As the UV light controls the negative image formed on the photochromic lens 64, the enhancement of the UV to visible light ratio greatly increases the performance of the photochromic lens in mediating the intense, glaring light from the welding area W. Effectively, a much darker image is presented to incident visible light by the photochromic lens 64 than could be achieved by merely exposing the photochromic lens 64 to unfiltered welding area light. Although the filtering lens assembly 62 removes much of the visible light, the intense and almost overwhelming glare of the welding torch provides ample visible light for the camera C even after reduction by the filtering lens assembly 62 and passage through the negative image of the photochromic lens 64.
With the separation of the UV and visible portions by the filtering lens assembly 62, the UV portion of the light may be focussed upon the photochromic lens 64 while the visible portion of the light is focussed on the plate of the CCD camera C. This creates a focussed negative image in the photochromic lens 64 through which the visible light passes before reaching the CCD plate of camera C.
Alternatively, the UV portion of the light can also be focussed upon the plate of the CCD camera C. However, this UV portion will be blocked by the UV filters of the CCD camera C. While an unfocussed negative image will arise within in photochromic lens 64, the negative image will correspond exactly to the positive image of the visible light as both UV and visible light are focussed at the same point. By separating the UV and visible portions of the light from the welding area W, more control and better results can be obtained when viewing a welding operation with the camera assembly.
With the union of the negative and positive images on the photochromic lens 64, the resulting image is almost ready for presentation to the camera C. In order to prevent UV light from entering and damaging the camera C, a UV blocking lens 66 is placed in front of the camera and prevents passage of UV light into the camera C.
The UV blocking lens 66 can block incoming UV light in three ways. First, the UV blocking lens 66 can absorb incident UV light. Second, the UV blocking lens 66 can reflect the incident UV light. If the UV blocking lens 66 reflects the UV light coming in from the photochromic lens 64, the UV light can be reflected back onto the photochromic lens 64 to reinforce or enhance the negative image. A combination of both types of UV blocking can also be used.
After the UV light has been eliminated from the combined positive and negative images, the light of the resulting image is passed to a camera C where it is received and transmitted to a monitor so that the welding area W is remotely visible and more easily inspected by video camera as the intense glare from the welding torch has been greatly reduced while maintaining the light reflected from the areas surrounding the welding torch.
When helium is used as the inert gas in the welding area W, more UV light is emitted from the welding area W. A stronger image is formed in the photochromic lens 64. Accordingly, a less responsive photochromic lens 64 may be used, or the effect intentionally elicited from the photochromic lens 64.
As shown in FIG. 3, the second embodiment 70 of the present invention uses an objective lens assembly 72 that passes both visible and ultraviolet light. Objective lens assembly 72 has a first lens 72a and a second lens 72b. A photochromic lens 74 follows the objective lens assembly 72. A field lens 76, then a relay lens 78, follow the photochromic lens 74.
Light from the welding torch and the weld pool area radiates outwardly from the welding area W. The objective lens assembly 72 gathers a portion of the radiated light, both visible and UV. The gathered light is ultimately transmitted to the camera C, but is mediated to reduce the glare before reaching it.
The light from the objective lens assembly 72 is focussed upon a photochromic lens 74. The UV portion of the light from objective lens assembly 72 forms a negative in the photochromic lens 74 of the image contained in the light transmitted and focussed by the objective lens assembly 72. The negative image formed within the photochromic lens 74 is used as a variable density filter for the positive image transmitted in visible light by the objective lens assembly 72, as for the first embodiment.
As for the first embodiment shown in FIG. 2, the negative image in the photochromic lens 74 varies with the image gathered by the objective lens assembly 72 because the photochromic lens 74 responds to the changing intensity of incident light. Two different types of variation are present within the photochromic lens 74.
The first variation is one of the darkness or transparency present in the photochromic lens 74 itself. As an extreme example, one half of the photochromic lens 74 may be as dark as possible while the other half is as transparent as possible. This is a spatial variation of transparency and darkness across the photochromic lens 74.
The second variation is one of changing darkness or transparency across the photochromic lens 74 as time progresses. As another example, the half dark/half transparent example previously described can change as time goes on. While one half of the photochromic lens 74 remains dark while the other half remains transparent, the actual halves of the photochromic lens 74 that are clear and dark may change. The halves may alternate from top to bottom and back, or they may turn across the photochromic lens 74 in a clockwise or counterclockwise manner. This example is one of a temporal variation of transparency and darkness across the photochromic lens 74 while the total space occupied by darkness and transparency remains the same.
The image formed upon the photochromic lens 74 by the objective lens assembly 72 varies spatially and temporally as the scene in the welding area W varies. The negative image of the photochromic lens 74 serves to variably filter the positive image transmitted by the objective lens assembly 72. The two images are combined by the photochromic lens 74 to proportionally reduce the bright glare of the welding torch and the contrasts present in the light of the welding area W. When the resulting image is received by a television camera C, the transmitted image represents much more accurately the ongoing welding process, the condition of the welding torch, and the condition of the welding puddle. The same is similarly positive for the first embodiment.
The combined positive and negative images are transmitted from the photochromic lens 74 to a field lens 76 which focusses the image from the photochromic lens 74 upon a relay lens 78. The relay lens 78 has a small aperture 80 at its center that allows transmission of the image from the field lens 76 to the camera C. The small relay lens aperture 80 is 0.80 millimeters in diameter and improves the depth of field of the system by keeping in focus a greater amount of space in the welding area.
As in the first embodiment, a UV blocking lens may be used to prevent reception of UV light by the camera. Such a UV blocking lens in the second embodiment may be placed just in front of the camera or just following the photochromic lens 74.
A spectral line blocking filter 82 may also be used to block the transmission of light at the spectral lines of certain elements. Such a filter 82 may be a notch filter at 510 nanometers, as is known in the art for argon. Other spectral line blocking filters may be used at other wavelengths, corresponding to other emission lines for helium, or other inert gases or elements. Other filters known in the art can also be used to control the light before presentation to the camera, C.
The second embodiment differs in one way from the first embodiment as the entirety of the light gathered by the first lens in the second embodiment is transmitted to the photochromic lens 74 and is not filtered to eliminate the major portion of the visible light. Filtration of both visible and ultraviolet light is performed by the relay lens 78 once the light has passed through the photochromic filter 74.
In the second embodiment, the objective lens assembly 72 has a diameter of 20 millimeters and a focal length of 25.4 millimeters. The diameter of the field lens 76 is 12 millimeters with a focal length of 25.0 millimeters. The diameter of the relay lens 78 is 12.5 millimeters with a focal length of 14.2 millimeters. These specifications are set forth in the table below. All units are in millimeters.
______________________________________Lens Diameter Focal Length______________________________________Objective lens 20 25.4Field lens 12 25.0Relay lens 12.5 14.2______________________________________
The objective lens assembly 72 is preferably 98 millimeters (mm) from the welding area W. Likewise, the photochromic lens 74 is 37 mm from the objective lens assembly 72. The field lens 76 is 5 mm from the photochromic lens 74 and the relay lens 78 is 29 mm from the field lens 76. The photoactive plate of the CCD camera, or the location of the focussed image, is 37 mm from relay lens 78.
In order to control the ratio of the UV to visible/bleaching light in the second embodiment shown in FIG. 3, optional filters can be inserted into the path of the light.
The ratio of UV to visible/bleaching light is controlled before the light reaches the photochromic lens 74 as this is where the negative image can have the most impact on the incoming visible light. A special filter lens 84 may be placed anywhere between the photochromic lens 74 and the welding area W. Two locations for special filter lens 84 are shown designated by reference numbers 86a and 86b, on either side of the objective lens assembly 72.
Ideally, the special filter lens 84 prevents the passage of most of the bleaching light while transmitting all of the activating light. A filter passing ten percent (10%) of the light below green while passing one hundred percent (100%) of the light above the short wavelength blue would approach this ideal. Unfortunately, currently available technology supplies such lenses only at significant expense.
Once the light from the welding area has passed through the filter, the ratio of UV activating light to visible/bleaching light is greatly enhanced. With such light and as for the first embodiment of FIG. 2, the photochromic lens 74 provides a negative image for visible light that has been significantly attenuated. Even with such attenuation, the glare of the welding torch provides ample visible light to the photochromic lens 74.
Once the light has passed through the photochromic lens 74 with its negative image, the light is predominately blue in color as the red and green portions of it were attenuated by the special filter lens 84. In order to even out or flatten the spectral intensities of the light, a balancing or evening filter 88 can be used to decrease the blue component of the light. Such a balancing filter lens could, for example, pass one hundred percent (100%) of the red and green components of the light while only passing ten percent (10%) of the blue. Such a lens would be like an inverse of the special filter lens 84.
Alternatively, instead of using a balancing filter lens 88, the camera could be adjusted so that its response to blue light was diminished, so that its response to red and green light was enhanced, or both. Such adjustments are possible with CCD cameras.
FIGS. 4 and 5 show alternative constructions of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3.
In FIG. 4, light enters the camera assembly 100 through the objective lens assembly 102 having first lens 102a and second lens 102b. Objective lens assembly 102 focusses the incoming light upon the photochromic lens 104 via an intermediate mirror 106. The light passes through the photochromic lens 104 twice as a second mirror 108 reflects the light coming into the photochromic lens 104 back towards the intermediate mirror 106. The second passing of the light through the photochromic lens reduces the contrast of the light to the same degree that the first passage did. If only ten percent (10%) of the light passed through the photochromic lens 104 the first time, only ten percent (10%) of that ten percent (10%) would be passed on after the second passage. By the use of only one photochromic lens 104, an effective reduction of ninety-nine percent (99%) of the light passing through it is achieved.
A field lens 110 may be used in conjunction with the photochromic lens 104 in order to focus the light coming back out of the photochromic lens 104 onto a transition mirror 112. The transition mirror 112 is located proximate to an aperture 114 in the intermediate mirror 106. The transition mirror 112 reflect the incoming light through the relay lens 116. The relay lens 116 with its small aperture passes the light onto the CCD camera C for transmission to the welder remotely controlling the welding operation.
In FIG. 5, another construction of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 is shown. The entrance for the light is shown in FIG. 5A. The light enters the camera assembly 200 through the objective lens assembly 202. Objective lens assembly 202 has a first lens 202a and a second lens 202b. Light from the objective lens assembly 202 is focussed upon the photochromic lens 204. Light focussed on photochromic lens 204 is reflected by a mirror 206. The reflected light travels out of the photochromic lens 204 and may be focussed by a field lens (not shown) onto the relay lens 208 via an intermediate mirror 210. The relay lens 208 focusses the light upon the CCD camera C via a second intermediate mirror 212.
The camera C used with the lens system, above, may be a charge coupled device camera, but other types of cameras may also be used. One such commercially available camera is made by ELMO, model number MN401E. While black and white cameras may be used in the present invention, color cameras (including color CCD's) provide better images and may also be used.
The camera C may have its shutter speed adjusted to control the amount of light to its photoactive component and/or to capture an image during a short time period. In the embodiments set forth above, a shutter speed of one-sixtieth (1/60) of a second is used when the welding torch is extinguished and the welding area W is illuminated by lamps. When the welding torch is lit or active, the shutter speed is increased to one-two hundred fiftieth (1/250) of a second.
The camera C may also be movable so that its distance from the welding area W may be changed. In this way, different portions of the welding area W can be observed and magnified.
The photochromic lenses as set forth in the embodiments may be similarly constructed and incorporate the material known as PHOTOEXTRA GRAY as made by Corning Glass in order to perform as photochromic lenses. Other photochromic materials, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,208,860 issued to Armistead on Sep. 8, 1964, may be used in the present invention. The optical properties of photochromic glass are discussed in an article by G. K. Megla that appeared in Applied Optics, vol. 5, no. 6, beginning on page 945. The teachings of these references as applicable to the present invention are incorporated herein by reference.
While the present invention has been described with regards to particular embodiments, it is recognized that additional variations of the present invention may be devised without departing from the inventive concept.
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When Having the Answers is the Wrong Answer
Celebrating my son's ninth birthday this year was extra fun. He decided to have a Star Wars birthday and I was beyond thrilled. While my wife spent the requisite hours searching Pinterest for Star Wars party ideas to entertain a crew of rowdy boys, my contribution to the party was a group of life-size Star Wars cardboard cutouts....read more

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Interferon And B12 For Hep C
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
Testosterone/B12/Vitamin D Tests?Do you recommend these tests for an HIV/HCV/HBV pt? Thank you?
Response from Mark Holodniy, M.D., F.A.C.P., C.I.C.
Stanford University, School of MedicinePerhaps, depending on the clinical situation. I don't normally recommend these tests in everyone as a routine screen. Read more »
Vitamin B12 shotsHey Dr. Bob,I am an underweight man in my mid 30's who has been living with the virus since before... Read more »
Vitamin B12 & Folate -- Elevated countsNew YorkerI recently had a blood test and My doctor referred me to a Hematologist for further... Read more »
Vitamin B12 and Cognitive Impairment...made earlier by an HIV nutrition research group at the University of Florida. The new data documented a correlation between low vitamin B12 levels and cognitive impairment in 108 HIV-positive volunteers -- and this association increased as time... Read more »
Hepatitis C and HIV... What Is Hepatitis C? How Is It Diagnosed? How Is Hep C Treated? Can Hep C Be Prevented? Hep C and HIV Together The Bottom Line Read more »
HIV and Hepatitis C Co-Infection... Are you HIV positive and newly diagnosed with hepatitis C (Hep C)?Do you have one virus and think youmight be infected with the other? If so, this brochure answers somebasic questions Read more »
An Overview of Interferon Alfa-2 (Roferon-A, Intron A)...approved by the FDA on November 21, 1988, for the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma and hepatitis infection, especially hepatitis C. These infections occur more commonly in patients with HIV. Dosage Form/Administration Interferons... Read more »
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Interferon and Hiv
Posted by ethan_hines, 2 Replies...Why doesn't pegylated Interferon work the same way with Hiv as it does with HVB/C?. Isn't Interferon very important in fighting RNA virus infections which Hiv Read more »
hepatitis c - interferon tratamiento
Posted by Anonymous...AL HOSPITAL POR TRANFUSIONES DE SANGRE SIETE VECES HASTA QUE SE ME FUE. QUERIA SABER SI ALGUIEN USO INTERFERON PARA TRATAR LA HEPATITIS C CON CUANTOS T-CELLS EMPEZO EL TRATAMIENTO Y LOS RESULTADOS QUE OBTUVO CON EL TRATAMIENTO. GRACIAS Read more »
Posted by Anonymous, 4 Replies...HELLO ! MY LIVER DOCTOR WANTS ME TO USED INTEFERON FOR THE HEPATITIS C, BUT THE PROBLEM I HAVE IS THAT MY T-CELLS GO UP AND DOWN. MY T-CELLS ARE 325 NOW BUT THE LAST MONTH WERE 221 AND THE MONTH BEFORE Read more »
T-cells dropping and Interferon
Posted by Anonymous, 2 Replies...father is HIV+ and has HEPc also.. his viral count is undecectable and t-cell count has always been around 400+..he started interferon for the hepc about 4 weeks ago. 2 weeks ago he had blood drawn and his T cell count was under 300.. he had it... Read more »
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Guitar World presents five headphone songs guaranteed to blow your mind.
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Paul Weller, the former frontman of The Jam, has recorded a cover of The Beatles' White Album classic, "Birthday," in honor of sir Paul McCartney's 70th birthday on June 18.
Montreal-based Boucher Guitars has added a new shape to its collection of hand-made acoustic models: the 000 12 Fret-To-Body (12FTB).
It's barely been half a year since Megadeth released their thirteenth studio album, Thirteen, but Dave Mustaine is already talking about what the next record might hold.
Metal Hammer Tresspass America Festival tourmates Jason Hook of Five Finger Deathpunch and Adam Dutkiewicz of Killswitch Engage will be hosting a live chat at 3 p.m. EST today, June 14, on Trespassamerica.com.
Today, Green Day posted a new video to their official website. It's a trailer for their new album, ¡Uno!, which will be released September 25.
California-based metalcore band Of Mice & Men are gearing up for their stint on the Vans Warped Tour this summer with a new deluxe reissue of last year's The Flood.
TheFW recently tracked down the kids who appeared on the cover of Led Zeppelin's classic 1973 album, Houses of the Holy.
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Classic Rock is reporting that two previously unreleased tracks from late Alice In Chains vocalist Layne Staley will be featured in the upcoming film Grassroots, as well as on the film's soundtrack.
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Sun, 07/06/2014 North Carolina, United States
You have nothing to ask and I have nothing to say.
The question and the answer comes from the same source. Where the question comes from, the answer also come from the same place. Just be a little quiet and see, either the questions disappear or the answers come to you. There's no need for this (indicating to the microphone).
A seeker asks a question; once he finds the answer, he is satisfied and he goes. A devotee simply sings, dances, and expresses his love. Once he expresses his love, he is happy and he goes. A devotee just wants to express his or her love. But a wise man simply drinks silence; he simply feels the presence and gets intoxicated.
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A Love That Never DiesMarch 22, 2015
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Let It Be!March 21, 2015
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The Colors of LifeMarch 18, 2015
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The Perfect ImperfectMarch 17, 2015
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Message On MahashivaratriMarch 5, 2015
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Tough Times Make You StrongerMarch 4, 2015
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Take The Best & Leave The RestMarch 3, 2015
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Welcome to Audiko, where you can download the most popular ringtones for your cell phone. Today we have a ringtone of "We Are the People Our Parents Warned Us About" by Jimmy Buffett as well as 473 other ringtones by Jimmy Buffett. "We Are the People Our Parents Warned Us About" is a top-rated song from the "One Particular Harbour" album that was recorded by Jimmy Buffett at their label together with other 3 tracks. You can listen to all 8 Jimmy Buffett – "We Are the People Our Parents Warned Us About" ringtone variations available here and download it for free directly to your mobile. You can also select other 27 albums produced by Jimmy Buffett for all time. "We Are the People Our Parents Warned Us About" is referred to Country, and we can offer you a huge amount of Country ringtones absolutely for free. And finally, we have collected lyrics for this track and you can view it here as well. So feel free to browse, listen, download ringtones at Audiko.net. Make your phone sound cool!
Jimmy Buffett We Are the People Our Parents Warned Us About Ringtone
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My active mother has rheumatoid arthritis and takes a natural vitamin to curb the pain. It helps her quite a bit, but of course there are some days she still has a hard time with her joints, especially when it's cold or it will rain. She used to walk and ride her bike at least 3 to 4 miles every day, so it's very hard for her to deal with this. Do you recommend a special diet that would help her or anything to make her more comfortable?
First, I would discuss this with her rheumatologist to ensure that your mother is being adequately treated for her rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as pain can be a sign of ongoing inflammation. Vitamins are good supplements to traditional treatment but should not be the sole treatment for RA. While no particular diet has been proven to be helpful for RA, fish oil supplements have been shown to be helpful for some people with inflammatory forms of arthritis, including RA.


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How to Receive the Baptism of the Holy Spirit Three Simple Steps By Conrad Barrett Every Christian is entitled to receive the Baptism in the Holy Spirit and every Christian should receive this special "Gift" of God. It will enrich your life and give you a power which otherwise, you would never have. Associated with this gift of power is a fulfillment of joy and gladness that no Christian should miss. This brochure has been prepared to help the serious inquirer receive the glorious experience of the Baptism in the Holy Spirit. The following message is expressed in simple language and is intended to be inspirational as well as directional: 1. The first requirement is that you know God. Being saved or born again is absolutely essential. The Baptism in the Holy Spirit is a gift from God to the believer and every individual Christian can be baptized in the Holy Spirit. John the Baptist made clear in his preaching that there are two different baptisms – one of the water and one of the Holy Spirit. In Matthew 3:11, he said, "I indeed baptize you with water unto repentance, but he that cometh after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to bear; he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire." Being born again pre-cedes the infilling, or Baptism in the Holy Spirit. John's baptism of water "unto repentance" makes that principle clear. Simon Peter states in Acts 2:38, "Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost." The sin question must be dealt with prior to receiving anything from God. While it is true that the Holy Spirit is ever present in our world and draws us to God and helps us receive salvation, He offers the Christian a much deeper and fuller experience. If you have received Christ as your Saviour and Lord you have met the first requirement for the Baptism in the Holy Spirit. 2. Prepare your heart to receive the infilling of the Holy Spirit. After receiving Christ as Saviour and Lord of your life, you have become a child of God and are now on your way to heaven. That's marvelous, but there is more awaiting you! The Baptism in the Holy Spirit comes to the prepared and open heart; therefore, one should follow the principles taught in the Bible. You should follow the Lord in water baptism. Some, however, do receive the Baptism in the Holy Spirit before water baptism because they press on into the spiritual stream immediately after receiving salvation. God fills truly hungry people whenever they really want to be filled more than anything else. You are ready to receive the Baptism in the Holy Spirit when you open your heart of faith and praise to God. Both faith and praise are important as you approach God on any level and for anything. Always be careful about opening your heart, but you can open it to God and you can trust Him fully. He knows you and understands you. As you praise the Lord which is a high form of prayer, then yield yourself to God with all your heart, soul, mind, body, and strength. Remember the words of Samuel in 1 Samuel 15:22, "to obey is better than to sacrifice." God looks for an obedient heart which is being opened to His blessings. As you praise the Lord and begin to be anointed by the Holy Spirit, obedience seems to come easier. Remember you are a candidate to receive the great and wonderful Baptism in the Holy Spirit and be encouraged to press your way into the realm of the Holy Spirit. Fully prepare your heart to receive from God and accept nothing less than a total and full Baptism which you are entitled to receive. The Baptism in the Holy Spirit is an actual experience. The disciples and others received it (the experience) on the day of Pentecost. (Acts 2:4) Mary, the mother of Jesus, received too. Now, you can have your own heart filled and enriched with God's very best Gift to His children. 3. Prepare to let God speak through you. Every one does speak in tongues when they are fully baptized in the Holy Spirit. Many marvelous blessings are experienced without receiving the fullness of the Baptism in the Holy Spirit; but be they as special as they are, there's still more for you. Settle in your mind now that you are going all the way with the Lord and that you are going to receive the wonderful blessing of being filled with the Spirit of God. Tongues are a physical manifestation that God has chosen whereby the Holy Spirit Baptism is verbally expressed. Why? Nobody seems to know that answer. It's His own choosing. A problem and confusion for some and a blessing for others, it is God's special way of baptizing in the Holy Spirit. Don't let tongues hinder you. God is the great Engineer of our lives and knows what we need. As you get deeper into the Holy Spirit, tongues will come automatically. The joy and ecstasy is so fulfilling that tongues will naturally come. The native tongue, whether English or not, is inadequate to express the glory which one receives. Don't be afraid to draw near to God, and don't build a barrier between you and God over tongues. Never seek tongues, seek the Baptism in the Holy Spirit. Tongues come without labor or strain when one allows the Holy Spirit to fully take over. Let Him saturate your life and never fight Him consciously or unconsciously. Don't be misled by seeking and receiving tongues only. The power of the Spirit which causes one to speak in tongues is God's great gift to you. Learn to relax in God's presence and enjoy the mighty infilling of the Holy Ghost. His reason for filling you with His Spirit is to give you comfort, leadership and power. You should receive the Baptism in the Holy Spirit whenever and wherever you feel led to pray. You may receive the Baptism alone, or in the company of others. This is an individual's choice. For some a crowd can be distracting while praying, and the laying on of hands can be a hindrance. Others can be blessed by such things. People respond differently to each other. Usually in a Pentecostal service people pray together and sometimes they get loud. Sometimes they lay their hands on and pray too. This is good and spiritually healthy and fits into the New Testament pattern (Acts 4:24). Try not to let anything or anybody distract you from being filled with the Spirit. If you are in a Pentecostal service and go to an altar as a candidate for the Baptism in the Holy Spirit, you can expect a beautiful prayer meeting to take place. Pentecostals want to pray with you. They never intend to hinder. They can help you get into the flow of the Spirit and assist you as you receive your Baptism. It's wise to let them help you. When you have fully yielded to God, and His Spirit has come upon you, the feeling is one of joy, peace, happiness and blessing. Once this happens, you will never be the same again, but will always cherish that very sacred experience. You can enjoy it forever. Jesus told us that He (the Holy Spirit) has come to abide with us forever (John 14:16). If your heart is hungry for God and you want to pray, call someone whom you know has received the Baptism in the Holy Spirit or call a Full Gospel pastor. You will always be glad you asked for prayer and spiritual help and you will always be glad you received the Baptism in the Holy Spirit. Ask for and receive the Baptism in the Holy Spirit today. Your life will be enriched with power and you can be a greater blessing than ever. Christian Chapel Church 4043 Chandler Road Muskogee, Oklahoma 74403 (918) 687-1606
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The No. 1 who's never won
Can Caroline Wozniacki claim first major at the U.S. Open?
Updated: August 25, 2011, 11:09 AM ETBy Lindsay Berra | ESPN The Magazine
This story appears in the Sept. 5 issue of ESPN The Magazine.
NEWS CONFERENCES ALWAYS GO THE SAME WAY for Caroline Wozniacki. She strides into a room full of reporters and sits patiently at the dais, waiting for the question to come. "So people are talking about you being No. 1 when you haven't won a Grand Slam," some writer will start. "How do you defend your ranking?"
Wozniacki has been putting up with these inquiries since February, when she reclaimed the ...
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- Neutrality an impossibility with Michael Vick
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Posts from Breakfast
15 Recipes to Soothe Your Nasty Hangover
Recipes from The Kitchn
It happens to the best of us. An evening of one (or, a few) too many drinks, followed by one nasty hangover the next morning. Whether you're just feeling a little foggy or your head is pounding and you can barely pull yourself out of bed, you want to get through this thing, and fast.
Unfortunately, there's no quick and easy to way to cure a hangover. We do have some delicious ways to help ease your headache and soothe your stomach, though. From a light, yet indulgent piece of toast, to eggs and comfort food, like grilled cheese and congee, we're sharing 15 recipes to help you battle that nasty hangover.
These Steel Cut Oats Obviously Belong in Your Cast Iron Skillet
Delicious Links
There are so many ways to make oatmeal: the slow cooker, in a pot on low heat, baked in a deep baking dish, and in the microwave. I've tried many a way, but have yet to make steel cut oats in my cast iron skillet. Dolloped with maple soaked apples and a little butter (if you so choose) this is the fall breakfast of champions.
Your Food Through a Filter: Here's a Look Back at September's Power Breakfast Instagram Theme
Last Month on Instagram
Our September Instagram theme for The Kitchn was all about power breakfasts, those AM recipes that get you out of the bed and help you start your day strong. From bowls of oatmeal adorned with fruit (swoon), to avocado toast, and a big green smoothie, let these incredible photos from our readers inspire you to eat well in the morning.
Groot Loops and More Breakfast Cereals Fit for a Superhero
Fun Food
Breakfast is the most important meal of the day, and that's true for superheroes, too.
Artists Bamboota and Elliot Fernandez came up with a mash up of some of your favorite breakfast cereals and your favorite superheroes. Cap'n America Crunch is just the beginning.
Watch a Father & Son Make a Flute From a Pancake
Food Fun
You might never look at breakfast the same way again after seeing this video.
Pancake art has definitely been on the rise in the past few months, but this is taking it to a completely different level.
Recipe: Freezer-Friendly Spinach Feta Breakfast Wraps
Breakfast Recipes from The Kitchn
Ah, autumn, when crisp mornings make me forget about chilled overnight oats and smoothies, and instead push hot breakfasts to the front of my mind. The only challenge is finding warm breakfasts that are still quick enough to make on busy fall mornings. Enter these freezer-friendly breakfast wraps.
Following these tips for freezing burritos, I made vegetarian wraps filled with eggs, tomatoes, spinach, and feta that are ready to microwave in the morning. Skipping breakfast at Starbucks is a lot easier when I can have this on my plate in only two minutes.
Recipe: Glazed Apple Fritters
Recipes from The Kitchn
Time to Level-Up Your Breakfast Game
New Cookbook
The angle: All the best pastries and baked goodies that Huckleberry Bakery has to offer, minus the long lines.
Recipes for right now: Apple Cinnamon Crumble Muffins, Maple Bacon Biscuits, Tomato Leek Cornmeal Crostata, Cinnamon-Sugar Doughnuts, Brown Rice Quinoa Pancakes, Green Eggs and Ham, Iced Shaken Caramel Latte
Who would enjoy this book? Anyone who's caught the autumn baking bug.
Recipe: Slow Cooker Oatmeal with Honey & Fruit
Breakfast Recipes from The Kitchn
There's nothing like waking up to a piping hot breakfast. A steamy, creamy bowl of oatmeal is the ultimate comfort food, and preparing it in the slow cooker is a great way to take care of your breakfast crew without having to wake up before everyone else. Just stir everything up in the slow cooker, set it on low, then sleep for a solid eight hours and wake up to your morning meal.
There's a Secret Ingredient in These Pancakes. Can You Guess What It Is?
Delicious Links


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This 3 minute video is amazing! Watch it and be transported to the city of Henry VIII.
Nathan Hale Homestead's Great Pyramid – George's Folly?
When guests exit the visitor's center at Nathan Hale Homestead, they invariably ask, "What's that big stone thing over there?" and "Why do you have Thomas Hooker's bones?" (Thomas Hooker being a founder of CT.) The short answers are, "A memorial pyramid" and "We don't, it only looks that way." Wait a minute, a pyramid in Coventry, CT?
Memorial pyramids have a lengthy history, particularly in England, where they, along with various other odd structures, are often referred to as "follies." The Hale pyramid was constructed in 1938 by the man who restored the house and property of Nathan Hale's family, George Dudley Seymour. A patent attorney from New Haven, Seymour devoted his life to historic preservation, and while he owned Hale Homestead, he usually summered there, a gentleman farmer reforesting the area and tending to his animals. Among the latter was a cow named Octavia, after a Hale daughter-in-law; for a brief time Seymour ran a small cheese-making business, presumably in partnership with Octavia. His favorite animal companion, however, was a retired war horse named Thomas Hooker Bones. Seymour is pictured above, proudly astride Bones in front of the Hale house. TH Bones undoubtedly enjoyed his peaceful life following his WWI military service, and when his noble, courageous spirit departed this earth in 1937, Seymour decided that Bones was too fine a character to warrant a final trip to the knacker's. He interred THB right on the historic property, immediately behind the house, no easy task, as a horse is much larger than a dog or cat. And he set about memorializing Bones in a way that not even Nathan Hale received. A few years later, the black dog that can be seen in front of horse and rider is Sheba, and when she died, she was also buried there.
There is a precedent to the story of George's folly on Farley Down, west of Winchester, England. Erected in 1740 by Sir Paulet St John, this much older pyramid commemorates St John's horse, who survived a horrific fall into a 25 foot chalk pit while fox-hunting. The horse might have had second thoughts about his good fortune when St John renamed him "Beware Chalk Pit", but that's another story. At any rate, Beware's exploit is commemorated in the shape of a 30 foot high pyramid that still stands today. TH Bone's pyramid is only half that height, but in the hills of rural New England, is no less a marvel.
TH Bones' Latin epitaph, extolling his exemplary character:
Post revised 9/29/14.
Medieval Art: February in Les Tres Riches Heures
Medieval art is my favorite genre in the visual arts, and one of the most interesting forms is the illuminated book of hours. Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (literally: "the very rich hours of the duke of Berry") is the most renowned book of hours ever produced. It is often referred to as le roi des manuscrits enluminés ("the king of illuminated manuscripts"), and it is one of the most important pieces of artwork in history. In terms of historical and cultural importance, it is certainly equal to more famous works such as the Mona Lisa, marking the pinnacle of the art of manuscript illumination. Today it is located at the Musee Conde in Chantilly, France.
Like most books of hours, the Très Riches Heures depicts numerous biblical scenes and saints, and the initial capital letters and line endings are lavishly decorated. But unlike most books of hours, this work includes landscapes (most well-known are the twelve miniatures for the months of the year), as well as unusual subject matter like the "anatomical man," the garden of Eden, the fall of the rebel angels, and even a plan of Rome. To what extent the artists had a say in the subject matter, and how much was determined by the patrons, is unclear.
Desolate winter is dazzling in this landscape for the month of February. Snow blankets the countryside and chills a peasant bringing his wares to town with the aid of a donkey, while a farm family warms themselves in a wooden house. Pale light from a wan sky falls onto the whitened countryside. The starkness of the snow underlines planes and accentuates details, giving the landscape a particular sharpness. In the distance a village hides its snow-covered roofs between two hills. In the foreground, a farm is represented, its every element executed with meticulous care: the dovecote, heehives, cart, casks, sheepfold, a hare tree, the house and the wattled enclosure. Near the farm a young man cuts wood; in front of the dovecote a benumbed figure clutching a wool coat over his head and shoulders hurries home. A large fire shines from the wooden house in which two peasants immodestly warm their legs; looking more closely, it is possible to observe that they do not wear undergarments, a detail of interest to textile historians! The mistress of the house, elegant in a lovely blue dress, warms herself with more decorum. Linen has heen hung to dry on rods along the walls, and smoke curls from the chimney. The severity of winter is further emphasized by the birds huddled near the house, scratching for food which the snow makes it impossible to find elsewhere.
Additional information about this glorious masterpiece can be found at http://www.christusrex.org/www2/berry/berry1.html
and http://historymedren.about.com/od/booksofhours/p/riches_heures.htm , from which these excerpts were taken.
Nonfiction Worth Reading: Strangely Wrought Creatures of Life & Death, by Gary R. Varner
My rating: 3 of 5 stars
Strangely Wrought Creatures is subtitled Ancient Symbolism in European and American Architecture. The first half of this slim volume (157 pages) discussing those two iconic figures, the gargoyle and the green man, which have been a feature in ecclesiastical architecture for more than a millennium. Quoting from his own research and that of others, Gary Varner speculates about the reasons for the inclusion of these "pagan" figures in most of Europe's great churches and cathedrals, and about what they might symbolize (there are five times more green men in one English cathedral than images of Jesus!) He does the same in the book's second half, where he covers such enigmatic creatures as dragons, unicorns, mermaids, and griffins, and others. The upshot of his study is that there is much disagreement about what these image "mean", and why prelates would allow such carvings in a place of Christian worship.
The book is liberally illustrated with photos of strange creatures located on buildings old and new, primarily in England, France, and America. Why do twenty and twenty-first century folks find these images so compelling? Perhaps, Varner believes, because we long for connections to our distant past, and are influence by our embedded archetypal memories. This is a good overview for readers new to the topic, but for those with broader knowledge about it, there's little new to be found in its pages.
Historical Fiction: The Caves of Perigord, by Martin Walker
My rating: 5 of 5 stars
Major Phillip Manners has just buried his father, and his inheritance included a small piece of paleolithic wall art depicting a bull. He takes the painting to Lydia Dean, expert in the preclassical department of a London auction house, for valuation. Astounded by what she sees, she identifies the work as characteristic of the wall paintings found in the caves of the Dordogne, and warns Manners that it probably qualifies as a stolen artifact. Manners informs her that his father brought it home from France after WWII, when he was stationed there to assist the Resistance forces. Lydia, taking that as her jumping off point, stores the stone securely and agrees to research its provenance. The very next day, it's stolen yet again. A reward is posted, and Manners convinces Lydia to travel to the Perigord region with him, in hopes of locating the cave in which the painting was originally made.
The Caves of Perigord has a three-fold plot. Author Walker, an NPR commentator, relates Lydia's quest in the present time, and intersperses into her tale two back stories from this region, one from the Ice Age and the other from the second world war. In doing so, Walker show off his research, descriptive, and creative skills to good advantage, recreating the Ice Age and bringing to life humankind's earliest visual artists and their milieu. The animals, customs, societal hierarchy, and painting techniques are all vividly portrayed, mainly through the experiences of Deer, a young artist in training. Taylor does an equally impressive job writing about the role of the Brits and Americans who trained and supplied the French Resistors in 1944, centering upon Manners' father, the Capitaine. These chapters are truly harrowing; the region is a minefield, literally and figuratively, militarily and politically, and Walker evokes the brutality of the struggle much as Leon Uris did in his war novels. He knows how to tell a gripping story and make his readers care about his characters, empathizing with their joys and struggles.
If the book has flaws, they are minor, and lie in the absence of a map, and some extraneous detail that interrupted the action. Some photos or diagrams of the cave art wouldn't have gone amiss either.
Edward Hopper: Provincetown Then and Now
We've just returned from a vacation on Cape Cod, and our annual visit to P-town. A few years ago, this feature was presented in the New York Times. It's about a series of views painted by celebrated artist Edward Hopper. The iconic American artist spent nearly half the summers of his life painting isolated buildings in broad vistas. See how some of these landscapes have changed and hear what they mean to the people who live there. Here's the link to this article, narrated by members of the families associated with each of the buildings depicted. Very evocative.
A Modern Take on Some Historical Figures
This is great fun! Yesterday, the UK's The Telegraph posted an article about the images of five historical figures, and modernized their apparel, hair, and accessories to see how the changes would affect our perceptions of them. The difference is, first, amusing, and then surprising. I guess clothes do make the man and woman, after all, or at least their image….
Admiral Nelson, photo by Yesterday.


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Hide Property Details
Description from the owner
- 6 bedrooms
- 7 bathrooms
- Sleeps 14
Bedrooms: 6
Bathrooms: 7
Sleeps: 14
Type: Bed and BreakfastLa Posada de los Raqueros
Description from the owner
Welcome to our Posada de los Raqueros (Inn of the beach combers)
We are a small quiet beach resort on the Mexican Riviera. located on the beach at Manzanillo Bay, near the village of Troncones. . We are approximately 40km from Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo far enough away from the hustle and bustle, yet close enough for an outing of any kind. of Our Posada offers two two-story bungalows with private kitchens, two private suites and one two bedroom house. Only steps away from the beach and the warm waters of the ocean. Our guests enjoy optimum privacy that our large accommodations offer. Our discerning guests typically are people that are looking ...Read more
About the owner
About the owner
Hans J. B.
Hans J. B.
Response rate 75%
Response time Within a day
Calendar updated today
Overall rating3.7 / 5.0 based on 7 reviews
La Posada de los Raqueros
Troncones, Mexican Riviera-Pacific Coast, Mexico
Additional Location Information
More About Our Posada and the Grounds it Stands On…
Low-key is the name of the game here. We are located on the beach at Manzanillo Bay, near the village of Troncones, which lies approximately 40km from the resort area of Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo. We're near enough to Ixtapa that you can get there should you desire some nightlife action or shopping, but we're a world apart from Ixtapa's "spring break" atmosphere.
Our little bay and the village of Troncones have all the amenities and dining options you will need during your trip, and many people show up here and don't leave the beach for the duration of the trip. There are 4 gourmet restaurants here on the beach, and it's perfectly acceptable to dine in your bathing suit at all of them, should you choose. The best of both worlds.
3km down the road in Troncones village you will also find several other dining options, from the authentic Mexican fare at the Burro Borracho, Costa Brava and Donna Nica's to Monday Night Football with sandwiches and and tacos at Cafe Sol. Troncones also has 2 convenience stores for basic grocery, beer and liquor needs.
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Beach or lakeside relaxation, Waterfront
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4 reviews
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SM100 Sampling Pump ModuleJanuary 13, 2015 5:18 pm | by General Monitors | Comments
The new SM100 Sampling Pump Module draws combustible or toxic gases at 0.05 to 1 LPM from monitored areas to a gas detector, making it easier and cost effective to measure potentially hazardous gases in areas that are too remote, inaccessible, or too cold, hot, or wet for direct sensor monitoring.
144 Watt Quadpod Mounted Work Area Flood LightJanuary 13, 2015 10:11 am | by Larson Electronics | Comments
The 144 watt LED quadpod mounted work light is built to provide a high power lighting solution that requires minimal setup time or effort and provides operators with an ideal lighting solution featuring a quadpod with solid wheels for portability and four thirty-six watt LED lamps.
Mass Flow Meters and ControllersJanuary 12, 2015 10:10 am | by Aalborg Instruments | Comments
The upgraded Mass Flow GFM Meters and GFC Controllers, designed respectively to read or set gas flow rates, now include upgraded features that enhance the products' performance without impacting the cost. Applications include flow measurement and control, environmental, analytical, life sciences, R&D, food and beverage, pharmacology, gas sampling and pilot plants.
Floor SignsJanuary 9, 2015 10:04 am | by Kari Imberg, Associate Editor, Food Manufacturing | Comments
This company offers smart Floor Signs that enable your floors to communicate critical information about safety instructions clearly and effectively. The floor signs are peel and stick, so are easy to apply. The signs are made of durable high-bond acrylic that withstands forklift and heavy foot traffic.
Wireless Battery Powered LED Tow Light With Magnetic BaseJanuary 8, 2015 10:31 am | by Larson Electronics | Comments
The HDTL-WLED-M wireless battery powered LED tow light is powered by a rechargeable battery and has stop, tail, turn and hazard strobe light capabilities. This 10 pound portable tow light is recharged using a 12 volt cigarette lighter charger and features a 2.4 GHZ chipset which allows for a transmitter distance of up to 1000'.
New Industrial EnginesJanuary 8, 2015 9:57 am | by Hyster Company | Comments
This new line of industrial engines is designed to increase productivity and fuel economy for its 3,000-7,000 lb. Class IV and V product lines. The new engines from Power Solutions International (PSI) feature Hyster Variable Power Technology and offer a more powerful and efficient solution for demanding applications.
New Lockout DevicesJanuary 7, 2015 10:59 am | by Brady | Comments
Brady announced three new lockout tagout products: Perma-mount™ Ball Valve, SAFELEX™ Universal Cable Lockout with Integrated Hasp and SAFETY REDBOX™. These new lockout devices are designed to meet unique industry needs that allow safety professionals to better protect employees from energy releases during equipment maintenance.
TRITAN Broad-Beam UV Leak Detection LampJanuary 7, 2015 10:50 am | by Spectroline | Comments
The TRITAN 365 (Part No. TRI-365HA) is a powerful, multi-LED, broad-beam UV leak detection lamp. When used with Spectroline fluorescent dyes, it pinpoints fluid leaks in a wide range of industrial systems such as hydraulic equipment, compressors, engines, gearboxes, fuel systems and much more.
150 Watt LED Light With Magnetic Mounting CapabilitiesJanuary 6, 2015 10:29 am | by Larson Electronics | Comments
Featuring a powerful 150 watt LED lamp assembly and a simple aluminum base stand with magnetic mount capabilities, this light effectively illuminates 9,500 square feet of work area with 12,500 lumens of light output. The EPL-MB-150LED-250 magnetic mount explosion proof LED light provides operators with a powerful hazardous location suitable lighting solution...
W.O.W Bucket ConveyorJanuary 2, 2015 10:03 am | by Walker Custom Sheet Metal | Comments
The ultra-sanitary and tool-less W.O.W. Conveyor with a Bucket Uplift version gives food manufacturers another option. Traditional bucket conveyors have chains, sprockets and metal buckets that pivot. These moving parts require grease for operation, making the design inherently unsanitary.
Thermal Mass Air/Gas Flow MeterJanuary 2, 2015 9:53 am | by Fluid Components International | Comments
The advanced ST100 Series Thermal Mass Air/Gas Flow Meter from Fluid Components International (FCI) helps improve the accuracy of specialty gas point of use and sub-metering operations to achieve accurate billing in labs for better cost tracking and control.
Explosion Proof Portable Tank LightDecember 30, 2014 9:49 am | by Larson Electronics | Comments
The new EPL-16C-150LED-RT-3EX produces a brilliant flood pattern of light that is ideal for illuminating enclosed areas. It is rated Class 1 & 2 Division 1 & 2 and is a cart mounted explosion proof LED light that provides 10,000 square feet of work area coverage while producing 12,000 lumens of light from 150 watts.
Panel Mount Free Chlorine AnalyzerDecember 30, 2014 9:38 am | by Electro-Chemical Devices | Comments
Municipal and industrial process engineers alike will find the new plug-n-play FC80 Panel Mount Free Chlorine Analyzer simplifies water monitoring and treatment processes while installing easily and requiring less maintenance to lower cost-of-ownership.
Enhance Molding Process by Removing Dust, Powders And FinesDecember 29, 2014 10:31 am | by Size Reduction Specialist | Comments
The DFS Series (Dust and Fine Removal System) is a line of innovative, compact dust and fine separation systems developed to enhance molding procedures by the removal of dust, powders and fines from regrind or virgin material.
CIP System Reduces Water ConsumptionDecember 29, 2014 10:19 am | by Telstar | Comments
Automated Clean-in-Place (CIP) system for lyophilizers reduces water consumption by up to 75 percent. The system takes full advantage of the movement of the shelf stack to clean the chamber walls, the instrument and service connection ports, the chamber-condenser isolation valve and the slot door by a sweep water jet effect.


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The following positions are available at PCA:
Executive Director - Chicago
Chief Development Officer
Partnership Manager - Hawaii
Executive Director - Los Angeles
Partnership Manager - DC/Mid-Atlantic
Partnership Manager - Sacramento
Internship, Partner Development
Volunteer at PCA
Click here to register for future notification of PCA employment opportunities.
We seek individuals committed to the PCA mission to conduct workshops for coaches, athletes, parents and organizational leaders for schools and youth sports organizations. Ideal candidates for this independent contractor position will have attended a PCA Workshop, have substantial sports and coaching expertise, and have experience teaching, presenting and leading interactive trainings. Engaging presentation and communication skills are a must.


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John Deere 318
tsc2129March 25, 2014
I just purchased a John Deere 318 which by the serial number was built in 1992. Ultimately was going to use it for garden tilling. On the rear pto is a pulley mounted with a bracket onto the pto shaft. First does anybody know the purpose for this seeing as how I can not find it on any parts list so far. Do I need to install the 3-point set up or is there a different tiller I could use. Thanks


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India's domestic air traffic declined by almost five per cent in January even though the overall global market showed an upswing with China becoming the second largest domestic market worldwide, International Air Transport Association (IATA) said on Tuesday.
"India's domestic market was in negative territory with a 4.9 per cent decline in demand and 5.3 per cent capacity reduction," global airlines' body, IATA said in its analysis of the January air traffic results.
Without naming Kingfisher Airlines, it said the decline was caused by "one of the major domestic players" effectively exiting the market, apart from weak economic growth, rising infrastructure costs and impact of high fuel prices "exaggerated by excessive taxation."
The IATA analysis showed that domestic air travel expanded by 1.1 per cent, slightly behind a capacity expansion of 1.4, while the passenger load factors averaged 76.4 per cent. However, "after seasonal adjustment, the load factor reached a record high, exceeding 80 per cent."
China was the second largest market after the US for domestic air travel, it said.
On international air traffic, the IATA said it reflected "a continuation of the uptick in passenger travel that began at the end of 2012." Overall, the demand was up 2.7 per cent. The average load factors stood at 77.1 per cent.
"Passenger travel is growing in line with business confidence levels. Recent months have seen some positive economic signs emerge in both the US and China, and the Eurozone crisis seems to have stabilized. Of course risks remain; the impact of US budget cuts has yet to play out and fuel prices are high," IATA chief Tony Tyler said.
He also asserted that "the connectivity of the world's largest economy being held captive to politics is not acceptable."
Keywords: IATA, India aviation, air transport, Air traffic, Kingfisher Airlines


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Balanced Wolves drill Magic, 90-75
The Wolves and Magic were both awful in the second quarter, combining to miss their first 19 shots and turning the ball over virtually every other trip down the court.
Redick missed his first six shots from the field before getting going in the third, with his jumper off a screen cutting Minnesota's lead to 62-55 with just over a minute to play.
That's when Stiemsma took over. He scored the final six points of the period, then added a jumper to start the fourth, and the Wolves were off and running.
Despite the trade of Howard to the Lakers, the Magic got off to a surprisingly strong start in Vaughn's first season. They beat Denver and Phoenix to open the season, then had a narrow loss at Chicago on Tuesday night. Afflalo, Glen Davis and Redick had the offense humming at 103.3 points a game and shooting nearly 49 percent from 3-point range.
That started to ground to a halt against the Bulls on Tuesday night, and it slammed hard into the wall in Minnesota. Davis was just 2 for 9 and Afflalo was quiet after scoring 28 the previous night.
"I'm more disappointed in tonight," Afflalo said. "We didn't have the energy level or the effort to win tonight's game."
NOTES: Wolves PG J.J. Barea left the game in the fourth quarter with a sprained left foot and did not return. The team said he would be evaluated on Thursday ... Mo Harkless made his season debut for the Magic, scoring seven points in 23 minutes. ... Chase Budinger added 10 points and Nikola Pekovic had 11 points and five rebounds for the Wolves. ... Pekovic and Magic C Nikola Vucevic were teammates on the Montenegro national team. Vucevic managed just two points and four rebounds and was bullied by the older, bigger Pekovic most of the night.


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Aspiring Rapper Fights Off Frying Pan Attack With Banjo
A Kansas man says he and a friend were writing a rap song when their creative differences sparked a fight and he was attacked with a frying pan and a knife. Luckily, he fought off the attack with his banjo.
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