text:
Page 1
© 2008 The Authors
Journal compilation
Doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00181.x
© 2008 Nordic Pharmacological Society
. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
, 370–376
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
N-Acetylcysteine Effects on Genotoxic and Oxidative Stress Parameters
in Cirrhotic Rats with Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
Rafael Vercelino
, Juliana Tieppo
, Alexandre Simões Dias
Jaqueline Nascimento Picada
, Cláudio Augusto Marroni
and Norma Possa Marroni
, Eduardo Garcia
, Luise Meurer
Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Physiology, Porto Alegre Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto
Alegre, Methodist University Center, Porto Alegre, Laboratory of Hepatology and Pneumology, Federal Faculty of Medical Sciences of
Porto Alegre, Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,
Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, and
Lutheran University of Brazil, Canoas, Brazil
Laboratory of Oxidative Stress,
(Received June 18, 2007; Accepted September 18, 2007)
syndrome, a complication of cirrhosis, using an experimental model of common bile duct ligation in rats. Male Wistar rats
were divided into four experimental groups: CBDL (animals submitted to common bile duct ligation); Sham (animals
submitted to simulated common bile duct ligation); Sham
N-acetylcysteine, and CBDL
(10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered for 2 weeks starting on day 14 after surgery. Some alterations in the liver
integrity were investigated by evaluation of serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline
phosphatase, and arterial blood gases. Lipoperoxidation by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay, superoxide dismutase
activity and total nitrates was measured as parameters of oxidative stress, performed on lung homogenates. Micronucleus
assay in bone marrow and comet assay in lung, liver and blood were performed to assess the genotoxic effects by oxidative
stress. The results showed an improvement in the enzymatic parameters and arterial blood gases, a reduction of lipoper-
oxidation and in the total nitrates after treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Histological analysis showed vasodilatation in the
lung, which was reversed by N-acetylcysteine. Micronuclei frequency and DNA damage in lung and liver were increased in
the CBDL group. N-Acetylcysteine caused no genotoxic effect and did not influence the induction of micronucleus in bone
marrow and DNA damage in lung and liver. The results suggest protective effects after treatment with N-acetylcysteine in
cirrhotic rats with hepatopulmonary syndrome.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential antioxidant effects of N-acetylcysteine in hepatopulmonary
N-acetylcysteine. N-acetylcysteine
Changes in gas diffusion and gas exchanges are common in
patients with chronic liver diseases. The principal pulmonary
alteration is reduced arterial oxygenation seen in liver disease
and/or portal hypertension that characterize the hepato-
pulmonary syndrome (HPS) [1–3]. The mechanism of hypoxaemia
in HPS is described as a combination of the following
factors: intrapulmonary shunt, ventilation/perfusion ratio
imbalance and low oxygen diffusion due to disseminated
intrapulmonary vasodilatation, even in normal lung tissue [4,5].
Hepatopulmonary syndrome occurs in at least 15% of
patients with end-stage liver disease [2,5]. The anomalies found
in vascular and lung tissues usually are considered complica-
tions or consequences of hepatic dysfunctions in the HPS
[5]. Thus, new therapeutic approaches should be evaluated
with the aim of diminishing liver injury and increasing the
survival of patients with HPS.
Chang and Ohara [6] reported that biliary cirrhosis
induced by common bile duct ligation (CBDL) in rats
result in a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance and gas
exchange abnormalities analogous to those found in human
disease, and thus provided a model system to study HPS [6].
The pulmonary vasodilatation observed in the CBDL
model has been related to increased pulmonary nitric oxide,
a potent vasodilator. Bacterial translocation is found in 45–
75% of animals with CBDL, which favours the entry of
cytokines and endotoxins into the pulmonary circulation
[7]. In large amounts, cytokines and nitric oxide become
toxic and are major oxidative sources. Phagocytic cells that
generate the superoxide anion radical, a free radical that can
oxidize the plasma membrane, produce a large quantity of
reactive oxygen species (ROS) [8,9].
N-acetylcysteine is a thiolic compound that contains a
sulfhydryl group donor, serving as a precursor of glutathione
synthesis and inhibits the formation of ROS [10]. N-
acetylcysteine is currently investigated in clinical trials and
experimental models of various respiratory conditions, such
as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary
fibrosis. It has also been used in acetaminophen poisoning
and in experimental models of cirrhosis and portal hyper-
tension [11].
In addition, N-acetylcysteine has been shown to be an
antigenotoxic agent, exhibiting protective effects against
DNA oxidative damage by its antioxidant properties [12–14].
Furthermore, it may decrease cytogenetical damage produced
by exposure to cigarette smoke [15], and mutagenic agents
as urethane and 2-acetylaminofluorene [16] in rodents,
suggesting chemopreventive effects.
Author for correspondence: Norma Possa Marroni, Laboratory of
Oxidative Stress, Lutheran University of Brazil, Av. Farroupilho,
8001, Canoas 92420-280, RS, Brazil (fax
55-51-34771313, e-mail
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© 2008 The Authors
Journal compilation
© 2008 Nordic Pharmacological Society.
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
, 370–376
In a previous study, administration of N-acetylcysteine at
8.2 mg/kg in biliary-obstructed rats normalized glutathione
concentration to levels comparable to those in control
animals [17]. This study suggested that N-acetylcysteine
may be a useful agent to preserve liver function in patients
with biliary obstruction. However, the pulmonary anomalies
were not evaluated in that study.
The present study was undertaken to investigate whether
treatment with 10 mg/kg of N-acetylcysteine might improve
pulmonary and hepatic functions, preventing oxidative
stress in CBDL-induced cirrhosis in rats. The N-acetylcysteine–
antioxidant potential was evaluated by superoxide dismutase
(SOD) activity, lipoperoxidation and quantification of
nitrite and nitrate from cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic rats
14-day treated or untreated with N-acetylcysteine. Bone
marrow micronucleus assay and alkaline single-cell gel
electrophoresis assay (or comet assay) in blood, and in the
target tissues (lung and liver) were performed, in order to
investigate the effects of N-acetylcysteine on genotoxic
parameters in this model. Complementary assays were used
to evaluate the integrity of liver and lung tissues.
Materials and Methods
obtained from the Laboratory Animals Breeding Center, UFRGS,
Brazil. The animals were kept in plastic boxes (47
lined with wood shavings on a 12-hr light:dark cycle and at temperatures
between 20–25
. Water and food were provided
experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the
National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of
Laboratory Animals and with the consent of the Ethics Committee
of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
Twenty-four male Wistar rats (mean weight
250 g) were
18 cm)
ad libitum
. All
Experimental model.
CBDL, according to recommendations described in Kountouras
et al
. [18] and reviewed in Chang and Ohara [6]. The animals were
randomized and divided into four groups with six animals per
group. Group 1 (Sham), group 2 (CBDL), group 3 (Sham
acetylcysteine) and group 4 (CBDL
of groups 1 and 3 were submitted to simulated CBDL and the
animals of groups 2 and 4 were submitted to CBDL. Briefly, after
the animals were anaesthetized (ketamine hydrochloride 100 mg/kg,
and xylazine 10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), they underwent mid-
ventral laparotomy, dissection of the common bile duct at the exit
from the pancreatic ducts and ligation by means of two knots and
later sectioning between them.
Starting on the day 14 after surgery, 10 mg/kg of N-acetylcysteine
(Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA; CAS registry number
616-91-1) dissolved in 0.6 ml of 0.9% NaCl were administered once
a day, in animals of groups 3 and 4, by intraperitoneal injection.
The animals of groups 1 and 2 were treated with saline solution
(0.9% NaCl, by intraperitoneal injection). On day 28, the animals
were anaesthetized and killed by exsanguinations, due to the fact
that in prior experiments, after 28 days from CBDL, they had a
high mortality; thus, a 14-day treatment with N-acetylcysteine was
considered as the most suitable.
The mortality among cirrhotic animals treated with saline
increased after day 28. Thus, a 14-day treatment with N-acetylcysteine
was considered as the most suitable.
Secondary biliary cirrhosis was induced by
N-acetylcysteine). The animals
Liver enzymes and arterial gasses.
from the retro-ocular sinus for the analysis of serum enzymes:
On day 28, blood was collected
aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) [19]. Next, the abdominal region
was shaved for mid-ventral laparotomy, and blood was collected
from the abdominal aorta to measure arterial gases. An ABL 700
analyser (Radiometer, Copenhagen, Denmark) and the electrophoresis
method were used for the analyses.
Micronucleus assay.
to the US Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program
[20,21]. Bone marrow from both femurs was suspended in foetal
calf serum and smears on clean glass slides were made according to
et al
. [22]. Slides were air-dried, fixed in methanol,
stained in 10% Giemsa and coded for a 'blind' analysis. To avoid
false negative results and as a measure of toxicity on bone marrow,
the polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE):normochromatic erythrocytes
(NCE) ratio was scored in 1000 cells. The incidence of micronuclei
(MN) was observed in 2000 PCE for each animal [23].
The micronucleus assay was performed according
Comet assay.
by Tice
Each lung and liver specimen was placed in 0.5 ml of cold phosphate-
buffered saline solution, and minced into fine pieces in order to
obtain a cell suspension. The lung, liver and peripheral blood cell
suspensions (5
l) were embedded in 95
at 0.75% (Gibco BRL, Grand Island, NY, USA) and spread on
agarose-precoated microscope slides. After solidification, slides
were placed in lysis buffer solution (2.5 M NaCl, 100 mM EDTA
and 10 mM Tris, pH 10.0), with freshly added 1% Triton X-100
(Sigma Chemical Co.) and 10% dimethyl sulfoxide for a minimum
of 1 hr and a maximum 1 week at 4ºC. Subsequently, the slides were
incubated in freshly prepared alkaline buffer (300 mM NaOH and
1 mM EDTA, pH
13) for 20 min., at 4ºC. An electric current of
300 mA and 25 V (0.90 V/cm) was applied for 15 min. to induce
DNA electrophoresis. The slides were then neutralized (0.4 M Tris,
pH 7.5), stained with silver as described by Nadin
analysed using a microscope. Images of 100 randomly selected cells
(50 cells from each of two replicate slides) were analysed from each
animal. Cells were also visually scored according to tail size into five
classes ranging from undamaged (0), to maximally damaged (4), result-
ing in a single DNA damage score for each animal, and consequently
for each studied group. Therefore, the damage index could range from
0 (completely undamaged, 100 cells
damage, 100
4). The damage frequency (%) was calculated based
on number of cells with tail versus those with no tail [27].
The alkaline comet assay was carried out as described
. [24] with minor modifications by Picada
et al et al
. [25].
l low melting point agarose
et al
. [26] and
0) to 400 (with maximum
Biochemical analysis.
and weighed; the anterior portion of the lower right lobe of the
lung was reserved for histological analysis and the rest was immediately
frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –80
frozen tissue was homogenized in Ultra-Turrax (IKA-WERK) in
phosphate buffer solution (KCl 140 mmol/l, phosphate 20 mm/l,
pH 7.4) and centrifuged at 2195
g for 10 min. Lipoperoxidation was
measured using the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS)
assay and 3 mg of sample/protein [28]. Cytosolic SOD (EC 1,15,11)
was assayed by rate of epinephrine auto-oxidation, which is pro-
gressively inhibited by amounts of SOD in the homogenate [29].
The Griess reaction was used for the quantification of nitrite (
and nitrate () [30].
The lung and liver of the animals were removed
for later analyses. The
Histological analysis.
in 10% formaldehyde solution. After routine processing, tissue was
embedded in paraffin and haematoxylin and eosin staining slides
were obtained. The histological examination was performed in the
Laboratory of Pathology at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre by
a pathologist blinded to study groups. The alveolar capillaries were
selected for computed morphometric evaluation, which was conduced
with a microscope equipped with a digital camera and connected to an
image capture board of a computer running the Image-Pro Plus by
Media Cybernetics, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Lung tissue was collected and kept for 12 hr
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© 2008 The Authors
Journal compilation
© 2008 Nordic Pharmacological Society.
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
, 370–376
Statistical analysis.
evaluation of data from comet assay and micronucleus assay were
carried out using Tukey's test.
Post hoc
out using the Student–Newman–Keuls test. In all comparisons,
P-value of
0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Data were analysed using
The statistical
comparisons were carried
Table 1 shows the values of serum enzymes and liver-
to-body and lung-to-body weight ratios of the different
groups. There was a significant increase in AST, ALT and
ALP enzymes of animals in group 2 (CBDL) in the comparison
with group 1 (Sham). In group 4 (CBDL
these enzymes decreased in comparison with group 2
(CBDL). The liver-to-body and lung-to-body weight ratios
were significantly increased in group 2 in comparison with
groups 1, 3 and 4.
Table 2 shows the values of arterial gasses. Partial
pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and
haemoglobin saturation were evaluated in all groups. A
reduction in haemoglobin saturation was found in group 2
(CBDL); an increase was found in group 4 (CBDL
acetylcysteine) in comparison with group 2.
The evaluation of lipoperoxidation in lung homogenates
using TBARS (table 2) revealed an increase in group 2
(CBDL) in comparison with the other groups. TBARS
values detected in group 4 (CBDL
close to those of groups 1 (Sham) and 3 (Sham
acetylcysteine). The total nitrate values in lung tissue in
group 2 (CBDL) were higher than in the other groups (table 2).
Superoxide dismutase activity in lung homogenates
(fig. 1) was lower in group 2 (CBDL) than in the other
groups. SOD activity in group 4 (CBDL
was greater than in group 2 (CBDL) but lower than in
groups 1 (Sham) and 3 (Sham
As shown in table 3, a similar PCE/NCE ratio was
detected in all groups, indicating no toxicity in bone marrow
of the animals. The groups 1 (Sham) and 3 (Sham
acetylcysteine) showed comparable frequency of micronucleus.
Besides, there was an increase in the frequency of micro-
nucleus in group 2 (CBDL) in comparison with group 1.
However, the frequency of micronucleus was not altered by
the treatment with N-acetylcysteine (group 4; CBDL
acetylcysteine), showing value like CBDL-untreated animals
(group 2).
In the comet assay, data showed a significant increase in
baseline DNA damage in lung and liver, but not in blood
from group 2 (CBDL), as measured by damage index and
damage frequency, in comparison with group 1 (Sham) (table 4).
Measurement of DNA damages of blood, lung and liver
from group 3 (Sham
N-acetylcysteine) showed no significant
N-acetylcysteine) were
Table 1.
Serum enzymes and liver-to-body and lung-to-body weight ratios from rats cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic treated or untreated with N-acetylcysteine.
Serum enzymesWeight ratios
AST (U/l)ALT (U/l) ALP (U/l) Liver-to-bodyLung-to-body
2 versus 1 and 3
2 versus 4
4 versus 1 and 3
98.4 ± 13.5
674.8 ± 38.1
85.9 ± 7.4
371.5 ± 63.8
56.7 ± 4.6
158.0 ± 8.8
48.0 ± 2.8
103.8 ± 21.6
138.8 ± 18.4
407.0 ± 34.0
146.3 ± 17.9
309.0 ± 75.3
2.8 ± 0.1
6.0 ± 0.5
3.0 ± 0.2
3.5 ± 0.3
0.4 ± 0.02
0.6 ± 0.04
0.4 ± 0.05
0.4 ± 0.04
Group 1: Sham; group 2: CBDL (common bile duct ligation); group 3: Sham + N-acetylcysteine; group 4: CBDL + N-acetylcysteine. Data
are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase.
Table 2.
Blood gasses, TBARS and nitric oxide metabolites from rats cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic treated or untreated with N-acetylcysteine.
Blood gassesLPO Nitric oxide metabolites
PO2 (mmHg)PCO2 (mmHg)SatO2/Hb (%)TBARS (nmol/mg protein)Total nitrate (µmol/l)
2 versus 1 and 3
2 versus 4
Group 1: Sham; group 2: CBDL (common bile duct ligation); group 3: Sham + N-acetylcysteine; group 4: CBDL + N-acetylcysteine. Data
are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. PO2, partial pressure of oxygen; PCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide; SatO2/Hb, haemoglobin
saturation; TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances; LPO, lipoperoxidation.
93.3 ± 8.9
47.5 ± 4.5
94.0 ± 4.7
76.4 ± 3.3
45.3 ± 4.0
70.2 ± 3.2
51.3 ± 7.3
55.5 ± 3.0
95.8 ± 0.8
54.7 ± 5.8
92.5 ± 3.0
87.7 ± 1.3
0.56 ± 0.12
1.01 ± 0.35
0.62 ± 0.19
0.63 ± 0.07
92.6 ± 6.9
163.8 ± 7.0
104.5 ± 9.3
109.2 ± 6.6
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© 2008 The Authors
Journal compilation
© 2008 Nordic Pharmacological Society.
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
, 370–376
difference in damage index or damage frequency in com-
parison with group 1 (Sham) (table 4). There was no
significant reduction on DNA damage by the treatment with
N-acetylcysteine (group 4), in comparison with the N-
acetylcysteine-untreated CBDL animals (group 2). However,
it may be observed that the DNA damage from group 4
were less pronounced than from group 2, when both were
compared to group 1 (table 4).
The histological analysis of lung tissues from animals in
group 1 (Sham) showed normal architecture of pulmonary
parenchyma, and vessels with normal diameters (fig. 2).
Figure 3 is a photomicrograph of a sample in group 2
(CBDL) showing increased diameter of vessels. Figure 4 is a
photomicrograph of a sample in group 4 (CBDL
acetylcysteine) showing reduced vasodilatation.
Hepatopulmonary syndrome is a complication caused by
cirrhosis, portal hypertension or both, and is characterized
by vascular dilatations that lead to changes in the arterial
diffusion of gases [4,5]. The ligation of the biliary duct in
rats leads to secondary biliary cirrhosis. This model repro-
duces the main characteristics of HPS, in which oxidative
stress may play the main role [31,32].
The antioxidant properties of N-acetylcysteine interfere
with the oxidative stress at the genesis of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease [33]. In animal models, it seems to
reduce the inflammatory response to antigens, and it has
been administered to animals with bronchial asthma [19].
N-Acetylcysteine has been shown to improve tissue oxygen-
ation in patients with fulminant hepatic failure [34] and in
animal model [35], to exert a protective effect against
hepatic ischaemia–reperfusion injury [36] and to improve
hepatic microcirculation after orthotopic liver transplanta-
tion [37]. In this study, damage to liver tissue was similar to
that seen in other models of induced cirrhosis [17,38,39].
The activity of serum enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) was
reduced in the animals that underwent CBDL and received
N-acetylcysteine, which demonstrates the hepatoprotective
Fig. 1. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in lung homogenates
of the different groups. Results are expressed as mean ± S.E.M.
(*P < 0.01, **P < 0.001). CBDL, common bile duct ligation; NAC,
Table 3.
Micronucleus test in bone marrow of cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic rats, treated or untreated with N-acetylcysteine.
Ratio (PCE/NCE)
Individual valuesPer group (mean ± S.D.)
2.1 ± 0.5
2.1 ± 0.5
1.8 ± 0.5
2.0 ± 0.5
Micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in 2000 PCE
Individual valuesPer group (mean ± S.D.)
13.2 ± 2.2
39.6 ± 11.0*
17.0 ± 4.8
40.2 ± 12.0*
Group 1: Sham; group 2: CBDL (common bile duct ligation); group 3: Sham + N-acetylcysteine; group 4: CBDL + N-acetylcysteine.
Different from the group 1. *P < 0.001 (, Tukey's test). NCE, normochromatic erythrocytes; PCE, polychromatic erythrocytes.
Table 4.
Comet assay in the blood, lung, and liver from rats cirrhotic and
non-cirrhotic treated or untreated with N-acetylcysteine.
Tissue Groups Damage index Damage frequency
6.1 ± 3.9
6.4 ± 3.0
6.3 ± 4.6
5.7 ± 2.3
31.2 ± 16.2
93.1 ± 39.0**
51.3 ± 24.6
70.6 ± 27.7
15.6 ± 3.7
116.3 ± 38.8***
32.3 ± 24.3
96.4 ± 45.6**
5.9 ± 3.5
5.4 ± 3.5
5.5 ± 4.7
5.4 ± 2.1
22.6 ± 12.2
60.0 ± 20.6***
33.7 ± 9.5
47.6 ± 13.5*
11.2 ± 2.8
65.9 ± 21.4***
19.0 ± 10.6
48.4 ± 18.9**
Group 1: Sham; group 2: CBDL (common bile duct ligation);
group 3: Sham + N-acetylcysteine; group 4: CBDL + N-acetylcysteine.
Damage index can range from 0 (completely undamaged, 100 cells × 0)
to 400 (with maximum damaged 100 × 4); Damage frequency (%)
was calculated based on number of cells with tail versus those with
no tail. Different from the group 1; significant difference: *P < 0.05;
**P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 (, Tukey's test).
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Journal compilation © 2008 Nordic Pharmacological Society. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 102, 370–376
effect of this drug (table 1). These findings are in agreement
with the results reported by Pastor et al. [17], who used the
same experimental model. In models of liver cirrhosis
induced by CBDL or by carbon tetrachloride in association
with treatment with flavonoids, similar effects were observed
on the values of these enzymes [39–41].
A significant increase in liver-to-body and lung-to-body
weight ratios was found in the CBDL group in the comparison
with the other groups. The increased liver-to-body weight
ratio may be a response to acute hepatocellular damage and
to the progressive fibrogenesis in the interstitial space [6].
The reduced lung-to-body weight ratio after N-acetylcysteine
administration is conceivably related to a reduction in vascular
filtration and a reduced pressure in pulmonary vascular
filtration, although this explanation needs to be proven.
A significant reduction in partial pressure of oxygen and
haemoglobin saturation was observed in the CBDL group
(table 2), which demonstrates a change in gas diffusion in
this model. This hypoxaemia may be related to the intrapul-
monary vasodilatation caused by the increased production
of vasodilating compounds in the pulmonary endothelium,
particularly nitric oxide [5,9].
In the CBDL + N-acetylcysteine group, lipoperoxidation
values remained close to those in the Sham group (table 2),
which may be related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
actions of N-acetylcysteine. This action can inhibit the release
of the chemotactic factors of neutrophils, hence, decreasing
the formation of superoxide anion radicals [42,43].
Besides leading to lipoperoxidation, ROS may induce
oxidation of DNA and protein [24]. Oxidative DNA damage
is the most common threat to genomic stability. There is
strong evidence implicating the generation of ROS and the
corresponding responses to oxidative stress as key factors in
the pathogenesis of several human diseases. In this study, a
significant increase in the frequency of micronucleus in bone
marrow (table 3) and an increased DNA damage in target
lung and liver tissues (table 4) were observed in the cirrhotic
group (CBDL), suggesting increased genomic instability.
Probably, these effects were induced by ROS, which are
implicated in the pathogenesis of HPS. However, the
animals of CBDL + N-acetylcysteine group exhibited almost
the same frequency of micronucleus as observed in CBDL
animals (group 2) (table 3), demonstrating that N-acetylcysteine
can not prevent cytogenetical damage in this model. The
DNA damage from the CBDL + N-acetylcysteine group
was lower than from the CBDL group, suggesting a tendency
for protective effects by N-acetylcysteine treatment of
cirrhotic animals, although the data were not statistically
significant (table 4). Other studies using comet assay have
shown an N-acetylcysteine protective role as scavenger of
ROS by decreasing DNA strand breaks and oxidized bases
Evaluation of the total nitrate production in lung
homogenates revealed greater production of these metabolites
in the CBDL group than in the other groups (table 2).
Fig. 2. Photomicrograph of normal pulmonary tissue of animal in
group 1 (Sham), showing normal architecture of pulmonary
parenchyma and vessels of normal diameter (magnification ×200).
Fig. 3. Photomicrograph of pulmonary tissue of animal in group 3
(CBDL), showing vessels of increased diameter (magnification ×200).
Fig. 4. Photomicrograph of pulmonary tissue of animal in group 4
(CBDL + N-acetylcysteine), showing
(magnification ×200).
reduced vasodilatation
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Journal compilation © 2008 Nordic Pharmacological Society. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 102, 370–376
Intrapulmonary vasodilatation (fig. 3) was noted in the
CBDL group, probably due to the high level of nitric oxide
in pulmonary tissue [44,45]. According to Nunes et al. [9]
the excessive production of nitric oxide may be associated
with endotoxaemia, primarily caused by the activity of
pulmonary intravascular macrophages and inducible nitric
oxide synthase expression in lung tissue. The total nitrate
values in the CBDL + N-acetylcysteine group remained
close to those in the Sham group, demonstrating that N-
acetylcysteine may have an inhibitory effect on the production
of nitric oxide.
A reduction in SOD activity in the lung tissue was
observed in the cirrhotic group (CBDL) in comparison with
the other groups (fig. 1). Probably, this effect occurs by
increased inactivation of this enzyme due to the large
amount of superoxide anion radicals in that tissue. Several
studies relate to reduction in SOD activity due to the
increased oxidative stress [46,47]. The accumulation of
cytokines and defense cells in the pulmonary endothelium
increase the formation of ROS. Superoxide anion radical
(O·–) in the lung tissue may associate with nitric oxide,
producing peroxinitrite (ONOO–), a potent oxidant, which may
denature protein [8,48]. In the CBDL + N-acetylcysteine
group the value of SOD activity in the lung remained close
to that in the Sham group (fig. 1), suggesting a protective
effect by N-acetylcysteine against lung damages in the
CBDL model. N-acetylcysteine can reduce the formation of
peroxinitrite by inhibiting production of nitric oxide
metabolites. The combination of the thiol component of N-
acetylcysteine with nitric oxide produces a compound called
nitrothiol [48]. This compound can preserve and accumulate
nitric oxide in its biologically active form, and, when it does,
may act as an antioxidant by inhibiting the action of ROS in
lung tissue. As an antioxidant, nitric oxide may react to the
metalloproteinases in cytosol, and thus prevent oxidative
reactions and limit cell damage mediated by oxidative stress
Lung histological examination revealed an increased
diameter of the vessels in the CBDL group (fig. 3), a
phenomenon that characterizes the HPS. This finding is in
agreement with those reported in other studies that used the
same model to investigate HPS [17,39,41]. The CBDL + N-
acetylcysteine group showed reduction of the pulmonary
vasodilatation (fig. 4) and hepatic injury, probably due to
the antioxidant potential of N-acetylcysteine, which reduces
oxidative damage in animals with CBDL, improves liver
function, and, consequently, reduces endotoxaemia and the
amount of nitric oxide and ROS in the lung tissue.
The present study is the first to report the use of N-
acetylcysteine in animals with common bile duct ligation to
reverse the harmful effects on lung tissue. Clearly, these
results warrant further studies to characterize the benefits of
this drug in the hypoxaemia found in cirrhosis.
We thank the Research Incentive Fund of Hospital de
Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) and the staff at Laboratory
of Experimental Hepatology and Physiology of HCPA for
their excellent scientific support.
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11 Zafarullah M, Li WQ, Sylvester J, Ahmad M. Molecular
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12 Farombi EO. Genotoxicity of chloroquine in rat liver cells:
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13 Zhao J, Liu XJ. Antioxidative and immunomodulatory role of
melatonin, sodium selenite, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and quercetin
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acetyl-L-cysteine prevents DNA damage induced by UVA,
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16 Balansky RM, De Flora S. Interactions between N-acetylcysteine
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17 Pastor A, Collado PS, Almar M, Gonzalez-Gallego J.
Antioxidant enzyme status in biliary obstructed rats: effects of
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18 Kountouras J, Billing BH, Scheuer PJ. Prolonged bile duct
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21 Miller B, Potter-Locher F, Seelbach A, Stopper H, Utesch D,
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position of the GUM Working Group on the in vitro micronucleus
test. Gesellschaft fur Umwelt-Mutations-forschung. Mutat Res
22 MacGregor JT, Heddle JA, Hite M et al. Guidelines for the
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23 Picada JN, da Silva KV, Erdtmann B, Henriques AT, Henriques
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24 Tice RR, Agurell E, Anderson D et al. Single cell gel/comet
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26 Nadin SB, Vargas-Roig LM, Ciocca DR. A silver staining
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[Common bile duct ligation as a model of hepatopulmonary
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Gonzalez-Gallego J. The flavonoid quercetin ameliorates liver
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Am J Physiol


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Hampton Inn Glenwood Springs
Hampton Inn Glenwood Springs
Hotel Guest Rating: 9.1/10
401 West First Street
Glenwood Springs, CO 81601
Hotel Freebies Available*
• Save 15% on select dates show dates
• Save 10% on select dates show dates
• Free Breakfast show dates
• Free Internet in Room show dates
• Free Parking show dates
Welcome to the Hampton Inn Glenwood Springs
free, hot breakfast, free parking and flat-panel LCD TVs are just a few of the perks Priceline guests appreciate at the non-smoking Hampton Inn Glenwood Springs.
Hotel Features
Plush pillowtop mattresses cozy up the 70 rooms at this three-story hotel. You can flip on a flat-panel LCD TV for an in-room movie or flip open your laptop for free, high-speed internet access. Take care of business in the comfort of your own bed with a convenient lap desk, or enjoy a soothing soak in a jetted tub. Rooms also feature microwaves, refrigerators, coffeemakers, sofa beds, blackout curtains and free newspapers. If you're feeling peckish, you can fuel up with fluffy scrambled eggs, succulent sausage, French toast and more at the free, hot breakfast. If you're in a hurry, you can grab a complimentary breakfast bag packed with a muffin, fruit, cereal bar and bottled water. You can get your heart rate pumping with some cardio in the well-equipped fitness center or a few laps in the heated, indoor pool. Afterwards, you can soak your sore muscles in the soothing hot tub. Stay on top of your work with copy and fax services in the business center. Parking is free.
Hotel Location
Hampton Inn Glenwood Springs is a half-mile from I-70. You can wade into warm waters at Glenwood Hot Springs, just a half-mile away. Explore underground caverns and ride roller coasters at Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park, less than one mile from the hotel, or walk over to Two Rivers Park, less than a half-mile away. The hotel is four miles from Glenwood Springs Municipal Airport and 29 miles from Eagle County Regional Airport.
Guest Favorites
Priceline guests like the "excellent, free breakfast" and "huge, comfortable beds" at Hampton Inn Glenwood Springs.
Hampton Inn Glenwood Springs Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Air conditioning individually controlled in room
- Alarm clock
- Buffet breakfast
- Business center
- Cable television
- Cocktail lounge
- Complimentary buffet breakfast
- Complimentary cocktails
- Complimentary in-room coffee or tea
- Exercise gym
- Express check-out
- Fire safety compliant
- Fitness center on-site
- Free high speed internet connection
- Free parking
- Gift/News stand
- Hairdryer
- Heated guest rooms
- High speed internet access fee
- Indoor pool
- Interior corridors
- Iron
- Ironing board
- Jacuzzi
- Late check-out available
- Laundry/Valet service
- Meeting rooms
- Non-smoking
- Non-smoking rooms (generic)
- On-site business center
- On-site business center is staffed
- On-Site parking
- Parking
- Parking lot
- Pool
- Public area air conditioned
- Safe deposit box
- Security
- Valet cleaning
- Voice mail
- Welcome drink
- Whirlpool
Hotel Information
Upon check-in photo identification and credit card are required. All special requests are subject to availability upon check-in. Special requests cannot be guaranteed and may incur additional charges. Guests are required to show a photo identification and credit card upon check-in. Please note that all Special Requests are subject to availability and additional charges may apply.
Hotel Guest Reviews of the Hampton Inn Glenwood SpringsOur hotel ratings and reviews are from real hotel guests. Priceline.com ensures that its reviews are guests-only by proactively sending hotel surveys to customers after they've completed their hotel stays. In the post-stay surveys, priceline.com hotel customers are asked a number of questions about their stay and the hotel. On a scale of 1-10 with 10 being the best, the survey asks guests to rate their overall experience and specifically rate the hotel's cleanliness, staff and location. Priceline.com does not allow site visitors to post unsolicited hotel reviews.
Sort by: All Travelers | Traveling as Couple(6) | Family with Young Children(2) | Family with Teens(1) | Group Traveler(6)
Verified Hotel Guest from Turkey, TX
December 30, 2014
December 30, 2014
I loved it! Great will stay again. Loved the in room whirlpool ! Cant wait to come back.
Verified Hotel Guest from Denver, CO
October 28, 2014
Group Traveler
October 28, 2014
Group Traveler
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.
Verified Hotel Guest from Monticello, UT
October 7, 2014
October 7, 2014
Fresh cookies in the lobby every night! :)
The room we stayed in could've used some fixing of the caulking in the shower and the toilet was hard to flush.
Young from Aurora, CO
September 20, 2014
Group Traveler
September 20, 2014
Group Traveler
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.
Leah from Sedona, AZ
September 15, 2014
Group Traveler
September 15, 2014
Group Traveler
Everything. The staff really went out of their way to be friendly and helpful.
Would definitely stay here again!
Verified Hotel Guest from Fairfax, VA
September 4, 2014
Group Traveler
September 4, 2014
Group Traveler
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.
Stephan from Miami, FL
August 28, 2014
Group Traveler
August 28, 2014
Group Traveler
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.
K Allen from Springfield, IL
August 22, 2014
August 22, 2014
The complementary hot breakfast was superb. The staff was very friendly and helped us with some sightseeing suggestions. The hotel was conveniently located and very nicely maintained.
Tracy from Sioux City, IA
August 6, 2014
Family Traveling with Young Children
August 6, 2014
Family Traveling with Young Children
Very clean. Close to all attractions,
Not all staff equally friendly
Verified Hotel Guest from Denver, CO
August 5, 2014
August 5, 2014
This guest did not leave comments about this hotel.
Reviews of Hampton Inn Glenwood Springs
(1 - 10 of 16 reviews)
(1 - 10 of 16 reviews)
from $101
- Glenwood Springs Inn from $59 (0mi)
- Holiday Inn Express Glenwood Springs from $79 (0mi)
- Silver Spruce Motel from $65 (0mi)
- Best Western Antlers from $89 (0.1mi)
- Hotel Glenwood Springs from $86 (0.1mi)
- Charcoal Burger Drive-In Inc (6.2mi)
Most Popular Guest-Rated Hotels in Glenwood Springs
Most Popular Business-Friendly Hotels in Glenwood Springs
- Quality Inn & Suites Glenwood Springs
- Glenwood Suites, An Ascend Collection Hotel
- Residence Inn Glenwood Springs

subset: commoncrawl


text:
OP Senior Member
Thanks Meter: 35
684 posts
Join Date:Joined: Apr 2010
Anyways here is what happened. I had a rooted stock rom on Jellybean. Working fine I wanted to upgrade so...
I installed safestrap 3.71 and flashed the Urdroid stock rooted kitkat rom. Then I went onto ODIN and installed the files in this tutorial
I got an error and the files did not install (good thing) and I realized crap the ATT Note 3 is not the same as the Rogers version...
Rogers = SMN900W8
soooooo I realized I've been in the wrong forum this whole time (ATT Note 3) and I was wondering what can I do to get help? Safestrap (a recovery for ATT models) still works and I'm pretty sure I can flash JB roms still. I'm not sure which rom to use and where to go now.
What can I do to get back to stock brand new condition and start experimenting all over again? I want clean up this mess.


text:
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FreeBSD 10.0 Has Finally Been Released
Published on 20 January 2014 01:30 PM EST
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It's been delayed by many months but the official release of
FreeBSD 10.0
has shipped today!
FreeBSD 10.0 uses Clang as the default compiler in place of GCC, TRIM support is available for SSDs with ZFS as are other ZFS file-system improvements, AMD Radeon KMS driver support, and a wide-range of packages have been updated. I have already written at length about
the best FreeBSD 10 features
and other
interesting features
so check out the dozens of FreeBSD 10.0 articles on Phoronix for more information.
The FreeBSD 10.0-RELEASE announcement can be read on
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There were at least three NCAA Division I schools (Minnesota, Maryland and DePaul) in St. Paul last Friday night to see a nonconference girls' basketball game between St. Paul Como Park and DeLaSalle. They were there to see junior guard Andrayah Adams, one of the state's top prospects, who is averaging 31 points per game so far and closing in on the 2,000-point career mark. Adams won the battle with a game-high 32 points, but DeLaSalle won the war behind the efforts of Taylor Toney. Continue Reading →
Recent Articles
Top players take honors, early leads
Minneapolis Washburn running back JEFF JONES, the senior who rushed for 4,668 yards and 92 touchdowns for his career, was recently named Mr. Football. Jones also helped the Millers' boys' basketball team capture second-place honors in the Class 3A state tournament in 2011 as a sophomore.
Hageman captures team honors
Former Washburn football and basketball star RA'SHADE HAGEMAN was a three-time award winner at the Gophers annual team football banquet. Hageman, a defensive lineman recruited as tight end while in high school, captured the Bronko Nagurski Award (MVP), the Carle Eller Award (Outstanding Defensive Player), and Defensive Player of the Year. Hageman also earned First Team All-Big Ten honors. Continue Reading →


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Cookin with The Columns: A soup perfect for St. Patrick's Day
Since St. Patrick's Day will be Sunday, I thought this would be an appropriate recipe. Meg recently got it from a friend and she says it is really good.
It's not easy being (very) green, but it smells and tastes delicious! And it's very healthy and diet friendly because it's mainly just veggies and broth.
Latest News
Manhunt ends with arrest A manhunt that started...
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Debate introduces District 3 supervisor candidates to voters race first up The candidate debate...
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Aldermen set new water, sewer rates; hearing planned The Board of Aldermen...
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text:
North Dakota artisans hand-select the finest wood veneers to craft Copenhagen, a bedroom collection that offers modern solutions with design details like mitered corners and a steel base.
Our Copenhagen bed features a one-inch thick headboard that's angled for comfort. Choose your favorite combination of wood and steel base to create the perfect mix of materials for your space.
This bed features a mattress platform made of steel slats, eliminating the need for a box spring or foundation. We recommend a mattress height of 13 inches or shorter to achieve the ideal bed proportions. Shop our mattresses for a perfect fit.
Details of Copenhagen Queen Bed
- Dimensions: 62w 86d 37h
- Underbed Clearance: 7.5h
- Floor to Bottom of Mattress: 10h
- Special Considerations: accommodates mattress only; box spring not recommended
- Product Origin: made in North Dakota
- Item Number: 508594
- Wood: PolyBak veneer See material details
- Finish: lacquer
- Color: ebony
- Base: stainless steel See material details


text:
The murder case involving the son of Red Sox broadcaster Jerry Remy has led Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley to call for a re-examination of the state's domestic violence laws.
Coakley on Monday also sought a full review of the circumstances surrounding the case, which she called a "horrible tragedy." But she stopped short of criticizing the handling of the case by the Middlesex District Attorney's office.
Jared Remy pleaded not guilty on Friday to charges of murder and domestic assault and battery in the killing of his girlfriend, 27-year-old Jennifer Martel.
Authorities say one of two suspects in the Boston Marathon bombing is dead and a massive manhunt is underway for another.
Residents of the Boston suburb of Watertown have been advised to keep their doors locked and not let anyone in.
The Middlesex district attorney says the two men are suspected of killing an MIT police officer at the college late Thursday, then stealing a car at gunpoint and later releasing its driver unharmed. Hours earlier, police had released photos of the bombing suspects and asked for the public's help finding them.
Authorities say a campus police officer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has died from injuries in a shooting on the campus outside Boston.
No arrests have been made and a manhunt is on for the shooter.
Cambridge police and the Middlesex District Attorney's office says the officer was responding to a report of a disturbance when he was shot multiple times. He later died at a hospital. His name was not immediately released.
State police spokesman Dave Procopio says the shooting took place about 10:30 p.m. outside an MIT building.


text:
pain at 5 weeks
I'm 5weeks 3days and for the past few days i've had slight pain that comes and goes. Anyone else go through this?
Posted: 09/27/2007 by Jamie32985
Mom Answers
Sort by: best answers | most recent answers
621 - 630 of 802 answers
Yes! Mostly sore boobs, slight headaches, abdominal cramping (like pms).posted 01/30/2009 by LibraBabyontheWay!
I also have been having bad cramps on my lower abs more to the right. I hope its not a tubal pregnancy....hope everything is ok with you..posted 01/29/2009 by BELL1185
Yeah Im right around 5 weeks. I read that its the baby getting implanted in the uterus. So its actually a good sign as long as there isnt blood. Spotting of course is okay but ya know what i mean.posted 01/27/2009 by a BabyCenter Member
I just hit the five week mark. I just talked to the doctor this morning and he said that it was normal because of implantation and your uterus getting used to having something in there.posted 01/26/2009 by a BabyCenter Member
I am 5 1/2 weeks too and went in to condirm my pregnancy and complained about pain on my right side. I do not want to alarm you but any pain is worth mentioning o your DR IMMEDIATELY. I did before he even confirmed I was pregnant and we did it all in one step in his office, althou due to prior ectopic pregnancies I had an idea that the pain I was feeling was not normal. I had to have surgery immediately. The pain was a ruptured corpus luteum in my rt tube. Apparent;y this too was treatable and I am succesfully still pregnant but taking it a day at a time. DO NOT HESITATE TO ask your DR.posted 01/19/2009 by kcnizzy
My doctor told me it's normal, and I have to remember that my body is changing to house my baby for nine months. As long as the pain isn't unbearable than I should ok, and I will tell you the same thing! However the only way to know is my speaking with your doctor.posted 01/17/2009 by DivineMommy2Be
I am about 5 weeks pregnant too and I was having discomfort too... my Dr actually told me it could be gas pains due to hormones... I took some gas x (its okay while pregnant) and drank grape juice with fiber and havnt had a problem since. Like everyone else said as long as it isnt servere your okay.posted 01/15/2009 by Meg151784
thanks to these answers i'm not really worried...but since im just a teen i am wondering if i'm expecting or not since i used up my only test early and it was a BFN and i still havent had a visit from AF....if i am i'm supposed to be 5 weeks and 4 days best wishes to allposted 01/13/2009 by Attari2010
i am 5 weeks also my third pregnacy had this pain for all three if there is any pain its always best to ask your ob 9 times out of 10 during your first weeks its your body ajusting but always ask first just in caseposted 01/13/2009 by mommy of now three
Actually round ligament pain can start early! not just when you are showing~ I had my son almost 3 years ago... i am almost 6 weeks pregnant and i am experiencing the same pains.... so it is normal... i also suffered a miscarriage 3 1/2 months ago... if you have severe pain... GO IN OR CALL!posted 01/09/2009 by Mrs.Criddle
Answer this question


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Kenny Loggins talks about his one-episode guest stint as himself on "Archer."Read More »
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Set to premiere April 15, FX's new series "Fargo" has its first teaser, and it features Billy Bob Thornton. Watch the intriguingly oblique trailer below.Read More »
With the premiere of the much-anticipated "Fargo" series, inspired by the Coen brothers film, slated for April 15, FX has made an unexpected casting announcement.Read More »
"The Americans," which returns for a second season on FX this Wednesday, February 26th, is both a period spy story and a family drama -- and its new arc with have plenty going on on both sides.Read More »
There's a new teaser for "Fargo," the FX series adapted from the Oscar-winning feature film.Read More »
The five best bets on television for the week of February 24 through March 1.Read More »
"The Americans" is really a show about isolation. That feels more true than ever in its second season, which premieres on FX on Wednesday, February 26th, returning with a set of episodes just as impressive as anything in the show's very strong first year.Read More »
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FX has teamed up with producers Jon Shestack ("Dan in Real Life"), Ken Kwapis ("The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants") and Alexandra Beattie to bring "Redshirts," a comedic sci-fi novel published in 2012, to the small screen.Read More »


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Blog Posts in Category: inspire
October 18, 2013
"I CHOOSE to be positive." This is a phrase that we do not hear enough in our world. You know how when someone says, "I love your hair today", or "You are absolutely wonderful", you feel absolutely amazing inside? Why don't we say these simple phrases everyday? Why don't we make someone's day, everyday? The goal of Operation Beautiful is to end negative self talk or "fat talk". Negative self-talk inflicts pain; emotionally, spiritually and physically. Simple acts of kindness, as simple as... Read More
Recent Posts
UNH Transportation Services has the program for you! Craving to feel the sunshine on your face? Do... Read more
3 Tips for Commuter and Transfer Students If you are a commuter student or a transfer student,... Read more
A Challenge from Healthy UNH Intern: Katelyn In an age where students are constantly on the go... Read more


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Thursday, September 25, 2014, 7:30 PM
Williams: Fanfare & Allegro
Smith: Symphony No. 1
McTee: Finish Line
Zare: Mare Tranquillitatis
Barnes: Fantasy Variations on a Theme by Paganini
Thursday, November 20, 2014, 8:00 PM
Lindroth: Alarm Calls
Morales: Double Trumpet Concerto
Grantham: Stomp
Newman: Symphony No. 1 "Our Hands are a City"
Saturday, February 7, 2015 – 30th Annual Honor Band Festival
Hesketh: Masque
McAllister: Gone
Mackey: Dark-Wine Sea
Monday, March 9, 2015, 7:30 PM
Daugherty: On the Air
Grainger: Colonial Song
Gorb: Yiddish Dances
Bernstein: Symphonic Dances from West Side Story
Tuesday, April 14, 2015, 8:00 PM
Respighi: Belkis, Queen of Sheba
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How to be prepared: Responders have plan in case of oilfield-related explosion
Federal health officials, the National Guard and a slew of local responders responded late last month to a roaring fire in boomtown Williston. The July 22 fire at oilfield chemical company Red River Supply caused flames up to 500 feet high.
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Is this Olivia Wilde the Actor?
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12th March 2015 @ 03:00pm
There has been a lot of talk about the potential of a Tron 3 movie happening and it looks like we are now closer than ever
5th March 2015 @ 11:20pm
Our latest Top 10 list focuses on potential Batman villains for Ben Affleck and today we have number 9 on the list
IN THE ARCHIVE Olivia Wilde, serial dater. Now it's Chris Pine
5th July 2011 @ 10:15am
Once again the beautiful actress Olivia Wilde has been seen out with a fellow Hollywood star of the opposite sex and once again people assume she must b ...


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HOME NFL Miami Dolphins Gear Miami Dolphins Ladies Miami Dolphins Ladies Accessories $20 to $40 (21 items) Product ID: 703353
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Ladies, add a pop of Dolphins spirit to your wardrobe with this classy quilted tote bag! Featuring an embroidered appliqué team logo, a satiny finish and a large main compartment that's ideal for carrying all your essentials, it's the perfect way to bring your team pride wherever you go.
- 100% Polyester fabric
- Approximately 16.5" x 12.5" x 5.5"
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With any quilted bag, will need to be careful of catching it on sharp corners but recommend use for casual use, not making this your sole carry-all.
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synapse short : where is that website?
Several weeks ago I found an on line nursery that carried a decent assortment of geraniums, and good supply of A.T.Johnson. It is American but It is not, repeat not Lazy S. The plants they sold were in a grid and listed how many of each were left. That's relevant because no other website I've seen does that.
I cannot find it. I have looked it up every way I can imagine. No can find. I thought I bookmarked it. I remember it was not a straightforward search the first time- I came to after a few turns. I was perplexed because I'd actually heard of the nursery, but it was very challenging to find it through a conventional web search.
Hoping someone will provide the spark for this failed synapse.
What about Digging Dog Nursery in CA. I don't see A.T.Johnson listed, though.
Here is a link that might be useful: Digging Dog Nursery
There is also Avant Gardens/Nursery in MA. They don't seem to have very many geranium cultivars at present.
Here is a link that might be useful: Avant Gardens


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Nordic Skiing: Baker, Nelsen help Warrior boys to title
COLERAINE — A runner-up finish by Zean Baker and a third-place showing by Riley Nelsen helped the Brainerd Warriors boys team to the championship in Monday's Little Falls Invitational at Mt. Itasca.
It was the third victory of the season for the Brainerd boys team.
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Carol Anne's Chorus by Carol Anne's Chorus - 6 months ago
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You may have noticed things look a little different around here - we've switched to a new platform (XenForo) and have some new forum styles and features. This how-to guide will help you find your way around. If you find anything that looks strange, post it in this thread.
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Visiting our University is the best way to get a feel for what it's like to learn and live here as a student.
The best way to find out if we're a good fit is to visit our campus for yourself. We encourage high school and transfer students to attend one of our visit days (listed below) or arrange an individual appointment. Teachers and school counselors can also arrange group visits.
Spring Preview Week provides students with the opportunity to tour the Stritch campus and learn
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Campus tours are scheduled each Monday through Thursday at 11 a.m., 1 p.m., and 3 p.m. Your personal appointment with an admission counselor will be scheduled before or after your campus tour. If you are interested in registering for Spring Preview Week, please complete the online registration form.
Are you considering going back to school? Transferring to a new school? Or, considering graduate school? Now is the time to consider Stritch. Attend an upcoming Open House to learn more about Stritch, our programs of study, admission requirements, and financial aid opportunities.
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Campus visits are scheduled Monday – Friday between 9 a.m.and 5 p.m. Schedule
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We have a wide selection of upper body workout routines and strength training exercises designed for all fitness levels. Target all areas of your body from your shoulders and upper arms to your thighs and lower abs with these full-body exercises. The American Council on Exercise is committed to helping all workout enthusiasts reach their fitness goals safely and efficiently. For full-body workouts featuring these exercises, visit our Workouts section.
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OKOLONA – Ruby Stean ""Lut"" Miller Hopson, 55, died Tuesday, Nov. 12, 2013, at her residence. She was born Oct. 6, 1958, to Henry Miller and Mary Price Miller. She was a member of Poplar Springs CME Church and the Chancel Choir. She was a former employee of North Mississippi Medical Center. Services will be […]
Tag Archives | Lut
Ruby 'Lut' Hopson
By Floyd Ingram | 8:22 AM | November 15, 2013 | Obituaries
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- IHL, Jones mull possible contract extension March 27, 2015
- BIRTH: Emmitt Verell Wright March 29, 2015
- State releases detailed bass summary March 29, 2015
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Corbally ruling raises big questions on regulation
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- March 23, 2015, 01:15
A Supreme Court ruling last month has raised major issues for regulation for health professionals in Ireland, with the legislation in question likely (...)
Judicial history made as Supreme Court sits outside Dublin
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- March 3, 2015, 13:18
Judicial history was made today when the Supreme Court sat outside Dublin for the first time in its 85-year history.Chief Justice Susan Denham also an(...)
Traveller youth loses Supreme Court case over school bias
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- February 25, 2015, 01:02
The Supreme Court has dismissed an appeal arising out of a secondary school's refusal to enrol a teenage boy from the Traveller community. In proceed(...)
Surrogacy legislation to be discussed by Cabinet
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- February 17, 2015, 01:00
The State's first set of proposed laws to deal with surrogacy are expected to be considered by Cabinet today.At least one of those involved in a surro(...)
System for doctor complaints in disarray over Martin Corbally case
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- February 5, 2015, 01:00
The system for adjudicating on professional complaints against doctors is in disarray following the Supreme Court's dismissal of a case brought by the(...)
Court halts abuse action
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The Supreme Court has halted a woman's action for damages against her now deceased paternal grandfather over alleged sexual abuse.The High Court stopp(...)
Scottish separatist's appeal against extradition to UK dismissed
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The Supreme Court has dismissed a Scottish separatist's appeal against an order for his extradition to the UK on terrorism charges.The appeal was brou(...)
Surrogacy ruling hints at how cases may be approached
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Judges tend to be gentle in their criticism of politicians. When they do let their disapproval show, the admonishment tends to be couched in such poli(...)
State applies to have Joe O'Reilly appeal dismissed
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The State is to bring an application to dismiss an appeal brought by Joe O'Reilly to have his conviction for murdering his wife declared a miscarria(...)
Conmey manslaughter conviction declared a miscarriage of justice
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The Sleep Inn hotel is ideally located off Interstate 459, five minutes from Alabama Adventure theme park. This hotel is close to popular area attractions, including the Riverchase Galleria Mall, Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail and the Tannehill Ironworks Historical State Park. The Birmingham International Airport is 19 miles away. Visitors will enjoy golfing at the Bent Brook Golf Course, located only two miles from the hotel. Vulcan Park, home of the world's largest cast metal statue and the largest statue made in the United States, is 15 miles away. Several restaurants and cocktail lounges are within walking distance. Guests will enjoy a variety of hotel amenities and services, such as: free Morning Medley Hot Breakfast,free local calls,free weekday newspaper,free wireless high-speed Internet access and outdoor pool. The hotel offers business travelers conveniences like voice mail and access to fax and copy services. Two meeting rooms, which accommodate up to 50 people, are available for most events and business functions. In addition to standard amenities, the hotel provides irons, ironing boards and safe deposit boxes. If extra space is needed, connecting rooms are available. Pets are welcome with a nightly fee.
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Citrus in the City (Boston, to be exact)
Dear All,
I was wondering if I could ask for your collective wisdom. My mother ordered me a dwarf Meyer lemon tree from Four Winds Growers for my birthday this week, and it should arrive late this week. I'm terribly excited and eager to learn, but after about ten hours of reading this forum, I'm starting to wonder if this was a wise choice.
Unfortunately I'm a grad student living in Boston with no car and a small (but very sunny!) studio. Everything I buy has to be accessed and brought home via the bus and then stored in the corner of my microscopic kitchen. There will be a time later in my life when I can throw myself into being a great gardener, and I'm looking forward to learning through a combination of this fora and trial and error, but for right now I just want to keep my plant alive and fairly healthy.
Finding the ingridents for Al's Gritty mix seems neigh impossible, and I've been making calls about finding the proper mulch for the 511 and am getting comments like "I don't think that exists." I've thought about asking my family in Illinois to collect the ingredients for the Gritty mix and then send it to me, but even if they're willing it won't be here before my tree arrives either Thursday or Friday. Any thoughts on how to go about this from people who know the area? Would it be better to return it or give it to someone who can care for it better, or are there "good enough" options that can help me limp through for a few years?
Thanks so much for your help. I've learned a lot from you already as a lurker, and now have extensive notes for taking care of my new tree once I get the potting medium all sorted out.
It will come potted, you won't need to repot it immediately. I haven't used this "gritty mix" and it sure seems to have its fans, but I will tell you that citrus will do just fine in a good conventional potting media like ProMix mixed with sand about 3 to 1, and any garden center of big box should sell those ingredients.
i would be willing to drop enough off to you somewhere locally if you would like. i have plenty already made and would share. E-mail me and we can find out where you will be and if it is close to my area.
Or, are you familiar with the area at all? Are you familiar with the town of Tewksbury, of off 495? Route 38?
You could buy a bag of MG and perlite, since that seems to be the most popular one at the big box stores, and use use a 5 to 2 ratio. In our area, I have had good results with 5 parts perlite and 2 parts MG.
Sad to say, the trees you get from 4winds are always bare rooted and you need to have a mix at the ready when you get it in.
Don't forget once you get your tree to soak the roots for about 30 minutes before planting and make sure to fill in around ALL the roots of your new tree.
No FULL sun for about 2 weeks until the trees gets use to the re-pot.
Hope this helps.
Thank you so much, denninmi. It's nice to know that people have had good luck with a variety of options. Mike is correct that the 3-year-old trees from Four Winds come with bare roots, so I do need to have everything up and running when it arrives. I think it's the 1-year-old trees that come in small temporary pots.
Mike, that would be incredible. There's been a lot of advice posted here, much of it based on the idea you'll be using the gritty mix or the 511. Surely some people can adjust the advice to apply to different kinds of media, but I don't know enough yet to do that. This first stage is going to be by the book. Email coming shortly, and thanks!
Oh, I'm so sorry Olympia; I didn't see your reply. Thank you for the very kind offer! I am all set on the mix for right now, though I'm sure I'll be in need of your advice at some point since you're another zone 5 person. Mike got me started with everything I needed, and then I got a tour of his amazing garden (if my new tree ever looks half that nice I'll be a very happy gardener indeed). Thanks again!


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All reconditioned tools are inspected, tested, and cleaned by manufacturer trained technicians. They are then repackaged and distributed to our warehouse ready for sale – just like new!
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Nice to be able to carry extra chains , plug , tools , bar oil , all together. Just not quite enough room for extra gas , which probably wouldn't be a good idea in with a hot saw anyway.
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you have to disassemble the chainsaw for it to fit in this carry case. I would rather have a case that covers the entire saw, including the teeth so that it doesn't have to be taken apart. This particular box came free with my saw, but it's not one I would have bought. I carry the oil and gas for the saw in it.
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Keep clean my chainsaw from wood dust. Have some room for bar oil and tools in the case and carry
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KidNic Children's Picnic Table, White
Gifting note: This item ships in the manufacturer's original packaging. If intended as a gift, the packaging may reveal the contents.
About this item
Kids can gather around the White KidNic Children's Picnic Table and enjoy snacks or fun activities either indoors or outdoors. From the kitchen to the beach, its uses are practically limitless. The innovative design of this KidNic picnic table allows it to be folded up quickly for convenient storage or transport. Setup takes only 20 seconds. This plastic picnic table is compact, so it can be used in small playrooms, patios or terraces. It can also support up to 600 lbs of weight. The table arrives fully assembled and requires no extra parts or tools. It's made of 100 percent plastic, so it's durable and easy to keep clean. This furniture is a good option for kids at family barbecues, backyard picnics and more. The white KidNic Children's Picnic Table is a rugged, reliable piece of furniture you can set up and use almost anywhere.
KidNic Children's Picnic Table, White:
- Table dimensions: 36"L x 16.75"W x 21.5"H
- Simple to use and space efficient
- Bench dimensions: 36"L x 5.5"W x 13"H.
- Intelligent folding design allows storage virtually anywhere
- Set up takes only 20 seconds
- Can support up to 600 lbs of weight
- Comes completely assembled and requires no extra parts
- KidNic picnic table materials: 100% plastic
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Mid to end of May
mctavish6October 7, 2012
Here is the second part of May. I can see it's going to get harder and harder to edit the further we go. Spring is such a great time to take pictures. I should say that I didn't do April since little is very beautiful here at that time. I love being outside then but the inspiration then is all in my head. If anyone want to start a March or April look at the garden go ahead.


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The ACT Brumbies take on the Queensland Reds in Super Rugby round five at Suncorp Stadium in Brisbane.
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Michael Leunig
A look back at some memorable shots over the years at the Australian Open Tennis in Melbourne.
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Another year gone, another top 5 to post. I actually had fun with most of what I chose, but these 5 were some real good series! Let's show 'em, shall we?
1. Attack on Titan
After a lot of episodes and a huge following, I decided to jump into this series (in the absolute worst way possible: while eating snacks that look like teddy bears). Every few episodes kept being as shocking an harrowing as the battle against the giants that ate most of humankind was becoming. I ended up having fun with this gem; so much that it became my favorite above what most of this year dished out.
2. Day Break Illusion
One of Tom's articles had me interested in the series when comparing it to my top series of 2011, Madoka Magica. It's definitely no Madoka, but the story turned out to be this Magical Girl series that got dark and vicious (to a point) from the very start and went in the right direction. After seeing it, it turned out to be like a real fun journey that blew most of the other Magical Girl releases of 2013 out of the water, despite the efforts the gals went through. This is my Magical Girl series of 2013.
3. Kill la Kill
I didn't pay attention to it at first until the first episodes release and from the jump, (despite both main rivals being ladies) this show has huge balls. The attitude and action in a lot of episodes have kept me viewing and some of the characters were real cool, even Ryuko herself. This show is yet to be finished, but it's got enough quality to end up here.
4. Maoyu
It's definitely not everyday that a demon queen would end up asking you to help end a long war between humans and demons and it turns out that it's for real. The story managed to stick to me and the mains ended up becoming a cute couple. This touched me to end up on this list.
5. Devil Survivor 2: The Animation
I went into this series unfamiliar to Shin Megami Tensei series outside of the Persona games. Turns out that it ended up being entertaining, as dark as it was. Sure, it's not really that good, but one of the better video game based anime out there for having some interesting characters and a rather epic final battle.
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Depok Vacations
Depok is near many of Jakarta's well-known sights. Ragunan Zoo and the Pangkalan Jati Golf Course are two of the popular places to discover here. Two more worthwhile attractions you'll find nearby Depok are the Museum Purna Bhakti Pertiwi and the Taman Mini Indonesia Indah.
Visitors to Depok, interested in finding out what makes the area tick, should head to the cultural attractions nearby. Join a tour, admire the interior of the building or simply enjoy the wonderful artworks at the Lubang Buaya Memorial Park and Museum.
Take a break from sightseeing and relax at the Pondok Indah Golf and Country Club. Grab a buddy and tee off.
Depok is a place of proud sporting traditions. Rub shoulders with local fans at Gelora Bung Karno Stadium, home to the Indonesia National Team soccer team and the Persija Jakarta. After the game, follow local fans to a nearby pub for a post-match beer ot two.
To really get to know Depok, think about booking your accommodation at one of the area's many accommodation options. Make reservations for the Mercure Jakarta Simatupang, the Hotel Santika Taman Mini Indonesia Indah, or the Arion Swiss-Belhotel Kemang.