text:
A process for modifying or enhancing a combustion reaction by injecting a particle beam into the combustion reaction, is disclosed.
1. A process for modifying or enhancing a combustion reaction, comprising subjecting an organic material undergoing a combustion reaction, either immediately prior to or during the combustion process, to pulsed irradiation with an electron beam, an ion beam, a neutral particle beam, or a combination of these, wherein each beam has an energy of from 10-2 ev to 107 eV and a current of from 10-7 Amperes to 10-7 Amperes.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the beam has an energy of from 1 to 105 eV.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein the beam has an energy of from 10 to 104 eV.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein the beam has a current of from 10-3 to 104 Amperes.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the beam has a current of from 1 to 104 Amperes.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein the beam is an electron beam.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the beam is an ion beam.
8. The process of claim 7, wherein the ion beam is a beam of H+, H2 +, H3 +, H2 +2, He+, Ar+, N+, N2 +, N2 +2, O+, O2 +, O2 +2, C+, CO+, ionized fuel, H-, H2 -, H3 -, O-, O2 -, O2 -2, N-, N2 - or N2 -2.
9. The process of claim 8, wherein the ionized fuel comprises (Cn H2p+2)+m or (Cn H2p+2)-m, where n is an integer of from 1 to 15, p is an integer of from 1 to 15, and m is an integer of from 1 to 5.
10. The process of claim 9, wherein the ionized fuel is (Cn H2p+2)+m.
11. The process of claim 9, wherein the ionized fuel is (Cn H2p+2)-m.
12. The process of claim 1, wherein the beam is a particle beam.
13. The process of claim 12, wherein the particle beam is a beam of H.sup.., H2, H3.sup.., He, Ar, O.sup.., C.sup.., N.sup.. or a fuel molecule.
14. The process of claim 13, wherein the fuel molecule comprises a compound of the formula
(Cn H2p+2)+m or (Cn H2p+2)-m
n is an integer of from 1 to 15;
p is an integer of from 1 to 15; and
m is an integer of from 1 to 5.
15. The process of claim 1, wherein the organic material undergoing a combustion reaction comprises a fuel or a pollutant.
16. The process of claim 15, wherein the organic material undergoing a combustion reaction is a fuel.
17. The process of claim 1, wherein said organic material is coal, diesel oil, kerosene, a gasoline fraction, or a lower hydrocarbon.
18. The process of claim 1, wherein said organic material is coal.
19. The process of claim 1, wherein said pulsed irradiation comprises pulse having a duration of less than 100 μsec.
20. The process of claim 1, wherein said pulsed irradiation comprises pulse having a length of from 100 msec to 100 μsec.
21. The process of claim 1, wherein said pulsed irradiation comprises pulses having a duration of at least 100 msec.
The research leading to this invention was supported by the National Science Foundation under a Presidential Young Investigator Award, NSF ECS No. 8351837.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the enhancement of gas, liquid or solid combustion reactions and/or to driving gas, liquid, or solid combustion chemical reactions.
2. Discussion of the Background
Combustion reactions are found in many different areas. Combustion reactions are found in the generation of power, for example, in internal combustion engines, turbines, jet engines, in fossil fueled electric utility plants, etc. Combustion reactions are also found in pollution control, for example, in the burning of pollutants produced by industrial processes.
Combustion reactions are however unfortunately not perfectly efficient. This results in loss of part of the energy contained in fuels, or in incomplete pollution control. There are also limits on how lean a fuel-air mixture can be reliably ignited and burned.
Increased flame speed can increase the efficiency of combustion reactions and reduce pollution. As an example, in an internal combustion engine, higher flame speed in lean mixtures could lead to a higher efficiency, better fuel economy, and reduced pollution.
Many different approaches are being pursued to increase combustion efficiency, including increasing turbulence,1 increasing the concentration of free radicals,2,3 applying electric fields,4 and microwaves.5 Other approaches involve enhanced ignition such as plasma jet,6 torch,7 and laser ignition.8,9 The direct injection of energetic particles, i.e., electrons, ions or neutral particles into a combustion chamber to stimulate combustion, to the inventor's knowledge, has however never been disclosed in the literature.
Numerous processes, including chemical and mechanical manufacturing processes, generate undesired pollutants. The optimal method of pollution control is to enhance the chemical reaction in such a way as to prevent the pollutants from being generated since such pollutants are difficult to deal with after they have been generated. Unfortunately, in most cases, this has so far not been possible.
Proposals have been made to filter effluent gases to remove pollutants, for example, by using a dust collector. Such approaches suffer from the fact that filtration systems are expensive, the filtration systems used are frequently incapable of completely removing the pollutants from effluent gases, and even if the pollutant is removed from an effluent gas, the problem of disposing of the pollutant remains.
It has been proposed that filtration of pollutants can be improved by irradiating effluent gases causing the polymerization of SOx and/or NOx contaminants contained therein to facilitate their removal. See Higo et al in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,596,642 and 4,507,265. This approach however does not solve the problem of pollutant disposal since the SOx and/or NOx solids and/or mists collected still have to be disposed of. The Higo et al approach is also not fully satisfactory for the additional reason that the main object of both of these patents is to provide a complicated geometry to recover the polymerized pollutants.
Another area which has received attention is the development of systems promoting desired reactions. This is discussed for example by Matovich in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,933,434 and 4,042,334. These two U.S. patents note that it would be useful to be able to carry out high temperature chemical reactions which heretofore have been impractical or only theoretically possible. A reactor is provided by these patents which utilizes radiation coupling as a thermal heat source. The reactor disclosed which uses electromagnetic radiation to heat a reaction is reportedly able to provide a thermal power density to the reaction site in excess of 104 watts cm-2.
The reactor provided by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,933,434 and 4,042,334 addresses high temperature chemical reactions, and more specifically pyrolysis reactions. This reactor provides an annular envelope containing an inert fluid which is substantially transparent to radiation. At least one reactant is passed through the core of the envelope along a predetermined path substantially coincident with the envelope axis, with the reactants being confined within this envelope. After reactant flow has started, radiant energy is directed through the envelope to coincide with at least a portion of the path of the reactants. This causes the absorption of a sufficient radiant energy in the core to raise the temperature of the reactant to a level required to initiate the desired chemical reaction.
In using this reactor, heat is supplied by radiation coupling rather than by convection and/or conduction. The configuration of this reactor permits that the temperature of the reactant stream be independent of both the temperature of the reactor wall and the conditions of the reaction stream. Its disclosed application resides in promoting pyrolysis reactions, e.g., transforming methane to carbon and dihydrogen.
This reactor uses electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength of from 100 microns to 10-2 microns for heating a reaction without actually modifying it. It is based on using electromagnetic radiation which limits the power density available to influence the reaction, and the configuration of the reactor provided precludes adaptation to various other areas where reaction enhancement would be useful.
Matovich discloses that the term "radiation" used in his patents is intended to encompass all forms of radiation, including high-energy or impacting nuclear particles. However, Matovich states that he knows of no manner in which high-energy or impacting nuclear particles can be used in accordance with his invention, and rather that black body or other electromagnetic radiation, particularly of wavelengths ranging from about 100 microns of 0.01 microns, should be used in his reactor. Matovich's system therefore uses electromagnetic radiation, and, only provides a method for directing heat onto a pyrolysis reaction. It does not provide a system for modifying and/or enhancing chemical reactions, and no combustion processes are mentioned in these patents.
There is therefore a strongly felt need for a method which would permit modifying and/or enhancing combustion processes so that these processes can be controlled and/or rendered more efficient with concomittant pollution control. Such a method would have applications in enhancing the combustion of materials, such as, fuel in internal combustion engines, electricity generation, controlling pollution, and driving reactions which are otherwise not possible.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a novel process for modifying or enhancing combustion reactions.
It is another object of this invention to provide a process for driving combustion reactions which otherwise do not occur.
It is another object of this invention to provide a process for igniting a combustible gaseous, liquid, or solid substance or mixture.
The inventor has now discovered that these objects and other objects which will become apparent from a reading of the description of the invention given here below are all satisfied by subjecting a combustion reaction, either immediately or during the combustion process, to particle beam radiation. The particle beam radiation used can be an electron beam, an ion beam, a neutral particle beam, or a combination of these. Each of these beams must have an energy of from 10-2 eV to 107 eV and a current of from 10-7 Amperes to 107 Amperes.
This invention also provides a novel injector plug/spark plug which can be used to either modify a chemical combustion reaction or drive a combustion reaction which is otherwise not possible. This injector plug/spark plug is designed to provide both the spark needed to initiate and maintain the combustion reaction and a stream of particles which are injected directly into the combustion process.
This invention also provides a novel injector plug. This particle beam injector plug provides a particle beam. It can be used in place of or in addition to a conventional spark plug. When used in conjunction with a conventional spark plug, the spark plug ignites the gaseous mixture while the particle beam injector plug injects a particle beam into the combustion chamber to promote more rapid flame speed.
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures.
FIG. 1 illustrates an apparatus configuration for carrying out the present invention.
FIG. 2 provides cathode voltage and injected beam current for a typical febetron electron beam accelerator pulse.
FIG. 3 provides combustion data for lean mixture of 30 Torr C2 H4 and 710 Torr air (equivalence ratio Φ=0.6). Upper photo - Oscilloscope traces for combustion with spark ignition alone:
(a) OH line emission intensity at 309 nm;
(b) Pressure transducer signal (2 atm/div);
Time scale: 10 ms/div.
Lower photo - Oscilloscope traces for combustion with electron beam injection 1 ms after the spark.
(c) OH line emission intensity at 309 nm;
(d) Pressure transducer signal (2 atm/div)
Time scale: 10 ms/div.
FIG. 4 illustrates pressure risetime (measured from time of spark to pressure peak) as a function of fuel-air equivalence ratio Φ. Stoichiometric mix at Φ=1 corresponds to 48 Torr C2 H4 and 692 Torr air.
FIG. 5 illustrates results obtained for flame front position transverse to electron beam direction, measured with laser schlieren photography. Data is for a lean mixture with 30 Torr C2 H4 and 710 Torr air (Φ=0.6). From the slope of the lines, the flame speed was determined to be 403 cm/s with electron beam injection, and 268 cm/s without electron beam injection.
FIG. 6, provides a schematic illustration of an
electron beam injector plug used in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 7 illustrates one of the experimental apparatus configuration used by the inventor.
The present invention provides a method for driving a combustion reaction by means of an electron beam, a ion beam, or a neutral particle beam. In this document, the terms electron beam, ion beam and neutral particle beam will be collectively referred to as "particle beam."
Ion beams which can be used in accordance with the present invention include, for example, beams of the following ions: H+, H2 +, H3 +, H-, H2 -, He+, O+, O2 +, O2 +2, O-, O2 -, O2 -2, N+, N2 +2, N-, N2 -2, ionized air, C+, CO+, Ar+, CH3 +, C2 H2 +, higher ionization states of these ions, etc., ionized organic compounds, including ionized hydrocarbons of the formula (Cn H2p+2)+m, where n is an integer of from 1 to 15, p is an integer of from 1 to 15, and m is an integer of from 1 to 5, and mixtures of these.
It must be recognized that many of these ions originate from materials which take part, or can take part in the combustion reaction. In one preferred embodiment of this invention one can accordingly inject into a combustion reaction a stream of at least one ion or neutral particle which is one of the reactants in the combustion reaction. Thus one may inject into the combustion reaction H+, O2 + (including higher ionization states thereof), O+ (including higher ionization states thereof), and ionized fuel molecules, including ionized hydrocarbon molecules.
Neutral particles which can be used in accordance with the present invention include the following: H.sup.., H2, H3.sup.., He, Ar, O.sup.., C.sup.., N2, CH4, C2 H2, and any fuel molecules which can be driven into the combustion reaction. These include hydrocarbon compounds of formula (Cn H2p+2).sup.. q, where n is an integer of from 1 to 15, p is an integer of from 1 to 15, and q is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 5.
The particle beam of the present invention should be injected into the combustion reaction in a manner which will permit exposure of a maximum volume of reactants to the particle beam. To achieve this, the energy level of the particle beam, the current level of the particle beam, and the geometry of the combustion chamber can all be appropriately modified to maximize exposure of the combustion reaction to the particle beam.
It is known that the higher the energy of a beam, the further this beam will travel through a given atmosphere. Thus for two identical beams distinguished only by the fact that one beam is at a higher energy level, the higher energy beam will travel further through a given atmosphere.
It is also known that the density of the atmosphere influences particle beam travel. A particle beam having a specific energy will travel progressively shorter distances as the density of the atmosphere increases.
Thus, if the combustion reaction is taking place in a dense atmosphere and high penetration of this atmosphere is desired, a high energy beam should be used. By contrast, if the combustion reaction is taking place in a low density atmosphere and the particle beam is to travel only a short distance, then a lower energy beam is preferable.
It is also known that the amount of ionization in a gas is proportional to the current of the particle beam. Thus, if a high level of ionization is desired, a higher current should be used.
Adjustments which can be made include variation of the beam energy (voltage) in order to achieve an electron or particle beam range in the gas which maximizes the particle beam energy deposition in the gas while minimizing the electron beam energy deposition in the chamber walls. The optimal beam energy will therefore be a function of the gas density, gas pressure, and chamber dimensions. Particle beam current and duty cycle (or repetition rate) can be adjusted to achieve the optimal combustion enhancement or rate of chemical reaction One skilled in this art can vary these parameters to obtain optimum results.
The particle beam used in the present invention can be either injected into the combustion process to affect all of the reactants present in this combustion process, or, alternatively, the particle beam can be injected into one of the reactants prior to entry of this reactant into the combustion chamber. Thus, the particle beam of the present invention can be advantageously used to treat either the oxygen-containing component of the combustion process or the fuel being combusted.
The particle beams used in accordance with the present invention must possess an energy range of from 10-2 eV to 107 eV. Preferably, these particle beams have an energy range of from 1 to 105 eV, and most preferably an energy range of from 10 to 104 eV. The current of these particle beams ranges from 10-7 Amperes to 107 Amperes. Preferably a current range of from 10-3 Amperes to 104 Amperes, and most preferably a current range of from 1 to 104 Amperes is used.
When the particle beam is administered in cycles having a very short pulse length (or duty cycle) it is best to use currents in the higher range given above. Thus with pulses of less than 100 microseconds it is preferably to use currents in the range of from 1 to 107 Amperes.
With intermediate length pulses, for example pulses having a pulse length of from 100 milliseconds to 100 microseconds, currents falling in the center of the current ranges is preferably used. With these intramediate length pulses, currents of from 10-2 to 102 Amperes are preferably used.
With longer pulses or continuous administration of the particle beam, lower currents are advantageously used. Thus with pulses having a duration of from 100 milliseconds to continuous pulses, it is advantageous to use currents of from 10-7 to 102 Amperes.
The most advantageous use of current in this invention therefore depends on the pulse mode. The strength of the current used should be chosen as described above as a function of the nature of the pulse which can be short, long or continuous.
The particle beam driven reactions provided by the present invention occur at a more rapid reaction rate. The particle beam can also change the reaction chemistry, resulting in the production of different products from the reaction.
Although combustion reactions are frequently given simplistic explanations in which only the molar ratios of reactants and products are compared, in fact, combustion processes are very complicated. For example, an ethylene oxidation mechanism having over 100 individual reaction steps has been proposed. See J. A. Sell, "CO2 and Excimer Laser Ignition of Ethylene/Air Mixtures," G.M. Research Report No. PH-1274, Oct. 30, 1985.
In contrast to earlier attempts, such as the one proposed by Matovich discussed above, which were concerned with directing heat onto a reaction using electromagnetic radiation, the inventor has discovered that injecting a particle beam into a combustion reaction affects the balance of various neutral and ionized species present in combustion reactions. The particle beam thus modifies and/or enhances the combustion reaction to provide a more efficient process. The present invention modifies the molecular nature of the combustion process, instead of applying more heat to the combustion process.
Previous methods used for driving chemical reactions were based on heating the reactants in a reaction vessel. Processes for promoting combustions reactions used burners, spark plugs alone, or high powered laser beams. In contrast to earlier attempts to modify reactions using electromagnetic radiation, instead of applying heat (thermal) radiation onto a combustion reaction, the present invention treats a combustion reaction with a particle beam. This particle beam affects the ionization, dissociation, etc. of the reactants and intermediates in a combustion process. The present invention thus modifies the nature of the combustion process.
The Matovich invention relies on thermal heating of the reactants whereas the present invention uses ionization, dissociation, free radical generation, increases in vibrational/rotational energy, and metastable states to increase the flame speed and reaction rate. The particle beams in the present invention include electrons as well as ions and neutral beams of numerous elements and molecules including (as discussed above), but not limited to: H, H2, He, O, O2, C, A, Cx Hy, and metal or catalytic ions or neutral molecules. Thus, an important distinction between this invention and Matovich is that, while Matovich's invention included nuclear radiation, it does not include atoms and molecules which may participate in the reaction as fuel, oxidant, or catalyst.
One advantage of using the particle beam provided by the present invention to drive the reaction relates in part to the fact that the large instaneous power of the particle beam increases the ionization, formation of radicals, dissociation, generation of metastable states, and increased vibrational energy in the reactants, thereby increasing the rate of reaction. The particle beam driven reaction provided by the present invention can be used to reduce certain types of pollution by changing the products of a given chemical reaction.
The present invention has applications in the chemical industry. It can be used to drive chemical reactions more rapidly or to drive chemical reactions which can not proceed under normal conditions. The present invention can also be used to increase the efficiency and reduce the pollution of fossil fuel fired combustion processes.
The chemical reactions which can be modified or enhanced in accordance with the present invention are many and varied. Combustion reactions are, of course, the oxidation of organic materials to produce various carbon oxides and water. For example, the combustion of ethylene in air and in an oxygen/argon mixture can be illustrated as follows:
stoichiometric combustion of ethylene (C2 H4)
in air:
in argon+O2
C2 H4 +3O2 +3(3.76)Ar→2CO2 +2H2 O+11.28Ar
As shown by the above equations, ideally the combustion of organic compounds produce carbon dioxide and water. Incomplete combustion provides lower oxides of carbon, including carbon monoxide. Particularly inefficient combustion processes produce carbon black which evidences very inefficient combustion. The present invention addresses specifically this problem and makes any such combustion process occur more rapidly, especially with a lean fuel-air ratio, providing high fuel efficiency and reduced pollution.
The organic materials which can be burned in accordance with the present invention include all organic materials, including hydrocarbons, which are used, or which can potentially be used, as fuel materials. These materials can of course be present as gases, liquids, solids, or mixtures of these at standard atmospheric pressure and temperature. These include coal, diesel oil, kerosene, gasoline fractions, and lower hydrocarbons, e.g., C1-15 hydrocarbons, thus including methane. Specific example of fuels which will work is this invention include natural gas, propane, ethylene, ethane, methane, butane, acetylene, other gases, as well as automobile fuels, jet fuels, electricity generator fuels, etc. Examples of applications of this invention include coal or natural gas fired electricity generating plants in which much less fuel would be used with a corresponding decrease in particulate emissions.
In some cases no spark plug is needed. For example in a diesel engine a spark plug is not required, so particle beam, e.g., electron beam, injection can be used by itself to improve the fuel economy and to reduce the particulate emissions.
The ratio of dioxygen to combustible organic material which can be used in accordance with the present invention can be varied widely. Particle beam injection permits more reliable combustion and faster flame speeds over a wider range of fuel-air mixtures than can be achieved with simple spark ignition. A faster flame speed is also achieved at stoichiometric fuel-air ratios.
Specific fuel-air ratios which can be used range from φ of 0.3 to 3, where the stoichiometric (or molar) ratio is defined as φ=1. The best effect occurs with lean mixtures at φ=0.5 to 0.6 although other lean mixtures up to stoichiometric also work very well. A primary advantage of the present invention is that the injection of a particle beam into a combustion reaction provides for reliable combustions of leaner mixtures of oxygen and fuels.
As illustrated in FIG. 4, with ethylene, the highest modification of the combustion reaction is observed in accordance with the present invention when either an excess of oxygen or an excess of combustible organic material is present in the combustion chamber. The present inventor has discovered however that this phenomena is only observable with ethylene. With other fuels, even a stoichometric mixture of oxygen and fuel provides the advantageous results of the present invention.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an apparatus which can be used to modify and/or enhance reactions in accordance with the present invention. As can be seen from this Figure, an electron beam, ion beam or the neutral particle beam generator is situated adjacent a combustion chamber. The particle beam produced by the generator may be passed through a screen or foil and directed into the reactor chamber, where it modifies and/or promotes the combustion reaction in accordance with the invention.
In a commercial device for energy production the combustion reaction either moves a piston or heats a working fluid which surrounds the vessel. These are not shown in the schematic illustration of FIG. 1. In a combustion plant or chemical reactor a means of regulating the flow of reactants into the chamber is provided. The type of accelerator used depends upon the application.
A continuous or repetitively pulsed particle beam accelerator, e.g., an electron beam accelerator, can be used in the case of a continuous process, such as burning of fossil fuels in an electric utility plant. Such an accelerator is made of a high voltage rectifier circuit which can be either full wave rectified or half wave rectified.
In the case of an internal combustion engine preferably a repetitively pulsed particle beam, e.g., an electron beam, is injected at a given time during each cycle in which ignition and burning of the fuel takes place. Such an electron beam could be generated by a capacitive discharge system, a Marx generator circuit, pulse line generator, or an inductive discharge system. These types of electron beam generators are commercially available from a number of companies, including Hewlett Packard Co. of McMinnville, Oreg., or Pulse Sciences Inc. of San Leandro, Calif., and others. It must be noted however, that where convenient, a continuous particle beam can also be used in this application of the invention.
A number of existing technologies can be employed for the generation and acceleration of ion and neutral beams. Ion sources could consist of duoplasmatrons, duopigatrons, electron cyclotron ion sources, or radio frequency sources. The high voltage accelerator for ion beam acceleration could be a Van De Graaff, Marx generator, Cockroft-Walton (ladder circuit), or high voltage rectifier.
When combustion reactions are being treated in accordance with the present invention, a spark plug can be installed in the combustion chamber to initiate the combustion reaction.
In an advantageous embodiment of this invention, such a spark plug may be designed to include both the means for initiating the combustion reaction and for subjecting the combustion reaction to the particle beam. Such a plug is referred to as an injector plug/spark plug.
The operation of simple spark plugs by themselves is well known. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,514,656. Spark plugs, in operation, have different characteristics which are matched to the operating characteristics of the internal combustion engine, and used to which the engine is put--for example whether it is used to drive an automotive vehicle of the passenger car type, a motorcycle, truck, or if the combustion engine is used for small applications, such as chain saw or a lawnmower.
The present invention provides an injector plug/spark plug which has the dual function of initiating and maintaining the combustion reaction in accordance with well known spark plug functions, and additionally emits a particle beam into the combustion reaction to advantageously enhance and/or modify the combustion process. This spark plug/injector plug can be designed to increase electron emission. It can be designed to have an electrode (cathode) containing a material having a low work function. Such low work function materials include LaB6, barium oxide, calcium oxide or strontium oxide. The electrode of the injector plug/spark plug, can alternatively be coated with LaB6, barium oxide, calcium oxide or strontium oxide, or a combination of these.
If the electrode contains the low work function material, it contains this material in an amount of 1 to 20% by weight, preferably 5 to 15% by weight. If the electrode is coated, the thickness of the coat is from 1 micron to 1 mm, preferably 10 microns to 0.1 mm.
In still another preferred embodiment of this invention, this injector plug/spark plug is designed to enhance heating of the plug to still further enhance electron emission into the combustion process.
The components of the injector plug/spark plug, aside from the low work function materials, can be well known materials usable in making spark plugs.
As shown in FIG. 6, an electron beam injector plugged in accordance with the present invention comprises a metal housing (1), a means for securing the housing in an engine block (2), an insulating body (3) secured in the metal housing and formed with a central opening. This electron beam injector plug further comprises a high voltage electrode (4) centrally extending through the opening in the insulating body, a cathode means (5) in communication with the high voltage electrode means (4), and an anode screen or foil (6) adjacent to the high voltage cathode means.
Two spark plugs may also be used with this invention; a normal spark plug and a particle beam emitting plug. An electron beam injector spark plug is illustrated in FIGS. 6. It comprises: (a) a cathode (which may be based on thermionic emission, field emission or explosive emission), and (b) an anode foil or screen through which the electron beam passes into the reaction chamber. The foil may separate a vacuum in the cathode region from the reactants in the chamber. A voltage is applied to the cathode either continuously or in a pulsed mode. This causes an electron beam to be injected through the foil or screen into the reaction or combustion chamber.
The cathode of the injector plug of this invention is made of a material having a low work function. This includes LaB6 or a tungsten matrix coated with LaB6 barium oxide, calcium oxide, or strontium oxide. The anode foil can be made of tungsten, tantalum, steel, titanium or a metallized plastic foil. The screen is made of the same material as the anode.
The insulator can be made of a material known in this art which possesses characteristics suitable to permit it to function as an insulator at high temperatures. For example, alumina can be used. The metal housing can be made of steel, and the high voltage electrode can be made of copper or brass. The metal housing and the high voltage electrode are made of materials known in this art.
Other features of the invention will become apparent in the course of the following descriptions of exemplary embodiments which are given for illustration of the invention and are not intended to be limiting thereof.
In the experiment reported here, data is presented in which injection of a high current electron beam10 has been demonstrated to dramatically alter the rate of presssure rise, flame speed, and spectroscopic emission in the combustion of both lean and rich ethylene-air mixtures.
The experimental configuration is depicted in FIGS. 7 and 2. The electron beam is generated by a field emission cathode11 on a Febetron generator with peak parameters: Vp =400 kV, IP =1 kA, and full width pulselength=300 ns. A perforated metal screen supports the 0.025 mm thick Ti anode foil which is evacuated on the cathode side and undergoes a pressure pulse of several atmospheres from the combustion in the chamber on the opposite side. The anode foil and metal screen reduce the injected current to about 200 A. The interaction chamber is an aluminum cross of circular cross section with an inside diameter of 8.26 cm and a length of 22 cm giving a chamber volume of 1.19 liter. Quartz windows are located at the sides and end of the chamber. A spark plug and piezoelectric pressure transducer are located at the top of the chamber.
Several diagnostics were used to monitor the combustion process. Chamber pressure was measured with a pressure transducer and preamplifier fed into an oscilloscope. Line emission from the 309 nm OH line was measured with a linepass filter coupled to a photomultiplier tube which was oriented transverse to the electron beam. For flame front measurements, schlieren photography with 2-dimensional resolution was performed transverse to the direction of the electron beam injection by means of a pulsed ruby laser diagnostic described in Refs. 12 and 13. Also, emission spectra were observed both during and after the spark by a 0.275 m spectrograph coupled to a gated optical multichannel analyzer.
The experimental procedure was as follows. Fuel and air were mixed for 30 seconds by a small fan located inside the chamber. This mixture was ignited by a conventional spark ignition system; after a 1 msec delay, the electron beam was injected. This permitted a direct comparison of the modification of combustion parameters by the electron beam.
It should be noted that direct ignition of the mixture by the electron beam did not occur in these experiments. This is undoubtedly due to the low energy density deposited into the gas by the electrons. The pressure rise was undetectable (<1 Torr) when the electron beam was injected into an unignited mixture. Thus the electron beam caused negligible temperature increase in the mixture.
FIG. 3 presents pressure signals and OH-emission data for combustion of a lean mixture with versus without electron beam injection. These measurements indicate that the combustion process was more rapid with electron beam injection. FIG. 4 presents a plot of pressure risetime versus equivalence ratio, (where Φ=1 corresponds to the stoichiometric fuel-air ratio of 48 Torr C2 H4 and 692 Torr air). The data show about a 50% decrease in pressure risetime as a result of electron beam injection into lean and rich mixtures, but very little effect near the stoichiometric fuel-air ratio. For the cases where the pressure risetime was reduced, the OH-emission risetime and decay-time were also reduced and the magnitude of the peak pressure was increased by 10% to 20%. The pressure risetime data was also more reproducible in these cases. The increase in combustion rate was observable with electron beam injection as early as 15 ms before the spark ignition and as late as 15 ms after the spark ignition. This more rapid combustion is similar to that observed in laser8,9 and plasma jet6,7 ignition. Electron beam injection increased the level of pressure oscillations measured by a microphone (at 1-2 kHz) during the pressure-rise and caused a loud squeal on these shots.
Laminar flame propagation was observed using schlieren photographs of the flame front at various times after ignition. In FIG. 5, the distance between the flame front and the spark plug tip is shown as a function of time for a lean mixture with versus without electron beam injection. For this mixture, the propagation velocity of the flame front was clearly increased by electron beam injection. Electron beam injection appears to enhance the flame speed by up to 50% for lean mixtures (FIG. 5) and 40% for rich mixtures (not shown). Even larger increases in flame speed have been measured fr electron beam injection into other gases, e.g., methane, ethane, propane, butane, even at stoichiometric ratios In shots with electron beam injection the flame front was slightly elongated transverse to the beam direction compared to nearly spherical flame expansion without the electron beam. This suggests that the flame was propagating more rapidly in the region of the electron beam axis, where the electron beam current density was highest.
In conclusion, the injection of a 300 ns electron pressure, flame speed, and spectroscopic emission data over timescales exceeding 10 ms.
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8. R. Hickling and W. R. Smith, Society of Automotive Engineers Paper No. 740114.
9. J. A. Sell, General Motors Research Report GMR-5247, Oct. 30, 1985.
11. M. L. Brake, R. M. Gilgenbach, R. F. Lucey, Jr., K. Pearce and T. Repetti, Appl. Phys. Lett., 49, 696 (1986).
12. L. D. Horton and R. M. Gilgenbach, Phys. Fluids, 25, 1702 (1982).
13. L. D. Horton and R. M. Gilgenbach, Appl. Phys. Lett., 43, 1010 (1983).
14. D. W. Koopman and K. A. Saum, J. Appl. Phys., 44, 5328 (1973).
Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
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This game is a part of the 2011 Arizona Boys State Football Playoff Bracket: AIA - Division IV tournament. These two teams meet in round 4 (Round 4). You can view the full bracket here.
(November 26, 2011: Lakeside, AZ 85929) The Blue Ridge Yellow Jackets thwarted the visiting Show Low Cougars football team by a count of 35-14 in Saturday's non-league outing.
With the win, Blue Ridge upgrades its record to 14-0 on the season.
With the loss, Show Low moves to 11-4 on the season.
SL (11:46) Weeks kick off return for TD; PAT by Donny Borrego.BR (2:39) Skyler Hill 14 yd TD pass to Chans Cox; PAT by Danny Groebner.
BR (8:54) Skyler Hill 12 yd TD pass to Ethan Jacks; PAT by Danny Groebner.BR (3:34) Danny Groebner 12 yd TD run; PAT by Danny Groebner.
BR (4:51) Skyler Hill 73 yd TD pass to Ethan Jacks; PAT by Danny Groebner.SL (1:44) 85 yd INT return for TD; PAT by Donny Borrego.
BR (11:53) Andrew Montoya 1 yd TD run; PAT by Danny Groebner.
Blue Ridge has not had any pro photos shot this year.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Liverpool 2-1 Blackburn: Reds push aside turmoil to grab vital win
Liverpool almost lifted themselves out of the relegation zone with a much-needed 2-1 win over Blackburn Rovers at Anfield on Sunday.
The Reds hit the front in the 48th minute when Greek defender Sotirios Kyrgiakos netted his second in three games with a customary header from a Steven Gerrard corner but the visitors were quickly back on level terms when El-Hadji Diouf's 52nd minute shot was cleared off the line by Paul Kochesky but only as far as Jamie Carragher and the deflection off the veteran went into the back of his goal.
But thankfully, Liverpool had some luck almost immediately when Fernando Torres side-footed home Joe Cole's cross in the 54th minute to make it 2-1 which was enough to see his side record just their second win of the season.
Liverpool: 2 (Sotirios Kyrgiakos 48', Fernando Torres 54')
Blackburn Rovers: 1 (Jamie Carragher (og) 52')
Venue: Anfield, Liverpool
Crowd: 43,328
Referee: Phil Dowd
Yellow cards: LI - Maxi Rodriguez 67', Raul Meireles 82'
BR - Martin Olsson 28', Gael Givet 30', Vince Grella 90'
Starting Line-Ups
Pepe Reina (gk), Martin Skrtel, Sotirios Kyrgiakos, Paul Konchesky, Jamie Carragher, Lucas, Raul Meireles (Shelvey 89'), Joe Cole (N'Gog 78'), Maxi Rodriguez, Fernando Torres, Steven Gerrard
Subs - Brad Joens (gk), David N'Gog (78'), Jonjo Shelvey (89'), Christian Poulsen, Milan Jovanovic, Martin Kelly, Ryan Babel
Paul Robinson (gk), Gael Givet, Phil Jones, Martin Olsson, Michel Salgado, Morten Gamst Pedersen, Steven Nzonzi (Grella 33'), David Dunn (Hoilett 67') El-Hadji Diouf, Brett Emerton, Nikola Kalinic (Benjani 46')
Subs - Mark Bunn (gk), Vince Grella (33'), Benjani Mwaruwari (46'), Junior Hoilett (67'), Josh Morris, Mame Biram Diouf, Pascal Chimbonda
Need your Liverpool news fix? Click here for all Reds news and transfer rumours.
Need your Blackburn Rovers news fix? Click here for all Rovers news and transfer rumours.


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We campaign for global debt and tax justice.
- New report online - Toward Justice Centred Debt Solutions, Lessons From Argentina We have just launched this report, authored by Professor Alan Cibils read full text →
- Guest blog: Government Misleading Europe about Austerity and Ireland's Debt Crisis Dr Rory Hearne; Ireland's debt crisis is being ignored and downplayed to the detriment of the economy and public services. read full text →
- Guest blog: UN Debt Restructuring Framework Takes Off In New York Guest blogger Bodo Ellmers, from our partner organisation Eurodad external link, gives an overview of developments on debt workout mechanisms at the UN. read full text →
- The Irish Debt Crisis - What Happened? Brand new resource for community education that explores the debt crisis available for download. read full text →
- Econowha? Part 2 now online 'A World in Crisis' encourages us to use our critical thinking skills to examine the current crisis we are living in from a social justice perspective. This section includes the themes of; the financial crisis, global debt slavery, tax justice, global financial institutions, and the power of social movements. read full text →
Latest news
- New report now online! Towards Justice Centred Debt Solutions, Lessons from Argentina. 26 March 2015DDCI has just launched its latest report, Towards Justice Centred Debt ... Read more »
- Can't Pay, Won't Pay? Debt solutions report launch and campaign workshops, 26th March 2015 11 March 2015Can't Pay, Won't Pay?Ethics and politics in negotiating write-downs across ... Read more »
- Press Release: IRISH BOYCOTT OF UN DEBT MEETING MAKES NO SENSE - FOR IRELAND, OR FOR THE WORLD'S POOREST 04 February 2015 PRESS RELEASE: For immediate ... Read more »


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A monarch butterfly caterpillar is munching away on the fresh new buds on a swamp milkweed wildflower (Asclepias incarnata L). This shot was captured near the southern shore of Rose Valley Lake in north central Pennsylvania.
The swamp milkweed can be found throughout central and eastern regions of North America. It grows very well in wet soil, near streams, ponds, lakes and swampy areas. This plant is also called Rose Milkweed, White Indian Hemp (no, not that kind of "hemp") or Swamp Silkweed.
Blooming begins in late July or early August and the flowers can last until late fall. The buds are edible and fragrant. Many parts of the plant have been used for medicinal purposes. The plant can grow to be quite tall, to about five feet. It attracts many species of spiders, insects, including the monarch butterfly (and its caterpillars, as you can see in the picture). Muskrats especially enjoy eating the roots of this plant.
The photo was taken with a Canon EOS 10D with a Canon EF 50mm f/2.5 Compact-Macro prime lens. The shutter speed was 1/60th sec at f/8. The camera's ISO was set to 100. A Manfrotto tripod was used with a remote shutter release. No flash was used.
Your comments are always welcome! Constructive criticism is appreciated.
© 2009 Gene Walls
All copyright and reproduction rights are retained by the artist. Artwork may not be reproduced or altered by any process without the express written permission of the artist.
505 views as of April 8, 2011
Featured in *Wildflowers of North America"
Wow, excellent capture. He has wonderful markings.
Thanks Joy! The monarch is abolutesty beautiful at all stages of life.
Best wishes,
– Gene Walls
What a lovely capture – just beautiful!!!!!
Thank you so much, Lorilee! I wish I had been there when he was a butterfly. LOL
– Gene Walls
Excellent capture, Gene
Thanks a bunch, Big D!
– Gene Walls
Congratulations Gene!!
Yahooo! Thank you very much for featuring my picture!
– Gene Walls
It is a beautiful image Gene, congratulations on your feature!
Thank you very much, Sharon!
Best wishes,
– Gene Walls
I especially like the light pattern you have here. You chose a nice angle to use the highlight on the focal point and subdue the background with the shadow pattern. Well done.
Thanks so much! I really appreciate your very thoughtful observations about my work.
My best,
– Gene Walls
Excellent shot and interesting write-up.
Thank you so much! I really enjoy doing the background research and writing descriptions totally "from scratch".
Best wishes,
– Gene Walls
Don't forget to enter our Pretty In Pink Challenge
Thanks for your very friendly reminder, Lorilee!
Kindest regards,
– Gene Walls
Congratulations!! Your image has placed in the TOP TEN of our "Pretty In Pink" challenge!!
Thanks for this great news, Lorilee!
Kindest wishes,
– Gene Walls
Congratulations!! Your image placed in the TOP TEN
of our "Pretty In Pink" challenge!!


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|Bergy, Rask out vs. Leafs
|03.04.10 at 2:14 pm ET
Tuukka Rask will miss tonight's game against the Toronto Maple Leafs with a lower body injury, according to NESN.com, and Tim Thomas is expected to get the start in net for the first time since returning from the Olympics.
Rask did not skate this morning, according to the Bruins twitter page, and is day-to-day with the injury. The team recalled goaltender Matt Dalton from the Reading Royals of the East Coast Hockey League on an emergency basis and placed goaltender Dany Sabourin on re-entry waivers for the purpose of recall.
Dalton is expected to join the team tonight and be available for tonight's game. This is Dalton's second recall to Boston, as he was recalled on an emergency basis on Wednesday, February 24 and practiced with the team from February 25 to March 1 while Thomas participated in the Olympics.
Meanwhile, Patrice Bergeron told reporters this morning that he will miss his second straight game with tightness in his groin, an injury he suffered while playing for Team Canada in the Olympics.
|Chiarelli gets defensive
|03.03.10 at 7:49 pm ET
Call it spin or creative marketing.
But Bruins general manager Peter Chiarelli, while admitting frustration in not landing one of eight snipers they hoped to add before Wednesday's trading deadline, did say the Bruins accomplished something significant that indirectly could result in a better offense.
In making two deadline-day trades while shipping one of their current defenseman and a forward out of town, they remade their blue line. The centerpiece is 28-year-old defenseman Dennis Seidenberg, a defenseman aquired from Florida, along with the rights to Ohio State defenseman Matt Bartkowski, in exchange for forward Byron Bitz, Craig Weller and a second-round draft pick in this year's draft.
'I know a lot of the questions will be, 'Why didn't we get scoring?' And those are very good and valid questions. Firstly, we wanted to change the composition of our defense. I can say that was an equal priority to getting some more scoring,' Chiarelli said.
Earlier Wednesday, the Bruins sent 31-year-old defenseman Derek Morris to Phoenix for a conditional pick in the 2011 draft. On Tuesday, the Bruins added defensemen Cody Wild from Edmonton and the rights to University of Michigan defenseman Steve Kampfer from Anaheim.
'I put [defense] as an equal priority because I feel that if we change the composition that will, in itself, allow us to improve from the backend out and that should result in better offensive production,' Chiarelli said. 'It allows defensemen to play in their appropriate roles and that was the motivation behind that now.'
Chiarelli said he and his staff targeted eight potential forwards around the NHL as possible acquisitions prior to the deadline but he deemed the asking price too high. Names such as Edmonton's Steve Staios, Raffi Torres, who wound up being traded from Columbus to Buffalo and Carolina's Ray Whitney, who wasn't dealt at all, were among the names rumored to be on Boston's radar.
'With regard to improving the scoring, there were some players out there and we were in on more than a couple,' Chiarelli said. 'But I guess at the end of the day, I just wasn't in a position to give what they wanted. I didn't think additions that I contemplated would produce more than marginal improvement. Hard to believe after scoring one goal [Tuesday] night, I really believe our group can score more and we will score more.'
|Chiarelli to fans: I feel your frustration
|03.03.10 at 5:23 pm ET
Bruins general manager Peter Chiarelli faced the music and the New England media approximately 90 minutes after the NHL trade deadline passed.
He was unable to land one of eight scoring forwards he and management had targeted to help a Bruins team that – with 150 goals – ranks dead last in offense in the NHL.
It was the great frustration of his, as he readily admitted throughout his question-and-answer session.
"As a manager, you try to separate the direct results of the team on a day-to-day basis. I wasn't happy with [Tuesday] night and we didn't try to react and we didn't react today because we put a lot of planning into a bunch of these things," Chiarelli said. "I know the fans want more scoring and they want us to have more success. So there's my frustration. I didn't put that in place."
|Report: B's acquire veteran D Seidenberg
|03.03.10 at 11:54 am ET
The wheeling and dealing continued for the Bruins hours before the 3 p.m. trading deadline as they have reportedly acquired veteran defenseman Dennis Seidenberg and the rights to Ohio State defenseman Matt Bartkowski in exchange for right wing Byron Bitz, Craig Weller and a second-round pick, according to TSN in Canada.
|Bruins deal Morris to Phoenix
|03.03.10 at 10:53 am ET
The Bruins confirmed late Wednesday morning they have traded defenseman Derek Morris to the Phoenix Coyotes for a conditional pick [reportedly fourth round] in 2011. The NHL trade deadline is at 3 p.m. ET.
The Bruins signed the 31-year-old Morris as a free agent before this season. He played in 58 games for the Bruins, scoring three goals and recording 22 assists with 26 penalty minutes.
He would be returning to Phoenix, where he played from 2003-09. He actually played 83 games in an 82-game season in 03-04 when he played the first 69 games with Colorado before a trade landed him in Phoenix for the final 14 games of the Coyotes' season.
He would be heading to a team destined for the playoffs as Phoenix is fourth in the Western Conference with 79 points. Morris has appeared in the postseason just twice in his 12 NHL seasons, with Colorado in 2009 and last year with the New York Rangers.
|Chara: 'We know we have to be better'
|03.02.10 at 10:45 pm ET
For 40 minutes, it looked like Zdeno Chara and the Bruins had the Canadiens right where they wanted them.
They were playing solid defense, Tuukka Rask had turned away all 18 shots and run his shutout streak to 127 minutes, 15 seconds and they even converted a chance in front of the opposing goalie on the power play for a 1-0 lead.
All the Bruins had to do was keep it up for 20 more minutes and not only would they finally win at home, they would run their winning streak to five games and put some distance between themselves and the final spot in the Eastern Conference playoff race.
But as was the case before the break, the Bruins – especially on defense – picked a bad time to start skating backwards. And as a result – four unanswered Canadiens goals in the third – the Bruins had endured their 10th straight home loss.
"We know we have to be better, especially at home, especially at this time of year going into the end of the season and pushing to play in the playoffs. We know we need to be better. We have to take advantage of being at home, for sure," Chara said.
Counting Thursday's home match against Toronto before a seven-game road trip, the Bruins have just nine home games remaining.
"Those games we have left, we have to find a way. We have to make sure we win most of them," Chara added.
|Second period summary: Bruins-Canadiens
|03.02.10 at 8:40 pm ET
The game settled into a back and forth with each team just missing on golden opportunities in close as the Bruins maintain their 1-0 lead after 40 minutes.
Mark Recchi came barreling down the right wing and was stuffed by Carey Price, who has recovered nicely after allowing a shaky goal in the first period.
Price also came up big late in the second when Marc Savard came down the slot and was able to get a point-blank shot off despite being hooked from behind by Maxim Lapierre. The Bruins had two power plays in the second period and did not look quite as sharp as they did in capitalizing in the first period.
The Bruins outshot the Habs, 10-8, in the period and trail 18-17 for the game.
Tuukka Rask finished the second with a shutout streak of 127 minutes, 15 seconds and hasn't seen much rubber in the game so far. Fortunately he didn't see a shot from Andrei Kostitsyn with 30 seconds remaining as Kostitsyn, wide open with an open net, couldn't get his stick on a cross-slot pass.
The Bruins are 1-for-3 on the power play while Montreal is 0-for-1.
The Bruins are 20 minutes away from snapping a nine-game home losing streak, having lost every contest on their own ice since beating Philadelphia at Fenway Park on New Year's Day.
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Furniture quality painted finish
I found this dresser on craigslist that I am going to see tomorrow....
I know that it's an antique and mahogany is a pretty sought after wood but all my furniture is stained wood and I really want to paint it.
The linked photo below is from the June 11 issue of Southern Living and the small blue dresser in the corner is the look I am going for.
I really want the dresser to look as though it hasn't been handpainted by the homeowner.
Any advice? Could I take it to a cabinet maker or car painter? How much would that cost?
Could I achieve it myself with a paint sprayer and a conversion varnish? I have no experience with this product whatsoever but heard it was the best choice for a quality cabinet finish.
Here is a link that might be useful: Blue dresser
How much it costs is a function of the work that needs to be done. Is the finish clean and sound? Will it just need a scuff sanding or total strip and refinish?
The best place to take it is a finishing / refinishing shop that is familiar with the products on there and what you want added. While a body shop ("car painter") knows how to spray, it might be outside their expertise of finishes. The most likely finish of a piece of production furniture is nitrocellulose or pre-catalyzed lacquer.
I don't think a "conversion varnish" would be the best thing to jump in and start on your own. Some can be quite noxious or toxic without the proper equipment and environment.
If you decide to do it yourself, be sure to practice on some scrap wood or cardboard to check your results before starting top and center on your new dresser. You could quickly double or triple the effort to undo what you did and recover from it.


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Hewlett-Packard in Vietnam BUSA 7530 1. What are the key economic, political, social, cultural, and religious issues facing any "outside" company wanting to do business in Vietnam? (This is a good source: www.odci.gov./cia/publications/factbook/index.html) 2. Analyze the pros/cons of the information technology market in Vietnam at the time of the case. What barriers exist in this market? 3. Analyze each of the seven segments for the IT market in Vietnam. What is attractive/unattractive about each segment? From best to worst, prioritize these segments. Explain your thinking. 4. Analyze HP's competitors against HP's capabilities. How does HP measure against them? Who is their greatest threat? How should HP compete in order to capitalize on its strengths? 5. Fundamentally, what does a SWOT analysis tell you about HP's strategic issues in Vietnam? 6. What is "guan xi"? What impact could it have on HP's options in entering Vietnam? 7. What do you recommend to HP about entering Vietnam at the time of the case? Be very specific in your recommendations. 8. Perform an update on HP in Vietnam.
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Man shot to death inside Anson County home
Anson County authorities are looking for two men in connection with a fatal shooting early Monday morning near Wadesboro.
The sheriff's office said the shooting took place in a home in the 1000 block of U.S. 52 North, just outside the Wadesboro city limits. That is north of U.S. 74, near Anson Middle School, northwest of Wadesboro.
Authorities said two men forced their way into the home, which was occupied by the victim and at least one other person.
The motive for the shooting has not been disclosed, and the sheriff's office has not identified the suspects or the victim.
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Stunned-My Honors Student Shoplifted
I can't believe that I have to even wrtie this post, but here it goes.
My 15 year old daughter, honor student, all around good kid, usually stays at home, plays on her computer, and texts was caught shoplifting a tank top from JCPenney's. She and a friend (one who I know both the child and the mother) were dropped off at the mall by the girl's mother (against my rules-we do not hang out in the mall because of the trouble makers that hang out there) for an hour while the mother took care of some other things before meeting them to get her nails done. Anyway, the girls decided that taking a bra and a tank top (which my daughter already owns-so I don't understand why she took that) into the fitting room and slipping it into their bag was a good idea.
Needless to say, they got caught. The other girl texted her mom who was at the mall by then and she went to pick them up. Security decided not to press charges and released them to the mom. Then they called us and told us what had happened. Our daughter called us after they released them and told us what had happened. I almost died!
Anyway, our daughter admitted to the whole thing, did not place blame on her friend, and has accepted our punishment without argument.
Our punishment was loss of the computer, her cell phone, and the house phone. She is not allowed out except for school or if we are with her. She is not allowed to have contact with her friend (who told her mother on the way home that she had shoplifted once before). We have also told her she must write an apology/confession letter to JCPenney, the other girl's mother, and to us. She has one week to get all three done. She has agreed to all of our punishments. My question is have we done enough? Or is there something else we need to add? Her grades are great. She is a respectful kid and this is the first real trouble she has gotten into. I know she is remorseful. When we told her grandmothers, she was a mess. So, have we done enough?
Thank you for all of you feedback and suggestions.
I think the punishments are good. Sometimes kids just do dumb things. I know my sister lifted nail polish once and got into trouble but no charges were pressed. I would make sure she knows she is on the short leash for a while though. And keep an eye out for other signs of trouble. And ask about her relationships with other kids at her school. Maybe she was acting out to try and be cool or something dumb like that.
No trips to the mall unless attended by you for a long time though! She must understand that by doing this she has given you a very big reason to not trust her by herself. And stand by it.
Good luck!
Klmkm has given you good advise. Don't go overboard (you didn't..IMHO), and it is a fine line, or she'll rebel more. Why did she do it....to see if she could. Why did she do it...because she wanted to. WHy did she do it...who knows, maybe not even her. But ask her sometime when life is quiet and on an even keel, you may get an answer, and it may surprise you, who knows. You may not. SHe may not know.
My little brother once stole a mouse from the petstore. He was 15 also at the time. I think kids do this just because they want something and maybe dont the money at the time,it's a rush,and to see if they can(like vickey said).
It's a good sign she is remorseful. Also,she is probably embarrassed enough to not want to do it again.
Dont be too shocked,it is the good ones who can be the most bad!
I think it is an age thing. I was with some friends, at that age, who stole a watch. I was SO SHOCKED.. and even more, I was annoyed because I was with them and could have been implicated as well. Fortunately, for me, they didnt get caught but gave me a huge fright and it really taught me a lesson about who I hang out with.
What lessons do you think your daughter has learnt ?
You said she was remorseful, and took her punishments, I think she has acted like a real lady. I am sure it was impulsive, as someone else said.
There has been a lot of talk in the press about how young people's brains dont fully mature until they are about 25. Which means their emotional section of the brain is often very separate from their logic section.
How long are these punishments to last for ?
I think you should keep in mind that its the behaviour of your daughter (shoplifting) that you are upset with, and that you still love your daughter, and she is treasured.
If she is anything like my children, I am sure she is just heartbroken and feels aweful. Give her a hug and tell her you love her.
I am sure she has learnt a valuable lesson over this.
It is quite common, I think. My neices did the same thing, and they where actually taken to the local police station, and they police phoned my brother ! They only did it once !
My delightful and very successful daughter was arrested at 14 for putting on an extra pair of jeans, along with her girlfriend, who did the same, and trying to walk out of the department store.
I had to go to the police station and pick her up and, like you, was horrified, mortified, scared to death, and certain all our lives were to be forever ruined.
She went to see a counselor for a few weeks, we made some friends changes, and punishments at home. It never happened again, and she grew up to be one of the smartest and sweetest people I know. So, take heart. All will no doubt be well.
I loved popi's response. I also agree with vickey...I wouldn't send the letters. If this is the most horrible thing your daughter has done, consider yourself lucky. Don't forget to tell her you forgive her and love her no matter what. We all make mistakes. Lesson learned.
This is practically a rite of passage with teenage girls, not that I am condoning it one bit. She is lucky it was dismissed. Most stores where we live prosecute and it's a $300 ticket, parent and child have to attend a series of education classes, get a tour of the the local jail "Tank", appear in a public court and privately before a judge and have their names in the paper. And that is just for a first offense. How do I know? Yep. Just once.


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Ryan Moore moves clear with late birdie
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No matter where you go or what you do in Los Angeles, the Fourth of July is guaranteed to be fun, festive, and busy, busy, busy. However, to ensure the holiday is one that you'll enjoy to the fullest, it's good to know what's going on and where you'll get the best deals while having the most enjoyable time. One of the most famous Fourth of July attractions in Los Angeles is the annual July Fourth Fireworks Spectacular at the Hollywood Bowl. This year's performance features Steve Martin and The Steep Canyon Rangers with Edie Brickell. You'll also see the Los Angeles Philharmonic, … [Read more...]
Los Angeles July 4th 2014 Attractions
Los Angeles Summer Discounts
While there are obvious perks to visiting Los Angeles in the off-season, there's really no better time to visit Los Angeles than the summer. Why's that? Warm beach weather, late hours at attractions, outdoor music and festivals, and ample opportunity for outdoor activities are at the top of the list. With a Los Angeles attractions pass, you'll get the best LA summer discounts on all the top attractions—which is a big deal in the touristy summer months when prices are on the rise. Check out some of the 37 attractions on the Los Angeles attractions pass to see what it's all … [Read more...]
Top Los Angeles Tourist Attractions
Though Los Angeles remains an extremely popular tourist destination, it's also gained the somewhat unwarranted reputation of being a bit too gimmicky or too commercial. While the Los Angeles landscape would not be complete without its share of glamour and glitz (it is the home of showbiz, after all!), the top Los Angeles tourist attractions merit a deeper look. Whether you're a first-time visitor to the L.A. sprawl or a seasoned veteran of the City of Angels, make sure to check out these Los Angeles attractions, taking the opportunity to experience the culture, history, and innovation that … [Read more...]
Family Things to do in Los Angeles
If you are looking to save some green on your family's trip to the Left Coast, then the Los Angeles Family Attractions package is definitely worth a look. The Los Angeles Family Attractions discount package by Smart Destinations saves a family of four over $60 on admission to the Aquarium of the Pacific, Pacific Park & Queen Mary! Constructed by Scottish steamboat manufacturer John Brown & Company, the Queen Mary left on its maiden voyage on May 27, 1936 and went on to cross the transatlantic more than 1,000 times. With five dining areas and lounges, a swimming pool and a grand … [Read more...]


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Lore: Thunder Ridge
Edit Page Last Edit: 1 year 9 months ago
Lore on the History: Vellosk.
Gained by: Entering the area known as Thunder Ridge.
Thunder Ridge
Thunder Ridge is a sacred place where primal spirits of thunder and lightning are tamed by the Stormcaller shamans of the Gray Wolf Tribe.
It is said that this is where Uthgar the Battle Father first taught the language of the storm spirits to his people.
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The Real Test For A Porsche GT3 RS 4.0 Is The Monte Carlo Rally
You might think that the real place for testing a Porsche 911 GT3 RS 4.0 liter would be on a racetrack. I would argue it's right here. »
You might think that the real place for testing a Porsche 911 GT3 RS 4.0 liter would be on a racetrack. I would argue it's right here. » 12/29/14 12:39pm 12/29/14 12:39pm
The BMW M3 GTS has a great engine and amazing chassis dynamics, the Mercedes-Benz C63 AMG Black has a wickedly charismatic V8 and quick-acting autobox. Both are lighter than their downmarket counterparts and sport huge premium price tags. But can they compete with the Porsche GT3 RS 4.0 on road and track? » 5/02/12 3:30pm 5/02/12 3:30pm
It's with both envy and pride that I inform you our bloke Chris Harris owns a Porsche 911 GT3 RS 4.0. Having broken two Cardinal sins already, I present Chris's last drive of the season, in which he — among other hoonage — uses the Porsche's wing as a breakfast table. » 1/25/12 4:30pm 1/25/12 4:30pm
Electronic Arts's Need for Speed franchise will soon increase by one: Need For Speed: The Run. A new game trailer confirms the presence of a Porsche GT3 RS 4.0, and perhaps a few meth labs, in the game's virtual world. » 7/27/11 12:30pm 7/27/11 12:30pm
The Porsche GT3 RS 4.0 is the driver-focused 911 GT3 RS but with a slightly larger engine. And by a slightly larger engine we mean the largest engine ever officially offered in a street-worthy Porsche 911. It's a fitting swan-song for what will finally be the last Porsche 997 variant ever. We think. Probably. More… » 4/28/11 9:30am 4/28/11 9:30am
After first reading the details and now, finally, after seeing these allegedly official photos of the Porsche 911 GT3 RS 4.0, it's fairly safe to say what we've known all along: Porsche is selling a street-legal RSR. » 4/26/11 3:45pm 4/26/11 3:45pm
This image purports to be the much-rumored swan song Porsche 911 GT3 RS 4.0, which according to the leaked spec sheet uses the 500-hp 4.0-liter RSR engine to help create the ultimate 997 model. » 4/18/11 10:00am 4/18/11 10:00am
An order sheet posted on Teamspeed could prove the 4.0-liter Porsche GT3 RS special edition is real. Do we really need another 911? Sure we do, when it's based on the best Porsche ever built, and uses the RSR engine. » 4/14/11 5:01pm 4/14/11 5:01pm


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SEE Som Electronic Exchange Weekly Electronic Forum on Useful Microbes and Herbal Extracts Food Safety and Pesticide Residues October 2007 1 Abstract Public and regulatory concerns about food safety continue to grow, with sharp spikes in media coverage when adverse incidents of contamination surface periodically. Plant protection agents, which do not require pre-harvest intervals, meet conflicting aims of all stake holders in the logistics chain of dietary ingredients that people, eat with minimal or no processing. Bio- rational pesticides offer a viable alternative to tortuous organic certification, and deserve support from farm producers and urban consumers alike. The Many Colors of Food Safety Is it better to eat fresh produce with residues of chemical pesticides, or alternatives laden with body wastes of chewing Lepidoptera, and microbes injected systemically by sucking pests? The conundrums of simplistic and populist approaches to food safety will not meet the diligent standards set globally by professionals. The World Health Organization (Food Safety, 2007) is seized of the multiple issues related with food safety. It works with its sister body of the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization, to set food safety standards in terms of chemical pesticides, heavy metals, and microbial contaminants. Technically, heavy metals, polluted irrigation and wash water, as well as microbial contaminants may damage human health more than occasional exposure to minute traces of modern degradable pesticides. However, the latter is something of a black sheep for the media (Roshni, 2003) and the matter gets more than its fair share of attention. It is significant that the organic certification process does not make any references to poisonous residues or to contaminants in food other chemicals used for agronomy reasons. SEE Som Electronic Exchange Weekly Electronic Forum on Useful Microbes and Herbal Extracts Food Safety and Pesticide Residues October 2007 2 Pleasures and Pains of Salads Residue degradation in food is generally accelerated by cooking, and washing is able to remove most residues on external surfaces (Holland, Hamilton, Ohlin, and Skidmore, 1994). Therefore, systemic residues in food items that are consumed raw have to be primary concerns, with respect to chemical pesticide contamination. Salads are high in ingredients which are not heated, and processed only minimally before consumption. Freshness, which is always a value criterion in meals, is most highly prized in salads. Therefore, fruits and leaves are eaten relatively soon after harvest, compared to say plantation crops. Salads are also global in character (Salads Menu, 2007); it would be hard to find an ethnic cuisine anywhere which does not start with a fresh and raw salad, or have one with a main course. Tomatoes and cabbage leaves are two major fresh salad ingredients which require plant protection cover almost until the day of harvest. Clearly, these two items of farm and garden produce must receive close attention in terms of managing pesticide residues for food safety. . Restrictive Practices of Organic Produce Monopolies The organic certification process is rigorous and can take up to 3 years for a producer to complete (Organic Certification, 2006). The natural plant protection products on which organic producers rely may not be adequate in efficacy and spectrum terms to take care of all the pests which can attack tomatoes and cabbage patches near harvests. Small producers are handicapped by the paucity of specialists in organic farming, so no country has been able to convert all its vegetable production to pesticide-free agronomy. Small fields of organic production in the midst of widespread chemical agriculture only increase pest populations on unprotected plants. Overall, the outlook for converting all production of crops eaten fresh and without cooking appears to SEE Som Electronic Exchange Weekly Electronic Forum on Useful Microbes and Herbal Extracts Food Safety and Pesticide Residues October 2007 3 be poor at this time. However, bio-rational pesticides offer a compromise that meets food safety and farm productivity needs at the same time. Managing Residues Productively The commercial spread of bacterial pesticides has offered new avenues to manage chemical residues and to meet food safety objectives (Bacillus thuringiensis Tolerance Exemption, 1995). Genetic engineering has raised fresh controversies about food safety, but doubts and fears in this regard do not detract from any way from the advantages of controlling destructive pests through a variety of microbes. Formulation development has come a long way since microbial pesticides were first discovered, and farmers can now look forward to using well-presented and stable brands right up to the point of harvest, for effective crop management Herbal pesticides have proved to be valuable and versatile additions to plant protection armories. The range of pests which products of plant origin can control is much broader, and helps farmers deal with systemic causes of production losses, while keeping produce free of chemical residues at harvest times. The regulatory exemption from residue tolerances for herbal pesticides is a life-giving shot in the arm for productive food safety (Exemption from the Requirement of a Tolerance, 2001). The blanket exemption should serve as a fillip for accelerated development of new active ingredients of plant origin. All zones with rich bio-diversity offer virtually unlimited business potentials in this regard. Everyone Wins with CSA! Bio-rational pesticides for farm outputs which are eaten fresh and raw deserve massive development, extension and communication investments. Universal use of such products on crops such as tomatoes and cabbages near harvests will provide quick and meaningful improvements in global food SEE Som Electronic Exchange Weekly Electronic Forum on Useful Microbes and Herbal Extracts Food Safety and Pesticide Residues October 2007 4 safety standards. Most chemical pesticide innovations have depended almost entirely on private capital, and this sector of industry overshadows the nascent bio-rational product segment by a wide margin. However, there are no conflicts of interest between chemical and bio-rational pesticide producers when it comes to protecting crops eaten fresh and raw near harvests. Consumers, sellers, influencers, and regulators should get in to the act as well. A suitable forum for such a broad-based initiative to improve food safety standards throughout the world could be the emerging phenomenon of Community Supported Agriculture (Community Supported Agriculture, 2007). All stake holders gain if Community Supported Agriculture is used as a primary route for supply chains of salad ingredients. Thank you for posting your opinion here. SEE Som Electronic Exchange Weekly Electronic Forum on Useful Microbes and Herbal Extracts Food Safety and Pesticide Residues October 2007 5 References Holland, P, Hamilton, D, Ohlin, B, and Skidmore, M, 1994, Effects of Storage and Processing on Pesticide Residues in Plant Products, Pure & Applied Chemistry, Volume 88, No 2 pp 335-368 Roshni, R, 2003, How safe are the vegetables we eat? The Hindu, Monday, July 07 2003 Bacillus thuringiensis Tolerance Exemption, 1995, web site of the IPM Center of Cornell University, retrieved October 2007 from: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/pips/sexually_compatible _plants.pdf Community Supported Agriculture, 2007, web site of the National Agricultural Library of the United States Department of Agriculture, retrieved October 2007 from: http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/pubs/csa/csa.shtml Exemption from the Requirement of a Tolerance, 2001, web site of the Environmental Protection Agency retrieved October 2007 from: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/pips/sexually_compatible _plants.pdf Food Safety, 2007, web site of the World Health Organization, retrieved October 2007 from: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/en/ Organic Certification, 2006, web site of the US Department of Agriculture, retrieved October 2007 from: http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/!ut/p/_s.7_0_A/7_0_1OB?navid=OR GANIC_CERTIFICATIO&navtype=RT&parentnav=AGRICULTUR E Salads Menu, 2007, web site of iSuB International, retrieved October 2007 from: http://www.isubusa.com/insalatesalads_menu
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1) A new
Skyline Survival M parachute.
Up to 100kg - The pendulum free PDA canopy (Pull Down Apex / annular) - fastest opening and minimum sink values!
The rescue-chute Skyline SURVIVE was developed for the use with Para gliders or Hang gliders. The first principle, constructing this chute, was to develop a rescue device with less deployment time, low sink rates and high loading capacity of the canopy. The special packing system guarantees a fast deployment. DHV-license test: The Survive was dropped from a height of 60 meters at zero acceleration with a weight of 70 kg. After two thirds of the dropping distance already the rescue chute was fully deployed. In normal use the deployment will be even faster, because pilots in most cases throw the chute away from the body.
Steve Kroop at Flytec<email@example.com> provides:
2) PolyPro/Fleece Speed sleeves
3) Zip-up Speed sleeves
4) Hooded Speed sleeves
5) Team Jacket*
6) Embroidered Sweatshirt*
* US readers only due to shipping costs
7) a new IQ Sonic audio vario from Steve Kroop at Flytec USA:
8) a Flytec Alt Windwatch (I've got a Winwatch, so I'm giving this nearly new one away),
9, 10,11) three new Miniglider keychain pilots,
12, 13, 14) three new Oz Report mugs,
15,16,17) three new Oz Report mouse pads,
18, 19) two new Oz Report antennas,
20, 21) two new Oz Report pro-tow releases with bridles,
22) and a new set of three Oz Report double length two inch wide quick release straps:
23) an outdoor quadrotor from Cliff Whitney at Atlanta Hobby:
3-axis flybarless stabilization system
4-in-1 DSM2 receiver/ESCs/mixer/AS3X sensor unit
4-channel DSM2 transmitter with batteries
Length: 11.5 in (292mm)
Width: 7.0 in (178mm)
Height: 2.0 in (52mm)
Indoors or out, breezy conditions or calm, youll find you can fly the mQX with complete confidence just about anywhere, anytime. And its so simple to set up, anyone with experience flying conventional RC helis will find its the perfect introduction to quad-copter fun.
Rolls unlike the other two helicopters (4 channels Vs. 3). Easy to fly once you set the digital trim. Indoor (it's small) or out. Very fast and maneuverable. I found it easier to fly than the big outdoor helicopter. Capable of very fancy flying after you learn to fly it.
24) an outdoor helicopter:
The new H853 Volitation helicopter is a metal helicopter with a
built in gyro to help stabilize your flights. This model is a 3 channel
helicopter that is specially designed to fly in the outdoor environment. The
H853 Volitation is great to take to the park to fly, and since it is a beginner
model, you will be able to get it up and flying in no time. A full function 3
channel radio control allows the H853 Volitation to maneuver Left/Right,
Forward/Reverse, and Up/Down. The real life styling of the design almost
resembles the real thing, but is small enough so you can fly it almost anywhere
outdoors. With its 3 channel digital proportional control and built in gyro, you
will have a great first time flying experience. The airframe is extremely
lightweight allowing this helicopter to fly over 100m high. When flying at high
altitudes, your helicopter will need to be made real sturdy, the H853 Volitation
is made from the highest grade material so that it can withstand most crashes.
Running two powerful 180 Main Motors and an N20 Tail Motor, this helicopter can
outperform most models in its class without breaking a sweat.
Measuring at a length of 26.18 inches with a Main Rotor Diameter of 21.06 inches, this is a great model to start with if you are planning to get into this amazing fast paced hobby.
I found it easy to fly also, as it is a coaxial model, but harder than the indoor model and a bit harder than the quadrotor.
25) an indoor helicopter:
Full 3 channels: up, down, left, right, forward, and backward
The transmitter has an alignment trim, a charging and power indicator, a left/right lever and trimmer
Suitable for indoor flying only
Flight range is approximately 30'
7. 5 x 7.5 x 7.5 inches
The brand new GYRO S107 3.5CH Mini RTF RC Helicopter comes with the greatest advancement in Helicopter Technology, a Gyro. No more crashing, no more replacing parts, the GYRO has changed the Helicopter industry completely, making this RC Helicopter super easy to fly and maneuver. Great for people of all skill levels, this bad boy features a coaxial rotor a single rear rotor for precise movement and a GYRO for increased stability whether flying or hovering. This RC helicopter has a metal body making it strong yet light weight so you don't have to worry about breaking anything when you land it a bit too rough. It can go forward, backward, up, down, left, right and hover. What really makes the Mini GYRO S107 stand out is the built in gyroscope making it automatically stabilize allowing you to focus on flying instead of trying not to make it crash. This product is ready to run, there is no assembly required. Just put in 6 AA batteries into the transmitter/charger and charge the helicopter and you are good to go. Small enough to fit on the palm of your hand, be the coolest kid on the block by getting the GYRO S107 3.5CH Mini RTF RC Helicopter.
This is a very easy to fly helicopter. Only indoor as it uses infrared transmitter and receiver (not radio frequency). It's a real beauty.
26 (medium), 27 (large) one of two tee-shirts from Larry Bunner:
28) four Remora rack pads for you rack type (Thule, Yakima, or aero bar). Thanks to Mikey Barber.
Aero bar version pictured above.
29) $100 donation to Feeding America
30) $200 donation to the Cloudbase Foundation.
31, 32, 33) 2012 Hang Gliding Calendars available only to European Oz Report Subscribers (because of shipping costs) from SvS Design
34) One set of Whoosh!Wheels (winners choice of hub style and wheels size) from Raven Hang Gliding, Inc. MSRP: $140-215 depending upon style and size. The winner (if outside of the USA) must pay international shipping.
35) Release from Joe Street (available to US pilots only)
"Get Off" aerotow release.
High quality stainless steel. Simple design with all critical areas easily inspected for wear. Very consistent action even under extreme loads so that you don't get a surprise at the moment when you can least afford it. Built to last.
36) 1 set of Ole's thrilling Thrillogy Tales From The Wild Blue Yonder, a $50 value, http://www.TalesFromTheWildBlueYonder.com
37) The book, Classic Routes, from Cross Country Magazine.
38) the beautiful coffee table book, Best Flying Sites of the Alps.
39) Shirt ($35 value) http://www.warrenwindsports.com.au/catalog/shirts/xc-hang-gliding-t-shirt
(available only to Australian pilots)
40) Trucker Hat ($23) http://www.warrenwindsports.com.au/catalog/hats/trucker-hat
(available only to Australian pilots)
41) Flexfit Hat ($33) http://www.warrenwindsports.com.au/catalog/hats/flexfit-hat
(available only to Australian pilots)
42) Speed sleeves ($85 value) http://www.warrenwindsports.com.au/catalog/flying-t-shirts/flying-speed-sleeves
(available only to Australian pilots)
43) a Remora Rack
From Mike Barber at http://remoraracks.com/index.php?page=5
44) from Steve Pearson at Wills Wing:
A clamping assembly for the Wills Wing carbon basetube, 7075 tubes and a right angle clamping bracket that together provide a light and flexible mounting system for GoPros and light camera systems.
45, 46, 47, 48, 49)
five separate copies of Orlando Stephenson's thriller:


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Flannel Baby Accessories Patternby Connecting Threads
To view this document you will need the latest version of Adobe Acrobat Reader
Soft and useful baby gifts, that both the new parent and baby will appreciate! The Flannel Baby Accessories pattern shows you how to make a warm and cushy receiving blanket, just the right size for a crib or stroller. The blanket is embellished with a border of buttonhole or blanket stitch. And a cleverly sewn hood makes it easy to securely wrap a even the most wiggly baby up in this blanket. Also, sew coordinating burp clothes. Every parent keeps a few of these handy in their diaper bag.
blanket 40" square, burp cloth 7 1/2" x 21" Item No. 991450
- Other Patterns You'll Love
View all 182 patterns »
Pan Handlers Patternby Vanilla House Designs $9.90
Curvacious Patternby GE Designs $6.50
Rise & Shine Patternby Yoko Saito $11.95
Hearth & Home Patternby Sherri K. Falls $5.00
Tiny Dresden Pattern - Aprilby Susan Marth $7.50


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Recent Posts
- The Shaolin Monks return in new Mortal Kombat X trailer
- Prepare the death ray! Tropico 5: Supervillian DLC now on Steam
- Galactic Civilizations III gets custom factions, bigger maps in Beta 5
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- PlayStation 4 Yukimura update to add features, accessibility options
Fancy A Date?
Developer- and Publisher-specific Articles: Turn 10 Studios
Turn 10 releases first of new Forza Horizon video series
Turn 10 Studios is prepping for the release of Forza Horizon with a new video series showcasing behind-the-scenes development footage. A list compiling all of the announced cars was also released, available below, with more details set to come out weekly until launch.
Free DLC launches for Forza 4, 2013 SRT Viper Pack
The free 2013 SRT Viper Pack DLC drop has launched for Forza 4. In addition to a drivable SRT Viper, the pack also includes exterior and cockpit views as well as "a brand new Autovista experience that showcases the car's incredible features and details the model's production history."
Forza 4 gets February American Le Mans Series Pack DLC
More cars will be hitting the Forza 4 tracks today with the release of the February American Le Mans Series Pack. The 10-car set introduces the 2011 #2 Audi Sport North America R18 TDI, 2011 Panoz #050 Panoz Racing Abruzzi, 2010 Dodge Quinton "Rampage" Jackson Challenger SRT8, and more for 560 MS Points
A detailed list of the rides has been provided and is posted below.
Forza 4 gets free DLC, Hyundai Veloster Bonus Pack
Forza 4 fans itching for some new DLC are in for a treat: developer Turn 10 has released a free download, the Hyundai Veloster Bonus Pack. The two-car pack features the 2013 Hyundai Veloster Turbo, revealed for the first time today at the 2012 Detroit Auto Show, and the 500-horsepower 2011 Rhys Millen Racing Hyundai Veloster.
Forza 4's November Speed Pack DLC dated, detailed
Forza 4's next DLC car pack is just around the corner. Set to launch on Live Marketplace on November 1, the November Speed Pack will include 10 cars for 560 MS Points. A few of the rides include the 2012 Aston Martin Virage, 1957 Chevrolet Bel Air, and 2011 Ferrari #62 Risi Competizione F458 Italia.
A provided detailed list has been included below.
Forza Motorsport 4 makes a sharp turn onto store shelves
Forza Motorsport 4 is now available for the 360. The Turn 10 Studios racer comes in two varieties, the standard $59.99 game-only release and the Limited Collector's Edition for $79.99. The premium version contains three cars packs (American Muscle Car Pack, Launch Bonus Car Pack, and VIP Car Pack), VIP membership status, and additional DLC. The car packs have also launched as day-one DLC for those who grab the regular version, with the five-car Launch Bonus pack being a free download and the ten-car American Muscle pack going for 560 MS Points—both are detailed below. Forza 4 sports a new engine, new Car Clubs with Rival Mode, Kinect support, Top Gear (BBC) integration, and cars from over 80 manufacturers.


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More than a dozen waterproof cameras have hit the market within the last year. On the whole, they're better than the tough-cams that came before them. But even with all the improvements, they're really only suitable for shooting outdoors.
That's why the Olympus Tough TG-1 arrives with some buzz behind it. It's just as durable as the hardiest adventure-ready cameras, but stuffed with the brightest lens we've seen in the class. The hope is that it'll be the first tough-cam with serious photographic chops.
In practice, the TG-1 is the most versatile camera in its class. It isn't perfect, but most folks in the market for an adventure-ready shooter should take a look.
Check out our 7-camera waterproof shootout to see how the year's best tough-cams compare to each other.
The TG-1 is available now in gray/silver for an MSRP of $399.
News and Features
Magical Photos Show Huskies Walking on Water
Man's best friend learns a new trick.
Pro Photo Processing in a Browser? It's Here.
No software? No problem: Rip through your RAWs on the web.
Olympus Delivers Old-School Charm With New Stylus SH-2
With 5-axis IS and retro appeal, the new SH-2 is worth keeping an eye on.
With Four New Lenses, Sony's Full Frame System Grows
Four new additions to Sony's full-frame family are coming
In the Field With the Olympus OM-D E-M5 Mark II
This ain't no sophomore slump.
Nikon's D7200 Arrives With a Bigger, Faster Buffer
WiFi and NFC connectivity complete this incremental update.
Superzoom War Goes Nuclear With 83x Nikon Coolpix P900
The superzoom war rages on as Nikon introduces its biggest gun yet.
Shoot First: An Interview With Photographer Dean Zulich
From TV to shooting Victoria's Secret Angels, Dean has done it all.
Lenny Kravitz Designed a Leica Camera, and It's Gorgeous
We can't get the weathered look of this camera off our mind.
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Calotropis gigantea (Crown Flower)
karyn1(7a)September 13, 2008
My Crown Flower has finally gotten buds. How long does it take for them to open? I keep expecting to see a flower but the buds just keep getting bigger. There's about 10 buds in each cluster and the biggest buds are almost an inch long. I'm hoping that they open before it has to go back in the greenhouse for the winter. Last year it had a couple buds at a much earlier stage and they dropped when I moved it. I'd really like to see this in bloom already. I was also wondering if it had a scent?


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Canadian building permits fell more than four times as much as expected in August, as companies and governments planned fewer new structures.
Canada is more vulnerable to a global slowdown than it was in 2009, when it emerged from a recession before other Group of Seven countries, because the levers policy makers pulled then would be less effective now, say economists at two of Canada's largest banks.
Canada's gross domestic product rose for a fifth straight month in July, the longest expansion streak in two years, on rebounds in manufacturing and retail sales and increased utilities output.
Ontario Liberal Premier Kathleen Wynne said next month's provincial election is a choice between austerity or economic growth.
"The 2 percent target has been in place so long, it's become very credible."
- Robert Kavcic on Nov 18, 2014


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Ramkumar Ramachandra
I'm a programmer who has wasted^Wspent all his time hacking on various open source projects. I write code primarily for personal entertainment, and for the social interaction that comes with it. Fascinations change from time to time; it was Git for a long time, and it's LLVM today.
See also:
GitHub [1] for all my personal projects and forks of various projects.
Twitter [2] for immediate thoughts.


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Comment: Re:So (Score 1) 250
It will start after the one against Google
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
It will start after the one against Google
This is true. The chaos in the "Tablet-space" will be the victory of the iPad.
Is this a joke?
We have newspapers to report on people doing things that are considered "wrong" or "not acceptable". Being filthy rich doesn't give you the right to do whatever you want.
"Be *excellent* to each other." -- Bill, or Ted, in Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure