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Revealing my house plans
Hi! Would like to show you all my plans.
We live in Northern Minnesota and will be building on 5 acres (hopefully) right outside of the city limits or a 1/2 acre neighborhood lot. We have 7 kids ranging in age from 17 to 6 months. This house was the result of many years of experience at different stages in life. I designed it myself and had my builder draw up the computerized plans and making sure everything was to code.
Ok, a little about the plan. This design is a modern version of a plan that I liked from 1905. The right side of the house faces south. I do not like open plans at all. With this many people in a house, it just doesn't work. There will be a basement with huge open area for playing, 2 bedrooms, bathroom and large storage area. We are on a very tight budget so I can't increase the size any more. I needed many bedrooms so I had to sacrifice size for quanity. They will all have their own rooms except for 2 kids. I do not want 2 windows in the bedrooms. We get enough light and I don't want the expense of window coverings. It will be warmer too in our extreme winter temps.
My kitchen will be a combo of industrial and farmhouse combined. There will be wood beams in the ceiling. I need the pantry and it will lock as I have too many kids that sneak food and it is going to STOP! LOL! I do not want and island or a prep sink. Right between the stairs in the kitchen is a ceramic water fountain.
I have a 10' dining table that we will use daily, hence the size of the room and it isn't really a formal dining room. We have metal stools for chairs that raise up and down.
The walls of the d/r will be paneling of some sort. The opening to the living room will eventually have barn doors on the l.r. side. There will be wood beams in the living room as well. The entire TV wall will be bricked. The office is where the computers will be and the pocket doors will remain open all the time. It can also be a guest room with the doors closed and they will have access to the guest bath. That's all I can think of for now. I know this plan will not appeal to many but it will work for our family and budget I hope.
I just see a couple of spots. You can double the size of your linen closet by having the door of bedrom 5 come off the main hall. You can almost double your laundry room cabinets and counters by putting the washer and dryer against the master closet and another row of cabinets on the opposite wall. Or you could swap the secondary bath and the laundry room and almost put two smaller bathrooms back to back. You would have to rework the linen into the laundry room though, but with 7 kids two bathrooms for the kids,even small ones would ease the morning rush to the bus. Two shower heads in a 4' shower is really tight. Door to master toilet room should swing out, as is you would have to stand on the toilet to close the door.
Is the woodburning stove just for heat? There isn't much room to pull up a chair to sit around it.
You take up alot of space having two sets of stairs.
I love old farmhouse plans, I can see the roof line now, it will look good. I could see myself as a kid climbing out the window of bedrooms 3 and 4 and sitting of the roof of the porch.
You have 4 bedrooms and probably 4-7 kids all sharing one bathroom--a bathroom without any separation between toilet and sink, at that. Any particular reason? This will be exacerbated as your children return home with spouses/children of their own. I know you value a laundry room...with that many people in one house. But, can you add another 1/4 or 1/2 bath in that space?
I went back and forth on all these ideas. I finally just decided to do it that way for variety. To have a bedroom that didn't open off the main hall. I didn't need a bigger linen either. I was told it would be better to vent the dryers out that wall which is why they are placed there. I won't be putting much in the laundry except a table for folding and tower for hampers. There will be some upper cabs somewhere but just a couple. All 3 bathrooms are lined up on top of each other and I like that (even though you haven't seen the basement plan). The closets are lined up in the same way for future elevator if needed. Master toilet door is either going to be pocket or none. It hasn't been changed yet. You guys don't miss a thing!
There won't be 7 kids upstairs, 3 will be in the basement with 2 bedrooms and a full bath. Yes, the woodburner is just for heat, we don't really sit around our current woodburner. I'll post elevations as soon as I get them. They are really simple actually. I thought about kids climbing out on the roof to sneak out!! Oh, and the stairs. I know it wastes space but I love the front and back stairs in really old houses. It nice for escape, and it's worth it for the convenience in this plan. I thought about going down to one just to save the money but the stairs would need to be more centrally located and that would seem to be a big overhaul on this plan. I have a couple of back up floor plans that only have 1 central staircase just in case this plan doesn't get built.
I'm not sure why but I don't like separated bathrooms. Unless each part can be big they feel too claustraphobic to me. There will be 4 kids using 1 bath and 3 using the other in the basement. The main floor bath can be used in some cases. This will lessen as kids get older and move out too. We only have 2 baths in our current house and it doesn't bother us so moving up to 4 will be pure luxury.
Thanks, both. Be sure and check back because I'm trying to post an alternate version of the kitchen that we hope to use.
It looks like you've put a lot of thought into this plan, as I can't pick out too many issues of concern...I think posting the basement plan and the front or more elevations might help the forum address issues in those areas as you seem to have the first and second floors thought out pretty well.
I'm sure there will be a few suggestions on fitting another bathroom on the second floor, and if you can find the space that would be great, but especially with 9 people you're probably well used to living in more difficult spaces! I know my family functioned fine with some of us using the first floor bath with our bedrooms on the second. Jumping on the previous comments, maybe you could combine the bathroom and linen closet into one bigger laundry/linen room, and then use the current laundry as two smaller baths or 1 bath with separate sinks/tub and toilet. This also allows windows in the bath(s) and with the light tube in the laundry you'd still have space for more hanging or tall cabinets.
You would save space and money eliminating one of the stairs, but I do think they work well and allow for less congestion of flow in the house. You also seem to have ample closet space, but to clarify - is that a coat closet under the front staircase?
If you could find a way to cut a couple of feet off the living room or maybe find the budget to extend the dining room out in the space of that porch, I think the extra space would be much welcomed with a 10' table and all of your family members for the countless activities and meals that will take place there, especially as it acts as a corridor to the kitchen. But overall, nice job! I've seen many architects fall far short of what you've accomplished.
Here's an updated version of our kitchen I'd like to show. Originally, the mudroom was the area right below the pantry in the original plan. But, after some revisions and having to get the stairs to work with codes, we lost room to do the mud room there. We couldn't afford to add to the footprint of the house by adding right off the kitchen and then attaching the garage to it. So, the idea we came up with is to build the pantry and mudroom inside the garage where the 3rd car stall is. This isn't conventional but it'll work. It has to be done after the build is complete because it isn't up to code. There will be leftover room in the garage for some storage, we didn't need a 3 car garage but our covenants said we had to. This way, I'll be able to put another table in the kitchen and have sliding doors leading to a deck. There was going to be a larger deck off the side door until we moved it to the back.
I don't have the basement or elevation yet, but I'll post as soon as I do. Yes, that is a coat closet under the front stairs. I might be hiding some of the av equipment in there as well because it will be right behind the tv. Not sure yet.
And yes, with a large family we've learned to share just about everything. I actually planned on letting kids use my bathroom (GASP!) when I need to, that's one reason I put in a claw foot tub. I don't take baths but I'll be bathing little kids in it. I like the ideas of how to achieve another bathroom but I don't want one. No offense to anyone! I spend more time in the laundry so I'd rather have the window in there. I've been doing laundry in our dungeon for years so I look forward to my new one!!
The dining room is going to get at least one foot larger and there will be no furniture behind the fridge to take away from the table space I need. When the table is in place, the walking corridor is to the left and I might place the table off center to the right. I'll draw in my furniture plan and post it!
Lots of attention went into this with me and my family in mind. Thanks for the compiment, but just to be fair, I did get a bachelors degree in interior design! I love space planning! I never worked in the field though because I started having kids and never stopped. My limited construction knowledge and years of remodeling my houses helped me come up with a plan that I like but still trying to squeeze as much into it as I could without a huge price tag. I've bought most of the lighting, flooring, appliances, bath fixtures and more on craigslist and saved a fortune! Other than that, this nothing extravagant in this home. We live in an area where land and building are affordable. As a matter of fact, I've been looking for a house for 3 years that fit our needs, but they are so overpriced that building makes sense in our case. We'll see though. I hope we can start before winter.
I am just curious why you have the front load garage? You seem to have plenty of room to put it on the side and it would look much better that way I think. As drawn, the garage (the least attractive part of the front), dominates it as also the widest part.
I would turn the garage sideways for sure.
I like your plan! My husband is one of nine kids and the house they grew up in had one bathroom...that's all. So, I can see why four would feel like a luxury :)
I do have one question...are you planning to put a washer/dryer, in the basement? With bedrooms and bathrooms down there (I'm assuming for the older kids?) it might be nice for them to take care of their own laundry...rather than hauling it up two flights of steps.
I like the plan overall and you have found what will work for your family.
My only comment is about the wood stove alcove. Really find out exactly how much more it would be to just make the house wider and have that stove on the outside wall. It would heat your house better. Have better eye appeal.
I do know adding "corners" to a house and roof is a big cost; much more than just a straight wall. Its not always about square footage added as much as how the roof and corners tie into the house that adds to cost.
Did I miss your explanation of why you have two staircases? Staircases take up a lot of space and you mentioned having to sacrifice the size of the bedrooms in order to get the number of bedrooms you desire. I am sure you put a lot of thought into having two staircases, so I am just curious why you took that route. I don't envy you trying to design a house with that many bedrooms.
The garage is situated like that because the lot slopes significantly right at the back of the house where we will have a walkout. If I turn it, it will stick out too far past the house. That's actually why we didn't line up the garage with the back of the house either. It would be nicer to have a side entry I agree. Another thing to consider is in northern MN we don't want really long driveways to remove the snow from.
Yes, there is a stackable washer/dryer in the basement.
My wish list includes adding 2 feet to the right side of the living room but the alcove will stay. I added the alcoves to each side of the house for a little visual interest and so the roof would also not be so boring. We have some other measures in place to spread the head such as direct vents to the upstairs and I'm considering materials behind the stove that will reflect the heat. I don't want the stove to be a focal point of any kind, just functional. I thought about taking out the corners to save money but at this point in the design, the bedrooms need the alcove or they become too small and I think it would be more expensive to add sq footage on both sides (3 levels) of the house to even it out. I tried to incorporate a couple of ideas from the "Not So Big House" that I liked so I didn't end up with a big huge impersonal rectangle.
My design is based on a historical house from 1905 that I fell in love with about 4 years ago. I couldn't afford to replicate it because of the complicated roof design and many corners. I live in Duluth, MN where we have many 100 year old homes, but I can't afford the maintenance, utilities, and taxes. So, to answer your question, I have the stairs because they had them in these long old houses and as I modernized the plan and made it more efficient, the stairs stayed. At this point I couldn't really just remove one of them, I'd have find a central place for them. I'd rather just start over with a different plan if I have to. That remains to be seen still when the final bid is finished. The small bedrooms are a sacrifice in a sense, I guess I should say a give and take.
Hope I've answered all the questions!


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If you don't know
who Dean Clifford is then you would probably benefit immensely by learning about his freedom activism by simply watching his youtube videos (there are many). Even though he's in Canada, he is leading the way on how to dismantle the oppression of the tyrants and their systems of control. What he is doing can be applied universally and may benefit all of humanity, regardless of which country one resides.
If you aren't familiar with the subject matter he teaches than spend a little time with it to let it sink in, eventually it will click, an experience similar the Ron Paul wake-up moment.
Please do what you can to support this man. He is one of us. This is what a modern day political prisoner looks like. Our most effective tool in overcoming tyranny is the collective strength achieved by large numbers of supporters. Freedom depends upon our choices to support and nourish it in order for it to grow. Don't let one of our heroes down in his time of need. Together we can accomplish anything we set our hearts and minds to.
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subset: commoncrawl


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To ring in 2014, Tim Rutili shares a truly stunning and dreamy one-shot short film at 96 frames per second for "Movie Music Kills a Kiss" featuring Rutili and Angela Bettis in the fourth visual off last year's album. On the song and visual, Rutili says, "Movie music can add or subtract emotional weight or fool you into thinking nothing is something and something is nothing. Movie music really can kill a kiss." Watch the slow motion love story above or here on YouTube.
Click read more to see Califone's 2014 tour dates with The Luyas and then William Tyler starting this Sunday at Soda Bar in San Diego and the past three videos Califone released in 2013.
Last month we shared the Califone fans today live tour video for "Bells Break Arms" shot in Santa Fe on the band's fall Living Room Show tour (watch the video on Youtube here / Vimeo here). Today, we share another video from his newest album, Stitches, for the track "We are a Payphone".
Stitches is available now on iTunes, Amazon, at your local record store, and from SC Distribution.
Watch the video, made by Amber Benson and Angela Bettis, above or here on YouTube.
Click read more to see Califone's tour dates for 2014.
Read the rest of this entry »
We have a special early winter treat for Califone fans today! We are excited for you to see this beautiful, live tour video for "Bells Break Arms" shot in Santa Fe on the band's fall Living Room Show tour. Watch the video above or on Youtube (here) / Vimeo (here) Thanks to AT7000 for the video and see more of their online film series of musical performances shot in Santa Fe, New Mexico by going to AT700.com.
Click read more to see Califone's tour dates continuing through Europe until early December.
Read the rest of this entry »
The first video from Califone's new album Stitches was a unique experience for every viewer through the use of its innovative Tumblr backend and now we share another distinct vision from the new album.
Premiering today on Spin, Califone share a cinematic visual for the song "Frosted Tips" directed by Jared Varava. Through a voyeur's view we see violence, birth, death, and joy all through the windows of an apartment and into the lives of it's inhabitants. Watch the video ABOVE or here on YouTube.
Click read more to see the director's thoughts on the video, European dates starting this week until the end of the year and newly announced North American shows starting in Los Angeles in January next year.
Read the rest of this entry »
Billions - Boche
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good chemistry is complicated,
and a little bit messy -LW
Re: Git vs Hg or GitHub vs Bitbucket for Perl projectsby samtregar (Abbot)
|on Apr 26, 2009 at 17:23 UTC ( #760158=note: print w/ replies, xml )
|Need Help??
I'm still using SVN for the simple reason that version-control is the last thing I want to experiment with. It's my last line of defense against the disaster of losing work. I disregarded this a while back and tried SVK and I paid the price big-time when it ate a bunch of code I'd just written.
Of course if I wanted to contribute to a project that was already using Git or Hg I'd be willing to give a try, but for my own projects I prefer something maximally reliable.
In Section Meditations


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Don't knock it till you try it.
I'm a modder, musician, and moderator at everythingeaw. Music I make includes ambient, orchestra, trance, even a little dnb, hardstyle, house and dubstep- as well as guitar in a hardcore band called Hope For Tomorrow.PM me if you have any requests or questions. I am willing to work with mod teams and developers, I have experience in music production, XML, Lua, and some modeling with 3ds Max. :)
Don't knock it till you try it.
And nothing of value was lost.
I have ENB series running on my BF2, it works perfectly fine as long as you turn off motion blur.
Heh, "Fungal Warfare".
Nice :)
It's a trap!
I find it more satisfying to do everything myself, but I am just a hobbyist. If I were to be a professional I would certainly not go it alone- it's just more efficient with a team.
Awesome stuff, can't wait! :)
Lazy because he used good looking open source helmet models that fit the theme of his game?
I think the word you're looking for is "smart".
Huge improvement!
Was I really that loud?
I won't be using tablet computers for quite a while but I'm glad you get a chance to work on DSS while away from home! Huge fan of your game and I look forward to every progress update :)
That texture is insane
I second all of these questions.
Looks pretty awesome!
Pretty sick particle effects.
I love the idea of randomized tech trees!
What about just having a certain resource type that must be transported from planet to planet for certain units or technologies, while basic resources are shared automatically?
That way you don't have to manage your infrastructure so much to be functional, but having transport routes is still beneficial.
I get happy every time DSS comes up in my ModDB updates :D
I actually got into the modding community through modding XML in Star Wars: Empire At War, this excites me! :D
This is so awesome!
Loving the art style of this game!
I see this about 20 times a day when I have modding sessions.
Best way to resolve the problem is make edits to one file at a time and test the game each time you do that. That way you don't have to browse through 9 files figuring out which one has the problem.
I love the focus on modding support, definitely excited for this game :)
Looks rad, keep it up :)
I always knew Barney would turn out becoming a Sith lord.
Some mods for RTS games have been extremely popular.. in fact the modding community for the RTS genre is one of the most active.
The particular game you mod just isn't that big- games like Empire at War, Sins of a Solar Empire, and C&C always score high.
Gun laws should not be priority. We need to devote more resources to the psychological well-being of our citizens. We need to focus on stopping people from reaching that breaking point where they get inclined to slaughter elementary school students. He didn't need a gun to do this- and odds are if you want to kill children, you aren't abiding by gun laws in the first place.
We need to prevent the problem at its source, which is the psychopaths responsible.
Downvotes are srs bsns.
Of the two dozen Clone Wars mods out there that have attempted it, I'd have to say this is one of the finest Lucrehulk models I've seen.
Loved reading through the guides, extremely well-written. :)
Dat aft.
Looks gorgeous, excellent job!
As far as picking your own color schemes go, perhaps you can combine an RGB color picker with a selection of colors, similar to the army painter in Dawn of War if I remember right. There'd be an area for commonly used colors, and then a spectrum. This way people can have some more tweaking with their colors.
For weapon's visual effects, it depends on how visually different they already are, such as cannon rounds being longer etc., along with the sound effects for each. You might be able to tell if a cannon is being fired by those two indicators, and so room for players to customize projectiles would be super awesome!
As a huge fan of the X3 series, I like the change in your galaxy's layouts. It should be a lot more simple and engaging with one less layer to worry about. I love the jump gates,the menu, it's all great. Thanks for the update! :)
You can look at the unit icons to see which ones you have selected.
My opinion is more the other way around, it looks like the lava isn't quite fitting in with the other scenery.
With that over exaggeration in mind, the UNSC also has to build 100+ ships to take out one of yours in open combat.
Besides, the ship can rotate by increasing thrust on one engine and reducing it on another, rather than rotating the engines themselves.
Dude, it's a shortcut icon.
I really like the art direction you guys are going with the Batarian ships. Very distinctive.
Why are you guys downvoting everyone who makes a point it looks similar to the Interdictor? It does, plain and simple. In the same way that a Venator looks similar to a Star Destroyer. It's a GOOD thing, it means that they're consistent in their art design. I'll be able to look at a ship and say "Yep that's a Batarian ship".
If you want to play games made by small independent developers, try using an operating system almost all software is expected to work on.
Linux has an undeniably smaller user base, it's frankly silly to expect developers to go out of their way for the comparatively few people who choose to run Linux for whatever reason.
I am so happy about this! Thank you! :D
Some stormtroopers defected during the war. Notably- Bren Tantor's personal stormtrooper guard defected with him. (Star Wars: Force Commander)
This is an awesome idea, I've never seen this done before.
I'm pretty certain they will be able to shoot from the walls.
This is a ship I'd keep in my reinforcement bar until I find an opening for them to hyperspace in guns blaring.
Kind of looks like an Acclamator that got sliced in the right side. Very cool idea.
This looks very cool, definitely haven't seen something like this done before. Keep it up :)
Looks fantastic
That will be up to the players to decide if the forces of cleanliness shall prevail or not! ;p
I think if they were scaled down a bit and laid out flat instead of vertical it would look a bit more "fighter" ish.
thanks ;)
Had my salivary gland removed, it got damaged at some point so they decided to cut it out before it caused me a lot more pain.
I suppose they are pretty bonkers ;)
i approve of you stealing my words ;)
That show had Chelsea Grin, Whitechapel, The Acacia Strain, Veil of Maya, Set Your Goals, The Ghost Inside, and Parkway Drive. Can you say epic show? haha
Most definitely!
I saw them live not too long ago, got the **** beat out of me.
This comment has been posted in a private group.
Yeah its the same from EEAW, and I know, I have an impostor! >:O
The problem disappeared for me after a while of ignoring it.
I think you could benefit from removing certain ships from the buildable list, it's a little heavily populated and has some redundancies. It looks like there's four Executors to build, two of which use the same icon along with an Eclipse. I think if the player has a level 5 station on Kuat and access to Executors and an Eclipse, he isn't going to care about building Venators for example.
A problem with more generic heroes too is that they usually are flying normal ships and so have little point in existing in the first place. If those two heroes cost the same as a normal Executor, one might assume they aren't special and just build the normal ones for simplicity.
I don't like making heroes unless they are flying something really special or have an ability that really stands out. Just my thoughts.
Any bigger of guns and you'd have a Death Star on your hands o:
Been waiting for this for a loooong time.
A little silliness is acceptable if it means I get to feel the satisfaction of running over a crate and getting a free unit. That is a damn good feeling in gaming.
Atmosphere, for some variety to break up the monotony of black backdrops.
This is one seriously ugly ship.
...I love it.
Burnt is probably talking about the picture..not your comment.
Nice to see an update. Hope Z is enjoying his leave and that he'll return to us soon.
The game looks stunning. Great job.
This mod straight up just blows my mind.
I love how open you are about your development. It's fascinating reading about your processes as you create the game. Tracking! :)
I'd like to see one for Dawn of War, clone nuts would have a field day with the army painter.
On the subject of EAW being brought to a new engine..
Why the hell hasn't there been a Star Wars mod for Company of Heroes, or World in Conflict?!
I'm not surprised, it's a Star Wars RTS, and a pretty good one. Even older games like Freespace, Homeworld and Freelancer still have very active modding communities :)
Engine limitations- nothing's wrong with your system.
This is very impressive.
Posture, furry, can probably annihilate your face with a beam of light.
Sounds like the qualities of a Moonkin to me.
Try turning shadows off in land battles. Always boosted the living hell out of my framerate.
If the AI isn't working, you installed it incorrectly or another mod is conflicting with your mod. End of story. You didn't get a magical broken copy of the mod or anything.
Try reinstalling the game, carefully installing RAW on the fresh copy and trying again. Something must have happened to make it not work and those are basically the only two possibilities.
@Guest, to change the Land unit cap, go to Factions.XML and locate the line "Land_Skirmish_Unit_Cap_By_Player_Count" for each faction. Change the 2nd number value for each pair of numbers to whatever you want the cap to be. For example change "0,10" to "0,15" if you want to raise that cap from 10 to 15.
How do I explain to someone walking into my room why I'm watching two tractors sumo fight on a bridge?
Doesn't work, or is just overpowered?
I don't see a reason why one faction's AI would work while another one doesn't unless you messed with the files.
I love everything about the description. Can't wait to see how this unfolds.
I also like all of the humor in the game, it keeps it refreshing and I enjoy reading some of the item descriptions. I especially got a chuckle during one mission where an item read "Apply directly to the warhead!"
You can use XML alongside LUA. Makes it easier for modders too, since XML takes literally no coding knowledge to work with (as a modder)


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You have absolutly no idea how much will power it is taking me not to say what i was about to say... you know what? screw it...
Okay, well, like I said, it's pretty much too late for me. I just wanted to go on the record, that's all. Now, if you all will excuse me...I just got home from a date and my husband leaves tomorrow morning for a 4-day business trip...he'd probably appreciate it if I joined him in bed.
I look forward to my lynching and your reactions (at least I won't be blindfolded so that I can see your remorseful faces )
Have fun


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Jimmie Johnson Puts Chevrolet SS on Pole at Charlotte Motor Speedway
Sixth Consecutive Race Team Chevy Leads Field to Green CONCORD, NC. – May, 22, 2014 – Jimmie Johnson, six-time NASCAR Sprint Cup points paying race winner at Charlotte Motor Speedway (CMS), put his No. 48 Lowe's Patriotic Chevrolet SS on pole for Sunday's ... FULL STORY »


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Cook County, Ill., Ranks High in Sexually Transmitted Disease: STD Treatment Costs U.S. Health Care System $16.4 Billion a Year...than half the people who should be screened receive the recommended STD tests, CDC said. If left undiagnosed and untreated, STDs raise the risk of HIV infection. The report found large racial disparities in STD rates, reflecting a range of... Read more »
How Do You Talk To Your Partners About HIV/AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)?...There is no easy answer concerning how to talk to a partner about HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Although many people find it easy tohave sex, they find it extremely difficult to talk about it. So how does onebegin? The Read more »
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Diagnoses and Mental Health Disparities Among Women Who Have Sex With Women Screened at an Urban Community Health Center, Boston, Mass., 2007...have sex with men only (WSM)," the authors wrote. However, there is limited research on these indicators in conjunction with STDs and WSW sexual health. From July to December 2007, a retrospective chart review was performed on all female... Read more »
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Posted by scared83, 1 Reply...I know there aren't many Herpes infected people on this site but the forum description does say "and other STD's" so I'll take a shot... In December I had vaginal sex with a prostitute. I was wearing a condom and Read more »
using finger
Posted by Anonymous, 2 Repliesif I use my finger to touch the girl's private area and masturbate for her, will I get any sexual diseases, especially aids. Also, if the girl uses her hand to touch my penis and masturbate for me, will I catch sexual diseases. Please help! Read more »
What is this... really, what is it?
Posted by Anonymous, 3 Replies...pimple-like bumps in head of penis. The same thing happened the last time I was with this girl about 6 months ago; now. Is there any STD that would show this symptoms in this time-frame, or could it be allergy to the condom (a lubricated... Read more »
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text:
To early to seed?
So I'm in the Twin Cities and was wondering if it's to early to seed? My front lawn is extremely patchy...I've been trying for years to get it to be a nice thick lawn to no avail. One side is extremely shady (under a big maple) and that's one reason. I bought a dense shade mix hoping this does the trick on that side. For the rest I bought KBG mix and plan on overseeding that side to get it nice and thick.
ANYways is it to early? Right now we're getting into the upper 60's but the forcast still says we'll be dipping down to 32 degrees a couple of nights. Will this kill the seeds? Should I wait a while longer?
Grass seed germination is an inexact science. Cool season grasses germinate when air temperature lows are above 60 degrees and highs are below 85 degrees. Other sources will recommend that soil temperatures should be between 60 and 70 degrees.
Just my opinion, but taking all factors into account, any seeding of cool season grasses before late summer or early fall is too early.
edit: seed link below.
Here is a link that might be useful: germination
This post was edited by yardtractor1 on Mon, Apr 21, 14 at 20:59


text:
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text:
The present invention comprises a method and apparatus for managing nodes of a network. In one embodiment, the invention is implemented as part of a computer based network management system. The system allows a network operator to select, view and modify the configuration of a logical group node at any level of a network hierarchy. The configuration of a logical group node may include, without limitation, logical group node attributes, summary addresses, and any other information that may be relevant to implementing the desired function of a logical group node. After a change is made to the configuration of a logical group node, the system automatically identifies all physical nodes that may potentially function as the logical group node whose configuration has changed, and causes the configurations of the logical group node to be updated on the identified physical nodes to reflect the change made to the logical group node. In this manner, modifications made to a logical group node are automatically propagated to all physical nodes, at lower levels of hierarchy therein, that might run the logical group node function, eliminating the need to manually update each physical node's configuration one physical node at a time. The invention may be used with any network that involves the aggregation of physical nodes into a hierarchy of logical group nodes, including, without limitation, networks using the PNNI and IP protocols.
1. A method for configuring nodes of a network comprising the steps of:
receiving updated configuration information for a logical node;
identifying a plurality of physical nodes capable of functioning as said logical node;
automatically providing said updated configuration information to said plurality of identified physical nodes.
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[0001] The present invention relates to the field of data communications networks, and more particularly to a method and apparatus for managing nodes of a network.
[0002] Switching systems (also referred to as �switching networks�) and routing systems (also referred to as �routers�) route data through and among data communications networks. Switching systems typically comprise a plurality of switches (also called �nodes�) and clusters of switches that provide data communications paths among elements of data communications networks. Routing systems typically comprise a plurality of routers and clusters of routers that provide data communication paths among elements of data communications networks.
[0003] The �topology� of a switching or routing network refers to the particular arrangement and interconnections (both physical and logical) of the nodes of a switching network or routing network. Knowledge of the topology of a switching or routing network is used to compute communications paths through the network, and route calls.
[0004] For systems that comprise a small number of individual nodes, the topology is fairly straightforward and can be described by identifying the individual nodes in the system and the communications links between them. For larger and more complex networks, however, the amount of data needed to identify all links between all nodes of the network and their characteristics can be quite extensive.
[0005] J A number of approaches have been proposed to reduce the amount of information needed to describe the topology of complex networks. One approach involves grouping physical nodes into logical groups (�peer groups�) that are viewed as individual logical nodes (�logical group nodes�) having characteristics that comprise an aggregation of the characteristics of the individual nodes within the group. Such logical group nodes may be further grouped with other physical and/or logical nodes to form successively higher level peer groups, creating a hierarchy of peer groups and logical group nodes. Another approach involves grouping routers into areas (or network segments) where each area is also interconnected by routers. Some routers inside an area are used to attach to other areas and are called area border routers, or ABRs. Area border routers summarize addressing (and other) information about the area to other ABRs in other areas. This creates a two-level hierarchical routing scheme creating a hierarchy of areas that are interconnected by area border routers.
[0006] The PNNI Protocol
[0007] One example of a network that allows physical nodes to be grouped into levels of logical groups of nodes is a �PNNI� network. PNNI, which stands for either �Private Network Node Interface� or �Private Network Network Interface,� is a protocol developed by the ATM Forum. The PNNI protocol is used to distribute topology information between switches and clusters of switches within a private ATM switching network. Details of the PNNI protocol can be found in various publications issued by the ATM Forum, including �Private Network Network Interface Specification Version 1.1 (PNNI 1.1),� publication No. af-pnni-0055.002, available at the ATM Forum's website at www.atmforum.com.
[0008] A �PNNI network� is a network that utilizes the PNNI protocol. Some basic features of a PNNI network are described below. It should be noted, however, that these features are not exclusive to PNNI networks. The same or similar features may be utilized by networks using other and/or additional protocols as well, such as, for example, IP networks using the OSPF (�Open Shortest Path First) protocol. Additional details regarding the OSPF protocol may be found, for example, in Moy, J. OSPF Version 2. RFC 2178, July 1997.
[0009] Physical Nodes
[0010]FIG. 1 shows an example network 100 comprising twenty-six (26) physical nodes (also referred to as �lowest level nodes�) 105 a-z. Nodes 105 a-z are interconnected by thirty three (33) bi-directional communications links 110 a-gg.
[0011] Although network 100 is relatively small, identifying its topology is already fairly complex. One way that such identification may be accomplished is for each node to periodically broadcast a message identifying the sending node as well as the other nodes that are linked to that node. For example, node 105 a would broadcast a message announcing �I'm node 105 a and I can reach nodes 105 b and 105 x.� Similarly, node 105 x would broadcast �I'm node 105 x and I can reach nodes 105 a, 105 w, 105 y, and 105 z.� Each of the other 24 nodes 105 c-z of network 100 would broadcast similar messages. Each node 105 a-z would receive all the messages of all other nodes, store that information in memory, and use that information to make routing decisions when data is sent from that node to another. Although not included in the above simple messages, the broadcast messages may contain additional connectivity information. For example, instead of a node simply identifying nodes that it can reach directly, the node may also provide more detailed information. For example, a node could say �I can reach node w via link x with a bandwidth of y and a cost of z.�
[0012] Although each node broadcasting its individual connectivity information to all other nodes allows each node in a network to deduce the overall topology of the network, such massive broadcasting, particularly in large networks, consumes a significant amount of network bandwidth. Networks such as PNNI networks reduce this overhead by grouping nodes into a hierarchy of node groups called �peer groups.�
[0013] Peer Group and Logical Nodes
[0014] An important concept in PNNI and other hierarchical networks is a �logical node�. A logical node is viewed as a single node at its level in the hierarchy, although it may represent a single physical node (in the case of the lowest hierarchy level or a single member group) or a group of physical nodes (at higher hierarchy levels). In a PNNI network, logical nodes are uniquely identified by �logical node IDs�.
[0015] A peer group (�PG�) is a collection of logical nodes, each of which exchanges information with other members of the group such that all members maintain an identical view of the group. Logical nodes are assigned to a particular peer group by being configured with the �peer group ID� for that peer group. Peer group IDs are specified at the time individual physical nodes are configured. Neighboring nodes exchange peer group IDs in �Hello packets�. If they have the same peer group ID then they belong to the same peer group.
[0016] Construction of a PNNI hierarchy begins by organizing the physical nodes (also referred to as �lowest level� nodes) of the network into a first level of peer groups. FIG. 2 shows network 100 of FIG. 1 organized into 7 peer groups 205 a-g. For simplicity, the nodes in FIG. 2 are depicted as being in close proximity with each other. That is not required. The nodes of a peer group may be widely dispersed�they are members of the same group because they have been configured with the same peer group ID, not because they are in close physical proximity.
[0017] In FIG. 2, peer group 205 a is designated peer group �A.1.� Similarly, peer groups 205 b-g are designated peer groups �A.2,� �A.3,� �A.4,� �B.1, � �B.2,� and �C,� respectively. A peer group is sometimes referred to herein by the letters �PG� followed by a peer group number. For example, �PG(A.2)� refers to peer group A.2 205 b. Node and peer group numbering, such as A.3.2 and A.3, is an abstract representation used to help describe the relation between nodes and peer groups. For example the designation of �A.3.2� for node 105 l indicates that it is located in peer group A.3 205 c. Logical Links
[0018] Under the PNNI protocol, logical nodes are connected by �logical links�. Between lowest level nodes, a logical link is either a physical link (such as links 110 a-gg of FIG. 1) or a virtual private channel (�VPC�) between two lowest-level nodes. Logical links inside a peer group are sometimes referred to as �horizontal links� while links that connect two peer groups are referred to as �outside links�.
[0019] Information Exchange in PNNI
[0020] Nodes can be configured with information that affects the type of state information it advertises. Each node bundles its state information in �PNNI Topology State Elements� (PTSEs), which are broadcast (�flooded�) throughout the peer group. A node's topology database consists of a collection of all PTSEs received by other nodes, which together with its local state information, represent that node's present view of the PNNI routing domain. The topology database provides all the information required to compute a route from the given node to any address reachable in or through the routing domain.
[0021] Nodal Information
[0022] Every node generates a PTSE that describes its own identity and capabilities, information used to elect the peer group leader, as well as information used in establishing the PNNI hierarchy. This is referred to as the nodal information. Nodal information includes topology state information and reachability information.
[0023] Topology state information includes �link state parameters�, which describe the characteristics of logical links, and �nodal state parameters�, which describe the characteristics of nodes. Reachability information consists of addresses and address prefixes that describe the destinations to which calls may be routed via a particular node.
[0024] Flooding
[0025] �Flooding� is the reliable hop-by-hop propagation of PTSEs throughout a peer group. Flooding ensures that each node in a peer group maintains an identical topology database. Flooding is an ongoing activity.
[0026] Peer Group Leader
[0027] A peer group is represented in the next higher hierarchical level as a single node called a �logical group node� or �LGN.� The functions needed to perform the role of a logical group node are executed by a node of the peer group, called the �peer group leader.� There is at most one active peer group leader (PGL) per peer group (more precisely at most one per partition in the case of a partitioned peer group). However, the function of peer group leader may be performed by different nodes in the peer group at different times.
[0028] The particular node that functions as the peer group leader at any point in time is determined via a �peer group leader election� process. The criteria for election as peer group leader is a node's �leadership priority,� a parameter that is assigned to each physical node at configuration time. The node with the highest leadership priority in a peer group becomes leader of that peer group. The election process is a continuously running protocol. When a node becomes active with a leadership priority higher than the PGL priority being advertised by the current PGL, the election process transfers peer group leadership to the newly activated node. When a PGL is removed or fails, the node with the next highest leadership priority becomes PGL.
[0029] In the network of FIG. 2, the current PGLs are indicated by solid circles. Thus node A.1.3 105 a is the peer group leader of peer group A.1 205 a, node A.2.3. 105 x is the PGL of PG(A.2) 205 b, node A.4.1 105 f is the PGL of PG(A.4) 205 d, node A.3.2 105 l is the PGL of PG(A.3) 205 c, node B.1.1 105 o is the PGL of PG(B.1) 205 e, node B.2.3 105 q is the PGL of PG(B.2) 205 f, and node C.2 105 v is the PGL of PG(C) 205 g.
[0030] Next Higher Hierarchical Level
[0031] The logical group node for a peer group represents that peer group as a single logical node in the next higher (�parent�) hierarchy level. FIG. 3 shows how peer groups 205 a-g are represented by their respective LGN's in the next higher hierarchy level. In FIG. 3, PG(A.1) 205 a is represented by logical group node A.1 305 a, PG(A.2) 205 b is represented by logical group node A.2 305 b, PG(A.3) 205 c is represented by logical group node A.3 305 c, PG(A.4) 205 d is represented by logical group node A.4 305 d, PG(B.1) 205 e is represented by logical group node B.1 305 e, PG(B.2) 205 f is represented by logical group node B.2 305 f and PG(C) 205 g is represented by logical group node C 305 g. Through the use of peer groups and logical group nodes, the 26 physical nodes 105 a-z of FIG. 1 can be represented by the seven logical nodes 305 a-g of FIG. 3.
[0032] Logical nodes 305 a-g of FIG. 3 may themselves be further grouped into peer groups. FIG. 4 shows one way that peer groups 205 a-f of FIG. 2, represented by logical group nodes 305 a-f of FIG. 3, can be organized into a next level of peer group hierarchy.
[0033] In FIG. 4, LGN's 305 a, 305 b, 305 c and 305 d, representing peer groups A.1 205 a, A.2 205 b, A.3 205 c, and A.4 205 d, respectively have been grouped into peer group A 410 a, and LGNs 305 e and 305 f representing peer groups B.1 205 e and B.2 205 f have been grouped into peer group B 410 b. LGN 305 g representing peer group C 205 g is not represented by a logical group node at this level. Peer group A 410 a is called the �parent peer group� of peer groups A.1 205 a, A.2 205 b, A.3 205 c and A.4 205 d. Conversely, peer groups A.1 205 a, A.2 205 b, A.3 205 c and A.4 205 d are called �child peer groups� of peer group A 410 a.
[0034] Progressing To The Highest Level Peer Group
[0035] The PNNI hierarchy is incomplete until the entire network is encompassed in a single highest level peer group. In the example of FIG. 4 this is achieved by configuring one more peer group 430 containing logical group nodes A 420 a, B 420 b and C 420 c. The network designer controls the hierarchy via configuration parameters that define the logical nodes and peer groups.
[0036] The hierarchical structure of a PNNI network is very flexible. The upper limit on successive, child/parent-related peer groups is given by the maximum number of ever shorter address prefixes that can be derived from the longest 13 octet address prefix. This equates to 104, which is adequate for most networks, since even international networks can typically be more than adequately configured with less than 10 levels of ancestry.
[0037] Recursion in the Hierarchy
[0038] The creation of a PNNI routing hierarchy can be viewed as the recursive generation of peer groups, beginning with a network of lowest-level nodes and ending with a single top-level peer group encompassing the entire PNNI routing domain. The hierarchical structure is determined by the way in which peer group IDs are associated with logical group nodes via configuration of the physical nodes.
[0039] Generally, the behavior of a peer group is independent of its level. However, the highest level peer group differs in that it does not need a peer group leader since there is no parent peer group for which representation by a peer group leader would be needed.
[0040] Address Summarization & Reachability
[0041] Address summarization reduces the amount of addressing information that needs to be distributed in a PNNI network. Address summarization is achieved by using a single �reachable address prefix� to represent a collection of end system and/or node addresses that begin with the given prefix. Reachable address prefixes can be either summary addresses or foreign addresses.
[0042] A �summary address� associated with a node is an address prefix that is either explicitly configured at that node or that takes on some default value. A �foreign address� associated with a node is an address which does not match any of the node's summary addresses. By contrast a �native address� is an address that matches one of the node's summary addresses.
[0043] These concepts are clarified in the example depicted in FIG. 5 which is derived from FIG. 4. The attachments 505 a-m to nodes A.2.1 105 y, A.2.2 105 z and A.2.3 105 x represent end systems. The alphanumeric associated with each end system represents that end system's ATM address. For example <A.2.3.2> associated with end system 505 b represents an ATM address, and P<A.2.3>, P<A.2>, and P<A> represent successively shorter prefixes of that same ATM address.
[0044] An example of summary addresses information that can be used for each node in peer group A.2 205 b of FIG. 5 is shown in Table 1:
[0045] The summary address information in Table 1 represents prefixes for addresses that are advertised as being reachable via each node. For example, the first column of Table 1 indicates that node A.2.1 105 y advertises that addresses having prefixes �A.2.1� and �Y.2� are reachable through it. For the chosen summary address list at A.2.1, P<W.2.1.1> is considered a foreign address for node A.2.1 because although it is reachable through the node, it does not match any of its configured summary addresses.
[0046] Summary address listings are not prescribed by the PNNI protocol but are a matter of the network operator's choice. For example, the summary address P<Y.1.1> could have been used instead of P<Y.1> at node A.2.2 105 z or P<W> could have been included at node A.2.1 105 y. But P<A.2> could not have been chosen (instead of P<A.2.1> or P<A.2.3>) as a summary address at nodes A.2.1 105 y and A.2.3 105 x because a remote node selecting a route would not be able to differentiate between the end systems attached to node A.2.3 105 x and the end systems attached to node A.2.1 105 y (both of which include end systems having the prefix A.2).
[0047] Moving up the next level in the hierarchy, logical group node A.2 305 b needs its own list of summary addresses. Here again there are different alternatives that can be chosen. Because �PG(A.2)� is the ID of peer group A.2 205 b, it is reasonable to include P<A.2> in the summary address list. Further, because summary addresses P<Y.1> and P<Y.2> can be further summarized by P<Y>, and because summary addresses P<Z.2.1> and P<Z.2.2> can be further summarized by P<Z.2>, it makes sense to configure P<Y> and P<Z.2> as summary addresses as well. The resulting summary address list for logical group node A.2 305 b is shown in Table 2:
[0048] Table 3 shows the reachable address prefixes advertised by each node in peer group A.2 205 b according to their summary address lists of Table 1. A node advertises the summary addresses in its summary address list as well as foreign addresses (i.e. addresses not summarized in the summary address list) reachable through the node:
[0049] In the example of Table 3, node A.2.1 floods its summary addresses (P<A.2.1>, and P<Y.2>) plus its foreign address (P<W.2.1.1) whereas nodes A.2.2 and A.2.3 only issue their summary addresses since they lack any foreign addressed end systems.
[0050] Reachability information, i.e., reachable address prefixes (and foreign addresses), are fed throughout the PNNI routing hierarchy so that all nodes can reach the end systems with addresses summarized by these prefixes. A filtering is associated with this information flow to achieve further summarization wherever possible, i.e. LGN A.2 305 b attempts to summarize every reachable address prefix advertised in peer group A.2 205 b by matching it against all summary addresses contained in its list (see Table 2). For example when LGN A.2 305 b receives (via PGL A.2.3 105 x) the reachable address prefix P<Y.1> issued by node A.2.2 105 z (see Table 1) and finds a match with its configured summary address P<Y>, LGN A.2 305 b achieves a further summarization by advertising its summary address P<Y> instead of the longer reachable address prefix P<Y.1>.
[0051] There is another filtering associated with advertising of reachability information to limit the distribution of reachable address prefixes. By associating a �suppressed summary address� with the address(es) of end system(s), advertising by an LGN of that summary address is inhibited. This option allows some addresses in the lower level peer group to be hidden from higher levels of the hierarchy, and hence other peer groups. This feature can be implemented for security reasons, making the presence of a particular end system address unknown outside a certain peer group. This feature is implemented by including a �suppressed summary address� in the summary address list of an LGN.
[0052] Reachable address prefixes that cannot be further summarized by an LGN are advertised unmodified. For example when LGN A.2 305 b receives the reachable address prefix P<Z.2> issued by A.2.2 105 z, the match against all its summary addresses (Table 2) fails, consequently LGN A.2 305 b advertises P<Z.2> unmodified. Note that LGN A.2 305 b views P<Z.2> as foreign since the match against all its summary addresses failed, even though P<Z.2> is a summary address from the perspective of node A.2.2. The resulting reachability information advertised by LGN A.2 305 b is listed in Table 4:
[0053] It should be noted that the reachability information advertised by node A.2.3 105 x shown in Table 3 is different from that advertised by LGN A.2 305 b shown in Table 4, even though node A.2.3 105 x is PGL of peer group A.2 205 b. The reachability information advertised by LGN A.2 305 b is the only reachability information about peer group A.2 205 b available outside of the peer group, regardless of the reachability information broadcast by the peer group members themselves.
[0054] The relationship between LGN A 420 a and peer group leader A.2 305 b is similar to the relationship between LGN A.2 305 b and peer group leader A.2.3 105 x. If LGN A 420 a is configured without summary addresses, then it would advertise all reachable address prefixes that are flooded across peer group A 410 a into the highest peer group (including the entire list in Table 4). On the other hand if LGN A 420 a is configured with the default summary address P<A> (default because the ID of peer group A 410 a is �PG(A)�) then it will attempt to further summarize every reachable address prefix beginning with P<A> before advertising it. For example it will advertise the summary address P<A> instead of the address prefix P<A.2> (see Table 4) flooded by LGN A.2 305 b.
[0055] The ATM addresses of logical nodes are subject to the same summarization rules as end system addresses. The reachability information (reachable address prefixes) issued by a specific PNNI node is advertised across and up successive (parent) peer groups, then down and across successive (child) peer groups to eventually reach all PNNI nodes lying outside the specified node.
[0056] Address Scoping
[0057] Reachability information advertised by a logical node always has a scope associated with it. The scope denotes a level in the PNNI routing hierarchy, and it is the highest level at which this address can be advertised or summarized. If an address has a scope indicating a level lower than the level of the node, the node will not advertise the address. If the scope indicates a level that is equal to or higher than the level of the node, the address will be advertised in the node's peer group.
[0058] When summarizing addresses, the address to be summarized with the highest scope will determine the scope of the summary address. The same rule applies to group addresses, i.e. if two or more nodes in a peer group advertise reachability to the same group address but with different scope, their parent node will advertise reachability to the group address with the highest scope.
[0059] It should be noted that rules related to address suppression take precedence over those for scope. That is, if the summary address list for an LGN contains an address suppression, that address is not advertised even if the scope associated with the address is higher than the level of the LGN.
[0060] Logical Group Node Functions
[0061] The functions of a logical group node are carried out by the peer group leader of the peer group represented by the logical group node. These functions include aggregating and summarizing information about its child peer group and flooding that information and any locally configured information through its own peer group. A logical group node also passes information received from its peer group to the PGL of its child peer group for flooding (note that the PGL of its child peer group typically runs on the same physical switch running the LGN). In addition, a logical group node may be a potential peer group leader of its own peer group. In that case, it should be configured so as to be able to function as a logical group node at one or more higher levels as well.
[0062] The manner in which a peer group is represented at higher hierarchy levels depends on the policies and algorithms of the peer group leader, which in turn are determined by the configuration of the physical node that functions as the peer group leader. To make sure that the peer group is represented in a consistent manner, all physical nodes that are potential peer group leaders should be consistently configured. However, some variation may occur if the physical nodes have different functional capabilities.
[0063] Higher level peer groups 410 a-b of FIG. 4 operate in the same manner as lower level peer groups 205 a-g. The only difference is that each of its nodes represents a separate lower level peer group instead of a physical node. Just like peer groups 205 a-g, peer group A 410 a has a peer group leader (logical group node A.2 305 b) chosen by the same leader election process used to elect leaders of lower level peer groups 205 a-g. For the peer group leader of PG A 410 a (namely logical group node A.2 305 b) to be able to function as the peer group leader, the functions and information that define LGN A 420 a should be provided to (or configured on) LGN A.2 305 b, which is in turn implemented on lowest-level node A.2.3 105 x (which is the current peer group leader for peer group A.2 205 b). Accordingly, physical node A.2.3 105 x should be configured not just to function as LGN A.2 305 b, but also as LGN A 420 a, since it has been elected PGL for PG(A.2) 205 b and PG(A) 410 a. Any other potential peer group leaders of peer group A.2 205 b that may need to run LGN A.2 305 b should be similarly configured. For example, if lowest level node A.2.2 can take over PGL responsibilities, it should be configured with information to run as LGN A.2 305 b as well. Furthermore, if any other LGN's of peer group A 410 a are potential peer group leaders (which is the usual case), all physical nodes that run as such LGN's in PG(A) 410 a (or might potentially run as such LGN in PG(A) 410 a) should also be configured to function as LGN A 420 a.
[0064] Configuration Issues
[0065] The PNNI hierarchy is a logical hierarchy. It is derived from an underlying network of physical nodes and links based on configuration parameters assigned to each individual physical node in the network, and information about a node's configuration sent by each node to its neighbor nodes (as described above).
[0066] Configuring a node may involve several levels of configuration parameters, particularly in the case where a physical node is a potential peer group leader and therefore should be able to run a LGN function. If a physical node is a potential peer group leader that should be able to run as an LGN in the parent peer group, in addition to being configured with configuration parameters for the node itself (e.g. node ID, peer group ID, peer group leadership priority, address scope, summary address list, etc.), the node needs to be configured with the proper configuration parameters to allow it to function as an LGN in the parent PG (i.e. node ID, peer group ID, peer group leadership priority, summary address list, etc.). Such configuration information may be referred to as the parent LGN configuration. If a parent logical group node that is also running on the physical node is a potential peer group leader for its own peer group, then the physical node should be provided with appropriate configuration information to act as a grandparent logical group node in the next higher hierarchy level above the parent LGN. As a result, depending on how it and its related higher level LGN's are configured, a physical node may contain LGN configurations for any number of hierarchy levels.
[0067] All nodes (lowest level nodes and logical group nodes) that have been assigned a non-zero leadership priority within their peer group are potential peer group leaders. In practice, for purposes of redundancy, multiple nodes in each peer group are assigned non-zero leadership priorities and may be elected as the PGL and run a particular LGN function in a parent or grandparent peer group. Accordingly, there are usually many physical nodes (within a child peer group of an LGN) that should be configured with identical information about an LGN in order to perform the functions for that LGN, in case such a physical node were to be elected as the PGL of its peer group or parent peer group. Those same physical nodes that might run the function of the LGN should also be reconfigured if any changes are made to the configuration of the logical group node.
[0068] If, for example, the network manager for the network of FIG. 4 wants to modify the summary address list for logical group node A 420 a, the network operator needs to identify each physical node that can potentially function as logical node A 420 a and separately configure each such physical node with the new summary address list for logical group node A 420 a. If all logical group nodes in peer group A 410 a and all physical nodes in peer groups A.1 105 a, A.2 105 b, A.3 105 c and A.4 105 d have been configured with non-zero leadership priorities (meaning they are all potential peer group leaders who may be called on to function as logical group node A 420 a), the network operator must manually configure sixteen separate physical nodes to make the desired change.
[0069] As can be seen from the above example, the effort involved in making even a simple change to just a third level logical node in the simple network of FIG. 4 is already significant. For a typical network containing hundreds of nodes, the effort required to achieve a reconfiguration of a higher level logical group node can be enormous, manually intensive and very expensive. This creates a disincentive for network operators to grow their networks using a networking protocol such as PNNI, due to additional costs required to manage it. Also, while configuring and maintaining such a network it is ideal to have all reconfigurations occur as quickly as possible because a network that is in the process of being configured (not completed) runs the risk of not operating correctly in failure situations. The huge effort of maintaining these higher levels means configurations take longer, which increases the risk of non-ideal network service if a failure occurs.
[0070] The present invention comprises a method and apparatus for managing nodes of a network. In one embodiment, the invention is implemented as part of a computer based network management system. The system allows a network operator to select, view and modify the configuration of a logical group node at any level of a network hierarchy. The configuration of a logical group node may include, without limitation, logical group node attributes, summary addresses, and any other information that may be relevant to implementing the desired function of a logical group node. After a change is made to the configuration of a logical group node, the system automatically identifies all physical nodes that may potentially function as the logical group node whose configuration has changed, and causes the configurations of the logical group node to be updated on the identified physical nodes to reflect the change made to the logical group node. In this manner, modifications made to a logical group node are automatically propagated to all physical nodes, at lower levels of hierarchy therein, that might run the logical group node function, eliminating the need to manually update each physical node's configuration one physical node at a time. The invention may be used with any network that involves the aggregation of physical nodes into a hierarchy of logical group nodes, including, without limitation, networks using the PNNI and IP protocols.
[0071]FIG. 1 is a schematic showing the physical layout of an example network.
[0072]FIG. 2 is a schematic showing an example of how the nodes of the network of FIG. 1 may be arranged into peer groups.
[0073]FIG. 3 is a schematic showing a logical view of the peer group arrangement of FIG. 2.
[0074]FIG. 4 is a schematic showing an example of how the peer groups of the network of FIG. 2 may be arranged into higher level peer groups.
[0075]FIG. 5 is a schematic showing examples of reachable end system addresses for a portion of the network of FIG. 4.
[0076]FIG. 6 is a schematic showing a portion of the network hierarchy of FIG. 4.
[0077]FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing a procedure used in an embodiment of the invention to manage LGN configurations.
[0078]FIG. 8 is a schematic of an apparatus comprising an embodiment of the invention.
[0079] A method and apparatus for automatically configuring nodes of a network is presented. In one or more embodiments, the invention comprises part of a network management system, such as, for example, the Alcatel 5620 Network Management System. In one or more embodiments, the invention is implemented by means of software programming operating on personal computers, computer workstations and or other computing platforms (or other network nodes designated with a network management function). In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough description of the invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail so as not to obscure the invention.
[0080] The invention may be used with networks in which some or all of the physical nodes of the network are grouped into peer groups represented by logical nodes arranged in a multi-level hierarchy. An example of such a network is shown in FIGS. 1-6. The example network of FIGS. 1-6 uses the PNNI protocol. However, the invention is equally applicable to networks using other protocols, including the IP protocol.
[0081] In a hierarchical network, network nodes are logically arranged into groups of nodes, also referred to as �peer groups,� that are represented by logical nodes, referred to herein as �logical group nodes,� in the next higher level of the hierarchy. The function of a logical group node is at any point in time performed by one of the member nodes of the peer group represented by that logical group node. However, different members of the peer group may perform the function of logical group node at different points in time.
[0082] Typically, each node of a peer group is provided with some form of ranking criteria that is used by the members of the peer group to determine which member at any point in time will function as the peer group leader and consequently function as the logical group node at the next level of hierarchy representing the peer group at that level. Having multiple members of a peer group that are able to function as the logical group node creates redundancy in case there is an operational failure of the node that is currently functioning as the logical group node.
[0083] A hierarchical network is an abstract representation of a physical network that is constructed from configuration information assigned to the physical nodes of the network according to rules and procedures of the specific network protocol being used. For example, for a network using the PNNI protocol, the network hierarchy is derived from peer group membership information included in configuration information of each physical node in the network.
[0084] Each physical node in a hierarchical network is typically configured with a peer group identifier that identifies the lowest level peer group of which the node is a member. If a physical node is capable of representing its peer group as a logical group node in higher level peer groups, the physical node needs to be configured with a peer group ID for such higher level peer group(s) as well. In addition, it needs to be configured with all other information needed to properly perform the function of the logical group node (�LGN configuration information�). In the case of a PNNI network, for example, LGN configuration information, in addition to a peer group ID, includes summary address criteria to be used by the logical group node to determine how to advertise reachability via the node within the (next higher level) peer group of which the logical group node is a member. The configuration information may include additional information such as, for example, administrative weight (a parameter used to calculate a relative cost of routing through a logical node), transit restrictions, PGL priority values, and other criteria needed to describe the state and capabilities of the logical group node.
[0085] In a typical hierarchical network, many physical nodes have the potential for functioning as a logical group node at multiple successive levels in the network hierarchy. As such, they needs to be provided with LGN configuration information for each hierarchy level at which they can potentially perform an LGN function.
[0086]FIG. 6 shows a portion of the network of FIG. 4, namely the branch of the network represented at the top level by logical group node A 420 a.
[0087] In FIG. 6, broken horizontal lines divide the hierarchy into three distinct levels. Lowest level 610 includes lowest level nodes 105 a-l and 105 w-z grouped into peer groups A.1 205 a, A.2 205 b, A.3 205 c, and A.4 205 d. Second level 620 includes logical group nodes A.1 305 a, A.2 305 b, A.3 305 c and A.4 305 d grouped into peer group A 410 a, and third level 630 includes logical group node A 420 a. In FIG. 6, nodes that have been assigned the capability of running the LGN function (for LGN A 420 a) in their respective parent peer groups are indicated by solid black circles. These are the nodes that may be configured to be potential peer group leaders, and should therefore be able to function as logical group nodes for their respective peer groups.
[0088] Logical node A 420 a is the only node in third level 630. Because it is in the top level (for the simple hierarchical structure of FIG. 6), it does not need to potentially function as a higher level node. Therefore, the only configuration information needed for logical group node A 420 a, is the configuration information for logical group node A 420 a itself. This information will be referred to as �CfgLGN(A).� The configuration information needed for logical group node A 420 a is shown in Table 5.
[0089] The next level is second level 620. Second level 620 contains the four logical nodes A.1 305 a, A.2 305 b, A.3 305 c and A.4 305 d. Like logical group node A 420 a in third level 630, each of the logical group nodes 305 a-d need to contain their own configuration information. In other words, node A.1 305 a should contain CfgLGN(A.1), node A.2 305 b should contain CfgLGN(A.2), node A.2 305 c should contain CfgLGN(A.3) and node A.4 305 d should contain CfgLGN(A.4).
[0090] In addition, logical group nodes A.1 305 a, A.2 305 b and A.4 305 d have been assigned the ability to run the function of LGN A 420 a. They therefore should be prepared to perform the function of logical group node A 420 a in third level 630. Accordingly, in addition to their own configuration information, they should also include the configuration information for logical group node A 420 a. The configuration information needed for each of the logical nodes in second level 620 is shown in Table 6.
[0091] The final level in the example of FIG. 6 is lowest level 610, which contains the physical nodes that actually contain the configuration information for all higher level logical nodes.
[0092] The configuration information needed for each of the lowest level physical nodes can be determined by looking at each peer group of lowest level 610.
[0093] For example, PG(A.1) 205 a includes lowest level physical nodes A.1.3 105 a, A.1.2 105 b and A.1.1 105 c. Each of nodes 105 a-c should contain its own configuration information. In addition, nodes A.1.3 105 a and A.1.1 105 c are capable of running the function of LGN A.1 305 a. They should therefore also contain the configuration information needed to allow them to function as LGN A.1 (which is shown in the first row of Table 6 above). Table 7 shows the resulting configuration information needed by the physical nodes of PG(A.1) 205 a:
[0094] The configuration information needed by the physical nodes comprising the remaining peer groups in lowest level 610 can be found in the same manner. Table 8 shows the resulting configuration information needed by all physical nodes of lowest level 610 of FIG. 6.
[0095] Table 8 can be used to identify the physical nodes that need to be reconfigured if a configuration change is made to any of the logical nodes of the network of FIG. 6. For example, if the network operator, by using a network management system or �network manager,� wishes to make a change to the configuration information of LGN A 420 a in the third level 630 (for example, by changing the summary address list for LGN A 420 a, if the network is a PNNI network), all physical nodes that contain configuration information for logical group node A 420 a need to be individually reconfigured. From Table 8 it can be seen that the affected physical nodes are nodes A.1.1 105 c, A.1.3 105 a, A.2.2 105 z, A.2.3 105 x, A.4.1 105 f, A.4.4 105 h and A.4.6 105 i. Thus a simple change to a single logical node in third level 630 requires the manual reconfiguration of seven separate physical nodes in lowest level 610.
[0096] In practice, hierarchical networks are much more complex than the simple network of FIG. 6, typically including hundreds of nodes and up to 10 hierarchy levels. In such networks, identifying the physical nodes affected by a change in configuration information of a higher level logical node and then manually making the required changes in the identified physical nodes can be an extremely difficult and time consuming task.
[0097] The present invention provides a method for making configuration changes to logical nodes of a network. The invention allows a network operator to specify the configuration information for any particular logical group node at any level in the hierarchy. The invention identifies the physical node(s) affected by the change, and automatically updates the configuration of the identified physical node(s) that might function as the logical node without requiring further user intervention.
[0098]FIG. 7 shows an embodiment of a method used for updating configuration information of logical nodes of a network in an embodiment of a network management system comprising the invention. Although some of the terms used to describe the method of FIG. 7 are terms associated with PNNI networks, it will be understood that the invention is not limited only to PNNI networks but can be used with other networks as well.
[0099] At step 710, all logical group nodes in the network under management are uniquely identified such that a particular LGN can be unambiguously selected by a user. In one embodiment, in the case of a PNNI network, a logical group node is identified using the LGN's peer group ID as well as the peer group ID of its direct child peer group (both of which ID's are included in the LGN's configuration information). This information may be obtained by the management system, for example, by querying each physical node in the network for configuration information for the physical node itself and any LGN's for which the physical node has been supplied with configuration information.
[0100] At step 715, a LGN selection command is awaited. For example, in one embodiment, a graphical user interface is provided that contains a graphical representation of the network. A number of viewing levels are displayed that provide varying degrees of detail. In one example, a top viewing level provides a view of the LGN's in the highest level of the hierarchy. Other levels can be selectively displayed. For example, in one embodiment, double-clicking on an LGN using a cursor control device (such as a mouse) displays a view of the LGN's direct child peer group. Double-clicking on any member of the direct child group, in turn, displays the next lower child peer group, and so on. Any other user input device or interface allowing a user to identify and select any particular LGN, including, without limitation, a text based list of LGN's (listing all LGNs in the network, in a peer group, etc.), may be used.
[0101] At step 720, a LGN selection command is received from a user. For example, the LGN selection command may comprise a single click received from a mouse or other cursor control device after a cursor has been positioned over the LGN being selected. At step 725, the physical node �running� the selected LGN is identified. The phrase �running an LGN� refers to a physical node providing the LGN function at a particular point in time. In one embodiment, for example, the network management system maintains a list of physical nodes running each LGN using peer status information sent by a physical switch after being called upon to function as the LGN (in a PNNI network, the peer group leader functions as the LGN for the peer group).
[0102] At step 730, the current configuration of the LGN is obtained from the physical node currently running the LGN function as identified in step 725. Alternatively, the current configuration information for the LGN may have been stored in a separate database by the network management system, in which case the current configuration information is retrieved from the database. In either case, the current configuration information is displayed to the user at step 735. In one embodiment, for example, the configuration information is displayed to the user as an editable table of name-value pairs.
[0103] At step 740, updated LGN configuration information is received from the user. In one embodiment, for example, the user provides updated configuration information by modifying the current configuration information displayed at step 735.
[0104] At step 745, all other physical nodes (in addition to the node identified at step 725) configured to function as the selected LGN are identified. Such nodes may be identified, for example, by identifying all physical nodes that have been configured with the LGN's peer group ID.
[0105] At step 750, the first of the identified physical nodes is selected. For example, the first node selected at step 750 may be the node that currently functions as the selected LGN.
[0106] The configuration information for the LGN in the physical node is updated with the new information at step 755 using a communications protocol compatible with said network management system and said physical node, such as, for example, the SNMP (�Simple Network Management Protocol).
[0107] At step 765, a determination is made as to whether there is any remaining physical node identified at step 745 that has not yet been either updated with the new configuration information or found to be incompatible with the current configuration information. If it is determined that there is at least one such remaining physical node, the next physical node identified at step 745 is selected at step 770 and the process returns to step 755. If it is determined that no further unprocessed physical nodes remain, the results of the update process are reported to the user at step 775, and the process is complete. The results may include, for example, a message that all appropriate physical nodes have been successfully updated, and/or appropriate error messages if one or more physical nodes could not be updated. In an embodiment in which the management system keeps a local database of LGN configuration information, that configuration information may be updated as well.
[0108]FIG. 8 is a schematic of an apparatus comprising an embodiment of the invention. The embodiment of FIG. 8 comprises a central processing unit (CPU) 800, a display device 850, a keyboard 880 and a mouse or trackball 890. CPU 800 may, for example, comprise a personal computer or computer workstation containing one or more processors that execute computer software program instructions. In the embodiment of FIG. 8, CPU 800 comprises computer program instructions for a network management system 810, which comprise computer program instructions 820 for sending and receiving messages via network communications interface 830, which connects CPU 800 to network 840.
[0109] Display device 850, which may, for example, comprise a CRT or LCD computer display device, comprises a display area 855 for displaying graphical and textual information to a user. Display area 855 may also comprise a touch screen or other mechanism for accepting input from a user. Display device 850 together with keyboard 880 and mouse or trackball 890 form a user interface that provides information to and accepts information from a user.
[0110] Thus, a method and apparatus for configuring the nodes of a network has been presented. Although the invention has been described using certain specific examples, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is not limited to these few examples. For example, although the invention has been described with respect to PNNI networks, the invention is applicable, with substitution of terminology, as appropriate, to other networks as well (such as OSPF areas in IP networks). Other embodiments utilizing the inventive features of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
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so im having a hard time understanding who this figure/person is in these little bios weve been getting. forgive me if im not correct but is that sion? im just very confused over all this and id really like to learn the lore but none of it makes sense.
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It seems to be they are talking about Sion,I mean it is basically talking about a noxian general with an axe who turns undead,so I doubt it would talk about anyone else.
It tells us about how Sion died,he killed the current jarvan at that time.
Boram darkwill is the former grand general of noxus,seemingly searched for a way to revive sion....but not in this condition...
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