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The Future is NighPosted: January 5, 2015 Filed under: Musings | Tags: prediction Leave a comment
It's already January 5th, and I haven't made any predictions for the year. I thought about doing this last year, and then I scrapped the post because I couldn't think faster than things were actually happening. How to predict the future? A couple years back, I followed the advice of not trying to predict what will come, but what will disappear. While perhaps more accurate, it's less satisfying than doing the fanciful sort of over the top prediction. So, here's a mix.
nVidia will convince itself that it is the sole heir to the future of GPU computing. With their new tegra X1 in hand, their blinders will go up as to any other viable alternatives, which means they'll be blind sided by reality at some point. It is very interesting to consider the amount of compute power that is being brought to bare in very small packages. The X1 is no bigger than typical chips, yet has teraflop capabilities. Never mind that that's more than your typical desktop of a few years back, throw a bunch of these together in a desktop sized box, and you've got all of the NSA (circa 1988) at your fingertips.
More wires will disappear from my compute space. The Wifi thing has surely been a huge boost for eliminating wires from all our lives. In my house, which was built in 2008, every room in wired with phone jacks, coax connectors, and some of them with ethernet ports. The only room where I actually use the ethernet ports is my home office, where I have several devices, some of which work best when wired up to the central hub over gigabit connections (the NAS box). But hay, in the garage, it's all wireless. Even the speakers for the entertainment system are wireless. Between the traditional wifi, and bluetooth, I'm losing wires from speakers, keyboards, mice, devices. The last remaining wires are for power, and HDMI connectors. I suspect the power cords will stick around for quite some time, although, increasingly, devices might run off batteries more, so power will be a recharge thing rather than primary. HDMI connections are soon to be a thing of the past. This will happen in two different ways. The first will be those simple devices that give you a wireless HDMI connection. A highly specialized device that you can already purchase today. The second will be the fact that 'smart glass' either in the form of large 'tablets' or HDMI compute dongles, will essentially turn every screen into a remote desktop display, or smarter. And those devices will all speak wifi and/or bluetooth.
So yah, compute will continue to go down the power/compute density curve, and more wires will disappear.
What about storage? I've got terabytes sitting idle at home. I mean every single device, no matter how small, has at least a few gigabytes of one form or another. Adding a terabyte drive to a media player costs around $50 or so. The entirety of my archived media library is no more than a couple of terabytes. Storage is essentially free at this point. So what the cloud? I don't have a good way to backup all my terabytes of stuff. The easiest solution might be to get a storage account with someone, and mirror from my NAS up to the cloud. But, that assumes my NAS is a central point for all the things stored in my home. But it's not. It contains most of my media libraries, and tons of backed up software and the like, but not everything.
Perhaps the question isn't merely one of storage, but perhaps it's about data centers in general. With terabytes laying about the house, and excess compute power a mere $35 away, what might emerge? I think the home data center is on the precipice. What might that look like? Well, some clever software that is configured to gather, backup, distribute, and consolidate stuff. Run RAID across multiple storage devices in the home. Do backup streaming to the cloud, or simply across multiple storage devices in the home. The key is having the software be brain dead simple to install and run. A set and forget setup. This begs the question, will the home network change? Notions of identity and permissions and the like. We'll likely see a shift away from the more corporate based notions of identity and authorization to a more home based solution.
And what about all that compute power? It's getting smaller, and requiring less energy as usual. Self driving cars? Well, at least parallel parking assist would be a start, and that's how it will start. I'd expect a lot of this compute power to be used to improve surveillance capabilities. Image processing will continue to makes leaps in accuracy and capability. This tied with the rise of autonomous vehicles is likely to make a landscape full of tiny flying and roving devices that can track a lot of things. But that's rather broad. In the short term, it will simply mean that military recon will get easier, and not just for large players such as the US. Corporate espionage will also get easier as a result.
And from the fringe? The pace of technological advancement is always accelerating. One thing builds on the next, and the next big thing shows up before you know it. Writing computer software is still kind of clunky and slow for the most part. I would expect this to actually accelerate. It will happen because the price of emulation/simulation is decreasing. Between FPGAs and dynamically configurable virtual machines, it's becoming easier to create new CPUs, GPUs and the like, try them out on massive scale, make improvements on the fly, and generally leverage and build systems faster than ever before. CPUs will not only become simulated silicon, they will stop being manufactured as hard silicon, because the cycle times to create new hard silicon will be much slower than what you can do in simulation. Parallelism will become a thing. We will throw off the shackles of trying to build massively parallel systems using mutexes, and instead reembrace message passing as the way the world works. This combined with new understandings of how massively parallel systems like brains work, will give a renewed emphasis on AI systems, built on the scale of data centers, and continents. This will be the advantage of the data center. Not just compute and storage, but consolidated knowledge, and increased AI capabilities.
And so it goes. The future is nigh, so we'll see what the future brings.
GraphicC – Random LinesPosted: January 4, 2015 Filed under: Core Programming, graphics | Tags: core libraries, graphicc, graphics Leave a comment
Thus far, I've been able to draw individual pixels, some rectangles, straight vertical and horizontal lines. Now it's time to tackle those lines that have an arbitrary slope.
In this case, we're only interested in the line drawing, not the rectangles and triangles. Here's the example code:
#include "test_common.h" void test_writebitmap() { size_t width = 480; size_t height = 480; pb_rgba pb; pb_rgba_init(&pb, width, height); // draw horizontal lines top and bottom raster_rgba_hline(&pb, 0, 0, width - 1, pWhite); raster_rgba_hline(&pb, 0, height - 1, width - 1, pWhite); // draw vertical lines left and right raster_rgba_vline(&pb, 0, 0, height - 1, pGreen); raster_rgba_vline(&pb, width - 1, 0, height - 1, pTurquoise); // draw criss cross lines raster_rgba_line(&pb, 0, 0, width - 1, height - 1, pRed); raster_rgba_line(&pb, width - 1, 0, 0, height - 1, pYellow); // draw a couple of rectangles raster_rgba_rect_fill(&pb, 5, 5, 60, 60, pLightGray); raster_rgba_rect_fill(&pb, width - 65, height - 65, 60, 60, pLightGray); // draw a rectangle in the center pb_rgba fpb; pb_rgba_get_frame(&pb, (width / 2) - 100, (height / 2) - 100, 200, 200, &fpb); raster_rgba_rect_fill(&fpb, 0, 0, 200, 200, pBlue); // Draw triangle raster_rgba_triangle_fill(&pb, 0, height - 10, 0, 10, (width / 2) - 10, height / 2, pGreen); // Now we have a simple image, so write it to a file int err = write_PPM("test_writebitmap.ppm", &pb); } int main(int argc, char **argv) { test_writebitmap(); return 0; }
This is the part we're interested in here:
// draw criss cross lines raster_rgba_line(&pb, 0, 0, width - 1, height - 1, pRed); raster_rgba_line(&pb, width - 1, 0, 0, height - 1, pYellow);
Basically, feed in x1, y1, x2, y2 and a color, and a line will be drawn. The operation is SRCCOPY, meaning, the color is not blended, it just lays over whatever is already there. And the line drawing routine itself?
#define sgn(val) ((0 < val) - (val < 0)) // Bresenham simple line drawing void raster_rgba_line(pb_rgba *pb, unsigned int x1, unsigned int y1, unsigned int x2, unsigned int y2, int color) { int dx, dy; int i; int sdx, sdy, dxabs, dyabs; unsigned int x, y, px, py; dx = x2 - x1; /* the horizontal distance of the line */ dy = y2 - y1; /* the vertical distance of the line */ dxabs = abs(dx); dyabs = abs(dy); sdx = sgn(dx); sdy = sgn(dy); x = dyabs >> 1; y = dxabs >> 1; px = x1; py = y1; pb_rgba_set_pixel(pb, x1, y1, color); if (dxabs >= dyabs) /* the line is more horizontal than vertical */ { for (i = 0; i<dxabs; i++) { y += dyabs; if (y >= (unsigned int)dxabs) { y -= dxabs; py += sdy; } px += sdx; pb_rgba_set_pixel(pb, px, py, color); } } else /* the line is more vertical than horizontal */ { for (i = 0; i<dyabs; i++) { x += dxabs; if (x >= (unsigned int)dyabs) { x -= dyabs; px += sdx; } py += sdy; pb_rgba_set_pixel(pb, px, py, color); } } }
This is a fairly simple implementation of the well known Bresenham line drawing algorithm. It may no longer be the fastest in the world, but it's fairly effective and compoutationally simple. If we wanted to do a blend of colors, then the 'pb_rgba_set_pixel' could simple be replaced with the blending routine that we saw in the other line drawing routines.
And that's that. You could implement this as EFLA, or any number of other routines that might prove to be faster. But, why optimize too early? It might be that memory access is the bottleneck, and not the simple calculations done here. Bresenham is also fairly nice because everything is simple integer arithmetic, which is both fairly fast, as well as easy to implement on an FPGA, if it comes to that. Certainly on a microcontroller, it would be preferred to float/double.
Why we're at it, how about that bitmap writing to file routine?
int err = write_PPM("test_writebitmap.ppm", &pb);
I've seen plenty of libraries that spend an inordinate amount of lines of code on the simple image load/save portion of things. That can easily dominate anything else you do. I didn't want to really pollute the basic codebase with all that, so I chose the 'ppm' format as the only format that the library speaks natively. It's a good ol' format, nothing fancy, basic RGB dump of values, with some text at the beginning to describe the format of the image. The routine looks like this:
#pragma once #ifndef PBM_H #define PBM_H #include "pixelbuffer.h" #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif int write_PPM(const char *filename, pb_rgba *fb); #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif #endif
#include "pbm.h" #include #pragma warning(push) #pragma warning(disable: 4996) // _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS (fopen) int write_PPM(const char *filename, pb_rgba *fb) { FILE * fp = fopen(filename, "wb"); if (!fp) return -1; // write out the image header fprintf(fp, "P6\n%d %d\n255\n", fb->frame.width, fb->frame.height); // write the individual pixel values in binary form unsigned int * pixelPtr = (unsigned int *)fb->data; for (size_t row = 0; row frame.height; row++) { for (size_t col = 0; col frame.width; col++){ fwrite(&pixelPtr[col], 3, 1, fp); } pixelPtr += fb->pixelpitch; } fclose(fp); return 0; } #pragma warning(pop)
There are lots of different ways to do this, but basically, get a pointer to the pixel values, and write out the RGB portion (ignoring the Alpha portion). The first line written is in plaintext, and it tells the format 'P6′, followed by the width and height of the image. And that's that. The internal format of a framebuffer is fairly simple, so writing a whole library that can read and write things like GIF, PNG, JPG and the like can be done fairly easily, and independently of the core library. And that's probably the best way to do it. Then the consumer of this library isn't forced to carry along complexity they don't need, but they can simply compose what is necessary for their needs.
Alright then. There is one more primitive, the triangle, which will complete the basics of the drawing routines. So, next time.
GraphicC – Who's line is it?Posted: January 2, 2015 Filed under: Core Programming, graphics | Tags: graphicc, graphics Leave a comment
After pixels, drawing lines are probably the next most useful primitive in a graphics system. Perhaps bitblt is THE most useful, but lines are certain up there. There are a few things going on in the picture above, so I'm going to go through them bit by bit.
This is the code that does it:
#include "test_common.h" void test_linespan() { size_t width = 320; size_t height = 240; pb_rgba pb; pb_rgba_init(&pb, width, height); // Set a white background raster_rgba_rect_fill(&pb, 0, 0, width, height, pWhite); // do a horizontal fade int color1 = RGBA(127, 102, 0, 255); int color2 = RGBA(0, 127, 212, 255); for (size_t row = 0; row < 100; row++) { int x1 = 0; int x2 = width - 1; raster_rgba_hline_span(&pb, x1, color1, x2, color2, row); } // Draw a button looking thing // black raster_rgba_hline(&pb, 20, 20, 80, pBlack); raster_rgba_hline(&pb, 20, 21, 80, pDarkGray); raster_rgba_hline(&pb, 20, 22, 80, pLightGray); // light gray rect raster_rgba_rect_fill(&pb, 20, 23, 80, 24, pLightGray); // fade to black for (size_t col = 20; col < 100; col++) { raster_rgba_vline_span(&pb, 46, pLightGray, 77, pBlack, col); } // Draw some blended lines atop the whole for (size_t row = 35; row < 120; row++){ raster_rgba_hline_blend(&pb, 45, row, 100, RGBA(0, 153, 153, 203)); } // Now we have a simple image, so write it to a file int err = write_PPM("test_linespan.ppm", &pb); } int main(int argc, char **argv) { test_linespan(); return 0; }
In most graphics systems, there are three kinds of lines;
- horizontal
- vertical
- sloped
Along with the kind of line, there are typically various attributes such as thickness, color,
and in the case of joined lines, what kind of joinery (butted, mitered, rounded).
At the various lowest level though, there are simply lines, and the things I focus on are slopes and colors.
There are two basic lines kinds that are of particular interest right off the bat, those are horizontal and vertical. They are special cases because their drawing can be easily optimized, and if you have any acceleration hardware, these are most likely included. This kinds of brings up another design desire.
- Can be implemented in an fpga
But, that's for a much later time. For now, how about those horizontal and vertical lines?
If what you want is a solid line, of a single color, ignoring any transparency, then you want a simple hline:
int raster_rgba_hline(pb_rgba *pb, unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int length, int value) { size_t terminus = x + length; x = x < 0 ? 0 : x; terminus = terminus - x; unsigned int * data = &((unsigned int *)pb->data)[y*pb->pixelpitch+x]; size_t count = 1; for (size_t idx = 0; idx < terminus; idx++) { *data = value; data++; } return 0; }
This makes a simple rectangle easy to implement as well:
#define raster_rgba_rect_fill(pb, x1, y1, width, height, value) for (size_t idx = 0; idx < height; idx++){raster_rgba_hline(pb, x1, y1 + idx, width, value); }
Simple single color horizontal lines can be drawn quickly, often times using some form of memset
on the host platform. Even in the case where a tight inner loop is used, what appears to be
fairly slow can be quite fast depending on how your compiler optimizes things.
There is a corresponding 'vline' routine that does similar.
int raster_rgba_vline(pb_rgba *pb, unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int length, int value) { unsigned int * data = &((unsigned int *)pb->data)[y*pb->frame.width + x]; size_t count = 1; while (count <= length) { *data = value; data += pb->pixelpitch; count++; } return 0; }
Here, the same basic assignment is used, after determining the starting offset of the first
pixel. The pointer is advanced by the pixelpitch, which in this case is the count of 32-bit
integer values per row. If you're rendering into a framebuffer that doesn't conform to this,
then this offset can be adjusted accordingly.
Horizontal and vertical lines of a solid color are nice, and can go a long way towards satisfying
some very basic drawing needs. But, soon enough you'll want those lines to do a little bit more
work for you.
void raster_rgba_hline_span(pb_rgba *pb, int x1, int color1, int x2, int color2, int y) { int xdiff = x2 - x1; if (xdiff == 0) return; int c1rd = GET_R(color1); int c1gr = GET_G(color1); int c1bl = GET_B(color1); int c2rd = GET_R(color2); int c2gr = GET_G(color2); int c2bl = GET_B(color2); int rdx = c2rd - c1rd; int gdx = c2gr - c1gr; int bdx = c2bl - c1bl; float factor = 0.0f; float factorStep = 1.0f / (float)xdiff; // draw each pixel in the span for (int x = x1; x < x2; x++) { int rd = c1rd + (int)(rdx*factor); int gr = c1gr + (int)(gdx*factor); int bl = c1bl + (int)(bdx*factor); int fg = RGBA(rd, gr, bl, 255); pb_rgba_set_pixel(pb, x, y, fg); factor += factorStep; } }
Let's imagine you want to draw that fade from green to blue. You could do it pixel by pixel,
but it's nice to have a simple line drawing routine that does it for you.
The 'raster_rgba_hline_span' routine takes two colors, as well as the x1, x2, and y values. It
will draw a horizontal line between x1 and x2 (inclusive), going from color1, to color2 in a
linear fashion. Same goes for the corresponding vline_span routine. This is nice and simple.
You could modify it a bit to change the parameters that are passed in, and fuss with trying to
optimize the loop in various ways, but this basically works.
Great, we have solid lines, line spans with color fading, what about transparency?
The individual pixels are represented with 32-bits each. There are 8-bits each for R, G, and B
color components. The 'A' portion of the color is not used by the frame buffer, but rather used
to represent an opacity value. The opacity just determines how much of the color will be shown
if this color is blended with another color.
In the picture above, the turquoise rectangle is blended with the pixels that are below, rather
than just copying its pixels atop the others.
In order to do that, we want to draw some horizontal lines, but we want to blend the colors
instead of copy them:
// Draw some blended lines atop the whole for (size_t row = 35; row < 120; row++) { raster_rgba_hline_blend(&pb, 45, row, 100, RGBA(0, 153, 153, 203)); }
The 'raster_rgba_hline_blend' routine does the needful. It takes a color with an alpha (opacity)
value of 203, and blends that with whatever is already in the specified frame buffer. It looks
like this:
#define blender(bg, fg, a) ((uint8_t)((fg*a+bg*(255-a)) / 255)) #define blend_color(bg, fg) RGBA( \ blender(GET_R(bg), GET_R(fg), GET_A(fg)), \ blender(GET_G(bg), GET_G(fg), GET_A(fg)), \ blender(GET_B(bg), GET_B(fg), GET_A(fg)), 255) int raster_rgba_hline_blend(pb_rgba *pb, unsigned int x, unsigned int y, unsigned int length, int value) { size_t terminus = x + length; x = x < 0 ? 0 : x; terminus = terminus - x; unsigned int * data = &((unsigned int *)pb->data)[y*pb->pixelpitch + x]; size_t count = 1; for (size_t idx = 0; idx < terminus; idx++) { int bg = *data; int fg = value; *data = blend_color(bg, fg); data++; } return 0; }
The use of macros here keeps the operations straight, and provides easy routines that can be used elsewhere.
It's a pretty straight forward process though. Each time through the inner loop, the 'bg'
represents the 'background' color, which is taken from the pixel buffer. The 'fg' value
represents the color that the user passed in. The new value is a blend of the two, using
the alpha component of the foreground color.
This is a fairly basic routine that can be adapted in many ways. For example, instead of
using the alpha value from the foreground color, you could just pass in a fixed alpha value
to be applied. This is useful when doing something like a 'fade to black', without having to
alter each of the source colors directly.
This particular routine only works with solid colors. As such, it is just like the plain
hline routine. So why not have a flag on the hline routine that says to do a blend or not?
Better still, why not have a parameter which is an operation to perform between the bg and fg
pixel values? This is how a lot of libraries work, including good ol' GDI. I think that overly
complicates matters though. Creating a general purpose routine will introduce a giant switch
statement, or a bunch of function pointers, or something else unworldly. For now, I know I need
only two operators, SRCOPY, SRCOVER, and that's it, I don't currently find need for more exotic
operators. But of course, anything can be built atop or easily changed, so who knows.
And that's about it for the first two kinds of line drawing routines. The third kind, where the
slope is neither vertical nor horizontal, is a little more work, and thus will be saved for
another time.
Woot! Raise the roof up, horizontal and vertical lines, along with pixel copying. What more
could you possibly expect from a basic low level graphics system? Well, for the longest time,
not much more than this, but there's still some modern conveniences to discuss, such as those
sloped lines, and some more primitives such as triangles.
GraphicC – The BasicsPosted: December 30, 2014 Filed under: Core Programming, graphics | Tags: graphicc Leave a comment
There is one more design constraint I did not mention last time, and it's a fairly important one for my purposes.
- Must be easily interfaced from scripting environments
In my particular case, I'm going to favor LuaJIT and its FFI mechanism, and JavaScript, in the form of node.js. At the very least, this means that I should not utilize too many fancy features, such as classes, operator or function overloading, templates, and the like. These things are just nasty to deal with from script, and not really worth the benefits in such a small system. Sticking to C89, or C99 style conventions, at least for the parts that are intended to be publicly accessible, is a good idea.
With that, how about looking at some of the basics. First up, the most basic thing is the representation of a pixel. For me, there is a very clear separation between a pixel and a color. A pixel is a machine representation of a color value. It is typically in a form that the graphics card can render directly. Modern day representations are typically RGBA, or RGB, or BGR, BGRA. That is, one value between 0-255 for each of the color components. These values are arranged one way or the other, but these are the most typical. Of course with most modern graphics cards, and leveraging an API such as OpenGL or DirectX, your pixel values can be floats, and laid out in many other forms. But, I'll ignore those for now.
Pixel values are constrained in a way, because they are represented by a limited set of byte values. Colors are a completely different animal. Then you get into various color spaces such as Cie, or XYZ, or HSL. They all have their uses depending on the application space you're in. In the end though, when you want to display something, you've got to convert from those various color spaces to the RGB pixel values that this graphics system can support.
Since I am dealing with pixel values (and not colors), the very lowest level routines deal with pixel buffers, or pixel frames. That is an array of pixel values. Simple as that.
typedef struct _pix_rgba { unsigned char r, g, b, a; } pix_rgba; // On a little endian machine // Stuff it such that // byte 0 == red // byte 1 == green // byte 2 == blue // byte 3 == alpha #define RGBA(r,g,b,a) ((unsigned int)(a<<24|b<<16|g<<8|r)) #define GET_R(value) ((unsigned int)value &0xff) #define GET_G(value) (((unsigned int)value &0xff00) >> 8) #define GET_B(value) (((unsigned int)value &0xff0000) >> 16) #define GET_A(value) (((unsigned int)value &0xff000000) >> 24) // pixel buffer rectangle typedef struct _pb_rect { unsigned int x, y, width, height; } pb_rect; typedef struct _pb_rgba { unsigned char * data; unsigned int pixelpitch; int owndata; pb_rect frame; } pb_rgba;
The 'pb-rgba' structure is the base of the drawing system. This is the drawing 'surface' if you will. It is akin to the 'framebuffer' if you were doing graphics in hardware. Things can only be a certain way. The buffer has a known width, height, and number of bytes per row. So far there is only one defined pixel buffer rectangle type, and that supports the rgba layout. I could create different pixel buffer types for different pixel layouts, such as rgba16, or rgb15, or bitmap. But, I don't need those right now, so this is the only one.
I debated a long time whether the 'pix_rgba' structure was needed or not. As you can see from the macros 'RGBA' and friends, you can easily stuff the rgba values into an int32. This is good and bad, depending. The truth is, having both forms is useful depending on what you're doing. If there are machine instructions to manipulate bytes in parallel, one form or the other might be more beneficial. This will be put to the test in blending functions later.
So, what are the most basic functions of this most basic structure?
#ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif int pb_rgba_init(pb_rgba *pb, const unsigned int width, const unsigned int height); int pb_rgba_free(pb_rgba *pb); int pb_rgba_get_frame(pb_rgba *pb, const unsigned int x, const unsigned int y, const unsigned int width, const unsigned int height, pb_rgba *pf); #ifdef __cplusplus } #endif #define pb_rgba_get_pixel(pb, x, y, value) *value = ((unsigned int *)(pb)->data)[(y*(pb)->pixelpitch)+x] #define pb_rgba_set_pixel(pb, x, y, value) ((unsigned int *)(pb)->data)[(y*(pb)->pixelpitch)+x] = value #define pb_rect_contains(rect, x, y) ((x>=(rect)->x && x<= (rect)->x+(rect)->width) && ((y>=(rect)->y) && (y<=(rect)->y+(rect)->height))) #define pb_rect_clear(rect) memset((rect), 0, sizeof(pb_rect))
The 'pb_rgba_init' function is the beginning. It will fill in the various fields of the structure, and most importantly allocate memory for storing the actual pixel values. This is very important. Without this, the data pointer points to nothing, or some random part of memory (badness). The corresponding 'pb_rgba_free' cleans things up.
The 'pb_rgba_get_frame' function copies a portion of a pixel array into another pixel array. You could consider this to be a 'blit' function in most libraries. There's a bit of a twist here though. Instead of actually copying the data, the data pointer is set, and the fields of the receiving frame are set, and that's it. Why? Because there are many cases where you want to move something around, without having to create multiple copies. Just think of a simple 'sprite' based game where you copy some fixed image to multiple places on the screen. You don't want to have to make multiple copies to do it, just reference some part of a fixed pixel buffer, and do what you will.
Then there are the two macros 'pb_rgba_get_pixel', and 'pb_rgba_set_pixel'. These will get and set a pixel value. Once you have these in hand, you have the keys to the graphics drawing kingdom. Everything else in the system can be based on these two functions. Something as simple as line drawing might use these. There may be optimizations in cases such as horizontal line drawing, but for the most part, this is all you need to write textbook perfect drawing routines.
And that pretty much rounds out the basics up to pixel setting.
It's kind of amazing to me. Even before really getting into anything interesting, I've had to make decisions about some very basic data structure representations, and there are various hidden assumptions as well. For example, there is an hidden assumption that all parameters to the set/get pixel routines are bounds checked. The routines themselves will not perform any bounds checking. This is nice for a composable system, because the consumer can decide where they want to pay for such checking. Doing it per pixel might not be the best place.
There are assumptions about the endianness of the int32 value on the machine, as well as various other large and small assumptions in terms of interfacing to routines (using macros?). There are even assumptions about what the coordinate system is (cartesian), and how it is oriented (top left is 0,0). Of course all of these assumptions must be clearly documented (preferably in the code itself), to minimize the surprises as the system is built and used.
This is a good start though. Here's how we could use what's there so far.
#include "test_common.h" void test_blit() { size_t width = 640; size_t height = 480; pb_rgba pb; pb_rgba_init(&pb, width, height); pb_rgba fpb; pb_rgba_get_frame(&pb, 0, 0, width / 2, height / 2, &fpb); // draw into primary pixel buffer raster_rgba_rect_fill(&pb, 10, 10, (width / 2) - 20, (height / 2) - 20, pBlue); // draw the frame in another location raster_rgba_blit(&pb, width / 2, height / 2, &fpb); // Now we have a simple image, so write it to a file int err = write_PPM("test_blit.ppm", &pb); } int main(int argc, char **argv) { test_blit(); return 0; }
Setup a pixel buffer that is 640 x 480. Draw a rectangle into the pixel buffer (blue color). Copy that frame into another location in the same pixel buffer. Write the pixel buffer out to a file.
And that's about it.
Some basic constants, simple data structures, core assumptions, and pixels are being stuffed into a buffered in such a way that you can view a picture on your screen.
Next up, drawing lines and rectangles, and what is a ppm file anyway?
SawStop Contractor Saw Cabinet – Part 1Posted: December 29, 2014 Filed under: News, workshop | Tags: cabinet, sawstop, tablesaw, torsion box, woodworking 1 Comment
I have this great table saw, the SawStop contractor saw. The great thing about it is the ability to stop the saw blade instantly if it ever touches flesh. Considering that I'm an occasional woodworker, this sounded like a good idea, and actually came from a recommendation of someone who was a regular woodworker, with half a sawn off finger.
Besides being a finger saver, the saw itself is quite a nice saw. Mine is configured with the nice T-square fence system, rather than the regular contractor's saw fence. In addition, it has the 52″ rail, which means the overall length of the thing is 85″. That's a pretty big and unwieldy piece of equipment for the garage.
Moving, and thus using, the saw involves lifting it up using that foot lift thing on the saw's base, and shoving it around, hoping the action doesn't knock the thing out of alignment while I'm doing it. So, I've scoured the interwebs looking for inspiration on what to do about the situation. There are quite a few good examples of cabinetry around table saws:
There are myriad other examples if you just do a search for 'table saw cabinet'.
Many of these designs are multi-purpose, in that they include a router extension as well as the table saw. I don't need that initially, as I have a separate router table that's just fine. So, my design criteria are:
- Must support the entire length of the saw and fence system
- Must provide some onboard storage
- Must be easily mobile
- Must be stable when not mobile
- Must support adding various extensions
A fairly loose set of constraints (looking just like software), but good enough to help make some decisions.
The very first step is deciding on what kind of mobility I'm going to design for. I considered many options, but they roughly boil down to, locking swivels, on at least 2 corners. For the wheels themselves, I chose a 5″ wheel, where each wheel has a 750lb capacity. That seems heavy duty enough for this particular purpose. I could have gone with 3″ wheels, but that seemed too small, and I read from other efforts that the bigger the better, considering the resulting weight of the cabinet could be several hundred pounds, and moving that with small wheels might have a lot of friction and be difficult.
I chose to use 4 locking swivel wheels, one at each corner. The overall length of the cabinet is 86″, which had me thinking about sagging. Perhaps I should stick more wheels mid-span just in case. But, I chose instead to go with an engineered solution. The base is built out of a torsion box. The torsion box consists of 1×4″ lumber forming the internal supports. That is trimmed by 1×4″ on the outside, and it's skinned top and bottom by 3/4″ oak plywood.
I studied many different options for constructing this beast. Probably the best would have been to cut slots in crosswise members and laid them uniformly down the length of the base. But, I don't currently have a dado blade on my sawstop, so I went with these smaller cross pieces instead. I think it actually turns out better because I get the offsets, which allow me to fasten the cross members to the long runners individually.
Also in this picture, you can see that the corners have been filled in with blocks. This is where the wheels will mount, once the skin is on. I didn't want to have bolts protruding with nuts and washers on the ends, so I went with lag screws into these think chunks instead. The chunks are formed by cutting playwood pieces, and gluing them together down in the hole. That basically forms a nice 3.5″ chunks of wood that is glued through and through from skin to skin.
Here is the base with the skin and wheels on it.
It may not look like it, because the base is sitting atop an assembly table which itself is pretty long, but this thing is pretty big. It's also fairly solid. When I put it on the floor, I stood on it, tried to kick it around and the like, and even without any other supports on it, it's not moving, bending, flexing, or what have you. I believe the torsion box will do a nice job. One deviation I made from the typical cabinets that I've see is that they will typically have the wheels touching the 'top' skin, the the rest of the torsion box hanging down towards the floor. Well, I wanted to get the wheels solidly under the whole thing, with not potential for a shearing force breaking the plywood along the mounting plate of the wheel, so I went this direction. But, that begs the question. There is now roughly 5.5″ of space that just hanging below the bottom skin and the floor. What can be done with that?
I thought, well, I can put some drawers down below of course. I could have just put some hanging drawer sliders down there, and called it a day, but I went with a slightly different design. I wanted to have something that could change easily over time, so I went with a French cleat system, which could take any attachments over time, starting with some drawers that I had laying around from some cabinet that wasn't being used.
So, two side by side sections of hanging French cleats, the one on the left with drawer installed.
And finally, the whole mess turned right side up with some junk thrown into the drawer
With the offset from the base, the drawers are about 4 inches tall, leaving around 1.5″ to the floor. That's a great usage of space as far as I'm concerned. With this setup, I can keep some things that are commonly used with the table saw, or assembly, or just things that don't quite have anywhere else to live at the moment.
So, this is phase one. The non-sagging base, ready for the cabinetry work to be set atop, which will actually hold the saw and table surfaces.
GraphicC – What's so special about graphics anyway?Posted: December 29, 2014 Filed under: Core Programming, graphics | Tags: alpha blending, c++, graphicc, graphics Leave a comment
I have done graphics libraries off and on over the past few decades of programming. I wanted to take one more crack at it, just because it's a fun pasttime. My efforts are on github in the graphicc repository. This time around, I had some loose design criteria to work from.
- Use the simplest C constructs as possible
- Make it small enough to work on a microcontroller
- Make it flexible enough to be included in any project
- Make it composable, so that different design tradeoffs can be made
- Do 2D basics
- Do 3D basics
These aren't exactly hard core criteria, but they're good enough of a constraint for me to get started. What followed was a lot of fumbling about, writing, rewriting, trying out, testing, and rewriting. It continues to evolve, and shrink in size. What of the key aspects of the project is trying to discover the elegant design. This is something that I have tried to do over the years, no matter what piece of engineering I'm working on, whether it be a machine, workbench, software system, or what have you. It's relatively easy to come up with brute force designs that get the job done. It's relatively hard to come up with the design that gets the job done with at minimal expense.
When doing a graphics system, it's really easy to lose focus and get locked into things that you might find on the host platform. For example, Simple Direct Media Layer (SDL) is available everywhere, so why would anyone build a window and basic graphics interface today? Well, SDL is more than I'm shooting for. Over time, my design constraints may line up with those of SDL, and at such time I'll have a decision to make about switching to using it. But, to begin, it's more than I need.
There are tons of other libraries that might suit the bill as well:
There are literally hundreds to choose from. Some are commercial, some very mature, some old and abandoned. Some rely on platform specifics, whether it be X or OpenGL, or DirectX. Some are completely independent, but are tightly integrated with frameworks. Some are just right, and exactly what I would use, but have some very stiff license terms that are unpleasant. This is not to say that a perfect solution does not exist, but there's enough leeway for me to justify to myself that I can spend time on writing this code.
How to start? Well, first, I consider my various criteria. The 3D aspects can easily dominate the entirety of the library. I'm not after creating a gaming library, but I have similar criteria. I want to be able to simply display 3D models, whether they be renderings of .stl files, or simple ray traces. I'm not after creating a library that will support the next Destiny on its own, but creating such a library should be possible standing on the shoulders of graphicc. That means taking care of some basic linear algebra at the very least, and considering various structures.
In the beginning, there was graphicc.h
Here's a snippet:
#pragma once #ifndef graphicc_h #define graphicc_h #include <stdint.h> typedef double REAL; // Some useful constants #ifndef M_PI #define M_PI 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288 #define M_ROOT_PI 1.772453850905516027 #define M_HALF_PI 1.57079632679489661923132169163975144 #define M_QUARTER_PI 0.785398163397448309615660845819875721 #define M_ONE_OVER_PI 0.318309886183790671537767526745028724 #define M_E 2.71828182845904523536 #define M_EULER 0.577215664901532860606 #define M_GOLDEN_RATIO 1.61803398874989484820458683436563811 #endif #define DEGREES(radians) ((180 / M_PI) * radians) #define RADIANS(degrees) ((M_PI/180)*degrees)
From the very first lines, I am making some design decisions about the language environments in which this code will operate. The 'pragma once' is fairly typical of modern C++ compilers. It takes care of only including a header file once in a mass compilation. But, since not all compilers deal with that, there's the more classic 'ifndef' as well.
I do make other assumptions. including stdint.h. I'm going to assume this file exists, and contains things like uint8_t. I'm going to assume that whomever is compiling this code can make sure stdint.h is available, or substitutes appropriate typedefs to make it so.
Then there's those monsterous constants done as #define statements. I could do them as const double XXX, but who knows if that's right for the platform or not. Again, it's easily changeable by whomever is compiling the unit.
Then there's the 'typedef double REAL'. I use 'REAL' throughout the library because I don't want to assume 'double' is the preferred type on any given platform. This makes it relatively easy to change to 'typedef float REAL' if you so choose. Of course each one has a different level of precision, and range, so that needs to be accounted for. The assumption here is that whomever is doing the compilation will know what they want, and if they don't sticking with a double is a good default.
The various constants are there mainly because they come up time and again when doing simple math for graphics, so they might as well be readily available. Same goes for the two conversion routines between degrees and radians. Of course I should change the divisions to be constants for increased speed.
The rest of this header contains some basic types:
typedef REAL real2[2]; typedef REAL real3[3]; typedef REAL real4[4]; typedef struct _mat2 { REAL m11, m12; REAL m21, m22; } mat2; typedef struct _mat3 { REAL m11, m12, m13; REAL m21, m22, m23; REAL m31, m32, m33; } mat3; typedef struct _mat4 { REAL m11, m12, m13, m14; REAL m21, m22, m23, m24; REAL m31, m32, m33, m34; REAL m41, m42, m43, m44; } mat4; enum pixellayouts { rgba };
All of these, except the 'pixellayouts' are related primarily to 3D graphics. They are widely used though, so they find themselves in this central header. Later, there are decisions about doing things like Catmull-Rom splines using matrices. These are best done using 4×4 matrices, even if you're just calculating for 2D curves.
Before I go any further, a picture is worth a thousand words no?
This is demonstrating a few things. Here's the code:
#include "test_common.h" void checkerboard(pb_rgba *pb, const size_t cols, const size_t rows, const size_t width, const size_t height, int color1, int color2) { size_t tilewidth = width / cols; size_t tileheight = (height / rows); for (size_t c = 0; c < cols; c++){ for (size_t r = 0; r < rows; r++){ raster_rgba_rect_fill(pb, c*tilewidth, r*tileheight, tilewidth / 2, tileheight / 2, color1); raster_rgba_rect_fill(pb, (c*tilewidth) + tilewidth / 2, r*tileheight, tilewidth / 2, tileheight / 2, color2); raster_rgba_rect_fill(pb, c*tilewidth, (r*tileheight) + tileheight / 2, tilewidth / 2, tileheight / 2, color2); raster_rgba_rect_fill(pb, (c*tilewidth) + tilewidth / 2, (r*tileheight) + tileheight / 2, tilewidth / 2, tileheight / 2, color1); } } } void test_blender() { size_t width = 800; size_t height = 600; pb_rgba pb; pb_rgba_init(&pb, width, height); // Red background raster_rgba_rect_fill(&pb, 0, 0, width, height, pRed); // create checkerboard background checkerboard(&pb, 16, 16, width, height, pLightGray, pYellow); // Draw some blended rectangles atop the whole for (int offset = 10; offset < 400; offset += 40) { float factor = offset / 400.0f; int alpha = (int)(factor * 255); //printf("factor: %f alpha: %d\n", factor, alpha); int fgColor = RGBA(0, 255, 255, alpha); raster_rgba_rect_fill_blend(&pb, offset, offset, 100, 100, fgColor); } // Now we have a simple image, so write it to a file int err = write_PPM("test_blender.ppm", &pb); } int main(int argc, char **argv) { test_blender(); return 0; }
Initializing a pixel buffer (a rendering surface), filling it with a checkerboard pattern, then blending progressively opaque rectangles atop that. Finally, it writes the result out to a '.ppm' file. There's a long way from some constant definitions to doing blended rectangle rendering, but each step is pretty simple, and builds upon the previous. So, that's what I'll focus on next. In the meanwhile, there's always to code.
FUD Game Theory and extreme marketing?Posted: December 19, 2014 Filed under: Musings Leave a comment
There's this recurring thought that I have. Every time I see or hear something in the news that sounds slightly unbelievable, I think about it from a game theory standpoint.
How do you get people to do what you want, against their own reason? One way is through inspiration. "We're going to take that hill. Not all of us will live in doing it, but our names will live on for our valorous act!!" The adrenalin gets pumpin, and up the hill we go.
Then there's the more mundane. I went to Panera Bread the other day, and like most retailers these days, they asked "do you have our customer loyalty card, by which we can collect purchasing habits data on you, and use it for our marketing, and sell you name and number to someone else once it's no longer of use to us?". They didn't actually say it that way, but it amounts to that. What do I get in return? "A secret reward, just for registering (with your phone number)". Well, being in Panera, I'm thinking, the 'reward' must be some free pastry or some such. Maybe a 10% off coupon. It seems harmless enough, why wouldn't I sign up for that. I don't even have to carry the magnetic strip card, just tie it to my phone number, and I'm all set. Of course, I'll use the same phony number I use for all these loyalty card offers, just for kicks.
What am I willing to give up, just to get a little bit of reward here and there?
Then there's gaming me. Andy Kaufman was a famous gamer, to extremes. He would pull off stunts that were way over the top, you know, the kind of joke that goes on far too long, way past the punch line, to the point of embarrassment. You kept watching and interested, because it was so unbelievable that anyone would go to such lengths of spectacle just to entertain themselves.
Now, I come to the point. If I want to promote a movie these days, would I use traditional methods? Would I advertise using trailers in movie theatres, six months before the release? Nah, my movie is mediocre at best. How would Andy Kaufman do it?
If I were Andy, and put in charge of marketing a marginal movie with a fairly insensitive plot, I might do the following. I would 'leak' the movie to the internet. I would do it in such a way that seems unbelievable, outrageous. I might invoke and enlist the skills of cyber hacking crews, whether real or made up. I would introduce a certain amount of FUD into the mysterious leaks, tying them into the movie in one way or another. I might even take scenes from the movie, and have them played out in real life. I would get nation states involved, get everyone outraged, put the movie on everyone's lips. I would get the movie banned, "for public safety", then I'd leak it some more through various channels. Black market sales, private screenings, reporters on scene in secret enclaves. I'd get everyone to a fever pitch, then I'd eventually release the details of the deal being struck for a special world wide premier of the movie, so that brave souls and free citizens everywhere could show they would not bow to the demands of terrorists and thugs.
The Netflix and BlueRay disk releases would follow soon thereafter, and the company I'm marketing for would make a mint, and reward me handsomely. At least that's what Andy Kaufman would do.
The world we live in has a lot of information available at our fingertips. The challenge of living in such a world is to be ever vigilant, and grounded in values that keep us grounded in the swirl.


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Obstetrician & Gynecologist (OB/GYN)
14 years of experience
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Accepting new patients
14 years of experience
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Stuart, FL 34994 Phone number & directions
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A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Pete Papapanos MD is a male Obstetrician & Gynecologist, has 14 years of experience and practices in Obstetrics & Gynecology.
- Where does Dr. Pete Papapanos practice?
- Dr. Pete Papapanos has 5 office locations.
Dr. Pete Papapanos practices Obstetrics & Gynecology near Stuart, FL.
Additional practice locations include: Indiantown, FL and Saint Clair Shores, MI.
See Stuart Obstetricians & Gynecologists.

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Pilbara marine health check - good and bad news
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Thursday, 13 February 2014
A health and wellbeing check up of World Heritage-listed reef ecosystems in the Pilbara region of Western Australia will provide a critical baseline of marine conditions to government, industry and researchers.
The 300km swathe of coastline to be surveyed during the five year, A$12 million Pilbara Marine Conservation Partnership includes two major marine parks and also areas under development for ports, and oil and gas extraction and processing.
The partnership, a joint venture between CSIRO's Wealth from Oceans Flagship and The University of Western Australia, will be the first whole of ecosystem study for the region's unique marine environment.
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Connector:Other Serial Communications Computer Boards Datasheets
from ACCES I/O Products, Inc.
Features. 8, 4 or 2 RS-232 asynchronous serial COM ports. Speeds up to 230.4K with 64-byte FIFO. Programmable IRQ sharing simplifies system design and installation. Low power required: +5VDC at 80mA typical. Operates as a standard COM port in all operating systems. Factory Options: (call for pricing... [See More]
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text:
Patio Pacific Boracay, Boracay
On the beach in Boracay Island (Balabag), Patio Pacific Boracay is close to Willy's Rock, Boat Station 1, and D'mall Boracay. Additional attractions near this resort include Balinghai Beach and Boat Station 2.
Resort Features.
Patio Pacific Boracay has an outdoor pool, a fitness center, and a children's pool. Wireless Internet access is complimentary in public areas. Business amenities at this 3-star property include a business center and a meeting room. Dining options at this beach resort include a restaurant, a poolside bar, and a bar/lounge. Guests are served a complimentary breakfast each morning. The staff can provide concierge services and tour/ticket assistance. Additional amenities include gift shops/newsstands, laundry facilities, and a garden. For a surcharge, guests receive transportation including a roundtrip airport shuttle (available on request), an area shuttle, and a ferry terminal shuttle. This is a smoke-free property.
The 65 air-conditioned guestrooms at Patio Pacific Boracay include minibars and safes. Complimentary wireless and wired high-speed Internet access is provided. 24-inch flat-screen TVs are equipped with premium cable channels. All accommodations provide desks and phones; free local calls are offered (restrictions may apply). Bathrooms offer showers, hair dryers, and complimentary toiletries. In addition, housekeeping is offered daily and amenities available on request include in-room massages.
Hotel is in a perfect location. 2 mins walk to beach. Breakfast was decent with good…
Pretty ideal. The rooms are modest/smallish, but comfortable. The location is excellent -…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 020 3027 9803from £54
- Premiere Deluxe East
- Deluxe East
- Deluxe West
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 65 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out time is Noon
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
- Minimum Spring Break check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Up to 2 children (8 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Children may not be eligible for free breakfast, if one is offered
- Babysitting/childcare *
- No pets or service animals allowed
Extra people
- Rollaway beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms
- Airport shuttle (available on request) *
- Ferry terminal shuttle *
- No parking
- Area shuttle *
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Three Star Boracay hotels
In the hotel
- Free buffet breakfast daily
- Breakfast (surcharge)
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Poolside bar
- Room service (during limited hours)
- Free reception
- Beach towels
- Outdoor pool
- Children's pool
- Fitness facilities
- Pool sun loungers
- Free use of nearby fitness center
- Beach/pool umbrellas
- Business center
- One meeting room
- Conference center
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Number of buildings/towers - 6
- Year Built 1990
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Designated smoking areas
- Garden
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
In the room
- Air conditioning
- Minibar
- Coffee/tea maker
- Sofa bed
- Sofa bed size single
- Premium bedding
- In-room massage available
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 24-inch flat-screen TV
- Premium TV channels
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
- Access via exterior corridors
Top Boracay hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Boracay
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"The Bed was really uncomfortable too much hard Bed , Air condition was not Cold enough ."Mar 3, 2015
- Island Jewel InnFrom
"Comfortable, clean and friendly and the perfect location."Mar 2, 2015
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"After the most unique airport transfer ever, and already introduced therefore to the polite, smiling, smartly dressed staff who you always see around the Spa's well presented…"Mar 1, 2015
- Villa Caemilla Beach Boutique HotelFrom
"Room is spacious and smells real good that I'm able to sleep well thru the 4 nites. Excellent service. Very peaceful stay! Beach beds are free for hotel guests."Feb 28, 2015
Nearby hotels
Special features
DiningGarden Cafe - This restaurant serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner.
On Site
- Fitness facilities
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Mountain biking nearby
- Parasailing nearby
- Scooter/moped rentals nearby
- Scuba diving nearby
- Snorkeling nearby
- Water skiing nearby
- Windsurfing nearby
Patio Pacific Boracay, Boracay's small print
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
This property does not have elevators.
Transfers via airplane and boat are required and must be arranged at least 72 hours before travel by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
For transfers, guests must contact the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments and can be made by contacting the property before arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Rollaway beds are available for PHP 1200 per night
Breakfast is offered for an extra charge of PHP 440 for adults and PHP 220 for children (approximately)
Cribs/Infant beds are available for PHP 250 per night
Airport shuttle service is offered for an extra charge of PHP 850 per person (roundtrip)
Airport shuttle for children between the ages of 2 and 8 costs PHP 500 (roundtrip)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Research and Markets (http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/5ntv69/20132014) has announced the addition of the "2013-2014 Management Compensation Survey of Architecture, Engineering, Planning & Environmental Consulting Firms" report to their offering.
How much is enough to keep your firm's top managers from running to the competition? How much is too much and could end up hurting your firm's bottom line?
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2. Project Managers
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For more information visit http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/5ntv69/20132014
- Business
- Employment & Career
Laura Wood, Senior Manager
U.S. Fax: 646-607-1907
Fax (outside U.S.): +353-1-481-1716
Sector: Construction and Engineering


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Wanaque News
Local news for Wanaque, NJ continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.
Lakeland BOE in Wanaque chooses Beattie for new super by slim margin
Sunday Mar 1 | The Item | Comment?
Wanaque police arrest two on burglary charges
Feb 26, 2015 | NorthJersey.com | Comment?
Updated: Sat Mar 21, 2015 11:20 pm
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Harry Potter As A Teen ComedyJuly 27, 2011 at 2:30 pm
Harry Potter gets transformed into a music video. What a wonderful world this would be if there were 10 more of these.
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If you're single, you've probably got a long list of places to pick up chicks, but I bet the grocery store isn't one of your go-to girl hunting destinations. Fortunately, someone at the Ramen Soup company is in the know, and they're catering to all the slutty girls who love slurping soup. The next time your hard up for a date, try loitering in the grocery store soup aisle for a few hours. Worst case: people will think you're really creepy and sad. Best case: you'll end up helping a slutty girl carry a case of this stuff to her car, and then it's off to the races. Just make sure it's not one of these Failing Girls of Summer. For more ways to be creepy and/or pick up chicks, check out EgoTV's Facebook Page and follow us on Twitter.
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Why hasn't anyone invented edible googly eyes yet? Food is clearly more fun with googly eyes, and it's also (for some weird, possibly morbid reason) much more fun to eat something when it has eyes attached to it so that it seems like it's alive. Why can't I have fun food and then...
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If you've ever seen a video of a turtle humping something before, then you're already aware of the mind-blowing hilarity that comes with witnessing a turtle in coitus. If you've never seen such an act before then you're in for a real treat, because we've collected 8 videos...
The 8 Cheapest Ways to Get DrunkJuly 26, 2011 at 2:56 pm
Times are tough these days, and many people have trouble just paying their rent on time. In the midst of the worst economic recession since the Great Depression, how are we supposed to get super wasted to forget about our financial misery? It can be tough to find an affordable means of drunkenness, but...
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He's just a drifter. Sometimes all you can do in life is drift.
Car Cookies!July 26, 2011 at 1:00 pm
Who doesn't want a batch of fresh cookies waiting for them when they're heading home after a long day's work? If this car cookie idea actually worked, though, it would be simultaneously the most awesome and sad thing in the world. Awesome because you have cookies, but sad because now you have to drive home in a car that's hot enough to bake cookies in. Y'know what else is simultaneously awesome and sad? A turtle getting a boner. I know it doesn't seem like it, but just watch the video. You won't be disappointed. If it's disappointment you're looking for, then check out EgoTV's Facebook Page and follow us on Twitter.
GorillaMask – Turtle Rapes a Squeeze Toy
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A Gallery of Crazy MailboxesJuly 26, 2011 at 6:00 am
The U.S. Postal Service was created on this day in 1775. Since then, people have been going out of their way to entertain their mail carriers by creating and decorating crazy mailboxes to receive their letters, bills, and birthday cards in. You have to have a mailbox, and if you don't do anything...
Amy Winehouse PhotosJuly 25, 2011 at 3:31 pm
Amy Winehouse (aka England's Janis Joplin) died this weekend, and we've gathered this collection of Amy Winehouse photos to demonstrate that Amy Winehouse wasn't always a drunk crackhead with the voice of a thousand angels. The autopsy results aren't back yet, but Amy Winehouse...
Celebrity Babes at Comic Con 2011July 25, 2011 at 1:00 pm
For those of you who have been living under a rock for your entire lives, Comic Con happened this weekend. Comic Con is an annual convention in San Diego where nerds dress up as their favorite character from nerd culture (i.e. – comic books, cartoons, video games, movies, etc.) and try to get a picture with a super hot celebrity babe who's dressed up as a nerdy character so that they can be one step closer to living out their fantasy of boning a hot chick and a cartoon character at the same time. Our friends at celebslam have gathered a massive photo gallery of all the hot celebrity babes who attended Comic Con. For more hot babes trying to avoid drooling nerds, check out EgoTV's Facebook Page and follow us on Twitter.
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Booking hotel rooms during the day
Although not the first company to have the idea HotelsByDay are confident they can fill hotel rooms that so often stay empty during the day. The startup is aiming to help a variety of
find cool sites reviewed daily and whether or not your should visit them
Although not the first company to have the idea HotelsByDay are confident they can fill hotel rooms that so often stay empty during the day. The startup is aiming to help a variety of
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Jawbone, makers of the UP trackers, is planning on adding at least two fitness tracking devices to its line as well. The news, which broke on The Information, means that announcements of wearables from
BuzzFeed draws about 150 million average monthly viewers and is most well-known for its short, bulleted or numbered lists of things that tend to go viral. Often, those lists are related to a company
In a bid to strengthen its position as the king of electronic commerce, Amazon has unveiled a new store for three-dimensionally printed items, according to TechCrunch.
Legendary rocker Neil Young is no stranger to future technology and fiddling with the implications. His LincVolt car, a converted 1959 Lincoln running on electricity and a generator powered by anything combustible, was straight
You've probably seen those As Seen On TV herb garden kits with their little built-in grow light and pre-packaged out-of-the-box garden. You may have even purchased one only to find out that they aren't
Bitcoin gets all the attention when it comes to alternative currencies and the emerging strata of offerings in this very in-demand realm of finance. People the world over are tired of endlessly fluctuating currency
Despite having one of the more innovative physical products to enter the marketplace in recent years, startup Lytro is having trouble moving their ground breaking camera technology and has begun layoffs from its Silicon
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Joy & Revelry, an e-commerce platform that allows style influencers to acquaint their audiences with exceptional products based on their design preferences, is now officially out of beta.


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Reddit, can we make increasing NASA's budget the most popular petition ever? (petitions.whitehouse.gov)
submitted 2 years ago by raggs34
view the rest of the comments →
[–][deleted] 1 point2 points3 points 2 years ago (1 child)
Nothing NASA does gives a return on investment (at least not to NASA).
Nothing NASA does gives a return on investment (at least not to NASA).
I think this is worded a bit improperly. NASA is the investment, and the benefits it brings to the economy are the returns.
[–]MONDARIZ 0 points1 point2 points 2 years ago* (0 children)
That's what basically what I meant. Your post is clearer.
Edit: the investment does not necessarily bring a measurable return. Certainly not the kind of return that would make the private sector interested.
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copyright notice
The documents distributed in the Swiss Center for Affective Sciences website have been provided as a means to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work on a noncommercial basis. Copyright and all rights therein are maintained by the authors or by other copyright holders, notwithstanding that they have offered their works here electronically. It is understood that all persons copying this information will adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. These works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder.
Coutinho, E., & Scherer K. R. (2013). How music creates emotion: a multifactorial process approach. The Emotional Power of Music.
Scherer, K. R., & Meuleman B. (2013). Human emotion experiences can be predicted on theoretical grounds: Evidence from verbal labeling. PLoS ONE. 8(3),
Brosch, T., Scherer K. R., Grandjean D., & Sander D. (2013). The impact of emotion on perception, attention, memory, and decision-making. Swiss Medical Weekly. 143, w13786.
Raffard, S.., Esposito F.., Boulenger J.-P.., & Van der Linden M. (2013). Impaired ability to imagine future pleasant events is associated with apathy in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research. 209, 393-400.
Jüttner, R.., Montag D.., Craveiro R.. B., Babich A.., Vetter P.., & Rathjen F.. G. (2013). Impaired presynaptic function and elimination of synapses at premature stages during postnatal development of the cerebellum in the absence of CALEB (CSPG5/neuroglycan C).. European Journal of Neuroscience. 38(9), 3270-80.
Brosch, T., Bar-David E., & Phelps E. A. (2013). Implicit race bias decreases the similarity of neural representations of black and white faces. Psychological Science. 24, 160-166.
Belayachi, S.., & Van der Linden M. (2013). Individual differences in cognitive representations of action influence the activation of goal concept. Acta Psychologica. 142, 259-264.
Dibben, N., & Coutinho E. (2013). The influence of individual differences on emotion perception in music and speech prosody. 3rd International Conference on Music & Emotion.
Koban, L., Corradi-Dell'Acqua C., & Vuilleumier P. (2013). Integration of error agency and representation of others' pain in the anterior insula. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 25(2), 258-272. (446.54 KB)
Massin, O. (2013). The Intentionality of Pleasures and Others Feelings, A Brentanian Approach. Themes from Brentano.
Badoud, D., Billieux J., Van der Linden M., Eliez S., & Debbané M. (2013). Internal and external encoding style and its relationships with a schizotypy and impulsivity during adolescence. Psychiatry Research. 210, 1020-1025.
Bracco, F.., Chiorri C.., Glowinski D.., B. Nia H., & Vercelli G.. (2013). Investigating Visual Discomfort With 3D Displays: The Stereoscopic Discomfort Scale.. CHI '13 on Human Factors in Computing Systems. (515.58 KB)
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Lombardo, P. (2013). La netteté du trait. Bonnefoy, Y. (ed) William Blake.
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Vrticka, P., Sander D., & Vuilleumier P. (2013). Lateralized Interactive Social Content and Valence Processing within the Human Amygdala. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 6(358), -. (2.11 MB)
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Shuman, V.., Sander D., & Scherer K. R. (2013). Levels of valence.. Frontiers in Psychology. 4,
Moser, D.. A., Aue T., Wang Z.., S. Serpa R., Favez N., Peterson B.. S., et al. (2013). Limbic brain responses in mothers with post-traumatic stress disorder and comorbid dissociation to video clips of their children. Stress. 16, 493-502.
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Glowinski, D.., Mancini M.., Cowie R., Chiorri C.., Doherty C.., & Camurri A. (2013). The movements made by performers in a skilled quartet: a distinctive pattern, and the function that it serves.. Frontiers in Psychology - Auditory Cognitive Neurosciences. 4, (2.32 MB)
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Rochat, L., Billieux J., Van der Linden A.-C. Juillerat, Annoni J-M., Zekry D., Gold G., et al. (2013). A multidimensional approach to impulsivity changes in Alzheimer's disease and control participants: Cognitive correlates. Cortex. 49, 90-100.
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copyright notice
The documents distributed in the Swiss Center for Affective Sciences website have been provided as a means to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work on a noncommercial basis. Copyright and all rights therein are maintained by the authors or by other copyright holders, notwithstanding that they have offered their works here electronically. It is understood that all persons copying this information will adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. These works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder.


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Kukla's Korner Hockey
The "Unlucky" Blackhawks
by Paul on 03/16/06 at 10:09 AM ET
Comments (0)
from the Chicago Tribune,
Attending the Blackhawks' 3-2 victory over the Columbus Blue Jackets at the United Center, Bettman saw thousands of empty seats. "There is no more passionate owner in sports than Bill Wirtz and the Wirtz family," Bettman said. "This is just going to be a question of getting back on track. They were a little unlucky, and they have acknowledged they made some mistakes."read on
Filed in: | KK Hockey | Permalink
Thornton Carrying The Load
by Paul on 03/16/06 at 09:45 AM ET
Comments (0)
from the San Francisco Chronicle,
San Jose's workhorse center, and the league's leading scorer, is logging major minutes as the Sharks continue to try to climb in the Western Conference playoff chase. Thornton, who is up to an average of 21:27 of ice time per game -- topped by only six other forwards in the NHL -- knows he won't have any complaints about playing time the rest of the way. "He's a horse. The more you play him, the better he gets," Wilson said. "If we were in first place, it would be a different story, but we're not. I'll do everything I can to get ourselves in position to make the playoffs and, according to how the game goes, manage his ice time that way."more
Filed in: | KK Hockey | Permalink
Gretzky Wants To Return- Jones Will Be Subpoenaed
by Paul on 03/15/06 at 08:38 PM ET
Comments (0)
via TSN,
Despite all the hardships he has endured over the last few months, Wayne Gretzky intends to coach the Phoenix Coyotes again next season. "I'm inclined to return," he told the Chicago Tribune on Wednesday. "I enjoy the city. I enjoy the organization."from the AP via Sports Illustrated,
Wayne Gretzky's wife will be subpoenaed to testify when a grand jury looks at charges in the case involving a betting ring allegedly run an NHL assistant coach, New Jersey's attorney general said in an interview with The Associated Press on Wednesday.
Filed in: | KK Hockey | Permalink
NYI Lose Zhitnik & Asham
by Paul on 03/15/06 at 07:19 PM ET
Comments (0)
from Alan Hahn of Newsday,
The Islanders' playoff hopes took a major hit when it was revealed on Wednesday that the team's top defenseman, Alexei Zhitnik, will be out the rest of the season with a fracture to his left ankle. The team also lost another veteran, forward Arron Asham, for 4-to-6 weeks with a high ankle sprain.more
Filed in: | KK Hockey | Permalink
Tanguay Confident
by Paul on 03/15/06 at 07:10 PM ET
Comments (0)
from Eric Duhatschek of the Globe and Mail,
"Even though we lost two big parts of our core to the new CBA, it was important for this group to keep the same attitude," said Tanguay. "We always felt, ever since I've been here, that we are a team with a chance to win the Stanley Cup and especially with Jose (Theodore) coming, we don't feel any different. We feel, first we have to get into the playoffs because everything's so much tighter this year with the parity, but we feel the same way - that we have a shot, so let's do our best and see who comes out on top at the end."read on
Filed in: | KK Hockey | Permalink
Hasek Will Skate Thursday
by Paul on 03/15/06 at 06:43 PM ET
Comments (0)
via Sportsnet,
Hasek will accompany the team to Boston for their game against the Bruins on Thursday night. The 41-year-old will take to the ice for the first time since injuring his adductor muscle at the Turino Winter Olympics. Hasek will skate in Boston following the team's morning skate. He will not face any shots or participate in any practice drills.update 7:56pm, from Bob McKenzie of TSN,
Senators' coach Bryan Murray conceded that Hasek's injury was "more serious" than they originally thought, but that his off-ice strength training shows he's very close to 100 per cent and now it's time to take it to the ice for the next step. If all goes well, there's an excellent chance he could be playing in a game before the end of the month, which gives him plenty of time to be ready for the playoffs that begin on April 21.more
Filed in: | KK Hockey | Permalink
Blues Can Still Finish 3rd
by Paul on 03/15/06 at 06:17 PM ET
Comments (0)
A reader of KK sent along this website and even though the website invloves "numbers" and "probability", I enjoyed just looking around. It covers all sports but they have an interest in the St. Louis Blues. from Who Wins, It once again remains the case that the best that the Blues can manage is sole possession of the third-most points in the conference. more
Filed in: | KK Hockey | Permalink
Expand The Playoffs- The Players Respond
by Paul on 03/15/06 at 05:45 PM ET
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from the Hockey News via ESPN,
"Should the NHL increase the number of teams that qualify for the playoffs from 16 to 20?" That was the question posed to 30 NHL players as the league appears determined to increase the number of participating playoff teams in the near future, but don't expect players to take a victory lap if the announcement comes.Best answer to the question-
No: "Teams 15 and 16 obviously are the least skilled, and it gets worse from there. Those teams won't upset nobody." -- Chris Higginsmore
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Sanford Out For The Year
by Paul on 03/15/06 at 05:25 PM ET
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via the AP,
St. Louis Blues goaltender Curtis Sanford suffered a MCL strain in his left knee and will miss the rest of the season. The Blues recalled Reinhard Divis from its AHL affiliate in Peoria in a related move.
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Trade Talk You May Have Missed
by Paul on 03/15/06 at 05:23 PM ET
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from Charlie Teljeur of the Hockey News,
At least six teams had interest in center Alexei Yashin. And, if you count the Islanders, it's seven. The Rangers had a deal with Ottawa that would have sent Steve Rucchin and a fifth rounder to the Senators for Zdeno Chara. Glen Sather canned the deal upon realizing that Chara was in fact Slovakian and not Czech.continued
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About Kukla's Korner Hockey
Paul Kukla founded Kukla's Korner in 2005 and the site has since become the must-read site on the 'net for all the latest happenings around the NHL.
From breaking news to in-depth stories around the league, KK Hockey is updated with fresh stories all day long and will bring you the latest news as quickly as possible.
Email Paul anytime at firstname.lastname@example.com
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KK- How To Help Kukla's Korner
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Using Advanced Stats In The Scouting Process
Auston Matthews Another Example Of Hockey's Growth
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There are opportunities abound for the Toronto Maple Leafs to take advantage of over the next couple months that may very well define the relative success or potential failure of their pending rebuild, their ability to restock the prospect cupboards and finally the acquisition of additional draft picks. 1,011 more words
Tags » Robyn Regehr
Video: Heavy hitting continues between Sharks and Kings
Might need a few ice packs after this game at Levi's Stadium. The heavy hitting has been a constant theme between the L.A. Kings and San Jose Sharks throughout the evening. 102 more words
Game Day: Calgary Flames at Los Angeles Kings
The California sunshine continues Thursday as the Calgary Flames drop into the Staples Center at Los Angeles. And it's always interesting in the King-dom.
Starting with that 4-3 dominant comeback win in overtime on Dec. 1,055 more words
Report: Kings to call up d-man Forbort
The Los Angeles Kings will call up defenseman Derek Forbort from AHL Manchester tomorrow, according to Mayor's Manor.
Forbort was the 15th overall pick in the 2010 draft, but has yet to make his NHL debut. 88 more words
What It's Going To Take For The LA Kings To Make The Playoffs: By The Numbers
EL SEGUNDO, CA — With the All-Star break firmly in their rear view mirror, the Los Angeles Kings have been back to work for the last couple of days on practice ice, trying to right the ship heading into the last three months of the season, the final push to make the playoffs. 1,561 more words
LA Kings Darryl Sutter: "The Stanley Cup Train Was Last Year. Some Guys Have To Get Off That Train"
LOS ANGELES AND EL SEGUNDO, CA — With one game left before the National Hockey League's All-Star break, the Los Angeles Kings… 1,440 more words
Royal Flush: Flames stun Kings in overtime again
Dennis Wideman thought it was in. Then he didn't.
Then, after the National Hockey League reviewed the strange-looking goal which appeared to strike the in-net camera with 52 seconds left in overtime, the entire Calgary Flames bench erupted, celebrating a 2-1 overtime victory over the Los Angeles Kings at Staples Center. 1,226 more words


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My sister introduced this fragrance to me and I love it. Every time I wear it someone compliments me. I can only wear lotion and I keep at least two tubes. I am ready to order another tube so that I want run out.
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I soon as I read what the combination of this was I fell in love with in. I have had compliments about it, it is beautiful like all Tom Ford products.
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extremely sexy! Not to strong, and very close to the skin..
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I was replenishing, I had just used the last of my Black Orchid that I purchased when it was introduced. I love the Fragrance.
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Black Orchid by Tom Ford I get compliments from strangers. It is my favorite scent. Not a sporty scent though.
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Former senior inspector at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Ibrahim Ali el-Asiri has said Japan praised safety specifications set by Egypt in building its first nuclear plant.
Egypt seeks to establish the first nuclear station and said it has become a pressing demand serving the nation and the region at large in the shadow of increasing cost of natural gas and the country's power needs, he added told MENA on Saturday.
Asiri, who is an expert of nuclear affairs and energy, said Egypt plans to set up pressurized light water reactors of third generation, which, he added, are now the safest worldwide.


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