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|Diabetes type 1
|Classification and external resources
A blue circle symbol for diabetes.[1]
|Diabetes type 1
|Classification and external resources
A blue circle symbol for diabetes.[1]
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (also known as type 1 diabetes, or T1DM; formerly insulin-dependent diabetes or juvenile diabetes) is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.[2] The subsequent lack of insulin leads to increased blood and urine glucose. The classical symptoms are polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger) and weight loss.[3]
The cause of diabetes mellitus type 1 is unknown.[4] Type 1 diabetes can be distinguished from type 2 by autoantibody testing. The C-peptide assay, which measures endogenous insulin production, can also be used.
Lack of care can be lethal and administration of insulin is essential for survival. Insulin therapy must be continued indefinitely and does not usually impair normal daily activities. People are usually trained to manage their diabetes independently; however, for some this can be challenging. Untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.[4] Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma. Serious long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot ulcers and damage to the eyes.[4] Furthermore, complications may arise from low blood sugar caused by excessive treatment.
Diabetes mellitus type 1 accounts for 5% of cases of diabetes.[5] Globally, the number of people with DM type 1 is unknown,[6] although it is estimated that about 80,000 children develop the disease each year.[6] Within the United States the number of affected persons is estimated at one to three million.[6][7] The development of new cases vary by country and region; the lowest rates appears to be in Japan and China with approximately 1 person per 100,000 per year; the highest rates are found in Scandinavia where it is closer to 35 new cases per 100,000 per year.[8] The United States and northern Europe fall somewhere in between with 8-17 new cases per 100,000 per year.[8]
The classical symptoms of type 1 diabetes include: polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), xerostomia (dry mouth), polyphagia (increased hunger), fatigue, and weight loss.[3]
Many type 1 diabetics are diagnosed when they present with diabetic ketoacidosis. The signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include xeroderma (dry skin), rapid deep breathing, drowsiness, abdominal pain, and vomiting.[9]
Depression and depressive symptoms are generally more common in people living with type 1 diabetes. One review article suggested that the prevalence rate of depression is more than three times higher in diabetics than non-diabetics; an average prevalence of 12% was found (range of 5.8–43.4% in studies reviewed).[10] Women with type 1 diabetes are more likely to be depressed than men with the disease,[10] and an increased incidence of depression has been associated with youth with type 1 diabetes.[11] According to the Canadian Diabetes Association, 15% of people living with diabetes have major depression.[12] Psychological distress is reported in the parents of youth with type 1 diabetes.[13] Recent evidence has suggested that reduced pre-frontal cortical thickness is associated with depression in people with type 1 diabetes. These neurological changes may be caused by long-term reduced glycemic control and may increase risk of depression.[14]
Results from recent research suggest that people with type 1 diabetes may neglect precise self-care due to social fear related to fear of hypoglycemia.[15] Type 1 diabetics may also neglect physical activity due to reduced perceived positive effects as well as increased perceived negative aspects of that activity.[16]
The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown.[4] A number of explanatory theories have been put forward, and the cause may be one or more of the following: genetic susceptibility, a diabetogenic trigger, and/or exposure to an antigen.[17]
Type 1 diabetes is a disease that involves many genes. Depending on locus or combination of loci, they can be dominant, recessive, or somewhere in between. The strongest gene, IDDM1, is located in the MHC Class II region on chromosome 6, at staining region 6p21. Certain variants of this gene increase the risk for decreased histocompatibility characteristic of type 1. Such variants include DRB1 0401, DRB1 0402, DRB1 0405, DQA 0301, DQB1 0302 and DQB1 0201, which are common in North Americans of European ancestry and in Europeans.[18] Some variants also appear to be protective.[18]
The risk of a child developing type 1 diabetes is about 10% if the father has it, about 10% if a sibling has it, about 4% if the mother has type 1 diabetes and was aged 25 or younger when the child was born, and about 1% if the mother was over 25 years old when the child was born.[19]
Environmental factors can influence expression of type 1. For identical twins, when one twin had type 1 diabetes, the other twin only had it 30%–50% of the time. Despite having exactly the same genome, one twin had the disease, whereas the other did not; this suggests environmental factors, in addition to genetic factors, can influence the disease's prevalence.[20] Other indications of environmental influence include the presence of a 10-fold difference in occurrence among Caucasians living in different areas of Europe, and a tendency to acquire the incidence of the disease of the destination country for people who migrate.[17]
One theory proposes that type 1 diabetes is a virus-triggered autoimmune response in which the immune system attacks virus-infected cells along with the beta cells in the pancreas.[21] The Coxsackie virus family or rubella is implicated, although the evidence is inconclusive. In type 1, pancreatic beta cells in the islets of Langerhans are destroyed, decreasing endogenous insulin production. This distinguishes type 1's origin from type 2. The type of diabetes a patient has is determined only by the cause—fundamentally by whether the patient is insulin resistant (type 2) or insulin deficient without insulin resistance (type 1).
This vulnerability is not shared by everyone, for not everyone infected by the suspected virus develops type 1 diabetes. This has suggested presence of a genetic vulnerability[22] and there is indeed an observed inherited tendency to develop type 1. It has been traced to particular HLA genotypes, though the connection between them and the triggering of an autoimmune reaction remains poorly understood.
Some chemicals and drugs selectively destroy pancreatic cells. Pyrinuron (Vacor, N-3-pyridylmethyl-N'-p-nitrophenyl urea), a rodenticide introduced in the United States in 1976, selectively destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in type 1 diabetes after accidental or intentional ingestion. Vacor was withdrawn from the U.S. market in 1979, but is still used in some countries. Zanosar is the trade name for streptozotocin, an antibiotic and antineoplastic agent used in chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer; it kills beta cells, resulting in loss of insulin production. Other pancreatic problems, including trauma, pancreatitis or tumors (either malignant or benign), can also lead to loss of insulin production.
The pathophysiology in diabetes type 1 is a destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, regardless of which risk factors or causative entities have been present.
Individual risk factors can have separate pathophysiological processes to, in turn, cause this beta cell destruction. Still, a process that appears to be common to most risk factors is an autoimmune response towards beta cells, involving an expansion of autoreactive CD4+ T helper cells and CD8+ T cells, autoantibody-producing B cells and activation of the innate immune system.[18][23]
After starting treatment with insulin a persons own insulin levels may temporarily improve.[24] This is believed to be due to altered immunity and is known as the "honeymoon phase".[24]
|2 hour glucose
|Fasting glucose
|<7.8 (<140)
|<6.1 (<110)
|Impaired fasting glycaemia
|<7.8 (<140)
|≥ 6.1(≥110) & <7.0(<126)
|Impaired glucose tolerance
|≥7.8 (≥140)
|<7.0 (<126)
|Diabetes mellitus
|≥11.1 (≥200)
|≥7.0 (≥126)
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following:[27]
About a quarter of people with new type 1 diabetes have developed some degree of diabetic ketoacidosis (a type of metabolic acidosis which is caused by high concentrations of ketone bodies, formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and the deamination of amino acids) by the time the diabetes is recognized. The diagnosis of other types of diabetes is usually made in other ways. These include ordinary health screening, detection of hyperglycemia during other medical investigations, and secondary symptoms such as vision changes or unexplainable fatigue. Diabetes is often detected when a person suffers a problem that may be caused by diabetes, such as a heart attack, stroke, neuropathy, poor wound healing or a foot ulcer, certain eye problems, certain fungal infections, or delivering a baby with macrosomia or hypoglycemia.
A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above-listed methods on a different day. Most physicians prefer to measure a fasting glucose level because of the ease of measurement and the considerable time commitment of formal glucose tolerance testing, which takes two hours to complete and offers no prognostic advantage over the fasting test.[29] According to the current definition, two fasting glucose measurements above 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.
Patients with fasting glucose levels from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) are considered to have impaired fasting glucose. Patients with plasma glucose at or above 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L), but not over 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load are considered to have impaired glucose tolerance. Of these two pre-diabetic states, the latter in particular is a major risk factor for progression to full-blown diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.[30]
The appearance of diabetes-related autoantibodies has been shown to be able to predict the appearance of diabetes type 1 before any hyperglycemia arises, the main ones being islet cell autoantibodies, insulin autoantibodies, autoantibodies targeting the 65-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), autoantibodies targeting the phosphatase-related IA-2 molecule, and zinc transporter autoantibodies (ZnT8).[17] By definition, the diagnosis of diabetes type 1 can be made first at the appearance of clinical symptoms and/or signs, but the emergence of autoantibodies may itself be termed "latent autoimmune diabetes". Not everyone with autoantibodies progresses to diabetes type 1, but the risk increases with the number of antibody types, with three to four antibody types giving a risk of progressing to diabetes type 1 of 60%–100%.[17] The time interval from emergence of autoantibodies to frank diabetes type 1 can be a few months in infants and young children, but in some people it may take years – in some cases more than 10 years.[17] Islet cell autoantibodies are detected by conventional immunofluorescence, while the rest are measured with specific radiobinding assays.[17]
Type 1 diabetes is not currently preventable.[31] Some researchers believe it might be prevented at the latent autoimmune stage, before it starts destroying beta cells.[18]
Cyclosporine A, an immunosuppressive agent, has apparently halted destruction of beta cells (on the basis of reduced insulin usage), but its kidney toxicity and other side effects make it highly inappropriate for long-term use.[18]
Anti-CD3 antibodies, including teplizumab and otelixizumab, had suggested evidence of preserving insulin production (as evidenced by sustained C-peptide production) in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes patients.[18] A probable mechanism of this effect was believed to be preservation of regulatory T cells that suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens.[18] The duration of the effect is still unknown, however.[18] In 2011, Phase III studies with otelixizumab and teplizumab both failed to show clinical efficacy, potentially due to an insufficient dosing schedule.[32][33]
An anti-CD20 antibody, rituximab, inhibits B cells and has been shown to provoke C-peptide responses three months after diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, but long-term effects of this have not been reported.[18]
Some research has suggested breastfeeding decreases the risk in later life;[34][35] various other nutritional risk factors are being studied, but no firm evidence has been found.[36] Giving children 2000 IU of Vitamin D during their first year of life is associated with reduced risk of type 1 diabetes, though the causal relationship is obscure.[37]
Children with antibodies to beta cell proteins (i.e. at early stages of an immune reaction to them) but no overt diabetes, and treated with vitamin B3 the niacinamide version, had less than half the diabetes onset incidence in a seven-year time span than did the general population, and an even lower incidence relative to those with antibodies as above, but who received no niacinamide.[38]
A psychological stress may have a negative effect on diabetes a number of measures have been recommended including: exercising, taking up a new hobby, or joining a charity among others.[39]
There are four main types of insulin, rapid acting insulin, short acting insulin, intermediate acting insulin, and long acting insulin. The rapid acting insulin is used as a bolus dosage. The action onsets in 15 minutes with peak actions in 30 to 90 minutes. Short acting insulin action onsets within 30 minutes with the peak action around 2 to 4 hours. Intermediate acting insulin action onsets within 1 to 2 hours with peak action of 4 to 10 hours. Long acting insulin is usually given around bedtime. The action onset is roughly 1 to 2 hours with a sustained action of 24 hours.
Injections of insulin—either via subcutaneous injection or insulin pump— is necessary for those living with type 1 diabetes. There is no evidence that it can be treated by diet and exercise alone. In addition to insulin therapy dietary management is important. This includes keeping track of the carbohydrate content of food, and careful monitoring of blood glucose levels using glucose meters. Today, the most common insulins are biosynthetic products produced using genetic recombination techniques; formerly, cattle or pig insulins were used, and even sometimes insulin from fish.[40] Major global suppliers include Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, and Sanofi-Aventis. A more recent trend, from several suppliers, is insulin analogs which are slightly modified insulins with different onset or duration of action times.
Untreated type 1 diabetes commonly leads to coma, often from diabetic ketoacidosis, which is fatal if untreated. Diabetic ketoacidosis can cause cerebral edema (accumulation of liquid in the brain). This complication is life-threatening. Children are at an increased risk for cerebral edema, making ketoacidosis the most common cause of death in pediatric diabetes.[41]
Treatment of diabetes focuses on lowering blood sugar or glucose (BG) to the near normal range, approximately 80–140 mg/dl (4.4–7.8 mmol/L).[42] The ultimate goal of normalizing BG is to avoid long-term complications that affect the nervous system (e.g. peripheral neuropathy leading to pain and/or loss of feeling in the extremities), and the cardiovascular system (e.g. heart attacks, vision loss). This level of control over a prolonged period of time can be varied by a target HbA1c level of less than 7.5%.[6]
People with type 1 diabetes always need to use insulin, but treatment can lead to low BG (hypoglycemia), i.e. BG less than 70 mg/dl (3.9 mmol/l). Hypoglycemia is a very common occurrence in people with diabetes, usually the result of a mismatch in the balance among insulin, food and physical activity, although the nonphysiological method of delivery[clarification needed] also plays a role. Continuous glucose monitors can alert patients to the presence of dangerously high or low blood sugar levels, but technical issues have limited the effect these devices have had on clinical practice.[citation needed]
In more extreme cases, a pancreas transplant can restore proper glucose regulation. However, the surgery and accompanying immunosuppression required may be more dangerous than continued insulin replacement therapy, so is generally only used with or some time after a kidney transplant. One reason for this is that introducing a new kidney requires taking immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine. Nevertheless this allows the introduction of a new, functioning pancreas to a patient with diabetes without any additional immunosuppressive therapy. However, pancreas transplants alone can be wise in patients with extremely labile type 1 diabetes mellitus.[43]
Experimental replacement of beta cells (by transplant or from stem cells) is being investigated in several research programs. Islet cell transplantation is less invasive than a pancreas transplant, which is currently the most commonly used approach in humans.
In one variant of this procedure, islet cells are injected into the patient's liver, where they take up residence and begin to produce insulin. The liver is expected to be the most reasonable choice because it is more accessible than the pancreas, and islet cells seem to produce insulin well in that environment. The patient's body, however, will treat the new cells just as it would any other introduction of foreign tissue, unless a method is developed to produce them from the patient's own stem cells or an identical twin is available who can donate stem cells. The immune system will attack the cells as it would a bacterial infection or a skin graft. Thus, patients now also need to undergo treatment involving immunosuppressants, which reduce immune system activity.
Recent studies have shown islet cell transplants have progressed to the point where 58% of the patients in one study were insulin-independent one year after transplantation.[44] Scientists in New Zealand with Living Cell Technologies are currently in human trials with Diabecell, placing pig islets within a protective capsule derived of seaweed which enables insulin to flow out and nutrients to flow in, while protecting the islets from immune system attack via white blood cells.
Complications of poorly managed type 1 diabetes mellitus may include cardiovascular disease, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic retinopathy, among others. However, cardiovascular disease[45] as well as neuropathy[46] may have an autoimmune basis, as well.
People with diabetes show an increased rate of urinary tract infection.[47] The reason is bladder dysfunction that is more common in diabetics than in non-diabetics due to diabetic nephropathy. When present, nephropathy can cause a decrease in bladder sensation, which in turn, can cause increased residual urine, a risk factor for urinary tract infections.[48]
Sexual dysfunction in diabetics is often a result of physical factors such as nerve damage and/or poor circulation, and psychological factors such as stress and/or depression caused by the demands of the disease.[49][50]
The most common sexual issues in diabetic males are problems with erections and ejaculation: "With diabetes, blood vessels supplying the penis's erectile tissue can get hard and narrow, preventing the adequate blood supply needed for a firm erection. The nerve damage caused by poor blood glucose control can also cause ejaculate to go into the bladder instead of through the penis during ejaculation, called retrograde ejaculation. When this happens, semen leaves the body in the urine."[49] Another cause for erectile dysfunction are the reactive oxygen species created as a result of the disease. Antioxidants can be used to help combat this.[51]
While there is less material on the correlation between diabetes and female sexual dysfunction than male sexual dysfunction, studies have shown there to be a significant prevalence of sexual problems in diabetic women.[50] Common problems include reduced sensation in the genitals, dryness, difficulty/inability to orgasm, pain during sex, and decreased libido.[49] In some cases diabetes has been shown to decrease oestrogen levels in females, which can affect vaginal lubrication.[50]
Oral contraceptives can be taken by diabetics. Sometimes, contraceptive pills can cause a blood sugar imbalance, but this usually can be corrected by a dosage change.[50] As with any medication, side effects should be taken into account and monitored to prevent serious complications with diabetes.[50]
Studies conducted in the United States[52] and Europe[53] showed that drivers with type 1 diabetes had twice as many collisions as their nondiabetic spouses, demonstrating the increased risk of driving collisions in the type 1 diabetes population. Diabetes can compromise driving safety in several ways. First, long-term complications of diabetes can interfere with the safe operation of a vehicle. For example, diabetic retinopathy (loss of peripheral vision or visual acuity), or peripheral neuropathy (loss of feeling in the feet) can impair a driver's ability to read street signs, control the speed of the vehicle, apply appropriate pressure to the brakes, etc.
Second, hypoglycemia can affect a person's thinking processes, coordination, and state of consciousness.[54][55] This disruption in brain functioning, neuroglycopenia, can impair driving ability.[54][56] A study involving people with type 1 diabetes found that individuals reporting two or more hypoglycemia-related driving mishaps differ physiologically and behaviorally from their counterparts who report no such mishaps.[57] For example, during hypoglycemia, drivers who had two or more mishaps reported fewer warning symptoms, their driving was more impaired, and their body released less epinephrine (a hormone that helps raise BG). Additionally, individuals with a history of hypoglycemia-related driving mishaps appear to use sugar at a faster rate[58] and are relatively slower at processing information.[59] These findings indicate that although anyone with type 1 diabetes may be at some risk of experiencing disruptive hypoglycemia while driving, there is a subgroup of type 1 drivers who are more vulnerable to such events.
Given the above research findings, drivers with type 1 diabetes and a history of driving mishaps are recommended to never drive when their BG is less than 80 mg/dl. Instead, these drivers are advised to treat hypoglycemia and delay driving until their BG is above 90 mg/dl.[57] Such drivers should also learn as much as possible about what causes their hypoglycemia, and use this information to avoid future hypoglycemia while driving.
Face-to-face training programs help individuals with type 1 diabetes better anticipate, detect, and prevent extreme BG drops and can reduce the occurrence of future hypoglycemia-related driving mishaps.[60][61][62] An internet-version of this training has also been shown to have significant beneficial results.[63] Additional NIH funded research to develop internet interventions specifically to help improve driving safety in drivers with type 1 diabetes is currently underway.[64]
Type 1 diabetes causes an estimated 5–10% of all diabetes cases[65] or 11–22 million worldwide.[31] In 2006 it affected 440,000 children under 14 years of age and was the primary cause of diabetes in those less than 10 years of age.[66] The incidence of type 1 diabetes has been increasing by about 3% per year.[66]
Rates vary widely by country. In Finland, the incidence is a high of 57 per 100,000 per year, in Japan and China a low of 1 to 3 per 100,000 per year, and in Northern Europe and the U.S., an intermediate of 8 to 17 per 100,000 per year.[8][67]
Type 1 diabetes was described as an autoimmune disease in the 1970s, based on observations that autoantibodies against islets were discovered in diabetics with other autoimmune deficiencies.[68] It was also shown in the 1980s that immunosuppressive therapies could slow disease progression, further supporting the idea that type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder.[69]
The disease was estimated to cause $10.5 billion in annual medical costs ($875 per month per diabetic) and an additional $4.4 billion in indirect costs ($366 per month per person with diabetes) in the U.S.[70]
Funding for research into type 1 diabetes originates from government, industry (e.g., pharmaceutical companies), and charitable organizations. Government funding in the United States is distributed via the National Institute of Health, and in the UK via the National Institute for Health Research or the Medical Research Council. The Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, originally founded by parents of children with type 1 diabetes, is the world's largest provider of charity based funding for type 1 diabetes research. Other charities include the American Diabetes Association, Diabetes UK, Diabetes Research and Wellness Foundation,[71] Diabetes Australia, the Canadian Diabetes Association.
Stem cells are being studied in mice.[72] An early trial has also been carried out in humans.[73][74]
Injections with a vaccine containing GAD65, an autoantigen involved in type 1 diabetes, has in clinical trials delayed the destruction of beta cells when treated within six months of diagnosis.[18] Patients treated with the substance showed higher levels of regulatory cytokines, thought to protect the beta cells.[75] Phase III trials are under way in the USA[76] and in Europe.[77][78][79] Two prevention studies, where the vaccine is given to persons who have not yet developed diabetes are underway.[80][81][82]
Insulin-dependent diabetes characterized by dramatic and recurrent swings in glucose levels, often occurring for no apparent reason, is sometimes known as brittle diabetes, unstable diabetes or labile diabetes, although some experts say the "brittle diabetes" concept "has no biologic basis and should not be used".[83] The results of such swings can be irregular and unpredictable hyperglycemias, frequently involving ketosis, and sometimes serious hypoglycemias. Brittle diabetes occurs no more frequently than in 1% to 2% of diabetics.[84] An insulin pump may be recommended for brittle diabetes to reduce the number of hypoglycemic episodes and better control the morning rise of blood sugar due to the dawn phenomenon.[85] In a small study, 10 of 20 brittle diabetic patients aged 18–23 years who could be traced had died within 22 years, and the remainder, though suffering high rates of complications, were no longer brittle.[86] These results were similar to those of an earlier study by the same authors which found a 19% mortality in 26 patients after 10.5 years.[87]
Because labile diabetes is defined as "episodes of hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia that, whatever their cause, constantly disrupt a patient's life", it can have many causes, some of which include:[88]
Exercise related hyperglycemia is caused when hormones (such as adrenaline and cortisol) are released during moderate to strenuous exercise. This happens when the muscles signal the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream by converting stored glycogen into glucose. The cause of exercise related hypoglycemia, on the other hand, occurs when the muscle group being exercised uses up glucose faster than it can be replenished by the body.
One of these biological factors is the production of insulin autoantibodies. High antibody titers can cause episodes of hyperglycemia by neutralizing the insulin, cause clinical insulin resistance requiring doses of over 200 IU/day. However, antibodies may also fail to buffer the release of the injected insulin into the bloodstream after subcutaneous injection, resulting in episodes of hypoglycemia. In some cases, changing the type of insulin administered can resolve this problem.[88] There have been a number of reports that insulin autoantibodies can act as a "sink" for insulin and affect the time to peak, half-life, distribution space, and metabolic clearance, though in most patients these effects are small.[89]


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Palin Thrilled By Dalai Lama Meeting
9th June 2005
MONTY PYTHON star MICHAEL PALIN is still pinching himself after landing a 40 minute chat with the DALAI LAMA during his recent trek through the Himalayas. The funnyman-turned-adventurer was amazed when the Buddhist leader...
Tagged in this article - Michael Palin, Dalai Lama
Wilson: 'The Dalai Lama Is Corny'
8th June 2005
Hollywood actor OWEN WILSON has dismissed spiritual leader the DALAI LAMA as a "corny" purveyor of "goofball ideals". The STARSKY AND HUTCH star, 36, went to hear the Tibetan holy man speak to...
Tagged in this article - Owen Wilson, Dalai Lama
Geldof Invites Pope, Mandela And Dalai Lama To Live 8
30th May 2005
SIR BOB GELDOF has asked the world's most prominent figures, including POPE BENEDICT XVI, the DALAI LAMA and NELSON MANDELA to take part in the anti-poverty rally and LIVE 8 charity concert this summer (06JUL05)...
Tagged in this article - Sir Bob Geldof, Dalai Lama, Nelson Mandela, Live, Boomtown Rat, Paul Mccartney, Oasis, George W Bush, Tony Blair, Band Aid, Midge Ure
Gere Joins World's Greatest Minds To Fix Globe's Problems
19th May 2005
Actor RICHARD GERE teamed up with a host of NOBEL LAUREATEs and world leaders yesterday (18MAY05) for the colossal challenge of finding solutions to the world's problems. The PRETTY WOMAN star was invited to...
Tagged in this article - Richard Gere, Dalai Lama, Bill Clinton
Charles 'Refuses To Invite Ferguson To Wedding'
4th April 2005
British royal PRINCE CHARLES has refused to invite SARAH FERGUSON, DUCHESS OF YORK to his wedding to CAMILLA PARKER BOWLES this Friday (08APR05) - following their vicious row at a royal dinner in 1999....
Tagged in this article - Prince Charles, Sarah Ferguson, Duchess, Camilla Parker Bowles, Dalai Lama
Gere Asks France And Germany To Ditch Chinese Arms Deal
31st March 2005
LATEST: Movie star RICHARD GERE yesterday (30MAR05) pleaded with France and Germany to ditch its plans for a new arms deal with China. The AMERICAN GIGOLO actor urged for the ban to force the...
Tagged in this article - Richard Gere, Dalai Lama

subset: commoncrawl


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text:
We won't count all the ways, but here's a trio of keys for a Bears victory over the Vikings Sunday at Soldier Field:
For all of the attention focused on the failings of the Chicago offense, the defense has managed exactly one takeaway in the past three games (that with the Bears trailing 35-0 in Green Bay), and
The Minnesota Vikings lost starting quarterback Matt Cassel to a broken foot in Game 3 and were "forced" to turn to a rookie, one that they thought enough of to trade up in this year's draft to se
When the Minnesota Vikings lost running back Adrian Peterson to off-field issues, the consensus was that the Vikings would be lost, period. They haven't been.
A lot of defensive line coaches and coordinators would concoct this scenario if they could: a struggling team with a faltering offense going into a game against a top-10 defense with its seventh d


text:
Celebrate Passover with Jewish main dishes, desserts, and traditional holiday foods.
Choose your Easter dinner main dish from hams, savory lamb, and over 150 more recipes.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
Watch Chef John put a few tasty twists on classic rice pudding.
Learn the secret to making the creamiest ever sweet rice pudding.
Learn the best way to make sushi rice.


text:
The SPI Blog
The SPI blog is staffed by Seattle-area college students interning for SPI at seattlepi.com. Follow their coverage of music, sports, the arts and lifestyle in the area … and tell them what you think about their stories or about events, teams, bands or music they should cover.
Posts by Author
M's win leaves me hopeful
My oh my! When you're 10 games down, nothing feels better than a win. Kudos to Raul Ibanez and his two-run homer last night. It definitely put some wind back in our ballclub's sails and got things rolling for Ichiro, Yuniesky, Cairo and really the whole team for the rest of the game. [Read More]
Another weak performance at Safeco Field
I know, its hard to believe…but the Mariners are further behind than any other team in Major League Baseball. And it's not like the White Sox have been holding their own lately, either (their win Friday night was only the third in their last 10 games). [Read More]
Rain, Rain (and Snow), Go Away
As we all know, Seattle throws us meteorological curveballs when we least expect it. SNOW over the weekend?!? Looks like another chance to get innovative indoors. I'm going to get my weekend started by seeing "Forgetting Sarah Marshall" tonight. [Read More]
Presidents' Day Yet to Come
You know how sometimes a new thing can take you down nostalgia road? [Read More]
Obama at Key Arena
Finally, something worthwhile going on at Key Arena… and for FREE (tsk tsk Sonics). Tomorrow morning, 11 am. I haven't completely devoted myself to the Obama campaign yet, but hey, it'll definitely be interesting. I'm going. Who's trying to carpool? [Read More]
Play in the Snow
So I got invited to see the documentary ski film "Steep" at The Varsity tonight and since my buddy had free passes, I wasn't one to decline. Going in there, I expected to witness another Warren Miller-esque movie about mountain-bound derelicts who happen to be good at carving turns in the snow. I was wrong in assuming that. [Read More]
'All-ages' is good for everyone
I went to Bellingham over the weekend to attend my friends' band's show. It wasn't anything huge, with just three bands playing, and the venue wasn't a "House of Blues" by any means. But despite all that, the show was a big deal for one reason: It took place at the Whatcom Arts and Music center (WhAAM), one of the last two all-ages venues in Bellingham. [Read More]
Season's Greetings
Hello SPI enthusiasts and general web-lurkers alike, I'm glad to bring you my first post! Now done with finals, I finally saw "I Am Legend" this evening. Despite my preconceived notions of any Will Smith performance as Bel-Air-ish, it was actually very existential. In fact, it got me thinking about the bigger picture that transcends the silver screen: trying to survive the day-to-day while somehow staying connected to what makes us human. In one way or another, we all can relate to this. For me, surviving finals week always makes it hard to keep up with the music, art and other things that make me feel human. But with winter break lifting that pressure off my shoulders and my work at SPI underway, things are good. [Read More]


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The Mark of Terror
California Water Wars: Another Form of Asset Stripping?
Oregonians Are 'Mad as Hell' About Trade Deals That Threaten Their Food Supply
Why Wikimedia Just Might Win Its Lawsuit Over NSA Surveillance
Young Jews to 'Pharaoh' Netanyahu: 'Let the Palestinian People Go'
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Patrick Chappatte, The International New York Times, Cagle Cartoons —
My suspicion is that what's right and moral is also what's practical and realistic. In that light, let me offer Ten Commandments for a better world in general.
By Mark Fiore —
By Nick Anderson —
In the midst of the December holiday news-dumping zone, the U.S. Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA) quietly notified Congress of several pending arms deals for Iraq.
I still remember a time when to be an American was to be envied. The country where I grew up after World War II seemed to be respected and admired around the world for way too many reasons to go into here.
Call it Empathy Deficit Disorder. Some Democrats have it, but the disorder seems especially widespread among Republicans.
By Mike Luckovich —
A pair of researchers have a handy tip for those Americans still attached to the notion that we live in a representative democracy: Get ready to kiss that notion goodbye.
Far from big cities or either coast, the characters of Smith Henderson's first novel are the working poor in sparsely populated towns that few escape and no one ever moves to.
An old, creepy recording shows the Milton Friedman Choir singing that corporations are society's saviors, that rule and decision making are best left to the so-called free market, and that other moral considerations for the business class should be absolutely gotten rid of.
This old American democratic tradition already has deep support at the grass roots.
What has emerged in the new America is an intensification of the practice of disposability in which more and more individuals and groups are now considered excess, consigned to zones of abandonment, surveillance and incarceration.
Gabriel Jorby (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0)
A Gallup poll has found that only 35 percent of Americans are concerned about climate change, and that proportion is barely up from the previous year.
(AP/Dmitry Lovetsky)
Let's face it, the West has been sold to the highest bidder and Putin has no reason to fear us.
A young Noam Chomsky was appalled by the "special" hatred the U.S. reserved for the Japanese during WWII; a reason to appreciate the polar vortex arises; meanwhile, privacy is becoming a luxury that few can afford. These discoveries and more after the jump.
Randall Enos, Cagle Cartoons —
Slave ships were floating laboratories, offering researchers a chance to examine the course of diseases in fairly controlled, quarantined environments.
Pat Bagley, Cagle Cartoons, Salt Lake Tribune —
"I used to have a house. I used to go on vacations. I used to shop at department stores, get my hair done and even enjoy pedicures. Now, I don't. I'm a member of the American 'Used-to-Haves,' " Kathleen Ann writes at The Huffington Post.
Monte Wolverton, Cagle Cartoons —
chris.corwin (CC BY SA 2.0)
Middle incomes are sinking, the ranks of the poor are swelling, almost all the economic gains are going to the top, and big money is corrupting our democracy. So why isn't there more of a ruckus?
Bohman (CC BY 2.0)
"To be 'free' in America is at risk of becoming meaningless," Amien Essif, who hitchhiked from Denver to Portland, Ore., writes in The Guardian. "Our choices are increasingly limited to just two: to exploit or be exploited."
By Clay Bennett —
Peter Lang Publishing Group
C. Wright Mills argued 50 years ago that one important measure of the demise of vibrant democracy and the corresponding impoverishment of political life can be found in the increasing inability of a society to translate private troubles to broader public issues.
Patrick Doheny (CC BY 2.0)
Just 1 percent of GDP—or a fourth of what we spend on defense every year—would lift every American below the poverty line up above it.
Bob Englehart, Cagle Cartoons, The Hartford Courant —
Jayel Aheram (CC BY 2.0)
A predatory culture celebrates narcissistic hyper-individualism that radiates a near sociopathic lack of compassion for others, while anti-public intellectuals dominate the screen and aural cultures urging us to shop more, indulge more, and make a virtue out of the pursuit of personal gain.
White House/Pete Souza
In an op-ed for the Financial Times, Oscar-winning filmmaker Oliver Stone and American University professor Peter Kuznick argue that the National Security Agency's surveillance program that began during George W. Bush's administration and has been expanded by President Barack Obama "is laying the foundation for a frighteningly dystopian future."
Daniel Ellsberg / ellsberg.net
Daniel Ellsberg was able to remain in the U.S. after leaking the Pentagon Papers because, "The country I stayed in was a different America, a long time ago," he argues in an op-ed Sunday. Edward Snowden would be greeted with a much different fate, Ellsberg notes, and as a result, he disagrees with those who compare Snowden to him unfavorably because of the NSA whistle-blower's exit from the U.S.
Flickr/Pete Simon
Herman Melville's "Moby Dick" is a portrait of the American character, and like the crew of Ahab's ship we are complicit in self-annihilation.
More than 160 years ago, the greatest abolitionist in U.S. history, the escaped slave Frederick Douglass, addressed the Rochester Ladies' Anti-Slavery Society.
Zak Greant (CC BY 2.0)
With a set of cyber-campaigns—from cyber-enabled economic theft and espionage to the possibility of future state-sanctioned cyber-attacks—evolving in the shadows, it's hard to spin the sunny "new type of great power relationship" President Xi suggested for the U.S. and China at the recent summit.
Image via Shutterstock
After its recent revelation that the National Security Agency is monitoring the phone records and Internet activity of millions of Americans, The Guardian reported Sunday that the U.S. and Britain monitored and intercepted the digital communications of foreign officials during two international conferences in London.
Christopher Weyant, Cagle Cartoons, The Hill —
AP/Charles Krupa
What must the others in the Middle East theater of the American Empire think of a great city in total lockdown from an attack by primitive explosives when Iraqis, Afghans, Pakistanis and Yemenis experience far greater casualties and terror attacks several times a week?
We come together as Americans when confronting common disasters and common threats, such as occurred in Boston on Monday, but we continue to split apart economically.
flickr/Loren Sztajer
Do conservatives still believe in American greatness? The question is not intended to discourage the healthy debate being pushed by Rand Paul and his allies over whether Republicans in the George W. Bush years were too eager to deploy our country's armed forces overseas. After the steep costs of the Iraq War, it is a very necessary discussion.
By invading Iraq, the U.S. did more to destabilize the Middle East than we could possibly have imagined at the time. On the 10th anniversary of the war, we recognize that we—and so many others—will pay the price for it for a long, long time.
By Mr. Fish —
AP/Warner Bros. Pictures/Claire Folger
If an extraterrestrial landed on Earth, "Argo," "Beasts of the Southern Wild," "Django Unchained," "Lincoln," "Silver Linings Playbook" and "Zero Dark Thirty" each would be an excellent introduction to the American character. In the aggregate, they make up a composite portrait of the country.
Kelly Branan
More than 40 years after his death, Martin Luther King Jr., one of the great prophets of American democracy, has been reduced to little more than a lifeless statue. Yet his courageous call for peace and criticism of his government at a time of war must not be lost to history.
White House / Pete Souza
We are about to have a major foreign policy debate in the guise of a confirmation battle over Chuck Hagel's nomination as secretary of defense and the related argument over how long U.S. troops should stay in Afghanistan. President Obama should use this opportunity to stand up for his broader vision of how American power can be sustained and used.
Randall Enos, Cagle Cartoons —
Illustration by Mr. Fish
The multifaceted Ishmael Reed has spent half a century destroying myths of the American empire, especially those that cement racism in place.
Screenshot via The Washington Post
"You know that line, 'guns don't kill people, people kill people?' It's true, so far as it goes," writes Ezra Klein on The Washington's Post Wonkblog. "But in the United States, when people decide to kill people, or kill themselves, they typically reach for a gun."
Photo by CTJ71081 (CC-BY)
The vitriol of the 2012 election is worse than the previous elections. Worse than the Palin-induced smarmy 2008. Worse than the swift-boat lies of 2004. Worse, even, than the anything-goes craziness of 2000 and its ensuing bitterness.
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text: This is really great thread. Thanks for clearing a lot up. From the money / investment side am I correct in saying that no matter what Disney I.e marvel makes both naming rights and character rights for all characters therefore getting some if not all of the merchandise profit for each movie. Also to use the "marvel" logo on these movies they have to pay some sort of fee to Disney I'd presume?


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Lemonade Stand Stock PhotoLemonade Stand,No People,Colour Image,Communication,Dollar Symbol,Flower,Focus On Foreground,Food and Drink,In Front Of,Jug,Las Vegas,Nevada,Photography,Price Tag,Retail,Text,USA,Vertical,Western Script,Wood - MaterialPhotographer Bill GerrardCollection: Moment Open © 2009 Bill GerrardLemonade stand with price reduced from $6 to $1. Flowers in front.


text:
Just recieved some canna seeds
I ordered some seeds last week on-line from a company called Trade Winds Fruit. I just recieved these seeds today. When I ordered them I just ordered 1 of seven different types. No where on the site could I find how many seeds were in a pack. I took a chance figuring that I would recieve just one seed (2 at the most) of each, but what the heck. I was impressed when I got them. 1 pack had 8 seeds, 1 pack had 20 seeds and the other packs all had 10 seeds. Each pack that you order is only a $1.25 and $.25 postage for each pack. I think its a good deal.
Heres the link http://www.tradewindsfruit.com/
Hi cmoerjr,
I sowed canna seeds last year and had great luck. One of them did rot after I planted it into a 3 inch pot because I had watered it too much. Otherwise they did good. They were small this year but one did bloom. I think I should have started them earlier. So you were smart to do so.
Thanks for the website. I ordered dwarf cannas and asparagus fern seeds. :)
dkotchey, I have never grown any canna from seed so when I ordered them I thought that I would try to get some going just to see how hard they were going to be. I soaked 2 of each type that I ordered that makes 14 seeds. All 14 germinated last week. Now I have 14 canna plants in 3" pots that I either have to try to keep until May, or put them to rest and start them around Feb. I still have plenty of seeds. I don't know how long they would live if I let them get root bound and try to keep them small!


text:
Chronic fluke disease reaches peak level in cattle and sheep
"Chronic disease due to liver fluke infection can affect finishing times and cost farmers money" says Fiona MacGillivray, Veterinary Health Advisor for Merial Animal Health, "With one in five bovine livers condemned by slaughterhouses due to fluke damage, farmers are advised to request details on condemnations to assess the level of fluke exposure amongst the herd and enable appropriate treatment."
Checking for the presence of fluke eggs in faeces should be considered where beef cattle are grazing potentially infected pasture over winter and did not receive an autumn flukicide treatment.
Not all sheep display the typical symptoms of chronic infestation, such as 'bottle-jaw', but many will experience significant weight loss. In areas of high fluke risk, most flocks will have already been treated with triclabendazole, for immature fluke; however it is important to reduce reliance on this drug.
"Good husbandry measures, such as use of 'safe grazing' at turnout and in mid-summer, and choosing alternative treatments for chronic fluke can help preserve the use of triclabendazole for acute cases of the disease in sheep," says Fiona.
Nitroxynil (Trodax) and closantel are effective against immature fluke (7 weeks post infection) and should be used for the treatment of sub-acute and chronic fluke disease in cattle and sheep. Albendazole and oxylozanide are effective for adult fluke infection (from 12 weeks post infection) in spring.
Parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) in store lambs and yearlings is likely throughout the winter, due to continuing mild weather. The risk is particularly high on paddocks which were heavily contaminated earlier in the year by grazing lambs. The risk to out-wintered animals can be assessed by monitoring pooled faecal egg counts and dosing accordingly.
The late spring in 2013 caused considerable production losses in young lambs from late-hatching roundworms when lambs were grazing. If the mild weather pattern continues, an early spring could result in a lower risk of nematodirosis in 2014. More details will be released on the level of disease risk when March meteorological data is available.
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text:
Special Correspondent
The interest waiver would run to the tune of Rs. 135 crore
CHENNAI: The Chief Minister, Jayalalithaa, on Tuesday extended the life of the `one-time settlement scheme' and the interest reduction scheme till June 30, for the benefit of over two lakh persons including 1.09 lakh farmers.
The interest-waiver would run to the tune of Rs.135 crore.
In a statement here, she said farmers in the flood-affected areas, weavers in the urban areas and other beneficiaries could avail themselves of the concessions by repaying the loan arrears before the deadline.
Under the extended scheme, farmers, who had obtained long-term loans and those who had received loans from urban cooperative banks could repay the loans in one instalment. If they could not do so, they could remit 25 per cent of the arrears initially and repay the balance in instalments within six months after June 30.


text: POPSUGAR Celebrity 2010 Oscars Photos From Elton John by Celebrity 3/08/10 0 Shares Like us on Facebook Previous Photo 1 of 91 View on One Page ADVERTISEMENT ( more slides) Next Share This Link Copy 1 Photos From Elton John Previous Photo 1 of 91 View on One Page ADVERTISEMENT ( more slides) Next Read More 2010 Oscars Get the scoop with our daily newsletter Enjoy the latest news on the celebs you love. Young Hollywood TV A Listers Movies Sign up with Link Love Niall Horan teases what's to come for the band — Us Weekly 8 questions you'll have after watching HBO's Scientology documentary — ET Ed Sheeran is single again — Gossip Girl Scott Disick opens up about returning to rehab — HuffPost Celebrity Is Selena Gomez considering this body-enhancing surgery? — OK! Michelle Williams spends time with friend Busy Philipps — Lainey Gossip 14 pieces of honest advice Mindy Kaling has for women — BuzzFeed Khloé Kardashian and French Montana get cozy in Miami — People Latest Celebrity


text:
Registrar's Office
University of Wisconsin-Superior
Old Main 139
Belknap and Catlin
P.O. Box 2000
Superior, WI 54880
ph. 715-394-8228
Registrar's Office
News and Events Details
Spring graduation applications are due October 1st. The application is available electronically in EHive.
If you have questions please contact the Registrar's Office at firstname.lastname@example.com, 715-394-8228, or visit Old Main 139.
|No Classes
|60% Day/Last Day to Drop for Spring 2015
|Late Drops After April 3rd (60% Day)
|Summer College 2015 Registration
|Registration for Fall 2015 Begins
|Extenuating Circumstances Petitions Due
|Extenuating Circumstances Meeting
|Last Day to Add Arranged Classes Spring 2015
|$20 Fee to Add Classes Spring 2015
|Dropping and Adding Courses Throughout Spring 2015


text:
As an opera singer and opera fanatic, I can tell you that you have it GOOD in Europe: Standing-room opera seats go for less than 10 bucks (in Vienna, about 3 euro). That doesn't apply to most American opera. To get a discounted seat you usually must be a student, and even then, the lowest ticket price is around $30. The concept of standing room seats hasn't caught on here. Maybe these desperate financial times will bring some ingenuity to the field.
-Amy R. Martin aka Mozart's Left Toe


text:
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we are number one on tripadvisor for hostels in medellin international house medellin! plenty of photos on airbnb... More Info »
Hostal Tamarindo Inn has only eight private rooms. Our rooms have comfortable mattresses, cable TV , free wi-fi,... More Info »
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Video guides, travel podcasts, city maps & free city guides. What to eat, where to stay and things to do and see - our travel guides have it all.Find a guide »
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Hummus has become such a staple in the diets of families striving to make healthy choices. For those of you . . . Read more
Archive for the 'RECIPES' Category
Slow-Cooker Sweet Potato and Butternut Squash Soup
You may have seen other versions of this delicious soup in The Autoimmune Solution or new patient resources, but they . . . Read more
Spinach and Mushroom Spaghetti Squash Casserole
Spaghetti squash makes a great pasta substitute on The Myers Way®! This dish is so easy to throw together–you can . . . Read more
Belgian Endive and Pear Salad
This Belgian Endive and Pear Salad is crisp and delicious, with a hint of sweet! Leave out the mixed nuts . . . Read more
Organic Asparagus Soup with Creamy Coconut Milk
My dad used to make this delicious soup with heavy cream and has since switched to coconut milk for a . . . Read more
Valentine's Day Cacao Chia Seed Pudding
This pudding is packed full of fiber and tastes delicious. Share with someone you love on this Valentine's Day! Valentine's . . . Read more
Indian Cauliflower Curry with Organic Asparagus and Free-Range Chicken
I made this quick curry after work in 10 minutes one night with leftovers from my fridge. I'm already excited . . . Read more
Easy Slow-Cooker Organic Chicken and Pineapple
Who doesn't like an easy recipe? Follow these simple steps and walk away as your chicken begins to cook perfectly! . . . Read more
Cilantro Ginger Organic Pork Lettuce Wraps
These lettuce wraps are delicious, and so easy to make! Experiment with different herbs and spices for a variety of . . . Read more
Jasmine Sugar Body Scrub
This is so easy to make at home and a great exfoliator. Feel free to customize with any essential oil . . . Read more


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A water shutoff valve is disclosed in the preferred embodiment comprising a cylindrical body having a valve disk and water flow sensor therein. The sensor is operatively connected to a timer which automatically resets to zero upon interruption of water flow through the valve. The valve automatically closes upon continuous flow of water through the valve for a predetermined period of time, indicating a potential leak in the water supply line. The timer may be set for selected time intervals permitting the valve to remain open for short or long intervals as required.
1. A shutoff valve for shutting off a fluid line in response to fluid flow through the line for a selected time intervals, said shutoff valve comprising:
(a) a valve body open at each end and having an axial passage extending therethrough;
(b) a normally open valve disk mounted in said axial passage to prevent fluid flow through the fluid line on closing of said valve disk;
(c) valve actuator means for closing said valve disk in response to fluid flow through the fluid line;
(d) a valve stem extending from said valve disk through said valve body and operatively connected to said actuator means, said valve stem further including an end pivotally received in a mating aperture formed in said valve body;
(e) a drain outlet passage in said valve body for registry with another drain passage extending partially through said valve disk permitting fluid to drain from said fluid line upon closure of said valve disk;
(f) sensing means supported by said valve body for sensing fluid flow through said axial passage, said sensing means producing an electrical signal indicative of the fluid flow;
(g) timer means connected with said valve actuator means and said sensing means, said timer means being settable in a selected time interval for energizing said actuator means to close said valve disk on receipt of an encoded electrical signal from said sensing means indicating continuous fluid flow through said valve for the selected time interval; and
(h) switch means connecting said valve via transformer means to a power source to provide electrical power.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said valve actuator means is a solenoid piston operator including a reciprocal connecting rod, one end of which is connected to said valve stem and the other end to said piston operator.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said sensing means comprises an electrical circuit connected to a probe extending into said axial passage.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said timer means comprises an electrical circuit for energizing said actuator means.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said timer means automatically resets to zero upon interruption of fluid flow through said valve.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said switch means comprises a selector switch positionable between an on/off position for energizing said timer means and said sensing means.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said valve body is internally threaded adjacent each end thereof for connection in a fluid line.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said valve body includes a valve cover enclosing said actuator means, said timer means, and said sensing means.
This invention is directed to water shut off systems, particularly to a water shutoff valve incorporated in the water supply line of a household for automatically shutting off the flow of water into the household in the event of a leak or break in the water supply line.
Oftentimes, it is desired that the water supply to a house or other type of dwelling be shut off. This is particularly true when the householders are leaving their house for a prolonged period, as for example, when going on vacation. However, shutting off the main water supply valve is a chore which is often overlooked in the last minute preparations prior to leaving the house. The purpose of shutting off the water supply is to prevent damage to the house should an extensive leak occur while the householder is away. Rarely is the water supply into a house shut off when the householder is away for a short period of time, as for example, when at work. Yet, cumulative leakage from a burst pipe can cause tremendous damage to the house and contents even if discovered and stopped within a relatively short period of time.
Another problem encountered by householders, particularly in the summer months, is a leaking water faucet or one that has not been completely turned off. Thousands of gallons of water may be wasted from a partially open water faucet left unattended.
Water shutoff systems are known in the prior art as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,180,088 to Mallett. The Mallett patent discloses a water shutoff system incorporating a flow sensing valve which detects flow in a water line and electrically powers a line valve to the closed position. An on/off control switch in the electrical sensing circuit permits the system to be conveniently turned off and on. The water shutoff system of Mallett is responsive to flow in the line and is connected to a selecting switch so that the switch can be turned to a position wherein water can be used, and also switched to a safety position wherein flow of water causes interruption of the water system valve. A disadvantage with the Mallett apparatus is that the device does not continually monitor water flow through the valve, thus requiring the householder to set the valve to the safety position for detection of water leakage.
The present disclosure is directed to a water shutoff valve comprising a cylindrical body internally threaded at each end for connection to a water supply line. The valve body includes an axial passage extending therethrough. A valve disk is pivotly mounted in the axial passage of the valve body. A flow sensor extends into the axial passage of the valve body for sensing fluid flow therethrough. The sensor is operatively connected to a timing mechanism which in turn is operatively connected to a valve actuator for opening and closing the valve disk. A power supply provides power for operation of the shutoff valve.
So that the manner in which the above recited features, advantages and objects of the present invention are attained and can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings.
It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
The single FIGURE of the drawing is a sectional view of the preferred embodiment of the water shut off valve of the invention incorporating a schematic of the wiring.
Generally, water is supplied to a house through a water supply line which enters the house and is distributed throughout the house through various distribution lines. The water supply line typically includes a main shut off valve located outside of the house for shutting off all water flow into the house. Shutoff valves are also located throughout the house for shutting off the water to a specific household appliance, for example, an automatic washing machine. When a leak occurs, however, the main shutoff valve is typically shut off preventing the entry of water into the house until the source of the leak is determined. If the area of the leak can be isolated by shutting off one or more of the shutoff valves within the house, then those valves are shut off and the main valve is open so that water may be supplied to other areas of the house.
Water leakage in a house can cause extensive damage to the house and the furnishings. Leakage can occur from various events. Burst pipes resulting from cold weather is a common problem during the winter months, particularly in areas not accustomed to sub-freezing temperatures. Also, supply lines to household appliances such as the dishwasher or the clothes washing machine deteriorate over a period of time and burst. Inclement weather such a hurricanes, tornadoes or the like can damage the structure of the house causing pipes to burst or leak. Also, earthquakes can cause pipes to flex and break resulting in leakage.
The apparatus of the present disclosure generally identified by the reference numeral 10 in the drawing is incorporated in the water supply line of a house to mitigate water damage resulting from leakage in the house by automatically shutting off the flow of water into the house. The apparatus 10 is incorporated in the water supply line at the inlet of the water supply line outside of the house. The apparatus 10 may be incorporated between the main shut off valve in the water supply line and the point of entry of the water supply line into the house. In some areas, particularly where sub-freezing weather is common, it may be desired to locate the apparatus 10 in the water supply line underground reducing the possibility of water being frozen in the apparatus 10.
The apparatus 10 comprises a valve body 12 open at each end and including an axial passage 14 extending therethrough. The ends of the valve body 14 are internally threaded for threadably engaging the threaded ends 16 of the water supply line 18 (or connective nipples to the line). The valve body 12 is substantially cylindrical and approximately six inches in length. The axial passage 14 is approximately one inch in diameter for connection to the water supply line 18 which is typically a one inch pipe for most household water supply systems. The cross sectional area of the axial passage 14 is substantially the same as the cross sectional area of the pipe 18 so that the water flow restriction through the apparatus 10 is minimized. Water flow through the apparatus 10 is in the direction indicated by the arrows in the drawing.
The apparatus 10 includes a raised portion 20 which extends partially about the valve body 12. The raised portion 20 increases the thickness of the valve body 12 providing a mounting base or pad for mounting associated equipment thereon described in greater detail later herein. Adjacent the outlet end of the apparatus 10, an aperture 22 extends through the raised portion 20 opening into the axial passage 14. Similarly, an aperture 24 extends through the raised portion 20 opening into the axial passage 14 adjacent the inlet end of the apparatus 10. The apertures 22 and 24 are interiorly threaded for receiving threaded connectors 26 and 28, respectively. A flow sensing probe 30 extends from the connector 26. The connector 26 is threadably advanced into the aperture 22 and seats against a circumferential shoulder 32 radially extending into the aperature 22. The probe 30 extends from the connector 26 into the axial passage 14. The probe 30 senses even the slightest flow of fluid through the apparatus 10. O-ring seals or the like (not shown in the drawing) prevent leakage of fluid past the connectors 26 and 28.
A valve disk 34 is located in the axial passage 14 upstream from the probe 30. The valve disk 34 is connected to a valve stem 36 which extends through the aperture 24 and connector 28. The valve stem 36 includes a pivot end 38 received in a registration cavity 40 located in the valve body 12 opposite the aperture 24. The end 38 is an extension of the stem 36 enabling rotation of the valve disk 34 about an axis substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the passage 14 and the direction of fluid flow through the valve body 12.
The valve disk 34 is provided with an inlet opening 35 to a drain passage shown in broken line at 37 which, in the closed position of the valve, is positioned in registry with the outlet passage 39 extending through the valve body 12. In the closed position of the valve disk 34, water downstream in the supply line above the level of the valve 10 will pass through the inlet opening 35 to the drain passage 37 and the outlet passage 39. Closure of the valve disk 34, therefore, accomplishes automatic draining of the housing water supply system downstream of the valve 10. It should be borne in mind, however, that only those portions of the water supply system will be drained that will drain by gravity through the supply line 18. Some sections of the water supply line will not be drained, but with the water supply line partially drained, expansion that takes place on ice formation is accommodated by permitting the ice to expand within the pipe. Thus, minimizing the liklihood that a water-filled pipe will burst upon freezing. In the open position of the valve disk 34, the drain passage 37 is out of registry with the outlet passage 39, and therefore, fluid does not drain or leak out through the outlet passage 39.
The valve stem 36 includes a linkage arm 42 connected to a connecting rod 44 having one end connected to a solenoid piston operator 46. The piston operator 46 is connected to a timer 48. The timer 48 can be of any suitable type which can be manually set for any duration of time within a wide range and can time out after a set time. The sensing probe 30 is connected to a sensor circuit 50 which in turn is connected to the timer 48. The piston operator 46 normally holds the valve disk 34 open so that fluid passes through the axial passage 14, which fluid flow is sensed by the sensor probe 30 and sensor circuit 50. The sensor circuit 50 produces an encoded electrical signal indicative of the fluid flow. The signal is received by the timer 48 and the elapsed time of fluid flow is registered by the timer 48. If uninterrupted fluid flow continues for a predetermined time interval, for example, ten minutes, the timer 48 actuates the piston operator 46 which closes the valve disk 34, shutting off the water supply to the house. After the leak has been located and repaired, the timer 48 is reset and the piston operator 46 returns to its initial position and thereby opening the valve disk 34, permitting fluid to flow through the apparatus 10. A removable cover 52 encloses the raised portion 20, protecting the sensor 50, timer 48, piston operator 46 and valve stem 36 from dirt and other foreign matter.
A hand switch 54 and transformer 56 are remotely located from the apparatus 10 in a convenient location. The hand switch 54 may be located within the house, perhaps in the kitchen, for conveniently activating the apparatus 10. The hand switch 54 may be a two or three position switch havng an on/off and automatic setting. During prolonged periods of water usage, for example, when watering the lawn or washing clothes, it may be desireable to disengage the apparatus 10 by positioning the hand switch 54 to the off position. In the off position, the valve disk 34 remains open, permitting water to flow through the apparatus 10 uninterrupted. Normal household usage of water is usually for short periods of time and the water is continually turned on and off. The apparatus 10 does not interfer with the normal household routine of water usage. For example, the timer 48 may be set for a ten minute interval to accommodate a typical water usage pattern. The timer 48 resets to zero each time that water flow through the apparatus 10 is interrupted. This permits normal household chores to be done without shutting off the water supply to the house. The timer 48, however, may be set for any time interval to accomodate the water usage habits of the household. When leaving for the day or on a trip, the timer 48 may be reset to a shorter timer interval, perhaps thirty seconds, so that the water supply system will be shut off in the event that fluid flow through the apparatus 10 is detected.
The apparatus 10 is particularly useful for monitoring the water flow through a household water supply distribution system. On occasion, a slow drip may develop in a faucet, or a garden hose may be left on unattended and forgotten. The apparatus 10 will automatically shut off the water supply to the house and thereby prevent waste of water and reduce the expense of water usage to the household.
While the foregoing is directed to the preferred embodiment of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims which follow:
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
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HAVE: Mature Blooming Black Tacca
bihai(zone 9)April 21, 2008
I have 2 mature blooming Black Tacca to trade. Plants are between 12-15" in height. These were seed grown.
Please look at my trade list, but please don't be intimidated by it. Yes, it is huge, and yes, my "want" list is, like everyone else's is to some extent, idealistic.
Things I can tell you that I am NOT interested in trading for:
Rose cuttings
Plumeria cuttings
Brugmansia cuttings
Hibiscus (including mahoe)
Things that I have a special interest in:
Orchids, especially colmanara wildcats (but not white phals)


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B.C.'s law society is set to hear a motion that could prevent graduates of Trinity Western University's controversial new law school from practising in this province.
At issue is the private Christian university's community covenant, a pledge that all students and staff must sign stating that that they will not engage in any activities that are "biblically condemned" including "sexual intimacy that violates the sacredness of marriage between a man and a woman." The covenant essentially excludes gay and lesbian students from the school unless they take a vow of celibacy.
The motion to deny approval to the TWU school will be heard by the Law Society of B.C.'s board of governors, who are called Benchers, at a meeting on April 11. Law society spokesman Ryan-Sang Lee said it's likely a decision will be reached the same day.
TWU has gotten the OK to create a law school from the Canadian Federation of Law Societies and the B.C. government, but the law society has the ultimate say on whether to recognize its degrees. The school is scheduled to open for business in September.
The law society has received more than 160 submissions from lawyers and the public about the TWU school in the last month and will accept further input until Monday.
Lee said that every law society in the country will be discussing similar motions in the coming months to determine whether to let TWU graduates practice in their provinces.
TWU representatives could not be reached for comment Friday evening, but the school has said that it welcomes gay and lesbian students as long as they abide by the code of conduct.
Earlier in February, Nova Scotia's bar society held a meeting to discuss the matter and heard from more than two dozen people, the majority of whom condemned the TWU covenant. That society expects to make a decision in April.
Anyone who wishes to make a submission to the law society can email email@example.com.
Follow me: @BethanyLindsay
The biggest sale of the year, on now! Find almost $4 million worth of items such as cars, trips, furniture, gift cards and more at discounts of up to 50% off. Don't miss out as savvy shoppers will move fast to take advantage of these deep discounts. Sale ends Wednesday, April 1, at 9 p.m. Like it? Buy it before its gone. Brought to you by The Vancouver Sun and The Province.


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Just Posted! Canon TX1 Review
Just Posted! A quick review of Canon's unusual PowerShot TX1. This ultra-compact 7MP digital camera is has several unique features including a 'camcorder style' vertical design, 720p 'HD' movie capabilities and an optically stabilized 10x optical zoom. Find out what we thought of it after the link...
Tags: canon


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Blue checked cotton pyjama set
Item No.0980108172
This woven cotton pyjama set from Maine New England is designed for easy care and has a blue graduating check design. The shirt has a chest pocket and the trousers have an elasticated waist with a button fly opening.
This item is available for
UK Home Delivery Free (UK orders over £30) or £3.99
Delivered within 4 working days
Next or Named Day Delivery
7 days a week between 8am - 6pm
Monday to Friday - order by 7pm - £4.99
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7 days a week between 6pm - 10pm
Monday to Sunday - order by 10pm - £6.99
Collect from store the next day - FREE
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- Woven shirt and trousers
- Long sleeved shirt
- Trousers
- Elasticated waistband with a button fly front
- Shirt: one chest pocket
- 65% polyester and 35% cotton
- Machine washable


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La Velle E. Neal III has covered baseball for the Star Tribune since 1998 (the post-Knoblauch era). Born and raised in Chicago, he grew up following the White Sox and hating the Cubs. He attended both the University of Illinois and Illinois-Chicago and began his baseball writing career at the Kansas City Star. He can be heard occasionally on KFAN radio, lending his great baseball mind to Paul Allen and other hosts. Mark Rosen borrows him occasionally for WCCO-TV.
Phil Miller covered three seasons of Twins baseball, but that was at a different ballpark for a different newspaper. Now Miller returns to the baseball beat after joining the Star Tribune as the Gopher football writer in 2010, and he won't miss the dingy dome for a minute. In addition to the Twins and Gophers, Miller covered the Utah Jazz and the NBA for six years at The Salt Lake Tribune.
I've seen this maneuver in a few cities, but Detroit leads the USA.
It's when the driver suddenly realizes that his/her exit ramp is coming up in 1/16th of a mile - and he/she is in the far left lane.
No problem. With a quick turn of the wheel, the car is launched across three, four, five lanes in time to catch that elusive exit ramp (who knows when the next exit is coming up in a town as tiny as Detroit). Meanwhile, the other drivers on the freeway must accommodate such automotive bravado
The name for this maneuver: The Detroit Sweep. It happened to me last night on the way back from the game. ``What took you so long, Detroit?'' I said to myself,
I expected to see a Detroit Sweep on the highways this week and wondered about one at Comerica Park, where the beat up and overmatched Twins are facing the division champion Tigers. But the Twins managed to win the first game on Tuesday. Can they win today and actually take the three-game series?
Tigers ace Justin Verlander is on the mound, so a tough task awaits.
Can rookie lefty Andrew Albers pitch like he did during his 17.1 introductory innings and not like he did on Saturday against the White Sox?
Most importantly, how does Joe Mauer feel as he recovers from a concussion suffered on Monday against the Mets?
These questions will be answered over the next few hours as the Twins and Tigers wrap up their series here before the Twins jump on a bus to Cleveland.
Righthander Liam Hendriks has been named the starter on Saturday in Cleveland.
Oswaldo Arcia took some swings this morning. ``It's better. When I tried to pull I felt some pain,'' he said. The Twins must decide if they can wait a few more days for Arcia to fully recover or place him on the DL.
Joe Mauer was not in the clubhouse as of 11:50 p.m. EST. The doctor wasn't expected at the park until around noon, so Mauer might have timed his arrival for game time. There's a plane ticket back to the Twin Cities waiting for him, provided that he is cleared to fly home. The clubhouse is now closed, so Mauer might arrive then leave for the airport before we get a chance to talk to him.
There is a large patch of rain passing through Chicago. While it looks on track to clobber us in a few hours, we're being told it will break up.
Twins (55-70)
1. Brian Dozier, 2B
2. Chris Herrmann, C
3. Justin Morneau, 1B
4. Josh Willingham, DH
5. Ryan Doumit, RF
6. Trevor Plouffe, 3B
7. Clete Thomas, CF
8. Wilkin Ramirez, LF
9. Doug Bernier, SS
Pitching: Andrew Albers, LHP
Tigers (74-52)
1. Austin Jackson, CF
2. Torii, RF
3. Miggy, 3B
4. Prince, 1B
5. V-Mart, DH
6. Matt Tuiasosopo, LF
7. Omar Infante, 2B
8. Jose Iglesias, SS
9. Bryan Holaday, C
Pitching: Justin Verlander, RHP
Well, I guess so
TwinsCentric: On Danny Santana and regression
What will Danny Santana do for his sophomore encore?
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Photos! See Pitch Perfect Star Anna Camp as a Memoir-Writing Mom in LCT's Verite
Click for photos from Nick Jones' Verite, starring Anna Camp. The Lincoln Center Theatre production opens February 18, 2015 at the Claire Tow Theatre.
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Click for photos from Nick Jones' Verite, starring Anna Camp. The Lincoln Center Theatre production opens February 18, 2015 at the Claire Tow Theatre.
Click for photos from the new Encores! production of Lady, Be Good!, playing February 4 through 8 at New York City Center.
Click for photos of Jeff Augustin's Little Children Dream of God at the Harold and Miriam Steinberg Center for Theatre. The Roundabout Theatre Company production opens February 17, 2015.
Click here for photos from off-Broadway's Snow Orchid at the Lion Theatre on Theatre Row. The new production opens February 8, 2015.
New York City is a winter wonderland, and what better way to celebrate than with a frenzy of Frozen Fever photos! The new Frozen mini-sequel won't hit theaters until March 13, but USAToday.com has released a sneak peek of the new short film featuring the vocal talents of original stars Kristen Bell, Jonathan Groff, Josh Gad, and of course, Idina ...Read More...
Click for photos of Christina Bianco in Application Pending at off-Broadway's Westside Theatre. The new production opens February 10, 2015!
Click for photos from the Second Stage production of Between Riverside and Crazy, opening February 11 at off-Broadway's Tony Kiser Theatre.
Click for photos of Martin Short, Katie Finneran, Maulik Pancholy and the new cast of It's Only a Play at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre.
Click for photos of Lin-Manuel Miranda and the cast of Hamilton at the Public Theater. The new production opens February 17, 2015!
Click for exclusive production photos of Gigi at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., then see Vanessa Hudgens, Corey Cott and the cast at Broadway's Neil Simon Theatre beginning March 19, 2015!
It Shoulda Been You's David Burtka on Cracking Up with Sierra, Marrying His Stalker & Doing His Best Work Naked
Stage Icon John Cameron Mitchell on Being a B'way Bieber, Learning from Stritch and Going from Huck Finn to Hedwig


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LOOKING for: Something Sinful in Dark Chocolate
I have a friend going in for surgery tomorrow and I plan on visiting her this weekend. She loves dark chocolate. I would like to make a treat to give to her. Do you have any suggestions?
All ideas welcome!
SLICES OF SIN (serves 10-12)
8 oz semisweet chocolate (use a good brand)
1/2 cup strong brewed coffee
2 sticks butter, (1/2 lb)
1 cup sugar
4 eggs, beaten
1 cup heavy cream
Preheat oven to 350°. Line a glass loaf pan w/foil; butter the foil. In the top of a double boiler, melt the chocolate in the coffee. Add the butter & sugar, stirring until the butter is melted. Cool the mixture for 10 minutes. Beat in the eggs 1 at a time. Pour the mixture into the prepared loaf pan. Bake until a crust forms on top, approximately 35-45 minutes. When cool enough to handle, set the loaf pan in enough cool water to come halfway up the pan. The dessert wil rise & fall as it cools. When cool, wrap the pan well & refrigerate for at least 2 days or up to 2 weeks. When ready to serve, beat the cream until stiff (can flavor with 2-3 tsp brandy, but I just used vanilla & a little sugar). Unmold the loaf & slice. Garnish w/cream.~~
Thought of this one. VERY chocolatey:
FUDGE ECSTASIES (makes about 36)
12 oz semisweet chocolate chips, divided
2 squares (1 oz each) unsweetened chocolate
2 TBL butter
1/4 cup flour
1/4 tsp baking powder
Pinch of salt
2 eggs
2/3 cup sugar
1 tsp vanilla
1 cup chopped nuts
In a medium saucepan, heat 1 cup of the chocolate chips, the unsweetened chocolate & the butter until melted, stirring constantly. Pour into a large bowl & set aside to cool slightly.
In a separate bowl, mix the flour, baking powder & salt. Add the eggs, sugar & vanilla to the cooled chocolate mixture & beat well. Add the flour mixture & beat thoroughly. Stir in the remaining chocolate bits & the nuts.
Drop the batter by teaspoonfuls onto lightly greased cookie sheets. Bake in a preheated 350° oven for 8-10 minutes or unti the edges are firm & the surface is dull & cracked. Cool for 1 minute before removing from the sheets. Place on wire racks to cool thoroughly.~~
And this one too would be suitable:
1 1/3 + 1 1/2 cups semisweet chocolate chips
2 TBL heavy cream
1 TBL butter
2 TBL seedless raspberry jam
Confectioners' sugar to taste
Combine 1 1/3 cups of the chocolate chips with the cream & butter in the top of a double boiler. Cook over hot water until smooth, stirring constanly. Stir in the jam. Allow the mixture to cool, then freeze, covered with plastic wrap for 20 minutes. Shape into balls. Place on a cookie sheet. Freeze until firm. Melt the remaining cups of chocolate chips in a double boiler over hot water, stirring occasionally. Using a wooden pick, dip the cand balls one at a time into the chocolate. Palce on a cookie sheet (I line the cookie sheet with parchment.) Chill until set. Dust w/confectioners' sugar.~~