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I spent last week in Cebu, the second largest city in The Philippines, with three hundred journalists, activists and media scholars from more than sixty countries. The occasion was the Global Voices Citizen Media Summit, a biennial conference on the state of citizen media, blogging, journalism and activism. This summit coincided with the tenth anniversary of Global Voices, the citizen media website and community Rebecca MacKinnon and I helped to found in late 2004.
We've held the conference six times, and it's always been an excuse to gather core members of the Global Voices community for planning, training and building solidarity. More than 800 staff and volunteers run Global Voices, and since we have no home office, headquarters or physical presence, the conference provides a physicality and presence that's sorely lacking in most of our interactions. Since the Summit began as an excuse for holding our internal meeting, it's always a wonderful party and family reunion, but it's not always been the most thoughtfully programmed event. (I'm allowed to say that because I helped program some of those conferences.)
This year's incarnation (which I had absolutely nothing to do with planning!) reset expectations about what the Citizen Media Summit could be. It was two packed days of panels, workshops and discussions, tackling some of the most interesting a challenging problems facing online writing and activism: threats to the open internet, social media and protests movements, trolling and online abuse, intermediary censorship. I found myself blogging and tweeting frenetically, trying to capture the conversations I was hearing in panels and the halls, soaking up as much news, information and perspective as I could from friends from around the world.
We've got drones now! Watch out, world!
Global Voices editors and authors will be processing notes from the sessions into articles over the next few days, but I decided to use my flights from tropical Cebu into a northeastern blizzard to reflect on some of the key insights I got from the Global Voices community, the amazing Filipino netizens who hosted us and our guests from around the world.
Social media is moving into closed, private channels
Global Voices started as a project that rounded up blog posts from around the world, when possible organizing them into themed stories illustrating an aspect of the social media conversation in a country or region. Over time, we began offering citizen media perspectives on breaking news through the eyes of publicly readable citizen media: blogs, tweets, videos and public Facebook posts.
I'm starting to wonder whether we're going to be able to keep operating this way in the future. Increasingly, citizen media is private, or semi-public, which raises really interesting questions about how we use it in our journalism. For example, in China, many political discussions shifted from Weibo (which is primarily public) when the company began verifying the identities of users. Many of those discussions moved to WeChat, where groups with hundreds or thousands of members feel like listservs or bulletin boards.
Is it ethical and fair to source stories from these semi-public spaces? There's probably no general answer – it's likely to be something that needs to be answered on a case-by-base basis. If the answer is that something can only be published if everyone on the list agrees, it's going to make it very difficult to continue doing this work, and we're likely to lose some of the ability to report on important conversations that haven't reached broadcast media. If we don't handle these questions carefully, we're going to alienate the people we're hoping to work with an amplify.
Whether conversations in these spaces are treated as public or private speech will be deeply important for journalism as more conversations move from explicitly public social media spaces into these complex semi-public spaces.
Platforms matter: Many of our conversations with activists suggested that the organizational work of activism has shifted from public-facing tools like Twitter and Facebook into mostly private tools like WhatsApp. When revolutionaries start planning social movement on WhatsApp, the architecture and policies of the platform become matters of intense importance. WhatsApp's designers likely didn't anticipate their app being used to coordinate revolutions, and once the tool is used that way in repressive environments, it raises questions of whether the platform is sufficiently careful in protecting its users. One answer is for activists to move to more secure platforms, like TextSecure. I've long argued, though, that most activism happens on the most accessible platforms, so it's not easy to talk activists off from WhatsApp. That makes efforts like Moxie Marlinspike's successful campaign to get WhatsApp to use end to end encryption incredibly important.
Platforms also matter because they control what speech is possible. Rebecca MacKinnon's "Consent of the Networked" has been the key text for people to understand the problems of intermediary censorship, and in a session she ran on her new project, Ranking Digital Rights, Jillian York of the EFF explained that she sees community moderation policies as functionally controlling what sort of speech is possible on Facebook. Jill now worries more about corporate controls on speech than government controls, citing instances where Facebook has taken down pro-Palestinian speech that had been incorrectly flagged as supporting terrorism, while allowing far more inflammatory pro-Israel speech. The simple fact that Facebook took down the "We Are Khaled Said" Facebook group – which it later celebrated for helping organize the Tahrir Square protests – shows that the platform often gets speech issues wrong, with potentially serious consequences.
For some members of the Global Voices community, the failure to remove hate speech from these platforms is as disturbing as the potential of these platforms to be censored. Thant Sin from Myanmar described the ferocious climate of Burmese-language Facebook threads, where violent threats against religious groups, particularly the Muslim Rohingya, are alarmingly common. When he worked with other Myanmarese Facebook users to detect and report these threads, they were unsuccessful, for the basic reason that Facebook's moderators could not read Burmese.
When I tweeted this, Elissa Shevinsky – CEO of Glimpse, a messaging app startup – asked why Facebook doesn't simply hire Burmese speakers to address this issue. The answer is simple and unfortunate: the abuse team at any social media company is viewed as a cost center, and is inevitably under-resourced. Facebook and other companies rely on "flagging" by community members to identify content that should be further investigated or removed. (Kate Crawford and Tarleton Gillespie wrote a wonderful paper titled "What is a Flag For?" which explores the limitations of flags as a way of controlling and commenting on online speech – it's a must-read for people interested in this topic.) When flagged content is in an unfamiliar language, Facebook has two bad alternatives: they can leave it (potentially ignoring hate speech) or block it (potentially censoring political speech.) Perhaps Facebook shouldn't expand into markets where they cannot adequately monitor their content… but it's hard to demand that a company develop robust mechanisms for abuse in a language before they have users in that language.
Jillian and colleagues at OnlineCensorship.org are now documenting the content Facebook and others block as a way of mapping the space of allowable speech online. I'm fascinated by this idea, and wonder whether the method Crawford and Gillespie use in their paper – flagging content to see how platforms respond – might work for Jillian. (Perhaps putting more offensive speech into the world to see how platforms respond isn't a net positive for the world – there may be enough anger and hate online that simply documenting it well is enough.)
Images, not words I'm a wordy guy, as anyone who's fought through one of my blogposts knows. But one of my big takeaways from this conference was the power and prominence of images as a form of political speech. Georgia Popplewell organized a massive session titled "The Revolution Will Be Illustrated", where 13 Global Voices community members introduced us to work by cartoonists, illustrators and designers from their countries.
Many of the artists featured were traditional cartoonists, like Crisis Valero of Spain or Mexican-American cartoonist Lalo Alcaraz. But a few were graphic designers like Filipino activist Pixel Offensive, or Global Voices's own Kevin Rothrock. Pixel Offensive produces simple, eye-catching graphics using images of Filipino politicians recontextualized, captioned and otherwise remixed. PXO's work has a distinct color signature – yellow and black – which are the colors of the Aquino government. It's a visual hijacking of the Presidential brand. PXO's work isn't as artistically skillful as that of an artist like Alcaraz, but that may well be part of the message: visual activism should be open to everyone who has something to say.
Kevin Rothrock clearly got that message. Co-editor of RuNet Echo, Global Voices's opinionated and often controversial section focused on the Russian internet, Rothrock enjoys making trouble online, taunting the trolls who respond to his coverage. His posts for Global Voices are usually accompanied with satirical collages, where Vladimir Putin is remixed into every conceivable internet meme. Not every collage works for me, but some are hilarious, and it's easy to imagine them spreading virally online.
What I most appreciated about Rothrock's talk was that he encouraged the bloggers and writers in the audience to adopt his simple collage techniques for their own work, offering tricks of the trade. (Logos work well, as they're designed to work in lots of different contexts, and Vladimir Putin shirtless, on horseback, makes any scene better.) Much as activists have learned to speak in short, tweetable statements to get their message to spread online, it may be time for activists and journalists to learn how to craft fast-spreading visual memes in the hopes of reaching broader audiences.
Representation, if not revolution In the wake of the Occupy movement, Indignados, Gezi and other recent popular protests, it's reasonable to ask whether protest movements are more powerful for expressing dissent than they are in making fundamental changes to systems of power. Listening to panelists speak about protests in Mexico, Syria, Ukraine and Hong Kong, I thought of Zeynep Tufekçi's idea that digital tools have made it easier to bring people out into the streets, but may have made the groups assembled with those tools weaker and more brittle. (Because it's so easy to bring 50,000 people to a protest, Tufekçi argues, organizers have to do a lot less work ahead of time and end up having less influence and social capital with those protesters than they did in earlier years. When the protest ends and it's time to try and influence governance, those movements have a hard time moving into power.)
One of the major messages from the conference was the idea that protest movements are increasingly focused on their own media representation. Tetyana Bohdanova, a Global Voices author from Ukraine, explained that Euromaidan protesters watched media reactions to their movement with increasing dismay, as credulous journalists adopted simplistic narratives. We tend to think of protesters as developing simple, sharp, propagandistic messages to motivate their followers. Instead, Bohdanova suggests that Euromaidan protesters were often in the odd position of fighting for subtlety and nuance, explaining the concept of "a revolution of dignity" to the press, who wanted to see the protest as a simple battle between Russia and the EU.
My colleague Sasha Costanza-Chock argues that making media is a fundamental part of making protest movements, and stories from the Citizen Media Summit seem to support that contention. From Ukraine to Gaza, activists are tweeting in English to try and influence portrayals of their movements. Understanding social media as a channel for mobilization – the most common narrative about technology and protest – gives us only a partial picture. For activists and protesters, media is at least as important once people are in the streets, to report what's happened, to document abuses and to represent the movement to the world.
Crisis response is a driver for social media use.
The Philippines is hit by an average of twenty typhoons a year, including massive storms like Typhoon Haiyan, which killed 6300 people. Isolde Amante and other Filipino colleagues explained that citizen media has become a primary source of information in these crises, that newspapers are far more likely to hear about these events via social media than via radio or other broadcast channels.
There have been lots of stories celebrating the power of social media to assist with crisis response – how Ushahidi was used to assist recovery efforts in Port au Prince after the Haitian earthquake, for instance. But these accounts usually describe social media contributions as an epiphenomenon. Conversations in the Philippines suggest that we might expect social media to take a lead role in breaking the news of disasters and, possibly, in coordinating responses.
Social Media is about taking sides.
That phrase comes from Phil Howard's forthcoming book "Pax Technica", and it struck me as helpful in processing the conversations we had at Global Voices. We've always considered Global Voices to be a journalistic project – we've asked our authors to cover conversations taking place in their national online spheres in a way that's balanced and fair, even if we reject classical notions of journalistic objectivity. But it's also clear that many of the folks involved with Global Voices are passionate advocates for various causes: for freedom of speech online, for their nation to be represented differently in international media, for political causes.
Increasingly, I feel like Global Voices is a platform for "advocacy journalism" in the best sense of the term: much of it advocates for change in the world and features the people fighting to make those changes. And Phil's description of social media as being about taking sides seems right to me. Those sides aren't explicitly political – people using social media for hurricane relief are taking sides against a natural disaster and for the benefit of the victims. But the line between asking for friends and followers to pay attention to you and trying to harness that attention for change is a blurry one, and much of what works in social media presumes a position of advocacy.
For me, Global Voices summits are always a joyful time, a chance to reconnect with old friends and make new ones. This one was also wonderful food for thought, and I can't wait to continue these conversations with the community over the next two years until we see each other in person again.
Many of the panels at the Global Voices summit offer a global perspective on difficult reporting challenges. "When the Stakes Are High and the Story Ever Changing: Online Crisis Reporting" Moderator Lauren Finch explains that these look like simple stories to handle: they erupt, a professional or citizen reporter offers their take, and we repeat as necessary. But that's becoming harder and harder.
Governments routinely go into propaganda overdrive, and we need to unpack what's real, what's imagined and aspirational. A flood of citizen generated media means we can illustrate a crisis more thoroughly, but it also means we have an ongoing challenge to verify. People in a crisis are often going through trauma, which demands compassion and caution in coverage. And all these factors take place under an intense time crunch. Our panel features professional and citizen journalists who've taken on crisis reporting around the globe.
Mohamed Nanabhay, former head of online at Al Jazeera English and Global Voices board member, remembers the Egyptian revolution as an event that taught him lessons about crisis reporting. On January 25, 2011, Al Jazeera was ready to roll out a massive story: The Palestine Papers, a massive document leak that offered an inside look into the Israel/Palestine negotiations. Al Jazeera had spent months on the story, producing documentaries, online features and the whole organization was ready to break the story.
In this case, Jazeera had lousy timing. Their stringer in Cairo let them know that protests were taking place in Tahrir Square, but the newsroom dismissed the reports: there's always a protest in Egypt. Al Jazeera is not exactly short on Egypt experts, but they were initially blind to the significance of the protest. For Mohamed, he began to understand what Jazeera needed to do by monitoring Twitter. People on Twitter were taking the revolution very seriously, connecting it to the revolution in Tunisia, and wondering why Jazeera wasn't reporting it, speculating a Doha-based conspiracy to support Mubarak.
Al Jazeera had one small story about the protest and was working to direct web viewers to the Palestine Papers story, but that little story was getting massive attention. So the newsroom, led by Twitter and by activists demanding coverage, directed by their traffic statistics, decided to deploy multiple journalists and take on the story in a serious way.
Isolde Amante is a print reporter based in Cebu. In the 23 years she's worked, last year featured a stretch of 23 days that were more challenging than any others she'd ever experienced. On October 15, 2013, a magnitude 7.2 quake struck in Bohol, killing over 200 people. On November 5, 2013, a tornado destroyed 70 houses. And on November 8, 2013, Typhoon Haiyan impacted near Cebu. It was the worst storm ever to hit the Philippines and killed 6300.
Given the other big stories, Amante says that her paper had fewer than 5 reporters available to cover the story. They disabled their beat system and simply covered whatever they could as fast and as properly as they could.
Haiyan is not the only typhoon to have struck Cebu – locals remember Typhoon Mike from 1990. But in comparison with past crises, social media transformed how journalists covered this typhoon. When the tornado broke a few days earlier, her newsroom heard about it not via radio, but via Twitter. Someone tweeted a report and a photo directly to the newspaper.
Social media has also made it possible to cover ongoing efforts to rebuild from the typhoon. When CNN and the BBC stopped reporting on the crisis, the Cebu papers continued, featuring stories on survivors and rebuilding, often using data delivered to them online.
News organizations are also able to be more proactive in the days of digital media. Weather information in the Philippines tends to be limited to storms within the nation's borders. Cebu newspapers now rely on Japanese weather info and on the twitter streams of meteorologists who warn of typhoons reaching the island.
The demand for information has also become more urgent as the audience for news is changing. There are 10 million Filipinos based abroad who wanted to know what was going on in the wake of the typhoon. As a result, the most popular feature on the Cebu Sun Star's website was a list of the missing. News organizations now see themselves serving both local and global audiences simultaneously.
Finally, social media has helped mobilize community support. Amante notes that 56% of post-typhoon aid came from the local private sector, while only 8% came from local governments. The newspapers did their part, printing lists of rural communities that had not received aid, repeating until those communities got their fair share.
She notes that the Philippines seems to be getting better at crisis response. Typhoon Hagupit was a stronger storm than Haiyan, but there were fewer casualties. "Maybe we're making progress."
Joey Ayoub writes about Palestine and about Lebanon. He notes he's wearing a Palestinian keffiyah given to him from a friend from Haifa, halfway between Beruit, where he lives, and Gaza, which he often covers.
In the last Gaza conflict, over the course of 50 days, over 2000 Palestinians were killed. 78% were civilians. Joey notes that 77 families were wiped out entirely. Gaza is a very small territory, extremely poor and 45% of the population is less than 14 years old. A six year old Gazan, he explains, has experienced three major wars, or using the term he prefers, massacres.
Despite the fact that Gaza is closed, it's easy to cover via social media. "Gazans tweet in English because they know that the only thing that can stop this hell is the West." He features some of the tweets from Gaza that helped illustrate the most recent war, pointing to Mads Gilbert, a Norwegian doctor who lives and works in Gaza. 13 of 16 Gazan hospitals were destroyed in the war, which meant that children needed to be taken to Egypt for emergency surgeries. Joey shows a picture of a child's passport photo. The child is wearing a oxygen mask as the passport was an emergency one and the photo was taken of the child in the hospital.
Social media also allows for counternarratives. Ben Cohen, an online activist, posted a tweet that went viral, a photo of himself with Gazan children. It had the ironic title: "Selfie with greatest threat to Israel". When the Times of Israel republished an oped from an American newspaper titled "When Genocide is Permissible", online activists demanded its takedown, and documented its presence on this major Israeli news site before it was removed.
Chloe Lai is a long-time Hong Kong journalist, who after 15 years with commercial papers is now running a small website, an online magazine promoting sustainable development. She also writes for InMediaHK, which she describes as working a similar model to Global Voices, using citizen voices to document current events.
She suggests that Occupy Central in Hong Kong should challenge the narrative of Hong Kong media as open and free. Apple Daily, the sole pro-democracy newspaper, has been firebombed twice, once at their offices, once at the publisher's home. The paper's printing plant was surrounded by pro-China protesters to prevent the paper from distributing their papers. Online attacks rendered the paper's website inaccessible, so for a short period of time, Apple Daily was only able to distribute news via Facebook and other social media.
Direct attempts to intimidate journalists are complemented by incidents of self-censorship. Lai shows us a video of a protester being carried off by police officers into a dark corner, then kicked and beaten by six police officers. It was shot at 3am during a night of the protests, and aired at 6am on Hong Kong's most popular TV station with a voiceover explaining the context for the video. The head of the newsroom called the office at 6:35am and demanded that the newsroom edit it to remove the voice over.
The video, with voiceover, went viral, and reporters wrote an open letter to the newsroom chief protesting the decision. All the people who wrote the letter were brough to a meeting where the newsroom chief justified his decision, explaining "You are not the worm in the police officer's body – how can you be sure what happened?" He ordered the newsroom to stop talking about a "dark corner" where the incident took place and demanded that they allow the audience to form their own opinions.
A reporter recorded the meeting, shared it and it, too went viral. Even when mainstream press are self censoring, social media channels are making it harder for stories to be silenced.
Foreign correspondent, journalism professor and author Howard French recently weighed in on the debate about media coverage of Charlie Hebdo and the massacres in Baga with a memorable stream of tweets. French has a deep understanding of Africa in the news, as a former professor in Côte d'Ivoire and the author of two must-read books about Africa, A Continent for the Taking and China's Second Continent, about Chinese expansion in Africa.
French was reacting in part to a New York Times Public Editor note from Margaret Sullivan on the New York Times's coverage of the two stories. He
references a Glenda Gordon article that notes the real problem: it's not that we failed to value the deaths of those killed by Boko Haram, but that we did not value their lives.
Here's French's "Twitter Essay":
1) NYT on Baga massacre "coverage seemed both light and late," by @Sulliview http://t.co/ZIftXStOor My 2 cents: http://t.co/ctRWaUAJIc
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
2) NYT on Baga massacre. Editors asks: 'Is this a big deal? R we going to deploy someone?' Good ?s, followed by defensive, sophist answers.
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
3) NYT on Baga massacre. Nigeria is not "remote," even if Baga is. Largest country in Africa, close to US, source of large portion of US pop
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
4) NYT on Baga massacre. Ebola coverage cited here. It was also late, w costly real world consequences.
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
5) On Baga. Individual reporters have worked v hard, done great stuff. Time to move beyond "they're really tired," or we'll get to it.
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
6) On Baga. It's time for honest discussion in US media abt how African continent is covered, including staffing resources and "news value."
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
US press re Rwandan genocide. "Yeah, we're not really sure this is a big deal, you know, ancient tribal enmities and all. We'll get to it.
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
US press re: Congo wars, 5 million death toll: Yeah, big country. It's a mess. So far away. And has anyone really counted all the bullets?
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
US press, Ivory Coast meltdown: That's a French country isn't it?
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
US media on ebola early on: Hey it's Africa. Sick people? What's new about that?
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
US media on ebola later: Hey, Africans might contaminate us! Look, a case. (Full court press ensues… to Dallas)
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
US media on Baga: Hey, we just did Ebola. Isn't there someone else to call?
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
US media on Baga late. You know accuracy is sacrosanct to us, so until we have an exact and definitive death toll…
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
US media on Paris: Hey, these are our people. I mean people. I mean. Oh never mind. You know what I mean.
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 24, 2015
After all the criticism, genuinely big props to the Times for airing something like this in 1st place: by @Sulliview http://t.co/ZIftXStOor
— Howard French (@hofrench) January 25, 2015
This has been an ugly week.
On Wednesday, two Islamic extremists assassinated 12 people in the offices of satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo. The next day, a police officer was killed by a pair of gunmen in another corner of Paris in an apparently related incident. Today, French authorities faced hostage crises at a kosher supermarket in the city, and at a printing plant outside the city. By the end of the week, the death toll was up to twenty – 17 victims and 3 perpetrators – in an tragic week people are starting to call France's 9/11.
The violence in Paris demands – and has received – widespread media attention. But it has overshadowed some of the other events of an ugly, dispiriting week.
On Tuesday morning, a homemade explosive blew up outside the Colorado Springs office of the NAACP, one of the US's leading civil rights organizations. The bombing – which the FBI has declared deliberate – evoked memories of the darkest days of the civil rights struggle, where activists were the victims of bomb attacks. The NAACP bombing received little mainstream media attention, leading to a twitter campaign demanding coverage of the attack, and sparking discussion about a media tendency to dismiss white terrorists as disturbed, lone-wolf individuals, while seeing other terrorists as representing their race or religion.
Muslim shooter = entire religion guilty
Black shooter = entire race guilty
White shooter = mentally troubled lone wolf
— Sally Kohn (@sallykohn) December 21, 2014
Sally Kohn's tweet from December 21, 2014 is as appropriate now as it was then.
It's understandable that the tragedy in Paris overshadowed coverage of the NAACP bombing. But it's harder to explain the scant media attention to another horrific act of terrorism: Boko Haram's attack on the town of Baga.
Baga is on the border between Nigeria and Chad and has been a key battleground between Boko Haram and Nigerian forces over the few years. In April 2013, the Nigerian army, pursuing Boko Haram killed almost two hundred civilians and burned a substantial portion of the town, leading villagers to flee into the bush. On Saturday, January 3, 2015, Boko Haram seized a military base in Baga, and began launching attacks on townspeople. At least 7,000 refugees have fled into Chad and Niger.
It will likely be weeks until there's a confirmed death toll from Baga, but Amnesty International's Nigeria expert believes there may be as many as two thousand dead. The town has apparently been razed to the ground, as http://www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-wn-boko-haram-baga-20150109-story.html#page=1>Boko Haram forces looted, then burned, houses. Since 2011, Boko Haram has killed 16,000 Nigerians, 11,000 in the past year.
If you haven't heard about the Baga massacre, that's not surprising. Most major media outlets have barely covered the story. In the graph above, the orange line is the phrase "Charlie Hebdo", and the blue is "Baga". On January 4th, the day after the Nigerian army base fell, the top 25 US mainstream media ran twenty sentences that mentioned Baga. Yesterday, the same news outlets ran 1,100 sentences mentioning Charlie Hebdo. (Today's count will likely be higher, but Media Cloud is still collecting today's data, and there's still four hours in the day.)
My Nigerian friends have commented that the Baga story is not getting much play in Nigerian media either, and the statistics bear that claim out. Orange represents "Charlie Hebdo", blue represents "Baga" as above, but now we're looking at a collection of Nigerian newspapers, radio, television and social media. Baga peaks two days after the military base fell, and coverage of the Paris massacre has been stronger the past three days than coverage of the larger domestic tragedy.
President Jonathan of #Nigeria has publicly condemned the attack in Paris, but nothing about the massacre of 2000 in his own country. #Baga
— Karen Attiah (@KarenAttiah) January 9, 2015
Some commentators note that Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan has expressed his sympathies to the French government, but not to the people of Borno State killed by Boko Haram. Facing re-election in five weeks, Jonathan is understandably wary of discussing Boko Haram, as it reminds voters that the conflict has erupted under his management and that his government has been unable to subdue the terror group. Jonathan has claimed that a multinational force was combatting Boko Haram, but military sources claim that Nigerois, Chadian and Cameroonian troops have deserted the cause.
Events in Paris have been horrific. But Boko Haram killed up to 2,000 people on Wednesday in Baga, Nigeria: http://t.co/NUvYvt7O91
— Ethan Zuckerman (@EthanZ) January 9, 2015
I was struck by how little attention the Baga massacre was receiving and tweeted about it earlier today. People have offered helpful speculation on why this is the case. Some theories my correspondents have suggested:
– The victims of the Charlie Hebdo massacre were journalists, and journalists take special care to cover journalist deaths. (I wish this were true. But the alarmingly common killing of journalists in the Philippines suggests that some journalist deaths are more newsworthy than others.)
– Baga is hard to get to, while Paris is a global media city. Easier access equals more coverage. (Certainly true, and certainly important, but given the death toll in Baga, you might expect at least one global news crew to try to reach the scene. AP's dateline is from Yola, almost 600km away. Reuters is reporting from Bauchi, a similar distance away.)
– Racism. We care more about the white people killed in France than about black people killed in Nigeria. Or, phrased differently, "a hierarchy of death", in which some deaths always merit more attention than others.
I think this last theory is on the right track, but I think it's more complex than just racism (though I believe race plays a significant factor.) When I teach "agenda setting" and "news values" (the ways in which some events become news and some don't), I turn to a 50 year old paper by Johan Galtung and Mari Ruge, "The Structure of Foreign News". Galtung and Ruge propose a set of twelve principals that they use to explain how events are seen as newsworthy. Four of their rules help me understand the disparities in coverage between the attacks in Paris and in Baga.
Meaningfulness: The central metaphor of Galtung and Ruge's paper is a shortwave radio – of all the signals we tune into on the radio dial, we are most likely to tune into those that have meaning for us, say a human voice speaking in a language we understand. Meaningfulness includes cultural proximity: we are more likely to pay attention to events that affect people who live lives similar to our own. It's hard for most of us to imagine living in a fishing village on the shores of Lake Chad and being forced to flee a rebel army. It's easier to imagine masked gunmen entering our workplace (especially for Americans, where workplace shootings have become tragically common.) Once we've placed ourselves in the shoes of the Charlie Hebdo cartoonists, the police protecting them, or the grocery shoppers, the story becomes personally relevant.
Consonance: While news is usually a surprise – a natural disaster, an unanticipated death – Galtung and Ruge argue that we like our surprises to be consonant with narratives we already know and understand. The attack on a major city by violent extremists is a tragically familiar one over the past decade, a story that feels like a continuation of attacks on New York, London, Madrid and Boston.
Unambiguity: We like stories that are easy to understand and interpret – nuanced and complex events are harder to cover than unambiguous ones. A brutal attack by a group opposed to western education and most traces of modernity seems unambiguous, until one reads about the abuses the Nigerian army has committed in combatting Boko Haram. There have been two massacres in Baga in the past two years – the 2013 Baga massacre occurred when Nigerian soldiers burned the village, seeking revenge for military officers killed by Boko Haram, killing almost 200 civilians. Were residents of Baga providing support and shelter for Boko Haram in 2013? Why did those same residents become targets for Boko Haram in 2015? These sorts of questions make the massacre in Baga a hard story to understand and a harder one to tell.
Stories about people: Stories need heroes and villains. Coverage of the Paris attacks has focused on Charlie Hebdo editor Stephane Charbonnier and his willingness to "die standing than live on my knees", and the long histories of the radicalization of Cherif and Said Kouachi. In Baga, we know neither the names or the stories of the victims or the attackers – it is possible that the attack was led by Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau, but no one has confirmed, and stories tend to focus on Boko Haram as a mass, rather than on the individual leaders of the movement.
The one campaign that has successfully called international attention to Boko Haram's abuses is the Chibok Girls campaign, which demanded international attention for 200 girls abducted from a school in Chibok, in southern Borno state. The parents of the abducted girls have made countless media appearances, reminding Nigerian and global audiences of their absence.
If Galtung and Ruge's principles hold, we shouldn't expect attention to the Baga massacre to increase in the next few days. It's too distant, physically and culturally, too complex and devoid of the personal narratives journalists use to draw audiences to complex stories. But it's critically important that we understand what happened in Baga, not just to understand the challenges Nigeria faces from Boko Haram, but to understand who religious extremism affects.
Maybe most Moslems peaceful, but until they recognize and destroy their growing jihadist cancer they must be held responsible.
— Rupert Murdoch (@rupertmurdoch) January 10, 2015
Retweeted for illustrative purposes. Fuck Rupert Murdoch.
The brutal attacks on Charlie Hebdo's staff reinforce a "clash of civilizations" narrative, in which Western secular values (freedom of expression, humor, critique) are inexorably threatened by fundamentalist religious values. (Teju Cole provocatively notes that the secular West has rarely been as skeptical and rational as it congratulates itself for being.) The implications of this clash of civilizations narrative are predictable and dire: commenters demand that moderate Muslims explicitly dissociate themselves from horrific criminal acts, implying that those who don't endorse terrorism; right wing politicians suggest closing borders and deporting Muslims; Muslims face revenge attacks.
Violence from Islamic extremism is a real and frightening problem. So, for that matter, is extremist violence associated with other religions. (See Myanmar for evidence that Buddhists can be violent extremists, or review the 2002 riots in Gujarat for an introduction to Hindu extremism. Or consider Joseph Kony and the Lord's Resistance Army, whose Christian fundamentalism is as foreign and offensive to most Christians as Al Qaeda's theology is to most Muslims.) But the majority of the victims of Islamic terrorism are Muslims. According to a 2011 report from the US National Counter Terrorism Center "In cases where the religious affiliation of terrorism casualties could be determined, Muslims suffered between 82 and 97 percent of terrorism-related fatalities over the past five years." In other words, attacks like the one in Baga, where extremists killed their co-religionists are far more common than attacks like the ones in Paris, where extremists targeted people of other faiths.
Following the "clash of civilization" narrative leads to demonization of 1.6 billion people, 23% of the world's population. Understanding that terror disproportionately impacts Muslims makes it clear that terrorism is a tactic, a political and military strategy, not a feature of Islam or any other religion. By mourning the dead both in Paris and Baga, we take a step towards understanding that the enemy is extremism, not Islam.
I took the fall semester off from teaching, which is a good thing, as I've been traveling far more than is healthy, mostly to give talks. I was in Sao Paulo last week talking about Brazil role as a center for democratic innovation, and hope to post either notes or a video of that talk soon. But here are two others that are already online and that I'm proud of:
"Journalism after Snowden: Normalizing Surveillance"
The estimable Emily Bell of Columbia's Tow Center is editing a volume of essays about how the documents revealed by Edward Snowden have changed journalism as we know it. Most of the participants in the project are, like Emily, long-time newsroom veterans with smart things to say about journalism's future. Since the last newsroom I worked in was that of the Lewisboro Ledger in 1989, I thought it would be wise if I played towards my strengths and talked about advertising, surveillance and the idea that a public sphere that monitors our every movement is corrosive to the notion of citizenship.
I leaned heavily on a paper by Kevin Haggerty and Richard Erickson, "The Surveillant Assemblage", which in turn leans on Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari to offer a view of surveillance that's pervasive to the point of inescapability – thanks to Kate Crawford for pointing me to this paper. The question I ended up asking in the talk was whether organizations like newspapers (and, pointedly, The Guardian, where Emily is a board member) had a responsibility to try to create surveillance-free civic spaces. Fun questions – I don't have the answers, but I was happy to have the chance to explore these ideas.
"Digital Cosmopolitans", my Google Books talk
This other talk covers material that's familiar to folks that regularly read this blog. It was my contribution to the Talks at Google series, speaking about "Digital Cosmopolitans", née "Rewire", now out in paperback. I have had the hilarious misfortune to be touring the book at the same time that Amanda Palmer is touring her excellent The Art of Asking – I gave a reading at Porter Square books the evening after her book launched and spoke to an extremely small, though enthusiastic crowd. Now I discover I'm following her at Google as well. No worries – she's awesome, and next time I will ask her if I can simply refer to her as my opening act.
Anyway, Google are great hosts, and this is one of the better version of the Rewire/Digital Cosmopolitans book talk, so if you haven't heard me try to summarize the book in half an hour, here's your chance.
I've been doing some cool radio interviews lately as well. Benjamen Walker's awesome "Theory of Everything" Podcast is doing a series called "The Dislike Club", which basically features people who think about the internet realizing that we're really pissed off about the current state of things online. In the second episode, I get to talk about my confession and penance regarding my role in bringing the pop-up ad to life – it's a good conversation.
[soundcloud url="https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/178538675″ params="color=ff5500″ width="100%" height="166″ iframe="true" /]
Keep your eyes open for Gimlet Media's new Reply All podcast – it's a relaunched version of the excellent TL:DR, which spun out of On the Media. I'm likely on an upcoming episode, offering my same lame apologies for making the internet a worse place.
Even declaring this as a selfie, I'm not super comfortable with a post that just lists talks I've given lately. So two other talks to point to:
Willow Brugh has been working on question of "weaponized social", the ways that online spaces for deliberation and debate are too often turning into spaces of personal threat. She's working on face to face meetups to explore the idea and its consequences, and is bringing it into unexpected contexts, like a gathering of female programmers and computer enthusiasts in Kenya, hosted by the remarkable Akirachix. Check out her presentation, and a broader conversation about tech and gender in Kenya, above.
Micah Sifry has a terrific new book out, which I hope to be reviewing next week. In the meantime, my students blogged his talk today at Berkman (which I missed because I'm in Budapest.) Micah is deeply passionate about the ways the internet could be used for social and political change, and honest about the ways in which internet enthusiasts have thus far fallen short. His book, The Big Disconnect, is well worth your time. More about it next week.


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American Range Performer RANGETOP
Hi y'all. Wife and I completed construction of our "forever" home recently, so I'm finally able to share thoughts & pics of my American Range Performer 36" rangetop. Lots of folks have posted great info about AR Performer full ranges (and I thank all of you!), but I believe I'm one of the "early adopters" of the rangetop model. It's trite, but...all I can say is WOW. This beauty is everything I've always wanted, and more. The power is breathtaking, but is easily and precisely controlled. Fit & finish are outstanding - not a scratch on it when rec'd. Has worked perfectly from the moment it was piped & plugged in - nary a hiccup. I am happy to sing he praises of the good folks at AR - I called them twice with questions prior to purchasing, and they were very helpful. And they packed this beast in a very robust wooden crate for shipping - it was practically bomb proof. I'm happy to answer questions if you have any. Thanks!

subset: commoncrawl


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B.B. King
Co-Headlining Stage, LeBreton Flats, Ottawa ON, July 14
Seated with his iconic Lucille on his lap, King chatted up the masses before delivering a tranquil rendition of his 1964 single, "Rock Me Baby." Justifiably struggling with his guitar playing, King ambled through "Every Day I Have the Blues," "Guess Who" and "The Thrill is Gone," adding brief and warbled guitar licks while his band proceeded to hold down each song's smooth rhythm. As the show closed with an extended version of "When the Saints Go Marching In," King began to speak boundlessly to select members of the crowd, offering jokes and anecdotes that only those in the first few rows could appreciate. Though B.B.'s live show moved at a senior citizen's pace, the King of Blues gave Ottawa a performance that was nothing less than sincere, passionate and straight from the heart.
Coming back soon! If our developer were more machine than man they'd already be here. Useless meatsack.
For now, please send any and all feedback to [email protected].
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|Hospital Quality
|Appointments & Offices
Key things you need to know aboutDr. Paparello:
Dr. Paparello's Experience
Research training, expertise and qualifications
Dr. Paparello's Specialties
- Nephrology
- View 1 specialty and 2 board certifications
Procedures Dr. Paparello Performs
- Hemodialysis
- Peritoneal Dialysis
Conditions Dr. Paparello Treats
- Acidosis
- Acute Kidney Failure
- See all 30 conditions
More About Dr. Paparello's Background
Hospital Quality
The right hospital is as important as the right doctor
- Northwestern Memorial Hospital
- 251 East Huron Street
- Chicago, IL 60611
9 Facts About Hospital Quality
Patients' risk of dying during a hospital stay for heart bypass surgery could be 85.2% lower, on average, at a hospital rated 5 stars compared to a hospital rated 1 star for that procedure. Choosing the right hospital is critical to your health. View Slideshow
Appointments & Offices
Check insurance plans, locations and make an appointment
Accepting new patients?
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- Northwestern Med Fdn Nephrology
- Northwestern Med Fdn Nephrology
- 675 N Saint Clair St Ste 18-250
- Chicago, IL 60611
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The key to a successful appointment is communication. To get the most out of your visit, prepare ahead of time so you can lead the conversation with your doctor. These 7 tips will get you ready
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text: I'm easy going, polite, passionate, a good conversationalist, strong willed, loving, caring, sweet, kind and adventurous. I love meeting new people and experiencing new adventures. I know a little about most things and a lot about several...I can pretty much talk to anyone about anything. Bottom line, I'm not crazy, I won't steal from you, I'll be respectful of your home and if possible, I'll always leave the place better than I found it!. :-)


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Fresh is a product review site that rewards reviewers for sharing on social networks by increasing the odds they'll receive a product to review.
San Francisco-based start-up Fresh recently launched its social product testing and review site for consumer electronics and home and kitchen gadgets.
The company says it connects socially influential consumers with manufacturers to create "credible and trustworthy" reviews. It rewards users who share their desire to try out a product by increasing the odds they will receive said product, thereby gaining exposure for the site as well.
"The tradition today is to send a product to CNET to provide a review and call the reviewer an expert," says CEO Stephen Svajian. "We give (products) to an engaged group of users. Instead of an expert, (manufacturers) get to send it to consumers and consumers end up reviewing the product."
Fresh requires users to verify themselves using Facebook. When a user wants to sign in, he or she receives the message, "Facebook login allows us to provide more credible reviews and build a better community."
As of Thursday, Facebook says 1,000 people use the app. However, according to Svajian, Fresh has about 2,000 reviewers following a post-launch bump. The site has been up since early December, but the company officially launched February 5.
The homepage features about 36 products, like the Click and Grow Smart Flowerpot and Swivl Personal Cameraman. About five have reviews so far.
Once a user has identified a product they'd like to try, they click, "Try It!" and are placed at the end of the line of users who have clicked, "Try It!" before them. Users are then given the option to share a "special link" on Twitter or Facebook or via email to move ahead in line. The link tracks shares.
Each product page contains video and images. It also provides the manufacturer's name, website, Facebook page, Twitter handle and estimated ship date, along with a reviewer leaderboard that displays who is in what place and how many invites they have. Invites are the number of friends who have received the special link and also signed up to receive a given product. In turn, the more invites they send out, the higher up they, too, will go, and so on.
Manufacturers send products to customers at the front of the line. Svajian says Fresh currently sends out anywhere from five to 100 products per item, but is "still experimenting."
The customers either get to keep the product or return it at no cost.
Once reviewers have a chance to try the product, they answer questions posed by fellow users. Fresh says there is no way to guarantee a review, but "when someone is proactively volunteering to review a product, we trust that their intentions are sincere."
According to Fresh, its model is replacing the star rating system "with more relevant and unbiased feedback" in part because the star system attracts "extremity reviews" in which the majority of reviewers give either one or five stars. Instead, Fresh asks reviewers if they'd recommend the product to a friend.
The main user is 25 to 35 years old, skews male and has social influence, Svajian says.
Want to learn more?
Attend ClickZ Live New York March 30 - April 1. With over 15 years' experience delivering industry-leading events, ClickZ Live brings together over 60 expert speakers to offer an action-packed, educationally-focused agenda covering all aspects of digital marketing. Register today!
In addition to ClickZ and Search Engine Watch, Lisa's work has appeared in The Huffington Post, The Luxury Spot, LearnVest, MarthaStewart.com, GoodHousekeeping.com, amNewYork, and The Wall Street Journal. She's a graduate of Columbia's School of Journalism.
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By Gabby Landsverk, Staff Writer Little Falls is starting 2015 with a lengthy list of street improvement projects which, according to Public Works Director Greg Kimman, are long past due. "We're trying to clean up some loose ends from areas we've seen throughout the city," Kimman said. The ...Read More
Little Falls City Council
Hanfler, Gosiak elected as council president and vice president, LFPD promotes VandenAvond to full-time and adds part-timer Ken Coppes By Gabrialle Landsverk, Staff Writer The city of Little Falls will be starting the new year with new faces on the City Council and new additions to the police and f...Read More
Last night's Little Falls City Council meeting began the new year with the election by the Council of Jeremy Hanfler to the role of Council President and Frank Gosiak to the role of Vice-President. The meeting also included the swearing in of new mayor Greg Zylka and councilmembers Brad Hir...Read More
By Gabby Landsverk, Staff Writer The Little Falls City Council voted to approve requests from local organizations to allow property usage that may have violated zoning ordinances, in light of ambiguity in the ordinances in question. Scott and Raquel Lundberg's request for an extended conditional ...Read More
City administrator suggests grant to ease higher property taxes for newly annexed residents By Gabby Landsverk, Staff Writer The 2015 city budget and house and redevelopment authority levy was adopted at Monday's City Council meeting, but not before a public hearing addressed concerns from re...Read More
Debate over city, homeowner responsibility for water lines ends in reimbursement for resident who thawed pipes By Gabby Landsverk, Staff Writer After several months of debate, the City Council has decided to offer resident Mike Tykwinski $1,100 as reimbursement for his work thawing frozen water pi...Read More
Defendant plans to appeal the case By Gabby Landsverk, Staff Writer Little Falls resident Robin Hensel has been convicted of one misdemeanor charge of disorderly conduct after less than 10 minutes of jury deliberation, in a trial that began Monday morning and ended Tuesday. Charges were brought ag...Read More
By Terry Lehrke, News Editor In the midst of its 2015 budget discussions, the Little Falls City Council was faced with a decision on whether to include funding for a full-time city administrator. Dan Vogt, who was hired as an interim city administrator in August 2012, offered during 2013 budget dis...Read More
By Terry Lehrke, News Editor Winter parking will be restricted on the west side of Fifth Street Southeast, between First and Second avenues and on Second Street Northeast, between Second and Fourth avenues in Little Falls, between Nov. 1 and April 1. The Council voted for the restrictions Monday, a...Read More


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Launcher Update
Get the Desktop App for Battle.net Now
- All your games in 1 place
- Log in once
- Automatic game updates
Warp in 100 units with Warp Gates in an Unranked or Ranked game.
Destroy all Protoss structures in the "Welcome to the Jungle" mission on Normal difficulty.
Win 100 1v1 Unranked or Ranked games as Protoss.
Finished a season in the Top 50 of a 1v1 Silver Division.
Finished a season in a Team Gold Division.


text:
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|$119.95 + $4.49 shipping
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|Length: 0:54 Mins
my son in law is looking forward to having a poker night to show it off a real fun itemPublished 21 months ago by donna christenson
Great for friendly games and friendly fun also easy to store away,easy to use and comfortable,just get one. This is awesome.Published 22 months ago by Cmurda
I made my fiance's day when I gave him this table for his birthday. It arrived very promptly and appears to be made extremely well and should be very durable through all his poker... Read morePublished 22 months ago by Alison W. Laird
the item was purchased for a family member they were very pleased with the speed of the order and the cost would definitely recomendPublished 23 months ago by William Orr
I really Don't know why people give such bad reviews. At first I thought I was having the same trouble as other people with the strap being too tight. Read morePublished 24 months ago by Nate
I just received this table today and I am actually quite impressed, and I play a LOT of poker. The table is extremely sturdy. The felt feels fine and it seems well built! Read morePublished on March 21, 2013 by Greg


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Lights Up! Mombo 24" H Table Lamp with Drum Shade
Lights Up! Mombo 24" H Table Lamp with Drum Shade
Weights & Dimensions
|Product Type: Standard
|Style: Modern
|Fixture Finish: Brushed Nickel
|Fixture Material: Metal
|Hand Crafted: Yes
|Number of Items Included: 1
|Number of Lights: 1
|Bulb Type: Incandescent
|Light Direction: Ambient
|Wattage per Bulb: 75 Watts (W)
|Bulbs Included: No
|Shade Included: Yes
|Built-in Outlet: No
|Adjustable Height: No
|Night Light: No
|Swing Arm: No
|Cord Color: Clear
|Lifestage: Adult
|Gender: Unisex
|Commercial Use: Yes
|Product Care: Wipe clean with a dry cloth
|Country of Manufacture: Imported
|Assembly Required: Yes
|Additional Parts Required: No
|cUL Listed: Yes
|UL Listed: Yes
|Energy Star Compliant: No
|CARB Compliant: Yes
|CE Approved: Yes
|ETL Certified: Yes
|cETL Certified: Yes
|CPSIA or CPSC Compliant: Yes
|CSA Certified: Yes
|Title 24 Compliant: Yes
Still have questions about this product? We're here to help
Lights Up! Mombo 24" H Table Lamp with Drum Shade
About the ManufacturerLIGHTS UP! offers simple silhouettes in lamps, wall sconces, and pendant lighting with shades in an array of fabrics. Printed shades are 100% silk, and the patterns are exclusive to LIGHTS UP!. Many of the lighting products have stylish brushed nickel accents, while others have multiple finish options. From contemporary to classic, Lights Up! has it all.
Tell us what you think!
Tell us what you think about this product. It will help us provide you with better products in the future and help your fellow shoppers make better purchases.Write the first review
OUR SKU # LSP1015Mombo 24" H Table Lamp with Drum Shade is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: RS-452ANG, RS-452ANR, RS-452BCF, RS-452BGL, RS-452BKG, RS-452BKM, RS-452BN-LAC, RS-452BN-MBG, RS-452BN-MBS, RS-452BN-MWG, RS-452BN-MWS, RS-452BN-PHC, RS-452BN-PHN, RS-452BN-PHW, RS-452BN-PPC, RS-452BN-PPG, RS-452BN-PPW, RS-452BN-RBW, RS-452BN-SLC, RS-452BN-SLD, RS-452BN-SLH, RS-452BUC, RS-452CCC, RS-452CHA, RS-452CHO, RS-452CIR, RS-452CRO, RS-452DFG, RS-452EGG, RS-452FBD, RS-452FBL, RS-452GGL, RS-452GOL, RS-452IVY, RS-452KIM, RS-452MLF, RS-452NAT, RS-452OGL, RS-452OPT, RS-452PEB, RS-452PLA, RS-452RDM, RS-452RDP, RS-452SNO, RS-452STR, RS-452TCF, RS-452WHT


text:
Issue 4 • Date Dec. 1956
Filter Results
[Front cover]Publication Year: 1956 , Page(s): c1
Table of contentsPublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): 139| | PDF (63 KB)
Chairman's ReportPublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): 140| | PDF (245 KB)
Integrated Instrument SystemPublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): 141 - 144
Cited by: Papers (1)| | Quick Abstract | PDF (3299 KB)
Through the years the art of aircraft control has progressed from the use of fundamental human observations that restricted operations to contact conditions, to modern flight instrumentation that permits the precise control of modern high speed, high performance aircraft under very restricted ceiling and visibility weather conditions. The story of improved flight instrumentation in this paper includes the evolutionary trend toward more stringent control requirements which has pointed up the limitations of pure human response and resulted in a philosophy that a system capable of greater accuracy must, in addition to providing a fine degree of instrumentation, take human characteristics into consideration. Through a discussion of the symbolic and pictorial approaches to providing the ideal flight instrumentation, the present trend toward combining the two approaches is explained and the features of a production system incorporating these modern concepts is described. View full abstract»
A Visual Communication SystemPublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): 145 - 149
Cited by: Papers (2)| | Quick Abstract | PDF (1667 KB)
It has long been realized that manual voice-radio and wire telephone communication facilities cannot meet the future requirements of aviation for air traffic control communication services. The operational requirements for an Air Traffic Control Signaling System (ATCSS) are discussed; the relative applicability of a number of existing and proposed communication systems are shown using an arbitrary but consistent rating method. Block diagrams are presented which cover the laboratory experimental equipment of the Melpar Visual Communication System (VCS). A typical sequence of events and their durations for ATCSS service is given. The main conclusion is that a direct viewed bright storage tube display method should be employed in the ATCSS airborne unit, rather than an electromechanical (or ``roller-wheel'') type of indicator system. View full abstract»
Azimuth Errors of the TACAN SystemPublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): 150 - 156
Cited by: Papers (1)| | Quick Abstract | PDF (4015 KB)
The major advantages and disadvantages of adding the ninth harmonic to the fundamental bearing signal of the TACAN system are presented. The effects of this addition are discussed in terms of the improved system accuracy, particularly under conditions of adverse siting. TACAN azimuth error data that were collected in ready-to-use form by recently developed methods are presented. These data, which allow separation of the site error from the total system error, indicate the azimuth accuracy of the TACAN equipment. View full abstract»
Pencil and Paper Calculation of Noise Level in Superheterodyne Radar ReceiversPublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): 157 - 160| | Quick Abstract | PDF (556 KB)
One method1 for determination of noise level in radar receivers involves the use of a calibrated signal generator for input voltage and use of a quadratic detector instead of the second detector of the radar receiver. By a related method, which is described in this paper, the rms noise level may be determined from the second detector output as a function of receiver input for any common type of second detector even though its response is not exactly quadratic. This method is justified mathematically, and in a practical application the noise level of a 600-mc receiver is determined as 11.2 microvolts (referred to input). View full abstract»
Automatic Testing Is Good BusinessPublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): 161 - 165| | Quick Abstract | PDF (3853 KB)
Automatic testing can be economically applied in the military electronic equipment business even though it is characterized by small production quantities, complexity of product, and rapid evolution of design changes. It has been the experience of the Light Military Electronic Equipment Department (LMEED) of General Electric that it is possible to determine an automatic test program of long range significance and still see immediate benefits, if the program is tailored to a sound understanding of the needs of the particular business involved. This article discusses the approach to automatic testing at LMEED, some of the equipment concepts involved, and the plans to further the program toward the goal of full automation of the test operation. View full abstract»
PGANE NewsPublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): 165| | PDF (188 KB)
ContributorsPublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): 166 - 167| | PDF (1617 KB)
Suggestions to authorsPublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): 168| | PDF (147 KB)
PDF Not Yet Available In IEEE XplorePublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): nil1
[Front cover]Publication Year: 1956 , Page(s): c2
Index to subjectsPublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): 172 - 174| | PDF (514 KB)
Institutional listingsPublication Year: 1956 , Page(s): 175 - 176| | PDF (1565 KB)
Aims & Scope
This Transactions ceased publication in 1960. The new retitled publication is IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.


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Dr. David L. Weldy, MD
Family Medicine
- 3125 Transverse Dr Ste F
Toledo, OH 43614
- 2 Locations
- (419) 383-3760
Dr. David L. Weldy graduated from the University of Toledo College of Medicine in 1983. He works in Toledo, OH and 1 other location and specializes in Family Medicine and Sports Medicine. Dr. Weldy is affiliated with University Of Toledo Medical Center. He speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Family Medicine, Sports Medicine
Medical School: University of Toledo College of Medicine; Graduated 1983
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


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yup, that says it all. i heard that merli was logged under the carpet and shoddily done. from the little i heard, i do feel sorry for the people that ride there. it just plain sucks.
damn pregnant girlfriends. gotta go.
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text: Poison Gas-Suffocation & Suffering Dark Groovy Gothic Electronica Mix by DarkHeartDystopia published on 2014/01/08 21:33:35 +0000 Dark Heavy Deep Gothic & Industrial Electronica song with my processed vocals & lyrics. Elements of EBM, IDM, Downtempo. Freaky, Groovy, Dance-orientated. Spacey Synths & Pads. Ambient & Atmospheric & Thick. Angry suffering and suffocating. Influenced by Depeche Mode, Skinny Puppy, KMFDM, Nitzer Ebb, Front Line Assembly/Front 242, and NIN. My Dark Art website- http://www.drakodarksydedesigns.deviantart.com


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Photo Galleries // Paina
Ikebana Sogetsu Show
Hawaii Sogetsu Branch recently celebrated its 50th anniversary with its "50 Years of Flowers" exhibit at Honolulu Museum of Art School. Sogetsu Hawaii Branch began in 1964 with headmasters Sofu, Kasumi and Hiroshi, who nurtured its growth through exhibitions, demonstrations and workshops.
Photos by Nathalie Walker email@example.com
Joyce Tomonari, Stephan Jost and Kristen Chan.
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This module creates a package with predefined methods, functions, and variables from a data structure. It's used for testing (mock objects) or experimenting. The idea is that you define a package containing functions that return values based on keys,...JROCKWAY/Package-FromData-0.01 - 14 Jan 2008 06:42:27 GMT - Search in distribution
Occasionally you need to give HTML templates to someone to edit without setting up a full perl environment for them. You can use this application to serve templates to the browser and provide those templates with sample data to operate on. The templa...JROCKWAY/App-TemplateServer-0.04 - 18 Jan 2008 11:35:43 GMT - Search in distribution
This module is base class any plugins for MozRepl. METHODS new($args) Create instance. $args Hash reference. setup($ctx, @args) Called from MozRepl setup() method. This is abstract method, If you want to task in setup pharse, then must be overriding ...ZIGOROU/MozRepl-0.06 - 04 Jul 2007 06:28:49 GMT - Search in distribution
Graphics::VTK::Common is an interface to the Common libaray of the C++ visualization toolkit VTK.. AUTHOR Original PerlVTK Package: Roberto De Leo <email@example.com> Additional Refinements: John Cerney <firstname.lastname@example.com> Graphics::VTK::Abstract...CERNEY/Graphics-VTK-4.0.001 - 01 Feb 2003 15:47:39 GMT - Search in distribution


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Listen in on this mixed -- not yet mastered -- track from trucking troubadour Tony Justice's forthcoming "Apple Pie Moonshine" record.Read More
Have you seen direct mileage and/or revenue reductions over the last quarter yourself? If so or if not, let's keep the conversation on the rules ongoing. (Bonus: Trucker's Wife tee available...)Read More
Another look at potential Affordable Care Act health-insurance exchange scenarios.Read More
I had the opportunity to attend the NASCAR race at the Charlotte Motor Speedway over the weekend, during a personal trip back to my hometown of Rock Hill, S.C., due south of the Queen City, as they call it. "Wish I could have been there," noted one commenter on Overdrive's Facebook page when we posted a tour in pictures through the day there (looks like you wouldn't have been the only hauler out for the ...Read More
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Tips on Buying a Long Down Coat
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Got my first real layout, looking for input!
Got our first real layout and quote from a KD today. I'm in total sticker shock at the quote :-(
But its very exciting to see an actual possibility for our space on paper.
Im attaching our current 1st floor layout so you can see how it relates to rest of house. We have other major changes planned hopefully...The current family room will be likely converted to a dining/hearth/great room, opened up to the formal LR, which will be converted to our family/great room.
So, if you can let me know what you think? My biggest concern is the aisle width behind the long sink/cooktop run & the island. I've stressed with the KD, due to reading on here so much, that Im nervous I don't have enough space for an island, she insists we do. But then she gives me an aisle that's basically 30" counter to counter! Im pretty sure I cant live with that, she said we can reduce the width of the island and theres a little room to move it back, I think theres almost 5' on the other side, though that is a main traffic path.
If I can get the aisle to the 36" minimum recommended on the one side, do you otherwise think this is a functional layout?
We are a family of 5, 3 young kids, I'm sahm, main cook, but dh does help on weekends and holidays, and kids will hopefully someday be helping in kitchen.
I really thought I was going to have to go with a wide u design...does this layout confirm it or give me good reason to hope a large functional island with some seating could be realistic?
I think I might prefer the wide U with seating facing the kitchen on a peninsula coming out from where the stove is now. I worry that those aisles will be too narrow. I also wonder if the fridge will be too far away from the stove. I might move it to the wall of the powder room (to the left of the susan).
Thank you Amanda, I figured that! However, if we do a peninsula there and move the refrigerator where you suggested, where would our cooktop go? I don't like the idea of it on the peninsula opposite seating, I don't think its safe. I also don't really like the idea of putting a sink on the peninsula, facing out. Unless maybe we did raised bar height seating on the other side to sort of hide the dirty dishes & dish rack? Im not a huge fan of that idea for several reasons.
I just love the long run we get with this plan. But I do worry about those aisles. And you may be right about the REF. Thanks! Hope I get some more feedback...
Where to start... First, I understand your desire for an island, it's the "in" thing right now and so many people are trying to shoehorn in an island - with seating - even when there really isn't enough room. Even many kitchen designers are guilty of it...especially if they have a client who they think will walk if they don't come up with just what the client wants, regardless of suitability.
I give you high points for being willing to consider not having an island if you don't really have the space!
OK, the layout...
The island is a "barrier" island b/w the cooktop and refrigerator
The DW is in the middle of the Prep Zone (b/w the sink and cooktop - the most natural spot for prepping)
If you try to prep on the island, the DW is also in the way, especially with that very narrow aisle!
Will the DW even open fully with that narrow an aisle? (Actually, it will, but you're only going to have about 3 or 4 inches of clearance b/w the open DW door and the closed cabinet doors on the island!)
Without a water source on the island, prepping on the island will not be convenient
There isn't enough room for 3 seats on the end of the island the way they're shown...you can't have the seat on the end and one around the corner - they share knee/leg space.
Each seat needs 24" of linear space and at least 15" of clear knee/leg space/overhang - that's after accounting for the decorative panels on the back & side of the peninsula (the decorative panels/doors take up 3/4" to 1"). It does look like you may have 15" of clear overhang b/c of the shallow cabinet.
The tall oven cabinet will lend itself to creating a "black hole" in that left corner
Would you be willing to forgo the cooktop + oven for a range? It would free up counterspace. (I couldn't find anything to tell me one way or another in this thread or your "peninsula" thread.)
Part of the problem is the lack of wall space available for use b/c of the island and, possibly,. the removal of existing walls.
Isn't it a little over 12' b/w the top wall and the stairs? Let's say 12'6" (150").
25.5" perimeter + 36" aisle + 33" island = 94.5"
150" - 94.5" = 55.5"
If there's less than 12'6", then the final # above shrinks.
As you've stated, the path behind the island is a major path, so you don't want the aisle too narrow - especially if you have seating at the island.
If you could keep the seats completely to the right of the stairs, you would have room...can the island be wider/longer by a couple of feet?
The cooktop setup. It appears you have cabinets to the counter on both sides of the cooktop. While it looks nice, this arrangement as you show it is not very functional - quite the opposite.
This type of arrangement works best if you have your Prep Zone across from the cooktop (including a water source) and you have at least 18" to 24" b/w the side of the cooktop and the cabinets.
Deeper counters work better with this arrangement as well.
Right now, those...
Your biggest layout problem is the location of your stairwell. It closes your kitchen off and leaves no room for a proper island. The draft layout shows an island that has too narrow walkways and faces (and is split by) the stairwell/closet rather than opening up to a living space.
My suggestions are much more expensive. The way I see it, you have two main options for getting your island and a larger, more functional kitchen:
1. Push your kitchen exterior wall out 2-5 feet.
2. Move your kitchen to the right rear of the home opening up to the great room right front (remove wall), formal living front left, and formal dining left rear.
Boy, a wide U with a peninsula seems the easiest way to go. It is too tight width-wise in there. I've got the same thing in our redo. Can't put 10# in a 5# bag, unfortunately.
But, if you are going to change your FR into a dining/hearth room, it seems appropriate to have the counter seating in there, too. And, you lose some of the long sink wall run but you gain another run of cabs under the peninsula. I'd move that DW to the other side of the sink as suggested and skootch the stove down a bit closer to the sink, just so you have some relief from the corner of the peninsula. Consider moving the fridge to the pwdr room wall, too. That might be nice to have that closer and then you can have a beautiful hutch or pantry wall where the fridge was? I just fear that you'd be doing a lot of running and 'excuse me'-ing with that island in there. My U is narrow rather than wide like yours would be, but fwiw, I taped off my inside U dimensions at 38" and there was no way that worked so I changed it to 48", which isn't spacious but works fine. 30" seems nuts to me.
Boy, a wide U with a peninsula seems the easiest way to go. It is too tight width-wise in there. I've got the same thing in our redo. Can't put 10# in a 5# bag, unfortunately.
But, if you are going to change your FR into a dining/hearth room, it seems appropriate to have the counter seating in there, too. And, you lose some of the long sink wall run but you gain another run of cabs under the peninsula. I'd move that DW to the other side of the sink as suggested and skootch the stove down a bit closer to the sink, just so you have some relief from the corner of the peninsula. Consider moving the fridge to the pwdr room wall, too. That might be nice to have that closer and then you can have a beautiful hutch or pantry wall where the fridge was? I just fear that you'd be doing a lot of running and 'excuse me'-ing with that island in there. My U is narrow rather than wide like yours would be, but fwiw, I taped off my inside U dimensions at 38" and there was no way that worked so I changed it to 48", which isn't spacious but works fine. 30" seems nuts to me.
Thank you!
I have always felt a wide U would work best in here. Its not ME pushing for an island to be trendy! However, I have started to wonder just how functional the wide "U" will be...We have space for it to be quite wide, and so I THINK Id want to use all that space, making the widest U possible. But, in that case, where the peninsula comes down, it'll be what you look at as soon as you enter our front door, especially if we cut back or totally remove the long wall separating the FR and Foyer/LR, which we think we are wanting to do. So, I know its function over form, but I really want to make whatever you see when you enter our house look as nice as possible. So, a peninsula with seating and nice cabinets on wall above it sounds good to me, but if I don't spread out some part of the work triangle down to it, I feel like my work triangle will still be cramped like it is now, and the expanse of counter on the peninsula will be too far away to be used for prep much.
That's the line of thought that got me to thinking if I could try to get an island in here, then I could spread out the triangle more and have good prep behind me. But, I suppose the island is not going to work. What about a 24" island with no seating until way down the end, past the basement door?
David thanks for the suggestions. I agree if I could get 2-5 feet added on the back I'd be in heaven. But its been strongly suggested by all contractors coming in here that the cost of that will be prohibitive.
Beuhl, thank you so much for your detailed response. I am anxiously awaiting a layout if you're working on one! You did one for me before that blew me away, but it involved moving our powder room clear across the house, and I don't think that's going to fit in our budget. I'd love to see what you or anyone else can come up with. Thanks!
I think you could make some adjustments to her concept. Place range on powder room wall[is 36 in size obligatory?...30 in of high quality appliance pick might be just fine]....don't remove the windows as she did. around the window scape there,continue wall cabs at 15 or 18 in depth-if you want the windows out you can do some tall pantry mixed with regular cabs/counter. Move the island to the right and reduce the depth around the sink area to more like 27in[like a regular counter run]....then moving down the island increase depth if you want to because the window wall setup now is reduced depth. Or you could keep the whole island at 27 indepth or so....and at family room end make a T or semicircular assembly which will give the chance for more stools around/or butt a table of some sort up against the T for "real seating". If the T is located where nothing impedes on either window wall or foyer wall,you'd have better seating-the T part could be table height and have this serve day to day needs, even without adding a table on. She is giving you compromised aisles[altho the island could come down closer to basement door], only 3 seats at island and removal of window-I'd have to really think about that. If you want the windows out, and a T or expanded end of island gets a good spot,you could place a cabinet depth fridge where windows were[possibly?] You have pinch points with foyer and basement door traffic but furthur to the right,the 152 in from back wall to foyer wall is almost completely available....is there something that influenced NOT moving the island or the seating part of it down that way?
I played with your layout a little bit without my usual "gut everything and start from scratch" mentality just to look at the feasibility of the island. I think it IS feasible, you just have to give up on a few things: 1) the idea of an island that opens to a living area, 2) enlarging the kitchen significantly, 3) an ideal unobstructed work triangle, and 4) a full-depth refrigerator.
With my proposed layout, once you delete the wall between the kitchen and family room, there are adequate, but not great, clearances: 3'0 between island and window wall, 3'8-9" between island and left wall and back wall. You do lose the little piece of cabinet to the right of the old refrigerator, but you gain a lot more cabinet by extending all the way over to where the old wall was.
As for the "barrier" island, as long as you are careful to get all your ingredients AT ONCE to your prep area, you shouldn't be too bothered by walking around the island. Once you prep on the island, it's a short hop to the range top. It would be more ideal if the sink and the cooktop were swapped, though I don't know if moving the window is in your budget.
Herbflavor, Are you suggesting my entire run on the longest exterior wall be made up of shallow 15-18" deep cabinets in order to have room for a deeper island? I've never heard of that or seen it done, never would've thought of that! Where would my sink be, on the island? Hmm, I can't imaginge that but I won't rule out anything! got any pictures? Or am I just misunderstanding?
David, Thanks so much for the layout. So you�re showing a counter depth refrigerator turned 90 degrees to face into the long part of kitchen? Interesting. That could probably work. The seating at the island near the basement door looks really tight to me, and I don�t necessarily need that much seating anyway. Would it make sense to just have 4 seats, 2 on far right side of island and 2 on right end of island?
How does the island come to be 36"? 18" base cabinets underneath, 15" for seating plus panel and 2"overhang?
In your layout, where would you put my main sink, range, and microwave? We are more than willing to move windows. I don�t mind losing one either if we need to. The double window already has to be dealt with, it goes down way below counter height right now.
Do you think this is the best use of my space or just the best way to get an island in? As I said, I really just want the most functional layout, I�m not married to an island. But I do question just how functional a wide "U" layout would be so I appreciate advice on how to do an island "right" in here.
I wonder if anyone has advce on the best wide U layout I could do...?
I have a similar issue with stairs coming up and the first thing you see being a peninsula. For that reason I didn't want the sink in the peninsula either but so far I think it's ok to walk right into it if you have nice cabinetry and nice stools. (We have cabs installed but nothing else so ill let you know how it turns out). I think a wide U will be nice and because it will be less cramped it should feel more open/ less long and narrow.
no-around the position of the range-[move the range to powder room wall],cut back the depth of cabs to 18 in or so..also move the island to the right and out a bit-even 2 inches-you'll expand the aisle by 8 inches total-you could even reduce island depth from 36 to 32 in or so for more aisle space. With inches shaved off in a few spots the island would work, with range up against powder room wall. More spacious over there for a cooking zone i think.You'd get the counter all along the right of sink and island opposite for a great "working zone".
I would do your wide U and have a very wide peninsula (you have the width) and do a raised bar height on the other side to cover the mess. (And move that fridge to the powder room wall!)
Yes, the built-in refrigerator faces the FR, to leave more clearance for the island. With stools tucked in, still plenty of clearance behind island, and when entertaining a lot of guests, you decide which you need more: basement access or bar seating.
I'm proposing 24" deep cabinets with a 12" overhang in the island. NKBA recommends 18" overhangs for 36" high bar seating, but as you know, depth is at a premium in your kitchen. Also, 18" cabinets won't be enough support for an 18" overhang. :)
I assumed the kitchen side of the stairs was a closet under a 1st to 2nd stairwell, not the stairs down to the basement. If the island faced the family room, I'd put either the range or the cleanup sink in the island, but I wouldn't in this proposed island. Now that I know moving the window is an option, I'd definitely put the range where you have the sink currently, and move the sink to where you currently have the range. The cooking center would work WAY better closer to the fridge and prep area on the island. And as long as you have a prep sink in the island, there's no need for the cleanup sink to be near the refrigerator and range. The island would be a great place for a microwave drawer.
I do think this is the best use of the space, given the fixed elements like the exterior wall and the stairway. The wide U facing the stairway would give you a huge wasted space in the center, and the peninsula would block traffic flow.
In thinking about your ideas, I tried something else out. One contractor who came in here so far said he thought moving the side entry door down could help out a lot. NOt cheap, but probably not a huge budget buster. Assuming that's a viable option, do you think that helps to have this island make any more sense? Enough to justify the cost? I just figured it would help with traffic flow since we as a family mainly come in our side door. NOt sure if its worth it but I kind of like having the PR feel a little more private and more of a mudroom, though I think I lose good pantry space.
Is this otherwise roughly what you were thinking as far as range and sink placement? Think I really need a prep sink? That's a new concept around here, my husband is of the 'what the heck do we need 2 sinks for"? mentality! Im more concerned with general layout at this point though, I'll read up on arguments supporting prep sinks later!
Herbflvor...Im feeling really dense but Im not getting what you're describing at all! I don't see how we can or what good it does to reduce cabinet depth if theres an appliance on that run anywy, which will have to stick out 24", right? Im really interested though so if you have any patience to try to describe/show me what you mean...?
there's a couple of alternatives within an "island kitchen". End the counter run 24 in or so beyond the range in the last pic. Place sink and dishwasher on island behind range-dishwasher placed to left of sink can open easily with nothing on wall behind it. Because of this cleared wall,you can place 4 stools-2 across from each other at end of island-probably one stool only at very end.Or you can expand the seating end [semi circle or T],with nothing on wall at window spot..a better seating area. Or you can split the island-make 2 islands-the one closer to fridge end-more for "work", with sink/dishwasher/then a 2nd island closer to family room side with just seating. You have good spots with the original fridge location/powder room wall/ and range in this last spot you've sketched.....all for the "essentials"/ so the island or [double island] and establishement of good walking and seating around it will work. I think you can avoid the seating around dining room and stair door.
that's a really nice plan-love it. Work it out on graph paper till you like all the positions of the stools and clearances/etc. You can split the island into two as well-not necessary though. You can put openshelf/bookcase on back of island near dining room door for a nice visual[stools removed from that spot]....Keep at it-I'd love keeping windows[did you take out the little one ?]...you'll get benefit from the doublewindow and the patio door left intact with light/view/etc....esp with seating right around there. Was there a ledge under that double window? Can that stay or have to be adjusted or something?
THANK YOU! This is one idea I haven't thought of, and I thought I thought of them all!!! I feel like we may be onto something.
That double window (pic attached) is bumped out about 12" and only 22" off the ground. Its the one thing I thought was mandatory to change. In this layout I can pretty much keep it how it is, could be a real budget helper. The window itself is in horrible condition and will need to be replaced anyway. Would you keep it low or raise it?
Would splitting the island into 2 make it better in any way? better access to storage?
Having the sink right in the middle of the kitchen worries me a tiny bit. Feel like its always a mess and my dish drying rack is always out, guess I could get used to that and start hand drying and putting pots and pans away right away!
Is there a way to not have my sink on the island, using this same idea?
I think I might get it now what you were saying earlier...
What if I put the range back on the powder room wall, then I had a reduced depth run of cabinets along the exterior wall. Then my island could be deeper. Is that what you meant?
Sorry now to bug you with all these questions, but I really appreciate your (and everyone's) patience and help!
first-is the dishwasher meeting your needs... the key is to like and use the dishwasher.second-have you looked at the new single deep sinks-they are deeper and even if some dishes stack in the bottom,it's not cluttering the view so much.Re:drying dishes laying on counter...once you realize you have fewer to wash/can they get put away? If you have a household with lots of action...that alone can be reason for 2 sinks-prep isn't the only reason... people in and out/washing hands/getting water/dumping an empty jar or can in the sink/etc. In that case,what you are calling your mess of an area can be positioned in one spot with dishwasher......stick to the single bowl sink...and a 2nd smaller sink for secondary functions in another spot.You have avail:window wall/powder room wall and island. I think in kitchen design that is one of the hardest things for people to consciously reconfigure. Kitchens everywhere are laden with the old dbl bowls sink for wash and rinse. With new efficient dishwashers that handle more items/load better and are economical to run along with single deep sinks, the old "cluttered" sink area is less so. This is product shift and behavioral shift, so the "old way" isn't always forfeited immediately..... but an improvement can be made in any new planning.How would you feel about keeping the main sink on island with dishwasher but reduce it to a generous deep single bowl...and a 2nd sink on powder room wall or the corner or window wall? The window has the bumpout..get someone-like a skilled tradesman that does window install to look at your soffit setup and the mini soffit that runs above half wall as well as window and the ledge and soffits everywhere,really....some looking into areas behind soffits might be warranted. I would want a quote for window and soffit work separate from kitchen....and get a couple quotes for that. Size of window? Not sure-if you save money somehow with not messing with side door/etc, put a french door in with the mini terrace outside with decorative rail around-as in italy/etc-for ventilation and set plants on the rail and terrace-[not for walking out]... would be for effect.Or 2 dbl hungs milled together that you can lower from top-double hungs are okay because you can walk up and open them easily[no counter in front]...some grills in glass? not sure of the other window styles you have. Stay a little consistent.You have a lot of planning,don't you. I think your soffit work is pretty extensive so have you had that looked at/quoted? You can do that right away and still be planning the kitchen.


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Anyone with luck and persistence can get their 15 minutes of fame (and make a little scratch besides), but a true Sense of Fulfillment? That's a hell of a lot harder to find. On his latest album leak and first Booth feature, 18-year-old Maryland representative Uno Hype fills us in on his own journey toward self-actualization, spitting over the understated sample work of DMV repper DJ Black Diamond. For more, check out Hype's From the Ground Up LP when it hits the 'net this winter.
Written by richard on 09/20/11
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Lester, PA 19029
Phone: (610) 521-3900
Fax: (610) 521-1704
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Tria Fermentation School
Tria Fermentation School will help you impress your friends with your knowledge of wine. Come here to learn how to distinguish between various types of good cheese, beer and most importantly, wine! Find out which wine must be paired with what cheese. Classes are conducted by Job Myerow, the owner of the Tria Cafe and a renowned author on the subject. So the next time you are visiting a bar or wine room, you can be as sure of your drinks as you are of your food! For details on classes, check the website.
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