text:
Oh this is great. What kernel should we use? Any screenshots?
Sent from my GT-I9305 using xda app-developers app
THx for your work!!!
just a question Multiwindows is working like other samy rom?
It will be THE perfect Rom with this!!!
Which Sammy RoM was used as a base?
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12" quartz backsplashes: just too much?
Hi folks,
I have a nagging doubt about our use of quartz thruout the condo we're rebuilding.
The place is about 1700 square feet, two stories. Per the current plan, there will be the same quartz (Cambria Darlington) on all the countertops (kitchen perimeter, kitchen island with raised bar, half bath, main bath and ensuite, including tub deck). Just typing it out makes it sound like too much!
Our builder's design consultant thinks it will unify things, and generally I agree. We are planning to sell without moving back in, so we asked for features that would appeal to current buyers.
What's making me most uneasy is the use of 12" quartz backsplashes in all the bathrooms. Bath designer says it's better that way because we have wall-mounted faucets (Kohler Purist) and it creates a cleaner look. I worry about severe Darlington overload.
What do you guys think?
I'll have to check the plans for exact height. Our counters are high and we have a semi-vessel sink, so faucets must be high on the wall.
I know the designer wanted the backsplash to go all the way up to mirror frames, without leaving any painted wall in between. But would a full-tile backsplash be difficult to install there? Distracting? Will the quartz look overpowering? That's the dilemma.
This post was edited by troff on Fri, Apr 25, 14 at 0:15
I think that a Single material will be less distracting, than counter material/backsplash material/wall color below the mirror.
Counter and splash in one material up to the mirror is the more minimal way to go. The issue is if you think that the color and pattern of the quartz is too much in that amount? What are the rest of the bath finishes? If you are using all white fixtures another safe and unifying choice would be to use a pure white like Cambria White Cliff, for the bathrooms --if it works with the other bath finishes.
Thanks, Palimpsest. Yes, I am worried about the colour and pattern of too much Darlington. It's a pretty quiet quartz, but in quantity may read too greenish. That's my thought, anyway. We are talking about a kitchen island, three (smallish) bathrooms .... it all adds up alarmingly! (Not just in cost.)
I like white -- Cambria Torquay was an earlier choice and the bath finishes are white. But now I think pure white is too stark for the space. I mean, we could go that way, but it would start a chain reaction of change. (Currently, tub and shower tile is Crema Marfil; bathroom and shower floors Ceratec Sensation in Desert.)
Does anyone have experience in using so much of the same stone in one condo? Is it unifying or monotonous? Or as if we "got a great deal" on the quartz and just threw it in everywhere?
Do you have a mock-up/layout of your bathrooms? Does the 12" BS look proportionate to the vanities?
I'd be more concerned with using semi-vessel sinks on a high vanity. Have you seen these in person? I was originally going to do that until I saw them in two show-rooms, and realized that's way too high for a vessel or even semi-vessel. Especially if you have that in ALL 3 bathrooms. If this was for yourselves, that's one thing, but I'm not sure that would appeal to a large portion of the general public.
Kitchen by Brampton Tile, Stone & Countertops Caledon Tile Bath & Kitchen Centre
Traditional Bathroom by Urbandale Tile, Stone & Countertops Renaissance Granite & Quartz
Contemporary Bathroom by Cologne Cabinets & Cabinetry Modern Design LLC
Normally I might think it is a bit much of the same but this is a lovely neutral that would be easy to work with in the future. I like the 12" idea too especially with the wall mounted faucets and vessel sinks. I would also not be opposed to the splash going all the way up but with the 12" if a future resident did decide to add some contrasting tile accent they could. I think you are on the right track and this would be appealing to me if I were looking at the place to live. It has the type of personal characteristics that could be made to go with either modern or traditional tastes. Good luck!

subset: commoncrawl


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Homemade Halloween Decorations
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Easy Halloween Treat Tote
By: Vicki O'Dell
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Decorate and personalize a plain tote bag to use while trick-or-treating. This Easy Halloween Treat Tote from Vicki O'Dell couldn't be easier, so try these simple Halloween crafts today!
- Squiggles fabric paint
- Nylon Bag
- Foam stickers
- I used Squiggles fabric paint to decorate this nylon bag with purple swirls, orange squiggles, and sets of 3 dots.
- Then I put the foam stickers on in between the paint.
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CO2 Regs. Raise 10th Amendment Concerns, Harvard Law Prof. Says
Mississippi Power Files for Rehearing of Court Decision Directing Refund
Coal Producers Should Embrace CCS in Face of CO2 Regs., Lawmaker Says
UK Should Develop 10 GW of CCS Capacity by 2030, New Report Says
Shell Calls for Widespread Deployment of CCS in Annual Report
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Sweat Therapy Fitness Classes
A personal message from founder Kim Bibeau,
There is not a day that goes by that I don't meet someone that tells me that they are intimidated to try our studio, but there is no reason for anyone to be intimidated. I decided to open Sweat Therapy Fitness with my husband, Brian because we wanted to offer a more well-rounded approach to getting healthier and staying in shape. We assess everyones needs and fitness level and direct them onto the perfect fitness path for him or her. We train everyone: from the 80 year-old retiree to the Olympic Athlete; the person that has never exercised in their life to the person that can't seem to exercise enough. The person that is struggling with their weight battle to that person who just needs to loose that last '10 lbs'.
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Listed below are just a few of the things people are saying about Sweat Therapy Fitness:
I have been meaning to email you and thank you for what you have done for me and what you do for this community. I know I have talked to before about how much you and your team have changed my life, but I also want to thank you for everything you do to better the lives of others in Tallahassee. This is a very fortunate community to have you and your wonderful team in it.
I know how hard it is to break habits and decide to make a change and I have never felt better, mentally and physically. I still battle with certain things, like everyone; it's hard to completely erase bad habits forever. But you and your studio have been a major factor in reminding me that I am worth it, I am enough, and I deserve to feel better.
I am so incredibly grateful for you, Brian, and your team. I have never been a gym person and I actually look forward to coming to Sweat. I am proud of myself, and you are a contributor to that feeling. I lost 40lbs last year and gained strength and confidence in the process, and it could not have been done without Sweat Therapy. I continue to work towards my goal and Sweat Therapy gives me the motivation to move forward.
I could go on and on:) I just wanted to let you know how much Sweat Therapy means to me. I look forward to seeing you your next class! -m.m
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I just want to write a quick note to thank all of you at Sweat Therapy for the opportunity to be able to take advantage of all your awesome trainers and classes over the last couple of months. Every single person there was not only good at what they do but kind, patient, passionate and have a great talent for remembering names! When I started I couldn't even hold a plank for 10 seconds and the thought of putting my foot into a trx strap to do lunges was unimaginable. Now I feel stronger, more balanced and actually have some definition that's not fluff. :)
So thanks to every teacher there, I've learned so much and have grown to love exercising and becoming a better me. I'm sure all the other models participating in the Tallahassee Top Salon event feel the same way. -w.f
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Hi there- I am a Sweat Therapy Fitness Junkie!!! I started going to Sweat Therapy classes about a week and a half ago. After the first class, I was hooked! Now I cannot get enough classes. If I only I didn't have a full time job. I'm a competitive triathelete and have been injurred since February, due to a running injury. I decided to switch gears, which brought me to Sweat Therapy Fitness. Since I have started, I have noticed how much stronger I am and noticed a change in my body, which is wonderful. I just wanted to thank you for having such wonderful classes and amazing instructors. I have to yet to find a teacher I don't think is awesome. I know when I get back to competing; I will be stronger than ever, thanks to Sweat Therapy Fitness. Thank you, Thank you! -s.w.


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We stayed 2 nights here as part of a travel group. Our room was a short walk from the lobby area on the second floor. The room was very comfortable with 2 beds, luggage caddies and a decent bathroom. The lighting in the bathroom was a little challenging since you always seemed to be in a shadow when using the... More
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NCAAB Basketball - Preview
|Hartford Hawks vs. Dartmouth Big Green
The Hartford Hawks and the Dartmouth Big Green will both be trying to pick up a win on Tuesday when they battle at Leede Arena. Hartford was an 81-56 loser in their most recent outing on the road against Albany. Dartmouth was a 62-53 loser in their most recent outing at home against Vermont. Hartford:
Team record: 5-10 SU, 1-3 ATS
Current streak: lost 2 straight games.
Team record: 7-5 SU, 2-2 ATS
is 4-1 SU in its last 5 games
When playing on Tuesday are 1-9
Hartford home to Maine, Thursday, January 9
Dartmouth at Harvard, Saturday, January 11


text:
Detroit Symphony jumps into streaming in a big way; San Diego Opera folds.
2013-14 the year of Denk!; Mozart in the Jungle picked up as Series
Tito Munoz new Phoenix Symphony Conductor; Music= language?
Gatti on DL; Amazon's Pilot "Mozart in the Jungle": Sex, Drugs and Classical music-- will it be a hit? you can vote.
Violinist Vanessa Mae Competes in Olympics for Thailand; Vanska says MO CEO must go.


text:
Hiris by Hermès
This is a perfect interview fragrances. Hiris smells nice, clean, and sophisticated, but it's not pretty and it's not sexy, which makes it perfect if you want to smell good in a professional sort of way. This one doesn't turn heads, but if you are the sort of person who must always wear perfume, this is a good pick for those occasionas when you need to appear professional and sophisticated without smelling too sexy or girly.
28th August, 2014
Beige by Chanel
I got this as a sample at the Chanel boutique. The sales lady said that I may like it because I was purchasing Coromandel. I was expecting a spicy sweet oriental, but what I got from Beige was a big flower bomb. On my skin, I get a strong note of lilac that lingers and lingers and lingers, and eventually fades into a watery lily of the valley. It is a very pleasant spring time and summer time perfume. The longevity isn't great (only a few hours). This reminded me very strongly of Champs Elysees EDT by Guerlain, and having sprayed both on each wrist, I confirm that both fragrances smell very similar on my skin. Beige is better blended, but not enough to justify the Chanel price. It's a lovely feminine warm weather perfume, but not unique enough to warrant the big bucks.
28th August, 2014
Coco Noir by Chanel
A major dissapointment from Chanel. A very generic shopping mall fragrance. A combination between Chance and Mademoiselle, selecting the worst from both. I smell very sharp citrus and a very artifical sweetness. I was expecting the sweet, spicy mystery of Coco, but Noir has none of that. It's a very generic floral, fruity fragrance. A big thumbs down.
28th August, 2014
Les Notes de Lanvin : Oud & Rose by Lanvin
This is a very sexy oud fragrance with average projection and rather long staying power. I smell very little rose, but the oud is nicely done. It is a little smoky in the middle and very soft on the dry down. To me, this smells very very masculine. Maybe the right woman can pull this off, but I know that I can. This would smell great on a man. Sexy and sophisticated at the same time.
16th March, 2014
Coromandel by Chanel
This is a beautiful scent... for a man. It is a musky, sexy and masculine. It is enticing, romantic, and animalistic. It makes me think about sex. The lady at the Chanel Boutique on 57th Street in Manhattan told me that this is a unisex scent, but I absolutely cannot see this on a woman. Coromandel is raw masculinity at it's peak, without a feminine drop in it. A man absolutely cannot go wrong with this perfume.
29th June, 2011 (Last Edited: 30th June, 2011)
Love In White by Creed
This is a pretty, floral scent that won't offend anyone. However, it is a bit simplistic, a bit flat, even a bit cheap. There is absolutely no longevity. I would pay 30 dollars for it, and spritz it on my hair all summer long, but at the current price tag I expect something a bit more complex and impressive.
29th June, 2011


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On the cover of the Aug.-Sep. 2014 issue we showed a 10-pound brown trout (with guide Ed Halson) that I… more
Celebrity Troutby Ross Purnell, Editor 0
Super Spinner Fallby Ross Purnell, Editor 0
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Lefty's No-Slip Loop Knotby Ross Purnell, Editor 3
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Whitlock's 13 Indispensable Temperate Bass Fliesby Ross Purnell, Editor 0
Dave and Emily Whitlock's article "The Other Bass" explains their lifetime obsession with freshwater temperate bass: striped bass, white bass,… more
The Slip-and-Grab Fish Landing Techniqueby Ross Purnell, Editor 0
We've all been there . . . you have the best trout of the day hooked up, but you don't… more
Game-Changing Pennsylvania Legislationby Ross Purnell, Editor 9
Trouble has been brewing along Pennsylvania's Lake Erie shoreline as more and more landowners are closing their properties to public… more
Massive Mayfly Hatch of "Biblical Proportions" Triggers a Three-Car Crashby Ross Purnell, Editor 2
A massive mayfly hatch on the Mississippi River in the La Crosse, Wisconsin area July 20, 2014, was described as… more


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Condos proposed for DL beach area
In April, the owners of the Pine to Palm Motel came before the Detroit Lakes City Council and received approval to turn the cabins into condos.
A new corporation is back with a new request — on a much larger scale this time.
Hospitality Minnesota, Inc. is planning to redevelop the properties from 612 to 702 West Lake Drive, which include the Pine to Palm Motel, the Viking Motel and two houses. It is a 2.8-acre piece of land with about 460 feet along West Lake Drive.
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How to dye the perfect Easter egg—no kit required!
4 ways to keep it cool around your crush
Dear Carol: How can I turn my attitude around?
GL is hitting up the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Is your romance destined to be star-crossed or is it sizzling? Get your horoscope here...
How to make a pretty (and inspiring) mason jar terrarium
4 steps to perfectly thick 'n' long lashes
The healthiest way to make blueberry muffins—right wow
Share your thoughts on our April/May 2015 music issue! What did YOU love?
Nfinity Champions League 2: The Biggest Night in Cheerleading
More Friends = More Fun
GL Tweets !
9 HOURS AGO It's not quite Monday, but we're still crushing on Live and Maddie's @jordanfisher: http://t.co/5WlRWEfS6e
12 HOURS AGO RT @aijamayrock: So excited to be a speaker at the @girlslifemag RockYourLife Event! Be sure to get tickets! It's going to be great!! httpshttps://t.co/EN1m1Q9JFJ
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Zac Efron
He can sing, act and dance—a triple threat! We remember this cutie from the HSM days, but we're super thankful he's had a successful career
with big roles in movies like The Lucky
One and Hairspray.
Hayden Panettiere
Even though she plays a mean
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Demi Lovato
Two-time cover girl Demi was
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Robert Pattinson
Without R Patz, we wouldn't
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Taylor Swift
Whether we're going through
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is the soundtrack to our (love) life, and we couldn't be more thankful.
Liam Hemsworth
His role in The Last Song made us hopeful for a guy
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Of course we included Liam Hemsworth's
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funky clothes and her cool new hairstyle, and she hooked an amazing guy for a
fiancé. This GL cover girl is one we're definitely thankful for.
Justin Bieber
This 18-year-old cutie
proves that haters can't bring you down. Even with his huge fan base, GL cover
boy Justin has faced plenty of scrutiny and hate, yet he will forever provide
us with catchy dance tunes. And for that, we thank him!
Emma Watson
The female face of the Harry Potter series has proved that it's
cool to be smart. Not only does she play bookworm Hermione (and kicks butt as
the character), but she's also furthering her education by taking college
classes. Talk about major juggling!
7 old-school chick flicks to watch over holiday break
Brec Bassinger shines as Bella in this sweet and sporty new show from Nickelodeon
15 things we're excited for in 2015
Hold on to your pom poms: The five best cheer movies of all time
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thankful for and why? Blog about it, babes.
POSTED IN Justin Bieber, Taylor Swift, One Direction, Celebs, Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, Taylor Lautner, Miley Cyrus, Demi Lovato, Emma Watson, Liam Hemsworth, thanksgiving
Got cheer? Win it here!
Calling all cheery chicas: "Nfinity Champions League 2" is coming to a big screen near you! CLICK HERE to snag a sneak peek and enter to win tix for your entire crew.


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WSR: Monaco Highlights
Sam Bird wins in Monaco to take a 5 point lead in the Driver's Championship.
(02:00) | May 31, 2012
More World Series by Renault Videos More »
Play Video
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World Series by Renault: Fortec Motorsports driver talks to Gemma Scott about his season and hopes for a future F1 drive.
(13:44) | Nov 8, 2012
Play Video
Prost impressed with quality of WSR talent
World Series by Renault: Formula 1 legend talks to Gemma Scott at the World Series by Renault event in Moscow.
(04:39) | Jul 20, 2012
Play Video
WSR: Moscow Race 1 Highlights
World Series by Renault: Robin Frijns converted his pole position to a race win at the first race at the Moscow circuit.
(02:52) | Jul 20, 2012
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Italy, Bulgaria prepare for Sofia showdown
International Football: Italy prepare to take on Bulgaria in their fifth Group H European Championships qualifier in Sofia.
(01:17) | Mar 28, 2015
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W2W4: MLS week 4
ESPN FC on TV: The ESPN FC panel look ahead to Major League Soccer's biggest matches of week four.
(02:02) | Mar 28, 2015
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Martino: Can't guarantee Messi will play
International Football: Argentina head coach Gerardo Martino doubtful of Lionel Messi's inclusion as the striker sat on the sidelines while his teammates practiced for a friendly against El Salvador.
(01:15) | Mar 28, 2015
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Cyprus ready to take on strong Belgium
International Football: Cyprus prepare to take on Belgium in Group B European Championships qualifier in Brussels on Saturday.
(01:10) | Mar 28, 2015
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Hodgson: Delighted for Kane
International Football: England head coach Roy Hodgson says he's delighted for Harry Kane after the Tottenham striker scored on his England debut against Lithuania.
(01:06) | Mar 28, 2015
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Turkey prepare for Holland
International Football: Turkey head coach Fatih Terim says it's never easy to play against a team like Netherlands, but they have a strategy and capacity to play against them.
(01:34) | Mar 28, 2015


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Writing that was a little hard because I realized that today will be the last day that I can write that and although I'm excited for the rest of our adventure, I must say that I'm going to really miss Japan. Japan truly is one of the greatest countries I have ever been to and I hope that one day some of you will get to experience it because it really will blow your mind. The culture, the history, the food and ...
RNR Day
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Marc and Sean turned up followed by Toru. He isn't working since leaving the bar and was telling us all about his big ideas of opening something of his own. After a few drinks we thought it was time for some dinner. Toru said he knew a good Ramen close by so we checked it out. Very different soup base from that at Ippudo, much thicker. The Gyoza and fried rice was great so I was happy.
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... that she barely had time to eat! One of the dishes (called shiizakana, I believe) was a hot pot, boiling over a burning fuel tablet. The ingredients for the hot pot are raw and supposed to be boiled by the diners to their taste. The most interesting thing happened when one of the people at our table became curious to know the name of the fish we were eating: it turned out that we were having ...


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Philadelphia 76ers
Pau Gasol still trying to find his place in D'Antoni's offense
Nov 30, 2012, 12:07 PM EDT
Pau Gasol is a unique talent in the NBA — he has the most polished, skilled post moves in the league with the ability to score with both hands going either direction, he also has a steady midrange game, and is a great passer if you want to have guys cutting off him while you…
Andrew Bynum in nasty lawsuit with California neighbors
Nov 29, 2012, 12:45 PM EDT
Nothing brings out the best in people like disputes with neighbors. And by "best" I mean most petty, childish, scuzzy behavior possible. For seven years Andrew Bynum has owned a home in Westchester, an area of Los Angeles not too far from the Lakers practice facility (the Lakers traded him to Philadelphia last summer), and…
Wednesday And-1 links: Who has the better Eurostep, Wade or Ginobili?
Nov 28, 2012, 6:21 PM EDT
Here is our regular look around the NBA — links to stories worth reading and notes to check out (stuff that did not get its own post here at PBT) — done in bullet point form. Because bloggers love bullet points like Texans love barbecue. • Who has the better Eurostep move, Dwyane Wade or…
Baseline to Baseline recaps: Sixers get win despite Vince Carter heroics
Nov 28, 2012, 4:30 AM EDT
Welcome to PBT's roundup of the day in NBA action. Or, what you missed while watching a Christmas lights show timed out to "Gangnam Style"… Pacers 79, Lakers 77: Sometimes you watch a game and think neither team deserves to win it. That was this game. It was ugly. But despite 40 from Kobe Bryant…
Mavericks' Carlisle frustrated enough with Collison to start Dominique Jones
Nov 27, 2012, 7:25 PM EDT
Mavericks coach Rick Carlisle has been frustrated with point guard Darren Collison this season — just the other day Carlisle ripped Collison's defense. Offensively Collison's overall numbers are pretty average for a starter — 12.9 points on 43.6 percent shooting, a PER right at the league average 15. That said, Collison is getting 30 percent…
Tuesday And-1 links: Dwight Howard not that influential. Apparently.
Nov 27, 2012, 4:50 PM EDT
Here is our regular look around the NBA — links to stories worth reading and notes to check out (stuff that did not get its own post here at PBT) — done in bullet point form. Because bloggers love bullet points. • Dwight Howard and James Dolan — congratulations! You made GQ's list of least…
Monday And-1 links: Andrew Bogut did not practice Monday
Nov 26, 2012, 5:11 PM EDT
Here is our regular look around the NBA — links to stories worth reading and notes to check out (stuff that did not get its own post here at PBT) — done in bullet point form. Because bloggers love bullet points more than shopaholics love Black Friday… • Andrew Bogut did not practice with the…
NBA Power Rankings: Memphis hangs on but Spurs, Heat charging
Nov 26, 2012, 2:25 PM EDT
If you ask me who was the best team in the NBA was last week, well, it was Denver. But they are fully capable of a winless week now, so we leave Memphis in the top spot this week. And Washington is still trying to find a win and a way out of the cellar…
Luol Deng says Joakim Noah is best center in East
Nov 26, 2012, 12:54 PM EDT
Who is the best center in the Eastern Conference right now? It's moot now, but if this was the old NBA All-Star ballot and you had to vote for a center, who would it be. We can rule out Andrew Bynum indefinitely. How about Al Horford in Atlanta, not a classic center but has played…
Baseline to Baseline recaps: Celtics, Spurs need OT for wins
Nov 26, 2012, 5:26 AM EDT
Welcome to PBT's roundup of the day in NBA action. Or, what you missed while out buying a $4.2 million gold Christmas tree… Spurs 111, Raptors 106 (2OT): Now this is a close game — at the end of every quarter and the first overtime this was a one-point or tied game. Toronto needs to…
Three Stars of the Night: All guard edition
Nov 26, 2012, 12:05 AM EDT
Sunday's slate of games was fairly uninspiring, with no marquee matchups to speak of; even the two games that went into overtime and double overtime ended up being won by the team that was expected to do so. But the players that shined the brightest might say otherwise, and the ones we've chosen as our…
Andrew Bynum out indefinitely, no timeline to join Sixers
Nov 24, 2012, 8:34 PM EDT
Philadelphia rolled the dice this summer on making Andrew Bynum their future — they traded Andre Iguodala for him. They sold the fans on how they could build around him. It's far too early to say it came up snake eyes, but at the very least this is not going to be an easy point…
Pau Gasol benched in latest Lakers loss, wants more touches in the post
Nov 24, 2012, 12:00 PM EDT
The Lakers have lost two straight after winning their first with Mike D'Antoni in place on the sidelines, and in both of those games, the frontcourt combination of Dwight Howard and Pau Gasol was completely shut down. The home win over Brooklyn was solid, but the loss in Sacramento was embarrassing, and the loss in…
Five early season NBA trends to be thankful for
Nov 22, 2012, 4:29 PM EDT
We are 10 games or so into the NBA season and one thing is clear — this is fun. Not everything is fitting neatly into the preseason prediction boxes and that is the best part of being a sports fan. We at PBT are thankful for a lot of things. All of you who read…
Andrew Bynum speculation reaches new, ridiculous heights of stupidity
Nov 21, 2012, 3:23 PM EDT
This shouldn't even be a story. But we're here discussing it because with Andrew Bynum nothing seems impossible, not even him needing another knee surgery and missing the rest of the season. And that combined with a doctor giving his opinion on a case where he has absolutely no direct knowledge of what is happening…
Video: Nick Young's ridiculous three. That falls, of course.
Nov 21, 2012, 7:59 AM EDT
Nick Young was in fully Swaggy P mode Tuesday night, so that even when he takes a three pointer that would embarrass Kobe Bryant it goes in. Young was up against the shot clock here, still this shot had no right to go in. But it was that kind of night for Young.
Three Stars of the Night: Kobe, 'Melo and Swaggy P
Nov 21, 2012, 1:39 AM EDT
Only three games tonight, so how about we give the three stars to the key players from each of the three winning teams. Sounds good to me. Third Star: Kobe Bryant (25 points, 5 assists, +20) Kobe Bryant has spent almost his entire career in Phil Jackson's triangle, the only times outside it were in…
Nick Young brings the swagger, the points, the Philly win
Nov 21, 2012, 12:01 AM EDT
Nick Young brought the full Swagy P to this game. Young can be maddening. His swagger, his confidence can lead to bad decisions. The kind of shots Kobe regrets taking Young doesn't fear. For example, in the first quarter against the Raptors Tuesday night Young was in the right corner when he got a high…
Former teammate says no one likes basketball less than Andrew Bynum
Nov 20, 2012, 3:33 PM EDT
Things haven't been going well for Andrew Bynum since joining the Sixers. He has yet to make his debut for the team thanks to a bone bruise in his knee, and his timetable to return seems to be getting continually pushed back. And then there was the bowling. When star athletes struggle like this in…
Cavaliers Kyrie Irving out for month with fractured finger
Nov 19, 2012, 8:15 PM EDT
Take my word for it as someone who watches an inordinate amount of NBA League Pass, there was only two reasons to tune in to Cleveland Cavaliers games — Kyrie Irving and whoever they were playing against. Now the Cavaliers will be without Irving — he has a hairline fracture on his left index finger…
NBA Power Rankings: Top spot goes walking in Memphis
Nov 19, 2012, 3:23 PM EDT
Memphis has moved into the top spot in the poll this week, but notice the top three are teams we kind of expected to be on the second or third tier in the NBA this season. The question remains can they keep it up. Oh, and at the other end the Wizards still suck. 1.…
Baseline to Baseline recaps: Boston falls and fails in Detroit
Nov 19, 2012, 3:34 AM EDT
Our nightly roundup of all the action in the NBA. Or, what you missed while watching the Andrew Bynum bowling gif over and over. Lakers 119, Rockets 108: Two straight games with big point totals for the Lakers — 114 last game, 119 this one — and two wins. And that's with Mike D'Antoni not even…
Three stars of the Night: Kobe, Durant and a defensive gem
Nov 19, 2012, 1:18 AM EDT
Seeing names like Kobe and Durant on the three stars of the night can get a bit routine, even when they are both putting up a triple double. But we have a first at the three stars — someone making it because of their defensive efforts. And it's well deserved. Honorable mention to DeMarcus Cousins…
Andrew Bynum confirms he had knee setback due to bowling
Nov 18, 2012, 5:26 PM EDT
Well, at least he owned up to it instead of coming up with some lame excuse. That's something. Andrew Bynum confirmed to the media Sunday he thinks his latest setback in recovery from a knee injury happened when he went bowling. Ugh. From the twitter account of John Finger of CSNPhilly.com. Bynum says he thinks…
Report: Sixers think Bynum's knee setback due to bowling
Nov 18, 2012, 12:44 AM EDT
There is no denying Andrew Bynum's talent, no denying how good he can be on the court when focused. He's an All-Star for a reason. But the Lakers were willing to consider trading him in part because they had concerns about his maturity and about that focus. Which brings us to this report from Brian…
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Come celebrate Christmas with
Oakville Moms and Busy
Bodies on Wednesday December 10th,
2014, from 10 am to 1:30 pm
at Busy
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Rd. Unit 3).
With your child's admittance to
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arrive early to have complimentary cupcakes.
Keep checking back this page, as
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More info here.
Tree Lighting Ceremony
Friday, November 14, 2014
Kick off the Christmas season
and create magical memories for your little ones in
Downtown Oakville's Towne Square at the annual
Tree Lighting Ceremony! Enjoy incredible entertainment,
caroling, Santa, treats, and of course the lighting
of the beautiful tree.
Friday November 14th, 2014:
Kerr-Village BIA's Annual Christmas Tree Lighting
& Toys for Tots Kickoff!
Come join us in Kerr Village
for yummy treats, warm hot chocolate and the spectacular
Tree Lighting Ceremony! Event starts at 5:00pm Heritage
Square (340 Kerr Street) SPECIAL APPEARANCE BY SANTA
FROM 7pm-9pm.
Oakville Santa Claus Parade
Saturday, November 15, 2014
For more information visit oakvillesantaclausparade.ca
Santa in the Square
Saturday, November 29, 2014
Share your Christmas wishlist with
Santa in the magical setting of Towne Square, with
it's beautiful Christmas tree, music, holiday treats
and more for all ages to enjoy.
Wagon Rides & Carolers in Downtown
Saturdays & Sundays November
29 - December 21, 2014
Enjoy this winter with wagon rides
starting in Towne Square and hearing the melodic sounds
of carolers throughout Downtown Oakville.
Check the Oakville
Moms Facebook page for all Community events and
Oakvillemoms.com is an online resource
site for families. We connect moms from Oakville, Burlington, Milton,
Mississauga and all over Ontario. Our site is unique as we feature useful
resources, services, contests,
articles, product reviews, forum discussions, free membership and so
much more!
This site is meant to be informative, interactive and fun. It's a way
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2006 Est. Oakville Moms copyright.
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Discussion in 'PatsFans.com - Patriots Fan Forum' started by BradfordPatsFan, Jan 14, 2007.
IMO they run play action, draw up the safeties and let Rivers look deep.
The first play is one of many. Whatever. I doubt the Chargers will find the Patriots surprised by much, though.
i think they go deep
Definitely to LT to settle Rivers in his first playoff game (and first playoff loss)
Separate names with a comma.


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Sign in to digital edition
Wednesday 1 Apr 2015
By Julia Michalska. Web onlyPublished online: 06 September 2013
The leading German contemporary art collector Ingvild Goetz is donating her Munich museum and 375 works to the state of Bavaria. The region's prime minister, Horst Seehofer, welcomed the gift today, 6 September, as "a huge win for the state's art collection, especially in the field of media art". Goetz has also pledged to permanently loan the remaining 4,000 works from her collection to the German state.
Goetz started her collection 40 years ago and it has been described by the Wall Street Journal as one of the top ten private contemporary art collections in the world. It includes works by Tracey Emin, Richard Prince, Mike Kelley and Cindy Sherman, but has a particular focus on new media, including around 500 video pieces. Goetz opened a Herzog and de Meuron-designed private museum to house the collection in 1993, the architects' first project outside of Switzerland. Goetz tells The Art Newspaper that she intends to remain in charge of the museum as its director.
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what a generous and smart gift. i wish she had one of mine
The world of art is devinely Blessed to have Ingvild Goetz in it. She is a gift any artist would be blessed to meet.
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The world of art is devinely Blessed to have Ingvild Goetz in it. She is a gift any artist would be blessed to meet....
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Málaga's mayor wins race to open Russian museum and pop-up Pompidou
Barcelona museum director steps down over controversial sculpture
Baku art centre launched in former Soviet naval base
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China opens its door wider to foreign artists
Shanghai next stop for 15 Rooms
Metropolitan Museum exhibition views China through a Western lens
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An infrared detector having two cameras for viewing a scene to detect humans. The cameras focus the scene on their respective pixel arrays. One array is designed with a filter to be sensitive to light from 0.8 to 1.4 microns and the array of the other camera is designed with a filter to be sensitive from 1.4 microns to 2.2 microns. The arrays are co-registered spacially and temporally relative to the viewed scene and pixel transmission dynamics. The spectral powers of the pixels from both arrays are difference weighted and fused into one set of pixels. The fused pixels are thresholded into another set of pixels that have one of two values—black or white. These pixels are entered into a visual display that shows a segment image of a human if in the viewed scene.
1. A human detector for use in detecting a human in a scene, the detector comprising:
a first camera sensitive to a first band of wavelengths within a reflected infrared radiation range and operable to provide a first image output representative of the scene;
a second camera sensitive to a second band of wavelengths within the reflected infrared radiation range and operable to provide a second image output representative of the scene;
a fuser connected to said first and second cameras operable on the first image output and the second image output to provide a fused image output having an increased contrast between a human and a background in the scene;
a thresholder connected to said fuser operable on the fused image output for use in segmenting a detected human from the scene, the thresholder providing a thresholded output; and
an image indicator connected to said thresholder and operable on the thresholded output to detect a human in the scene.
2. The detector of
3. The detector of
said first camera has its field of view focused on a first sensing array; and
said second camera has its field of view focused on a second sensing array.
4. The detector of
the first sensing array comprises m×n pixels;
the second sensing array comprises m×n pixels;
each pixel of said first sensing array is designated as (i,j)1, where i ranges from 1 to m and j ranges from 1 to n; and
each pixel of said second sensing array is designated as (i,j)2, where i ranges from 1 to m and j ranges from 1 to n.
5. The detector of
a spectral power of a pixel from the first sensing array is designated as P(i,j)1; and
a spectral power of a pixel from the second sensing array is designated as P(i,j)2.
6. The detector of
said fuser fuses the spectral power P(i,j)1 of each pixel of the first sensing array with the spectral power P(i,j)2 of each corresponding pixel of the second sensing array; and
an output of said fuser is a spectral power of each fused pixel P(i,j)f that is a fusion of the spectral powers P(i,j)1 and P(i,j)2.
7. The detector of
P(i,j)f=P(i,j)1−C*P(i,j)2; and
C is a constant.
8. The detector of
9. The detector of
P(i,j)t is equal to a first value or a second value;
the first value is a minimum spectral power; and
the second value is a maximum spectral power.
10. The detector of
P(i,j)t is equal to the first value if P(i,j)f is below a threshold value; and
P(i,j)t is equal to the second value if P (i,j)f is above the threshold value.
11. The detector of
12. The detector of
a histogram reveals a numerical distribution of pixels over a range of spectral powers P (i,j)f for each frame; and
the threshold value is a spectral power selected between two most populous distributions of pixels on the histogram.
13. The detector of
14. The detector of
15. The detector of
the first band of wavelengths is between about 0.8 and 1.4 microns; and
the second band of wavelengths is between about 1.4 microns and 2.2 microns.
16. A human detector comprising:
first camera means for sensing radiation of a scene within a first band of wavelengths in a reflected infrared radiation range;
second camera means for sensing radiation of the scene within a second band of wavelengths in the reflected infrared radiation range;
fusing means connected to said first and second camera means for fusing spectral powers P(i,j)1 of pixels (i,j)1 from said first camera means with spectral powers P(i,j)2 of corresponding pixels (i,j)2 from said second camera means, resulting in fused spectral powers P(i,j)f; and
thresholding means, connected to said fusing means, for thresholding fused spectral powers P(i,j)f from said fusing means, resulting in threshold spectral powers P(i,j)t; and
the scene is focused by said first camera means on a first sensing array having m×n pixels;
the scene is focused by said second camera means on a second sensing array having m×n pixels;
each pixel is located at ith row and jth column;
0<i≦m; and
17. The detector of
18. The detector of
P(i,j)f=P(i,j)1−C*P(i,j)2; and
C is a constant determined according to a lighting condition of the scene.
19. The detector of
P(i,j)t=V1 if P(i,j)f>T;
P(i,j)t=V2 if P(i,j)f<T;
V1 is a first value;
V2 is a second value, and
T is a threshold value.
20. The detector of
21. The detector of
22. The detector of
the first band of wavelengths is between about 0.8 and 1.4 microns; and
the second band of wavelengths is between about 1.4 microns and 2.2 microns.
23. A method for detecting humans, comprising:
focusing a scene on a first m×n pixel array that is sensitive to light of a first bandwidth within a reflected infrared radiation range;
focusing the scene on a second m×n pixel array that is sensitive to light of a second bandwidth within the reflected infrared radiation range;
fusing a spectral power P(i,j)1 of each pixel of the first m×n pixel array with a spectral power P(i,j)2 of each corresponding pixel of the second m×n pixel array, to result in a spectral power P(i,j)f of a fused pixel, respectively;
thresholding the spectral power P(i,j)f of each fused pixel into a first value if the spectral power is greater than a threshold value; and;
thresholding the spectral power P(i,j)f of each fused pixel into a second value if the spectral power is less than the threshold value;
0<i≦m; and
24. The method of
P(i,j)f=P(i,j)1−C*P(i,j)2; and
C is a constant dependent upon a lighting condition of the scene.
25. The method of
P(i,j)t=V1 if P(i,j)f>T;
P(i,j)t=V2 if P(i,j)f<T;
V1 is a first value;
V2 is a second value; and
T is a threshold value dependent upon a distribution of spectral powers P(i,j)f of the fused pixels.
26. The method of
27. The method of
28. The method of
the first bandwidth is between about 0.8 and 1.4 microns; and
the second bandwidth is between about 1.4 microns and 2.2 microns.
29. A method for detecting humans in a scene, the method comprising:
focusing a scene on a first m×n pixel array that is sensitive to light of a first bandwidth within a reflected infrared radiation range to provide a first image output representative of the scene;
focusing the scene on a second m×n pixel array that is sensitive to light of a second bandwidth within the reflected infrared radiation range to provide a second image output representative of the scene; and
using the first and second image outputs to detect a human in the scene.
30. The method of
31. The method of
32. The method of
33. The method of
34. The method of
35. The method of
36. The method of
37. The method of
The invention pertains to detection of people, and particularly to detection of occupants in vehicles. More particularly, it pertains to image fusion in the near-infrared band under various kinds of environmental conditions.
The gathering of usage statistics in the high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane is desired by some government agencies. These statistics are crucial for construction planning. Currently, the gathering of data is performed manually. This approach is obviously laborious, inefficient, and prone to error.
There are compelling reasons for the existence of an automatic occupant counting system in the HOV lane. It would facilitate the gathering of statistical data for road construction planning. It would enable state authorities to charge a nominal fee to single occupant vehicles in HOV lanes. It would also help the state patrols to perform their monitoring tasks more effectively.
The occupant counting system needs to be reliable. In a sensing system, reliability is rarely achieved if the signal is corrupted with noise. The first concern in the present effort is to produce a signal with as distinct a signature for the vehicle occupant as possible. This goal can be achieved only through careful design and arrangement of the sensing elements.
If one manages to acquire a clear imaging signal through sensors, then even moderately powerful pattern recognition algorithms could accomplish the occupant detection task. If, however, the imaging signal were noisy, then even the most powerful pattern recognition algorithms could not accomplish the task.
Related efforts by others have involved the use of a near-infrared camera (0.55 to 0.90 micron) and a near-infrared illumination source in the same range of wavelengths. One reason for using near-infrared sensing was the ability to use non-distracting illumination at night. Illumination at nighttime enhances the quality of the image. However, it appears that the choice of range of wavelengths is not appropriate because of its close proximity to the visible spectrum. Psychophysical experiments have shown that the human eye has some sensitivity to this range of near-infrared wavelengths, however small. This sensitivity may be sufficient to potentially cause accidents under certain conditions. Another reason for this approach, according to others, was to bypass the problems caused by solar illumination during daytime, such as glare. Nevertheless, particularly in that range (i.e., 0.55 to 0.9 micron) solar illumination is still substantial and the associated glare can be reduced only through the use of polarizing filters.
In more general terms, related art projects that involve imaging usually adopt the use of visible spectrum cameras. The strong point of the visible spectrum approach is that the relevant imaging sensors are very advanced and at the same time the cheapest across the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. Visible spectrum cameras have a particular advantage in terms of speed, which is an important consideration in the HOV lane where vehicles are moving at rates of speed of 65 mph. These cameras can also have very high resolution, resulting in very clear images under certain conditions. Unfortunately, there are serious problems with the visible spectrum approach. For instance, some vehicles have heavily tinted window glass to reduce glare from solar illumination. This glass is nearly opaque to visible spectrum cameras. Also, visible spectrum cameras do not have operational capability during nighttime.
Many researchers adopt the visible spectrum as the spectrum of choice, or, in rare cases, some other EM spectrum based primarily on intuition. The result is that they usually end up with a non-discriminating signal that makes the detection problem appear more difficult than it actually is. Then, they try to address the difficulty by devising powerful pattern recognition algorithms but often to no avail. The loss of information because of a poor sensor choice, spectrum, and arrangement is usually irrevocable.
Visible spectrum or very near infrared detection of people in vehicles has not been very successful under most conditions. The glare and other problems caused by solar illumination, such as through vehicle windows, has prevented effective detection of vehicle occupants. Also, environmental conditions like weather obscure detection. People appear to have darker or lighter faces, depending on the characteristics of the people being detected, and on the incident angle and intensity of deliberate or incidental illumination. Other wavelengths of the EM spectrum do not appear to offer inexpensive, compact, and high resolution sensing and detection of human beings in vehicles.
The lower portion of the EM spectrum consists of the gamma rays, the x-rays, and radiation in the ultra-violet range. Radiation of such wavelengths is harmful. This radiation is typically used in a controlled manner in medical applications.
At the far end of the EM spectrum, there is the microwave and radio radiation. This range was recently started to be exploited for imaging purposes. Sensors operate in an active or in passive mode. The major advantage of these longer wavelengths is that they can penetrate clouds, fog, and rain for producing weather-independent imaging results. The technology for these wavelengths is new, and prohibitively expensive. Also the sensors are bulky in this range of radiation, and feature very low resolution. A useful application of these sensors is currently confined to the military and the remote-sensing domain.
The present invention utilizes radiation in the middle region of the EM spectrum regarded as the infrared spectrum. This spectrum includes wavelengths from 0.7 to 100 microns. Within the infrared range, two bands of particular interest are the 0.7 to 3.0 micron, 3.0 to 5.0 micron and 8.0 to 14 micron bands. The latter two bands are regarded as the thermal infrared band and the first band as the reflected infrared band. The reflected infrared band is associated with reflected solar radiation that contains no information about the thermal properties of materials. This radiation is for the most part invisible to the human eye. The thermal infrared band, on the other hand, is associated with the thermal properties of materials.
The thermal infrared band is significant for several reasons. First, the human body maintains a relatively constant temperature of about 37 degrees Celsius (C), irrespective of physical characteristics or illumination conditions. This indicates a consistent light color pattern for the faces of vehicle occupants subject to thermal infrared imaging. This consistency is lacking in the visible spectrum. Such consistency facilitates interpreting sensed images. Further, the thermal property serves as a differentiator between humans and dummies. Also, a sensor functioning in the thermal region is operational day and night without any need for an external illumination source.
However, one concern is the attenuation of thermal infrared radiation caused by glass, when detecting humans in a vehicle. The glass severely disrupts the transmission of infrared radiation at wavelengths greater than 2.8 microns. At 2.8 microns, thermal energy just begins to appear. To obtain an infrared image under such conditions, one needs a very sensitive mid-infrared camera in the range from 2.0 to 3.0 microns. Vehicle windows are not made from common glass for reasons of safety, energy efficiency, and visibility. Also, the composition of the front windshield differs significantly from the composition of the side windows of a vehicle. The side windows are more transparent to the transmission of thermal infrared radiation. However, detection with a near-infrared camera significantly reduces this problem of radiation attenuation.
A near-infrared camera, if it is restricted to the appropriate range, outputs similar imaging signals for various humans despite their having different colors of skin. However, this camera outputs a much different imaging signal for a dummy having the same visible color as the human skin.
One embodiment of the present invention has two cameras of different sensing wavelengths in the near-infrared bandwidth. These cameras are pointed toward a place where humans may be detected. A near-infrared lamp for the illumination of the scene may be used. The two outputs of the cameras are fused together with a weighted difference to result in an image having an intensified contrast. The image output of the device that performs the fusion of the two camera images goes to a post-processor, which performs binary thresholding on the various pixels of the fused image. The result is an image with each pixel either being black or white. The thresholded output undergoes such operations as fuzzy neural network or analytical processing. The thresholded output diminishes all of the background of the viewed scene, except human skin such as faces. This approach is one embodiment of the human detector.
FIG. 1 shows a near-infrared fusion system for detecting humans.
FIG. 2 illustrates a co-registration scheme for two cameras.
FIG. 3 is a histogram of the number of pixels versus spectral power for an image frame.
FIG. 4 is the graph of the EM spectrum.
FIG. 5 reveals the infrared transmittance characteristics for an automobile windshield.
FIG. 6 reveals the infrared transmittance characteristics for an automobile side window.
FIG. 7 is a graph showing the percentage of reflectance for Caucasian males of light and dark complexions.
FIG. 8 is a graph showing the percentage of reflectance for Asian males of light and dark complexions.
FIG. 9 is a graph showing the percentage of reflectance for black males of light and dark complexions.
FIG. 10 is a graph showing a comparison of reflectances for light and dark skin.
FIG. 11 is a graph of reflectances for cotton, wood and polyamide.
FIG. 12 is a graph of reflectance for distilled water.
FIG. 13 shows a layout for determining the speed characteristics of a human detection system.
FIG. 1 shows a basic layout of a near-infrared fusion system 10 for detecting humans. It is a dual-band imaging system. Two co-registered cameras 11 and 12 sense the image of, for instance, a face 13 of a human being. Camera 11 has a spectral sensitivity of 0.8 to 1.4 microns. Camera 12 has a spectral sensitivity of 1.4 to 2.2 microns. Slightly shorter or longer ranges can also yield acceptable detection results. The 1.4-micron threshold point between the two bands of spectral sensitivity is a preferable demarcation point for the dual-band system 10, but may be another value as appropriate. Each of the camera sensitivity band ranges can cross somewhat the 1.4 micron wavelength without diminishing the human detecting ability of system 10. The quality of the imaging signals from cameras 11 and 12 remain high even during overcast days and at nighttime, because the scene being scanned by cameras 11 and 12, can be illuminated with an eye-safe near-infrared illuminator 14. Since the eye is not sensitive to the near-infrared spectrum, system 10 can remain stealthy all of the time, whether in a detection mode or not. Ideally, the camera at the lower band range (0.8 to 1.4 microns) should be an image intensifier. Therefore, the illuminator's spectral emission specification needs to match only with the upper band range (1.4 to 2.2 microns). The upper band range is quite far from the visible spectrum and illumination in these wavelengths is safe even for highway applications. Near-infrared cameras 11 and 12 provide clear imaging signals even in foul weather conditions such as hazy conditions. These particular infrared bands of detection and illumination provide for sufficient light transmission through windshields, side windows, fog, and darkness. This permits adequate detection of humans in vehicles at night and in poor weather.
The image outputs 15 and 16 of cameras 11 and 12, respectively, go to a weighted difference software process 17 or specialized hardware that fuses the outputs by performing weighted subtraction of the intensities of the two camera images. This weighted difference software or hardware may be referred to as a fuser. Such fusion of the camera outputs intensifies the silhouette of face 13 and other exposed human skin in the resultant fused image. Also, the image features a diminution of the background of the scene being covered by the cameras. This increased contrast between the person and the background in the fused image permits essentially perfect image segmentation through thresholding by a software process 18, or specialized hardware. This thresholding software or hardware may be referred to as a thresholder. The output of the thresholder 18 may go to a display 19, printer, or a post-process or specialized hardware.
A final processed image shows the exposed skin parts, such as face 13, as binary blob 13′, as shown in FIG. 1. Background 20 of sensed face 13 is discounted as shown by blank background 20′ in display 19. This clean-cut binary imagery ensures reliable and fast operation of a pattern recognition algorithm that identifies a human as indicated by face 13′ imagery.
FIG. 2 illustrates the co-registration of cameras 11 and 12. There is spacial and time registration between the cameras. The cameras could be of the same make and model. The necessary difference between the cameras is the optical bandwidth filters, 48 and 49, which are situated between sensing arrays 46 and 47 and camera lens 58 and 59, respectively, of cameras 11 and 12. Filter 48 determines the 0.8 to 1.4 micron spectral sensitivity of array 46 in camera 11 and filter 49 determines the 1.4 to 2.2 micron spectral sensitivity of array 47 in camera 12. A polarizer may be inserted in front of lens 58 of camera 11 and in front of lens 59 of camera 12. Or instead, a polarizer may be inserted between lens 58 and array 46 of camera 11, and between lens 59 and array 47 of camera 12. Sensing arrays 46 and 47 of the cameras are the same size, for example, 512 by 512 pixels in a gallium arsenide substrate. Typically, the fields of view are the same for each array. Three pixels 51, 52, and 53, for example, are selected out for spacial co-registration. Each of the three pixels are focused on corresponding portions 51′, 52′, and 53′, respectively, of image 20 viewed by cameras 11 and 12. That means the arrays have the same images, pixel for pixel, even though the spectral sensitivities are different. In other words, the columns and rows of pixels. are aligned with the physical world scene, pixel for pixel. Once spacially co-registered, cameras 11 and 12 are kept stationary relative to the physical world.
Time co-registration of the cameras means that the cameras are in synchronization with each other from a signal perspective. The signals for each of the two corresponding pixels go to a frame buffer at the same time. The retention of light for each pixel is in the micro-second range. A typical frame time is about 33 milliseconds, which is 30 frames per second. The transfer of pixel data may be parallel, line-by-line, or serial, pixel-by-pixel, or any other style of information transfer. There is a sync signal for cameras 11 and 12 to initiate and maintain their time co-registration.
The image outputs or pixel signals 15 and 16 go to a software process or specialized hardware 17 which provides a certain weighting to each of the pixels and fuses pairs of corresponding pixels from cameras 11 and 12, respectively, into single pixels. The weighted differencing is performed pixel by pixel. Each result is the fused pixel of the two weighted differenced pixels. The weight difference equation for such fusing is
P is spectral power. The position or location of each pixel in the respective image is identified by row (i.e., "i") and column (i.e., "j"). The rows and columns of pixels of the images of cameras 11 and 12 coincide with each other. The lower band pixels are these from camera 11 and the upper band pixels are those from camera 12. The spectral power "P" for each pixel at i,j is indicated by a numeral scale of brightness from 0 to 255. "0" is entirely black or dark (i.e., no spectral power) and "255" is entirely white or bright (i.e., full spectral power). Numerical indications in between 0 and 255 are, of course, representative of various gradations of gray, brightness, or spectral power. "C" of the equation is a constant (i.e., weighting factor), which is determined according to the lighting of background or scene 20 and object or face 13. "C" for daytime lighting conditions is about 3 for optimal results. "C" for nighttime depends upon the spectral distribution and properties of an artificial illuminator 14.
The brightness or spectral power of a typical pixel of the lower band (image 46) may be 55 and the brightness or spectral power of the corresponding typical pixel of the upper band (image 47) may be 10. These upper and lower band pixel values are representative of skin in the corresponding bands. The spectral power of a resulting typical fused pixel, in daytime viewing, at a location of row i and column j in the daytime is determined with the following calculation.
The fused pixel signals go from software process or specialized hardware 17 to software process or specialized hardware 18 for image segmentation via thresholding of the fused pixels. Process or specialized hardware 18 emulates a comparator-like circuit in that each fused pixel below a certain threshold value (T) is assigned a value (V1) of 0 and each fused pixel above the certain threshold value is assigned a value (V2) of 255.
FIG. 3 shows a histogram of an image frame of fused pixels. The number of pixels for each spectral power value is indicated by curves 54 and 55 for a given sensed image. The pixels of curve 54 represent background 20 and the pixels of curve 55 represent human skin 13. Curves 54 and 55 intersect at 56 that is deemed to be the appropriate value for thresholding. If curves 54 and 55 do not intersect, then the thresholding value 56 is centered between curves 54 and 55. The threshold value is dynamic in that it changes from frame to frame, and is determined for each image frame according to the histogram of the respective frame. If the spectral value for thresholding is 20, then fused pixels having a value below 20 are valued at 0 and fused pixels having a value above 20 are valued at 255. The resulting image in display 19 has white pixels for background 20′ and black pixels for face 13′. This image may be reversed by process or specialized hardware 18 such that background 20′ has black pixels and face 13′ has white pixels.
As one can note here, a main application of the invention is people detection in vehicles. However, people detection can be used at security points, alert areas, and so forth. An enhanced version of system 10 may be used to actually identify people.
The spectrums that cameras 11 and 12 function are within the reflected infrared portion 21 in FIG. 4, which shows the EM spectrum. Visible spectrum 22 is the spectral sensitivity of conventional cameras. Unfortunately, visible light cameras have noise levels that increase during poor environmental conditions such as bad weather, nighttime, and direct sunlight. Some problems, such as nighttime viewing may be overcome with artificial lighting, which matches the visible spectrum of the camera, and which in vehicle occupant detection is a serious distraction to drivers. Another disadvantage is that a human face 13, which is the object of interest, does not have consistent qualities within the visible range. Vehicle occupant faces appear dark or light, de pending o n the physiological characteristics of the occupant, and the intensity and incident angle of illumination.
The thermal infrared band 23 (3.0 to 5.0 and 8.0 to 14 microns) is associated with thermal properties of materials. The human body is at a temperature of 37 degrees C. This means that human faces have a consistent light color in thermal infrared imaging, despite various facial colors, which is contrary to visible imaging.
The thermal property of the body provides a clear differentiator from look-alike dummies. The thermal infrared sensor can function at night without an external illuminator. One disadvantage of using the thermal infrared band 23 for occupant detection is that vehicle windshield glass greatly attenuates infrared light transmission at 2.8 microns and higher.
FIG. 5 reveals the transmittance characteristics of infrared light between 0.4 and 2.8 microns for a clean vehicle windshield (curve 24) and a dirty windshield (curve 25). Beyond 2.8 microns of thermal infrared bandwidth 23, the radiation transmittance characteristic of windshield glass is almost zero. The transmittance of a lightly tinted side window of a vehicle is good (50 to 85%), from 0.3 up to 2.8 microns as reveal ed by curve 26 in FIG. 6. Between 2.8 and 4.3 microns, the radiation transmittance is about 20 percent for the side vehicle window. Beyond 4.3 microns the transmittance drops to nearly zero. However, the spectral behavior of the side window permits transmittance of some thermal radiation.
Curves 27 and 28 of FIG. 7 show the percentage of reflectance of infrared light for light and dark complexion Caucasian males, respectively. The reflectance is good between 0.6 and 1.4 microns. Above 1.4 microns, the reflectance is significantly diminished. However, the difference of reflectances of light and dark complexions are minimal.
In FIG. 8, curves 29 and 30 show skin reflectances for light and dark complexions, respectively, of Asian males. Curves 31 and 32 of FIG. 9 show skin reflectances for light and dark complexions of black males. Even though the reflectances of light complexions are higher than those of dark complexions; curves 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32 of FIGS. 7-9, respectively, have similar shapes and all of them drop off at about 1.4 microns. These reflectances show some variation for all complexions of the Caucasian, Asian, and black males, between 0.6 and 1.4 microns.
Curves 33 and 34 of FIG. 10 show the reflectances for more extreme differences of light skin and dark skin, respectively. The reflectances of light and dark skin are significant up to 1.4 microns. After 1.4 microns, reflectance curves 33 and 34 for light and dark skin, respectively, become almost coincident and the resultant reflectances drop below 20 percent. Thus, in the near-infrared bands of 1.4 and above, the reflectance of detected humans of all kinds of skin shade, are about the same at wavelengths greater than 1.4 microns.
In FIG. 11, curves 35, 36, and 37 show the reflectance for cotton, wood, and polyamide respectively, to be significant not just between 0.6 and 1.4 microns, but beyond 1.4 microns. The insignificant drop in reflectance after the 1.4 micron threshold point, is a basis that shows a large contrast in reflectance between the human face and inanimate objects, such as upholstery, the dashboard, and fabrics in a vehicle, which are background, and provide for easy detection of the human face in the range of 1.4 to 2.2 microns.
Consequently, there is a significant contrast, in reflectance between the images of a Caucasian male and a dummy head from a camera operating in the range between 1.4 and 2.2 microns. The image of the dummy is reflective and appears rather bright and the male human image is dark and thus the resultant contrast between the two images is rather stark. This person detection scheme is much superior to visible light imaging, since the latter scheme reveals little or no contrast between the Caucasian and dummy heads of like colors. In summary, it is easy to distinguish images of the human head from those of the dummy head in the 1.4 to 2.2 micron range imagery, but not easy to distinguish the images of the respective heads from each other in the 0.8 to 1.4 micron range imagery.
The lower reflectivity of human skin for the 1.4 to 2.2 micron spectral range is explained by the spectral reflectance of distilled water as shown by curve 38 of FIG. 12. There is a substantial drop in reflectance at about 1.4 microns. Beyond 1.4 microns, the water absorbs substantial infrared radiation and appears in an image as a dark body. Since the composition of the human body consists of 70 percent water naturally, its spectral response is similar to that of water. So camera 12, operating in the 1.4 to 2.2 micron range, captures this unique human body differentiator. With the operating range of camera 12, one can safely use during nighttime a matching near-infrared illumination source 14 to improve the quality of the sensed image of face 13. This light is invisible to humans, such as vehicle drivers, but also is |harmless to their eyes since the wavelength of illuminator 14 is above the safe threshold of 1.4 microns.
Also, since cameras 11 and 12 of system 10 operate at a lower band than the mid-infrared band, glass penetration is not a problem and cameras 11 and 12 can easily detect through the frontal windshield of a vehicle. Thus, speed requirements for cameras 11 and 12 are less restrictive. In an actual highway site, a zoom lens would be used.
FIG. 13 shows a layout of a near-infrared system 40 for determining the speed characteristics of the human detector. A vehicle 41 may be assumed to be moving down a highway at a velocity v, as shown by vector 42, and be observed in a frontal view with a near-infrared camera 11 or 12 at a distance d, as shown by line 43, and from a height h, as shown by line 44. Only one of the cameras 11 and 12 is needed for this evaluation, but it may be either one of them. Camera 11, 12 may be a Sensors Unlimited Inc. SU 320 equipped with a telephoto lens, a band-pass filter in the range 1.4 to x microns (where x>1.4 microns), and a polarizing filter to reduce the glare effect from the sun illumination during daytime.
During the daytime, system 40 uses the illumination of the sun. The objective is to determine if there is any appropriate geometric arrangement for camera 11, 12 so that the signal to noise (S/N) ratio and the camera speed are kept at acceptable levels even under adverse conditions. An acceptable (S/N) ratio is considered anything above 35. The speed quality is considered acceptable when the image smearing does not exceed the width of one pixel.
The first step in a radiometric computation is to determine the amount of radiation that falls upon the objects of interest such as the occupants of vehicle 41. The spectral band considered is above the 1.4-micron threshold point. Because of constraints due to the quantum efficiency of the camera SU-320 that was used in the actual experiments, one limits the spectral band in the range of 1.4 to 1.7 microns. Slightly modified things are in effect for the extended range of 1.4 to 2.2 microns. The spectral irradiance of the sun (the illumination source) on a clear day at sea level is approximately Isunny=0.008 Watts/cm2 in the 1.4 to 1.7 micron band range. In this computation, however, one considers the worst case scenario of an overcast day. For an overcast day, the irradiance value is reduced by 10−3 thus giving irradiance at vehicle 41 of approximately
The transmittance in this spectral range of windshield 45 of vehicle 41 is approximately 0.4 resulting in an irradiance on the vehicle occupants of
The second step in a radiometric computation is to determine how much of the incident radiation on the objects of interest is reflected back to the sensor (i.e., near-infrared camera 11, 12). The radiance into a hemisphere assuming a reradiate of 0.4 would be
This represents the reflected portion of the occupant irradiation. The occupant's body absorbs the rest. The reflected radiation has to pass through windshield 45 and the camera 11, 12 lens to reach the near-infrared sensor array of camera 11, 12. One assumes a 0.4 windshield transmittance, a f/2 camera lens (i.e., having a 14.320 cone angle) with 0.8 transmittance, a polarizer with 0.4 transmittance, and a band-pass filter with 0.6 transmittance. Then, the irradiance at the sensor array of camera 11, 12 will be
Camera 11, 12 has square pixels with a side of 37.5*10−4 cm or an area
Consequently, the radiant power on the camera 11, 12 pixel will be
The camera's detectivity D* is D*=1012 cm Hz/Watts. The noise equivalent power (NEP) is related to detectivity D*, pixel area A, and electronic bandwidth Δf by the following equation
The bandwidth Δf is determined by the exposure time of camera 11, 12. The exposure time depends on vehicle 41 velocity 42, camera range 40, and the camera 11, 12 field of view such that the images smear less than 1 pixel. Assuming vehicle 41 traveling at a speed of 65 mph, at a distance d 43 of 40 meters (m) away from camera 11, 12, and with a field of view of 1.6 m, the 320×240 pixel array of camera 11, 12 gives a maximum exposure time of 1 ms or a bandwidth of Δf=1 kHz. Substituting the values for A, Δf, and D* in the formula of NEP, one gets
Therefore, the signal to noise ratio S/N will be
In conclusion, assuming a worst case scenario (overcast day, dirty windshield, dark occupant skin) one determines that camera 11, 12, equipped with a f/2 lens, a 1.4 to 1.7 μm filter, and a polarizer, if it is positioned at a distance 43 of d=40 m from incoming car 41 and at a height 44 of h=7 m at the specified distance 43, will achieve an acceptable smear of less than one pixel because the required exposure time of 1 ms is within the camera's speed capabilities. The signal to noise ratio (S/N) is 0.7. To boost the S/N ratio to a higher value on overcast days, one needs to employ an illumination source 14. Illumination source 14 will also be helpful during nighttime. If one operated in the visible spectrum, the use of an illuminator in the high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane would be prohibitive. Fortunately, in this case, the spectral signature of illuminator 14 for the 1.4 to 1.7 micron wave-band can be safely employed in the HOV lane.
Post processing includes a neural network that performs automatic vehicle occupant detection. The vehicle occupant detection approach is based upon a fuzzy neural network algorithm. The perfect binary image provided by the fusion approach described above facilitates high correct detection rates.
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AREA BOYS TENNIS: Cardinals defeat East Grand Forks
THIEF RIVER FALLS — Josh Solway, Matt Spar and Daniel Gartner won singles matches as the Staples-Motley Cardinals defeated East Grand Forks 5-2 on Monday.
The doubles teams of Shane Seuss-Grant Longbella at No. 1 and Dale Vogt-Bernardo Freitas at No. 2 also won.
S-M's scheduled meets against Crookston and Thief River Falls were rained out.
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