text:
Cadmium availability and accumulation by lettuce and rice.
ABSTRACT Among the toxic elements, Cd has received considerable attention in view of its association with a number of human health problems. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the Cd availability and accumulation in soil, transfer rate and toxicity in lettuce and rice plants grown in a Cd-contaminated Typic Hapludox. Two simultaneous greenhouse experiments with lettuce and rice test plants were conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of four Cd rates (CdCl(2)), 0.0; 1.3; 3.0 and 6.0 mg kg(-1), based on the guidelines recommended by the Environmental Agency of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil (Cetesb). Higher Cd rates increased extractable Cd (using Mehlich-3, Mehlich-1 and DTPA chemical extractants) and decreased lettuce and rice dry matter yields. However, no visual toxicity symptoms were observed in plants. Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA extractants were effective in predicting soil Cd availability as well as the Cd concentration and accumulation in plant parts. Cadmium concentration in rice remained below the threshold for human consumption established by Brazilian legislation. On the other hand, lettuce Cd concentration in edible parts exceeded the acceptable limit.
- Citations (11)
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- SourceAvailable from: redalyc.uaemex.mx[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Chemical reactions and physical and biological processes control the adsorption of Cd and Cu by soils. Heavy metal retention by soils can decrease their bioavailability in the soil-solution system. Cd and Cu adsorption were evaluated in in-surface and subsurface horizons of eight Brazilian soils: five Oxisols, two Alfisols and one Ultisol. The maximum adsorption estimated by the linearized Langmuir equation was correlated with some soil attributes. In the surface horizon, Cd maximum adsorption was positively correlated with total CEC, specific surface area, and clay, silt, "free" Fe and "total" Al (extracted by sulfuric acid) contents, while, in the subsurface horizon, the correlation was positive with effective CEC, pH, and "amorphous" Fe contents. Maximum Cd adsorption was also negatively correlated with sand contents in surface horizons. On the other hand, in the surface horizons, maximum Cu adsorption was positively correlated with percentage of Al saturation and clay, "total" and "amorphous" Al oxides contents; in subsurface horizons, it was correlated with pH and clay and "amorphous" Al oxides contents.Acta Scientiarum Biological Sciences 04/2005; 27(4):729-737.
Article: Heavy metal uptake from contaminated soils by six varieties of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.)[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A replicated pot experiment is described in which six lettuce varieties were grown in four contaminated soils of different Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations. Webb's Wonderful absorbed least and All Year Round absorbed most Cd and Zn from all four soils. Uptake of both metals by all six varieties increased with increasing soil contents and leaf Cd and Zn concentrations were positively and significantly correlated. There was little evidence for a varietal control of the absorption of Pb and none for Cu, but a significant positive correlation between leaf Cu and Pb concentrations was observed.The Journal of Agricultural Science 11/1985; 105(03):591 - 595. · 2.88 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Total concentration is not a reliable indicator of metal phytoavailability in soils. There is a dearth of single universal multielement methods with critical value. Therefore, this study was implemented to select appropriate methods for evaluation of phytoavailable metal status in peaches grown in alkaline alluvial soils. Component plant parts (leaf and fruit flesh and peel) and soil samples were collected from 21 orchards. Fourteen extraction methods were applied to the soils to determine the phytoavailable metal content of the soils. Metal [iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd)] concentrations in leaf, flesh, and peel samples were assayed, and the relationship was investigated among metals in component parts of the plant. Metals were assayed by various methods to select the most representative method. The methods of aqua regia, Morgan extraction solution, ammonium acetate (NH4OAc; pH 4.8), 0.01 M disodium ethylenediamine‐di‐o‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid (Na2EDDHA), and sodium acetate (NaOAc) + diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) for Fe and DTPA + triethanolamine (TEA) + calcium chloride (CaCl2), 0.05 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) + 0.025 N sulfuric acid (H2SO4), NH4OAc (pH 4.8), 0.05 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA; pH 7.0), 0.01 M Na2EDDHA, and 1 M ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) + 0.005 M DTPA for Ni were well correlated to Fe and Ni in the leaves, respectively. The main factors affecting Fe and Ni availability in the soils were compared with the other methods. Therefore, based on this study, 0.01 M Na2EDDHA should be used for determination of phytoavailable Fe and Ni status in peaches grown on alkaline alluvial soils.Poor correlation was found among the rest of the metals assayed by the methods, concentrations of these metals in component parts of the peach trees, and the examined soil properties. Metal content of the flesh had low correlation coefficients with the examined properties.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 04/2009; 40(7-8):1087-1105. · 0.42 Impact Factor
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R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 35:645-654, 2011
Bruno Fernando Faria Pereira(2), Danilo Eduardo Rozane(3), Suzana Romeiro
Araújo(2), Gabriel Barth(4), Rafaela Josemara Barbosa Queiroz(5), Thiago
Assis Rodrigues Nogueira(6), Milton Ferreira Moraes(7), Cleusa Pereira
Cabral(8), Antonio Enedi Boaretto(9) & Eurípedes Malavolta(9,†)
Among the toxic elements, Cd has received considerable attention in view of
its association with a number of human health problems. The objectives of this
study were to evaluate the Cd availability and accumulation in soil, transfer rate
and toxicity in lettuce and rice plants grown in a Cd-contaminated Typic Hapludox.
Two simultaneous greenhouse experiments with lettuce and rice test plants were
conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The
treatments consisted of four Cd rates (CdCl2), 0.0; 1.3; 3.0 and 6.0 mg kg-1, based on
the guidelines recommended by the Environmental Agency of the State of São
Paulo, Brazil (Cetesb). Higher Cd rates increased extractable Cd (using Mehlich-3,
Mehlich-1 and DTPA chemical extractants) and decreased lettuce and rice dry
matter yields. However, no visual toxicity symptoms were observed in plants.
Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and DTPA extractants were effective in predicting soil Cd
availability as well as the Cd concentration and accumulation in plant parts.
Cadmium concentration in rice remained below the threshold for human
consumption established by Brazilian legislation. On the other hand, lettuce Cd
concentration in edible parts exceeded the acceptable limit.
Index terms: Lactuca sativa L., Oryza sativa L., soil pollution, chemical extractants,
heavy metals, human health.
(1) Received for publication in January 2010 approved in december 2010.
(2) Graduate Student, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba (SP), Brazil. E-mails:
email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.com
(3) Professor, Sao Paulo State University, Registro (SP), Brazil. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
(4) Research Scientist, ABC Foundation - Research and Agricultural Development, Castro (PR), Brazil. E-mail:
(5) Graduate Student, Sao Paulo State University, Jaboticabal (PR), Brazil. E-mail: email@example.com
(6) Graduate Student, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba (SP), Brazil. E-mail:
(7) Professor, Federal University of Parana, Palotina Campus, Agronomy, Rua Pioneiro 2153, Jardim Dallas, CEP 85950-000
Palotina (PR), Brazil. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
(8) Technician, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba (SP), Brazil. E-mail: email@example.com
(9) Professor, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com;
(†) In Memoriam.
Comissão 3.4 - Poluição, remediação do solo e
recuperação de áreas degradadas
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646Bruno Fernando Faria Pereira et al.
R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 35:645-654, 2011
Entre os elementos tóxicos, o Cd tem recebido atenção considerável por sua associação
com diversos problemas de saúde humana. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a
disponibilidade de Cd no solo e seu acúmulo, taxa de transferência e toxidez em plantas de
arroz e alface cultivadas em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo contaminado com esse elemento.
Foram realizados dois experimentos simultâneos com a cultura da alface e do arroz. O
delineamento adotado foi em blocos ao acaso; em cada experimento, foram avaliadas quatro
doses de Cd (CdCl2), com quatro repetições: 0,0, 1,3, 3,0 e 6,0 mg kg-1, definidas com base nos
valores orientadores de Cd no solo estabelecidos pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São
Paulo (Cetesb). As doses de Cd aplicadas no solo aumentaram a concentração desse nutriente
nele disponível (Mehlich-3, Mehlich-1 e DTPA) e diminuíram a produção de massa seca das
plantas de alface e de arroz. Contudo, não foram observados sintomas de toxidez nas plantas.
Os extratores Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 e DTPA foram eficientes na predição das concentrações de
Cd disponível no solo, bem como do teor e acúmulo de Cd nas partes vegetais. Os teores de Cd
nos grãos de arroz permaneceram abaixo dos limites máximos estabelecidos para o consumo
humano, conforme a legislação brasileira. Entretanto, para a alface, as concentrações de Cd
verificadas na parte aérea excederam o limite tolerado.
Termos de indexação: Lactuca sativa L., Oryza sativa L., poluição do solo, extratores químicos,
metais pesados, saúde humana.
In the last decades, Cd concentration in the
environment have increased more than other heavy
metals (Alloway, 1995). Phosphate fertilizers and
atmospheric deposition are considered to be the
greatest Cd pollution sources (Kabata-Pendias &
Mukherjee, 2007). Due to the high soil mobility and
availability of this metal, there is a general concern
about Cd phytotoxicity and consequent potential risks
to all living beings and human health, because Cd
could rapidly diffuse into several steps of the food chain
(Pierangeli et al., 2007).
Cadmium bioavailability depends on the
concentration in the soil solution, which in turn depends
on Cd release from soil colloids. Cadmium release
from or adsorption to soil colloids is mainly affected
by (in decreasing order of importance): (a) soil solution
pH; (b) soil cation exchange capacity (CEC); (c) organic
matter (OM) content; (d) clay content; (e) redox
potential; and (f) presence of other elements in the
soil system (Alleoni et al., 2005; Kabata-Pendias &
Mukherjee, 2007; Sposito, 2008). The major part of
soil Cd (55–90 %) occurs freely in solution as cationic
species (Cd2+) (Kabata-Pendias & Mukherjee, 2007).
Therefore, irrespectively of soil type or contamination
source, the major part of soil Cd is found in a highly
available form (Sterckeman et al., 2009).
There is evidence that plants grown on heavy
metal-contaminated soils are not able to prevent but
restrict the metal uptake and accumulation in tissues
(Peterson & Girling, 1981). However, there is a great
variation not only among plant species but also among
cultivars as to their ability to take up and accumulate
heavy metals, as reported by Ishikawa et al. (2005)
for rice and soybean and Liu et al. (2005) for rice plants.
Plant breeding for low heavy metal accumulation
in edible parts is one of the measures towards reducing
the entry of heavy metals into the food chain (Arao &
Ae, 2003; Yu et al., 2006; Grant et al., 2008). Despite
this scientific strategy, the establishment of specific
legislation to ensure soil quality, prevent pollution and
identify land areas threatened by contamination is
an indispensable and essential action to avoid heavy
metal accumulation in crops. Worldwide the
establishment of guidelines for heavy metal
concentrations in soils has been suggested, informing
quality, alarm levels and intervention reference values,
as first steps towards soil quality monitoring.
However, general international guidelines could lead
to misinterpretations, because of the different
climatic, technological and pedological conditions of
each country. These reasons justify the development
of specific guidelines, appropriate for the
characteristics of each country (Cetesb, 2001). Besides,
a precise evaluation of the contamination risk requires
the development of specific laboratory tests for each
heavy metal (McLaughlin et al., 2000).
There is a great concern about Cd contamination
of the food chain, because this heavy metal reaches
considerably higher concentrations in crops than the
others (As, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn). However,
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R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 35:645-654, 2011
the Cd levels are well below the toxic concentrations
at which phytotoxicity could be expressed and
identified based on visual symptoms (McLaughlin et
al., 2000). According to these authors, Cd evaluations
in soils must be able to predict the transfer of this
metal to edible plant parts. This prediction can be
mainly correlated to: (i) metal concentration recovery
from soil extracts obtained with Mehlich-1, Mehlich-
3 and DTPA solutions, saturation extract, and ionic
speciation; (ii) metal accumulation in plants; (iii) metal
accumulation in plant shoots; and (iv) the transfer
factor, defined by Wang et al. (2006) as the ratio
between metal concentration in edible plant parts and
the total metal concentration in the soil (food metal/
soil metal ratio).
The Environmental Agency of the State of São
Paulo, Brazil (Cetesb) has adopted guidelines for heavy
metals in soils (Cetesb, 2005). When the critical value
is exceeded, the area may be considered inadequate
for agriculture and subject to intervention. In this
sense, several studies have investigated the
recommendation values proposed by Cetesb (Pereira
et al., 2007; Borges Júnior et al., 2008; Mellis &
Rodella, 2008; Nogueira et al., 2009; Pereira et al.,
Despite the relevance of the high potential risks of
Cd entry into the food chain, little information is found
in Brazilian literature about detailed evaluations of
Cd guidelines in soils related with its availability and
transport into the soil-plant-food system.
In this context, the objectives of this study were to
evaluate the Cd availability and accumulation in soil,
the Cd transfer rate and toxicity to lettuce and rice
plants grown in a Cd-contaminated Typic Hapludox.
Two experiments were simultaneously carried out
in a greenhouse, in Piracicaba, State of São Paulo,
Brazil, from January to May 2007, one with rice (Oryza
sativa L.) cv. 'IAC 202', and the other with lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L.) cv. 'Vera', used as test plants.
The experiments were carried out in a randomized
complete block design with four replicates and four
treatments. The treatments consisted of four Cd rates,
supplied as CdCl2 (0.0; 1.3; 3.0, and 6.0 mg dm-3 Cd),
based on the guidelines reported by Cetesb (2005), that
is, alarm value = 1.3 mg dm-3, intervention value for
crop land = 3.0 mg dm-3; and twice the intervention
value = 6.0 mg dm-3.
Each experimental unit consisted of a 3 dm3 pot
filled with soil from the 0–20 cm layer of a sandy-
texture Typic Hapludox.
The soil was analyzed according to methods
described by Raij et al. (2001) and Camargo et al.
(1986) for chemical and physical characteristics,
respectively, with the following results: pH = 4.3;
organic matter (OM) = 20 g dm-3, P = 2 mg dm-3, S-
SO42- = 5 mg dm-3; K+ = 0.8 mmolc dm-3; Ca2+ =
10 mmolc dm-3; Mg2+ = 4 mmolc dm-3; Al3+ =
5 mmolc dm-3; H + Al = 38 mmolc dm-3; sum of bases
(SB) = 14.8 mmolc dm-3; cation exchange capacity
(CEC) at pH 7.0 = 52.8 mmolc dm-3; base saturation
(V %) = 28 %; B = 0.24 mg dm-3; Cu (Mehlich-1) =
0.6 mg dm-3; Fe = 208 mg dm-3; Mn = 19.6 mg dm-3;
Zn = 1.9 mg dm-3; Cd < 0.01 mg dm-3; sand =
640 g kg-1; silt = 160 g kg-1; and clay = 200 g kg-1.
The procedures for soil analysis were: pH in 0.01 mol L-1
CaCl2 solution (soil: solution 1: 2.5); Ca2+, Mg2+, K+
extracted by ion exchange resin; Al3+ extracted by
1 mol L-1 KCl solution; potential acidity (H + Al)
estimated by SMP-pH method (Raij et al., 2001); CEC
at pH 7.0 and base saturation (V %) were calculated;
OM was determined after oxidation with K2Cr2O7 plus
H2SO4 and the excess dichromate was titrated with
(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O (Raij et al., 2001); P, Cu, Fe,
Mn, Zn, and Cd were extracted with Mehlich-1 solution
(Mehlich, 1978) and determined by atomic absorption
spectrophotometry (AAS) using a Perkin-Elmer AAS-
700, Norwalk, CT, USA; sulfur (S) was extracted with
0.01 mol L-1 Ca(H2PO4)2.H2O solution and determined
by spectrophotometry (λ = 420 nm), using a Klett-
Summerson colorimeter, 900–3, NY, USA (Raij et al.,
2001); B was extracted with hot water in a microwave
oven (Raij et al., 2001) and determined by
spectrophotometry (λ = 420 nm); soil granulometry
(particle size) was analyzed using the pipette method
(Camargo et al., 1986).
The soil pots (water-holding capacity 60 %) were
incubated in plastic bags during 30 days with the
respective CdCl2 rates plus proportional parts of CaCO3
(p.a.) and MgCO3 (p.a.) to reach a base saturation
(V %) of 50 % (for rice) and 80 % (for lettuce) (Cantarella
& Furlani, 1997; Trani et al., 1997). After liming,
the soil pHCaCl2 was 4.9 ± 0.02 (V = 50 %) and
5.5 ± 0.07 (V = 80 %). Afterwards, the soil was dried
and incubated again for 30 days with the pre-planting
fertilization (Malavolta, 1980).
The nutrients were added in solution (in mg dm-3):
200 of P (NH4H2PO4); 50 of K (K2SO4); 5 of Cl (KCl);
1 of B (H3BO3); 0.1 of Co (CoSO4.7H2O); 2 of Cu
(CuSO4.5H2O); 20 of Fe (Fe-EDTA); 10 of Mn
(MnSO4.H2O); 0.2 of Mo (MoO3); 0.1 of Ni
(NiSO4.6H2O); and 2 of Zn (ZnSO4.7H2O).
Rice fertilization was top-dressed at tillering and
panicle initiation stages as follows (per dm3 and per
plant stage): 50 mg of N (NH4NO3) and 50 mg of K
(KCl) in each plant stage. Lettuce top-dressing
fertilization consisted of 40 mg of N (NH4NO3) and
40 mg of K (KCl) per dm3: 20 % at seedling transplant
and 30, 20 and 30 % at 10, 20 and 30 days after
transplanting, respectively.
Rice seeds were sown (10 seeds/pot) at 1 cm depth
and after emergence three seedlings (height 10 cm)
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648 Bruno Fernando Faria Pereira et al.
R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 35:645-654, 2011
per pot were left. Shoots and roots of lettuce and rice
were harvested 40 and 120 days after planting,
respectively. The plant parts were carefully separated
and rinsed in tap and deionized water. Rice grains
were separated from husks. All plant parts were dried
to constant weight in a forced air oven at 60–65 ºC to
determine dry matter yields. Thereafter, plant part
samples were ground, subjected to nitric-perchloric
digestion and analyzed for Cd concentrations by atomic
absorption spectrophotometry (Malavolta et al., 1997).
Based on the plant element concentration and dry
matter yields, the total amount of accumulated Cd in
the plant parts were calculated (root, shoot and grain)
A = C x DM
where A = Cd accumulated (in micrograms per plant);
C = Cd concentration in plant part (mg kg-1); and DM
= dry matter of plant part (in gram).
The Cd transfer from soil to rice and lettuce plants
was calculated using the transfer coefficient (tc) by
means of the formula (1) (USEPA, 1992):
tc = TC/SC (1)
where tc: Cd transfer coefficient from soil to plants;
TC: Shoot Cd concentration on dry matter basis
(mg kg-1); and SC: total Cd concentration in the soil
(mg kg-1) in this case as extractable Cd.
After plant harvest, soil samples were collected to
quantify the available Cd concentration, using three
extracting solutions: DTPA (Abreu et al., 2001),
Mehlich-1 (Mehlich, 1978) and Mehlich-3 (Mehlich,
Experimental data were subjected to analysis of
variance and polynomial regression analysis between
applied Cd rates and Cd concentrations in soils or
plants (Pimentel-Gomes & Garcia, 2002), by means
of "SAS system of analysis 9.1.4" computer program
(SAS, 2004). Correlation studies were made to evaluate
the relationships among Cd concentrations in different
soil extracts (different chemical extractants) and the
Cd concentrations and accumulation in rice and
lettuce plant parts. The models were chosen according
to the parameter significance used and coefficients of
Plant dry matter yield and Cd concentration
and accumulation
Rice dry matter and grain yields decreased with
increasing Cd rates applied to the soil (Figure 1a), as
well as the lettuce shoot and root dry matter yields
(Figure 1d). Higher dry matter yields were found for
plants from the control treatments (without Cd
addition). The decreasing dry matter yields were
attributed to Cd phytotoxicity (Gussarson et al., 1996;
Yang et al., 1996) as reported in other experiments
with lettuce (Malgorzata & Asp, 2001; Corrêa et al.,
2006; Kukier et al., 2010) and rice cultivars (Liu et
al., 2007). However, the plant genotypes respond with
different biomass due to varied degrees of
susceptibility or tolerance to the toxic element.
Besides, Cd may cause alteration in the plant
metabolism (Lagriffoul et al., 1998) and its effects
evidenced by higher Cd concentration in soil solution
and plant tissue. In this regard, Pereira (2001)
observed lower dry matter yield of lettuce (varieties
´Mimosa` and ´Regina de Verão`) grown with
9.6 mg dm-3 Cd than of control plants. On the other
hand, Pereira (2006) found no reduction in lettuce dry
matter yield, despite the high Cd concentrations
detected in shoot parts, evidencing greater cultivar
tolerance to the metal. Likewise, for rice plants, Li
et al. (2009) found no decrease in shoot and root dry
matter and grain yields of rice plants grown in soil
treated with soluble Cd (in the form of CdCl2), where
the highest Cd rate did not exceed 1.0 mg kg-1.
In this study, Cd concentrations and accumulation
in rice shoots, roots and grain increased proportionally
to the Cd rates applied to the soil (Figure 1b,c), in the
following decreasing order: Cd root > Cd shoot > Cd
grain. Similar results were obtained with lettuce
(Figure 1e,f), where plant parts showed Cd
concentrations and contents in the following
decreasing order: Cd root > Cd shoot. These results
corroborated the findings of Alloway (1995) and Kukier
et al. (2010) for lettuce and of Jurado (1989), Silva et
al. (2007) and Li et al. (2009) for rice.
Rice plants grown with 1.3 mg dm-3 Cd (soil
prevention value) showed grain Cd concentration of
0.6 mg kg-1 (Figure 1b), which is below the Cd threshold
value for edible plant parts reported by the National
Agency of Sanitary Vigilance (ANVISA) (ANVISA,
1965). However, this rice grain would be considered
inadequate for human consumption anyway, since the
Cd concentration exceeded the limit value (0.2–
0.4 mg kg-1) defined for rice by the "Codex Alimentarius"
Committee of the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and by the
World Health Organization (WHO, 2004).
Lettuce plants grown with 1.3 and 3.0 mg dm-3
Cd (Prevention and Intervention Values) (Figure 1e),
showed leaf Cd concentrations between 55 and
100 mg kg-1, respectively, or 1.65 and 3.0 mg kg-1 on
a fresh matter basis, considering a lettuce water
content of 95 %, according to Mohsenin (1980). These
values are well above the maximum value allowed for
fresh biomass (1.0 mg kg-1), according to ANVISA
(1965), posing risks to human health. It is well known
that lettuce plants accumulate high metal
concentrations in the shoot (Sampaio et al., 2009).
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R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 35:645-654, 2011
According to Kabata-Pendias & Pendias (2001), the
natural leaf Cd concentrations in lettuce usually vary
between 0.66 and 3.0 mg kg-1 (on a dry matter basis).
Leaf Cd concentrations in the range between 10 and
95 mg kg-1 are considered toxic to lettuce plants
(Malavolta, 2006).
The visual Cd toxicity symptoms are characterized
by darkened leaf margins, chlorosis, reddish petioles
and vascular bundle, leaf curling and dark, short roots
(Kabata-Pendias & Mukherjee, 2007). Nevertheless,
in this study, no such visual symptoms were observed.
Similar results were reported by Peterson & Girling
(1981) who found no visual Cd toxicity symptoms in
plants, in spite of growing in contaminated
environments, which may be explained by the plant
ability to accumulate inactive forms of metals in their
tissues, and therefore, not expressing visual symptoms
of phytotoxicity. There is a great concern not only
about the harmful phytotoxic effect of Cd, but also
because plants may accumulate high Cd concentrations
without expressing any toxic visual symptoms,
making the evaluation of risks of Cd entry into the
food chain and for human health more dificult
(Moustakas et al., 2001).
Soil available cadmium
There was a positive linear correlation between
soil available Cd (Mehlich-1 and DTPA extractants)
with Cd concentrations and accumulation in rice
(root, shoot and grain) and lettuce plant parts (root
and shoot) and the Cd applied to the soil (Table 1).
The use of highly soluble cadmium chloride (CdCl2)
salt may have contributed to the high positive linear
correlations (between 0.65 and 0.99). This procedure
may arouse criticism of the obtained results. However,
the study of Cd effects on plants would be difficult
without isolated soil Cd contamination. Nevertheless,
less soluble Cd sources might also be considered in
Figure 1. Dry matter yields of rice (a) and lettuce (d); Cd concentration in rice (b) and in lettuce (e) and Cd
accumulation in rice (c) and lettuce (f) grown with Cd rates applied to the soil. (
rice grain. (ns) and (**) non-significant and significant at p < 0.01, respectively.
) roots; ( ) shoots; ()
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650Bruno Fernando Faria Pereira et al.
R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 35:645-654, 2011
Table 1. Correlations between Cd concentrations and accumulation in rice and lettuce plant parts and soil
available Cd concentrations obtained with DTPA, Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3 extracting solutions
**: significant at p < 0.01.
similar research work. According to Li et al. (2009)
better correlations can be found when Cd is applied to
soil as CdCl2 compared to other Cd sources, such as
swine effluent.
Research data on Cd adsorption in contaminated
soils by anthropogenic activities significantly
reinforced that a major Cd fraction is found in the
cationic form (Cd2+) in soil solution. This possibly
explains the results obtained in this study. In most
soils, 99 % of Cd is associated to the soil colloids and
found in the soil solution (Kabata-Pendias &
Mukherjee, 2007). By the technique of isotope dilution,
Kukier et al. (2010) evidenced that soil Cd availability
was the same in both treatments, Cd applied as sewage
sludge or as soluble salt.
Studies on soil Cd adsorption demonstrated at least
two reasons for the high Cd availability in soils: (a)
Cd has low adsorption to goethite and Fe oxides;
goethite is one of the main minerals found in Oxisols
(Camargo et al., 2008), in which the relative decreasing
order of adsorption is Cu > Pb > Zn > Co > Cd; and for
Fe oxides, also abundant in Oxisols, metal adsorption
follows the decreasing order: Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd
(McLeand & Bledsoe, 1992); and (b) at low soil pH
(pH < 6) a small Cd fraction remains adsorbed to the
oxides, hydroxides and organic matter (McLeand &
Bledsoe, 1992), and most Cd is found in solution as
Cd2+. The lowest amounts of Cd adsorbed to Oxisols
and Nitosols were obtained at pHCaCl2 < 5.5 (Dias et
al., 2001). Brazilian soils are known to be
predominantly acid (about 70 %) (Quaggio, 2000).
Therefore, the high soil availability of some metal
elements has led researchers to believe that the metal
bioavailable concentration or quantity is a better
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R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 35:645-654, 2011
indicator than the total concentration to predict soil
contamination by metals and the risks to human
health via food chain transfer (McLaughlin et al.,
2000; Wang et al., 2006; Baear, 2009). Nevertheless,
to ensure environmental protection and safety, some
authors have suggested that the eco-toxicological
guidelines must be associated to the metal available
fraction, determined using chemical extractants such
as DTPA (Sauvé et al., 1996; Wang et al., 2006).
The chemical extractant efficiency is evaluated
mainly by the correlation degree between the metal
concentrations recovered from soil and leaf tissue. In
this study, the soil Cd concentrations obtained with
three extracting solutions (DTPA, Mehlich-1 and
Mehlich-3) were positively correlated with the plant
Cd concentrations. Besides, the correlation coefficients
between Cd rates applied to soil and the recovered Cd
concentrations of these three chemical extractants
used to evaluate soil Cd availability were high.
According to the angular coefficients obtained,
Mehlich-3 (0.96) and Mehlich-1 (0.86) extractants were
more effective to extract Cd from soil, followed by the
DTPA (0.74). The similarity between Mehlich-1 and
Mehlich-3 is probably due to their acid characteristics,
different from the DTPA chelating agent. These acid
solutions act by dissolving soil clay minerals and
chelates such as DTPA can extract greater quantities
of metal labile forms, without interfering with non-
labile forms. In the State of São Paulo, the use of
DTPA solution is recommended as official extractant
of metal micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) from
soils, due to the positive and high correlations between
soil and plant metal concentrations in several field
studies (Abreu et al., 2007).
A similar efficacy of the chemical extractants was
also observed by Araújo & Nascimento (2005) when
evaluating Zn availability in soils treated with sewage
sludge (SS) and growing maize. Teixeira et al. (2005)
also studied the SS effects on heavy metal
concentrations of a mine-degraded Red Yellow Oxisol
and observed better results when acid extractants
were used to predict soil Cd availability. On the other
hand, Anjos & Mattiazo (2001) found no differences
among extracting solutions when evaluating Cd
availability in Oxisol treated with SS and cultivated
with maize.
Rice grain yields decreased with higher soil
available Cd extracted by Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 and
DTPA solutions. The negative correlations obtained
between soil Cd concentrations (in three chemical
extracts) and rice grain yields allowed the conclusion
that plants were susceptible to Cd toxicity (Figure 2).
Besides, all three extracting solutions were effective
to predict the rice grain yield variation, since high
and significant coefficients of determination were
obtained (Figure 2). According to Cantarutti et al.
(2007) the extractant should be chosen based on the
best proportional variation between the plant yield or
nutrient content and the soil nutrient determined in
the extracting solution.
Cd transfer coefficient
The transfer coefficient (ct) evaluates the capacity
of a plant species to take up the metal from soil metal
and transport it to the edible part (shoot). It is
commonly used in phytoremediation studies and, in
this case, high ct values are desirable. The ct values
for Cd transfer from soil to plant shoots usually vary
from 1 to 10 (Pavlíková et al., 2004). In ths study,
the objective is food safety; therefore, low ct values
are desirable, because they indicate low metal
transport from roots to edible plants. The ct coefficient
is effective to evaluate the risks to human health
caused by contact with metals from SS-treated soils
(USEPA, 1992). Recently, studies reported the use of
this coefficient to evaluate food safety (Wang et al.,
The relationships between Cd rates applied to the
soil and the Cd transfer coefficients (ct) of the two
plant species fit polynomial equations (Figure 3). The
estimates of points of maximum
lettuce and rice shoot parts were found for soil Cd
rates of 3.3 and 3.4 mg kg-1, respectively
(Figures 1a,d). This allowed the conclusion that, in
this study, maximum Cd transfer from soil to shoot
parts occurred at values close to the soil intervention
values for agricultural areas (3.0 mg kg-1) established
by Cetesb (2005).
for the
The tendency to decreasing ct values at higher Cd
rates (Figure 3) can most likely be explained by: (i)
the negative effect of high Cd concentrations on plant
metabolic activities, reducing the biomass gain; and
(ii) to the higher Cd accumulation in plant roots
(Figures 1c and 1d) with consequent decreasing Cd
transport to shoot.
Figure 2. Correlation between rice grain yield and
soil available Cd extracted with Mehlich-1(
Mehlich-3( ) and DTPA (
p < 0.05.
). *Significant at
Page 8
652 Bruno Fernando Faria Pereira et al.
R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 35:645-654, 2011
According to the polynomial equations obtained,
the maximum ct value was 43.8 for lettuce and 8.9
for rice (Figure 3), evidencing the greater capacity of
lettuce to transport Cd from the soil solution to the
shoot. In general, ct values for lettuce vary between
2 and 5 (Crews & Davies, 1985). However, the
threshold ct value allowed for Cd in leafy greens is
0.64. Considering the Cd reference value (1.3 mg kg-1,
Cetesb, 2005), the ct estimate by the polynomial
equation was 30.6 for lettuce, confirming the high Cd
translocation ability of lettuce from soil to shoots.
The determination of the Cd transfer to edible
products is relevant to investigate the potential Cd
intake by the population. In Brazil, a per capita
consumption of lettuce and rice of 1.2 and 39–
52 kg year-1 is estimated, respectively (Pereira, 2002;
Mello et al., 2003). According to Zazouli et al. (2008),
rice is the source of major Cd human intake in
countries with high annual rice consumption.
Based on the total soil Cd concentration of
1.3 mg kg-1, or 0.93 mg kg-1 extracted with DTPA
(y = -0.033 + 0.744x), a lettuce shoot Cd concentration
of ~55 mg kg-1 was estimated (Figure 1e).
Consequently, considering the yearly average human
lettuce per capita consumption of 1.2 kg year-1, the
calculated Cd intake is ~66 mg year-1 (55 x 1.2 = 66)
or ~180 μg day-1 per capita-1 (66/365 x 1000 = 180).
For rice consumption, based on the values of Figure 1b
and the yearly rice consumption of 39–54 mg kg-1, a
daily Cd intake between 218 and 290 μg day-1 was
estimated. These values exceed the maximum Cd
daily intake limit for humans established by FAO/
OMS, which is 70 μg day-1 (WHO, 2004). Thus, it
was inferred that a total soil Cd concentration of
1.3 mg kg-1, which is equivalent to 0.93 mg kg-1 of
soil available Cd, can be considered risky for human
health, because significant Cd amounts may be
transferred to lettuce and rice products.
1. No visual symptoms of Cd toxicity were observed
in rice or lettuce plants. However, the increasing Cd
rates applied to soil reduced the dry matter yield of
both species.
2. Cadmium concentrations and accumulation in
the shoot and root of rice and lettuce plants, as well
as of rice grain, increased proportionally to the
increasing Cd rates and Cd availability in soil.
3. Rice grain Cd concentrations were below the
maximum limit established for human consumption,
according to Brazilian legislation. However, the Cd
concentrations in lettuce exceeded these limits.
ABREU, C.A.; ABREU, M.F. & ANDRADE, J.C. Determinação
de cobre, ferro, manganês, zinco, cádmio, níquel e chumbo
em solos usando a solução de DTPA em pH 7,3. In: RAIJ,
B.van; ANDRADE, J.C.; CANTARELLA, H. & QUAGGIO,
J.A., eds. Análise química para avaliação da fertilidade de
solos tropicais. Campinas, Instituto Agronômico, 2001.
ABREU, C.A.; LOPES, A.S. & SANTOS, G. Micronutrientes.
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N.A. Atributos do solo relacionados à adsorção de cádmio
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ARAÚJO, J.C.T. & NASCIMENTO, C.W.A. Fracionamento e
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985, 2005.
ARAO, T. & AE, N. Genotype variations in cadmium levels of
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BASAR, H. Methods for estimating phytoavailable metals in
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local e avaliação da contaminação por zinco em solos
adjacentes a áreas mineradas no município de Vazante-
MG. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 32:2883-2893, 2008.
Figure 3. Effect of Cd rates applied to the soil on the
Cd transfer coefficients (ratio between plant
shoot Cd mg kg-1 / soil total Cd mg kg-1) to plants
of rice ( ) and lettuce (
Page 9
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HORVAT, R.A. Variabilidade Espacial de Atributos
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JURADO, S.G. Efeitos do cádmio no arroz (Oryza sativa L.) e
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KABATA-PENDIAS, A. & MUKHERJEE, A.B. Trace elements
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J.C. & ZHU, Q.S. Effect of Cd on the growth, dry matter
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M.H. Variations in cadmium accumulation among rice
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MALAVOLTA, E.; VITTI, G.C. & OLIVEIRA, S.A. Avaliação
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MALGORZATA, M. & ASP, H. Influence of lead and cadmium
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text:
• Good Friday—April 3, 2015
At 6:30 p.m. on Good Friday, April 3, join us for a Stations of the Cross service. This solemn service commemorates fourteen key events on the day of Christ's crucifixion.
The Easter Sunday Sunrise Service is a chance to celebrate the Resurrection of our Lord in an intimate gathering in the courtyard at 7:00 a.m.
Easter Sunday services will be held at 8:30, 9:30, and 11:15. Join us as we celebrate the Risen Lord with liturgy, song, and prayer!
A nursery for children through age 2 is provided during all services and during Sunday School. Children 3 years old through first grade are invited to attend Jacob's Ladder, a structured time of activities and fellowship during services.
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President Barack Obama gave a major foreign policy address at the U.S. State Department on May 19. The topic was America's future relationship with the people and the nations of the Middle East and North Africa. President Obama laid out a series of core principles by which future policy will be guided.
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This is the wonderful Blea Tarn in the Lake District National Park
ha ha great shot mate
I did say Paddling not P-dling
– Trevor Kersley
Fantastic! x
Thank you Donna
– Trevor Kersley
lovely shot of the dare devil, cracking composition too
cheers Shaun.
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BEAUTIFUL! The colors and reflections are absolutely gorgeous…
thanking you very much Susan
– Trevor Kersley
top shot! He does look like he is teetering on the brink!!
Thanking you very much David for your comments
– Trevor Kersley
what a wonderfully dramatic image … incredible reflection capture!!!! WOW!!!
Thank you Lois for your comments they are very much appreciated.
– Trevor Kersley
Wonderful image Trevor.
Many thanks Jacqui also for the fav
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Paddle Mr Smith Paddle! Such a lovely image.
many thanks Coy for your comments.
– Trevor Kersley
Lovely shot and I see Mr S is hard at work by the waters edge.
thanking you Gary..yup at least he didn't go paddling
– Trevor Kersley
Lovely work Trevor,congrats on your feature in Beautiful North of England. It's an honour to be featured alongside you.
many thanks Jamie…congrats on your feature as well
– Trevor Kersley


text:
Stephanie Chang - Stretching Your Search Skills
As the industry has undergone an evolution, a lot of our day-to-day work has also changed. The good news is that the skill sets we've adopted can make us really effective marketers outside of search. This session will tactically describe different scenarios on how your skill sets can be applied to other areas of marketing.


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Welcome to Penn State Psychiatry Clinical Services
Penn State Hershey faculty members care for patients in a variety of locations and settings. We provide psychiatric consultation to patients in HMC's hospital and in a variety of outpatient settings, such as the Transplant Program, Women's Health, and the Sleep Research and Treatment Center.
We also care for patients with our clinical partner, Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute (PPI). At PPI we provide inpatient and outpatient psychiatric services for mature adults, adults, children and adolescents, including those with intellectual disabilities. Our faculty members provide services at PPI in 2 locations in Harrisburg. Our clinic in Hershey is under the auspices of Hershey Medical Center's Physician Group. Information about specific PPI clinical programs can be found on their website (www.ppimhs.org) To make a referral or for questions, call the Admissions Department at 717-782-6493 or 1-866-746-2496. For a clinic appointment in Hershey, call 717-531-8338.
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Penn State Hershey Psychiatry offers an eight-week group counseling program for parents and their children who have issues with paying attention, following the rules, temper outbursts, or getting along with others.
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Junior Member
Is anyone else getting lag in champion select? I qeued for a ranked game today and i got kicked from the lobby with 14 seconds left to choose a champion. There was also an abnormally long pause after the other team chose their first champion. For some reason I'm getting big delays in the lobby so I don't know how much time i have to choose. In-game i have 60 fps and 100 ping which is fairly average i think. I don't get any lag in-game, just lobby. Does anyone else get this?
Yup, just happened to me. I will be trying again and seeing what happens.
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External reserve hits new low, below 4 months import
The stress of dwindling oil revenue is mounting on the economy as external reserve drops below USD30 billion last week, indicating less than four months import bill. The decline which came with last week's withdrawals for meeting forex demands put the total figure at USD29.9 billion. The international standard for healthy reserves is six months import cover, which for Nigeria should be about USD48 billion. Nigeria's external reserves had crossed USD60 billion mark, indicating over eight months cover, or literally excess reserve of over USD10 billion a year ago just before the oil price decline.Read More →
BATTLE OF TWO TRUTH BENDERS: Okonjo-Iweala and Soludo – 4
Con-SOLUDO-tion created no additional jobs in the banking sector. On the contrary, it led to massive retrenchments. It is quite possible that Soludo no longer goes to the banking hall himself. Otherwise, if he had a favourite bank in 2004 and still visits that bank today, he would know how many people had been sacked. Since OCEANIC, BankPHB and Intercontinental banks, among others, were taken over by the survivors of the "Con-SOLUDO-tion calamity, hundreds of their branches had been closed.Read More →
'Brands are created to satisfy an identified market'
Looking at Nigeria's marketing environment, one can say without any equanimity that branding efforts by most organizations are not yet it for now. In this area, I want to categorize businesses in Nigeria in to two – the indigenous and multinational businesses. For the multinationals, one can say they are trying as they are marketing driven. They have supported their businesses with good branding efforts.Read More →
ITF trains 74,000 youths in technical, vocational Skills
The Industrial Training Fund (ITF), has trained 74, 000 young Nigerians in different technical and vocational skills, said Director General, Mrs. Juliet Chukkas Onaeko. Speaking at a stakeholders' engagement forum in Lagos, themed: "Zero Oil Policy and Economic Growth: The ITF Perspective," Onaeko said that the training programme was ongoing. According to her "So far, 74, 000 young Nigerians have been trained in different technical and vocational trade areas. Some of the trainee secured employment immediately after completion of their training, while a large number of them have established businesses of their own and are doing well."Read More →
Shoptomydoor, MasterCard offer free ocean shipping with 0.10.20 promo
Nigeria's international online shop, Shoptomydoor.com and payment processor, MasterCard have entered into partnership to reward international shoppers through a free ocean shipping service. The promo will see MasterCard holders from all Nigerian banks enjoying an exclusive 12.5 per cent discount from Shoptomydoor.com for all purchases shipped through their platform from March till June 30th, 2015.Read More →
NIM inducts UBA senior executives
The Nigeria Institute of Management, NIM has inducted over 100 senior executives of United Bank for Africa into the membership of the institute as professional managers. At the induction at the UBA head office in Lagos, the Group Managing Director of UBA, Philip Oduoza while congratulating the inductees and commending NIM for the training, said the programme was a great opportunity for UBA as it will help the senior executives not only become professionals managers but also update their skills and knowledge.Read More →
Lafarge Distributors Win Cars, Cash Prizes and Gargets at Lafarge Customers' Award
It was a reward of loyalty for many distributors of Lafarge Africa Plc who smiled home with valuable prizes including cars, cash and electronic gadgets at the 2014 Partners Award. The event, which held in Lagos saw Alhaji. Olasunkanmi Olaoshun of Temitope Enterprises emerge as the First National Winner and went home with a brand new Sport Utility Vehicle, while Engr. Basiru Atinsola, CEO, Oyinbashy Enterprises came second and smiled home with a Hyundai Sonata Executive Car.Read More →
Arik, CFM partner to train Nigerian aircraft engineers
Arik Air and aircraft engine manufacturer, CFM International have started discussion on the training of Nigerians on aircraft engine maintenance and repairs. The discussion took firm ground last Monday when the President of CFM, Jean-Paul Ebanga visited the headquarters of Arik Air at the Murtala Muhammed International Airport, Lagos to affirm the importance of the airline to the company and also show commitment to the planned partnership.Read More →
UK dominates capital imports into Nigeria in Q4, 2014
The source of the greatest value of capital imported to Nigeria continues to be the United Kingdom, with USD1.9 billion imported in the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2014, representing 43.2 per cent of the total according to a releases by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). But this figure represented a continuation of the decline seen since the Q2. The Q4 figure was less by USD939.7 million or 32.6 per cent below Q3 value of USD2.9 billion.Read More →
SON destroys substandard goods worth N500m
The Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON), has destroyed fake and substandard goods worth N500 million. Speaking at the occasion of the formal destruction of fake and substandard goods at Sagamu dump site, Ogun state, the Head, Inspectorate and Compliance Directorate, SON, Engr. Bede Obayi, said, the destruction exercise was carried out to completely do away with sub-standard goods which failed the SON test carried out on the products.Read More →
VISION 20:2020 We need economic growth sustainability — FRSC boss
The transport sector of Nigeria's economy is poised for greater productivity in 2015, as the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) Zone 2, is mapping out new operational measures and enforcement strategies to achieve 20 percent reduction in road traffic crashes and 30 per cent fatality. The Zone is working in line with the policy of the Federal Government to enhance efficiency in the sector, with a view to achieving the much expected Vision 20:2020 target.Read More →
Ebonyi records huge number of teenage hawkers in Nigeria —Ogbonna Says, Ndigbo can't rule Nigeria now
It's quiet unfortunate and shameful that if you are driving along the streets in Lagos particularly on highways and you approach any of those hawkers' they will tell you they are from Ebonyi state. Also, if you decide to communicate to them in their language, they will respond accordingly, an indication that confirms their honesty. I'm disappointed and angry with those who had governed the state, particularly, with their self-centredness.Read More →
ICA set to shore up Nigeria's economy through credit management base
The newly elected Institute of Credit Administration President/Chairman of the 3rd Governing Council of the same body and Managing Director, Mobil Oil Nigeria, Plc., Mr. Adetunji Oyebanji, unequivocally stated during the induction of new members in Lagos that the council for effective credit management in Nigeria will advocate empowering the economy to create wealth and jobs through advocacy and enlightenment about the role of credit, infrastructures necessary for sound credit system, business character that encourage credit availability, government initiatives that facilitate access to credit, lendRead More →
FG's local content policy receives major boost
The local content policy of the Federal Government received a boost Wednesday with the formal handing over of Shell's equity in OML 29 to a local oil and gas firm, Aiteo, thereby increasing the participation of indigenous companies in the upstream sub-sector of the oil and gas industry.Read More →
Unilever acquires N43bn shares of Nigerian unit
Unilever is planning to raise its stake in its Nigerian unit to as much as 75 percent to benefit from expected economic growth in Africa's most populous nation.Read More →
Senate ties NIMASA's 2015 budget approval to payment of workers' allowances
The Senate Committee on Marine Transport has told the management of the Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency, NIMASA to make full payment of its workers allowances before its 2015 budget can be approved.Read More →
Agriculture bears major brunt of Natural disaster — Report
Nearly a quarter of damages wrought by natural disasters on the developing world are borne by the agricultural sector according to initial results from a new FAO study released here today at the UN World Conference for Disaster Risk Reduction.Read More →
FG seeks $2 b W/Bank, ADB loan
Faced with low oil revenue and high demand for foreign exchange, the federal government has taken steps to source $2 billion from the World Bank and the African Development Bank, ADB, to assist in the implementation of its policies and programmes this year.Read More →
Is your organization's strategic planning a waste of time and resources? (4)
Every organization's number one strategic management goal is to develop a plan, but unless the plan is integrated at all levels, strategic misalignment and disconnections occur, often resulting in frustration and conflict. When plans are not integrated between various levels and functions of the organization, change fails to take place and important activities fall between the cracks and blame occurs.Read More →
Business enthusiasm: Nigeria tops global ranking
Nigeria leads the world in enthusiasm for business, according to a survey carried out by Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). Indeed, the report noted that, all across Africa, a growing wave of grassroots self-starters are taking risks and defying obstacles to bring their money-making ideas to life. Armed with a can-do attitude and hopes of striking it big, they're navigating a conundrum of challenges to pursue opportunities at a time when many African countries enjoy unprecedented levels of economic growth.Read More →
Challenges of entrepreneurship and way out
Thinking of starting your own business? Before you venture off into the great big world of business ownership, you'll want to know the facts so you can ensure you are mentally and emotionally prepared to handle life as an entrepreneur. About 25 percent of startups fail during their first year, and that percentage increases each year in the business's lifespan until by the tenth year, 71 percent of startups would have failed. Success is highly dependent on both the type of industry and founder's experience level.Read More →
Skye Bank to float N100bn commercial paper to boost liquidity
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Dollarisation of economy: CBN goes after landlords, schools- Emefiele
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Port Regulator: NPA, Shippers Council bicker despite FG's pronouncement
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Microsoft, Unilever, others win great place to work award
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Nigeria, others, have world's worst energy access — Report
Nigeria and other countries of the Sub-Sahara African region have the world's worst access to electricity, the International Energy Agency, IEA, said in its latest report.Read More →
Shell lists challenges undermining transformation success
Abuja — As robust as Federal Government's current transformations in the energy sector may appear, the Shell Group has identified a number of challenges undermining the success of the reforms.Read More →
AFDB commits $200m to coal-to-power
ABUJA — In its determination to deepen the development of renewable energy, the African Development Bank, AFDB, has offered to provide a support to the tune of about $200 million towards the growth of coal-to-power projects in Nigeria.Read More →
Elumelu Foundation selects 1,000 African entrepreneurs
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CPC decries high rate of consumer rights abuse in key sectors
The Director-General, Consumer Protection Council, Mrs. Dupe Atoki, has decried the high rate of consumer rights abuses in the telecommunications, aviation, banking and power sectors of the Nigerian economy.Read More →
Operators call for resolution of PIB, NOSDRA bills conflicts
ABUJA — Industry stakeholders have called for a thorough amendment of the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency, NOSDRA Bill currently before the National Assembly, to remove any conflict between it and the Petroleum Industry Bill, PIB.Read More →
Access Bank tasks local companies on good governance
The surest way indigenous oil and gas operators or any company operating in Nigeria can continue to have support from the banks is by instituting a culture of good corporate governance, while also pooling resources together.Read More →


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205 Regina Street
Manitou Beach, SK
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OP Recognized Contributor
Thanks Meter: 4,143
5,200 posts
Join Date:Joined: Nov 2011
I have a widget showing my connection status in Zooper as H, E, G, LTE, etc....
But sometimes I have a DC connection (duel connection when the phone is connecting to the tower twice to increase speeds). This screws Zooper up and instead of showing DC in the widget it shows NONE. See the orange baseball jersey at the bottom for what I mean. Look at the signal bars at the top to see what the phone is reporting its' status as.
So I have an active data connection but Zooper is reporting that I don't. Is there a way around this?
Maybe a way to force Zooper to report 2G, 3G, 4G isntead of E, H, LTE? Or just force it to display something other than NONE when the phone is in a DC status?
(See screenshot in next post)
Last edited by Skipjacks; 28th May 2014 at 07:31 PM.


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Area students graduate from BHSU
Black Hills State University, Spearfish, held its commencement ceremony recently. These area students received degrees: Tanner Duba, Mitchell; Brad Heath, Kimball; Jeffrey Smith, Vivian.
— Source: Black Hills State University
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I have several young mini rex and adults available. they are beautiful rabbits, healthy and tame. I have castor, black, broken black, harlequin blue eyes white and himi. Also have Jersey Woolies available. All rabbits are pedigreed.
Mar 17 -
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Rolled Hem won't roll
I got my serger out after a long hiatus from sewing. I have a Kenmore 16677. When I have everything set for a rolled 3 thread hem the stitching looks fine but the fabric is not rolling. Any ideas or suggestions? I've tried various types of fabric, but I'm just trying to make some 100% cotton napkins.
My older Singer has a separate throat plate that must be used for rolled hemming, or you need a special foot. ( I use the plate). The stitch length is set for a close or fine stitch and the lower looper is set very tight. Also, rolled hemming with my machine is not suited for heavy or stiff fabrics. When I make napkins, I use wooly nylon serging thread which is recommended for a smooth finish.
If your fabric is not rolling, you may need a foot or another plate.
I've got everything set up according to the manual. Stitch length very close, lower looper very tight...I've tried fiddling with the tensions and even the cutting width. There is not supposed to be a special foot needed for the rolled hem. So frustrating! Thanks for the ideas.
My serger has a stitch "finger" that I slide back and out of the way, in order to make the rolled hem. Would your machine have that? Or is there a separate throat plate? Simply adjusting tensions and doing nothing else won't make the rolled hem, AFAIK. Do you have the owner's manual? It should have a picture of the necessary part and info.


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Computer and Health Classes: Want to use a computer and the internet, but don't know where to start? Learn how to find good information about your health online. Three hands on classes, covering computer basics, internet skills, and reliable health websites. Available in English and Spanish. This program is presented in conjunction with the SF General Hospital Library.
Upcoming Events
- BiblioCommons: The Library's New Catalog
- Wednesday, April 1, 2015North Beach, North Beach Meeting Room
- Computer Help for Adults/Seniors
- Friday, April 3, 2015Parkside, Parkside Teen's Area
- Digital Device Drop-In
- Friday, April 3, 2015
Upcoming Classes
- Intermediate Computer Skills Drop-In
- Wednesday, April 1, 2015
- Book A Librarian
- Wednesday, April 1, 2015Ocean View, Ocean View General Floor Area
- Computer Basics
- Thursday, April 2, 2015


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Haywood recounts 1968 Olympic experience
Updated: July 31, 2006, 7:47 PM ETBy Chris Sheridan | ESPN Insider
LAS VEGAS -- A long time ago on a train from Moscow to Minsk, Team USA learned a slightly painful lesson about how the playing field isn't always level in international basketball. LeBron James, Dwyane Wade and their cohorts should take note.
"We were playing the Soviets in one exhibition, and we were up like 25 when they called timeout. All of a sudden, they were clearing out the gymnasium. Like 10,000 or 12,000 people. When they were all gone, we looked up at the scoreboard and they had changed it. The Russians were ahead by two. The next day in the local papers, the headlines said: "Soviets Upset Americans."
Spencer Haywood, a member of the 1968 U.S. team
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That's a plus, given the retail giant's profit margins are higher when products are sold through third parties, say analysts cited in The Wall Street Journal.
You still have a couple of days left to buy a gift for family members or friends via Amazon and receive free shipping.
In the UK, many items on Amazon suddenly appear for a price of one penny. Retailers rail, while Amazon blames third-party software.
The new payment option is only available in the US and UK -- and only on Apple's website at this point.
Have some DIY fun with these lens filters made from items found around the house.
An estate auction offers a glimpse into Ray Bradbury's life and belongings, which range from original artwork for "The Illustrated Man" to a gardening tool used by George Bernard Shaw.
YouTube DIY guru DaveHax shows you how to make a bow and arrow out of a plastic coat hanger and kebab skewers.
A never-ending fire extinguisher, an inflatable incubator and many more life-saving and life-changing inventions are vying for this year's James Dyson Award.
Women's rights group UN Women says that though the car-hailing service did sponsor one of its events, there was no talk of a partnership on job creation for women.
An ebook reader app allows sensitive readers to censor the naughty words they find offensive, replacing them with less risque alternatives.


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Kim Forsythe
Realtor Associate
About Kim
- Specializing in Residential Real Estate - single family, condo, investment property
- Seller's Agent
- Buyer's Agent
- member of Council of Residential Specialists (CRS)
- Certified Home Marketing & Staging Specialist (CHMS)
- Certified Buyer Representative (CBR)
- Certified Negotiation Specialist
- Iowa Assoication of Realtors Gold Achievement Award
- Coldwell Banker International Diamond Society Achievement Award
- Dedicated to providing exceptional Real Estate service with professionalism to help you meet your goals and dreams
- First time Buyers- Kim knows how to make the home buying process easy, understandable & comfortable by guiding first time home buyers through the entire process.
- Experienced and move-up buyers- Kim helps coordinate the sale of your existing home with a new home purchase.
- Buyers relocating to the Iowa City / Coralville area.
- Sellers who are moving up or downsizing.
- Licensed Realtor in Iowa.
- Certified Buyers Representative- CBR
- Member of the Iowa City Area Association of Realtors
- Member of the National Association of Realtors.
- member Council of Residential Specialists
Specialty Markets
- Luxury Properties
- New Homes
- Vacation/Second
- Relocation
- College/University
- Residential sales and listings; including condominiums, single family, new construction, zero lots, buyers, investment, and multi-family.
- Exclusive Buyer Representative.
- Exclusive Seller Representaion.
- Extensive knowledge of the area.
- Dual (Buyer & Seller ) Agent
- skilled negotiator
- excellent communication skills
- Integrity and professionalism
- Native of Iowa. Resident of Iowa City for more than 20 years.
- University of Iowa Alumni. Received Bachelor of Arts degree in 1981 and Master of Arts degree in 1984.
- Contributor, supporter and volunteer for community and charitable events.
- Excellent listener and communicator.
- Iowa Association of Realtors Silver Achievement Award.
- Iowa Assoication of Realtors Gold Achievement Award
- Coldwell Banker International Diamond Society Achievement Award
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TROY, NY- The Tri-City ValleyCats have announced the hiring of Jason Lecuyer to serve as the team's Business Development Manager. Lecuyer will help lead the ValleyCats sales department and work to expand their brand throughout the Capital Region.
"Jason's passion for improving the community in which we live coupled with his business experience makes him a welcome addition to the ValleyCats front office," said ValleyCats Vice President/General Manager Rick Murphy.
Prior to joining the ValleyCats, Lecuyer spent six years in the financial services industry. Lecuyer is an active member of the Capital Region community, serving on the Colonie Regional Chamber of Commerce's Board of Directors while also chairing their business education committee.
Lecuyer was born and raised in Colonie, NY and currently resides in Schenectady.
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