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Defense Logistics:
High-Level DOD Coordination Is Needed to Further Improve the Management of the Army's LOGCAP Contract
GAO-05-328: Published: Mar 21, 2005. Publicly Released: Mar 21, 2005.
Additional Materials:
- Highlights Page:
- Full Report:
- Accessible Text:
(202) 512-8365
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The Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP) is an Army program that plans for the use of a private-sector contractor to support worldwide contingency operations. Examples of the types of support available include laundry and bath, food service, sanitation, billeting, maintenance, and power generation. LOGCAP has been used extensively to support U.S. forces in recent operations in southwest Asia, with more than $15 billion in estimated work as of January 2005. While we issued two reports on LOGCAP since 1997 that made recommendations to improve the Army's management of the contract, broader issues on coordination of LOGCAP's contract functions were beyond the scope of our earlier work. This report assesses the extent to which the Army is taking action to improve the management and oversight of LOGCAP and whether further opportunities for using this contract effectively exist.
The Army has taken or is in the process of taking actions to improve the management and oversight of LOGCAP on the basis of our earlier reporting. The actions that the Army has completed or has underway include (1) rewriting its guidance, including its field manual for using contractors on the battlefield and its primary regulation for obtaining contractor support in wartime operations; (2) implementing near- and longer-term training for commanders and logisticians in using the contract; (3) developing a deployable unit to assist commands using LOGCAP; (4) restructuring the LOGCAP contracting office to provide additional personnel resources in key areas; and (5) taking steps to eliminate the backlog of contract task orders awaiting definitization--that is, coming to agreement on the terms, specifications, and price of the task orders--and conducting award fee boards. While improvements have been made, GAO believes that the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Army need to take additional action in two areas. First, although DOD continues to agree with our July 2004 recommendation to create teams of subject matter experts to review contract activities for economy and efficiency, it has not done so yet because the need to respond to statutory requirements took precedence. Prior GAO reviews have shown that when commanders look for savings in contract activities, they generally find them, as illustrated in the table. The second area needing attention is the coordination of contract activities between DOD components involved with using LOGCAP. While the Army Materiel Command (AMC) is the executive agent for LOGCAP, other DOD components also play important LOGCAP roles, including the combatant commander, individual deployed units, and the Defense Contract Management Agency. The effective and efficient use of the contract depends on the coordinated activities of each of these agencies. However, at the DOD level, no one is responsible for overall leadership in using the contract and, while AMC has sought to influence the way in which the other components carry out their roles, it does not have command authority over the other components and thus its influence is limited. For example, AMC knew that planning for the use of LOGCAP for Operation Iraqi Freedom was not comprehensive but lacked the command authority to direct better planning. AMC officials believe that training will resolve these problems over time. However, given the importance of LOGCAP to supporting military operations and the billions of dollars being spent on LOGCAP activities, we believe that more immediate and direct oversight is needed.
Recommendations for Executive Action
Status: Closed - Implemented
Comments: DOD agreed with the report and its recommendations and stated that, in January 2005, a new DOD instruction designated the position of Defense Logistics Executive and established a Defense Logistics Board. DOD said that oversight of LOGCAP is within the authority and responsibility of the Defense Logistics Executive and that the Defense Logistics Board will include logistics support contracts as part of its mandate to advise the Logistics Executive on oversight of the defense logistics system and make recommendations for improvement.
Recommendation: To make more effective use of LOGCAP the Secretary of Defense should designate a LOGCAP coordinator with the authority to participate in deliberations and advocate for the most effective and efficient use of the LOGCAP contract. Areas where we believe this coordinator should provide oversight include (1) reviewing planning for the use of LOGCAP to ensure it is in accordance with Army doctrine and guidance, (2) evaluating the types and frequency of services to be provided, and (3) evaluating the extent to which the contract is being used economically and efficiently.
Agency Affected: Department of Defense
Status: Closed - Implemented
Comments: In a March 2005 report, GAO stated that while the Army is the executive agent for the Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP) contract, other DOD components also played important roles. GAO further stated that the effective and efficient use of the contract depends on the coordinated activities of each of these agencies, but no one is responsible for the overall leadership. In addition to recommending that the Secretary of Defense designate a LOGCAP coordinator, GAO recommended that the coordinator advise the Secretary periodically regarding how effectively the contract is being used. In written responses on GAO's draft report and in the response to the final report, DOD agreed with the report and its recommendations and stated that the Defense Logistics Executive, with the advice and assistance of the Defense Logistics Board, will do so.
Recommendation: To make more effective use of LOGCAP the Secretary of Defense should direct the coordinator to advise the Secretary of unresolved differences among the DOD components on how best to use LOGCAP, and to report to the Secretary periodically regarding how effectively LOGCAP is being used.
Agency Affected: Department of Defense
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The Crusading Sisterhood of Revenge-Porn Victims
Revenge porn is illegal in one state. Why not the other 49?READ MORE »
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subset: commoncrawl


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Relational Coordination Research Collaborative
The Heller School for Social Policy and Management at Brandeis University
RELATIONAL COORDINATION is communicating and relating for the purpose of task integration - a powerful driver of performance when work is interdependent, uncertain and time constrained. RCRC's mission is to transform relationships for high performance by helping organizations to build shared goals, shared knowledge and mutual respect across boundaries. We connect researchers and practitioners in an innovative, collaborative setting to develop and test new models of change. Together we help organizations transform the relational dynamics underlying their work processes and redesign their structures to support and sustain the new dynamics.
With the RC Survey, a valid and reliable measurement tool supported by our partner Relational Coordination Analytics, you can gain new insight into the dynamics that exist between individuals, groups and organizations - and begin to transform them. When used for interventions, this measurement tool should be treated as one core element of a broader system, as shown in the Relational Model of Organizational Change, and with guidance from RC certified professionals.


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Home » News » Business
Snow bunnies- Windham easter egg hunts draws hundreds of area children
Siblings Katelin Ryan, 6, and Matthew Ryan, 8, showed off the fruits of their labor at Saturday's easter egg hunt in Windham. (APRIL GUILMET)
Sporting some stylish dinosaur face paint, Joseph Shumbert, 7, peaked inside one of his eggs, checking for treats. (APRIL GUILMET)
Despite a bit of snow on the ground and the need for warm winter coats, hats and boots, this year's Easter Egg Hunt, which was hosted by the Windham Recreation Department, was a smashing success.
Recreation Director Cheryl Haas said the event typically brings up to 500 children to the town center, and this year's egg hunt was no exception. Local scouting groups assisted in the filling and hiding of 4,400 plastic eggs, which were scattered in the yard surrounding the town's municipal complex to await their lucky recipients.
|Tweets by @newhampshirecom
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Rediscovering eggs
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Some mighty tasty burgers at Willy's
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Police investigating virus that attacked Auburn town, school computers


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We are leaders, creatives, scientists and builders. We create world-class work with clients around the globe. Are you one of us? Are you our next client?
Ish is about to get real...
Mike Waclo, Phil Franks, and others are at Resolute Athletic Complex
Afternoon in the @dynamit lounge with @connorgaughan
Pizza Ships + friends.
I have the best co-workers! Thank you KJ!!!! #honkhonk #pimpmyscooter
Mike Waclo is at The Thurman Cafe


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Prep Volleyball: Morris/CA wins Hancock tourney
HANCOCK -- Morris-Chokio-Alberta won five matches and the championship of the Hancock Invitational Saturday.
Statistics or game scores for the Tigers were not provided at press time.
Hancock's Courtney Greiner had 43 kills and Serandon Bigalke had 58 set assists.
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Ann B. Davis aka Alice Nelson of 'The Brady Bunch'
Alice Nelson of "The Brady Bunch" wasn't like the other sassier housekeepers on this list...those that speak their mind, no matter the cost. She was just a part of the eight member gang, the Bradys. She was dedicated to family life, an admirable quality, but she still used her wiles to woo Sam... Wire Image


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Dr. Abiola O. Familusi, MD
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
- 215 Rockaway Ave
Brooklyn, NY 11233
- 4 Locations
- (718) 498-1600
Dr. Abiola O. Familusi graduated from the Univ of Ibadan, Coll of Med, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria in 1987. He works in Brooklyn, NY and 3 other locations and specializes in Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. Dr. Familusi is affiliated with Franklin Hospital, Interfaith Medical Center, Mercy Medical Center, New York Eye & Ear Infirmary Of Mount Sinai, North Shore University Hospital, Plainview Hospital, South Nassau Communities Hospital and St Johns Episcopal Hospital. He speaks English and Russian.View More
Gender: Male
Languages Spoken: English, Russian
Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Medical School: Univ of Ibadan, Coll of Med, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria; Graduated 1987
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


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I will be djing later on tonight like always....hope you enjoy.
Printable View
I will be djing later on tonight like always....hope you enjoy.
Now Streaming live, new music now, The Fratellis Here We Stand I will will be playing the whole album as of now
I don't know if nyone else is going on, but im gonna have a shot at this.
PM me w/ any requests and I'll see what I can do.
Going up o DJ you all know the drill, new musci as always.
Playing this play list: Winamp Generated PlayList
"Here We Stand" being Broadcasted now, brand new fratellis album...
New Disturbed Album, Indestructible
Taking it now...gonna call my sets the "Eclectic Hits". because they are


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Volvo Construction Equipment, booth 10951 (North Hall) and 1300 (Gold Lot)
Volvo will showcase more than 17 products, including a new generation of E-Series excavators, G-Series articulated haulers, and H-Series wheel loaders in Tier 4 Final configurations.
Volvo CE will also exhibit the latest range of backhoe loaders, motor graders and skid and tracked loaders.
At the 6,000-square-foot outdoor lot, visitors can operate a BL60B backhoe loader and EC55C excavator, with prizes awarded for performance.
To see these products, visit booth 10951 in the North Hall or booth 1300 at the Gold Lot at ConExpo-Con/Agg.
From our partners
The new Sandvik Ranger surface drill rig offers renowned drilling efficiency with up to 20% lower fuel consumption
Known to many by their former name, Ranger, Sandvik's DX series surface…


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The 50 Most Influential DJs
10 years ago today, October 30, Jam Master Jay was murdered in cold blood. The legendary DJ, one third of Run DMC, is missed, but his impact on hip hop hasn't faded one bit. Jam Master Jay helped bring DJing to radios, stereos and TVs across the globe. And DJs are still a cornerstone of the culture, preserving real hip hop on the air, onstage, in the clubs and elsewhere. In honor of Jam Master Jay and his indelible contributions to the art, craft and science of the turntable, BET.com is counting down the 50 most influential DJs of all time. We only considered folks who were DJs in the true, traditionalist, hip hop sense of the word — rocking parties, mixing wax, breaking hit records, scratching samples, curating the culture — not mere on-air personalities or producers with DJ in their name. Without these turntable all-stars, we can't imagine what DJing, hip hop or even popular music today would look like. —Alex Gale
(Photo by Andre Csillag/WireImage)
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Diarrhea After Touching Skin Worried I Have HIV
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
Very worried! Is this risky?Dr. Bob, I would appreciate if you respond. I made a donation. I had an encounter with a sex worker in Egypt. I did not penetrate her at all. I kissed her briefly on the lips and I think her tounge touched my lip - my lip had an abrasion. I rubbed...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...notoriously unreliable in predicting who is and is not HIV infected. If my reassurance is not sufficient for you to shake your worries, get a single HIV-antibody test at the three-month mark. I'm confident the result will be negative. Your lip... Read more »
My follow-up for the worry wellsDoctor,Last time I wrote, I was a scared mess - I was drunk and made a poor decision one night in... Read more »
Captain Pee Pee & Windigo worried.Okay Doc, here is the long and short of it. Vaginal with Korean Massage Girl mid April.8 days... Read more »
Caring for Your Gut: Dealing With Diarrhea, Nausea and Other Stomach Problems if You Have HIV/AIDS...can cause dehydration (loss of water and nutrients) and wasting (unintentional weight loss). You have diarrhea if you have watery stools or if you have three or more bowel movements each day. If your diarrhea lasts for more than a few days,... Read more »
High Anxiety: AIDS Anxiety in the Worried-Wells and Worried-Sicks, Part Two...predisposed to anxiety, individuals facing physical challenges, such as chronic illness like HIV/AIDS or cancer, experience excessive worry and fear at a higher rate than the general population. The challenges associated with a virus that wants... Read more »
High Anxiety: AIDS Anxiety in the Worried-Wells and Worried-Sicks, Part One...Mar 22, 2006 or on license plates ... hiv 2 research Jun 13, 2006 There are many terms for this type of irrational worrying -- AIDS phobia, AIDS panic, AIDS hysteria, AIDS anxiety, etc. The condition is comprised of three major... Read more »
What Are the Symptoms of HIV and AIDS?...than the others) That's it. For any other type of activity -- kissing someone with HIV, sharing food or drinks with them, touching something an HIV-positive person touched -- there's basically no chance that whatever you did resulted in you... Read more »
Connect With Others
Broken Condom New HIV strain or What? WORRIED
Posted by ademalu, 1 Reply...seroconversion past 14 months since tests negative.All doctors I have seen have said I am conclusively negative and should stop worrying. Please comment on my worries that i could be infectedwith an undetectable new strain. Read more »
Positive for Hep C and now worried about HIV
Posted by Worrywart28, 2 Replies...exception of 2 things. My hiv results hadn't come in but she said this is normal because they have to mail that test. Still, that worries me. She also told me i tested "reactive" to Hepatitis C. My range was very low though. Anything over 1.00 is... Read more »
Worried well with alarming symptoms, few questions
Posted by scaredstiff, 4 Replies...cut, but it's definitely an ulcer--and I've bit into the damn thing three separate times while eating! I've had some days of loose stool, but only one evening of its being diarrhea, this is, truly and explosively liquid shits--and lots of it. ... Read more »
PLEASE help! Rash, no fever...worried SICK
Posted by molls1992, 4 Replies...from what I KNOW of him, he hasn't been with anyone other than me for over a year, and is 100% heterosexual. I just had an HIV test in April after being with him....NEGATIVE. But now after this last instance, I've developed a HORRIBLY itchy... Read more »
Resource Centers
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The American Red Cross Grand Canyon Chapter Wilderness First Aid class will be from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday and Sunday at the Sportsman's Warehouse, 1750 S. Greenfield Road.
The class is for anyone who enjoys Arizona outdoor activities, hiking, fishing and hunting.
An experienced instructor combines classroom lecture with effective skills practice and role-playing. The course will teach response steps and treatment of injuries and illnesses in a delayed-help situation.
Cost is $115. To register or for information, call (602) 336-6490 or visit www.arizonaredcross.org.


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About Penguins
A Guide for Children
Describes the behaviors and habitats of penguins.
Publisher: Atlanta : Peachtree, c2009
Edition: 1st ed
Branch Call Number: j 598.47 S584a 2009 Beginning Facts
Characteristics: [44] p. :,col. ill. ;,23 x 27 cm
Additional Contributors:
From Library Staff
List - Multcolib School Corps Picks Penguins Grade 1 by: SchoolCorps Aug 13, 2012
Describes the behaviors and habitats of penguins.
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Comment: Re:Thinking Ahead... (Score 2, Interesting) 106
by SimplyBen (#15374045) Attached to: PTO Seeks Public Input on Patent Applications
So how many patent applications have you filed? How many applications have you read? How can you be sure '99%' of them are 'bullshit'? I don't disagree that many are rediculous but your comment seems absurd.


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Our Recent Visit to the Tropics
Helen and Annette grab some winter sun just before the holidays. Find out who they met on their travels and what they got up to!
Curtain Bluff, Antigua is Awarded by Conde Nast Johansen
Put the bubbles on ice, it's time to celebrate!
Travel Trade Awards and Further Guest Recognition for East Winds Inn
More reasons to love East Winds Inn, St Lucia!
A Moveable Feast - Cap Maison, St Lucia
It all started when General Manager Ross and Chef Craig, went to New York and created a Caribbean menu in the "City Grits" restaurant in Manhattan. This was the first "Pop up" restaurant, described as when the kitchen brigade pack their pans, recipes, knives and spoons and up sticks to another venue not normally associated with them....
Jamaica Inn - Over The Top Luxury Package
Live like a Rockstar and book the NEW Over The Top Luxury Package at Jamaica Inn!
It's All About St Vincent & The Grenadines
Find out why we love St Vincent & The Grenadines and why for many years we have been recommend this tropical destination for couples and families.


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RNC Trickle Down Democracy
What is going on with the Ron Paul delegates at the republican convention?
Last minute rule changes are replacing Paul delegates that are selected through state caucus rules to giving all the power to their nominee to replace delegates they don't like. Paul populated states like Maine have been moved from the front to the back of the convention floor.
Is this republican democracy? Silence the dissenters?
Here is a link that might be useful: Silence the dissenters
Silence the dissenters?
When it's national show time, all dissenters - from the right or left - are marginalized. Remember the 'free speech zones' far away from the convention sites?
I have always thought that allowing dissent is a show of strength and stage managing a sign of weakness. I'm obviously in the minority.
Yes, I remember the free speech zones well... barricaded like animals blocks away from the convention. I remember some republican saying at the time that "we know you by looks" and you could be allowed around the convention if you had on a cross and a flag pin.
"Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus says the platform crafted by a committee on which tea party-inspired delegates and social conservatives drove the process "is the platform of the Republican Party; it's not the platform of Mitt Romney."
Say what? Aren't the Republican Party and Mitt Romney sort of connected at this point? Preparing to accept the nomination for president creates linkages that have traditionally been thought of as definitional.
So what's Priebus really saying? That's easy. He's really saying that Romney intends to play the tea party crowd for chumps."
WHich way is UP!
I remember some republican saying at the time that "we know you by looks" and you could be allowed around the convention if you had on a cross and a flag pin.
And the Code Pink women were allowed in because they wore pearls, heels and dresses. LOL!
Crashing the Party was Surprisingly Easy, Activists Say NEW YORK -- More than 10,000 New York City cops, high-tech weapons and 60 federal agencies kept terrorists from disturbing the Republican convention, but they couldn't stop a few activists from disrupting the events on the convention floor.
Whether they snagged a delegate pass, borrowed a media credential or posed as GOP volunteers, activists easily slipped through multiple ID checks and a metal detector at Madison Square Garden -- including two from the women-led peace group Code Pink who disrupted President Bush's speech Thursday night.
Paul delegates kicked up a storm but were shouted down with the obligatory USA USA USA. It was on CSPAN it must be true!
Here is a link that might be useful: YOU TUBE VIDEO
"I haven't endorsed the ticket," Paul told Neil Cavuto. "I endorse the principles I've been talking about, a lot of times on your show, and you basically know what that is. I'm endorsing, you know, endorse peace, prosperity, individual liberty and the constitution. And I'm more intense on that than I am on the politics of that. So in a way, as I drift away from the political action I might even feel more comfortable." Sour Grapes or a man of convictions & grit....SOUR GRAPES!


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Owens Corning has unveiled details of it's involvement in the development of Sofegi's lightweight polymer spring; as found on the Audi A6 Ultra more...
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Magna celebrates grand opening of chassis facility in Mexico
GKN awarded 'technology partner' status by Porsche
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ContiTech's polyamide rear axle transmission crossbeam
Sale of 50% share in ZF Lenksysteme concluded
Changes in management board of TrelleborgVibracoustic
Bosch introduces contact-free wheel alignment
Honda introduces advanced driver assist feature
Millbrook announces multi-million pound investment
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High Pointe Resort
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Travel Report number 2
... just off Corpus Christie for three days. Beautiful beaches and many off-shore oil rigs in the bay. A good place to rest and prepare for the drive inland.
Miracle Plumber Number Two
Our water hook-up was leaking, so I climbed under the van in a futile effort to repair it. Scott, from Tuscon, walks up and offers to help. After a quick diagnosis, he drives me to the nearest town for a new hose and ...
Good Beginnings
... returning to the van, Dan notices a leak underneath. We're both down on the ground checking it out when a young man comes along and asks if we're having a problem. He turns out to be a handyman extraordinaire, plumber, electrician, etc. We mention our broken plumbing and he says, "Follow me." One hour later he has fixed the tap and the leak and restored our faith in the goodness of human nature.
Severe Weather Watch & Goodbye Florida!
... br style="font-family: UICTFontTextStyleBody; font-size: 17px; line-height: normal; -webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;">
Taste testing all the different varieties of fish was fun & I particularly love having fresh really tasty shrimp so often. We thought the famous Key Lime Pie was just a lime cheesecake - very over rated!!
Road Stories - and more BBQ
... and Destin. We looked on our app for an Ask to Park Walmart and although there were several Walmart's along the route we had to go 25 miles further to get to one that would let us stay the night. We were really exhausted from the long day and so quickly set up and went to bed. Reese must have been reading our minds because just as were complaining about the loud and frequent sirens that were racing by, we received an ...
One more Beach Stop
... have had thunderstorms and lightning overhead along with one brief power outage. Such is life on the Florida coast.
Last Thursday, I ventured out to the main highway to pick up an Amazon package at a Fedex store then drop off a couple Amazon returns at a UPS store, refill water bottles at local Publix market and take in a movie. Friday, we took out the kayaks to explore the bay and lake in the park for a couple of ...


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Happing Hundred: Ritson East
An Essay Towards A Topographical History of the County of Norfolk: Volume 9
Happing Hundred Ritson East RITSON EAST. Ralph Baynard was lord of this town at the survey, and had enfeoffed Jeffrey Baynard of this manor, of which Ansger, a freeman, who held it under Anger Stalra, was deprived;
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Calendar of Close Rolls, Edward IV: Volume 1, 1461-1468
Rixton. " 563, left column, line 2 from foot, for Riston read Ritson. " 565,
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Parish of Stockton
The History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham: Volume 3, Stockton and Darlington Wards
Parish of Stockton PARISH OF STOCKTON. The Parish of Stockton is bounded by Norton on the North and East, by the Tees on the South-east and South, and by the Parishes of Egglescliff, Long Newton, and Elton on the South-west and West. The Parish...
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Index: Q, R
Calendar of Close Rolls, Henry VI: Volume 6, 1454-1461
manor, 413. Risebank. See Calais. Riston. See Ritson. Rithe, Edward atte, 346. Ritson, Ryston, Riston [in Halwell parish, co. Devon], 295, 340. ... Ryse. See Rise. Ryslep, Ryslyp. See Ruislip. Ryston. See ...
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Border Papers volume 1: February 1581
Calendar of Border Papers: Volume 1, 1560-95
William Simson. "Bowes furnished."Jo. Ritson, Christofer Hewer, Anthony
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Records : The Dissolution
Register and Records of Holm Cultram
Bancke; Thomas Ierbie; William Martin; John Ritson; Robert Clement; Richard ... ii, 53), John Ritson and Thomas Loudon do not appear; and the list
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Parish of Hunstanworth
The History and Antiquities of the County Palatine of Durham: Volume 2, Chester Ward
Ritson an infant, and Ann daughter of Robert Egleston, killed
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Records : The nineteenth century
Register and Records of Holm Cultram
from compost. Jonathan Ritson called our attention to the potatoe crop,
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Index: Q, R
Calendar of Close Rolls, Henry VI: Volume 1, 1422-1429
232. Redeston, co. Devon. See Ritson. Redeston. See Redston. Redforde, ... Risley, Ryssley, co. Derby, 2. Ritson [in Halwell], Redeston, co. Devon, 10,
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Holborn: Inns of Court and Chancery
Old and New London: Volume 2
Holborn Inns of Court and Chancery CHAPTER LXI. THE HOLBORN INNS OF COURT AND CHANCERY. THE HALL OF GRAY'S INN. Gray's InnIts HistoryThe HallA Present from Queen ElizabethThe ChapelThe LibraryDivisions of the InnGray's Inn Walks Bacon on...
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Red Spaghetti Straps Dress
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Updated 11/07/2013
This museum makes a valiant attempt to evaluate the history of the GDR. It provides fascinating insight into the day-to-day culture of East Germans through the display of more than 20,000 objects, including detergent packaging and kitchen appliances. A special section deals with Germans and Russians in the Wittenberg region.
Schlossstr. 6, Wittenberg, D–06886, Germany
Website: www.pflug-ev.de
Sight Details:
Updated 11/07/2013


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A communication system is protected against jamming by modifying a conventional spread spectrum communication system by inserting errors, in the form of digital noise, into the pseudo-noise digital code used to generate the spread spectrum carrier. A bidirectional system is provided so that when jamming occurs, as a consequence of breaking the corrupted spread spectrum code, the pseudo-noise digital code and/or the percent of errors is changed in a prearranged manner to compensate for the jamming and/or reduce the likelihood of breaking the corrupted spread spectrum code. A conventional correlation receiver is employed to recover the intelligence.
1. Secure communication apparatus comprising:
a first source of a given pseudo-noise digital code;
first means coupled to said source to corrupt said given digital code by a predetermined percent of and distribution of errors;
second means coupled to said first means to generate a spread spectrum signal in response to said corrupted given digital code;
a second source of intelligence; and
third means coupled to said second source and said second means to transmit said spread spectrum signal modulated by said intelligence.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, further including
a conventional correlation receiver coupled to said third means to recover said intelligence.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2, wherein
said receiver further includes
fourth means to monitor said recovery of said intelligence;
said first source is adjustable to produce a plurality of different pseudo-noise digital codes in addition to said given digital code;
said first means is adjustable to produce a plurality of different percents of and distributions of errors in additions to said predetermined percent of errors; and
further including
fifth means to enable the selection of a prearranged one of at least one of said plurality of digital codes and said plurality of percents of 2nd distributions of errors when said fourth means indicates that communication is lost.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein
said first means includes
a digital noise generator, and
a binary combining means coupled to said first source and said generator to corrupt said given digital code.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
said noise generator includes
a Gaussian noise generator,
an adjustable direct current bias source,
a summing means coupled to said Gaussian noise generator and said bias source,
a level regenerator coupled to said summing means, and
a sampling means coupled to said level regenerator.
6. Apparatus according to claim 5, wherein
said Gaussian noise generator includes
a gas tube.
7. Apparatus according to claim 5, wherein
said level regenerator includes
an amplitude limiter.
8. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
said combining means includes
a modulo-2 adder.
9. Apparatus according to claim 8, wherein
said adder includes
an EXCLUSIVE-OR gate.
10. Apparatus according to claim 4, wherein
said noise generator includes
a gas tube,
an adjustable direct current bias source,
a summing means coupled to said tube and said bias source,
an amplitude limiter coupled to said summing means and
a sampling means coupled to said limiter; and said adding means includes
an EXCLUSIVE-OR gate.
This invention relates to communication systems and more particularly to communication systems of the spread spectrum type.
The concept of spread spectrum as an anti-jamming technique is well known. Basically, it is desired to convey a narrow band intelligence, analog or digital in nature, occupying bandwidth w using a wideband noise-like carrier occupying bandwidth W. Both the transmitter and the receiver have copies of the noise-like carrier, but the jammer does not have a copy. The transmitter transmits the data by modulating the intelligence on the carrier using some modulation technique, such as phase shift modulation, frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, and the like. The receiver detects the intelligence by correlation detection. Because of this method of transmission, the effectiveness of a jammer will be reduced by the ratio of the spread spectrum bandwidth to intelligence bandwidth, that is, W/w. Thus, if the spread spectrum bandwidth is 100 times the intelligence bandwidth, a jammer with a given power P will have the effect of a noise-like jammer signal with P/100 applied to the intelligence signal being transmitted in a bandwidth w without spread spectrum techniques.
An essential part of this approach is that the jammer cannot reproduce the noise-like carrier and, thus, the correlation receiver rejects all but w/W of the jammer power because the noise-like carrier and the jammer's signal are independent. On the other hand, if the jammer can reproduce the noise-like carrier, it can generate a signal which consists of a narrow band modulation applied to the noise-like carrier which will be accepted by the receiver's correlator and can jam the desired signal to the same extent as if both the jamming signal and the desired signal had the same power in a narrow band w and spread spectrum were not used. In short, if the jammer can reproduce the noise-like signal, he can remove the spread spectrum advantage.
Typically, the noise-like carrier is a sine wave which is shifted in frequency at random among a set of n frequencies, of which is randomly phase shifted in steps of 0, 90, 180 or 270 degrees at some repetition rate. The frequency hopping equipment, or phase shifting equipment are driven by a digital pseudo-random (noise) code generator. Thus, the jammer's problem of generating the noise-like carrier used for transmission is largely that of generating the code. It is assumed that there is no possibility that a jammer can receive the desired signal, modify and amplify it, and retransmit it to the desired receiver so that the resultant signal is substantially accepted by the correlator. This technique is called repeat jamming and is often impractical. A typical procedure that a jammer might use to generate the code is the following. First, the generator obtains a long sequence of correct code digits. This code sequence can often be obtained from a receiver close to the transmitter. This receiver will have a strong signal and little jamming, if the jamming transmitter is far enough away. Alternatively, the jammer can silence his transmitter for some period. In many cases, the desired signal will then have a very good signal-to-noise ratio. Once a sequence of correct code digits is obtained, the jammer tries to break the code. After the code is broken, the jammer generates the noise-like carrier and the spread spectrum advantage is lost.
Present cryptographic codes and coding equipment for the United States are controlled by the National Security Agency (NSA). These codes and equipments are released for use only under stringent conditions imposed by NSA and only for specific tasks. On the other hand, the military services and agencies and even some commercial services would like to have spread spectrum capability in much of their communication equipment as a precautionary measure in case of intentional or unintentional jamming. Since the security requirements of cryptographic equipments are so much higher than those for spread spectrum systems, it has not provided feasible to supply coding equipment approved for cryptographic use with much of the spread spectrum equipment. Instead these spread spectrum equipments use some form of code generators, such as linear shift register generators, which are not approved for cryptographic use. It is well known, that once a small part of the code output of such code generators is known to the jammer he can easily break the whole code. A maximal length linear shift register generator with N stages will have a period of 2N -1 bits and can be broken rather easily once 2 N correct sequential bits are known. If N=100, the period is 2100 -1≈1030 bits, and the code can be broken if 200 correct sequential bits of the code are given. If the spread spectrum code is broken, all the spread spectrum advantage which may be 20 to 30 db (decibel) is lost.
In summary, there is a problem in providing random code generators for spread spectrum systems. It is very expensive to provide cryptographically approved code generators with the appropriate security arrangements for all spread spectrum systems. On the other hand, the use of linear shift register codes, or similar "weak" codes for spread spectrum systems leaves these systems vulnerable to the loss of spread spectrum advantage that can result when a jammer breaks the code.
The problem with the use of the simple linear form of a linear shift register code is that the knowledge of a few correct code digits enables the breaking of the code with very little effort. Thus, there must be provided a way to complicate the form of the code to make it hard for the jammer to obtain a series of correct bits. Any attempt to complicate the code so that the code is secured, or any attempt to improve the difficulty of breaking the code immediately involves arrangements with highly classified cryptographic problems.
An object of this invention is to provide a method and arrangement for preventing a jammer from receiving a few correct bits generated, for example, by a linear shift register generator for use in a spread spectrum communication system.
Another object of the present invention is the provision of protecting linear shift register spread spectrum codes, which are easily broken by introducing random errors into the bit stream of this code without causing serious degradation of the spread spectrum system performance.
Still another object of this invention is the provision of means to protect against a jammer breaking the code used in an anti-jam spread spectrum system without resorting to code generation equipment which has a cryptographic classification.
In accordance with the principles of this invention, the introduction of errors randomly into the spread spectrum code is such that there will normally be only a small loss in spread spectrum advantage. If the coding errors are appropriately introduced at the transmitter, an unclassified pseudo-random (noise) generator, whose code can easily be broken in the clear, will receive an immunity similar to that of cryptographically certified equipment. However, since a spread spectrum system is not sensitive to even a comparatively large percentage of errors at the random code generator level, only a few db of spread spectrum advantage will be lost. In a duplex communication system the procedure need only be applied when needed and to the extent to which it is needed.
A feature of this invention is to provide secure communication apparatus comprising a first source of a given pseudo-noise digital code; first means coupled to the source to corrupt the given digital code by a predetermined percent of and distribution of errors; second means coupled to the first means to generate a spread spectrum signal in response to the corrupted given digital code; a second source of intelligence; and third means coupled to the second source and the second means to transmit the spread spectrum signal modulated by the intelligence.
Another feature of this invention is the provision of a conventional correlation receiver to recover the intelligence transmitted by the above-mentioned third means with the receiver including a fifth means to monitor the recovery of the intelligence; with the first source being adjustable to produce a plurality of different pseudo-noise digital codes in addition to the given digital code; with the first means being adjustable to produce a plurality of different percents of and distributions of errors in addition to the predetermined percent of errors; and further including a return transmission path between the receiver and the transmitter to enable the selection of a prearranged one of at least one of the plurality of digital codes and the plurality of percents of and distributions of errors when the fifth means indicates that the receiver cannot recover the intelligence with at least a given signal-to-noise ratio, or any other indication that communication is deteriorated by some given amount.
The above-mentioned and other features and objects of this invention will become more apparent by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a secure spread spectrum communication system in accordance with the principles of this invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the digital noise generator of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating one embodiment of the spread spectrum modulator and IF carrier oscillator, or in other words, the spread spectrum code generator of FIG. 1.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated therein a block diagram of a conventional spread spectrum communication system modified in accordance with the principles of this invention to protect against a jammer breaking the code driving the spread spectrum modulator.
As illustrated, the communication system is duplex in nature having one communication path from station A to station B through means of transmitter 1, antennas 3 and 4 and receiver 2 and a communication path from station B to station A through means of transmitter 1', antennas 5 and 6 and receiver 2'. It should be apparent that it would not be necessary to provide two separate antennas at each of the stations A and B, but rather a single antenna could be used with proper diplexing arrangements and frequency separation for the two communication paths between stations A and B.
Transmitter 1 includes a pseudo-noise digital code generator 7 which may be in the form of a linear shift register with appropriate feedback connections therein to generate the pseudo-noise code similar to the apparatus employed in conventional spread spectrum systems. In accordance with the principles of this invention, digital noise generator 8 is provided in transmitter 1 to produce random error pulses that are inserted in the code stream of generator 7 by means of modulo-2 adder 9. Adder 9 is a binary half adder or EXCLUSIVE OR gate. The timing of generators 7 and 8 are controlled by clock 100. The corrupted pseudo-noise code from the output of adder 9 is coupled to a spread spectrum modulator 10 which may be in the form of a conventional frequency hopping arrangement, or a phase shifting arrangement as employed in convention spread spectrum systems. Modulator 10 receives an IF carrier from oscillator 11. The spread spectrum carrier from modulator 10 is coupled to modulator 12 which may take the form of a phase modulator, frequency modulator, amplitude modulator or the like. Modulator 12 modulates the intelligence from source 13 which may be digital or analog in nature on the spread spectrum carrier of modulator 10 for application to transmitter 14 wherein the intelligence modulator spread spectrum IF carrier is heterodyned to the desired radio frequency carrier and provided with the desired power output for transmission from antenna 3 to antenna 4 of station B.
Receiver 2 of station B would be a conventional spread spectrum receiver compatible with the spread spectrum transmitter of station A. The receiver would include a pseudo-noise digital code generator which produces the same code as generator 7 in transmitter 1 and would employ correlation techniques to recover the intelligence modulated on the spread spectrum carrier. The receiver clock controlling the pseudo-noise digital code generator would be synchronized with the received signal by employing phase locked loop techniques to synchronize the local clock to the timing of the spread spectrum code of the received signal on antenna 4. Such an arrangement would employ either a double loop control, or a single loop control, such as disclosed in the copending application of G. Rabow and A. M. Klein, Ser. No. 764,800, filed Oct. 3, 1968 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,621,399. Another type of synchronization system that could be employed is of the early-late gate type synchronization system to assure that the local clocks is in synchronism with the received signal.
Receiver 2 of station B is illustrated in block diagram form as employing a two channel early-late gate synchronization system as described in copending application of G. Rabow, Ser. No. 762,453, filed Sept. 25, 1968, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,622,886. In this arrangement spread spectrum code generator 15 includes equipment identical to code generator 7, modulator 10 and oscillator 11 of transmitter 1 with code generator 7 driving modulator 10 directly rather than through an adder 9, since the receiver of station B does not attempt to compensate for the errors introduced in transmitter 1. The IF of code generator 15 may be a different frequency than that of oscillator 11. The output of code generator 15 is a spread spectrum carrier without the errors introduced in the code of generator 7 by generator 8 of transmitter 1. It will be assumed that the modulation of the spread spectrum carrier and the demodulation thereof in receiver 2 is accomplished by reversing carrier phase whenever the state of the code changes. The voltage controlled clock 16 couples its output to code generator 15 to produce an undelayed locally generated spread spectrum carrier which is identical to the carrier of the signal received on antenna 4 minus the noise errors. The output of generator 15 is also coupled to delay device 18 having, for instance, a half bit delay to producing a locally generated spread spectrum carrier signal. The output of generator 15 is also coupled to an arrangement to produce a gate signal whose leading edge is time coincident with the transitions of the coded signal output of generator 15. Such an arrangement may include differentiator 19 which will provide a positive spike for the positive going transitions of the undelayed code signal and negative spikes for the negative going undelayed code signal. The output from differentiator 19 is coupled to squaring circuit 20 which is constructed to operate only on positive going spike to provide a square pulse for triggering monostable multivibrator 21 which produces a gate pulse having a duration of one bit. To produce the gate signal at the negative going transitions of the undelayed code signal, some arrangement must be provided to invert the negative spike produced by differentiator 19. One way of accomplishing this is to provide NOT 22 to invert the negative spikes for operation on by circuit 20 to produce triggering pulses for multivibrator 21 at both transitions of the undelayed code signal.
The delayed code signal output of device 18 is coupled to balanced modulator 23 to remove the spread spectrum modulation on the received signal of antenna 4. The underlayed code signal from generator 15 is coupled to balanced modulator 24 and produces an output for coupling to AND 25 which is enabled by the gate signal output of multivibrator 21. The gated output of AND 25 is then amplified and filtered in amplifier and filter 26 prior to application to phase detector 27. Detector 27 has its other input coupled to modulator 23 through amplifier and filter 28 whose output is the intelligence signal without the spread spectrum modulation coupled to the remainder of the station equipment of block 17 and also provides the reference signal for phase detector 27. The output of detector 27 is coupled through amplifier and low pass filter 29 to produce a control voltage which is operable on clock 16 to provide synchronization between the delayed code signal from generator 15 and the spread spectrum modulation on the signal received on antenna 4 by providing time coincidence between these two signals. The control signal from filter 29 controls the rate or speed of clock 16 which drives generator 15 in such a way to produce a null and, hence, the desired synchronization.
The intelligence signal without spread spectrum modulation (output of amplifier and filter 28) is coupled to a conventional detector 17 which then is coupled to a utilization device.
As is obvious from the foregoing, a secure spread spectrum communication system is provided by introducing occasional random errors at the transmitter into the digital pseudo-random bit stream of the spread spectrum system by means of a true random noise generator. Thus, even if a jammer can receive the transmitted bits perfectly, there will be errors in this data. Once there are just a few errors in the received bits, a simple equation solving procedure will not enable the jammer to break the code. Rather the jammer will be forced into extensive searching through the possible error combinations and/or through the possible codes. This raises the computational effort of breaking the code by a very large factor and, thus, the combination of a linear shift register code and a true noise source of the gas tube type for introducing totally unprotectable errors produces a code with an immunity for breaking similar to that of a code approved for cryptographic use. In addition, this code need not have a high security classification, since, the components are unclassified and the disclosure of the system to the jammer does not seriously compromise the security of the code.
If the noise source at the transmitter were duplicated at the receiver there would in effect evolve a cryptographically secure code. However, a true noise source is used to introduce errors into the random bit stream at the transmitter and this noise source is not known to any one else including the receiver of the system. Thus, a gas tube, or some other device, can be added to introduce the errors, and no other change need be made in the equipment at the transmitter or the receiver. The gas tube errors cannot be selected from any amount of past history or knowledge of the apparatus.
The next question that may arise is how the receiver is affected by these errors. If there is no spread spectrum advantage, clearly each error introduced into the spread spectrum code stream will cause a receiver error. Thus, this procedure is not useful when sending encrypted data if there is neither a spread spectrum system nor error correction capability. However, if there is a large spread spectrum advantage (that is, many spread spectrum bits associated with each data bit) a few errors in the spread spectrum code stream will not be disasterous. We next analyze the case of a spread spectrum system using phase reversal modulation. Basically, if a fraction p of the spread spectrum bits are in error, the cross correlation between n bits of the transmitted signal and the corresponding receiver spread spectrum bits that have been generated without errors is n (1-2p). This corresponds to a loss in transmitted power of a factor of (1-2p)2, or 20 log10 (1-2p)db. Thus, for 15 percent errors there is about a three db loss in effective transmitter power. If a 50 bit linear shift register code were employed, 100 correct bits would be needed to break the code. When 15 percent of the bits are in error, a 100 bit block will, on the average, have 15 errors which can be distributed in about 2�1017 ways.
Another factor to be considered is the vulnerability of a spread spectrum system when the code is broken. In ordinary cryptographic work, one can be harmed by a code being broken even if the code is no longer being used, since the data may still be of use to the jammer. In a spread spectrum system one can be harmed by a code being broken only when the code is still being used. In ordinary cryptographic work, the jammer can break a code and use the deciphered data without the transmitter or receiver being aware of any problem. In a spread spectrum system, the jammer can break a code without advising either the transmitter or the receiver of his threat, but as soon as he starts using this knowledge to jam the receiver, he reveals that the code has been broken. Thus, as will be described hereinbelow, one can use the jammer reaction, in the case of a duplex link, to change both the code and the percentage of errors just as fast as the jammer can break the code.
The following will describe how the error insertion procedure can be applied to a duplex link which is provided by transmitter 1' employing identical equipment to transmitter 1 and receiver 2' employing identical equipment as receiver 2. This procedure is that there are, at both ends of the communication links, in other words, at both stations A and B, a prearranged list of a number of code streams consisting of initial conditions and feedback connections which are not known to the jammer. When the path from station A and station B is jammed by the correct code which may be the first code on the list, the operator of station B will realize he is being jammed by observation of the meter driven by the signal-to-noise detector represented by block 30 in receiver 2. The operator then will switch his transmitter and receiver to the next code in the list which will notify the operator of station A that there is trouble and he too will switch to the next code in the prearranged list. Since the jammer may be breaking the code by receiving too many correct code digits, there will be a control in generator 8 to change the fraction of erros introduced and the spread spectrum gain in various stages. There will be a predetermined arrangement for changing these controls. Since the operators of station A and station B may not know whether the jam-to-signal ratio has increased, or whether the code has been broken and the jammer has started to use the correct code, the first step of the prearranged procedure will be an attempt to correct this situation by lowering the information rate, thus raising the spread spectrum gain. If this does not work the percentage of errors introduced will be raised until the time between outages increases to some acceptable period. Assuming that 10 codes broken per day is acceptable, the mean time between outages should be larger than 2.4 hours. If the jammer lowers his power, or the time between outages increases sufficiently, signalling procedures will be available to change the data rate and the percentage of errors introduced.
Because of the uncertainty in the time required to recognize the loss of a link some procedure is needed to prevent the forward and reverse path using different codes at any given time in such a way as to never recover communication. One method is to have both receivers 2 and 2' monitor not only present code but also all previous codes.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is illustrated therein one embodiment of digital noise generator 8. A Gaussian noise generator 31, such as a gas tube, is coupled to summer 32 with its other input coupled to a variable DC bias source 33. The DC bias source 33 is adjustable to control the ratio of errors to clock pulses and, thus, the percent of errors inserted into the pseudo-noise code stream. The output of summer 32 is coupled to a lever regenerator or limiter 34 whose output is sampled by the clock pulses in gate 35. Thus, the periodic sampling of the biased output of the noise source will provide an error, digital in nature, only if the corresponding sample is positive. If the bandwidth of the noise source is wide enough (that is, the sampling rate is much less than the Nyquist rate of the flat portion of the spectrum) the errors will be almost independent of each other.
Referring to FIG. 3, there is disclosed therein a phase shift keying spread spectrum apparatus that may be employed in transmitter 1 as modulator 10 and oscillator 11 and the corresponding components in code generator 15 of receiver 2.
For instance, the output of fixed oscillator 52 is coupled to balanced modulator 53. The output of modulator 53 is in the phase or 180� out of phase with oscillator 52 depending on input from adder 9. Binary "0" corresponds to in phase condition and binary "1" corresponds to 180� out of phase condition.
While I have described above the principles of my invention in connection with specific apparatus, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation to the scope of my invention as set forth in the objects thereof and in the accompanying claims.
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A sea serpent is creature that inhabit the oceans, lakes, and rivers, with sightings from almost every large body of water all over the world. Most sightings can be explained as misidentifications of real animals such as whales, oarfish, or sharks, like the frilled shark. Sea serpents have been reported for hundreds of years with sightings still being claimed today. Over 1,200 sightings have been identified by cryptozoologist Bruce Champagne. Other cryptozoologist have stated that sea...
The Storsjoodjuret is a legendary lake monster said to inhabit the 300 foot deep lake Storsjon in Jamtland, Sweden. In 1986, Storsjoodjuret, its offspring, and nest was put under a protection law for being an endangered species, but the law was withdrawn in 2005. Storsjoodjuret's name was derived in 1899 as a combination of other Swedish words. The translation of these words, stor (great), sjo (lake), odjur (monster), when combined, the results become "Great Lake Monster". The...
- Large; stout; burly.


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Former Presidential Innovation Fellow Clay Johnson said current acquisition rules discourage newcomers from even trying to help.
Federal IT acquisition will always be a work in progress, so reformers need to pick their fights carefully and address areas that produce solutions to the worst problems, said a group of federal, state and industry acquisition experts.
The biggest problem with federal acquisition rules and practices, according to outspoken former Presidential Innovation Fellow Clay Johnson, is that they scare away new talent from even trying to help. Johnson, now CEO of the software company Department of Better Technology, helped design the BarackObama.com website during the 2008 presidential campaign.
"It's like federal acquisition is in a castle next to a volcano that's surrounded by a moat with alligator pits that have to be crossed using a shaky bridge," Johnson said. Attempts to overhaul the federal procurement rules "are like saying, 'What I need to do is work on the doorknobs.'"
At a roundtable discussion convened by Censeo Consulting Group in Washington on July 30, Johnson and other acquisition experts vented their frustrations with the system while promoting ideas aimed at modernizing and updating federal buying practices.
David Gragan, assistant director for procurement at the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and Phil Bertolini, CIO for Oakland County, Mich., agreed with Johnson that one of the most effective fixes would be to make it easier for potential new suppliers to navigate the procurement process.
Small businesses, which the government tries to reach with set-aside programs and which often have some of the most innovative ideas, are particularly turned off by the forbidding requirements of the federal market, the panelists said.
"Disadvantaged businesses shouldn't have to pay consultants $10,000 to help them prove to the government they're disadvantaged," Johnson said. "We should give economically disadvantaged [sellers] the benefit of the doubt and then, through random audits, throw the liars in jail."
Legislative or regulatory fixes should focus on smaller areas, such as barriers to entry, rather than try to take on the entire acquisition apparatus, Johnson told FCW in an interview after the roundtable discussion.
Gragan agreed, saying "if government is so clumsy that we turn away the best sellers, we have a problem." By alienating innovative companies, the government puts itself at a technological disadvantage, he added.
Bertolini said the federal government tends to be too restrictive in its requests for proposals for projects, and he recommended having more RFPs that allow vendors to use their expertise to come up with a solution rather than having one prescribed by federal contracting officers, who are sometimes less technologically savvy.
Bertolini, whose county is near Detroit, said federal agencies might take a lesson from his economically depressed region about contracting with shrinking resources.
He said his office handled acquisition for a number of local communities and governments in the county. As the auto industry wilted, Bertolini said he had to innovate and share services with local governments, hammering out contracts that could be used by governments that in some cases did not have IT departments.
Collaborating ahead of time with agencies that might want the product or service helped speed the process along, he added.
About the Author
Mark Rockwell is a staff writer covering acquisition, procurement and homeland security. Contact him at firstname.lastname@example.com or follow him on Twitter at @MRockwell4.
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To the commenter above who intended no disrespect, it seems he had trouble following what was being said and by whom. Mr. Bertolini isn't running a business trying to take taxpayer money - he is a Government employee trying to run a Government IT function under arcane procurement rules.
It isn't disrespectful to disagree with ones opinion, it is disrespectful to ascribe motives that are a reflection of your own biases and clearly not rooted in reality.
Let's also not forget that the law the system supports is a bad one. No web site can fix a bad law.
The problem is there is not, and cannot be, any added value because of how the present model is implemented. Most of these small businesses, as well as the large, are proxies and just drive costs up, even if they can potentially expedite activities. This is only necessary because government systems are by design Byzantine. Which is then exploited making a few people rich by stuffing more cogs into the wheel. What is need is serious streamlining via increased responsibility and authority, and accountability. We've created a workforce of functionaries and have processed process, which requires an additional level of abstraction to monitor and implement. The government is creating multiple levels of inertia and increased entropy, for what? Please be Mindful of Occam's Razor.
No disrespect intended, but this article is dribble. This gentleman is in a business that wants money from the taxpayer. Need concrete detailed examples of what he's talking about. He appears to be tapping into a popular belief the govt puts up unreasonable barriers. Besides, even though the president was thoroughly embarrassed by the rollout of HealthCare.gov, it was not due to federal IT procurement practices, rather a lack of IT talent WITHIN the govt. The federal govt can't attract talent to oversee the procurement of IT. So you have essentially bureaucrats overseeing IT procurement that don't know IT. The govt needs to figure out how to attract IT talent. This is usually done with more pay, better environment, etc. Right now federal employees are seen as the scum of the earth. Why in the heck would anyone that is talented EVER want to work for the federal govt when they could go to Cisco and get much better treatment, pay, perks? They wouldn't. Attracting and retaining talented gatekeepers (stewards of taxpayer money) is the solution, not simply modifying rules to help businesses like Mr. Bertolini's. All it takes is more money. If the govt could attract talent, all other problems, like arcane rules, would be tackled with a vengeance.
Anyone who says this: ""We should give economically disadvantaged [sellers] the benefit of the doubt and then, through random audits, throw the liars in jail." should not be referred to as a acquisition expert. This is an IT person who is annoyed not an acquisition expert.
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Elvis Presley
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Presley's parents decided to spell his middle name Aron so it would match the spelling of the middle name of his stillborn twin brother, Jessie Garon. Presley preferred the biblical spelling of the name, Aaron, and sometime in the year before his death he decided to legally change Aron to Aaron. Upon obtaining a copy of his birth records, Presley learned that the state of Mississippi had mistakenly spelled his middle name Aaron. Presley adopted that spelling, and it was used on his tombstone.


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text: Bacon 'Bro-quet', A Valentine's Gift For Guys By John Riggs February 15, 2011 12:07 PM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter photo by Darcy Thompson Darcy Thompson of Yakima made this boquet, or "bro-quet" for her wonderful husband Dan. She shared this picture with us on Facebook. She says it was a huge hit at the office. That, I don't doubt. Filed Under: bacon, boquet, valentine's day Category: Weird News, Yakima News Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of 107.3 KFFM Recommended For You Around the Web


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As of right now we unfortunately don't have any sizes on order but that can change any day. Check back in with us every now and then.
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