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2005 Harley-Davidson FLST Heritage Classic Softail, HAS EXTRA CHROME, TURNOUT EXHAUST, ALARM SYSTEM CONSERVATIVELY DRIVEN,... More
2001 Harley-Davidson Chopper Softail - 100cu revtech engine harley 5 spped trans, billet aluminum wheels, extensive chrome. Have all the receipts and an apprisal... More
2006 Harley-Davidson Screamin Eagle1550, Mufflers and tune all dealer installed, 600 mile service, Spoke wheels, Harmon Kardon AM FM CD CB Intercom. Have all original paperwork... More
2004 Harley-Davidson Screamin' Eagle Screamin eagle deuce. one owner with only 222 miles. CVO custom harley that was $ 27,000 new. custom lapera seat,... More
1966 Harley Davidson FLH with 1960 Harley Davidson matching # sidecar - 12,000 original miles - New Harley Davidson tires - Never taken apart -... More


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In Conversation With Danish Designer Rie Nørregaard (PHOTOS)
Adriana Teresa Letorney | Posted 05.16.2012 | Style
Read More: Aging, Youth, Allen Zadeh, Smart Design, Design, Omhu, Designers, Rie Norregaard, Disability, Style News
Face it: With each tick-tock of the clock, you're getting older. Aging is something many fear, but it's inevitable. But the three women behind Omhu ar...

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The best toaster oven I've ever owned. Cooks / toasts everything to perfection. Like some other people have commented, the buttons are a little counterintuitive, but you'll get... Read morePublished 5 days ago by RB
I bought this toaster oven on September 17th 2012. We use it, at least twice or three times a week and is still working fine. Read morePublished 12 days ago by AJ
Have had numerous toaster ovens. This one is the absolute best. Have had it for almost 6 years and use it almost daily. When baking for two, I always use this oven. Read morePublished 1 month ago by Joe C Mikus
Love it! Been using it for years. Durable product! I bake, roast and toast.Published 1 month ago by Laurie Jarkiewicz
I've had this for over a year now, & found that I use it instead of my big oven even more than I had anticipated. Read morePublished 1 month ago by J. Butler
Works fine and has all the features I need. I'd buy it again.Published 1 month ago by Ira T. Silvergleit


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Winnipeg Free Press - ONLINE EDITION
Tale of Cuban Five not quite alive
Story of convicted spies compelling, but confounding
A CONFUSING structure, not to mention an obvious political bias, mars this otherwise useful look at a recent chapter in Cuban-American relations.
What Lies Across the Water is Canadian journalism professor Stephen Kimber's account of the "Cuban Five," spies arrested in 1998 and convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage against the United States, conspiracy to commit murder and acting as agents of a foreign government.
The five were, for a time, successful covert agents working out of Miami.
They infiltrated the Cuban-exile group Brothers to the Rescue and some obtained employment at the U.S. Key West naval air station, sending intelligence reports to Havana.
Today, all but one are in American jails.
The Cuban government celebrates them as heroes and promotes them as martyrs. The U.S government regards them as criminals and terrorists.
Kimber, who teaches at King's College in Halifax, tries to remain neutral, but it's clear his sympathies lie with the five, as would those of his Winnipeg-based publisher, which is known for its left-of-centre books.
Apparently this is the first book on the Cuban Five. Kimber admits in his acknowledgements it would have been be a tough sell to a U.S.-based publisher because it's sympathetic to Cuban spies. However, there's a far greater problem with lapsed objectivity: The book's structure isn't user-friendly. After crisply outlining his subject in the prologue, the book devolves into a series of nearly 100 episodic entries, titled by place and date — Havana, February, 1991; Key West, May 18, 1993; Miami, March 8, 1994. The entries date all the way back to 1990 and often don't bear any readily graspable relation to the book's ostensible topic — the activities, arrests and subsequent convictions of the Cuban Five.
The episodic entries are capably written, but after 100 pages of text we're only up to 1996, and you're still looking for a narrative thread to tie all these bafflingly disparate stories together. All these divergent episodes and players may be necessary background to an understanding of the politics of the arrest and prosecution of the five, but it would be far more preferable if they were woven, as seamlessly as possible, into the body of a coherent narrative.
Worse, the sheer number of personalities in these episodes is confounding. At the very least, the book cries out for a cast of principal characters at its outset, so when someone surfaces in the text you have some context for his or her role in the larger events as they unfold.
The hot-button issue between the U.S and Cuba is the Americans arrested the five Cuban agents in the wake of meetings between the FBI and Cuban State Security in Havana in which Cuban intelligence officers gave information about Cuban-exilegroup- sponsored bombings of tourist hotels to the Americans.
The Cubans see the five's arrest as a betrayal of their in-good-faith attempted co-operation between national intelligence services.
However, this overlooks the fact the five were precisely what the Americans allege — spies — and that the U.S. was onto them long before the meetings in Havana. Moreover, Kimber acknowledges nothing was disclosed in the meetings that identified any of the five.
Where Kimber is on more solid ground is in his contention the Cubans' sentences were unduly harsh and long. They range from 15 years to life imprisonment, and mainly not for actual criminal acts, but merely conspiring to commit them.
He also rightly criticizes American authorities for chronically looking the other way when Cubanexile groups plot insurrections and assassinations from American soil, thereby violating the U.S.'s own Neutrality Act.
Kimber's account of the Cuban Five comes with a bit of bias. However, it's ultimately a compelling read, but only after you doggedly surmount its difficult structure.
Douglas J. Johnston is a Winnipeg lawyer and writer.
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Review: William deBuys chronicles the search for Earth's rarest mammal in 'The Last Unicorn'9:23 AM 0
"The Last Unicorn: A Search for One of Earth's Rarest Creatures" (Little, Brown and Co.), by William deBuys
Spoiler alert: There ...
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Schulz partners with NWCC for training
Area residents looking to gain the basic manufacturing skills needed to be considered for employment at emerging area industries are looking to Workforce Development at Northwest Mississippi Community College to provide them the manufacturing basic skills (MBS) certification program they need.
Pipe manufacturer Schulz Xtruded Products LP in Tunica; Soladigm, a supplier of next-generation green building solutions in Olive Branch; and Twin Creeks Technologies, a Silicon Valley-based manufacturer of crystalline silicon solar panels in Senatobia, have agreed to give additional consideration to job applicants who successfully complete the program.
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Powder Trip is an interesting take on powder foundation because it's both lightweight and creamy (which you'd think would lend a heavier feel and thicker look on skin). Thankfully, that combination works well, making this a must-see product from Flower!
This foundation comes in a plastic compact with the product on one side, and a flat half-moon-shaped brush on the other. The brush is surprisingly good, with bristles stiff enough to pick up the powder without getting it all over the place, but not so stiff as to scratch your face during application! The powder itself is buttery smooth and easy to blend, providing sheer to medium coverage that is remarkably natural-looking - it simply evens out your skin tone without looking powdery.
Powder Trip gets high marks for not highlighting pores, dry spots, or wrinkles, even after several hours of wear, and it holds up well without fading throughout the day. It's worth noting that even though this is a powder foundation, it's light and not so absorbent that it won't feel comfortable on dry skin. Those with very oily skin should take note that while this does control oil somewhat, you will need to touch up spots throughout the day to keep shininess from showing through.
This powder comes in a good range of natural-looking shades for fair to medium skin tones and, better yet, is fragrance-free. If you've been hesitant to try out powder foundations before, Powder Trip is a good place to start! And, if you prefer loose powder, Flower's Powder Up Loose Powder is very similar to this pressed powder foundation.
Talc, Zea Mays (Corn) Starch, Dimethicone, Zinc Stearate, Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate, Octyldodecyl Stearoyl Stearate, Zeolite, Sorbic Acid, Methylparaben, Propylparaben, Tetrasodium EDTA, Tocopheryl Acetate, Butylparaben, BHT, Panthenol. May Contain: Mica, Titanium Dioxide, Iron Oxides, Ultramarines, Manganese Violet, Ferric Ammonium Ferrocyanide, Ferric Ferrocyanide, Carmine, Chromium Oxide Greens, Chromium Hydroxide Green, Red 6, Red 7 Lake, Red 28 Lake, Red 30 Lake, Yellow 5 Lake, Yellow 6 Lake, Blue 1 Lake.
Strengths: Most products are either minimally fragranced or fragrance-free; some excellent lip products; very good liquid eyeliners; good and long-lasting blushes and powder products; affordable.
Weaknesses: The majority of foundations are mediocre; no products offering SPF; exaggerated anti-aging claims with one foundation and one concealer; a lipliner that tugs on lips; some so-so 2-in-1 products; a lack of foundations for oily skin.
Regardless of how much technology has advanced or how much cosmetics formulas have improved, for many it's still the allure of a celebrity name behind a beauty brand that's the draw, not anything else. That's the hook for Flower Beauty, backed by Hollywood doyenne Drew Barrymore.
Barrymore's is a story many of us saw played out in the media. She was famous early on as a child actress (her first job was when she was just 11 months old), became a superstar thanks to Steven Spielberg's film E.T, then succumbed to drug addiction and went through rehab at the tender age of 14. After successful treatment, she returned to acting, working steadily in both independent projects and blockbuster films. She gained a reputation as a largely good-natured, girl-next-door actress with a "flower child" free spirit persona, and she still comes across that way in interviews. In the mid-1990s, she formed her own production company, Flower Films, and has gone on to both direct and produce movies while still acting.
Barrymore's commercial appeal didn't go unnoticed by cosmetics companies, and in 2007 she became a brand ambassador for the makeup brand CoverGirl, appearing in both print and television ads that she helped create. After five successful years as one of the faces of CoverGirl, Barrymore parted ways with the brand to create Flower Beauty, a Wal-Mart-exclusive line that competes directly with CoverGirl, which is also sold at Wal-Mart. Flower Beauty makeup is manufactured by Maesa, a company that also produces the Benefit Cosmetics skincare line and Saks Fifth Avenue's in-house cosmetics.
Clicking around on Flower Beauty's site, you won't see much about exactly why Barrymore chose this particular endeavor, save that she wanted to offer people high-end quality makeup at drugstore prices. That's not really much of a reason, however, as many drugstore lines already offer department store-quality cosmetics, although "department store quality" isn't much of a guideline, given that there are plenty of department store brands that aren't as good as their drugstore counterparts!
The Flower Beauty brand's strong suit is definitely its lip products, most of which pack a potent color punch and feel great. There are some beautiful matte options, as well as a great gloss and some moisturizing colored lip balms.
Most of the mascaras perform well and don't clump or flake, and their powder products (blush, eyeshadow, and foundation) are good across the board. The liquid liners are also excellent, offering fine-point tips for precision lining with no-smudge wear. We're also happy to say that even for this brand, with the name Flower, most of the products are either fragrance-free or contain minimal fragrance.
On the other hand, just like not all of Barrymore's films have been crowd-pleasers, her makeup line also has some missteps, the biggest being that the majority of the foundations aren't impressive. Though both a tinted moisturizer and a BB cream are part of Flower's offerings, neither has the SPF or antioxidants that have become the selling points for such multi-tasking products. Some of the foundations are difficult to blend, while others tend to draw attention to lines on the face, and we didn't find viable options for those with oily skin. There's also the issue that a couple of the products are touted on the website for their anti-aging benefits, but Flower's products contain only small amounts of the beneficial ingredients that would make them a wise choice for anti-aging benefits, especially in comparison to the amounts in other products we rate highly.
Flower also offers some 2-in-1 combo products that could add convenience to your makeup routine, but in many cases, such as the combo eyeliner and mascara or the eyeliner and eyeshadow duo, one of the products performs well, while the other is lackluster, which means even though the prices are reasonable, you're not getting your money's worth.
As a whole, though, Flower Beauty has a lot of strong suits, and it's definitely worth considering if you're in the market for lower-cost makeup products that offer solid performance.
For more information, visit www.flowerbeauty.com.
The Beautypedia Research Team is dedicated to helping you find the absolute best products for your skin, using research-based criteria to review beauty products from an honest, balanced perspective. Each member of the team was personally trained by Paula Begoun herself.
Paula is out of my favorite foundation so I searched her Best foundations and found this one. I actually prefer a powder foundation simply because I am often applying my makeup on the go and it is just easier but there are very few good options, UNTIL NOW! This s amazing stuff. It goes on beautifully, covers flawlessly, lasts all day and I don't feel a thing on my skin! Thank you Paula for reviewing Flower as I don't buy any makeup that doesn't have your stamp of approval!
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SINCE it was announced in 2011, there hasn't been anything that has truly challenged Apple's iPad in the tablet category. Until now.
Militants take prosecutor hostage
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Pilot handed incredible note
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Surf's up on this NT river
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Hollywood actress led Fitzy to Scientology
RYAN "Fitzy" Fitzgerald has revealed a chance meeting with a Hollywood actress led to a creepy experience with the Church of Scientology.
The bird stopping Australia's biggest coal mine
THEY say big things come in small packages, and this tiny creature could be the key to derailing the biggest coal mine in Australia.
'Serial dad' has 40 kids by 20 women
A RECOVERING alcoholic has at least 40 children by 20 different women. This is how he remembers their names.
Beautiful baby Eli born with no nose
HE WAS born with a one in 197 million condition. But to everyone's surprise he is completely healthy and about to go home.
Is this the end of petrol cars?
THE future of motoring is a step closer, with Australia's first hydrogen refuelling point for cars. Now the industry is trying to create a network.
Mum had sex, ate pizza as son died
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Wed Apr 01 2015 02:05:46 (Australia/Sydney)
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The Smell of Old Lady Perfume
"Apá was a strong still oak. We hid under his branches like shadows. Even when he laughed a thunderous laugh, those branches shook only ever so slightly," Martinez writes.
Chela Gonzales is about to start sixth grade, the last year of elementary school, when her beloved father suffers a stroke. Her grandmother comes to stay, and Chela realizes that old lady perfume smells like bad news. She and her brothers and sister miss a week of school while her father is in the hospital. When he comes home and Chela returns to school, her best friend Nora has "mutated into a popular girl" and isn't speaking to her.
Because she has no friends at school, Chela spends her free time with Apá, helping him build their new house and practicing for the school soccer tournament. Eventually, after proving that she is smart and good at soccer, Chela is recruited to join Nora, Camila, and the other popular girls.
During Easter break, her dad has another stroke, and doesn't recover. Back at school, the popular girls show off their new outfits and brag about their vacations, while Chela hides the fact that she spent her break in mourning and attending her father's funeral. Only Nora and their friend Roy know the truth.
The Smell of Old Lady Perfume is a touching story that will teach lessons on loss, family, loneliness, and the importance of being oneself. Not only does Chela deal with the pains of growing up—wearing a bra for the first time and discovering what the "napkins" under the sink are for—but she has to do it without friends to confide in.
Chela's school year ends on a happy note; she is rewarded for her academic achievements and she and Nora break away from the popular crowd, who weren't very good friends anyway. But young readers will see that nobody's life is perfect and that with happiness often comes pain.
The author's own father died when she was eleven. This is her first book. The novel's easy language reads like genuine narration from a sixth grader and complements the story's complex themes. Young readers will also learn Spanish words and phrases including abuelita (grandma), Si se puede (yes, you can), and even sapo verde (green toad). They may be tempted to try dishes like stuffed peppers with tortillas and the chocolate drink champurrado.
After the All-School Awards ceremony, Chela accepts that her father isn't coming back, but she is comforted by the memories of their time together and the love he always showed her. "Seventh grade, eighth grade, the first day of high school, college, and many more days would come. It was okay," she says.


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Things to see and do - Chipiona
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1 Hosteria Bahia
Larga, 40 E - 11550 Chipiona
Set in Chipiona's historic town, this traditional Andalusian mansion features a beautiful patio. Hosteria Bahia is less than 5 minutes' walk from Playa Cruz beach and Playa Regla beach. Each room at this 19th-century mansion has been carefully decor..
2 Hotel Laime
Calle Victor Pradera 2 E - 11550 Chipiona
Prix from : 44 EUR
3 Hotel Chipiona
Doctor Gómez Ulla, 19 E - 11550 Chipiona
Prix from : 53.50 EUR
Hotel Chipiona is just 300 metres from the famous Regla Beach in Chipiona. Its rooms and public areas come with free Wi-Fi and air conditioning. This family-run hotel is located in central Chipiona, in the province of Cádiz. Private parking is avail..


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Jordan King set the pace on the opening of the second GP2 test of 2015 at the Sakhir circuit in Bahrain.
Richie Stanaway set the pace on the final day of this week's GP2 testing in Abu Dhabi.
GP3 champion Alex Lynn kept the DAMS team on top of the timesheets on the second day of GP2 testing at the Yas Marina circuit in Abu Dhabi.
Red Bull junior Pierre Gasly topped the times on the opening day of GP2 testing in Abu Dhabi.
The French squad is not one to rest on its laurels as the preparatory tests in March for the coming GP2 season proved.
Regalia and SFIF1 Team already focus on the season opener.
The test went well for Raffaele Marciello, with good results on both qualifying and long runs.
The first race weekend of the 2014 GP2 Series will take place on this very track in just two weeks' time.
The first round of the 2014 GP2 Series will also take place in Bahrain on 4-6 April.
Vittorio Ghirelli, Johnny Cecotto, and Axcil Jefferies returned to drive the Trident team's one seater on the 3rd test day on the Sakhir circuit.
Briton quickest on final day at Bahrain International Circuit.
Indonesian driver sets fastest lap time at Bahrain International Circuit.
American driver quickest in Day 1 at Bahrain International Circuit
Jolyon and the team now head to Bahrain for the next test on 19-21 March.
Excellent performance of Stéphane Richelmi who confirms the good feeling with DAMS car.
The GP2 teams now travel to Sakhir for a further three days of testing on the 19th, 20th and 21st of March at the Bahrain International Circuit.
Briton quickest in morning session.
Briton fastest overall on Day 2 in Abu Dhabi
DAMS driver quickest on first day of pre-season testing in Abu Dhabi
The main target during these very interesting test days in Abu Dhabi was to evaluate drivers and at the same time test different technical solutions. - Thomas Couyotopoulo, Sporting Director of Racing Engineering
The current FIA Formula 3 European Championship champion left the track in the Emirates with great satisfaction, very happy of the work done and the results he achieved.
Five drivers lined-up aboard the team's cars and for two of them it was the maiden experience with the GP2 Dallara-Mecachrome racers.
Belgium driver quickest of post-season testing in 1:48.657 at Yas Marina Circuit.
Indonesian driver tops second day of post season testing in Abu Dhabi


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This section contains various art work based on `pi`, `phi` and `e` that I created over the years. `pi` day and `pi` approximation day artwork is kept separate.
The accidental similarity number (ASN) is a kind of overlap between numbers. I came up with this concept after creating typographical art about the `i`-ness of `pi`.
The poster shows the accidental similarity number for `pi`, `phi` and `e`.
Celebrate `pi` Day (March 14th) with splitting its digit endlessly. This year I use a treemap approach to encode the digits in the style of Piet Mondrian.
The art has been featured in Ana Swanson's Wonkblog article at the Washington Post—10 Stunning Images Show The Beauty Hidden in `pi`.
I also have art from 2013 `pi` Day and 2014 `pi` Day.
The split plot design originated in agriculture, where applying some factors on a small scale is more difficult than others. For example, it's harder to cost-effectively irrigate a small piece of land than a large one. These differences are also present in biological experiments. For example, temperature and housing conditions are easier to vary for groups of animals than for individuals.
The split plot design is an expansion on the concept of blocking—all split plot designs include at least one randomized complete block design. The split plot design is also useful for cases where one wants to increase the sensitivity in one factor (sub-plot) more than another (whole plot).
Altman, N. & Krzywinski, M. (2015) Points of Significance: Split Plot Design Nature Methods 12:165-166.
1. Krzywinski, M. & Altman, N. (2014) Points of Significance: Designing Comparative Experiments Nature Methods 11:597-598.
2. Krzywinski, M. & Altman, N. (2014) Points of Significance: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and blocking Nature Methods 11:699-700.
3. Blainey, P., Krzywinski, M. & Altman, N. (2014) Points of Significance: Replication Nature Methods 11:879-880.
In an audience of 8 men and 8 women, chances are 50% that at least one has some degree of color blindness1. When encoding information or designing content, use colors that is color-blind safe.
Nature Methods has announced the launch of a new statistics collection for biologists.
As part of that collection, announced that the entire Points of Significance collection is now open access.
This is great news for educators—the column can now be freely distributed in classrooms.


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4G Asus Transformer Infinity is the TF700KL
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Will Christian Bale Ever Play Batman Again?
Kaley Cuoco Shows Off Her Tennis Skills
The Messengers Reveals Angelic Key Art
73 Rare Star Wars Behind the Scenes Photos
15 People Who Have Been Banned from SNL
10 of the coolest tables we've ever seen
25 Awesome Behind the Scenes Photos From 80s Movies
Bangin' Big Bang Theory Facts You Need to Know
Why You Have To Listen To Carrie & Lowell's "Sufjan Stevens"
Stunning New Facts About Heath Ledger's Biggest Role
David From 'Real World' Is Doing WHAT?!
50 Things You Didn't Know About the Terminator Movies
30 Times You've Seen The Walking Dead Actors Before
The Most Satisfying Game of Thrones Deaths
The Ghostbusters Reboot Cast Revealed!
Independence Day 2 Gets the Green Light from 20th Century Fox
Why The Radio Hasn't Embraced "Empire" Yet
16 Best Family Movies of the Year
12 Things You Didn't Know About Heath Ledger's Role In The Dark Knight
The Hottest Actresses on Primetime Television
8 Fictional Girls Who Actually Suck
8 Movies That Turn to Crap After 20 Minutes
8 Actors Who Nailed Their Historical Roles
Batfleck: One Year After
How Shameless' Mickey and Ian Became TV's Wildest (and Sweetest) Couple
TV Finales That Failed Spectacularly
Controversy Over New "Steroid Alternative"
A New Justice League: Throne of Atlantis Clip is Here
8 Ill Advised Guest Appearances on TV Shows
The Most Extreme Body Transformations Done for Movie Roles


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Interpret Hepatitis C Viral Load Numbers
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
Hepatitis C Heterosexual transmission/viral load numberMy boyfriend just tested positive for Hep C & his viral load is over 700,000 which the lab reported as "HIGH". His liver enzyme panel showed "HIGH" range for the first of three... We had unprotected sex for the three months prior to his test (he is...
Response from Mark Holodniy, M.D., F.A.C.P., C.I.C.
Stanford University, School of MedicineThe sexual transmission rate of HCV is not really known. It usually takes somewhat longer for HCV antibodies to appear in the blood. However, an antibody test at 1,3,6 months should be sufficient. Read more »
Accidental Spit in Eye (Hep C) (HEPATITIS C TRANSMISSION)I have the same question as asked in "blood tainted saliva in eye" asked by another visitor, but my... Read more »
curious (SEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HEPATITIS C)(HEPATITIS C AND DELAYED HIV SEROCONVERSION)(CURE FOR HIV)Hey Dr. Frascino,First off, thanks for everything you do. Your hard work and dedication to all of... Read more »
Battle of the Sexes: Gender-Based Differences in HIV Viral Load...same method when tracking viral load over time and not to compare results from two different testing methods. Current Use of Viral Load Measurements The use of viral load in the management of HIV infection is a rapidly changing and... Read more »
Viral Load Tests... What Is Viral Load? How Is the Test Used? How Are Changes in Viral Load Measured? Viral Load "Blips" What Do the Numbers Mean? Are There Read more »
Hep C on the Radar...co-infected men, detectable levels of both HIV and hepatitis C virus have been found in the semen, which means that transmission of hep C through semen is at least a possibility. Many of these factors apply to more than just poz men -- they also... Read more »
Women and HIV Viral Load...starting the drugs. If your viral load goes up while taking HIV drugs, you and your health care provider should take another viral load measurement. If that result is the same or higher, your drugs may not be working as well as they should. You... Read more »
Connect With Others
CD4 668 - Viral Load 227567 ? about viral load
Posted by Courtkidx, 1 Reply...I just got these results via phone and im just curious if anyone can tell me if I should be worried about my semi high viral load? I know my cd4 count is good. I am newly diagnosed as of dec. 30, 2009. Any info would be appreciated. Read more »
viral load
Posted by kaliboo, 2 Replies...I've been trying to find out what your viral load is (approximately, of course) shortly after being infected... and have had no luck... So I guess I'm just wondering... what Read more »
No longer have HepC!
Posted by heatherblue, 2 Replies...I went to my doctor today. My numbers are all amazing. CD4=701, viral load undetectable. And he says that I no longer have HepC. I have never heard of this. I am pleased, don't get me wrong. It's Read more »
viral load
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply...Does the viral load go up after exposure or during ARS ? And then does it go back down after 6 months? Read more »
Resource Centers
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Escondido proposes raising development fees for parks, safety
ESCONDIDO -- Faced with the addition of thousands of homes --- and the added needs of the residents who occupy them -- the city is proposing to raise the amount it charges developers to help pay for additional public safety and park facilities.
But the increases face opposition from some in the building industry, who argue that higher fees will just make homeownership less affordable in Escondido.
The City Council will consider the fee hikes at its meeting Wednesday. If approved, the increases would affect all new business construction, as well as the 13,000 houses and condominiums city officials expect will be added to the city in the next three decades.
Increasing the fees will allow the city to make up projected shortfalls between the public amenities needed to accommodate growth and the costs to build them, city officials said.
"We're just trying to keep pace with some of these things," City Manager Clay Phillips said of the double-digit jump in construction and land prices during the last several years. "That's a big reason why these (fees) are going up now."
Under the current fee rates, Escondido faces a $16 million gap between the $62.5 million in public safety facilities planned to handle added residents and businesses and what they collect from developers. And the city falls nearly $21 million short of the $48 million in planned park facilities and improvements, including 53 additional park acres and a new community center.
To make up those gaps, city officials propose raising the public facilities fee --- which helps pay for additional police, fire and library services -- by 36 percent. Under the increased rate, developers would pay $4,533 for each dwelling unit, $2.13 for each square foot of commercial space, and $1.61 for each square foot of industrial space they build.
Part of the money raised would be used to pay down the $84.4 million public safety facilities bond the city is using to help build a new police and fire headquarters and several new fire stations. Most of the bond will be paid for through a property tax increase voters approved in 2004.
Officials also plan to raise the city's park development fees, which are used to pay for additional park land and improvements to existing parks. The fee would jump 75 percent, from $2,355 for each house or condominium built, to $4,129 per unit.
The increases would place Escondido squarely in the middle of development fees charged by other jurisdictions in San Diego County, according to the city.
The $4,533 public facilities fee would be more than three times the amount Oceanside charges, and would be less than half the $10,282 Carlsbad requires of its housing developments.
But increasing fees will only place increased hardship on Escondido's housing market, where the median price for all homes already stands at more than $400,000, according to Michael Pattinson, president of Barratt American.
The Carlsbad-based housing developer plans to break ground on a 102-unit condominium project downtown later this summer, and would be subject to any increased fees.


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2 people found this helpful
"Depressing place for Information Technologists "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Career Opportunities
I worked at Assurant
Great benefits with industry level pay-scale
First day on the job, 20 people were laid off from IT.
The cubicle (dilbertville) layout is horrendous. No privacy.
Drop the buiness silos and open up communication.
- Any Location
- Any Job Title
"Great growth opportunities, if you make the right friends... "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Career Opportunities
I worked at AssurantPros
Good compensation for those that can advance, but there is a good ole' boys club you have to join to get there.Cons
Benefits keep getting reduced each year while the employee work load keeps increasing as Sr Management slashes costs by reducing headcount and cutting benefits, all the while trying to grow the business.
Many businesses are unable to react to market changes in a timely manner due to "paralysis by analysis" mentality and being afraid of their own shadows.
People get rewarded and advanced for sucking up rather than on their abilities, good ole' boys club.
Human Resources is there to cater to and side with management, not the individual employee, never trust HR.Advice to ManagementAdvice
Find more consumer friendly products that can be praised by consumer advocates. Blur the lines between the 4 existing very isolated business units ( Health, Solutions, Benefits, Specialty). If you bring a fraction of the perks and praise to the operations people as you do the sales & marketing associates you will be in a much better place.RecommendsNo opinion of CEO
1 person found this helpful
I worked at AssurantPros
Company had great benifits. Company has a good HR departmentCons
too much covering up of mistakes and no accountabiltyAdvice to ManagementAdvice
stop getting rid of your middle management and start looking at you upper management interpersonal skillsDoesn't RecommendNo opinion of CEO


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Total Revenue presents: Contagion
"Contagion" is the latest edit from the Total Revenue crew.
"Contagion" is the latest edit from the Total Revenue crew.
Shanty Creek resorts has been hard at work with an ambitious set of upgrades and improvements which will be in place for opening day, November 28
Here's the scoop on what ski resorts are open (and which ones are opening soon) in the Land of 1000 Lakes.
There's a lot of activity this week as Michigan ski resorts aim to take advantage of the early cold front.
Filmed in and around Grand Rapids, Michigan, Total Revenue showcases some of the up-and-coming shred talent that the Mitten state has to offer.
How much did you pay for your season pass last year? A few hundred bucks if you're lucky. A thousand plus for those unfortunate souls on the East Coast who can't get the college discount? One great thing about living in the midwest is relatively inexpensive pass prices. Sure, the hills near major metropolitan areas…
Two of the most popular ski areas in Michigan's Upper Peninsula may be merging for the 2014-2015 winter season. Earlier today, Indianhead Mountain Resort shared this press release on their Facebook page, confirming that a deal is in the works to sell their assets to Blackjack Ski Area, effectively combining the two resorts which are…
Flanel upped the ante here in the midwest, dropping this full-length street/urban film featuring some (most?) of Michigan's finest talent.


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National Defense:
Implementation of the DOD Revolving Door Legislation
T-NSIAD-89-17: Published: Mar 15, 1989. Publicly Released: Mar 15, 1989.
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
(202) 512-4800
GAO discussed the Department of Defense's (DOD) implementation of revolving door legislation, which required former DOD employees to report their employment with and compensation from defense contractors. GAO found that: (1) only 30 percent of former DOD employees who were required to report actually reported their employment with DOD contractors; (2) about 5,800 of the 12,000 former DOD employees with security clearances worked for contractors with $10 million or more in defense contracts; (3) DOD interpretation of the reporting criteria resulted in a significant number of former employees being exempted from the requirements; (4) about 34 percent of the 200 post-1986 reports it reviewed did not meet additional DOD requirements; (5) DOD reinvestigated certain cases for possible conflicts of interest; (6) defense contractors were not uniformly reporting compensation to former DOD personnel, but about 85 percent of the companies complied with the requirements; (7) it was unable to assess the impact of prohibited employment because DOD inconsistently interpreted and implemented the requirements; and (8) DOD failure to properly apply the employment prohibition could result in more DOD procurement employees gaining post-DOD employment with defense contractors than Congress intended.
Mar 19, 2015
Military Personnel:Actions Needed to Address Sexual Assaults of Male ServicemembersGAO-15-284: Published: Mar 19, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 19, 2015.
Mar 16, 2015
Operational Contract Support:Actions Needed to Enhance the Collection, Integration, and Sharing of Lessons LearnedGAO-15-243: Published: Mar 16, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 16, 2015.
Mar 12, 2015
Defense Acquisitions:Assessments of Selected Weapon ProgramsGAO-15-342SP: Published: Mar 12, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 12, 2015.
Mar 2, 2015
Defense Acquisitions:Better Approach Needed to Account for Number, Cost, and Performance of Non-Major ProgramsGAO-15-188: Published: Mar 2, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 2, 2015.
Feb 26, 2015
Defense Logistics:Improvements Needed to Accurately Assess the Performance of DOD's Materiel Distribution PipelineGAO-15-226: Published: Feb 26, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 26, 2015.
Feb 24, 2015
Acquisition Reform:DOD Should Streamline Its Decision-Making Process for Weapon Systems to Reduce InefficienciesGAO-15-192: Published: Feb 24, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 24, 2015.
Feb 18, 2015
Contingency Contracting:Contractor Personnel Tracking System Needs Better Plans and GuidanceGAO-15-250: Published: Feb 18, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 18, 2015.
Feb 11, 2015
Building Partner Capacity:DOD Should Improve Its Reporting to Congress on Challenges to Expanding Ministry of Defense Advisors ProgramGAO-15-279: Published: Feb 11, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 11, 2015.
Defense Business Transformation:DOD Has Taken Some Steps to Address Weaknesses, but Additional Actions Are NeededGAO-15-213: Published: Feb 11, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 11, 2015.
Jan 29, 2015
DOD Acquisitions:Opportunities May Exist to Increase Utility of Nondevelopmental Items Pilot ProgramGAO-15-285: Published: Jan 29, 2015. Publicly Released: Jan 29, 2015.
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Pronunciation: kouzlo
Added on: 2013-07-11 Listened: 5 timesin: noun
Pronunciation in Czech [cs]
- Pronunciation by littlexsparkee (Male from Czech Republic)
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Accents & languages on maps
- Random word: Věra Chytilová
by Google Translate English translation:
kouzlo = magic
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Noordam Cruise Review by cookie1207: Noordam good cruise but service and language issues abound
Member Since 2002
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Noordam good cruise but service and language issues abound
Having cruised for 35 years on many ships and different cruise lines we at last tried HAL. Many of our friends had told us about the "service" on HAL and how much they enjoyed sailing there ships. We were not impressed with the ship and both its decor and lack of being clean and tidyness were a real surprise to us. We had a suite for 16 days and the steward never once cleaned our balcony or windows . Many times the cabin was not made up until after lunch.
Our dining room waiter had been with HAL for over a dozen years but didn't have a clue as to how to serve nor how slow and confussed he seemed when delivering food to the table. Any communication with most staff other than a greeting seem to puzzle them. English language skills were seriously lacking. Most of the passengers were 75 plus years and we beings mid 50's made us feel like the "kids" on the ship.
The Norwalk virus was rampant for most of the cruise and that didn't help with many service issues as well. In More the end we found the Noordam(the ship satisfactory)but the staff ddin't work for us. Perhaps we need to try again in 20 years.
Disembarcation was awfull and handycap passengers were abandon for over 2 hours before someone would take tehem off. Less
Published 02/03/10
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Cabin review: Noordam
Excellent cabin, largest balcony on the ship.(that we saw)
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West Side Story Tickets
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West Side Story is a musical created in the 1950's based on Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. The story follows the young and innocent Maria, sister of the "Sharks" leader Benardo and Tony, who used to be a member of the "Jets". While the two gangs hate each other and often use racial stereotypes to justify their violence, Tony and Maria fall in love. Torn between his love for Maria and his dedication to his old friends in the Jets, Tony makes a horrible mistake that ruins their secret paradise. Many people will recognize "I Feel Pretty" from a number of other movies such as "Anger Managment". The "Jets Song/dance" is often duplicated in comedies. Despite the comedic use these songs have taken place, West Side Story was a serious love drama that brought out the horrors of racism which was prominent in the 1950's.
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Radiation City, Social Studies
Friday June 28
Wonder Ballroom
128 NE Russell St.
128 NE Russell St.
Where: Wonder Ballroom
Phone: 284-8686
Address: 128 NE Russell St.
Post5 Theatre collection of six one-act plays by absurdist playwright Christopher Durang, touches on grave issues but doesn't go deep. Instead, Durang glosses over anything too se ...
Midnight Mass, Amy Miller's irreverent monthly show, and Kickstand's weekly Hurricane regularly joust for the title of best comedy showcase. In an anomaly, they coincide this week and decided to co ...
[FOLK PUNK] Arizona folk-punk band Andrew Jackson Jihad's dramatic performance requires more members, more time and bigger venues, but frontman Sean Bonnette's con ...


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A Monolithic Sampler is disclosed. The present invention overcomes the problem of inadequately low sampling rates that results from circuit designs or component limitations that constrain the bandwidths of previous instruments. The sampler includes five circuit stages: a local oscillator section that may be used to drive the system, a shock wave generator that produces high frequency edge-sharpened pulses, a reflection damping clamping section, a delay section, and a sampler section regulated by the stream of shock waves which produces an IF output. The local oscillator or a pulse generator (not shown) produces an input that propagates down a nonlinear transmission line. Once this input reaches the shock wave generator section, it encounters a series of hyperabrupt diodes which are employed as voltage dependent capacitors called varactors. These varactors deform the input pulses and generate a stream of spike-shaped waveforms known as shock waves. The shock waves successively energize sampling diodes in the sampling section of the circuit. When these diodes are energized, they open pathways from an RF input to sampling capacitors which charge up with small representative bits of current from the input. A sample or snapshot of the input is drawn from these capacitors through an IF output coupling network. The clamping and delay sections of the sampler minimize spurious ringing throughout the circuit and manage the timing of the oscillation of these reflections. The entire sampler is monolithically integrated on a single substrate using conventional semiconductor fabrication and packaging techniques.
1. A sampler circuit comprising:
a means for providing a signal from a local oscillator;
a means for generating shock waves coupled to said means for providing a local oscillator signal; said means for generating shock waves including a nonlinear transmission line spanned by a plurality of varactors; and
a means for sampling an input signal coupled to said means for generating shock waves, said means for sampling including:
a pair of sampling capacitors coupled to a pair of sampling diodes and an IF output network that includes a positive terminal and a grounded terminal which together produce an IF sampled output.
2. A sampler circuit as in claim 1, further comprising:
a clamping means coupled to said means for generating shock waves; said clamping means including a varactor.
3. A sampler circuit as in claim 2 further comprising:
a means for inserting a signal delay coupled to said clamping means.
4. A sampler circuit as in claim 1 wherein the varactors in said means for generating shock waves are each hyperabrupt varactors.
5. A sampler circuit as in claim 1 wherein the hyperabrupt varactors are Schottky hyperabrupt diodes.
6. A sampler as claimed in claim 2, in which said nonlinear shock wave generator section varactors are hyperabrupt varactors.
7. A sampler as claimed in claim 2 which includes a pulse generator in place of said local oscillator.
8. A sampler circuit comprising:
a local oscillator stage including a source resistor in series with a balanced transformer and a local oscillator;
a shock wave generator stage coupled to said local oscillator stage, said shock wave generator stage including:
a two-conductor, balanced, edge-sharpening, nonlinear transmission line spanned by a plurality of uniformly distributed nonlinear shock wave generator section varactors which are spaced apart on said transmission line at a preselected distance and which are each connected to said transmission line in the same polarity;
a clamping diode stage coupled to said shock wave generator stage, said clamping diode stage including:
a transmission line spanned by a clamping diode stage nonlinear varactor coupled in the same polarity as said shock wave generator section varactors; said clamping diode stage nonlinear varactor further having a smaller zero-bias capacitance and a larger series resistance than said shock wave generator stage varactors;
a delay stage coupled to said clamping diode stage, said delay stage including:
an unloaded transmission line having a predetermined impedance designed to damp a reflected signal propagating toward said local oscillator stage along said unloaded transmission line; and
a sampling stage coupled to said delay stage, said sampling stage including:
a transmission line including a first group of nodes [a], [b], [d], and [e]; said transmission line terminating in a resistive short;
a pair of RF input termination resistors connected in series between said nodes [a] and [b] and defining a node [c] between them;
a first sampling capacitor, a first sampling diode, a second sampling diode aligned in the same polarity as said first sampling diode, and a second sampling capacitor connected in series between said nodes [d] and [e] and defining a second group of nodes [f], [g], and [h] between them;
a pair of RF input terminals [i] and [j], said terminal [i] being connected to said node [g] between said first and second sampling diodes, said terminal [j] being grounded;
an IF output coupling network coupled within said sampling diode stage at nodes [f] and [h]; said IF coupling network including, in series:
a first IF output coupling resistor connected to said node [f],
a node [k],
a first IF output coupling capacitor,
an IF terminal [l],
a second IF coupling capacitor,
a node [m],
a second IF output coupling resistor connected to said node [h]; and
said IF output network further including a third IF output coupling resistor and a grounded terminal [n], which, together with said terminal [l], produces an IF sampled output.
The present invention is a Monolithic Sampler that may be incorporated into a wide variety of instrumentation systems that are used to sample waveforms. More specifically, this innovative monolithic design constitues an improved extremely high speed sampler that utilizes a shock wave generator to achieve bandwidths that exceed 100 GHz (100 billion cycles per second).
The basic design of sampling circuits is well known to persons skilled in the art of electronics. At the most fundamental level, a sampler is an apparatus that mixes two signals: an input waveform that must be analyzed, and a periodic train of short duration pulses which samples the input waveform at different points in time along its radio frequency (RF) cycle. The input waveforms are reconstructed sample by sample at a lower intermediate frequency. A pulse generator or oscillator establishes the rate of measurement for the sampler. When coupled to some input source that produces a voltage that varies with time, the sampler takes a tiny sample or snapshot of the input waveform which can then be displayed or processed. The quality of the measurement provided by a sampler is largely dependent upon the number of times that an input signal is sampled and the duration of the sampling pulses. Generally, high measurement speed is accomplished by providing a successive stream of very narrow, rapid, sharply-defined pulses which, in turn, affords a more accurate detection or assay of the input.
In conventional electronic instruments, the highest measurable frequency is limited by design constraints and by the components which are employed. The most severe limitation that inhibits the extension of sampler bandwidths above 25 GHz has been the constrained capabilities of the pulse generators that drive conventional sampling circuits. The useable bandwidth of pulse or comb generators that have been used to drive conventional samplers is generally only one fourth of the sampler's bandwidth. The most common pulse generators use silicon step recovery diodes, which have performance limitations based upon the carrier transit time inherent in the silicon material from which they are fabricated.
Another factor which inhibits the high frequency capabilities of currently available sampling instruments are the relative inefficiency of the discrete electronic components which comprise their circuitry. Large discrete capacitors, resistors, and diodes mounted together on a printed circuit board require costly fabrication processes that depend upon precise mechanical alignment and inevitably cause unacceptably high levels of electrical feedthrough at the sampler input ports. Parasitic and inductive capacitance propagated by discrete components generates crosstalk among conductor lines in the circuit and severely degrades the output signal developed by the sampler. This interference also limits the highest possible intermediate frequency that can be extracted from the sampler. One known solution to these drawbacks is to form each of these discrete elements on a substrate which results in an integrated monolithic sampler.
The development of more and more complex electronic instrumentation has produced a concomitant demand for faster and more sophisticated sampling equipment. The problem of meeting this demand by producing an extremely high speed, accurate, and reliable sampler has presented a major challenge to designers in the electronics industry. The development of an improved sampler that could break the 100 GHz bandwidth barrier would represent a major technological advance in the field of electronic instrumentation. The enhanced quality of measurements that could be achieved using such an innovative device would satisfy a long felt need within the industry and would enable instrument manufacturers and users to save substantial expenditures of time and money.
The Monolithic Sampler claimed in this patent application overcomes the problem of inadequately low sampling rates and long sampling pulses that result from circuit designs or component limitations that constrain the bandwidths of previous instruments. The sampler includes five circuit stages: a local oscillator that may be used to drive the system, a shock wave generator that produces high frequency edge-sharpened pulses, a reflection damping clamping section, a delay section, and a sampler network regulated by the stream of shock waves which produces an IF output. The local oscillator or a pulse generator produces an input having a relatively slow rising edge that propagates down a nonlinear transmission line. Once this input reaches the shock wave generator section, it encounters a series of hyperabrupt Schottky diodes which are employed as voltage dependent capacitors called varactors. These varactors deform the input pulses and generate a stream of sawtooth-shaped waveforms known as shock waves. The shock waves successively energize sampling diodes in the sampling section of the circuit. When these diodes are energized, they open pathways from an RF input to sampling capacitors, which charge up with small representative bits of current from the input. The diodes are turned off by an opposite polarity shock wave which is generated by reflecting the incoming shock wave from a short circuit. A sample or snapshot of the input is drawn from these capacitors through an IF output coupling network. The duration of the sample is determined by the shockwave's roundtrip travel time between the diodes and the short circuit. The clamping and delay sections of the sampler minimize spurious ringing throughout the circuit and manage the timing of the oscillation of these reflections. These reflections are controlled so that they do not interfere with the operation of the shock wave generator and the sampling diodes.
The entire sampler is monolithically integrated on a single substrate using conventional semiconductor fabrication and packaging techniques. The resulting Monolithic Sampler is a highly efficient instrument which is extremely reliable and easy to manufacture. The integrated structure reduces unwanted inteference and eliminates the need for costly fabrication methods which require expensive tools that ensure the precise mechanical alignment of discrete components. The monolithic design eliminates component tolerance requirements and component temperature tracking which would be necessary if discrete circuit elements were employed. The utilization of the hyperabrupt diode loaded transmission line to generate shock waves enables the sampler to measure frequencies exceeding 100 GHz. This invention also provides the additional capability of providing the highest possible intermediate frequency that can be extracted from this type of sampler circuit. The Monolithic Sampler disclosed and claimed in this patent application provides an advanced and highly useful instrument that will enable engineers in the electronics industry to construct more cost-effective and powerful diagnostic and monitoring systems.
An appreciation of other aims and objectives of the present invention and a more complete and comprehensive understanding of this invention may be achieved by studying the following description of a preferred embodiment and by referring to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a nonlinear transmission line bridged by varactors.
FIG. 2 is a graph which shows the relationship between capacitance and the voltage imposed across a hyperabrupt varactor.
FIG. 3 is a plot that depicts the dependence of the phase velocity at which a signal travels down a nonlinear transmission line (as shown in FIG. 1) upon the voltage of the signal which appears across a hyperabrupt varactor.
FIGS. 4 and 5 reveal the change in a waveform as it travels down the nonlinear transmission line pictured in FIG. 1. FIG. 4 shows the signal as a plot of voltage versus time when it enters the input end of the line, and FIG. 5 exhibits the resulting shock wave that is formed when the signal has transited down the line to its output end.
FIG. 6 is a schematic circuit diagram of the present invention.
FIGS. 7 and 8 display simulation results obtained by the inventors that exhibit the benefits achieved using their invention.
FIGS. 9 (a), (b), and (c) depict the monolithic structure of portions of the invention.
FIG. 10 reveals the graph of the equation that is used to create the doping profile across the n(x) layer of the monolithic diodes.
FIG. 11 portrays a series of hyperabrupt diodes formed across two transmission lines.
FIG. 12 exhibits a schematic view of the monolithic integration of the entire sampler circuit.
FIG. 13 illustrates an expanded view of a portion of the drawing shown in FIG. 12.
A complete understanding and appreciation of the improvements achieved by the present invention requires a brief explanation of nonlinear transmission line theory. The present invention utilizes a shock wave generator to form a stream of very narrow, high-speed, sharp-edged pulses to activate circuitry that takes minute snapshots or samples of an input waveform. These sharp pulses are analogous to the period of time that a shutter is opened in a camera that takes an extremely rapid sequence of photographs. The measure of sharpness of the pulses is directly proportional to the inclination or slope of its leading edge. The sharpest or ideal pulse would begin at zero volts and rise to some operating amplitude voltage A in the shortest possible time. A shock wave is very close to this ideal waveform: it has an exceedingly short rise time, so that, when plotted in a graph of voltage versus time, its leading edge resembles a nearly vertical spike whose slope approaches infinity and then flattens out to zero once its voltage reaches some operating amplitude A. The rise time of the diode is, however, limited by the resistive losses inherent in the diodes. Shock waves can be formed in a nonlinear transmission line by deliberately distorting input pulses that look more like sinusoids with gently-sloped leading edges.
FIG. 1 illustrates a generalized nonlinear transmission line comprising two conductors bridged by voltage-dependent capacitors, which are also called varactors. Each segment Δx has an inherent inductance represented in the drawing as L*Δx. When a sinusoid or sawtooth signal is impressed upon one side of this transmission line, it propagates through it, and, after some time period, reaches the opposite end. The speed or phase velocity of such a signal moving down the transmission line is given by the expression:
Vp =1/[LC(v)]1/2 {in meters/sec} Equation 1.
L=inductance per unit length in henrys/meter;
C(v)=nonlinear capacitance per unit length in farads/meter;
Vp =voltage along the nonlinear transmission line in volts; and
I=current along the nonlinear transmission line in amperes, as shown in FIG. 1.
The phase velocity, Vp, is therefore inversely proportional to the square root of the capacitance of the varactor, C(v), which, in turn, depends upon the voltage across the varactor. Varactors which exhibit nonlinear and greatly varying capacitance for a given range of voltages are called "hyperabrupt" varactors. The functional relationship for a hyperabrupt diode varactor is given by the following equation:
C(V)=Cjo /(1+V/φ)m Equation 2.
m=the capacitance grading coefficient, which is typically 1/2 for abrupt junction diodes and greater than one half for hyperabrupt junction diodes;
Cjo =zero bias junction capacitance (when V=0); and
φ=the built-in voltage of a GaAs Schottky diode varactor, typically 0.72 V.
FIG. 2 depicts a graph of capacitance versus voltage for a hyperabrupt varactor where m and φ both equal unity. If a shock wave generator incorporates hyperabrupt varactors, the capacitance presented by the varactor will be high for low voltages and will decrease rapidly for higher voltages. When the function portrayed in FIG. 2 and delineated in Equation 2 is figured into Equation 1, the plot shown in FIG. 3 is generated. This graph depicts a gradual increase in the phase velocity of a signal moving down a nonlinear transmission line as the voltage of that signal increases. FIG. 3 predicts that if two signals having a different amplitude are impressed across the same line at the same time, the signal with the higher voltage will reach the end of the line before the slower signal will complete its own trip.
From the standpoint of explaining the function of a shock wave generator, the critical principle that evolves from this theory is that when a waveform travels down a nonlinear transmission line, different portions of the same waveform will arrive at the end of the line at different times, depending on the amplitude or voltage of each distinct portion of that waveform. Specifically, FIG. 4 presents a waveform that has a leading edge having a low amplitude which rises to amplitude A after a period of time Ti. If this signal were to travel down the nonlinear transmission line portrayed in FIG. 1, the high voltage portion of this signal would travel down the line at a greater speed than the low amplitude portion of the signal. Due to this nonlinearity, eventually, the high voltage portion of the signal would gain on its own leading low voltage portion due to its higher propagation speed and would catch up to it producing a shock wave. At the moment that the high voltage part of the waveform catches up, both parts of the signal would be superimposed, as shown in FIG. 5.
This spike depicted in FIG. 5 is the shock wave that can be put to good use in the sampler circuit. The most important factor in developing the shock wave is the configuration of a transmission line which is sufficiently long to allow the high voltage portions of input waveforms to catch the lower voltage portions and form shock waves. The critical line length, 1B, where shock waves are synthesized is given by the following expression:
lB =(vpo *Ti)/(1-{vpo /vpA })
vpo =the phase velocity of the signal when V is substantially zero;
Ti =the input transition time between V=0 and V=A; and
vpA =the phase velocity of the signal when V=A.
By selecting the appropriate interval lB along the transmission line, a shock wave generator can be designed that will supply a rapid sequence of edge-sharpened pulses for an sampler circuit that will provide unprecedented sampling bandwidths exceeding 100 GHz.
FIG. 6 presents a schematic diagram of the sampler circuit 10. A local oscillator stage 12 includes a source resistor 14 in series with the input side of a balanced transformer 16 which is driven by a local sinusoidal oscillator 18. A detailed explanation of the balanced transformer 16 which is incorporated into the sampler circuit 10 may be found in the text entitled Microstrip Lines and Slotlines by K. C. Gupta et al., published by Artech House in Dedham, Mass. in 1979. A shock wave generator stage 20 comprises a nonlinear transmission line that has an upper and lower branch 22 and 24. A plurality of shock wave generator stage varactors 26 span the two conductors of the transmission line 22 and 24 at carefully selected intervals 28. A clamping diode stage 30 follows the shock wave generator 20. One clamping diode stage varactor 36 bridges an upper and a lower branch of the transmission line 32 and 34 in this section of the sampler 10.
A delay stage 38 having unloaded transmission line conductors 40 and 42 lies between the clamping diode stage 30 and a sampling stage 44. This final section includes a transmission line with upper and lower conductors 46 and 48 in series with a resistive short 50. A number of junctions or nodes along circuit pathways and loops within the sampler stage 44 are labeled with lower case letters [a] through [n] to help the reader locate particular components. A first RF (radio frequency) input termination resistor 52 is connected to node [a] on line 46 and to a second RF input termination resistor 54 at node [c], which is also connected to line 48 at node [b]. A first sampling capacitor 56 is connected to transmission line 46 at node [d] and to the positive terminal of a first sampling diode 58 at node [f]. The negative terminal of first sampling diode 58 is connected to the positive terminal of second sampling diode 60 at node [g]. A second sampling capacitor 62 completes this pathway through its coupling to second sampling diode 60 at node [h] and to transmission line 48 at node [e]. A conductor joins nodes [c] and [g] to a node [i] which serves as the positive terminal of an RF input, which is paired with a grounded terminal at node [j].
An IF (intermediate frequency) coupling network 64 lies within sampling stage 44. This network 64 is a loop which starts at node [f] and ends at node [h]. The components in network 64 that are arranged in series include a first IF output coupling resistor 66 between nodes [f] and [k], a first IF output coupling capacitor 68 between nodes [k] and [l], a second IF output coupling capacitor 70 between nodes [l] and [m], and a second IF output coupling resistor 72 between nodes [m] and [h]. A third IF output coupling resistor 74 bridges nodes [k] and [m]. Node [l] and a grounded node [n] serve as terminals for the IF output of the sampler.
The varactors 26 and 36 shown in FIG. 6 may be any device which functions as a nonlinear voltage-dependent capacitor. In the best mode of the invention, hyperabrupt GaAs Schottky diodes are employed. They are represented in the schematic diagram by both diode and resistor symbols in order to account for the intrinsic resistance of the components. The hyperabrupt diodes are selected for their pronounced nonlinear capacitance versus voltage characteristic. This greater nonlinearity of these components enables the designer to achieve narrower and sharper-edged pulses using a relatively short nonlinear transmission line 22, 24. The zero bias junction capacitance of the diodes 26, Cjo, and the spacing 28 between the diodes are selected so that the large signal impedance of the loaded line 22, 24 is 50 ohms and so that the cutoff frequency is much higher than the spectral frequencies of the desired shock wave pulses.
In contrast, the diode varactor 36 in the clamping diode section 30 has a smaller Cjo and a larger series resistance than the shock wave generator diodes 26 to minimize spurious ringing produced by reflections within the sampler circuit 10. The relatively small Cjo value affords a lower "on" conductance to absorb more power while retaining the same RCjo time constant. The product RCjo is kept constant to minimize degradation of the leading edge of the shock wave by section 30. The larger series resistance, R, reduces reflections by absorbing more power. The signal reflected from sampling section 44 has opposite polarity to the incoming signal and therefore forward biases the diode in clamping section 30. As a result of this, the reflected signal experiences a resistive load at clamping diode 36 and is therefore strongly absorbed.
The choice of transmission line for this sampler is generally only limited by particular monolithic integration objectives which are discussed in detail below. Any combination of well-known and widely available transmission lines may be used. These include microstrip, coplanar waveguide, coplanar line, and various slotline configurations. The unloaded characteristic impedance of the transmission line 22, 24 is chosen to be as high as possible, up to an impedance which would create an unacceptably high level of intrinsic dispersion that would, in turn, degrade the short rise times of the shock wave generator pulses. A high unloaded impedance also permits large capacitive loading due to the capacitance of the diode varactors 26 that generate sharp-edged pulses. The length of each spacing 28 is chosen such that its associated delay is much shorter than the rise time of the shock wave produced in section 20. A high unloaded impedance yields a high inductance per unit length and a low capacitance per unit length that facilitate a shorter overall line length for the shockwave generator section. The delay section 38 includes unloaded transmission line 40, 42 with a 50 ohm characteristic impedance. The length of the delay section 38 is chosen so that the reflected signals do not interface with the leading edge of the shock wave. This requires that the delay introduced by this section 38 is at least twice the rise time of the shock wave pulses produced by section 20.
In the sampling stage 44, resistive short 50 provides a very low resistance that functions as a shorted transmission line. This component is the terminus of the sampler circuit 10 which produces reflections back down the lines 46 and 48 toward the local oscillator stage 12. This shorted section sends back an opposite polarity reflected wave which shuts off the sampling diodes. The total round trip travel time of a pulse from the end of section 30 to resistive short 50 and back to the end of section 30 should be less than the pulse repetition rate to prevent interference between successive pulses.
Based upon actual simulations performed by the inventors using the SPICE software package, the specifications for the various components and parameters in the preferred embodiment of the circuit 10 are presented in the following table:
TABLE ONE______________________________________Local Oscillator Stage 12Source resistor 14 50 ohmsShock Wave Generator Stage 20Unloaded transmission line impedance, Zo 203.5 ohmsTransmission time delay between diodes 26 0.39 pico secZero bias junction capacitance, Cjo 210 fFDiode junction dopant grading coefficient, m 1.5Diode series resistance 15 ohmsNumber of diodes 26 15Clamping Diode Stage 30Unloaded transmission line impedance, Zo 57 ohmsTransmission time delay 1.4 pico secZero bias junction capacitance, Cjo 50 fFDiode junction dopant grading coefficient, m 1.5Diode series resistance 25 ohmsNumber of diodes 36 1Delay Stage 38Transmission line impedance, Zo 50 ohmsTransmission line time delay 15 pico secSampling Stage 44RF input termination resistors 52 and 54 100 ohmsSampling capacitors 56 and 62 2 pFSampling diodes 58 and 60:Zero bias junction capacitance, Cjo 100 fFJunction dopant grading coefficient, m 1.5Series resistance 1 ohmIF output coupling resistors 66 and 72 5 ohmsIF output coupling resistor 74 90 ohmsIF output coupling capacitors 68 and 70 4 pFShorted transmission line impedance, Zo 50 ohmsShorted transmission line delay 5 pico secResistance of resistive short 50 15 ohms______________________________________
To initiate the operation of the sampler 10, a radio frequency input that is to be sampled is applied across terminals [i] and [j] shown in FIG. 6. The impedance of the input is matched to 50 ohms.
A sampling signal from the local oscillator stage 12 enters the shock wave generator stage 20, and the nonlinearity in the diodes 26 produce a steepened edge that is used to drive the sampler. For some high intermediate frequency applications, the pulse generator may be eliminated and the sampler 10 can be driven by the sinusoidal local oscillator 18. The upper and lower branches of the transmission line 22 and 24 are polarized positive and negative as shown in FIG. 6 by the "+" and "-" signs. As a result of this polarity, the leading edges of the input pulses drives each of the diodes 26 into a reverse bias condition. The shock waves that are produced by this input travel down the transmission lines and enter the sampling stage 44 at nodes [a] and [b]. Due to the arrangement of sampling diodes 58 and 60, first sampling diode 58 is forward biased or turned on by the positive voltage that is imposed across it from node [d] to node [e]. Second sampling diode 60 is also forward biased or turned on because the negative potential placed across at from node [e] to [d]. When both diodes 58 and 60 are turned on by the shock wave pulses, small samples of current flow through the pathway from node [d] to node [e]. Differences between the charge captured by sampling capacitors 56 and 62 cause a current to flow through the IF coupling network 64, which includes bleeding resistors 66, 72, and 74. The resistance of these three resistors is minimized to allow for a high pulse repetition rate. The ratio of the resistance of resistor 74 to the sum of resistors 66 and 72 is maximized to afford the highest possible IF conversion efficiency. Capacitors 68 and 70 do not store any sampled current, their purpose is to block DC current that might otherwise flow through network 64. Resistors 52 and 54 that lie between nodes [a] and [b] are load resistors which absorb the RF signal in the sampler stage 44.
Resistive short 50 is a low impedance terminus to the transmission line. This section of the transmission line differentiates the shock wave to produce a narrow pulse with a width equal to twice the transmission line delay. Once signals reach the resistive short 50, they bounce back towards the opposite end of the transmission line as inverted polarity reflections. These reflected waveforms invert the bias of the sampling diodes and turn them off, determining the time duration of the sampling pulse. These reflections also produce spurious ringing that is controlled by the clamping diode stage 30. Without the clamping section in place, the reflected waves would forward bias the shock wave generator varactors 26. A second reflection back toward the sampling stage 44 would turn on the sampling diodes 58 and 60 at the wrong time. The clamping diode 36 has a lower forward bias conductance than the varactor diodes 26, and therefore reduces the reflection returned to the sampling diodes 58 and 60. The clamping diode 36 also has a higher series resistance which reduces reflections by absorbing more power.
The mixed IF output of the sampler 10 is taken from terminals [l] and [n]. FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate simulation results which portray the current pulses through the sampling diodes 58 and 60. FIG. 8 is an expanded picture (10 picoseconds per division) of one of the pulses shown in FIG. 7. The graphs plot current through the sampling diodes showing a 2.6 pico second full width at half maximum, which represents a 3 dB bandwidth of approximately 134 GHz.
The monolithic implementation of the sampler circuit design which is described above is accomplished using conventional photolithographic techniques. FIG. 9(a) illustrates a side view of a diode 75 formed on a semiinsulating (S.I.) gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate 76. These diodes 75 may be varied to produce any of the diodes 26, 36, 58, or 60 discussed above. Molecular beam epitaxy techniques are then employed to grow an n+ layer 78 over the S.I. substrate 76. The top layer 80 is a hyperabrupt doping strata called an n(x) layer that is also formed using molecular beam epitaxy methods. This doping profile n(x) yields the necessary capacitance variation described in equation (2) above. The m value in that equation determines the doping profile n(x). After individual diodes are isolated by proton bombardment and portions of the n(x) layer are etched, ohmic contacts 82 are deposited from titanium-gold-germanium alloys and a Schottky contact 84 is deposited using titanium-platinum-gold metal. FIG. 9(b) illustrates a deposited Schottky contact 85 in a top view. A pair of transmission lines 86 (which are referred to above as 22, 24, 32, 34, 40, 42, 46, and 48) are coupled through tongue and yoke portions 88 and 90. An ohmic contact 92 is shown formed onto the yoke portion 90. FIG. 9(c) depicts a monolithically fabricated resistor 94, which includes an n+ strip joined to ohmic contacts 98 at either end. Capacitors are formed by separating two plates of connect metal by a dielectric like silicon nitride. The silicon nitride is also used as a passivating layer for the other components. The resistors and capacitors shown in FIGS. 9a, 9b and 9c are fabricated so that they take on various values to produce capacitors 56, 62, 68, and 70 and resistors 50, 52, 66, 72, and 74. The functions that are used to determine the appropriate doping level are shown in FIG. 10. FIG. 11 illustrates a completed array of diodes 75 (which may be altered to produce diodes 26, 36, 58, or 60) spanning a pair of transmission lines 86.
FIG. 12 exhibits the complete Monolithic Sampler in a schematic view. An input from local oscillator 18 is passed through balun 16 to the shockwave generator section 20 that includes transmission lines 22 and 28 spanned by diodes 26. The output end of the shockwave generator 20 is coupled to delay section 38 through clamping section 30. Finally, the shockwaves enter sampler section 44, which is shown in an enlarged view in FIG. 13. Transmission line sections 40 and 42 convey the shock waves into sampler section 44 past resistors 52 and 54 into capacitors 56 and 62. Sampling diodes 58 and 60 are shown in series between capacitors 56 and 62 and an RF input.
Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to a particular preferred embodiment, persons possessing ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains will appreciate that various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the claims that follow.
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I have wellbutrin xl 150mg.It expired on 8/12/12. Can I still use it. Thankyou?
- Posted:
- 18 Feb 2013 by bigdaddysplash
- Topics:
- wellbutrin, wellbutrin xl
Answers (2)
19 Feb 2013
Hi BigDaddy and welcome,
Did you just find some leftover medication? As Pledge the Guru said, it may not be as effective, but my concern for you would be this-are you still on Wellbutrin? I can understand trying to save $$ with prescription costs, but I would be fearful if you were feeling depressed and self medicating without seeing a Dr. Hope you won't be insulted by the suggestion. I am only asking out of genuine concern for you. Please let us know. We care!!
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text:
Missing My Guitar Day (MMGD)
All the sudden I am missing that Dirty 100 that I sold!!
Anyone have some pics to help a brother out!!
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Missing My Guitar Day (MMGD)
All the sudden I am missing that Dirty 100 that I sold!!
Anyone have some pics to help a brother out!!
Wish I could help you my friend..................... But I got nutt'in!
Can't say that I blame you... I'd miss that one too.
Looking forward to my package tomorrow...
Don't know how they will cheer you up, but I've got these.... :rock:
I got nuttin' for ya JD! I have a feeling you'll be doing better about a month from now.
Here's a few more:
Absolutely stunning instrument...amazing tones.
I was missing my #47 that I sold, so I bought Tim/Joe/Tim's #91. It'll be here on Thursday and I can't wait! I tried to replace it, systematically playing through every PRS I could get my hands on. But there's nothing like a Dirty 100. The wood, sound, feel, scale, etc just works in this guitar for me.
Tick tock. Wish it was Thursday!
I vow to own one of these one day. Gorgeous guitars and wondering how great the 5909's sound with a 24.5" scale.
Ive always wanted a dirty 100 in the worst way - still one of the few guitars I have bad GAS over :(
#45 - that's just amazing.
I have D100 #90. I'm lucky to have it and it isn't going anywhere.
I have D100 #90. :biggrin: