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338 International Forestry Review 5(4), 2003 The participatory domestication of West African indigenous fruits1 R.R.B. LEAKEY*, K. SCHRECKENBERG # and Z. TCHOUNDJEU 3 * Agroforestry and Novel Crops Unit, School of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4878, Australia # Overseas Development Institute, 111 Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7JD, England, UK 3 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), BP 2067, Yaoundé, Cameroon Email: firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com SUMMARY This study obtained quantitative data on fruit and nut traits from two indigenous fruit trees in West Africa (Irvingia gabonensis and Dacryodes edulis), which have led to the identification of trees meeting ideotypes based on multiple morphological, quality and food property traits desirable in putative cultivars. The same data also indicates changes in population structure that provide pointers to the level of domestication already achieved by subsistence farmers. D. edulis represents 21–57% of all fruit trees in farmers' fields and plays an important part in the economy of rural communities. An investigation of the socio-economic and biophysical constraints to indigenous tree cultivation found that indigenous fruits could play an even greater role in the rural economy of West and Central Africa. The opportunity to build on this through further domestication of these species is considerable, especially as retailers recognise customer preferences for certain D. edulis fruit traits, although at present the wholesale market does not. This project was linked to a larger participatory tree domestication programme within ICRAF's2 wider agroforestry programme with traditionally valuable indigenous trees. Together these projects provided insights into the value of domesticating indigenous fruit trees, which are of strategic importance to poverty alleviation and sustainable development worldwide. Keywords: agroforestry, Irvingia gabonensis, Dacryodes edulis, livelihood benefits, rural development INTRODUCTION South East Asia (Reshetko et al. 1999) and that at the Regional Preparatory Conference of Latin America and Throughout the tropics there are indigenous tree species the Caribbean for the 'World Summit on Sustainable that produce locally important fruits and other non-timber Development', in Rio de Janeiro (23–24 October 2001) forest products, that have the potential to be domesticated there were recommendations that: to provide economic and livelihood benefits to subsistence farmers (Leakey and Simons 1998). Many of these species 1. International cooperation should be strengthened in are valuable sources of nutrition (Leakey 1999) with order to address the issues of extreme poverty, important health benefits against malnutrition and possible underdevelopment, unsustainable production and nutritional benefits conferring enhanced resilience to consumption patterns, environmental degradation and epidemics such as AIDS/HIV (Barany et al. 2001). The inequities in wealth distribution. integration of these species as novel crops within existing 2. Programmes should be promoted for the conservation farming systems can also provide environmental benefits and sustainable use of biodiversity, which also ensures (Leakey and Tchoundjeu 2001). The need for greater equitable access to the benefits afforded by the use of emphasis on the cultivation and domestication of these genetic resources. overlooked 'Cinderella' species in 'development' programmes, poses important policy questions which need Although domestication does not necessarily assure to be addressed (Leakey and Tomich 1999). conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, this study The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to a suggests that at least while there is a substantial wild participatory approach to agroforestry tree domestication, resource, as in the case of most indigenous fruits, which has been developed in West Africa and that may domestication can increase intra-specific diversity (Leakey have application in other tropical areas. This is done in the et al. in press a). Consequently, one way to address these knowledge that there is considerable current interest in tree domestication in Latin America (Clement and Villachica 1 Modified from a presentation to: First Henry A. Wallace Inter- 1994, Prance 1994, Sotelo Montes and Weber 1997, America Scientific Conference, "Globalisation of Agricultural Jaenicke et al. 2000, Weber et al. 2001), southern Africa Research", CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. 25–27 February 2002 (Maghembe et al. 1998), East Africa (Simons 1996) and 2 Renamed The World Agroforestry Centre. Participatory domestication of West African indigenous fruits 339 resolutions would be to initiate a programme to domesticate important, when there are a number of different fruit more indigenous fruits, which can contribute to the characteristics that together form a 'plus-tree' or ideo type reduction of poverty and livelihood enhancement (Poulton (Atangana et al. 2002, Leakey et al. 2002), as the more and Poole 2001) and diversify farming systems (Gockowski traits for which selection is desired, the larger is the number et al. 2001). of trees that would need to be screened in a research station approach to tree improvement. Participatory domestication Participatory domestication also allows farmers to be the beneficiaries and guardians of the use of their In contrast to the widely cultivated agricultural and indigenous knowledge about inter- and intra-specific horticultural crops of the world that have been variation in the population, and germplasm derived from domesticated for millennia, the initiatives to domesticate it. This approach conforms to the aims of the Convention some of the indigenous fruit trees of different eco-regions on Biological Diversity, which seeks to protect the rights of of the tropics (Leakey and Simons 1998) are starting now local people to their indigenous knowledge and germplasm. with wild, or virtually wild, gene pools. This imposes It is, thus, in stark contrast to the 'research station model' responsibilities on the scientists involved to develop an of tree domestication. It does, however, require that the understanding of the potential of the species; to ensure farmers are informed about, and understand, their rights that domestication proceeds wisely, efficiently and within and know how to maintain and protect these rights. the constraints imposed by the Convention on Biological Diversity, and to maintain and protect the diversity of the Are subsistence farmers interested in domestication? genetic resource. Tree improvement and breeding has usually been the To determine the relevance of agroforestry tree prerogative of national and international research domestication to subsistence farmers in West and Central institutes, because of its long-term nature and the emphasis Africa, a socio-economic study to examine both the on timber production by government forestry departments. constraints and potential benefits of bringing indigenous In agroforestry, however, with the greater emphasis on the trees into cultivation was carried out in Cameroon and social, cultural and economic needs of resource-poor Nigeria. The detailed results of this study will be reported subsistence farmers, there has been a recent shift towards elsewhere (Schreckenberg et al. 2002, Degrande et al., in domesticating trees producing valuable non-timber forest prep, Mbosso et al. in prep). The overall conclusions of products with the people and for the people (Sanchez et al. this study, obtained through participatory community-level 1997; Tchoundjeu et al. 1998). This requires a very different research, household surveys and whole-farm fruit tree approach to tree improvement, one based more on inventories were that farmers in the study area are very horticultural than forestry techniques (Leakey and Jaenicke interested in the cultivation of indigenous fruits (Mbosso 1995); and one situated on the farm rather than in a 1999). Of particular importance in southern Cameroon is research station. Dacryodes edulis (safou / African plum), which is widely The model, which has been developed in Cameroon and planted and constitutes 21–57% of all fruit trees in farmers' Nigeria by ICRAF and partners (Tchoundjeu et al. 1998, fields (Schreckenberg et al. 2002). Kengue et al. 2002), is based on involving the farmers in In all four Cameroonian communities, safou is very all stages of the process. This starts with asking the farmers important for home consumption. In two communities, about which of the trees from the natural forest they would Chopfarm and Elig Nkouma, it was ranked higher than like to cultivate on their farms (Franzel et al. 1996), and all other tree species for its food value, and in the others it progresses to the development of simple, low-technology was ranked either second or third. Women particularly like plant propagators (Leakey et al. 1990) in the villages. These the fact that the boiled or roasted fruit can be eaten with inexpensive and effective propagators, made from readily cassava providing a meal that is quick and easy to prepare available products (wood, sand and polythene) for the at a time when most labour has to be devoted to agricultural rooting of stem cuttings, do not require running water or activities. electricity. This simple and appropriate technology has In addition to its use for direct consumption, D. edulis many benefits for rural development projects over more provides an important income, being ranked among the complex propagation systems, especially micro- top three species for commercial value in all four propagation, as with the involvement of NGOs, villagers communities (Mbosso et al. in prep.). In terms of value, are trained in the basic principles of vegetative propagation this is more important for women, for whom the marketing so that they can themselves produce and bulk up 'cultivars' of safou fruit is one of the few relatively independent from the trees that they know and like best in their area. sources of income they have, but the timing of the income This emphasis on the empowerment of the community and (July–September) is also important for men, coming at a its use of indigenous knowledge about superior phenotypes time of year when they have few other income sources and in the forest allows rapid progress to be made, as it school fees are due. Over 90% of D. edulis trees occur in overcomes the need to do expensive and time-consuming the perennial crop farms (mainly cocoa and coffee), which mass propagation and selection from populations of constitute the predominant land use in the area. In addition seedlings with unknown potential. This is particularly to provision of shade, D. edulis plays an important role as 340 R. Leakey, K. Schreckenberg and Z. Tchoundjeu an income buffer when cocoa and coffee prices fall METHODS (Schreckenberg et al. 2002). Tenure is not an insurmountable constraint to planting This study is based on data collected from six villages (Table safou as most households have at least some land with secure 1), four in Cameroon (Atangana et al. 2001, 2002; Waruhui tenure. Nor is labour a particular problem as tree-planting 1999; Waruhui et al. in prep.) and two in Nigeria (Ukafor and maintenance work is integrated with that required for 2002; Anegbeh et al. in press a/b). The sites were chosen to other tree crops. Bottlenecks may occur at harvest time, but represent a range of ethnic, social and environmental in communities such as Chopfarm, proximity to flourishing factors found in the region. These sites were separated by D. edulis markets (e.g. Gabon and Douala) means that 100–350 km and hence are clearly different populations. farmers no longer need to invest much labour in harvesting The use of three geographically distinct sites should reduce or marketing as outside wholesalers bring in their own labour the chance of finding correlated traits that may be due to to harvest whole trees (Schreckenberg et al. 2002). random non-general associations that can occur in a single The most popular indigenous fruit tree in the southern isolated population. Two of the sites (Nko'ovos II in Nigerian study sites was Irvingia gabonensis (bush mango / Cameroon and Ugwuaji in Nigeria) were in fact within the dika nut), which is widely planted in homegardens and, to a genetic diversity hotspots of I. gabonensis, identified by lesser extent, in food crop fields (Degrande et al. in prep.). Lowe et al. (2000), using DNA markers, each with The fresh fruits are eaten as a snack while the dried kernel is genetically distinct populations. ground and added to sauces to make them viscous. The Diameter at breast height (dbh) was measured for each sliminess (or 'drawability') of the resulting sauces is tree, while tree height was estimated. Tree-to-tree variation particularly valued. In southern Cameroon, very few trees in fruit and kernel characteristics were assessed in all the of this species are actually planted at present, although trees of a randomly selected, discrete population of up to naturally regenerating seedlings are protected. Nevertheless, 100 trees per village, depending on availability. farmers in Nko'ovos II ranked I. gabonensis as the most Measurements were made of the following eight fruit traits important species for food and commercial value (Mbosso in 24 randomly collected ripe fruits per tree of I. gabonensis 1999; Mbosso et al. in prep.). Farmers expressed interest in and D. edulis, using kitchen scales accurate to 2 g and the cultivation of I. gabonensis because of greatly increased calipers accurate to 0.1 mm (see Leakey et al. 2000): interest from traders in recent years (Degrande et al. in prep.). Improved market access would enhance communities' • Fresh fruit mass (g), opportunities to cultivate and sell indigenous fruits of all • Nut mass (g) – for I. gabonensis only – after drying the species. Similarly, improved market information systems residue flesh, would improve the opportunities to generate income. These • Fresh kernel mass (g), systems should be targeted first and foremost at women, • Fruit length (mm), for whom the D. edulis trade, for example, is particularly • Fruit width (mm), important (Awono et al. 2002). • Flesh depth in the fruit breadth dimension (mm), • Taste score (1[bitter]–5 [sweet]), Characterisation of intra-specific variation in fruit and kernel • Fibrosity score (1 [low fibre]–5 [high fibre]) – for I. characteristics gabonensis only. • Oiliness score (1 [low oil] – 5 [high oil]) – for D. edulis only. This section of the paper presents the results of a study in West and Central Africa to quantify the tree-to-tree Taste, fibrosity and oiliness were assessed by the same variation in fruit characteristics in Dacryodes edulis and people at each site. The owners of the trees were asked Irvingia gabonensis. The study was carried out in conjunction whether or not the tree had been planted and questioned with the socio-economic research described above and within the context of a participatory tree domestication TABLE 1 The location of study villages and the numbers of programme managed by the International Centre for trees assessed Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF)2. Its purpose was to Number identify combinations of fruit traits that could be brought of trees together through 'plus-tree' selection and then captured as Latitude Longitude Altitude assessed a 'cultivar' by vegetative propagation. I. gabonensis The assessment of tree-to-tree variation in the I. Cameroon Elig Nkouma 4°06'N 11°24'E 460 m 31 gabonensis and D. edulis populations in Cameroon and Nko'ovos II 2°55'N 11°21'E 610 m 21 Nigeria was aimed at the determination of: Nigeria Ugwuaji 6°25'N 7°32'E 175 m 100 D. edulis • the levels of diversity available to farmers within the area Cameroon Makenene 4°52'N 10°48'E 580 m 100 of their communal ownership, Elig Nkouma 4°06'N 11°24'E 460 m 57 • the levels of selection intensity being applied by farmers, Nko'ovos II 2°55'N 11°21'E 610 m 12 • the level of market recognition of variability in fruit or Chop Farm 3°57'N 9°15'E 11 m 31 Nigeria Ilile 5°19'N 6°55'E 54 m 100 kernel traits. Participatory domestication of West African indigenous fruits 341 about the tree's fruiting behaviour. The farmers were also reflecting a mature age, while the Nigerian population was asked about the likely market price of each fruit sample. much younger. These differences can be explained by the The above data were used to derive: Shell mass (g) (= farmers' information which revealed that the Cameroon Nut mass – kernel mass, for I. gabonensis only), and fresh population was made up of unplanted natural trees retained Flesh mass (g) (Fruit mass – Nut mass, in I. gabonensis, when forest was cleared for agriculture, while the Nigerian and Fruit mass – Kernel mass, in D. edulis). Since the ease population was made up of planted trees. with which nuts can be cracked to allow kernel extraction is seen by farmers as an important trait, a shell brittleness 1. The levels of diversity available to farmers within their score was derived as 50 minus shell mass (so that the community desirable trees for selection had a high score). The kernels of I. gabonensis are used as a thickening Contrary to the suggestion that there are morphologically agent in traditional soups and stews in West and Central distinct 'varieties' in the on-farm populations of D. edulis Africa. To assess the tree-to-tree variation in these properties, (Okafor 1983), this study found continuous variation in kernels were stored for analysis (Leakey et al. in press). This all the traits examined. There was, however, highly analysis was done using a Rapid Visco-Analyzer to significant (p < 0.001) variation between individual trees determine changes in the physical properties of each sample for each trait, and as expected, trees with superiority in of de-fatted dika nut meal in water, so mimicking the changes one trait (e.g. fruit size) are not necessarily superior in other occurring during the cooking process. Traces, generated traits (e.g. fruit taste). Consequently, the chance of finding during a 15-minute two-phase temperature profile (a trees with superiority in two or more traits is considerably "cooking phase" at 95°C and an "eating phase" at 50°C), lower than for a single trait. Nevertheless, it is highly recorded the electrical energy consumed to maintain desirable to identify combinations of traits, which should constant stirring speed of a paddle in the paste. Two food be brought together for cultivar development. To pursue thickening parameters were derived from the final two this objective of defining combinations of desirable traits, minutes of the trace at eating temperature: (i) the average an 'ideotype' approach has been developed. value, taken as the "viscosity" (magnitude of soup In I. gabonensis, an examination of all the data (Figure thickening) and (ii) the presumed "drawability", which was 1) indicates that there are some trees (Ug10, Ug75, Ug12) based on the varying spikiness (width) of the trace. The latter with high values for fruit traits (fruit length, fruit width, is proposed as the ability of the gum to exert periodic flesh weight, flesh depth and taste) that are close to the viscoelastic restraining forces on the paddle; this is presumed 'fruit ideotype' (solid black line), and thus superior as fruit to reflect its ability to be drawn out into tendrils with a for eating fresh. In the same way there are other trees spoon. (EN26, Nk28, Nk31, Nk6) with kernel traits (kernel weight, shell brittleness) close to the kernel ideotype (solid black line). Interestingly, however, the study of the physical and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION chemical properties of the kernels (Leakey et al., in press b) found that none of the trees assessed had high values for The relationships between tree height and dbh indicated that both of the food thickening traits (viscosity and the Cameroon and Nigerian populations of I. gabonensis drawability). Furthermore, the viscosity and 'drawability' differed in demographic structure (Atangana et al. 2001; of the polysaccharide extract were poorly related traits (e.g. Anegbeh et al. in press a/b), with the Cameroon population r2 = 0.336) and thus probably kernels from different trees Fruit ideotype Fruit weight Kernel ideotype Fruit weight Kernel weight Flesh weight Kernel weight (g) Flesh weight Shell brittleness Fruit length Shell brittleness Fruit length Taste score Fruit width Taste score Fruit width Flesh depth Flesh depth FIGURE 1 Fruit and kernel ideotypes for I. gabonensis, compared with the data from the best trees 342 R. Leakey, K. Schreckenberg and Z. Tchoundjeu have different uses in food preparation. Consequently, The study has also identified some variation in the depending on the use of the kernels, the kernel ideotype fruiting phenology of different trees, illustrating should be sub-divided into two food-thickening sub- opportunities for selection for the seasonality of ideotypes, one with good properties for viscosity, and the production. Seasonality is not a problem in the case of I. other for drawability (Leakey et al. in press b). gabonensis as the storage of dika nuts allows a year-round Fat determination and fatty acid profiling of kernels market, but the fruits of D. edulis have a very short shelf confirmed previous studies (see review by Leakey 1999b) life and thus there is a need to extend the productive season, that fat content ranges from 50–70% between samples, as for example with the recently created 'Nöel' cultivar that although the range in individual tree samples in the present fruits at Christmas (Tchoundjeu et al. unpublished). study was greater than this (37.5–75.5%). As also found Alternatively, research is needed to develop storage and/or elsewhere, the study identified myristic acid and lauric acid processing techniques for the fruits that can be used in the as the major fatty acid components of the extracted fat. villages or local towns. Thus, it appears that kernels for vegetable oil production An additional advantage of the ideotype approach is may have to conform to a third ideotype, depending on the that the cultivars may have a broad genetic base in many yield and desirable properties of the oils. other characteristics, especially if the cultivars come from To date, the range of nutritional values of I. gabonensis unrelated populations. This could make them less kernels has not been reported to vary between samples, susceptible to pest and disease outbreaks (Leakey 1991). although reported protein content of different samples has To minimise the risks of narrowing the genetic base and ranged from 14.3–24.1% (Leakey 1999b). However, it is clear associated disease and pest problems, it would also be wise from a protein analysis of de-fatted kernel samples from to ensure that there is a turnover of recommended cultivars six trees, selected for their diverse viscosity properties, that arising from an on-going and continuous programme of they were similar to the published range. Thus study of more selection. trees may determine opportunities to further select individual trees for their nutritional value. Electrophoretic 2. The levels of selection intensity being applied by farmers analysis of total protein extracts according to molecular weight, demonstrated that all six samples had similar protein In an attempt to determine the levels of tree selection by patterns. farmers, the frequency distributions of the data for each In D. edulis, the fruits for eating as a nutritious cooked measured trait were plotted and examined. The results did vegetable would appear to fit a single ideotype characterised not provide an answer. However, an assessment of the by large size, thick flesh and a small kernel. Further genetic gain made by farmers through their own selection refinement of this ideotype may follow once the organoleptic efforts was achieved. properties of these fruits are better understood. A Typically, trees are out-breeding and genetically very preliminary study by a trained tasting panel has found that diverse due to the contribution of large numbers of there is variation in acidity, astringency, bitterness, sourness, individuals to a shared genepool and the free segregation as well as in fibrosity, (Kengni et al. 2000; Leakey et al. of allelles during meiosis (Zobel and Talbert 1984), typically 2002). Thus, taking all these traits together, the resulting in normally-distributed variation of morphological and organoleptic studies to date suggest that quantitatively-inherited polygenic traits. These patterns of there are opportunities, through ideotype selection, for the intraspecific variation mean that for any one trait there development of cultivars that combine large size with good are relatively rare genotypes which display the desired set quality attributes for the fresh fruit trade. However, there of characteristics; so called 'plus-trees'. In addition, it is are also potential industrial uses of these fruits for vegetable well known that tree populations from geographically oils (Kapseu and Tchiegang 1996; Silou et al. in press), which different locations (provenances) can have different mean may require further refinement of the fruit ideotype, values. Leakey et al. (in press) have postulated that when depending on the oil properties required. data from different wild populations for a given trait are For both species, the above definition of ideotypes feeds combined, the overall population will also be normally into the on-farm domestication process, by helping distributed. In plant breeding, cycles of selecting and researchers to explain to NGOs and farmers what traits, or crossing between only the best individuals in the population combinations of traits (ideotypes) are available for selection (truncated selection), result in new progenies, which and thus their opportunities for cultivar development. The outperform their parents in the selected trait (Futuyma inclusion of this information into the community 1998). The degree of improvement depends on the narrow domestication programmes could have very rapid impacts sense heritability (Stearns and Hockstra 2000). The on the level of genetic gains achieved by farmers in the next domestication of a species must therefore result in changes ten years. For example, fruit size could probably be increased in the frequency distribution of the values of the selected 2–3 fold by creating cultivars that conform to the 'fruit trait among the members of the population (and typically ideotypes'. Since different villages will create different sets an increasing reduction in diversity within the selected of cultivars for each species they wish to cultivate, intra- population, due to an increasing selection intensity). and inter-specific diversity will be maintained at the farm During the course of several generations of truncated level, at least in the short-to-medium term. selection, the frequency distribution of the trait can thus Participatory domestication of West African indigenous fruits 343 80 80 3 FIGURE 2 Stages of 1 60 60 domestication: a hypothesis (1 = wild, 4 = a variety 40 40 formed by selection, stages 2 and 3 are indeterminate) 20 20 Frequency 0 0 80 80 2 4 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Selected trait be expected to change through a progression of stages that for differences in the stage of domestication between sub- ultimately lead to the formation of a variety. populations in Cameroon. The fact that subsistence farmers To determine if the stage of farmer-selected have domesticated these fruit to this point emphasises the domestication reached in different populations of I. importance that they attribute to indigenous fruits for their gabonensis and D. edulis, Leakey et al. (in press) have own consumption and for trade. hypothesised that when, over a long period of time, farmers The recognition that farmers in Cameroon and Nigeria take and plant seeds from the fruits of their best trees, the have initiated the domestication of two of their indigenous frequency distribution of data for the selected trait will fruit trees emphasises the importance of the current change from normal (stage 1), to positively skewed (stage activities to further domesticate the indigenous trees that 2), to a flattened normal distribution again (stage 3), to provide marketable non-timber forest products of negatively skewed (stage 4) to normal (stage 5) – see Figure importance to local people for food security and income 2. With each stage there is also a progressive shift along generation. The need now is to go to the next stage of the x axis, as the progeny is improved for the selected trait. domestication (Figure 3) in which cultivars are developed, In contrast, the frequency distribution for neutral traits using vegetative propagation techniques (Leakey et al. 1990; (unselected traits with no correlation to the selected trait) Shiembo et al. 1996), from the very best trees available in will remain at stage 1. each village. This is starting in the West African participatory In D. edulis for most traits, the frequency distributions tree domestication programme (Tchoundjeu et al. 1998) with of individual populations were close to normality although the intention of using these cultivars in cocoa and other there were differences between the traits, with regard to agroforests to diversify the agroecosystem. In this way, it is the degree of separation between the populations along the envisioned that it may be possible to create land use systems x axis. For example, the peak mean kernel mass of all that enhance the livelihoods of poor subsistence farmers populations was the same, while for flesh thickness, fruit (Leakey 1999b). In addition, the domestication of these mass and fruit width, especially in the Makenene and Elig species may lead to the creation of export commodities to Nkouma populations from Cameroon, there were diversify both the farmers and national economies. These considerable differences in the peak mean (i.e. they were benefits, together with the international public goods and distributed along the x axis). Since the kernel of D. edulis is 50 usually discarded, as being of little value, while the mass and size of the fruit and the thickness of the flesh are all indicators of a desirable fruit, it seems likely that over time 40 there has been intentional selection by Cameroon farmers for these desirable traits, resulting in domestication 30 progressing to between stages 2 and 3. Because the mean flesh thickness of the selected population is greater (7.5 mm) 20 than that of the wild population (4.5 mm), these data suggest that farmers have made a 67% genetic gain in flesh 10 depth. Similarly in I. gabonensis, evidence for domestication through the selection of large-fruited trees, was found in 0 the population from Ugwuaji, in Nigeria. In this species, FIGURE 3 A fifth stage in the domestication process. domestication seems to have advanced to stage 2, with a = Creation of a cultivar by vegetatively propagating a genetic gain of 44% in flesh depth. There was no evidence superior individual 344 R. Leakey, K. Schreckenberg and Z. Tchoundjeu services (carbon sequestration, biodiversity, etc.) that can Impact and strategic importance be derived from increasing the numbers of trees in agroecosystems, are outcomes that could benefit the global In these and other indigenous fruits (e.g. Sclerocarya birrea), community (Leakey 2001). intra-specific variation is typically found to be greatest at the village level, thus there seems to be several strategic 3. The level of market recognition of variability in fruit or advantages of tree domestication at this level. Firstly, it gives kernel traits each community the opportunity for significant genetic gain without empowering one community more than its The importance of indigenous fruits in West Africa is neighbours. Secondly, this village-level, self-help approach emerging from market studies, which indicate that, for to domestication also helps to maintain a broad genetic base example with D. edulis, wholesale traders in Gabon travel within the species being domesticated, as each village will to markets like Makenene to buy fruits for importation develop a different collection of cultivars. Furthermore, it into Gabon. Similar evidence of regional trade has recently allows the farmers to practice their new skills on any other also been documented for I. gabonensis and Ricinodendron species of interest to them, and so does not restrict the heudelotii kernels, and the nuts of Cola spp. (Ndoye et al. domestication process to the priority species. In the long- 1998; Ruiz Pérez et al. 1999). term, this will promote the species diversity of their farming To determine if these markets reward farmers for systems. In terms of ensuring impact from development producing fruits with desirable characteristics, fruit samples assistance, this approach of working directly with farmers were purchased at the peak of the season (3–17 August 2000) has the advantage that the project outputs are immediately from urban (Mfoundi, Yaoundé) and rural (Makenene disseminated into the target population, thus overcoming Centre and Makenene East) markets in Cameroon the delays that often arise from a research station stage in (Atangana et al. in press; Leakey et al. 2002). The area the domestication process. around Makenene has a reputation for producing and selling D. edulis fruits, leading to the existence of a retail market Potential for wider application of participatory (Makenene East) and one of the largest wholesale markets domestication in the country (Makenene Centre). The fruits of each sample were characterised as described in the 'Methods' section. The domestication of new species is a major undertaking, Statistically significant differences in each fruit trait were one that is a continuous process of improvement and one found between samples for each market, but the that has to be justified by the benefits that accrue to the relationships between fruit traits and prices were found to producers and consumers of the products. There is currently be weak in wholesale markets. However, in retail markets, some debate among development organisations focused on fruit mass, length and width were positively correlated with poverty alleviation, sustainable livelihoods and food security, price per fruit, indicating that small-scale traders can about the direction for future research: some favour benefit from consumers' preferences for large fruits. biotechnology and an expansion of the Green Revolution Interestingly, the relationship between fruit mass and price (McCalla and Brown 1999; Lipton 1999), while others see was stronger in the urban Mfoundi market than in more potential for broadening the basket of crops (McNeely and rural Makenene East market, suggesting that consumers Scherr 2001) – a Really Green Revolution (Leakey 2001). In in urban markets will pay more for large, tasty fruits than the case of a number of agroforestry trees, including Irvingia they will pay for small or less tasty fruits. gabonensis (Aubry Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baillon. and It seems therefore that at present farmers who typically Dacryodes edulis (G.Don) H.J. Lam, it has been argued that sell their produce in rural wholesale markets are not their domestication will enhance farmer livelihoods, reduce currently being rewarded for producing superior fruits, poverty, and promote economic development (Leakey 2001). although big fruits, which have the most pulp, fetch the At the same time, this domestication of agroforestry trees highest prices in retail markets. This indicates that retailers, should provide farmers with an incentive to integrate trees who are in closest contact with consumer demands, take into their farming systems, so developing an agroecological into account phenotypic variation in fruit size when fixing succession which can progress to maturity (Leakey 1996). market prices. There is also some evidence that some other In this way, it has been suggested (Leakey 1999a), that the qualitative traits (e.g. flavour) are also recognised by urban domestication of indigenous fruits could encourage the retailers as Leakey and Ladipo (1996) found that while big development of sustainable agroforestry practices that fruits tended to have high market prices, some small fruits rehabilitate degraded farmland, sequester carbon and other were also highly priced. Similarly, Waruhiu (1999) found greenhouse gases and enhance both biodiversity and the that a relatively uncommon white skinned fruit type was functioning of agroecosystems. Through the enhanced more expensive than similar sized fruits of the common income generation arising from indigenous fruit trees, purple colour. Wholesalers on the other hand, do not farmers have the opportunity to buy fertilisers and other appear to take the characteristics of individual fruit types agricultural inputs, and so to raise the productivity of their into account when pricing fruits. It is to be hoped that in staple food crops from the normally low yields, up towards the future, farmers producing fruits of named cultivars will their biological capacity. In this way, farmers can perhaps be rewarded with higher prices. reap the benefits from the Green Revolution. Participatory domestication of West African indigenous fruits 345 We believe that the experience of domesticating Nigeria; Robert C. Munro of CEH Edinburgh and Philip indigenous fruit tree species in West Africa is relevant to Greenway and Martin Hall of C&CFRA, England, for their many other regions of the tropics, because throughout the contributions to the study. tropics: 1. There are many tree species producing edible fruits and REFERENCES other products, which are grown and marketed on a small scale and which are potential candidates for domestic- ANEGBEH, P.O., USORO, C., UKAFOR, V., TCHOUNDJEU, ation. The range of available species, allows for the choice Z., LEAKEY, R.R.B. and SCHRECKENBERG, K. In press of those that meet labour availability, different markets, a. Domestication of Irvingia gabonensis: 3. Phenotypic variation of fruits and kernels in a Nigerian village. systems of tenure, variations in soils and climate, etc. Agroforestry Systems. 2. There is a decline in the availability of traditionally ANEGBEH, P.O., USORO, C., UKAFOR, V., TCHOUNDJEU, important forest products from wild sources, especially Z., LEAKEY, R.R.B. and SCHRECKENBERG, K. In press near urban markets. b. Domestication of Dacryodes edulis: Phenotypic variation 3. There is great interest in agroforestry as a low input, of fruits in Nigeria. New Forests. low-risk, sustainable farming system, which supports ATANGANA, A.R., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., FONDOUN, J-M., rural livelihoods. ASAAH, E., NDOUMBE, M. and LEAKEY, R.R.B. 2001. 4. There are many small-scale subsistence farmers who are Domestication of Irvingia gabonensis: 1. Phenotypic variation poor and need opportunities to generate income. in fruit traits in two populations in the humid lowlands of Cameroon and Nigeria, Agroforestry Systems, 53: 55–64. 5. There are risks arising from falling cash crop prices, pests ATANGANA, A.R., UKAFOR, V., ANEGBEH, P., ASAAH, E., and diseases, increasing environmental pressures, which TCHOUNDJEU, Z., FONDOUN, J-M., NDOUMBE, M. could be averted by economic and ecological and LEAKEY, RRB. 2002a. Domestication of Irvingia diversification. gabonensis: 2. The selection of multiple traits for potential 6. It could build on and enhances the local social and cultivars from Cameroon and Nigeria, Agroforestry Systems, cultural traditions 55; 221–229. 7. It could promote small-scale local processing and ATANGANA A.R., ASAAH E., TCHOUNDJEU Z., entrepreneurial activity at the community level. SCHRECKENBERG K. and LEAKEY R.R.B. 2002b. Biophysical characterisation of Dacryodes edulis fruits in three 8. It could benefit and empower women who are often markets in Cameroon. In: J. Kengue, C. Kapseu and G.J. involved in the labour intensive harvesting, processing Kayem (eds.) 106–118, 3ème Séminaire International sur la and marketing of forest fruits, and who play a strong Valorisation du Safoutier et autres Oléagineux Non- role in managing home gardens and village nurseries. conventionnels Yaoundé, Cameroun, 3–5 Octobre 2000. Presses 9. It could enhance the health of the rural and urban Universitaires d'Afrique, Yaoundé. communities, as indigenous fruits are rich in minerals, BARANY, M., HAMMETT, A.L., SENE, A. and AMICHEV, vitamins, protein, oils and carbohydrates and so can also B. 2001. Non-timber forest benefits and HIV/AIDS in sub- meet the needs of poor people for food and nutritional Saharan Africa, Journal of Forestry, 99: 36–42. CLEMENT, C.R. and VILLACHICA, H. 1994. Amazonian fruits security. and nuts: potential for domestication in various agroecosystems, In: R.R.B. Leakey and A.C. Newton 230– Finally, the participatory approach to domestication is a 238, Tropical Trees: The Potential for Domestication and the relatively rapid and low cost option to development, which Rebuilding of Forest Resources, HMSO, London, UK. given the need to domesticate a wide array of species, cannot DE CLERCK, F.A.J and NEGREROS-CASTILLO, P. 2000. be achieved by the "Green Revolution" approach to Plant species of traditional Mayan homegardens of Mexico agricultural development. as analogs for multistrata agroforests, Agroforestry Systems, 48: 303–317. DEGRANDE, A., MBOSSO, C., ANEGBEH, P., UKAFOR, V., SCHRECKENBERG, K., KANMEGNE, J., ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TCHOUNDJEU, Z., KINDT, R. and O'CONNOR, H. In prep. On-farm distribution of fruit trees: A case study in the This publication is an output from a research project partly humid forest zone of Cameroon and Nigeria. funded by the United Kingdom Department for FRANZEL, S., JAENICKE, H. and JANSSEN, W. 1996. International Development (DFID) for the benefit of Choosing the right trees: setting priorities for multipurpose developing countries. The views expressed are not tree improvement. ISNAR Research Report 8, 87 p. necessarily those of DFID (Project R7190 Forestry FUTUYMA, D.J. 1998. Evolutionary Biology (3rd Edition), Sinauer Research Programme). We also thank Jean-Marie Fondoun, Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA, 763 pp. Joseph Kengue of IRAD, Cameroon; Paul O. Anegbeh, GOCKOWSKI, J., BLAISE NKAMLEU, G. and WENDT, J. 2001. Implications of resource-use intensification for the Alain R. Atangana, Ebenezer Asaah, Ann Degrande, environment and sustainable technology in the Central African Charlie Mbosso of The World Agroforestry Centre rainforest. In: D.R. Lee and C.B. Barrett (eds.) 197–219, Trade- (ICRAF), Cameroon and Nigeria; Annabelle N. Waruhiu offs or Synergies? Agricultural Intensification, Economic of Edinburgh University; Cecilia Usoro, Victoria Ukafor Development and the Environment, CABI, Wallingford, of Rivers State University of Science and Technology, England. 346 R. Leakey, K. Schreckenberg and Z. Tchoundjeu JAENICKE, H., SIMONS, A.J., MAGHEMBE, J. and WEBER, ANEGBEH, P.O., ATANGANA, A.R., WARUHIU, A.N., J.C. 2000. Domesticating indigenous fruit trees for ASAAH, E., USORO, C. and UKAFOR, V. (In press a). agroforestry. Acta Horticulturae 523:45–52. Evidence that subsistence farmers have domesticated KAPSEU, C. and TCHIEGANG, C. 1996. Composition de indigenous fruits (Dacryodes edulis and Irvingia gabonensis) l'huile des fruits de deux cultivars de safou au Cameroun. in Cameroon and Nigeria. Agroforestry Systems, 0: 000–000. Fruits,. 51: 185–191. LEAKEY R.R.B., GREENWELL, P., Hall, M.N., KENGUE, J., ANEGBEH, P., WARUHIU, A., AVANA, M-L., ATANGANA, A.R., USORO, C., ANEGBEH, P.O., KENGNI, E., TSOBENG, A., TCHOUNDJEU, Z. and FONDOUN, J-M. and TCHOUNDJEU, Z. In press b. LEAKEY, R.R.B. (2002). Domestication du Safoutier Domestication of Irvingia gabonensis: 4. Tree-to-tree (Dacryodes edulis (G Don) H.J. Lam): un état des lieux, In: J. variation in food-thickening properties and in fat and protein Kengue, C. Kapseu and G.J. Kayem (eds.), 60–72, 3 ème contents of Dika Nut. Food Chemistry, 0: 000-000. Séminaire International sur la Valorisation du Safoutier et LEAKEY, R.R.B., MESÉN, J.F., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., autres Oléagineux Non-conventionnels, Yaoundé, Cameroun, LONGMAN, K.A., DICK, J. MCP., NEWTON, A.C., 3–5 Octobre 2000. Presses Universitaires d'Afrique, Yaoundé. MATIN, A., GRACE, J., MUNRO, R.C. and MUTHOKA, KENGNI, E., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., TCHOUANGEP, F.M. and P.N. 1990. Low-technology techniques for the vegetative MBOFUNG, C.M.F. 2001, Sensory evaluation of Dacryodes propagation of tropical tress. Commonwealth Forestry Review, edulis fruit types. Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 11: 1–10. 69 247–257. LEAKEY, R.R.B. 1991. Towards a strategy for clonal forestry: LIPTON, M. 1999. Reviving global poverty reduction: What role Some guidelines based on experience with tropical trees, In: for genetically modified plants? 1999 Sir John Crawford J.E. Jackson, Tree Breeding and Improvement 27–42, Royal Memorial Lecture at CGIAR Centres Week, Washington DC Forestry Society of England, Wales and Northern Ireland, (October 28th 1999), CGIAR Secretariat, The World Bank, Tring, England. Washington DC, USA, 41 pp. LEAKEY, R.R.B. 1999a. Agroforestry for biodiversity in farming LOWE, A.J., GILLIES, A.C.M., WILSON, J. and DAWSON, systems, Biodiversity in Agroecosystems, Eds. W.W. Collins I.K. 2000. Conservation genetics of bush mango from and C.O. Qualset 127–145, CRC Press, New York. Central/West Africa: implications from random amplified LEAKEY, R.R.B. 1999b. Potential for novel food products from polymorphic DNA analysis. Molecular Ecology, 9: 831–841. agroforestry trees, Food Chemistry, 64 1–14. MAGHEMBE, J.A., SIMONS, A.J., KWESIGA, F. and Leakey, R.R.B. 2001. Win: Win landuse strategies for Africa: 2. RARIEYA, M. 1998. Selecting Indigenous Trees for Capturing economic and environmental benefits with Domestication in Southern Africa: Priority Setting with multistrata agroforests, International Forestry Review, 3 Farmers in Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, 11–18. ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya, 94 pp. LEAKEY, R.R.B. and JAENICKE, H. 1995. The domestication MBOSSO, M.F.P.C. 1999. Opportunités et contraintes socio- of indigenous fruit trees: opportunities and challenges for économiques liées à la culture des arbres fruitiers locaux dans agroforestry, In: Suzuki K, Sakurai S, Ishii K and Norisada les basses terres humides du Cameroun: Dacryodes edulis et M (eds) Proceedings of 4th International BIO-REFOR Irvingia gabonensis. Mémoire de fin d'études présenté pour Workshop 15–26, BIO-REFOR, Tokyo, Japan. l'obtention du diplome d'Ingenieur Agronome, Université de LEAKEY, R.R.B. and LADIPO, D.O. 1996. Trading on genetic Dschang, 111 pp. variation – fruits of Dacryodes edulis. Agroforestry Today, 8 MBOSSO, M.F.P.C., DEGRANDE, A., ENYONG, L., (2): 16–17. SCHRECKENBERG, K and BOYD, C. In prep. Préférences LEAKEY, R.R.B. and SIMONS, A.J. 1998. The domestication des populations pour la domestication des espèces fruitières and commercialisation of indigenous trees in agroforestry locales : Cas de Dacryodes edulis et de Irvingia gabonensis for the alleviation of poverty, Agroforestry Systems, 38 165– dans la zone forestière du Cameroun. 176. McCALLA A.F. and BROWN, L.R. 1999. Feeding the LEAKEY, R.R.B. and TCHOUNDJEU, Z. 2001. Diversification developing world in the next Millennium: a question of of tree crops: Domestication of companion crops for poverty science? Proceedings of Conference on "Ensuring Food reduction and environmental services, Experimental Security, Protecting the Environment, Reducing Poverty in Agriculture, 37 279–296. Developing Countries. Can Biotechnology Help?" 21–22 LEAKEY, R.R.B. and TOMICH, T.P. 1999. Domestication of October 1999, World Bank, Washington DC, USA, 6 pp. tropical trees: from biology to economics and policy, In: McNEELY, J.A. and SCHERR, S.J. 2001. Saving our Species: Agroforestry in Sustainable Ecosystems, L.E. Buck, J.P. How the Earth's Biodiversity Depends on Progress in Lassoie and E.C.M. Fernandes (Eds), 319–338, CRC Press/ Agriculture. Future Harvest, Washington DC, USA. Lewis Publishers, New York. NDOYE, O., RUIZ PÉREZ, M. and EYEBE, A. 1998. The LEAKEY, R.R.B., FONDOUN, J-M., ATANGANA, A. and markets of non-timber forest products in the humid forest TCHOUNDJEU, Z. 2000. Quantitative descriptors of zone of Cameroon, Rural Development Forestry Network variation in the fruits and seeds of Irvingia gabonensis, Paper 22c, ODI, London, UK. Agroforestry Systems, 50, 47–58. OKAFOR, J.C. 1983. Varietal delimitation in Dacryodes edulis LEAKEY, R.R.B., ATANGANA, A.R., KENGNI, E., (G. Don) H.J. Lam. (Burseraceae). International Tree Crops WARUHIU, A.N., USURO, C., ANEGBEH, P. O. and Journal, 2: 255–265. TCHOUNDJEU, Z. (2002). Domestication of Dacryodes POULTON, C. and POOLE. N. 2001. Poverty and Fruit edulis in West and Central Africa: Characterisation of Tree Research: Issues and Options Paper, Genetic Variation, Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 12, 57–72. www.nrinternational.co.uk/forms2/frpzf0141b.pdf, DFID LEAKEY R.R.B., TCHOUNDJEU, Z., SMITH, R.I., Forestry Research Programme, Wye College, Ashford, MUNRO, R.C., FONDOUN, J-M., KENGUE, J., England, 70p. Participatory domestication of West African indigenous fruits 347 PRANCE, G.T. 1994. Amazonian tree diversity and the potential SOTELO MONTES, C., and WEBER J.C. 1997. Priorización for supply of non-timber forest products, In: R.R.B. Leakey de especies arbóreas para sistemas agroforestales en la selva and A.C. Newton, 7–15, Tropical Trees: The Potential for baja del Perú. Agroforestería en las Américas, 4(14):12–17. Domestication and the Rebuilding of Forest Resources, STEARNS, S.C. and HOCKSTRA, R.F. 2000. Evolution: An HMSO, London, UK. Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, ROSHETKO, J.M. and EVANS, D.O. 1999. Domestication of 381 pp. Agroforestry Trees in South East Asia. Farm, Forest and TCHOUNDJEU, Z., DUGUMA, B., FONDOUN, J-M. and Community Tree Research Reports, Special Issue, Winrock KENGUE, J. 1998. Strategy for the domestication of International (FACT Net), Morrilton, Arkansas, USA 242 indigenous fruit trees of West Africa: case of Irvingia pp. gabonensis in southern Cameroon, Cameroon Journal of RUIZ PÉREZ, M., NDOYE, O. AND EYEBE, A. 1999. Biology and Biochemical Sciences, 4 21–28. Marketing of non-wood forest products in the humid forest UKAFOR V. 2002. Variability studies in fruit and tree zone of Cameroon, Unasylva, 50 (198) 12–19. characteristics of Dacryodes edulis in south eastern Nigeria. SANCHEZ, P. A., BURESH, R.J. and LEAKEY, R.R.B. 1997. MSc Thesis, Rivers State University of Science and Trees, soils and food security, Philosophical Transactions of Technology, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. the Royal Society of London, B, 352: 949–961. WARUHIU, A.N. 1999. Characterisation of fruit traits towards SCHRECKENBERG, K., DEGRANDE, A., MBOSSO, C., domestication of an indigenous fruit tree of west and central BOLI BABOULÉ, Z., BOYD, C., ENYONG, L., Africa: A case study of Dacryodes edulis in Cameroon, MSc KANMEGNE, J. and NGONG, C. 2002. The social and Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 58 pp. economic importance of Dacryodes edulis (G.Don) H.J. Lam WARUHUI, A.N., KENGUE, J., ATANGANA, A.R., in ern Cameroon, Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 12 15–40. TCHOUNDJEU, Z. and LEAKEY, R.R.B. In prep. SHIEMBO, P.N., NEWTON, A.C. and LEAKEY, R.R.B. 1996. Domestication of Dacryodes edulis. 1. Phenotypic variation Vegetative propagation of Irvingia gabonensis Baill., a West in the fruit traits of 200 trees from four populations in African fruit tree, Forest Ecology and Management, 87, 185– Cameroon, Agroforestry Systems, 0: 000–000. 192. WEBER, J.C., SOTELO MONTES, C., VIDAURRE, H., SILOU, T., ROCQUELIN, G., GALLON, G. and MOLANGUI, DAWSON, I.K., and SIMONS, A.J. 2001. Participatory T. In press. Contribution á la caracterization des safous domestication of agroforestry trees: an example from the (Dacryodes edulis) d'Afrique Centrale II. Composition Peruvian Amazon. Development in Practice, 11(4):425–433. chimique et characteristiques nutritionnelles des safous du ZOBEL, B.J. and TALBERT, J.T. 1984. Applied Forest Tree district de Biko (Congo-Brazzaville): Variation inter-arbre. Improvement, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, 505 pp. Revista Italiana della Sostanze Grasse, 77: 85–89. SIMONS, A.J. 1996. ICRAF's strategy for domestication of indigenous tree species. In: R.R.B. Leakey, A.B. Temu, M. Melnyk and P. Vantomme (Eds.), Domestication and Commercialisation of Non-Timber Forest Products in Agroforestry Systems, Non-Wood Forest Products, 9: 8–22, FAO Rome, Italy.
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Winnipeg Free Press - PRINT EDITION
Friends are a girl's best gem
Everybody believes her own friendships are endowed with a kind of secret significance. When we're with our friends, we believe that we are in extraordinary company. Making us feel rare and prized, our friends capture our imagination and offer us perspective.
Appearing almost ghostlike as figures from our past or arriving like ingenues in a Broadway play, they serve to remind us not only who we are, but also why we're significant.
Plus, our friends remind us why fun matters and why good conversation is better than bad sex.
Friendships inspire us. They allow us to express ourselves, even when we can't stand the self we're expressing or when we're so far from our true selves that we turn to our friends to bring us back, as if we'd put our personalities in pawn and gave our friends the receipt for safekeeping.
As if they were the ones we trusted -- more than we trust ourselves.
Perhaps more than anything else, our friendships permit us to feel part of humanity.
On centuries of gravestones you can find inscribed, "She was a Good Mother, a Good Sister and a Good Friend" as if that were the highest possible praise a woman could be earn; rarely are there gravestones saying "She Remained A Size Four and Had Dazzlingly White Teeth Until Death."
Some friendships go so far back in our lives, we don't have a record of how they first started. Those details are lost in the sandbox, the splash pool or in the talk, literally over our heads, when we sat side by side on our mothers' laps.
Or our great friends can be new additions to our address books, since women's friendships often begin with intimate details about life and then proceed to generalities. It isn't unusual for women to start a conversation with a virtual stranger and, within the first 35 minutes, to know whether the other woman is in a relationship, has children, whether those children are happy, whether she works outside the home, has a good relationship with her parents/siblings/employer/employees/neighbors/veterinarian, as well as knowing whether she believes taking estrogen orally is better than taking it through a patch.
Most men, in contrast, know for certain only two pieces of information about their best friends (two guys they went to college with, with whom they speak maybe three times a year, and one guy from work): they know their nicknames and what kinds of vehicle they drive. If they're very close, they might know the mileage.
Men's friendships are often based on shared activities, which is not necessarily true for women, who have a wider variety of reasons for creating and maintaining connections with other women. And it's one reason men will often list their wife as their best friend. Women very rarely list their husband as their best friend.
In fact, when the researchers who perform these kinds of studies tell women their husbands have listed them as their best friends, the wives look at the names they've written down and ask, "Can I insert my husband as, say, 2A? The first two did more actual child care than he did."
Look, I'm not married to my best friend. I'm married to my husband. He's a man I adore but he's not my best friend. For that I am fantastically grateful.
One of life's great gifts is there's no taboo against having multiple best friends. You don't have to go into family court to explain or defend yourself. Nobody says "What? You've had 20 friends in 20 years? That's terrible. How could you?"
And that's because friends are people you're supposed to have in your life -- the more the better. Outside of reality television, nobody has ever said that about spouses. Certainly no woman has ever said it.
Ever hear of a show called "Brother Husbands?" I didn't think so.
Lovers, spouses, paramours and crushes are what you get for having vitality, passion and a willingness to overlook issues concerning bodily emissions. Friends are what you get for having generosity, compassion and a willingness to overlook their choice of a wide variety of lovers, spouses, paramours and crushes.
Friends? Friends are life's reward for getting it right.
Gina Barreca is an English professor at the University of Connecticut, a feminist scholar who has written eight books, and a columnist for the Hartford Courant.
Republished from the Winnipeg Free Press print edition August 4, 2012 J11
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Ski company: Firing musician for song wrong
Posted: 01/08/2010 - A folk singer booted from an Aspen Skiing Co. tavern for performing his lament of big money's effects on the mountain resort of Aspen has been invited back.
Posted: 01/08/2010 - A folk singer booted from an Aspen Skiing Co. tavern for performing his lament of big money's effects on the mountain resort of Aspen has been invited back.
Posted: 01/08/2010 - A Democratic lawmaker lost his committee vice chairmanship on Friday after he welcomed Gov. Bill Ritter's decision not to run for re-election.
Posted: 01/08/2010 - A Longmont toddler is hospitalized after apparently being shocked by a USB cable connected to a laptop computer.
Updated: 01/08/2010 - People who have never experienced snow before are about to get their chance.
Posted: 01/07/2010 - A burglary suspect got caught sleeping on the job.
Posted: 01/07/2010 - The head of Colorado's Labor Department says the state expects to join 25 other states soon in borrowing money from the federal government to shore up its fund for paying unemployment benefits.
Posted: 01/07/2010 - Police say it appears the husband of a missing Utah woman is moving out of the couple's Salt Lake City home.
Updated: 01/07/2010 - A judge has ruled that Actor Charlie Sheen must appear in person at a Jan. 20 hearing in Aspen on allegations he threatened his wife with a knife.
Posted: 01/07/2010 - Aspen saw more skiers than last year – but the resort says visits are still down from pre-recession levels.
Posted: 01/07/2010 - Two skiers have died in accidents at Colorado ski resorts this week.
Posted: 01/07/2010 - Fort Collins is cracking down on bicyclists who ignore traffic laws.
Updated: 01/07/2010 - Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar apparently isn't tossing his hat in the ring for Colorado Governor.
Posted: 01/07/2010 - A former Montezuma County Sheriff's Deputy has admitted he gave meth to jail inmates.
Posted: 01/06/2010 - The man who pleaded guilty in the runaway balloon saga that riveted the nation for hours in October says the event was not a hoax.
Posted: 01/06/2010 - This dad is so busted. An Evans man accused of a weekend break-in was nabbed when police say he ran into some unexpected guests - his own two kids.
Posted: 01/06/2010 - Federal officials say endangered fish trump other fish and the anglers who chase them when it comes to flows on the Fryingpan River in Western Colorado.
Posted: 01/06/2010 - A Colorado man has pleaded guilty to dragging one of his horses through a pasture with a truck and mistreating his other animals.
Posted: 01/06/2010 - State and federal officials have scheduled a public meeting in Buena Vista on a proposed federal lease for geothermal development in the area.
Updated: 01/06/2010 - Interior Secretary Ken Salazar is announcing reforms to the way oil and gas leases are handled on public lands.
Posted: 01/06/2010 - The flu remains at a low ebb in Colorado, with only 14 new hospitalizations and no deaths reported last week.
Posted: 01/05/2010 - An agreement to protect a central Utah canyon rich with ancient American Indian art while allowing for nearby mineral development has been approved.
Posted: 01/05/2010 - Leaders of the Colorado Senate have reached a tentative deal on a plan to fix the state pension fund.
Updated: 01/05/2010 - Prosecutors have filed a capital murder charge against a man being sought in the fatal shooting of a central Utah Sheriff's Deputy.
Posted: 01/05/2010 - Colorado approved roughly 5,100 oil and gas drilling permits last year, down from the record 8,027 issued in 2008 before the recession.
Posted: 01/05/2010 - Black and Latino children in Colorado schools are more likely than whites to face harsh punishments such as suspension or expulsion, the Denver Post reports.


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Tabata routine method to lose fat fast
People have thousands of excuses why you can not train and the most popular is the lack of time. The CrossFit is an option that makes this excuse does not make any sense, since they allow to get too much too soon.
A training system of this style is that of Tabata, whose name comes from the Japanese researcher Izumi Tabata, consisting of rest intervals work in a ratio of 2 to 1. In other words, the working time is 20 seconds maximum intensity and are followed by 10 seconds of rest, 8 reps.
With this method, you can get to do a good workout in just 4 minutes. There are studies supporting the Tabata training and ensure that perform this workout 1 or 2 times per week can substantially improve endurance and fat burning.
Then we will give some examples of routines and workouts this style. Each of the exercises consist of 8 sets of 20 seconds for 10 of rest.
Tabata Something Else
- Dominated
- Pushups
- Abs
- Squats
- Bench Press
- Dead weight
- Lift Newspapers
Alternative Training
- Squats
- Bench Press
- Dead weight
- Lift Newspapers
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3 comments on "routine with Tabata method to lose fat fast"
- viictoorsiin April 25, 2013 at 20:10
I mean it just the circuit is done once?


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Photo Galleries
< MyNorthwest
Tuesday in photos
March 12: Cardinals get their pope on, theatre Le Noir in Singapore, well-lit DC hearings
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A seagull sits on a statue of St. Peter, in St. Peter's Square at the Vatican, Tuesday, March 12, 2013. Cardinals heard a final appeal for unity Tuesday before sequestering themselves in the Sistine Chapel for the conclave to elect the next pope, as they celebrated Mass amid divisions and uncertainty over who will lead the 1.2 billion-strong Catholic Church and tend to its many problems. (AP Photo/Gregorio Borgia)
Photo by Gregorio Borgia
Photo by Gregorio Borgia
1 of 19
More Photo Galleries
Amanda Knox and her family celebrate acquittal
Italy's highest court overturned the murder conviction against Amanda Knox and her ex-boyfriend Friday over the 2007 slaying of Knox's roommate, bringing to a definitive end to the high-profile case.
Week in Photos
Photos from around the world this week.
Hundreds gather to commemorate one-year mark of Oso mudslide
A solemn crowd gathered to honor 43 people who lost their lives a year ago in the deadliest landslide in U.S. history.
Photos: Oso one year after deadly mudslide
Sunday is the one-year anniversary of the slide, and although most of the mangled cars and homes have been cleaned up, reminders of loss are everywhere.
Week in photos
Take a look at the best photos of the week from around the world.
Tuesday in photos
St. Patrick's Day, March 17, 2015.
Monday in photos
Monday, March 16, 2015.
Week in photos
Photos from around the world this week.
Friday in photos
The second of three Friday the 13ths in 2015; Friday, March 13, 2015.
Thursday in photos
Thursday, March 12, 2015.


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Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Applied behavior analysis. Gluten-free diet. Specialized schools. Stem cells. Even camel's milk. The list of potential treatments, remedies, and supposed "cures" for autism goes on and on. How do you know what to believe?
It's been less than a year since my 3-year-old son Nicholas's autism diagnosis, but I feel we're in a race against time. One of the first things we learned is that early intervention is the key to healing. So I have spent hours and hours in bookstores, on my laptop, and in the offices of experts, collecting mountains of information. I keep it all in large notebooks, each labeled with a different topic: doctors, schools, therapies, meal plans. Early on, I remember crying to my husband, Chris, not knowing where to begin. I mean, I'm just a mom. What do I know?
Really, what I wanted was for someone to hand me a map highlighted with the path I needed to take. If I followed it perfectly, there would be sunshine and rainbows at the end, and Nicholas would be recovered. But there isn't one path, because all children—whether they are on the spectrum or not—are different, so their outcomes are different as well.
Our first goal was to get Nicholas healthy. He had dark circles under his eyes, wasn't sleeping well, and was suffering from digestive issues. We immediately started him on a gluten-free, casein-free diet, which could potentially help clean some of the toxins from his body so he would be able to get the most out of his therapies, which range from speech to physical to occupational.


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The Black Series 6" Figures / Re: SDCC'14 Exclusive 6" Jabba the Hutt's Throne Room Set« on: August 14, 2014, 01:33 PM »
I went ahead and got one. After a week of looking at the retail one and fence sitting with him, I figured what the hell.
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Albert Alsedek (1917 - 1982)
Biography & Family History Add details
Albert Alsedek (1917 - 1982) was born on September 30, 1917. He was born into the Alsedek family.
He died in January 1982 at 64 years old.
Albert Alsedek's last known residence is at Harrisburg, Dauphin County, Pennsylvania.
We were able to locate a death record for Albert Alsedek in the United States Social Security Master Death Index (SSDI). What is the SSDI?
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Ripe stone fruit medley and citrus intermingle with toast, butter and yeasty aromas on the nose of this well-developed yet vibrantly fresh sparkling wine. Creamy textures with hints of butterscotch and almonds support delicious flavors of pears, apples and lemons. The elegantly structured and long creamy finish is simply irresistible.
Alcohol Content:12.00%
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Live Action Captioning
Walter E. Washington Convention Center, Washington, D.C.
Mid-Atlantic Ballroom A
January 20, 2009 – 8:00 p.m. – 1:00 p.m.
Denise O'Hare-Nardulli, Principal of Global Caption Network is proud to have been selected as one of eight captioners invited by Lorraine Carter, Principal of Court Reporters, Inc., to live caption on site the 2009 Inaugural Ball at the Walter E. Washington Convention Center in Washington, D.C. on January 20, 2009. Several other captioners traveled from all over the country, some as far as North Carolina and Reno, Nevada.
The event attracted a star-studded cast of appearances with more than 85,000 people invited from all over the country. The Neighborhood Ball was broadcast live on ABC and the stars were dressed to the 9s! Albert Rinaldis, VP of Business Development for Global Caption Network, caught a few stars on camera — J. Lo and Marc Anthony; Oprah and Steadman – and others spotted were Vanessa Williams and family, Tom Hanks, Denzell Washington, Beyonce, Shakira, Faith Hill, Stevie Wonder, Sting, the Grateful Dead, and Ray Romano…
Global communications through captioning…
In an effort to keep up with today's technologically advanced world, Global Caption Network is dedicated to bridging the hearing gap and integrating the non-hearing with the hearing community through captions. We believe by interfacing our valuable skills and embracing technology, we are able to globally connect our two worlds together.
Hearing loss is the No. 1 disability in the world, affecting nearly 10% or 70 million of the total U.S. population. While American Sign Language (ASL) is used in many instances to communicate with the deaf and Hard of Hearing (HOH), only about 10% of that population can understand ASL. There are also several other variations of sign language in the community and there is not one universal sign language. While not all deaf or HOH understand ASL, captioning is generally the preferred method of communication for deaf and HOH. Studies have shown that captions greatly enhance English as a Second Language (ESL) individuals' communication barriers and can be a valuable note-taking tool for severely handicapped viewers as well. Transcripts can be provided to accompany podcasts on websites or can be downloaded by members to re-enforce the message.
Global Caption Network is a Christian-based captioning company situated north of the Pittsburgh area in North Sewickley Township in western Pennsylvania. We pride ourselves in providing quality-captioning services through our select pool of experienced and certified captioners. Our premium captioning services include: educational captioning; ministry and church captioning; conferences and seminars, embedding the captions onto a large video screen for large audiences – also known as live Computer-Assisted Realtime Translation (CART); radio talk shows, news, or sports transcripts uploaded or streamed live on the internet or webcast; live broadcast closed captioning; offline (pre-recorded) videos; captioning corporate business meetings and financial calls; and multi-language translation.
Now you can communicate through captions your valuable, poignant messages with the deaf and Hard of Hearing (HOH). An experienced Global Caption Network captioner on-site or remote translates the spoken word into English text and simultaneously sends the text live to a projector for large screen or remotely through a live internet stream, or an upload of the transcript can be sent to your website instantly after your live conference or seminar to include your new audience – the deaf and HOH viewers.
Global Caption Network is very dedicated to opening up environments that were previously unavailable to the deaf and HOH. Our passion and vision is to be an integral tool or platform to propel otherwise closed environments into the digital age by captioning classrooms equipped with Wi-Fi networks (WLAN) or video conferencing capabilities, church sermons, pod casts, speaking engagements, and radio talk shows not accessible to the deaf and HOH community.
One of the country's leading providers of Real Time Closed Captions for:
– International, National, Regional, & Local News – Sports – Web Conferencing
– CART – Live Broadcast Programming – Multi-Lingual Translation


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Casiotone For The Painfully Alone Fall Tour; Hopes Audiences Will Alleviate Some of That Painful Loneliness
Casiotone For The Painfully Alone, the ridiculously long moniker of musician Owen Ashworth's one-man group, will be touring (actually HAS been touring) to promote his new Town Topic EP, which boasts 15 tracks in a measly 22 minutes. The EP, which serves as a soundtrack to the film Stay The Same Never Change, features 13 short instrumentals, kicking off and closing with vocal tracks. The first track, "Ice Cream Truck, is charmingly described as "a simulated July soundscape of Mr. Softee jingles, cicadas and trunk-rattling bass from passing cars, tells the story of criminal-minded kids who go joy-riding in a stolen ice cream truck and make other poorly-informed decisions along the way."
While we're on the topic (sort of), I have a couple side notes: (1) Casiotone For The Painfully Alone's Etiquette (TMT Review) is my favorite "sleeper" album of 2006, and (2) Ashworth has got to be one of the only people on Earth who can make CCR romantic, with the fantastic track "I Love Creedence." Okay, I just had to get that off my chest -- thanks for listening!
CFTPA East Coast Tourdates:
Europe Admits the Organs Six of Six Organs of Admittance for European Tour, TMT Writer Tries to Make Word Palindrome with Headline and Fails Miserably
Around this time last year, I interviewed Ben Chasny, the sole permanent member of Six Organs of Admittance (and a Comet on Fire), for a different website about Six Organs' new album Shelters from the Ash. But, being the dumbass I am, I lost the tape of the interview and never ended up publishing the interview, effectively wasting about an hour of Chasny's valuable time and ending my short-lived career at that website. Ever since I screwed the wonderfully polite Chasny out of his press, I've felt super guilty about not doing my job properly and can't really listen to Six Organs of Admittance without feeling like a real crap dude.
Recently, while digging through junk in the Sarlacc Pit that is my bedroom, I found the notebook I used for my Six Organs interview. Although my notes aren't terribly detailed, I still have a couple of decent, albeit fairly outdated and out-of-context, tidbits of info from my "lost" Ben Chasny interview. So now, for your enjoyment and my absolution, I present to you some highlights from my shitty notes:
- Chasny first picked up acoustic guitar in defiance of punk and metal, which he saw as the two standard options for youthful musical rebellion.
- Shelter from the Ash was recorded entirely on a four-track with help from members of The Fucking Champs, Magik Markers, and guitar gun-for-hire Matt Sweeney.
- Despite constant comparisons between the two's guitar styles, Chasny claims that John Fahey did not influence his music as nearly much as Bert Jansch or Leo Kottke; rather, Fahey's "don't give a shit" attitude affected Chasny's artistic ambitions a great deal.
- According to Chasny, Current 93 mastermind David Tibet's favorite movie is Zoolander and his favorite celebrity is Renee Zellweger. (I'm really, really glad I wrote this one down.)
There you have it! I remember having a much more interesting conversation than these notes reflect, but since I was recording the whole thing, I thought I could get away with pretty junky notetaking. So, remember this, all you budding young journalists: Always keep track of where in the hell you store your tapes, but take good notes just in case. Phew! Feels good to pass some morals onto the future!
If you're anything like me, all these life lessons would sure go well with some good old fashioned fingerstyle guitar! You know who can help you out with that? Six Organs of Admittance! Hopefully you live in Europe though. Otherwise, I'm sure Chasny will tour the U.S. at some point in the near future, and when he does, you'll hear about it from me, because I still have some atoning to do.
RIP: Levi Stubbs of The Four Tops
According to Billboard:
Arguably the most powerful voice in Motown's storied history has been silenced. Four Tops lead singer Levi Stubbs, Jr., died today (Oct. 17) at his home in Detroit after a long series io illnesses -- including cancer and a stroke -- that forced him to stop performing in 2000. He was 72.
- Levi Stubbs Wikipedia entry
- Levi Stubbs IMDB entry
- Four Tops Wikipedia entry
- YouTube video: "Four Tops Baby I Need Your Lovin'"
RIP: Neal Hefti, Jazz Trumpeter and Soundtrack Composer
From the Los Angeles Times:
Neal Hefti, a former big band trumpeter, arranger and composer who worked with Count Basie and Woody Herman and later composed the memorable themes for the movie "The Odd Couple" and the campy hit TV series "Batman," has died. He was 85.
Hefti died Saturday at his home in Toluca Lake, said his son, Paul. He did not know the cause of death, but said his father had been in good health.
- Neal Hefti Wikipedia entry
- Neal Hefti IMDB entry
- Los Angeles Times article: "Neal Hefti dies at 85; former big band trumpeter, arranger and composer"
Been Dazed and Confused for So Long It's Not True. So Long, In Fact, That All My Zeppelin Albums Have Shrunk Into CD-Sized Replicas!
Sit down, kidlings. When I was very young, right around your age now, I was invited to a birthday party hosted by a classmate from school. Given that the invitation came at the last minute and take into account my laziness/self-centredness at the time, I didn't bother to get the wee girl a gift. A quick burst of desperation had me grabbing a pile of prized Chu-Bops (miniature bubblegum records in 3'x3' replica album sleeves that were around in the 1980s) and throwing them in a bag to bring as a prezzie. The birthday party ended prematurely with me getting upset at our hostess for making fun of one of my friends. After sulking off home, my dad scolded me for giving away those little sugar albums and told me I would regret it someday. Turns out he was right; I REALLY wish I had those tiny sleeves now. The gum, not so much.
Anyway, why the palliative stroll down memory lane, you ask? Well, this childhood recollection remained deeply buried in my subconscious until I saw this cute lil' trigger. On November 4, Rhino will release a Japanese import Led Zeppelin Definite Collection Mini LP Replica CD box set to further celebrate the band's 40th anniversary. Yes, they are only exact CD versions of the original albums, but it sparked a recollection within me of a time dominated by smaller, weirder, chewable albums. You got a problem with that?
For all the tales of excess and monster sales numbers, there is always a nagging disparaging of Led Zep's work, which is fucking ludicrous if you think about it. The band's catalogue screams class, even when not ripping off forgotten blues standards. Everyone needs [Led Zeppelin-http://www.stars-portraits.com/images/portraits/stars/l/led-zeppelin/led-zeppelin-by-hoffman.jpg] in their lives at some point, and if you have the means, this (rather pricey) box might be a good option of getting the band's complete collection in one shot. It doesn't hurt that the set looks immaculate with details at a premium. All of Zeppellin's sleeve art is replicated for this collection, including: the original and second pressing artwork for their debut album (basically different colors for band and label logos), III's gatefold, rotational laminated card disc, Physical Graffiti's interchangable window illustrations (four covers of two inners, a middle insert and an outer cover), In Through the Out Door's six cover variations, and Coda's ultra-boring sleeve art.
The tracklistings remain the same to those released on these original albums: Led Zeppelin (1969), Led Zeppelin II (1969), Led Zeppelin III (1970), Led Zeppelin IV (1971), Houses of the Holy (1973), Physical Graffiti (1975), Presence (1976), The Song Remains the Same (1976), In Through the Out Door (1979), and Coda (1980).
Holy Gefilte Fish! Yo La Tengo Schedule Another Series of Hanukkah Shows This December
It's that time of year again, my fellow Jews and Yo La Tengo fans! The trio has decided to schedule another round of Hanukkah shows, taking place December 21-28 at Maxwell's in New Jersey. Tickets are $30 each and on sale now. Each show will begin at 9 PM on Friday and Saturday and at 8:30 PM every other night.
Yo La Tengo say there will be opening bands for each show, but just like last year, they're implementing a "don't ask, don't tell" policy because: "We won't know until the last minute, but -- we cannot tell a lie -- also because we're ornery that way." Fortunately, Yo La Tengo are providing some exciting details:
There is one thing we can tell you. The Feelies will not be playing with us during Hanukkah, scout's honor. But we will be doing a gala New Year's Eve show with the Feelies and Vivian Girls at the Wellmont Theater in Montclair NJ, home of Stephen Colbert and Don Fleming. Tickets will be $35, or a mere $115 less than it costs to see Steely Dan. (To be fair, if you're paying per chord, Steely Dan is priced competitively.).
If that's not a good reason to buy a ticket to see Yo La Tengo, then I don't know what is.
SanDisk Reveals More Details of Outlandishly Doomed slotMusic Plan, That Rich Texas Oil Tycoon Guy from The Simpsons Could Be Behind it All (Or Maybe T. Boone Pickens)
The plot thickens: Just like the luridly slanting storyline of our current GOP candidates' journey, uh, "southward," SanDisk's seemingly off-the-rails plan just keeps getting more and more tragically ludicrous with each passing day. Let's resume the tangled tale, shall we?
When last we left our euphemistically-picaresque heroes at SanDisk (TMT News), they were preparing the release of their new slotMusic initiative, which, as you no doubt recall from subsequent water-cooler conversations, aims to "put the 20th century hassle back in 21st century consumerism" by distributing digital albums on ultra-tiny, ultra-losable microSD memory cards in lieu of CDs or, you know, umm, those digital download things.
Among the myriad of preparations at SanDisk, which presumably included the cleaning, polishing, loading, and aiming of pistols at freshly bullseyed feet, were the announcements that albums in the new forwardly-backwards-looking format will be available beginning this week at a price of $15 a pop (i.e. MORE EXPENSIVE THAN DOWNLOADS) and that, yes, SanDisk will indeed be going ahead and offending both our planet's stammering economy AND your consummate materialistic sensibilities with the release of a new, hopelessly uni-taking music player that is, you guessed it, designed specifically for the bass-ackwards format and nothing else. The Sansa slotMusic Player (dimensions = 2.75" x 1.4375" x 1.4375") will retail $20, has no internal memory, and will not have the ability to synch with a computer to download songs. Nope. It simply lets users plug in their slotMusic card or other microSD memory card (if they haven't lost it, that is) and play whatever Jimmy Buffet nonsense is on it.
To make matters even more ridiculous, this needy little device will also beg you to pay attention to a number of boldly presumptuous accessories, not the least of which is the "artist-branded" model, in which artists are apparently supposed to feel compelled to create their own signature slotMusic Player that comes pre-loaded with their latest album contained on an included 1 GB slotMusic card. Though they will be able to play any ol' miniSD card that your infant, toddler, dog, cat, parakeet, ferret, couch cushion, car seat, lawnmower, washing machine, or vacuum cleaner hasn't yet consumed, the artist-branded models have the added bonus of retailing for $35 instead of $20 and come custom designed with the artist's teeny name and tiny image. Oh, and because X-mas is just around the corner, there's also a "Sansa Card Wallet" for carrying the many, many slotMusic cards that you're going to buy and an armband for holding the player so that your hands are free to, like, blog about how much you like this new physical format or whatever.
No word yet as to exactly how much longer SanDisk and their marketers are going to keep on playing this game of chicken with the world, but for now, damned if they don't seem to be heading straight for us with full poker face as they further announce that all four majors are on board with this debacle, and slotMusic titles will be sold in both Wal-Mart and Best Buy stores. And they aren't messing around with their initial batch of SD-ified artists, either, which boasts nothing but chart-toppers, including: ABBA, Chris Brown, Coldplay, Daughtry, Elvis Presley, Jimi Hendrix, Jimmy buffet, Katy Perry, Keane, Kelly Clarkson, Kiss, Leona Lewis, Lynyrd Skynyrd, MIA, Nelly, New Kids On The Block, Ne-Yo, Nickelback, Pussycat Dolls, Rihanna, Rise Against, Robin Thicke, Tim McGraw, Toby Keith, Usher and Weezer. So there you have it, I guess! This is either a serious economic venture to someone somewhere, folks! Either that or a clever distraction from the Grand Old Party. Speaking of which, did you hear that 9/11 was an inside job?!?
Paw Tracks Sign Dent May & his Magnificent Ukulele. Joins Ukulele Ranks with Sir Paul McCartney and Umm… Tiny Tim
Paw Tracks, home of some of indie favorites such as Panda Bear (TMT Review) and Excepter (TMT Review), have added a new member to their loveable oddball family: Dent May. May with his undeniably strong vocal presence, ukulele in tow, and quirky songwriting to boot will come out swinging February 3, 2009 with the release of his debut album, The Good Feeling Music of Dent May & His Magnificent Ukulele. Working with producer Rusty Santos (who recently released World I See as The Present - TMT Review), May recorded this album in his home, a double-wide trailer in Taylor, Mississippi.
While this may be his first major release, May is no newcomer to music. From singing in church choirs to writing synthy power-pop in high school, music has always been with Dent May. Also a founding member of the Cats Purring arts collective, May plays in country-rock band Cowboy Maloney's Electric City. Since 2007, May has been playing under Dent May & his Magnificent Ukulele, which he credits inspiration from the likes of Serge Gainsbourg and Lee Hazlewood, and has even started recording dance music under the moniker Dent Sweat.
Dent May will play several shows to help promote this new release, including a Paw Tracks/Carpark CMJ Showcase. For those of you who won't be able to see these shows, check out this video from Dent May performing the track "Oh, Paris!" from the new album.
Dent May & his Magnificent Ukulele tourdates:
10.18.08 - Athens, GA - Farm255
10.20.08 - Greenville, NC - Spider Skull
10.22.08 - New York, NY - Le Poisson Rouge / Carpark & Paw Tracks CMJ Showcase
The Good Feeling Music of Dent May & His Magnificent Ukulele tracklist:
Johnny Cash Remixed, Featuring Snoop Dogg (Of Course), Gets CD Release and DVD Expansion; Another Cash Comp Coming Soon, Too
Not to be outdone by Elvis remixes and the internet mash-up culture, Compadre Records has given the album Johnny Cash Remixed a January 27 in-store and online release date. (A small number of independent records stores have already stocked the vinyl deluxe edition of the album last month.)
Produced by the Man in Black's son John Carter Cash, Snoop Dogg, and Mathew Knowles (father/manager of Beyoncé Knowles), the album features remixes of classics from the original Sun Records-licensed master recordings. On par with the dance and hip-hop that dominates the album, Snoop Dogg does his own interpretation of Cash's classic "I Walk the Line," with help from his new production crew QDT (featuring Teddy Riley and DJ Quik). Elsewhere, Mocean Worker, made famous by the remix of Elvis Presley's "Burnin' Love," takes on "Hey Porter," while Dirty Pop king Kennedy does "Sugartime." Other remixes by Pete Rock ("Folsom Prison Blues") and "Sopranos" theme song creators Alabama 3 also grace the album.
Enclosed with the disc is a short DVD documentary chronicling the making of the remixes in numerous home studios and Cash's own Cash Recording Cabin in Tennessee.
If one was so inclined, they could listen to this album with the forthcoming tribute album All Aboard: A Tribute to Johnny Cash, expected October 21 via Anchorless Records. This tribute, in stark contrast to the former, features covers courtesy of The Bouncing Souls, MxPx, The Flatliners, and The Dresden Dolls. It's up to you to listen and decide which compilation will honor the legend's legacy and which will cause more metaphorical grave rollovers.
Johnny Cash Remixed Tracklisting (deluxe vinyl edition):


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Karen Foster 3D Countdown calendar with 25 drawers reminds you important days like holiday, birthdays, anniversaries, vacations, weddings and more. Durable calendar can be used as a motivational tool for various events.
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|Scrapbooking Album Width (inches)
|5" to 10"
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