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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cannon Cannon Part of the series on Cannon History Cannon in the Middle Ages Naval artillery in the Age of Sail Field artillery in the US Civil War Operation Breech-loading Muzzleloading List of cannon projectiles By Country English cannon Korean cannon By Type Hand cannon Autocannon Falconet Saker Demi-culverin Culverin Demi-cannon Field gun Howitzer Mortar A cannon is any tubular piece of artillery that uses gunpowder or other usually explosive-based propellants to launch a projectile over a distance. Cannon vary in caliber, range, mobility, rate of fire, angle of fire, and firepower; different forms of cannon combine and balance these attributes in varying degrees, depending on their intended use on the battlefield. The word cannon is derived from several languages, in which the original definition can usually be translated as tube, cane, or reed. In modern times, cannon has fallen out of common usage, usually replaced by "guns" or "artillery", if not a more specific term, such as "mortar" or "howitzer". First used in China, cannon were among the earliest forms of gunpowder artillery, and over time replaced siege engines—among other forms of aging weaponry—on the battlefield. The first hand cannon appeared during the 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut between the Egyptians and Mongols in the Middle East. The first cannon in Europe were probably used in Iberia, during the Reconquista, in the 13th century, and English cannon were first deployed in the Hundred Years' War, at the Battle of Crécy, in 1346. It was during this period, the Middle Ages, that cannon became standardized, and more effective in both the anti-infantry and siege roles. After the Middle Ages most large cannon were abandoned in favor of greater numbers of lighter, more maneuverable pieces. In addition, new technologies and tactics were developed, making most defenses obsolete; this led to the construction of star forts, specifically designed to withstand artillery bombardment and the associated siege tactics. Cannon also transformed naval warfare: the Royal Navy, in particular, took advantage of their firepower. As rifling became more commonplace, the accuracy of cannon was significantly improved, and they became deadlier than ever, especially to infantry. In World War I, the majority of all deaths were caused by cannon; they were also used widely in World War II. Most modern cannon are similar to those used in the Second World War, except for heavy naval guns, which have been replaced by missiles. In particular, autocannon have remained nearly identical to their World War II counterparts. Etymology and terminology Cannon is derived from the Old Italian word cannone, meaning large tube, which came from Latin canna, in turn originating from the kanna—Greek for cane, or reed—and ultimately deriving from the Akkadian term qanu, meaning tube or reed.[1][2][3] The word has been used to refer to a gun since 1326 in Italy, and 1418 in England. Cannon serves 1 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia both as the singular and plural of the noun, although the plural cannons is also correct.[1] Any large, smoothbore, muzzle-loading gun—used before the advent of breech-loading, rifled guns—may be referred to as a cannon, though the term specifically refers to a gun designed to fire a 42-pound (19 kg) shot, as opposed to a demi-cannon (32 pounds (15 kg)), culverin (18 pounds (8.2 kg)). or demi-culverin (9 pounds (4.1 kg)). Gun specifically refers to a type of cannon that fires projectiles at high speeds, and usually at relatively low angles;[4] they have been used in warships extensively,[5] and as field artillery, as well.[6] The term cannon also applies to the autocannon, a modern gun with a high rate of fire. Autocannon have been used extensively in fighter aircraft since World War II,[7] and are sometimes used on land vehicles.[8] Cannon cannon are a descendant of the fire lance, a gunpowder-filled tube attached to the end of a spear and used as a flamethrower in China.[11] Shrapnel was sometimes placed in the barrel, so that it would fly out along with the flames.[12] Eventually, the paper and bamboo of which fire lance barrels were originally constructed came to be replaced by metal.[13] It has been disputed at which point flame-projecting cannons were abandoned in favor of missile-projecting ones, as words meaning either incendiary or explosive are commonly translated as gunpowder.[14] The earliest known depiction of a gun is a sculpture from a cave in Sichuan, dating to the 12th century, that portrays a figure carrying a vase-shaped bombard, firing flames and a ball.[13][15] The oldest surviving gun, dated to 1288, has a muzzle bore diameter of 2.5 cm (1 in); the second oldest, dated to 1332, has a muzzle bore diameter of 10.5 cm (4 in).[11] History For more details on the historical use of gunpowder in general, see History of gunpowder. Early history For more details on development of gunpowder warfare in China, see Technology of the Song Dynasty. Hand cannon from the Mongol Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) The first documented battlefield use of gunpowder artillery took place on January 28, 1132, when Song General Han Shizhong used huochong to capture a city in Fujian. The world'e earliest known cannon, dated 1282, was found in Mongol-held Manchuria.[16] The first known illustration of a cannon is dated to 1326.[17] In his 1341 poem, The Iron Cannon Affair, one of the first accounts of the use of gunpowder artillery in China, Xian Zhang wrote that a cannonball fired from an eruptor could "pierce the heart or belly when it strikes a man or horse, and can even transfix several persons at once."[18] Joseph Needham suggests that the proto-shells described in the Huolongjing may be among the first of their kind.[11] The Chinese Earliest known representation of a firearm (a fire lance) and a grenade (upper right), Dunhuang, 10th century[9] The earliest known cannon, though not driven by gunpowder, was invented by Ctesibius of Alexandria, in the 3rd century BC. Little is known about this primitive invention—as most of Ctesibius' works were lost—but it was noted by Philo of Byzantium that it operated using compressed air.[10] Like firearms, 2 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia also mounted over 3,000 cast bronze and iron cannon on the Great Wall of China, to defend themselves from the Mongols. The weapon was later taken up by both the Mongol conquerors and the Koreans. Chinese soldiers fighting under the Mongols appear to have used hand cannon in Manchurian battles during 1288, a date deduced from archaeological findings at battle sites.[19] In the 1593 Siege of Pyongyang, 40,000 Ming troops deployed a variety of cannon to bombard an equally large Japanese army. Despite both forces having similar numbers, the Japanese were defeated in one day, due to the Ming advantage in firepower. Throughout the Seven Year War in Korea, the Chinese-Korean coalition used artillery widely, in both land and naval battles.[20] Cannon met with open acceptance in the Middle East.[24] Al-Hassan interprets Ibn Khaldun as reporting the use of cannon as siege machines by the Marinid sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf at the siege of Sijilmasa in 1274.[21] Also intended for siege warfare, the first supergun, the Great Turkish Bombard, was used by the troops of Mehmed II to capture Constantinople, in 1453. Urban, a Hungarian cannon engineer, is credited with the invention of this cannon.[25] It had a 762 mm (30 in) bore, and could fire 544 kg (1,200 lb) stones a mile, and the sound of their blast could reportedly be heard from a distance of 10 miles (16 km).[25] The Great Turkish Bombards were cast in bronze and made in two parts: the chase and the breech, which, together, weighed 16 tonnes.[26] The two parts were screwed together using levers to facilitate the work. Another weapon invented in the Islamic world, fashioned for killing infantry, was the first known autocannon. It was invented in the 16th century, by Fathullah Shirazi, a Persian-Indian polymath and mechanical engineer, who worked for Akbar the Great in the Mughal Empire. As opposed to the polybolos and repeating crossbows used earlier in Ancient Greece and China, respectively, Shirazi's rapid-firing machine had multiple gun barrels that fired hand cannon.[27] Islamic world See also: Inventions in the Islamic world, Alchemy and chemistry in Islam, Great Turkish Bombard, and Islamic Golden Age Medieval Europe The Hungarian Cannon, named after the engineer Orban from Hungary who cast the gun for the Ottoman besiegers of Constantinople. Today it belongs to the British Royal Armouries collection. Ahmad Y. al-Hassan claims that the Battle of Ain Jalut in 1260 saw the Mamluks use against the Mongols in "the first cannon in history" gunpowder formulae which were almost identical with the ideal composition for explosive gunpowder, which he claims were not known in China or Europe until much later.[21][22] However, Iqtidar Alam Khan states that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world[23] and cites Mamluk antagonism toward early riflemen in their infantry as an example of how gunpowder weapons were not always Earliest picture of a European cannon, "De Nobilitatibus Sapientii Et Prudentiis Regum", Walter de Milemete, 1326 In Europe, the first mention of gunpowder's composition in express terms appeared, in Roger Bacon's "De nullitate magiæ" at Oxford, published in 1216.[28] Later, in 1248, his "Opus Maior" describes a recipe for gunpowder and recognized its military use: We can, with saltpeter and other substances, compose artificially a 3 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia fire that can be launched over long distances ... By only using a very small quantity of this material much light can be created accompanied by a horrible fracas. It is possible with it to destroy a town or an army ... In order to produce this artificial lightning and thunder it is necessary to take saltpeter, sulfur, and Luru Vopo Vir Can Utriet.[29] It is unknown whether this last phrase is a cipher or a clerical error, as the oldest known manuscript was published 300 years later.[30] The first confirmed use of gunpowder in Europe was the Moorish cannon, first used by the Andalusians in the Iberian Peninsula, at the siege of Seville in 1248, and the siege of Niebla in 1262.[21][31] By this time, hand guns were probably in use, as scopettieri—"gun bearers"—were mentioned in conjunction with crossbowmen, in 1281. In Iberia, the "first artillery-masters on the Peninsula" were enlisted, at around the same time.[32] Cannon the Siege of Calais, in the same year, although it was not until the 1380s that the "ribaudekin" clearly became mounted on wheels.[33] The first cannon appeared in Russia around 1380, though they were used only in sieges, often by the defenders.[34] Around the same period, the Byzantine Empire began to accumulate its own cannon to face the Ottoman threat, starting with medium-sized cannon 3 feet (0.91 m) long and of 10 in caliber.[35] The first definite use of artillery in the region was against the Ottoman siege of Constantinople, in 1396, forcing the Ottomans to withdraw.[35] They acquired their own cannon, and laid siege to the Byzantine capital again, in 1422, using "falcons", which were short but wide cannon. By 1453, the Ottomans used 68 Hungarian-made cannon for the 55-day bombardment of the walls of Constantinople, "hurling the pieces everywhere and killing those who happened to be nearby."[35] The largest of their cannon was the Great Turkish Bombard, which required an operating crew of 200 men[36] and 70 oxen, and 10,000 men to transport it.[35] Gunpowder made the formerly devastating Greek fire obsolete, and with the final fall of Constantinople—which was protected by what were once the strongest walls in Europe—on May 29, 1453, "it was the end of an era in more ways than one."[37] Western European handgun, 1380 The first metal cannon was the pot-de-fer. Loaded with an arrow-like bolt that was probably wrapped in leather to allow greater thrusting power, it was set off through a touch hole with a heated wire. This weapon, and others similar, were used by both the French and English during the Hundred Years' War, when cannon saw their first real use on the European battlefield.[31] While still a relatively rarely used weapon, cannon were employed in increasing numbers during the war. "Ribaldis", which shot large arrows and simplistic grapeshot, were first mentioned in the English Privy Wardrobe accounts during preparations for the Battle of Crécy, between 1345 and 1346.[33] The Florentine Giovanni Villani recounts their destructiveness, indicating that by the end of the battle, "the whole plain was covered by men struck down by arrows and cannon balls."[33] Similar cannon were also used at Early modern period Various 16th century artillery pieces, including culverin, falconet and mortar. By the 1500s, cannon were made in a great variety of lengths and bore diameters, but the general rule was that the longer the barrel, the longer the range. Some cannon made during this time had barrels exceeding 10 ft (3.0 m) in length, and could weigh up to 20,000 pounds (9,100 kg). Consequently, 4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia large amounts of gunpowder were needed, to allow them to fire stone balls several hundred yards.[38] By mid-century, European monarchs began to classify cannon to reduce the confusion. Henry II of France opted for six sizes of cannon,[39] but others settled for more; the Spanish used twelve sizes, and the English sixteen.[40][41] Better powder had been developed by this time as well. Instead of the finely ground powder used by the first bombards, powder was replaced by a "corned" variety of coarse grains. This coarse powder had pockets of air between grains, allowing fire to travel through and ignite the entire charge quickly and uniformly.[42] Cannon increasing use was also made of earthen, brick, and stone breastworks and redoubts. These new defenses became known as "star forts", after their characteristic shape.[46] A few of these featured cannon batteries, such as the Tudors' Device Forts, in England.[46] Star forts soon replaced castles in Europe, and, eventually, those in the Americas, as well.[47] Remains of a post-medieval cannon battery, mounted on a medieval town wall By the end of the 15th century, several technological advancements were made, making cannon more mobile. Wheeled gun carriages and trunnions became common, and the invention of the limber further facilitated the transportation of artillery.[48] As a result, field artillery became viable, and began to emerge, often used alongside the larger cannon intended for sieges.[49][48] The better gunpowder, improved, cast-iron projectiles, and the standardization of calibers meant that even relatively light cannon could be deadly.[48] In The Art of War, Niccolò Machiavelli observed that "It is true that the arquebuses and the small artillery do much more harm than the heavy artillery."[45] This was the case at Flodden, in 1513: the English field guns outpaced the Scottish siege artillery, firing twice, or even thrice, as many rounds.[50] Despite the increased maneuverability, however, cannon were still much slower than the rest of the army: a heavy English cannon required 23 horses to transport, while a culverin, nine, yet, even with this many animals transporting them, they still moved at a walking pace. Due to their relatively slow speed, and lack of organization, discipline, and tactics, the combination of pike and shot still dominated the battlefields of Europe.[51] The Tsar Cannon, the largest howitzer ever made, cast by Andrey Chokhov.[43] The end of the Middle Ages saw the construction of larger, more powerful cannon, as well their spread throughout the world. As they were not effective at breaching the newer fortifications resulting from the development of cannon, siege engines—such as siege towers and trebuchets—became less widely used. However, wooden "battery-towers" took on a similar role as siege towers in the gunpowder age—such as that used at siege of Kazan in 1552, which could hold ten largecaliber cannon, in addition to 50 lighter pieces.[44] Another notable effect of cannon on warfare during this period was the change in conventional fortifications. Niccolò Machiavelli wrote, "There is no wall, whatever its thickness that artillery will not destroy in only a few days."[45] Although castles were not immediately made obsolete by cannon, their use and importance on the battlefield rapidly declined.[46] Instead of majestic towers and merlons, the walls of new fortresses were thicker, angulated, and sloped, while towers became lower and stouter; 5 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Innovations continued, notably the German invention of the mortar, a thick-walled, short-barreled gun that blasted shot upward at a steep angle. Mortars were useful for sieges, as they could fire over walls and other defenses.[52] This cannon found more use with the Dutch, who learned to shoot bombs filled with powder from them. However, setting the bomb fuse in the mortar was a problem. "Single firing" was the first technique used to set the fuse, where the bomb was placed with the fuse down against the propelling charge. This practice often resulted in the fuse being blown into the bomb, causing it to blow up in front of the mortar. Because of this danger, "double firing" was developed, where the fuse was turned up and the gunner lighted the fuse and the touch hole simultaneously. This, however, required much skill and timing, and was especially dangerous when the gun failed to fire, leaving a lighted bomb in the barrel. Not until 1650 was it accidentally discovered that double-lighting was a superfluous process: the heat of firing was enough to light the fuse.[53] Cannon The use of gabions with cannon was an important part in the attack and defense of fortifications. 4 pounder and 9 pounder demi-culverins. These could be operated by three men, and pulled by only two horses. Also, Adolphus's army was the first to use a special cartridge that contained both powder and shot, which sped up loading, and therefore increased the rate of fire.[54] Additionally, he pioneered the use of canister shot against infantry, which was essentially a can, filled with musket balls.[55] At the time, for each thousand infantrymen, there was one cannon on the battlefield; Gustavus Adolphus increased the number of cannon in his army so dramatically, that there were six cannon for each one thousand infantry. Each regiment was assigned two pieces, though he often decided to arrange his artillery into batteries, instead. These were to destroy the enemy's infantry, while his cavalry outflanked their heavy guns.[56] At the Battle of Breitenfeld, in 1631, Adolphus proved the effectiveness of the changes made to his army, in particular his artillery, by defeating Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly. Although severely outnumbered, the Swedes Contemporary illustration on how a cannon could be used with the aid of quadrants for improved precision. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden emphasized the use of light cannon and mobility in his army, and created new formations and tactics that revolutionized artillery. He discontinued using all 12 pounder—or heavier—cannon as field artillery, preferring, instead, to use cannon that could be manned by only a few men. One gun, called the "leatheren", could be serviced by only two persons, but was abandoned, replaced by 6 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia were able to fire between three and five times as many volleys of artillery without losing ground, due to their infantry's linear formations. Battered by cannon fire, and low on morale, Tilly's men broke rank, and fled.[57] Cannon 30 pounder long gun at the ready The lower tier of 17th-century English ships of the line were usually equipped with demicannon, guns that fired a 32 pounds (15 kg) solid shot, and could weigh up to 3,400 pounds (1,500 kg).[62] Demi-cannon were capable of firing these heavy metal balls with such force that they could penetrate more than a meter of solid oak, from a distance of 90 m (300 ft), and could dismast even the largest ships at close range.[63] Full cannon fired a 42 lb (19 kg) shot, but were discontinued by the 18th century, as they were too unwieldy. By the end of the century, principles long adopted in Europe specified the characteristics of the Royal Navy's cannon, as well as the acceptable defects, and their severity. The United States Navy tested guns by measuring them, firing them two or three times—termed "proof by powder"—and using pressurized water to detect leaks.[64] The carronade was adopted by the Royal Navy in 1779; the lower muzzle velocity of the round shot when fired from this cannon was intended to create more wooden splinters when hitting the structure of an enemy vessel, as they were believed to be deadly.[65] The carronade was much shorter, and weighed between a third to a quarter less than an equivalent long gun; for example, a 32 pounder carronade weighed less than a ton, compared with a 32 pounder long gun, which weighed over 3 tons. The guns were, therefore, easier to handle, and also required less than half as much gunpowder, allowing fewer men to crew them.[66] Carronades were manufactured in the usual naval gun calibers,[67] but were not counted in a ship of Fort Bourtange, a star fort, was built with angles and sloped walls specifically to defend against cannon. Around this time also came the idea of aiming the cannon to hit a target. Gunners controlled the range of their cannon by measuring the angle of elevation, using a "gunner's quadrant." Cannon did not have sights, therefore, even with measuring tools, aiming was still largely guesswork.[58] In the latter half of the 17th century, the French engineer Vauban introduced a more systematic and scientific approach to attacking gunpowder fortresses, in a time when many field commanders "were notorious dunces in siegecraft."[59] Careful sapping forward, supported by enfilading ricochet fire, was a key feature of this system, and it even allowed Vauban to calculate the length of time a siege would take.[59] He was also a prolific builder of star forts, and did much to popularize the idea of "depth defense" in the face of cannon.[60] These principles were followed into the mid-19th century, when changes in armaments necessitated greater depth defense than Vauban had provided for. It was only in the years prior to World War I that new works began to break radically away from his designs.[61] 18th and 19th centuries See also: Naval artillery in the Age of Sail and Field artillery in the American Civil War 7 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia the line's rated number of guns. As a result, the classification of Royal Navy vessels in this period can be misleading, as they often carried more cannon than were listed. In the 1810s and 1820s, greater emphasis was placed on the accuracy of long-range gunfire, and less on the weight of a broadside. The carronade, although initially very successful and widely adopted, disappeared from the Royal Navy in the 1850s, after the development of steel, jacketed cannon, by William George Armstrong and Joseph Whitworth. Nevertheless, carronades were used in the American Civil War.[68][65] Cannon unpopularity of the Directory led to riots and rebellions. When over 25,000 of these royalists—led by General Danican—assaulted Paris, Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras was appointed to defend the capital; outnumbered five to one and disorganized, the Republicans were desperate.[71] When Napoleon arrived, he reorganized the defenses, while realizing that without cannon, the city could not be held. He ordered Joachim Murat to bring the guns from the Sablons artillery park; the Major and his cavalry fought their way to the recently captured cannon, and brought them back to Napoleon. When Danican's poorly trained men attacked, on 13 Vendémiaire, 1795—October 5, 1795, in the calendar used in France, at the time—Napoleon ordered his cannon to fire grapeshot into the mob,[72] an act that became known as the "whiff of grapeshot."[73] The slaughter effectively ended the threat to the new government, while, at the same time, made Bonaparte a famous—and popular—public figure.[72][74] Among the first generals to recognize that artillery was not being used to its full potential, Napoleon often massed his cannon into batteries, and introduced several changes into the French artillery, improving it significantly, and making it among the finest in Europe.[75][76] Such tactics were successfully used by the French, for example, at the Battle of Friedland, when sixty-six guns fired a total of 3,000 roundshot and 500 rounds of grapeshot,[75][77] inflicting severe casualties to the Russian forces, whose losses numbered over 20,000 killed and wounded, in total.[78] At the Battle of Waterloo—Napoleon's final battle—the French army had many more artillery pieces than either the British or Prussians. As the battlefield was muddy, recoil caused cannon to bury themselves into the ground after firing, resulting in slow rates of fire, as more effort was required to move them back into an adequate firing position;[79] also, roundshot did not ricochet with as much force from the wet earth.[80] Despite the drawbacks, sustained artillery fire proved deadly during the engagement, especially during the French cavalry attack.[81] The British infantry, having formed infantry squares, took heavy losses from the French guns, while their own cannon fired at the cuirassiers and lancers, when they fell back to regroup. Eventually, the French ceased their assault, after taking A cannon from the Battle of Chancellorsville The Great Turkish Bombards of the Siege of Constantinople, after being on display for four centuries, were used to battle a British fleet in 1807, in the Dardanelles Operation. The artillery hit a British ship with two 700 lb (320 kg) cannonballs, killing 60 sailors; in total, the cannon claimed over 100 lives, prompting the British to retreat. In 1867, Sultan Abdul Aziz gifted Queen Victoria the 17-ton "Dardanelles Gun", one of the cannon used at the siege of Constantinople.[36] In contrast to these antiquated weapons, Western cannon during the 19th century became larger, more destructive, more accurate, and could fire at longer range. One example is the American 3 in (76 mm) wroughtiron, muzzle-loading howitzer, used during the American Civil War, which had an effective range of over 1.1 mi (1.8 km). Another is the smoothbore 12 pounder Napoleon, which was renowned for its sturdiness, reliability, firepower, flexibility, relatively light weight, and range of 1,700 m (5,600 ft).[69] Cannon were crucial in Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power, and continued to play an important role in his army in later years.[70] During the French Revolution, the 8 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia heavy losses from the British cannon and musket fire.[82] Cannon fortifications from afar, safe from the reach of the Chinese cannon. Similarly, the shortest war in recorded history, the Anglo-Zanzibar War of 1896, was brought to a swift conclusion by shelling from British battleships.[89] The cynical attitude toward recruited infantry in the face of ever more powerful field artillery is the source of the term cannon fodder, first used by François-René de Chateaubriand, in 1814;[90] however, the concept of regarding soldiers as nothing more than "food for powder" was mentioned by William Shakespeare as early as 1598, in Henry IV, Part 1.[91] U.S. troops fire during the 1899 Battle of Manila, Philippine-American War The practice of rifling—casting spiraling lines inside the cannon's barrel—was applied to artillery more frequently by 1855, as it gave cannon gyroscopic stability, which improved their accuracy. One of the earliest rifled cannon was the Armstrong Gun—also invented by William George Armstrong—which boasted significantly improved range, accuracy, and power than earlier weapons. The projectile fired from the Armstrong gun could reportedly pierce through a ship's side, and explode inside the enemy vessel, causing increased damage, and casualties.[83] The British military adopted the Armstrong gun, and was impressed; the Duke of Cambridge even declared that it "could do everything but speak."[84] Despite being significantly more advanced than its predecessors, the Armstrong gun was rejected soon after its integration, in favor of the muzzle-loading pieces that had been in use before.[85] While both types of gun were effective against wooden ships, neither had the capability to pierce the armor of ironclads; due to reports of slight problems with the breeches of the Armstrong gun, and their higher cost, the older muzzle-loaders were selected to remain in service, instead.[86] Realizing that iron was more difficult to pierce with breech-loaded cannon, Armstrong designed rifled muzzle-loading guns,[87] which proved successful; The Times reported: "even the fondest believers in the invulnerability of our present ironclads were obliged to confess that against such artillery, at such ranges, their plates and sides were almost as penetrable as wooden ships."[88] The superior cannon of the Western world brought them tremendous advantages in warfare. For example, in the Opium War in China, during the 19th century, British battleships bombarded the coastal areas and 20th and 21st centuries Comparison of 1888 and 1913 German cannon Cannon in the 20th and 21st centuries are usually divided into sub-categories, and given separate names. Some of the most widely used types of modern cannon are howitzers, mortars, guns, and autocannon, although a few superguns—extremely large, custom-designed cannon—have also been constructed. Nuclear artillery were experimented with, but were abandoned as impractical.[92] Modern artillery is used in a variety of roles, depending on its type. According to NATO, the general role of artillery is to provide fire support, which is defined as "the application of fire, coordinated with the maneuver of forces to destroy, neutralize, or suppress the enemy."[93] When referring to cannon, the term gun is often used incorrectly. In military usage, a gun is a cannon with a high muzzle velocity and comparatively flat trajectory,[4] as opposed to other types of artillery, such as howitzers or mortars, which have lower muzzle velocities, and usually fire indirectly.[94][95] Artillery 9 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cannon fuse emerged on the battlefields of Europe in late December 1944.[100] They became known as the American artillery's "Christmas present" for the German army, and were employed primarily in the Battle of the Bulge. Proximity fuses were effective against German personnel in the open, and hence were used to disperse their attacks. Also used to great effect in anti-aircraft projectiles, proximity fuses were used in both the European and Pacific Theaters of Operations, against V-1 flying bombs and kamikaze planes, respectively.[101] Anti-tank guns were also tremendously improved during the war: in 1939, the British used primarily 2 pounder and 6 pounder guns. By the end of the war, 17 pounders had proven much more effective against German tanks, and 32 pounders had entered development.[102][103] Meanwhile, German tanks were continuously upgraded with better main guns, in addition to other improvements. For example, the Panzer III was originally designed with a 37 mm gun, but was mass produced with a 50 mm cannon.[104] To counter the threat of the Russian T-34s, another, more powerful 50 mm gun was introduced,[104] only to give way to a larger 75 mm cannon.[105] Despite the improved guns, production of the Panzer III was ended in 1943, as the tank still could not match the T-34, and was, furthermore, being replaced by the Panzer IV and Panther tanks.[106] In 1944, the 8.8 cm KwK 43—and its multiple variations—entered service, used by the Wehrmacht, and was adapted to be both a tank's main gun, and the PaK 43 anti-tank gun.[107][108] One of the most powerful guns to see service in World War II, it was capable of destroying any Allied tank at very long ranges.[109][110] Nine-person crew firing a US M198 howitzer By the early 20th century, infantry weapons became more powerful and accurate, forcing most artillery away from the front lines. Despite the change to indirect fire, cannon still proved highly effective during World War I, causing over 75% of casualties.[96] The onset of trench warfare after the first few months of World War I greatly increased the demand for howitzers, as they fired at a steep angle, and were thus better suited than guns at hitting targets in trenches. Furthermore, their shells carried larger amounts of explosives than those of guns, and caused considerably less barrel wear. The German army took advantage of this, beginning the war with many more howitzers than the French.[97] World War I also marked the use of the Paris Gun, the longest-ranged gun ever fired. This 200 mm (8 in) caliber gun was used by the Germans to bombard Paris, and was capable of hitting targets more than 122 km (76 mi) away.[98] Royal Artillery howitzers at the Battle of the Somme The Second World War sparked new developments in cannon technology. Among them were sabot rounds, hollow-charge projectiles, and proximity fuses, all of which were marginally significant.[99] The proximity The USS Iowa firing her 16 in (41 cm) guns 10 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Despite being designed to fire at trajectories with a steep angle of descent, howitzers can be fired directly, as was done by the 11th Marine Regiment at the Battle of Chosin Reservoir, during the Korean War. Two field batteries fired directly upon a battalion of Chinese infantry; the Marines were forced to brace themselves against their howitzers, as they had no time to dig them in. The Chinese infantry took heavy casualties, and were forced to retreat.[111] Cannon effective range to 100 nmi (190 km)—a longer range than that of the Paris Gun. The AGS's barrels will be water cooled, and will be capable of firing 10 rounds per minute, per gun. The combined firepower from both turrets will give Zumwalt-class destroyers the firepower equivalent to 18 conventional M-198 howitzers.[115][116] The reason for the re-integration of cannon as a main armament in United States Navy ships is because satellite-guided munitions fired from a gun are far less expensive than a cruise missile, and are therefore a better alternative to many combat situations.[114] Autocannon Autocannon have an automatic firing mode, similar to that of a machine gun. They have mechanisms to automatically load their ammunition, and therefore have a faster rate of fire than artillery, often approaching — and, in the case of Gatling guns, surpassing — that of a machine gun.[117] While there is no minimum bore for autocannon, they are usually larger than machine guns, typically 20 mm or greater since World War II. Most nations use these rapid-fire cannon on their light vehicles, replacing a more powerful, but heavier, tank gun. A typical autocannon is the 25 mm "Bushmaster" chain gun, mounted on the LAV-25 and M2 Bradley armored vehicles.[8] Autocannon are often found in aircraft, augmenting or replacing machine guns, while providing greater firepower.[7] The first airborne cannon appeared in World War II, but each airplane could carry only one or two, as large bore cannon and their ammunition are generally heavier than machine guns, the standard armament. They were variously mounted, often in the wings, but also high on the forward fuselage, where they would fire through the propeller, or even through the propeller hub. Due both to the low number of cannon per aircraft and the lower rate of fire of cannon, machine guns continued to be used widely early in the war, as there was a greater probability of hitting enemy aircraft.[7] However, as large cannon were more effective against more heavily armored bomber aircraft, they were eventually integrated into newer fighters, which usually carried between two and four autocannon. The Hispano-Suiza HS.404, Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, MG FF, and their numerous variants became among the most widely used A 5 inch/54 caliber (127mm) Mark 45 gun being fired from Arleigh Burke-class destroyer USS Benfold (DDG 65) The tendency to create larger caliber cannon during the World Wars has been reversed in more recent years. The United States Army, for example, sought a lighter, more versatile howitzer, to replace their aging pieces. As it could be towed, the M198 was selected to be the successor to the World War II-era cannon used at the time, and entered service in 1979.[112] Still in use today, the M198 is, in turn, being slowly replaced by the M777 Ultralightweight howitzer, which weighs nearly half as much, and can be transported by helicopter — as opposed to the M198, which requires a C-5 or C-17 to airlift.[112][113] Although land-based artillery such as the M198 are powerful, long-ranged, and accurate, naval guns have not been neglected, despite being much smaller than in the past, and, in some cases, having been replaced by cruise missiles.[114] However, the Zumwalt-class destroyer's planned armament includes the Advanced Gun System (AGS), a pair of 155 mm guns, which fire the Long Range Land-Attack Projectile. The warhead, which weighs 24 pounds (11 kg), has a circular error of probability of 50 m (160 ft), and will be mounted on a rocket, to increase the 11 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cannon The parts of a cannon described in John Roberts' The Compleat Cannoniere, London, 1652 two gunners, six soldiers, and four officers of artillery. The right gunner was to prime the piece and load it with powder, and the left gunner would fetch the powder from the magazine and be ready to fire the cannon at the officer's command. On each side of the cannon, three soldiers stood, to ram and sponge the cannon, and hold the ladle. The second soldier on the left tasked with providing 50 bullets.[120] Before loading, the cannon would be cleaned with a wet sponge to extinguish any smoldering material from the last shot. Fresh powder could be set off prematurely by lingering ignition sources. The powder was added, followed by wadding of paper or hay, and the ball was placed in and rammed down. After ramming the cannon would be aimed with the elevation set using a quadrant and a plummet. At 45 degrees, the ball had the utmost range: about ten times the gun's level range. Any angle above a horizontal line was called random-shot. Wet sponges were used to cool the pieces every ten or twelve rounds.[120] The GAU-8/A Avenger autocannon, mounted in an A-10 Thunderbolt II autocannon in the war. Nearly all modern fighter aircraft are armed with an autocannon, and most are derived from their counterparts from the Second World War.[7] The largest, heaviest, and most powerful airborne cannon used by the military of the United States is the GAU-8/A Avenger Gatling-type rotary cannon;[118] it is surpassed only by the specialized artillery pieces carried on the AC-130 gunship.[119] Cannon are in principle capable of a very high rate of fire, but the ammunition is heavy, limiting the amount that can be carried by vehicles or aircraft. For this reason, both the 25 mm Bushmaster and the 30 mm RARDEN are deliberately designed with relatively slow rates of fire, so that they can operate for longer with a limited supply of ammunition. The typical rate of fire of modern autocannon ranges from 90 to 1,800 rounds per minute. Systems with multiple barrels — gatling guns — can have rates of fire of several thousand rounds per minute; the fastest of these is the GSh-6-30K, which has a rate of fire of over 6,000 rounds per minute.[117] Operation In the 1770s, cannon operation worked as follows: each cannon would be manned by Cannon operation as described in the 1771 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica During the Napoleonic Wars, a British gun team consisted of five gunners to aim it, 12 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia clean the bore with a damp sponge to quench any remaining embers before a fresh charge was introduced, and another to load the gun with a bag of powder and then the projectile. The fourth gunner pressed his thumb on the vent hole, to prevent a draught that might fan a flame. The charge loaded, the fourth would prick the bagged charge through the vent hole, and fill the vent with powder. On command, the fifth gunner would fire the piece with a slowmatch.[121] Cannon real cannon fire until Mercury Records and conductor Antal Doráti's 1958 recording of the Minnesota Orchestra.[127] Cannon fire is also frequently used annually in presentations of the 1812 on the American Independence Day, a tradition started by Arthur Fiedler of the Boston Pops in 1974.[128][125] The hard rock band AC/DC also used cannon in their song "For Those About to Rock (We Salute You)."[129] The album of the same name also featured a cannon on its cover;[130] in live shows, replica Napoleonic cannon and pyrotechnics were used to perform the piece.[129] Deceptive use Historically, logs or poles have sometimes been used to simulate cannon, in order to mislead the enemy as to the strength of an emplacement. The "Quaker gun trick" was used by Colonel William Washington's Continentals, during the American Revolutionary War; in 1780, approximately 100 Loyalists surrendered to them, rather than face "bombardment."[122] During the American Civil War, Quaker guns were also used by the Confederates, to compensate for their shortage of artillery. The decoy cannon were painted black at the "muzzle", and positioned behind fortifications to delay Union attacks on those positions. On occasion, real gun carriages were used to complete the deception.[123] Restoration Cannon recovered from the sea are often extensively damaged from exposure to salt water; because of this, electrolytic reduction treatment is required to forestall the process of corrosion.[131] The cannon is then washed in deionized water to remove the electrolyte, and is treated in tannic acid, which prevents further rust and gives the metal a bluishblack color.[132][133] After this process, cannon on display may be protected from oxygen and moisture by a wax sealant. A coat of polyurethane may also be painted over the wax sealant, to prevent the wax-coated cannon from attracting dust in outdoor displays.[133] Music Cannon have sometimes been used in classical pieces with a military theme. Giuseppe Sarti is believed to be the first composer to orchestrate real cannons in a musical work. His Te Deum celebrates the Russian victory at Ochakov (1789) with the firing of a real cannon and the use of fireworks, to heighten the martial effect of the music. One of the best known examples of such a piece is another Russian work, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture.[124] The overture is properly performed using an artillery section together with the orchestra, resulting in noise levels requiring musicians to wear ear protection.[125] The cannon fire simulates Russian artillery bombardments of the Battle of Borodino, a critical battle in Napoleon's invasion of Russia, whose defeat the piece celebrates.[125] When the overture was first performed, the cannon were fired by an electric current triggered by the conductor.[126] However, the overture was not recorded with Notes [1] ^ "Definition and etymology of "cannon"". Webster's Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/Cannon. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. [2] "Etymology of "Cane"". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/ index.php?term=cane. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. [3] "Definition and etymology of "cane"". Webster's Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/cane. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. [4] ^ "Definition of "Gun"". MerriamWebster's Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionary/Gun. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 13 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cannon [5] Hogg, Ian V.; John H. Batchelor (1978). [16] C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia Naval Gun. Blandford Press. ISBN and the Mongol Empire, p.354 0713709057. [17] Harding, David (1990). Weapons: An [6] Baynes, Thomas S. (1888). The International Encyclopedia from 5000 Encyclopaedia Britannica A Dictionary of B.C. to 2000 A.D.. Diane Publishing Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Company. p. 111. ISBN 0756784360. Information, volume 2. p. 667. http://books.google.com/ http://books.google.com/ books?id=LeYSxhK62wUC&printsec=frontcover#PP books?id=hakMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PRA1-PA667,M1. [18] Norris, John (2003). Early Gunpowder Retrieved on 2008-05-26. Artillery: 1300–1600. Marlborough: The [7] ^ Dr. Carlo Kopp. "Aircraft cannon". Crowood Press. p. 11. ISBN Strike Publications. 1861266154. http://www.defencenews.com.au/article[19] Pacey, Arnold (1990). Technology in archive.cfm?ID=513¤tpage=2&detail=yes&thiscatid=0. World Civilization: A Thousand-Year Retrieved on 2008-05-26. History. MIT Press. p. 47. ISBN [8] ^ "Army Technology - Bradley M2/M3 0262660725. http://books.google.com/ Tracked Armoured Fighting Vehicles". books?id=X7e8rHL1lf4C&printsec=frontcover#PPA4 Army Technology.com. http://www.army[20] Archer, Christon I. (2002). World History technology.com/projects/bradley/. of Warfare. University of Nebraska Retrieved on 2008-05-26. Press. p. 211. ISBN 0803244231. [9] Temple, Robert; Needham, Joseph http://books.google.com/ (1999). The Genius of China: 3,000 Years books?id=nLM1Kolw_vMC&printsec=frontcover#PP of Science, Discovery and Invention. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. Prion Books. p. 242. ISBN [21] ^ Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Gunpowder 1-85375-292-4. Composition for Rockets and Cannon in [10] Reymond, Arnold (1963). History of the Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth Sciences in Greco-Roman Antiquity. and Fourteenth Centuries". Ahmad Y Biblo & Tannen Publishers. p. 79. ISBN Hassan. http://www.history-science0819601284. http://books.google.com/ technology.com/Articles/ books?id=yt7qsvmmXdQC&printsec=frontcover#PPA79,M1. articles%202.htm. Retrieved on Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008-06-08. [11] ^ Needham, Joseph (1987). Science & [22] Hassan, Ahmad Y. "Technology Transfer Civilisation in China, volume 7: The in the Chemical Industries". Ahmad Y Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge University Hassan. http://www.history-sciencePress. p. 263–275. ISBN 0521303583. technology.com/Articles/ [12] Crosby, Alfred W. (2002). Throwing Fire: articles%2072.htm. Retrieved on Projectile Technology Through History. 2007-02-17. Cambridge University Press. p. 99. ISBN [23] Khan, Iqtidar Alam (1996), "Coming of 0521791588. http://books.google.com/ Gunpowder to the Islamic World and books?id=vyFxldb2GJQC&printsec=frontcover. North India: Spotlight on the Role of the [13] ^ Chase (2003). Firearms: A Global Mongols", Journal of Asian History 30: History to 1700. Cambridge University 41–5 . Press. p. 31–32. ISBN 0521822742. [24] Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004), Gunpowder http://books.google.com/ and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&printsec=frontcover. Oxford University Press . [14] Oman, Sir Charles (1998). The Art of [25] ^ Bradbury, Jim (1992). The Medieval War in the Middle Ages (Vol II). Siege. Rochester, New York: Boydell & Greenhill Military Press. p. 203-214. Brewer. p. 293. ISBN 0-85115-312-7. ISBN 1-85367-332-3. http://books.google.com/ [15] Gwei-Djen, Lu; Joseph Needham, Phan books?id=xVCRpsfwkiUC&printsec=frontcover&dq= Chi-Hsing (July 1988). "The Oldest hFuQWkEo#PPA293,M1. Retrieved on Representation of a Bombard". 2008-05-26. Technology and Culture (Johns Hopkins [26] Gat, Azar (2006). War in Human University Press) 29 (3): 594–605. Civilization. New York City: Oxford doi:10.2307/3105275. University Press. p. 461. ISBN 0-19-926213-6. http://books.google.com/ 14 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cannon books?id=y4aXo_125REC&pg=PA461&lpg=PA461&dq=dardanelles+gun&source=web&ots=clIsmn2 bastard culverin, "legitimate" culverin, H0ft9CA&hl=en#PPA461,M1. falcon, and falconet. [27] Bag, A. K. (2005). Fathullah Shirazi: [40] They are, from largest to smallest: the Cannon, Multi-barrel Gun and Yarghu. cannon royal, cannon, cannon Indian Journal of History of Science. pp. serpentine, bastard cannon, demicannon, 431–436. pedrero, culverin, basilisk, demiculverin, [28] "Gunpowder". Encyclopedia Britannica. bastard culverin, saker, minion, falcon, London. 1771. "frier Bacon, our falconet, serpentine, and rabinet. countryman, mentions the compoſition in [41] Tunis, Edwin (1999). Weapons: A expreſs terms, in his treatiſe De nullitate Pictorial History. Baltimore, Maryland: magiæ, publiſhed at Oxford, in the year Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 89. 1216." ; Note the Long s. ISBN 0-8018-6229-9. [29] Braun, Wernher Von; Frederick Ira http://books.google.com/ Ordway (1967). History of Rocketry & books?id=sCnyIzibmywC&printsec=frontcover#PPA Space Travel. Thomas Y. Crowell Co.. [42] Tunis, p. 88. p. 28. ISBN 0690005881. [43] översättning och bearbetning: Folke [30] http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/ Günther ... (1996) (in Swedish). Guinness v121/n3041/abs/121208a0.html Rekordbok. Stockholm: Forum. p. 204. [31] ^ Manucy, Albert (1994). Artillery ISBN 91-37-10723-2. Through the Ages: A Short Illustrated [44] Nossov, Konstantin (2006). Russian History of Cannon, Emphasizing Types Fortresses, 1480–1682. Osprey Used in America. Diane publishing. p. 3. Publishing. p. 53–55. ISBN ISBN 0788107453. 1-84176-916-9. http://books.google.com/ [45] ^ Machiavelli, Niccolò (2005). The Art of books?id=yYupSOK0BgIC&printsec=frontcover#PPA3,M1. War. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Retrieved on 2008-05-26. Press. p. 74. ISBN 0226500462. [32] Hoffmeyer, Ada Bruhn de (1972). Arms [46] ^ Wilkinson, Philip (1997-09-09). and Armour in Spain. Madrid: Instituto Castles. Dorling Kindersley. p. 81. ISBN do Estudios sobre Armas Antiguas, 978-0789420473. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones [47] Chartrand, René (2006). Spanish Main: Científicas, Patronato Menendez y 1492–1800. Osprey Publishing. ISBN Pelayo. p. 217. ISBN 0435–029x. 1846030056. http://books.google.com/ [33] ^ Nicolle, David (2000). Crécy 1346: books?id=cvcBWivXlekC&printsec=frontcover. Triumph of the Longbow. Osprey [48] ^ Manucy, p. 5. Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 9781855329669. [49] Sadler, John (2006). Flodden 1513: [34] Nossov, Konstantin (2007). Medieval Scotland's Greatest Defeat. Osprey Russian Fortresses AD 862–1480. Osprey Publishing. p. 22–23. ISBN Publishing. p. 52. ISBN 9781846030932. 9781841769592. [35] ^ Turnbull, Stephan (2004). The Walls of http://books.google.com/ Constantinople AD 413–1453. Osprey books?id=ZXX1SrxKTg0C&printsec=frontcover#PPA Publishing. p. 39–41. ISBN [50] Sadler, p. 60. 1-84176-759-X. [51] Manucy, p. 6. [36] ^ Wallechinsky, David; Irving Wallace [52] "Encyclopedia Britannica Online (1975). The People's Almanac. Mortar". http://www.britannica.com/eb/ Doubleday. ISBN 0385041861. article-9053839/mortar. Retrieved on 13 [37] Turnbull, p. 43. March 2008. [38] Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking [53] Tunis, p. 90. Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and [54] Manucy, pp. 7–8. Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the [55] Tunis, p. 96. Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing [56] Manucy, p. 8. Group. p. 270. ISBN 0313324336. [57] Jones, Archer (2001). The Art of War in http://books.google.com/ the Western World. New York City: books?id=MTXdplfizUniversity of Illinois Press. p. 235. ISBN cC&printsec=frontcover#PPA270,M1. 0252069668. http://books.google.com/ [39] The six sizes are, in order from largest to books?id=z2FRzcz2W0oC&printsec=frontcover#PPA smallest: the cannon, great culverin, [58] Tunis, p. 97. 15 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cannon [59] ^ Griffith, Paddy (2006). The Vauban books?id=WPkgXITA09EC&printsec=frontcover#PP Fortifications of France. Osprey Retrieved on 2008-05-26. Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 9781841768755. [71] Asprey, Robert B. (2000). The Rise of http://books.google.com/ Napoleon Bonaparte. Basic Books. books?id=eH1NtNGWQZ8C&printsec=frontcover. 111. ISBN 0465048811. p. [60] Griffith, p 29 http://books.google.com/ [61] Griffith, pp. 56-57. books?id=UqkSyhUcZ0kC&printsec=frontcover#PPA [62] Stone, George Cameron (1999). A Retrieved on 2008-05-26. Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, [72] ^ Asprey, pp. 112–113. and Use of Arms and Armor in All [73] Conner, p. 13. Countries and in All Times. Courier [74] Conner, pp. 12–13. Dover Publications. p. 162. ISBN [75] ^ Baynes, p. 669. 0486407268. http://books.google.com/ [76] Nofi, Albert A. (1998). The Waterloo books?id=J5PgapzD6FoC&printsec=frontcover#PPA162,M1. Campaign: June 1815. Da Capo Press. [63] Heath, Byron (2005). Discovering the p. 123. ISBN 0938289985. Great South Land. Kenthurst: Rosenberg [77] Craik, George L.; Charles MacFarlane Publishing. p. 127. ISBN 1-877058-31-9. (1884). The Pictorial History of England http://books.google.com/ during the reign of George the Third: books?id=yOWLaNm6c7sC&pg=PA127&dq=demiBeing a History of the People, as well as cannon+solid+oak&as_brr=0&ei=rPnjR5bsBZGgygTu7uTLBA&sig=Tl7TY3AGuZdd1X4cKAGxXCLUV a History of the Kingdom, volume 2. [64] Knox, Dudley W. (1939). Naval London: Charles Knight. p. 295. Documents related to the United States http://books.google.com/ Wars with the Barbary Powers, Volume I. books?id=A-0GAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA2 Washington, D.C.: United States Retrieved on 2008-05-26. Government Printing Office. [78] Chandler, David G. (1995). The [65] ^ Manigault, Edward; Warren Ripley Campaigns of Napoleon. New York City: (1996). Siege Train: The Journal of a Simon & Schuster. p. 582. ISBN Confederate Artilleryman in the Defense 0-02-523660-1. of Charleston. Charleston, South [79] Adkin, Mark (2002). The Waterloo Carolina: University of South Carolina Companion. Stackpole Books. p. 283. Press. p. 83. ISBN 1570031274. ISBN 0811718549. http://books.google.com/ http://books.google.com/ books?id=dS4yZLvS0soC&printsec=frontcover#PPA83,M1. books?id=4tTYCLqjwj8C&printsec=frontcover#PPT2 [66] "The Historical Maritime Society". The Retrieved on 2008-05-26. Historical Maritime Society. 2001. [80] Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1975). http://www.hms.org.uk/ Napoleon's Artillery. France: Osprey nelsonsnavycarronade.htm. Retrieved on Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 0850452473. 2008-05-26. http://books.google.com/ [67] 12, 18, 24, 32, and 42 pounders, but books?id=W7ngGaRS6nkC&printsec=frontcover#PP 6 pounder and 68 pounder versions are Retrieved on 2008-05-26. known. [81] Wilkinson-Latham, p. 36. [68] "Carronade". The Historical Maritime [82] Nofi, pp. 115–116. Society. http://www.hms.org.uk/ [83] Dickens, Charles (April 22, 1859). All the nelsonsnavycarronade.htm. 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The Gun. 2008-05-26. http://riv.co.nz/rnza/hist/gun/rifled2.htm. [101]Variable Time Fuse Contributed to the " Retrieved on 2008-02-06. Victory of United Nations". Smithsonian [86] Bastable, Marshall J. (2004). Arms and Institution. 2007. the State: Sir William Armstrong and the http://scienceservice.si.edu/pages/ Remaking of British Naval Power, 102001.htm. Retrieved on 2007-10-05. 1854–1914. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. [102] eegan, John (2000). World War II: A K p. 94. ISBN 0754634043. Visual Encyclopedia. Sterling Publishing http://books.google.com/ Company, Inc.. p. 29. ISBN 1855858789. books?id=6ybDCEqsWrUC&printsec=frontcover#PPA94,M1. http://books.google.com/ Retrieved on 2008-05-26. books?id=4IYXxrcx1_0C&printsec=frontcover#PPA2 [87] Bastable, p. 72. [103] ahman, Jason (2007-11). "British AntiR [88] Bastable, p. 73. Tank Guns". Avalanche Press. [89] Young, Mark C. (2002). Guinness Book of http://www.avalanchepress.com/ World Records, 2002 edition. Bantam BritainsAntiTankGuns.php. 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German Early B aap-6-2007.pdf. Retrieved on War Armored Fighting Vehicles. 2008-05-26. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole [94] "Definition of "Howitzer"". MerriamBooks. p. 3. ISBN 0811733416. Webster's Dictionary. [108] layfair, Ian S. O.; T. P. Gleave (1987). P http://www.merriam-webster.com/ The Mediterranean and Middle East. dictionary/Howitzer. Retrieved on HMSO. p. 257. ISBN 0116309466. 2008-05-26. [109] cCarthy, Peter; Mike Syron (2003). M [95] "Definition of "Mortar"". MerriamPanzerkrieg: The Rise and Fall of Hitler's Webster's Dictionary. Tank Divisions. Carroll & Graf http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Publishers. p. 239. ISBN 0786712643. dictionary/Mortar. Retrieved on http://books.google.com/ 2008-05-26. books?id=LwqhCwNAjSYC&printsec=frontcover#PR [96] Manucy, p. 20. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. [97] Gudmundsson, Bruce I. (1993). On [110]arymowycz, Roman Johann (2001). Tank J Artillery. Greenwood Publishing Group. Tactics: From Normandy to Lorraine. p. 43. ISBN 0275940470. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 115. ISBN http://books.google.com/ 1555879500. http://books.google.com/ books?id=O_-0w2WUDd0C&printsec=frontcover#PPP1,M1. books?id=[98] Young, p. 113. PXQYVjbp6MC&printsec=frontcover#PPA115,M1. [99] McCamley, Nicholas J. (2004). Disasters Retrieved on 2008-05-26. Underground. Pen & Sword Military. [111] uss, Martin (1999). Breakout: The R ISBN 1844150224. Chosin Reservoir Campaign, Korea 1950. [100]Radio Proximity (VT) Fuzes". " Penguin Books. p. 383–384. ISBN 2000-03-20. http://www.history.navy.mil/ 0-14-029259-4. 17 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cannon [112] "M198 information". Military.com. ^ Archived from the original on http://tech.military.com/equipment/view/ 2007-08-28. http://web.archive.org/web/ 146534/m198-155mm-towed20070828153345/ howitzer.html. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/ [113]M777 information". Military.com. " works/tchaikov/1812.html. Retrieved on http://www.military.com/soldiertech/ 2008-05-26. 0,14632,Soldiertech_M777,,00.html. [125] Druckenbrod, Andrew (2003-08-04). ^ Retrieved on 2008-05-26. "How a rousing Russian tune took over [114] "Affordable precision". National ^ our July 4th". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Defense Magazine. http://www.postgazette.com/ae/ http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/ 20030704overtureae3.asp. Retrieved on issues/2001/Mar/Naval_Guns.htm. 2008-05-26. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. [126] ee, Ernest Markham (1906). L [115] ike, John (2008-02-18). "DDG-1000 P Tchaikovsky. Harvard University: G. Bell Zumwalt / DD(X) Multi-Mission Surface & sons. p. 21. http://books.google.com/ Combatant". Global Security. books?id=x60NAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ Retrieved on 2008-05-26. systems/ship/dd-x.htm. Retrieved on [127] lynn, Tony. "Antal Dorati - Recording F 2008-05-26. Legend - October 2007". [116]Raytheon Company: Products & " http://www.musicweb-international.com/ Services: Advanced Gun System (AGS)". classrev/2007/Oct07/Dorati_flynn.htm. Raytheon, Inc.. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. http://www.raytheon.com/products/ [128]Classical Net - Tchaikovsky - 1812 " ddg_1000/tech/ags/index.html. Retrieved Overture". Archived from the original on on 2008-05-26. 2007-08-28. http://web.archive.org/web/ [117] Williams, Anthony G. (2000). Rapid ^ 20070828153345/ Fire. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing Ltd.. http://www.classical.net/music/comp.lst/ p. 241. ISBN 1-84037-435-7. works/tchaikov/1812.html. Retrieved on [118]GAU-8/A". 442nd Fighter Wing. " 2008-05-26. http://www.442fw.afrc.af.mil/news/ [129] "For Those About to Rock We Salute ^ story.asp?id=123055695. Retrieved on You". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/ 2008-05-26. cg/ [119]Information on the GAU-8/A". The " amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:w9fexze5ld6e. Language of Weaponry. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. http://www.123exp-warfare.com/t/ [130]For Those About to Rock We Salute " 03804237449/. Retrieved on You". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/ 2008-05-26. cg/ [120] "Gunnery". Encyclopedia Britannica. ^ amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:06rsa9igb23h~T1. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Retrieved on 2008-05-26. Inc.. 1771. [131] elss, Carmen. "Rescue Project W [121] olmes, Richard (2002). Redcoat: the H "Endeavour Cannon"". Foundation for British Soldier in the age of Horse and National Parks & Wildlife. Musket. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN http://fnpw.com.au/enews4/cannon.htm. 0393052117. http://books.google.com/ Retrieved on 2008-05-26. books?id=p5XamBYUu0AC&printsec=frontcover.Preserving My Heritage - Before & After [132] " [122]December of 1780". National Park " Gallery - Cannon". Canadian Service. http://www.nps.gov/revwar/ Conservation Institute. revolution_day_by_day/ http://www.preservation.gc.ca/gallery/ 1780_bottom.html. Retrieved on cannon_e.asp. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 2008-05-26. [133] "Civil War Union Cannon ^ [123]Definitions of Civil War terms". " Conservation, CRL Report 5". Archived www.civilwarhome.com/. from the original on 2005-01-01. http://www.civilwarhome.com/terms.htm. http://web.archive.org/web/ Retrieved on 2008-05-27. 20050101190851/ [124] ampson, Dave. ""1812" Overture in E L http://nautarch.tamu.edu/crl/Report6/ Flat Major Op. 49 (1880)". Classical Net. union.htm. Retrieved on 2008-05-26. 18 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cannon References • • • • • • • • • • • • • Conner, Susan P. (2004). The Age of Napoleon. Greenwood Publishing Group. This article incorporates text from the ISBN 0313320144. 1771 Encyclopædia Britannica, which is in http://books.google.com/ the public domain. books?id=WPkgXITA09EC&printsec=frontcover. (PDF) AAP-6 NATO Glossary of Terms and • Craik, George L.; Charles MacFarlane Definitions. North Atlantic Treaty (1884). The Pictorial History of England Organization. 2007. http://www.nato.int/ during the Reign of George the Third: docu/stanag/aap006/aap-6-2007.pdf. Being a History of the People, as well as a Archer, Christon I. (2002). World History History of the Kingdom, volume 2. of Warfare. University of Nebraska Press. London: Charles Knight. ISBN 0803244231. http://books.google.com/ http://books.google.com/ books?id=A-0GAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage. books?id=nLM1Kolw_vMC&printsec=frontcover. • Crosby, Alfred W. (2002). Throwing Fire: Asprey, Robert B. (2000). The Rise of Projectile Technology Through History. Napoleon Bonaparte. Basic Books. ISBN Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0465048811. http://books.google.com/ 0521791588. http://books.google.com/ books?id=UqkSyhUcZ0kC&printsec=frontcover.books?id=vyFxldb2GJQC&printsec=frontcover. Bastable, Marshall J. (2004). Arms and the • Dickens, Charles (April 22, 1859). All the State: Sir William Armstrong and the Year Round: A Weekly Journal. Remaking of British Naval Power, http://books.google.com/ 1854-1914. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. ISBN books?id=o-4RAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage. 0754634043. http://books.google.com/ • Gat, Azar (2006). War in Human books?id=6ybDCEqsWrUC&printsec=frontcover. Civilization. New York City: Oxford Baynes, Thomas S. (1888). The University Press. ISBN 0199262136. Encyclopaedia Britannica A Dictionary of http://books.google.com/ Arts, Sciences, Literature and General books?id=y4aXo_125REC&printsec=frontcover. Information, volume 2. • Green, Michael; Thomas Anderson, Frank http://books.google.com/ Schulz (2000). German Tanks of World books?id=hakMAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage. War II in Color. Zenith Imprint. ISBN Bradbury, Jim (1992). The Medieval Siege. 0760306710. http://books.google.com/ Rochester, New York: Boydell & Brewer. books?id=DZwQkZr0VrQC&printsec=frontcover. ISBN 0-85115-312-7. • Griffith, Paddy (2006). The Vauban http://books.google.com/ Fortifications of France. Osprey books?id=xVCRpsfwkiUC&printsec=frontcover. Publishing. ISBN 9781841768755. Bradford, George (2007). German Early http://books.google.com/ War Armored Fighting Vehicles. books?id=eH1NtNGWQZ8C&printsec=frontcover. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole • Gudmundsson, Bruce I. (1993). On Books. ISBN 0811733416. Artillery. Greenwood Publishing Group. Braun, Wernher Von; Frederick Ira ISBN 0275940470. Ordway (1967). History of Rocketry & http://books.google.com/ Space Travel. Thomas Y. Crowell Co.. books?id=O_-0w2WUDd0C&printsec=frontcover. ISBN 0690005881. • Halberstadt, Hans (2002). The World's Chartrand, René (2006-08-29). Spanish Great Artillery: From the Middle Ages to Main 1492–1800. Random House. ISBN the Present Day. Barnes & Noble. ISBN 1-84603-005-6. http://books.google.com/ 0-7607-3303-1. books?id=cvcBWivXlekC&printsec=frontcover. Harding, David (1990). Weapons: An • Chase, Kenneth (2003). Firearms: A International Encyclopedia from 5000 B.C. Global History to 1700. New York: to 2000 A.D.. Diane Publishing Company. Cambridge University Press. ISBN ISBN 0756784360. 0-521-82274-2. http://books.google.com/ http://books.google.com/ books?id=esnWJkYRCJ4C&printsec=frontcover. books?id=LeYSxhK62wUC&printsec=frontcover. Chandler, David G. (1995). The Campaigns • Hazlett, James C.; Edwin Olmstead, M. of Napoleon. New York City: Simon & Hume Parks (2004). Field Artillery Schuster. ISBN 0-02-523660-1. Weapons of the American Civil War (5th ed.). Champaign, Illinois: University of 19 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cannon • • • • • • • • • • Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07210-3. • Manucy, Albert (1994). Artillery Through http://books.google.com/ the Ages: A Short Illustrated History of books?id=twcQGSi1F7QC&printsec=frontcover. Cannon, Emphasising Types Used in Heath, Byron (2005). Discovering the America. Diane Publishing. ISBN Great South Land. Kenthurst, New South 0788107453. http://www.nps.gov/history/ Wales: Rosenberg Publishing. ISBN history/online_books/source/is3/ 1-877058-31-9. http://books.google.com/ is3toc.htm. books?id=yOWLaNm6c7sC&printsec=frontcover. • McCamley, Nicholas J. (2004). Disasters Hoffmeyer, Ada Bruhn de. (1972). Arms Underground. Pen & Sword Military. ISBN and Amour in Spain: A Short Survey. 1844150224. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios sobre Armas • McCarthy, Peter; Mike Syron (2003). Antiguas. Panzerkrieg: The Rise and Fall of Hitler's Hogg, Ian V.; John H. Batchelor (1978). Tank Divisions. Carroll & Graf Publishers. Naval Gun. Blandford Press. ISBN ISBN 0786712643. 0713709057. http://books.google.com/ Holmes, Richard (2002). Redcoat: the books?id=LwqhCwNAjSYC&printsec=frontcover. British Soldier in the age of Horse and • Needham, Joseph (1987). Science & Musket. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN Civilisation in China: Volume 7, The 0393052117. http://books.google.com/ Gunpowder Epic. Cambridge University books?id=p5XamBYUu0AC&printsec=frontcover. Press. ISBN 0521303583. Jarymowycz, Roman Johann (2001). Tank • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Tactics: From Normandy to Lorraine. Civilization in China: Volume 4, Part 3. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.. ISBN 1555879500. http://books.google.com/ 9780521070607. books?id=• Nicolle, David (2000). Crécy 1346: PXQYVjbp6MC&printsec=frontcover. Triumph of the Longbow. Osprey Keegan, John (2000). World War II: A Publishing. ISBN 9781855329669. Visual Encyclopedia. Sterling Publishing http://books.google.com/ Company, Inc.. ISBN 1855858789. books?id=lujfZqpd2JoC&printsec=frontcover. http://books.google.com/ • Norris, John (2003). Early Gunpowder books?id=4IYXxrcx1_0C&printsec=frontcover. Artillery: 1300–1600. Marlborough: The Knox, Dudley W. (1939). Naval Documents Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1861266156. related to the United Stats Wars with the • Nossov, Konstantin (2007). Medieval Barbary Powers, Volume I. Washington: Russian Fortresses AD 862–1480. Osprey United States Government Printing Publishing. ISBN 9781846030932. Office. http://books.google.com/ Krebs, Robert E. (2004). Groundbreaking books?id=Pyo5bKLO-0oC&printsec=frontcover. Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and • Nossov, Konstantin (2006). Russian Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Fortresses, 1480–1682. Osprey Publishing. Renaissance. Greenwood Publishing ISBN 1841769169. Group. ISBN 0313324336. http://books.google.com/ http://books.google.com/ books?id=fzftK0dlZg8C&printsec=frontcover. books?id=MTXdplfiz• Pacey, Arnold (1990). Technology in World cC&printsec=frontcover. Civilization: A Thousand-Year History. MIT Lee, Ernest Markham (1906). Press. ISBN 0262660725. Tchaikovsky. Harvard University: G. Bell http://books.google.com/ & sons. http://books.google.com/ books?id=X7e8rHL1lf4C&printsec=frontcover. books?id=x60NAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage. Playfair, Ian S. O.; T. P. Gleave (1987). • Manigault, Edward; Warren Ripley (1996). The Mediterranean and Middle East. Siege Train: The Journal of a Confederate HMSO. ISBN 0116309466. Artilleryman in the Defense of Charleston. • Sadler, John (2006). Flodden 1513: Charleston, South Carolina: University of Scotland's Greatest Defeat. Osprey South Carolina Press. ISBN 1570031274. Publishing. ISBN 9781841769592. http://books.google.com/ http://books.google.com/ books?id=dS4yZLvS0soC&printsec=frontcover. books?id=ZXX1SrxKTg0C&printsec=frontcover. 20 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cannon • Reymond, Arnold (1963). History of the • Wilkinson, Philip (1997-09-09). Castles. Sciences in Greco-Roman Antiquity. Biblo Dorling Kindersley. ISBN & Tannen Publishers. ISBN 0819601284. 978-0789420473. http://books.google.com/ • Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1975). books?id=yt7qsvmmXdQC&printsec=frontcover.Napoleon's Artillery. France: Osprey • Russ, Martin (1999). Breakout: The Chosin Publishing. ISBN 0850452473. Reservoir Campaign, Korea 1950. Penguin http://books.google.com/ Books. ISBN 0-14-029259-4. books?id=W7ngGaRS6nkC&printsec=frontcover. • Shakespeare, William (1598). Henry IV, • Williams, Anthony G. (2000). Rapid Fire. Part 1. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing Ltd.. ISBN • Stone, George Cameron (1999). A 1-84037-435-7. Glossary of the Construction, Decoration, • Young, Mark C (2002). Guinness Book of and Use of Arms and Armor in All World Records (2002 ed.). England: Countries and in All Times. Courier Dover Guinness World Records, Ltd.. ISBN Publications. ISBN 0486407268. 978-0553583786. http://books.google.com/ • Zetterling, Niklas; Anders Frankson books?id=J5PgapzD6FoC&printsec=frontcover. (2000). Kursk 1943: A Statistical Analysis. • Temple, Robert; Needham, Joseph (1999). Routledge. ISBN 0714650528. The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of http://books.google.com/ Science, Discovery and Invention. Prion books?id=Xa6HLAhSzBAC&printsec=frontcover. Books. ISBN 1-85375-292-4. • Tunis, Edwin (1999). Weapons: A Pictorial History. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns • Artillery Tactics and Combat during the Hopkins University Press. ISBN Napoleonic Wars 0-8018-6229-9. http://books.google.com/ • books?id=sCnyIzibmywC&printsec=frontcover. Handgonnes and Matchlocks - History of firearms to 1500 • Turnbull, Stephen (2004). The Walls of • U.S. Patent 5,236 – Patent for a Casting Constantinople AD 413–1453. Osprey ordnance Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-759-X. • U.S. Patent 6,612 – Cannon patent http://books.google.com/ • books?id=sVnXSObRUYIC&printsec=frontcover.U.S. Patent 13,851 – Muzzle loading ordnance patent • Wallechinsky, David; Irving Wallace (1975). The People's Almanac. Doubleday. ISBN 0385041861. External links Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon" Categories: Cannon, Weapon history This page was last modified on 18 May 2009, at 10:23 (UTC). All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) 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