text:
High-risk motorcycle taxi drivers in the HIV/AIDS era: a respondent-driven sampling survey in Kampala, Uganda.
ABSTRACT We evaluated motorcycle taxi ('boda-boda') drivers in Kampala for the prevalence of HIV/sexually transmitted infections.
- Citations (16)
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Article: HIV/AIDS and the long-distance truck drivers in south-west Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey on the knowledge, attitude, risk behaviour and beliefs of truckers.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: According to the last HIV surveillance survey conducted in 2008, the overall National HIV prevalence in Nigeria stands at 4.6%. Recent studies and estimates by UNAIDS/WHO show higher prevalences in some selected states in Nigeria. The focus of this study is to determine the prevalence, risk behaviour, attitude and knowledge of HIV among long-distance heavy-truckers from a cross-sectional survey conducted in the south-west Nigeria. Four major truck terminals (devoted to long-distance trips) in south western Nigeria were identified. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a total sample size of 451 truckers who consented to be interviewed. A questionnaire (in English, Hausa and Yoruba languages) for data collection on the socio-demographic, risk behaviour, attitude and knowledge of HIV from the truckers was also designed. The multiple logistic regressions analysis was used to assess the association between some selected variables and factors. Only 164 (36.4%) participants out of the study population of 451 were tested for HIV (due to limited test facilities and consent) and the prevalence of HIV antibodies among the truckers was found to be 2.4% (4/164) with all the infected individuals being within 21-30 years of age. 309 (68.1%) of the respondents admitted that they were at risk of contracting HIV while a total of 249 (55.3%) admitted that they had more than one sexual partners. In addition, while 392 (86.9%) said it was important for them to know their HIV status, 88 (19.5%) said that they would commit suicide should they test positive for HIV. Although the HIV prevalence rate observed among the tested participants (2.4%) was lower than the overall national prevalence (4.6%), the result calls for concern as it showed that the population of truckers is a potential high risk group in Nigeria. Also, the mobile nature of this high-risk group has made getting HIV/AIDS awareness messages across to them a difficult task.Journal of infection and public health. 12/2010; 3(4):166-78.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Even in generalized HIV/AIDS epidemics, vulnerable populations such as sex workers and truckers require special attention in programming. Combining a number of elicitation methods, centred on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) mapping, the Kenyan section of the Northern Corridor highway was studied to characterize the 'hot spots' where transactional sex is concentrated and to provide estimates of numbers of truckers and sex workers and the volumes of transactional sex taking place on the highway. An average of 2400 trucks park overnight at the 39 hot spots identified. These spots have an estimated sex worker population of 5600 women. Analysis of 403 sex worker diaries shows an average of 13.6 different clients and 54.2 sex acts in a month. Condom use is 69% in liaisons with regular clients and 90% with casual clients. The use of GIS is demonstrated at regional and local scales. The 'bridge population' of clients of sex workers, containing a wide rage of occupations, supports the concept of programming for 'vulnerable places' as well as vulnerable groups.Health & Place 07/2007; 13(2):504-19. · 2.44 Impact Factor
Article: Sexual practices, barriers to condom use and its consistent use among long distance truck drivers in Nigeria.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Among the long distance truck drivers in Nigeria, a major group that transmits HIV, the use of male latex condoms is generally low and erratic. To effectively promote their consistent use, it was necessary to understand the drivers' sexual practices, experience of barriers to condom use and HIV/AIDS-related attitudes. Four hundred and twelve long distance truck drivers were selected and interviewed in major truck stops along the country highways. The interview explored the drivers condom use barriers, their demographic characteristics, HIV/AIDS-related attitudes and practices. The drivers noted that their major barriers experienced were that condoms reduced their sexual satisfaction, caused health problems for them, and hindered their sexual interest. About 70% of the drivers knew about condoms HIV preventive measure, but only 9% consistently used them. The drivers that acknowledged that they always used a condom, had secondary education, were less likely to report that a condom was inconveniencing or caused health problems, rarely used local decoctions to improve sexual energy, and frequently listened to the radio. In conclusion, it is necessary to intensify condom education for the drivers through the radio, establish counselling centres, tailor counselling to reduce the barriers, and provide free condoms for the drivers.AIDS Care 03/2005; 17(2):208-21. · 1.60 Impact Factor
Page 1
Original research article
High-risk motorcycle taxi drivers in the
HIV/AIDS era: a respondent-driven
sampling survey in Kampala, Uganda
Christina P Lindan1, Andrew Anglemyer1, Wolfgang Hladik2,
Joseph Barker3, George Lubwama4, George Rutherford1,
John Ssenkusu5, Alex Opio6and James Campbell7;
for the Crane Survey Group
Objectives: We evaluated motorcycle taxi ('boda-boda') drivers in Kampala for the prevalence of HIV/sexually trans-
mitted infections.
Methods: We used respondent-driven sampling to recruit a cross-sectional sample of boda-boda drivers. We collected
data through audio computer-assisted self-administered interviews. Men were tested for HIV, syphilis serology using
Rapid Plasma Reagin and enzyme immunoassay, and Chlamydia and gonorrhoea using urine polymerase chain reaction.
Results: We recruited 683 men. Median age was 26 years; 59.4% were single. The prevalence of HIV was 7.5% (95% CI
5.2–10.0), of positive syphilis serology was 6.1% (95% CI 4.3–8.1), of Chlamydiawas 1.1% (95% CI 0.4–2.0), and of gonorrhea
was 1.2% (95% CI 0.1–1.2). Many men (67.8%) had both casual and regular partners, sex with other men (8.7%), and
commercial sex (33.1%). Factors associated with having HIV included reporting a genital ulcer (odds ratio (OR) ¼2.4, 95%
CI 1.4–4.4), drinking alcohol during last sex (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1–3.7), having 4–6 lifetime partners (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–4.8),
and having one's last female partner be >24 years of age (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.2–6.6). Independent predictors of HIV included
age ?31 (adjusted OR (aOR) 5.8, 95% CI 1.5–48.5), having 4–6 partners (aOR 2.2, 95%CI 1.0–5.1), and self-report of a
genital ulcer (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2–4.1). Only 39.2% of men were circumcised, and 36.9% had been HIV tested in the past.
Conclusions: Male boda-boda drivers have a higher prevalence of HIV than the general population, and low frequency of
preventive behaviours, such as circumcision and HIV testing. Targeted and intensified interventions for this group are
Men, HIV, Uganda, Africa, epidemiology
Date received: 7 February 2014; accepted: 5 May 2014
Uganda has a generalized mature HIV epidemic that
has remained relatively stable over the last decade
based on seroprevalence and other data.1,2The national
prevalence among sexually active adults aged 15–49
years is 7.3% according to the most recent AIDS
Indicator Survey1(AIS) and is higher among women
(8.3%) than men (6.1%); the prevalence among men
in the capital city of Kampala is lower, at 4.1%.
Those who are older, divorced, widowed or separated,
and with less education are also more likely to be
President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief) and
1Global Health Sciences and Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
2Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
3Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, US Department of State,
Washington, DC, USA
4School of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
5Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Center for Global Health, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, Entebbe, Uganda
6Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
7Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland, Bethesda, MD, USA
Corresponding author:
Christina P Lindan, Global Health Sciences, University of California,
San Francisco, 50 Beale Street, 12th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94105,
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
International Journal of STD & AIDS
0(0) 1–10
! The Author(s) 2014
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other funding for prevention and care, the HIV preva-
lence has risen from 6.4% in 2004/2005.2However, it is
difficult to interpret seroprevalence data, as stable HIV
prevalence could be due to increasing numbers of
people who are living for longer periods of time on
antiretroviral treatment, with declining or stable HIV
incidence. Some modelled estimates suggest that HIV
incidence might also be rising,3although there is a pau-
city of recent incidence data from cohort studies in
Uganda. HIV prevalence and surveillance data have
focused almost entirely on the general population and
little is known about population subgroups that may be
at particularly high risk. These 'key populations'
include commercial sex workers (CSW), men who
have sex with men (MSM), clients of sex workers,
female partners of MSM,4and fishermen.5
Long-distance truckers and other transport workers
are known to be at risk of HIV acquisition, and are
considered to be contributing to the spread of HIV
along trucking routes. Studies of long haul truckers
have been done in Asia,6
Africa,8–11including Uganda.12Their high risk is
attributed to transactional sex that occurs due to pro-
longed time away from families or partners. However,
comparatively little information has been obtained on
local transportation workers, such as taxi drivers.
Taxicab drivers are sometimes seen as informants
about other sexual networks such as clients of sex
workers. However, there are only a few surveys
among taxicab drivers themselves.13The data that do
exist suggest that many are engaged in high-risk behav-
iour themselves. One study from Cambodia14found
that 15% of motorcycle taxi drivers were having unpro-
tected sex with both high- and low-risk partners, and
therefore could be considered a 'bridge population'.
Another study from Benin-city, Nigeria found that
two-thirds had multiple sexual partners and one quar-
ter had had a sexually transmitted infection (STI), but
lessthan one-halfused
Commercial bus drivers and motor park attendants in
Lagos were found to have a sexual network that
included CSWs, female hawkers, schoolgirls and
market women; three quarters had multiple sexual part-
ners but only a little more than 10% used condoms
regularly.16Among rural to urban migrant taxi drivers
in Bangladesh, 64% had sex with multiple commercial
sex partners, largely unprotected.17
There have been anecdotal and media reports that
motorcycle taxi drivers in Kampala, Uganda, might
also be at increased risk for HIV,but no empirical
data are available. We performed a respondent-driven
sampling (RDS) survey of motorcycle transportation
workers called boda-boda drivers in Kampala to
obtain information on self-reported risk behaviour, as
well as on the prevalence of HIV and STIs. This study
Latin America7
was part of a larger evaluation of several key popula-
tions called the Crane Survey which was conducted
from 2008 to 2009 by Makerere University, the
Ugandan Ministry of Health (MoH), and the US
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
The overall goal of this study was to inform
Uganda's public health system about groups at higher
risk of HIV infection so that prevention activities,
related services, and ongoing surveillance could be
Study procedures have been described in detail previ-
ously.4Formative research was conducted prior to the
survey to inform instruments, language, and procedures
and to ensure that study seeds and survey groups,
including boda-boda drivers, were sufficiently net-
worked to sustain referral chains.
Study setting
Kampala is the capital of Uganda, and has a population
of 1.4 million. It is also the commercial hub of the coun-
drivers are a frequently used form of transportation in
all parts of the city. The exact number of boda-boda
drivers in Kampala is unknown but is believed to
exceed 10,000; typically, boda-boda drivers are males.
Study population and sampling
RDS methodology is well described elsewhere and rep-
resents an advanced statistical version of chain referral
sampling.18,19While RDS is typically used for hard-to-
reach populations, it may be suitable for any popula-
tion that is networked. It has been used in the past to
sample both hidden and highly visible populations.
Motorcycle taxi drivers are not a hidden population;
however, they are highly mobile which complicates
alternative sampling designs such as cluster-based sam-
pling. We initiated sampling with eight seeds, purpos-
ively selected by age and geographic location in
Kampala. Each seed was given three coupons to give
to three other boda-boda drivers whom the seed knew.
Referred persons presented their coupons to the single
survey site near the city centre. If they were eligible and
consented, recruits completed study procedures and
were given four coupons to recruit other boda-boda
drivers they personally knew. Inclusion criteria for
seeds and study participants were age ?18 years, male
sex, residence in greater Kampala, and having their
mainsourceof income
Exclusion criteria included coupon receipt from a stran-
ger, and not speaking either English or Luganda.
be boda-bodadriving.
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Study procedures
Boda-boda drivers were screened for eligibility and
provided verbal informed consent. Information was
given about specific terms used in the interview, such
as the definition of sexual intercourse, frequency of
sex, partner types and commercial sex. Men then par-
ticipated in a short computer-based tutorial about
audio-computer assisted self-interviewing (ACASI)
before completing a standardised interview, using
Questionnaire Design Studio (QDS v2.5) software
(NOVA, Bethesda, Maryland, USA). The interview
took 30–60min to complete, and included approxi-
mately 100 questions on the following domains:
basic demographics; history of alcohol and drug use;
sexual attraction; sex with women, men, steady part-
ners, casual partners, boda customers and commercial
sex; condom use including at last sex; self-report of
STIs and symptoms; HIV testing history and beliefs
and attitudes about HIV. Following the interview,
subjects received HIV pre-test counselling and infor-
mation about STI testing, and then provided venous
blood and urine samples. Staff also provided partici-
pants a brief training on how to use the coupons and
refer peers to the study site.
Recruits returned to the survey office two weeks later
to receive their HIV and STI test results, post-test coun-
selling, and STI treatment if necessary. Treatment for
syphilis, gonorrhea and/or Chlamydia trachomatis
urethritis was according to the Uganda Ministry of
Health guidelines and was done on site. Persons identi-
fied as HIV-infected were referred to specified health
care providers for follow-up care.
At both visits to the survey office, compensation of
the equivalent of US $3.00 was provided for time and
transportation; the equivalent of $1.00 was also pro-
vided to participants for each eligible peer successfully
Laboratory testing
HIV and STI testing of samples were performed at
Mulago Hospital, Kampala and the CDC laboratory
in Entebbe, Uganda. Blood specimens were stored at 2
to 8?C and transported twice daily to the laboratory.
Testing for HIV antibodies was performed through a
parallel testing algorithm using Vironostika?HIV
Uniform II plus O2 (bioMerie ´ ux, Marcy l'Etoile,
France)or Murex?
(Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL); discordant
results were resolved through the use of HIV 1/2
STAT-PAK rapid test (Inverness Medical, Princeton,
NJ). Plasma was also tested for antibodies specific for
Treponema pallidum infection, using the anti-syphilis
IgG ELISA (Biotec Laboratories, Suffolk, UK) for
screening, and the Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR)
Syfacard-R Test (Murex Biotech, Dartford, UK). A
positive result for syphilis serology was defined as a
positive ELISA test and a positive RPR at any dilu-
tion. Urine specimens were tested for the presence of
Neisseria gonnorhea and Chlamydia trachomatis based
on a commercial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test
kit (Cobas Amplicor or Amplicor PCR, Roche
Diagnostics, Branchburg, NJ).
Data management and analysis
For sample size calculations, we assumed an HIV
prevalence of 14.0%, twice the observed HIV preva-
lence for urban Ugandan men aged 15–49 in a 2004/
2005 population-based survey.2Expecting a design
effect of 2.0 and aiming for an effective sample size of
300, we adjusted the target sample size to 600. The 95%
confidence intervals (CI) were calculated in EpiInfo
(http://wwwn.cdc.gov/epiinfo/) and the target sample
size was divided by the assumed design effect; in turn,
the 95% CIs reflect a random sample accounting for
smaller sample sizes.
We tracked survey events (enrolments, recruiter–
recruit links, coupon numbers issued, unique codes)
with in-house software developed specifically for the
Crane study. Interview data were exported from QDS
into Statistical Analysis Software – SAS v9.2 (SAS
Institute, Cary, NC) and cleaned after checking for
errors and inconsistencies.
Our principal outcome of interest was HIV infec-
tion. Primary predictor variables of interest included
demographics, STIs, alcohol use, sexual behaviour
with different partner types, condom use and commer-
cial sex. We present weighted data except for continu-
ous data (www.respondentdrivensampling.org). We
generated HIV sampling weights in RDSAT and
conductedin RDSAT version
University, Ithaca, NY); bivariate analyses were
conducted in R 2.2.1 (http://www.r-project.org/). We
identified the covariates that had a significant bivari-
ate test, using a Wald test and a p value cut off of
<0.20. We performed stepwise multivariable logistic
regression including the following variables: age, reli-
gion, circumcision, alcohol during last sex, drink his-
tory in last 30 days, number of female partners in
lifetime, age of last female sex partners, and having
both steady and casual female partners in last six
months (all variables with p<0.20 in bivariate ana-
lyses). If the variable was determined not to be a
confounder (as determined by its effect on other
covariates in the models) and did not retain statistical
significance (p<0.10), it was removed from the
1. (Cornell
Lindan et al.3
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Human subjects, confidentiality and ethical
The survey protocol was approved by the Uganda
Virus Research Institute's
Committee, the Uganda National Council of Science
and Technology and the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia.
The survey was conducted anonymously; informed
consent was obtained verbally and no personal identi-
fiers were collected. Using scanners and Griaule soft-
ware (Griaule Biometrics, San Jose, CA), recruits'
fingerprints were imaged (without being stored) to gen-
erate unique alphanumeric codes and thus facilitate
linking recruits' return visits to their initial visits and
laboratory results, to detect recruits attempting to enrol
multiple times, and those presenting coupons that had
already been issued. In addition to this survey, we
sampled four other groups concurrently using the
same survey office, and hence masked the group iden-
tity of any survey respondent attending the survey site
to preserve confidentiality.
Scienceand Ethics
A total of 686 eligible recruits including eight seeds
participated in the survey. We recruited participants
over 20 waves of referral (successive recruiter–recruit
linkages); the longest recruitment chain included 79
respondents over 12 waves. After removing three par-
ticipants due to missing survey data, the sample size we
used for analysis was 683 participants. Equilibrium (a
stable pattern in the distribution of a given character-
istic across successive waves) for having HIV was
reached after three waves. The average network size
for each participant with HIV was 12.5, and 11.0 for
participants without HIV.
The characteristics of the study participants and the
estimated population proportions are given in Table 1.
The largest proportion (36.8%) were between the ages
of 21–25 years; almost all were Ugandan (96.8%)
(data not shown). Although nearly all had attended
some school, 35.9% had only primary education or
less. All religions were represented; the majority was
Christian,and about one
Muslim. A substantial majority (59.4%) had never
been married; only 1.3% were separated, widowed
or divorced; 51.3% had a child (data not shown). A
little more than one-third (39.2%) of boda-boda
drivers were circumcised. Only 30.1% (95% CI 24.9–
34.5) owned the motorcycle that they used for
transportation; the remainder rented their motorcycle
(data not shown).
About half of boda-boda drivers indicated they were
less careful about HIV because of the availability of
(ART).A substantial
Table 1. Background and behavioural characteristics.
10.1 (7.6–13.7)
36.8 (31.9–41.2)
31 or older
27.0 (22.3–30.8)
26.2 (22.3–30.8)
Years in school
5.4 (3.6–7.3)
30.5 (25.9–35.1)
12 or more
27.2 (23.4–31.3)
36.8 (32.2–41.6)
Catholic219 31.8 (27.4–36.5)
Other Christian
42.5 (37.6–47.2)
23.9 (19.4–28.3)
1.0 (0.2–1.9)7
Current marital status
Single 38859.4 (54.0–63.5)
Divorced, sep, or widowed
38.4 (34.4–43.7)
1.3 (0.5–2.3)
39.2 (34.0–44.5)
60.8 (55.5–66.0)
Sexual partners and condom use
Not as careful about HIV because of anti-retroviral treatment
Lifetime number of partners
50.4 (45.2––55.6)
49.6 (44.4–54.8)
36.1 (31.6–40.9)
19.5 (16.1–22.9)
7 or more
Steady female partners in last 6 months
23431.8 (27.8–36.2)
286 43.1 (38.4–47.1)
27.9 (24.1–32.1)
26.2 (22.2–30.6)
6 or more
Use of condoms with steady partner
242.8 (1.6–4.3)
17.9 (12.7–23.6)
38.7 (33.1–45.2)
43.4 (36.8–49.5)
Casual female sex partners in last 6 months
0 440 63.5 (59.0–67.9)
11.8 (9.0–14.8)
18.5 (15.1––22.3)
6 or more 407.2 (4.1––8.4)
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proportion had more than one steady (29.0%) or casual
female partner (25.7%) in the last six months; 67.8%
reported having both casual and steady partners during
this time period. More men used condoms all the time
with casual partners (31.9%) than with steady partners
(17.9%). A total of 29 men (4.3%; 95% CI 2.6–6.0)
reported being attracted to other men, although a
larger proportion (n¼134) (19.3%; 95% CI 15.7–
23.0) reported having sex (oral or anal) with a man in
their lifetime (data not shown); 8.7% had a casual male
partner in the last six months. About a third of men
had paid for sex (33.1%) and 28.7% had sex with one
of their customers; 26.5% had sex with a customer in
exchange for a fare.
Only 36.9% of boda-boda drivers had been HIV
testedin the past.The
laboratory-confirmed HIV was estimated to be 7.5%
(95% CI 5.2–10.0). Although we identified a total of
56 persons with HIV infection, only four participants
reported knowing they were HIV positive. The
prevalence of syphilis was 6.1% (95% CI 4.3–8.1),
Chlamydia was 1.1% (95% CI 0.4–2.0), and gonorrhea
was 1.2% (95% CI 0.1–1.2). Table 2 shows STI
symptoms and laboratory diagnoses and their associ-
ation withHIV infection.
HIV-infected were more likely to have reported
having a genital ulcer, genital discharge or an STI
symptom in the last 12 months (OR¼1.92; 95% CI
1.08–3.49). Confirmed laboratory diagnoses of syphilis
and gonorrhea were associated with HIV infection, but
estimates of OR were imprecise due to small numbers.
Table 3 shows socio-demographic and behavioural
factors associated with HIV infection (n¼56). Men
over 30 years old had 5.7 times higher odds of being
diagnosed with HIV compared to men 18–20 years old
overall prevalenceof
Thosewho were
Table 1. Continued.
Use of condoms with casual partner
Always 69 31.9 (24.5–39.4)
39.2 (31.8–46.9)
29.0 (22.9–35.3)
Both casual and steady female sex partners in last 6 months
67.8 (63.7–72.2)
32.2 (27.8–36.3)
Used condom last time sex with a female
42.2 (36.9–47.4)
57.8 (52.6–63.1)
HIV status of last female partner
Negative 41363.2 (58.8–67.4)
Don't know
365.8 (3.8–8.5)
31.0 (26.8–35.0)209
Male casual sex partners in last 6 months
1 male partner
91.2 (88.2–93.9)
2.8 (1.1–5.1)
2–5 male partners
6 or more
5.2 (3.3–7.3)
0.7 (0.2–1.5)
Ever paid for sex?
Yes 228 33.1 (28.6–37.7)
No455 66.9 (62.3–71.4)
Did you ever sell sex for money, goods, or services?
Yes7412.2 (8.8–15.8)
No 609 87.8 (84.2–91.2)
Sex with boda customers
Had sex with boda customer
28.7 (24.5–33.1)
71.3 (66.9–75.5)
Customer pay for fare with sex
Yes 17326.5 (21.8–30.7)
No475 73.5 (69.3–78.2)
Bought sex from customers
Yes145 22.0 (18.0–26.1)
No 50278.0 (73.9–82.0)
HIV testing
Tested for HIV in the past
36.9 (32.3–41.7)
63.1 (58.3–67.7)
Results of most recent test
25191.9 (87.4–95.6)
1.4 (0.2–3.3)4
Didn't get results
HIV and STI laboratory results
HIV test
166.7 (3.2–10.9)
56 7.5 (5.3–10.0)
92.5 (90.0–94.7) 624
Table 1. Continued.
Positive 476.1 (4.3–8.1)
63393.9 (91.9–95.7)
81.1 (0.4–2.0)
67198.9 (98.0–99.6)
5 1.2 (0.1–1.2)
98.8 (98.8–99.9)674
HIV and STIs of 683 motorcycle boda-boda drivers in Kampala, Uganda,
Crane Survey, 2008–2009. n is unweighted, % values are weighted.
Denominators vary due to missing values.
Ng: Neisseria gonorrheoae; Ct: Chlamydia trachomatis.
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Table 2. STIs and their association with HIV among boda-boda drivers, Kampala, Uganda (N¼683).
HIV (%)a
No (N¼627)b
Yes (N¼56)
N % (CI)% (CI) ORb
Self report GUD in last 12 months
No (n¼430)
Yes (n¼227)
Genital discharge in last 12 months
No (n¼442)
Yes (n¼196)
Anal warts in last 12 months
No (n¼575)
Yes (n¼53)
Any STD symptom
No (n¼368)
Yes (n¼315)
Syphilis test
Negative (n¼633)
Positive (n¼47)
Chlamydia urethritis
Negative (n¼671)
Positive (n¼8)
Gonorrheal urethritis
Negative (n¼674)
Positive (n¼5)
Crane Survey, 2008–2009. Denominators vary due to missing values. N is unweighted, % values are weighted.
aRDSATestimates;bWeighted logistic regression.
67.8 (63.3–72.5)
32.2 (27.6–37.0)
48.4 (32.6–63.2)
51,6 (36.8–67.4)
411 69.2 (65.0–74.2)29 54.9 (37.5–71.8) Ref–
174 30.8 (25.8–35.0)22 45.1 (28.2–62.5)1.770.97–3.20
527 90.8 (87.3–94.0)46 81.2 (69.9–94.6)Ref–
46 9.2 (6.0–12.7)7 18.8 (5.4–30.1) 2.040.87–4.32
54.4 (49.7–59.3)
38.8 (23.2–52.6)
36.7 (26.0–47.0)
63.3 (53.0–74.0)
94.1 (92.1–96.0)
5.9 (4.0–7.9)
89.1 (80.4–97.3)
10.9 (2.7–19.6)
615 98.6 (97.8–99.5)
1.4 (0.5–2.2)
100 (–)
0.0 (–)
61998.9 (98.8–99.9)55 94.6 (95.6–100)Ref–
4 1.1 (0.1–1.2)1 5.4 (0–4.4)2.24 0.03–20.94
Table 3. Demographic and sexual behavioural variables and their relationship to HIV (N¼683), Kampala, Uganda.
HIV (%)a
No (n¼627)b
Yes (n¼56)
n % (CI)% (CI) ORb
18–20 (n¼63)
21–25 (n¼229)
26–30 (n¼205)
> ¼ 31 (n¼186)
None (n¼39)
1–7 (n¼196)
8–12 (n¼186)
> 12 (n¼262)
Catholic (n¼219)
Protestant (n¼305)
10.9 (8.3–14.6)
37.6 (32.2–41.5)
22.9 (0.0–8.4)
26.3 (13.1–39.2)
27.1 (23.1–31.4)
24.4 (20.1–29.1)
24.5 (11.9–35.9)
46.3 (33.9–65.7)
36 5.5 (3.6–7.4)37.8 (0.0–14.9) Ref–
29.7 (24.6–34.4)
27.9 (24.4–32.8)
36.9 (31.9–41.5)
33.7 (18.9–48.6)
21.8 (10.3–34.9)
36.7 (22.1–53.8)
20132.2 (27.7–37.0) 1831.5 (17.4–48.6) Ref–
27341.9 (36.9–46.3) 3152.3 (37.8–69.4) 1.310.70–2.52
6International Journal of STD & AIDS 0(0)
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Page 7
Table 3. Continued.
HIV (%)a
No (n¼627)b
Yes (n¼56)
n % (CI)% (CI) ORb
Muslim (n¼147)
Other (n¼7)
Marital status
Married (n¼388)
Married/cohabitating (n¼278)
Div/separated/widowed (n¼11)
Yes (n¼256)
No (n¼417)
Alcohol and condom use
Drank alcohol last sex
No (n¼526)
Yes (n¼145)
Drank alcohol last 30 days
None (n¼399)
< weekly (n¼47)
Daily/weekly (n¼237)
Used a condom last sex with female
Yes (n¼226)
No (n¼345)
Sexual behaviour
Total number lifetime female partners
1–3 (n¼233)
–6 (n¼128)
7 or more (n¼234)
Both steady and casual female partners last 6 months
Yes (n¼469)
No (n¼214)
Age of last female sex partner
20 (n¼223)
20–24 (n¼249)
>24 (n¼148)
# Casual male partners in last 6 months
0 (n¼629)
1 (n¼16)
2–5 (n¼33)
6 or more (n¼5)
Ever paid for sex
Yes (n¼228)
No (n¼455)
Not as careful about HIV because of treatment
Agree (n¼291)
Disagree (n ¼313)
Crane Survey , 2008–2009. Denominators vary due to missing values. N is unweighted, % values are weighted.
bWeighted logistic regression.
14025.1 (21.1–30.2)6 10.6 (2.3–21.2)0.410.13–1.05
6 0.8 (0.1–1.6)1 5.6 (0.0–12.3)4.990.62–26.55
363 60.6 (54.7–64.9)24 49.4 (32.8–64.4)Ref–
247 38.1 (33.9–44.0)
1.3 (0.4–2.5)
48.2 (34.8–64.6)
2.4 (0.0–5.6)
239 40.6 (34.5–45.8)1628.4 (16.0–42.6) Ref–
377 59.4 (54.2–65.5)39 71.6 (57.5–84.2)1.72 0.93–3.36
78.8 (73.8–82.9)
21.2 (17.2–26.2)
65.9 (48.7–79.7)
34.1 (20.5–51.5)
59.3 (54.6–64.5)
6.7 (4.4–9.0)
46.1 (29.5–62.7)
8.6 (1.8–17.8)
208 34.0 (28.7–39.3)29 45.3 (30.7–62.3)1.75 0.96–3.18
42.2 (36.1–46.6)
57.8 (53.4–63.9)
32.6 (16.1–47.1)
67.4 (53.2–84.1)
41.9 (36.8–47.7)
21.4 (17.4–25.4)
30.0 (16.4–44.0)
33.8 (18.6–48.4)
21536.7 (31.7–41.7) 19 36.2 (22.5–51.8)1.380.64–3.00
68.7 (64.7–73.7)
31.3 (26.4–35.3)
57.3 (42.7–74.8)
42.7 (25.4–57.3)
40.3 (34.9–45.0)
38.1 (33.4–42.8)
925.1 (9.3–41.5)
37.3 (23.0–54.1)
130 21.6 (17.6–26.8)1837.6 (22.4–52.2)2.78 1.23–6.56
90.5 (87.5–93.8)
3.2 (1.2–5.6)
5.7 (3.6–7.8)
92.8 (89.6–100.0)
1.2 (–)
1.7 (0.0–3.9)
40.7 (0.0–1.4)1 4.3 (0.0–8.8)4.500.39–28.13
33.7 (29.1–38.3)
66.3 (61.8–70.9)
25.1 (12.9–37.5)
74.9 (62.6–87.2)
49.9 (44.6–55.5)
50.1 (44.6–55.5)
53.7 (37.5–70.3)
46.3 (29.9–62.5)
Lindan et al.7
at CDC Public Health Library & Information Center on July 10, 2014std.sagepub.comDownloaded from
Page 8
(95% CI 1.48–46.92). Men of Muslim faith were 59%
less likely to be diagnosed with HIV than Catholic
men (OR¼0.41; 95% CI 0.13–0.1.0). Other factors
associated with having HIV included drinking alcohol
during the last sexual encounter (OR¼2.04; 95% CI
(OR¼1.75, 95% CI 0.96–3.18), and having 4–6 life-
time female partners (OR¼2.16; 95% CI 0.98–4.81)
did not quite reach statistical significance. Men whose
last female partner was older than 24 years had nearly
three times the odds of being diagnosed with HIV or
an STI than men whose last female partner was less
than 20 years old (OR¼2.78; 95% CI 1.23–6.56).
Other factors listed in Table 1 that are not shown in
Table 3 were not associated with the outcome variable
in regression analysis. In multivariable logistic regres-
sion, only three variables were significantly retained,
and included age ?31 years (OR 5.83; CI 1.48–48.52),
having four to six female partners in a lifetime com-
pared to one to three (OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.00–5.07),
and self-report of a genital ulcer in the last 12 months
daily orweekly
In this study, we found that commercial motorcycle
drivers in Kampala had a higher HIV prevalence than
recent population estimates for men. Overall, 7.5%
were infected compared to an HIV prevalence of 4.5
% and 4.1% for men in Kampala in 2004–2005 and
2011, respectively.1,2The prevalence of syphilis, 6.2%,
was about twice that of the syphilis prevalence of 3%
among men and women in the 2004–2005 survey.2
This indicates that these men are at greater risk for
acquiring and transmitting HIV than the general
population, and could benefit from targeted preven-
tion efforts.
These men reported numerous types of risky behav-
iour. More than two-thirds had both casual and steady
partners. In addition, condom use was low – only one-
third used condoms during their last sex act, and the
proportion who always used condoms with casual part-
ners in the last six months was about 30%. Men who
had four to six female partners in their lifetime were
more likely to be HIV infected. Men were also engaging
in commercial sex, sex with their customers, and sex in
exchange for the boda-boda fare.
A substantial proportion of boda-boda drivers may
be bisexual. Some boda-boda drivers reported having
sex with men as well as with CSW, steady and casual
partners, meaning they could be a bridge population
between high-risk groups and the general popula-
tion.14,20Having male–male sex is greatly stigmatized
in Uganda.21It was surprising that about 5% of men
were willing to report that they were attracted to men,
and about twice that many had a casual male sex part-
ner the last six months; nearly 20% had had sex with
another man in their lifetime. It is possible that men
were willing to admit to this behaviour because the
ACASI interview technique ensured anonymity and
did not require face-to-face interviewing. The larger
CRANE survey, of which the current study was a
part, also evaluated MSM in Kampala using respon-
dent-driven sampling.4That study found that the
prevalence of HIV among MSM (13.7%, 95% CI
7.9–20.1) was significantly higher than the general
population. These results and the finding of our study
indicate that male–male sex is taking place and appro-
priate intervention efforts ideally should be instituted to
address HIV andSTI
Unfortunately, targeted prevention may prove very dif-
ficult given the current criminalization of homosexual
behaviour in Uganda. The issues of stigma and illegal-
ity could have a significant impact on the success of
HIV prevention nationally.
Diagnosed STIs were not strongly associated with
HIV infection in this study but self-reported symptoms
of genital ulcer disease (GUD) and STIs were. The
point estimates or OR for the association of confirmed
syphilis and gonorrhea with HIV varied between 1.7
and 2.4, although the confidence intervals were large
and not statistically significant. The significant associ-
ation between reported symptoms, particularly between
GUD and HIV may be because herpes simplex virus-2
(HSV-2) is the most prevalent GUD and STI in the
region and is known to be associated with HIV, but
was not tested for in this study.22Based on the 2004–
2005 survey, 44% of Ugandan adults had HSV-2, but
this was much higher among the older population, par-
ticularly women, with as many as 75% infected in the
age group 45–49.2
Other factorsassociated
included older age and using alcohol. Slightly older
age among men has been found in the last two
Ugandan serosurveys to be associated with HIV infec-
tion, with a peak in prevalence from ages 35 to 44
years. As HIV is a prevalent infection, this is not
unexpected, as older men would have had longer to
have had more exposures. Alcohol use at last sex, was
associated with a greater risk of HIV in our study in
bivariate analysis. Alcohol use has been shown in mul-
tiple contexts to be associated with risky behaviour
and HIV, which could be due to disinhibition, failure
to remember or be able to use a condom when ineb-
riated,or even increased
In addition to high-risk behaviours, these men dis-
played a lack of preventative behaviours, including low
rates of circumcision (39%). There have been wide-
spread efforts to scale up safe male circumcision in
risk among thesemen.
8International Journal of STD & AIDS 0(0)
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Page 9
Uganda, although the primary scale up was only just
beginning at the time this survey was conducted.
Promotion of HIV testing has been taking place for
much longer, but only a little more than one-third of
boda-boda drivers reported having been tested. This is
lower than the proportion of men in Kampala who
reported being tested in the last 12 months (58%)
according to the most recent population survey.1Of
the 56 men who were identified as HIV infected in
this survey, more than 90% were unaware of their
status. This is concerning because early testing and
referral to treatment, as well as disclosure, are main-
stays of HIV prevention. About one-half of men indi-
cated that they were less careful about HIV because of
the availability of ART. In Kenya, beliefs about ART
being able to cure AIDS were associated with higher
risk behaviour, including having sex for money and
being less likely to use a condom.27In that study, a
belief that HIV was more controlled because of ART
was associated with greater numbers of partners among
women. It is important that the strides being made by
reducing viral load through treatment, thereby reducing
the risk of transmission, are not eroded by increased
risk taking.
There are several limitations to this study. Despite
the use of ACASI, there may have been significant self-
reported bias in disclosing high-risk behaviour. We
have reported that the HIV prevalence among boda-
boda drivers is higher than among men in the general
population from the same area, Kampala. Although
the comparison of AIS surveys and this RDS study
was performed using different methods, both are
adjusted for their non-random sampling design, and
are therefore considered representative. While RDS is
considered a superior method of convenience sampling,
results should be interpreted cautiously. It is possible
that the confidence intervals generated by RDS may be
too narrow.28Recent research suggests that bias may
still be present in RDS inference methods.29Because
truly representative data are rarely available for
hidden populations, evaluations of the bias in RDS
estimates are difficult. McCreesh et al.29found that as
a result of groups being under or over-recruited, and
because groups all generally had similar network sizes
(regardless of the group size), RDS methods may not
reduce bias.
In conclusion, boda-boda drivers in Kampala
appear to be at higher risk of HIV infection and STI
than the general population. They exhibit both high-
risk behaviour with multiple partner types, including
men, as well as low rates of preventive behaviours
such as condom use, circumcision and HIV testing.
Targeted prevention efforts for this group may be war-
ranted in an effort to reduce HIV prevalence and inci-
dence in Uganda.
Ethical review
The protocol underwent ethical review by the Uganda Virus
Research Institute's Science and Ethics Committee, by CDC
Atlanta, and the Uganda National Council on Science and
Technology. All procedures strictly adhered to the highest
ethical standards.
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the
authors and do not necessarily represent the views of CDC or
the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
We thank the survey respondents and survey staff as well as
PEPFAR for funding the Crane Survey. The Crane Survey
Group included Wolfgang Hladik, Joseph Barker, David
Serwadda, George Lubwama, Danstan Bagenda, Rachel
King, Alex Opio, Tom Tenywa, Edith Nakku-Joloba,
Michael Muyonga, John Ssenkusu, Avi Hakim, Kimberley
Dills, Sylvia Nakayiwa, David Katuntu, Frank Kaharuza,
and Jordan Tappero.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
This research was supported by the President's Emergency
Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through CDC-Uganda
(Cooperative Agreement U2GPS000971).
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4. Hladik W, Barker J, Ssenkusu JM, et al. HIV Infection
among men who have sex with men in Kampala, Uganda –
a respondent driven sampling Survey. PLoS One 2012; 7:
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6. Pandey A, Benara SK, Roy N, et al. Risk behaviour, sexu-
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8. Atilola GO, Akpa OM and Komolafe IO. HIV/AIDS and
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cross-sectional survey on the knowledge, attitude, risk
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20. Gomes do Espirito Santo ME and Etheredge GD. Male
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21. Strand C. Kill Bill! Ugandan human rights organizations'
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22. Abu-Raddad LJ, Magaret AS, Celum C, et al. Genital
herpes has played a more important role than any other
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use by men is a risk factor for the acquisition of sexually
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Transm Dis 2005; 32: 685–690.
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fuel to the fire: alcohol's effect on the HIV epidemic in
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27. Smith RM, Carrico AW, Montandon M, et al. Attitudes
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text:
Fiesta! Mexico wants violence-free 200th birthday
MEXICO CITY Just one day without massacres, beheadings or shootouts.
On its 200th birthday Wednesday, Mexico wanted its citizens - and the world - to forget its vicious drug war and remember the country's epic history, music, whimsical folk art and continuing crusade for wider prosperity and democracy.
All were on display with a $40 million fiesta, two years in the making. About 60,000 revelers - many wearing sombreros and face paint with the red, white and green of the Mexican flag - crowded along Reforma Avenue, the capital's main promenade, cheering and yelling "Bravo!" at the start of the 1.7-mile (2.7-kilometer) parade of floats and dances designed by the country's top artists.
Another 25,000 gathered early at the main Zocalo plaza, where President Felipe Calderon was later set to deliver the traditional "Grito" - three shouts of "Viva Mexico" - to celebrate the 1810 uprising that resulted a decade later in independence from Spain.
Some traveled to the capital from all over Mexico to celebrate on the streets, despite the country's escalating drug violence that increasingly has claimed innocent lives.
"This one is special," said Iris Mari Rodriguez Montiel, a small business owner who had traveled from the Gulf Coast state of Veracruz and waited since morning for the festivities to start. "It gives me chills just to think about it. I love Mexico. There's only one Mexico."
Little girls wearing ribbons of the Mexican flag watched from the shoulders of their fathers, and other children blew trumpets as the air filled with confetti. Marchers with green, red and white cacti sprouting from their heads formed a sea around an enormous newspaper boat sporting phrases from the independence era.
"It's like a Carnival of Rio, plus an Olympic ceremony, plus Woodstock all put together in the same day," said artistic director Marco Balich, who produced the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2006 Turin Winter Olympics. "For the cost of a warplane, you can celebrate the birthday of a country."
Several neighboring heads of state and U.S. Labor Secretary Hilda Solis were attending.
Still, anxiety hovered over the festivities with a heavy presence of law enforcement, some with police dogs.
In the back of many people's minds was the violence of the past year: The assassination of a gubernatorial candidate. The slaughter of 19 people at a drug rehabilitation center. The massacre of 72 migrants who refused to smuggle drugs for a brutal gang.
Military helicopters buzzed overhead, heavily armed federal agents and metal detectors greeted revelers. In some of Mexico's most violent cities, the festivities were canceled for fear of a drug cartel attack.
"We should be proud of all we've achieved," said Daniel Mendiola, a 64-year-old retiree who eyes were glued to a giant screen in front of the Angel of Independence monument on Reforma. But he said he would leave as soon as the parade, skipping a concert of big-name acts planned afterward.
"We have this doubt," he said. "The idea that there will be problems later on."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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This is the worst hotel I have never been to. First, the location is not safe, there are lot of homeless people around this hotel, if you have family with little kids, highly not recommended. Second, they said there are free parking available, but the very RUDE hotel manager reserved most of parking space for his family members and himself. Yes, they all live in this hotel. All the ground floor rooms were occupied by his family. Parking lot is very small, You are lucky if you can find one. Third, the room is very dirty. Hotel staff is very bad, not willing to help and keep making mistake. I booked & paid 3 night via Expedia, the second night I went back to the hotel, they locked my room and refused to let us in. I have three little kids waiting inside the car for 2 hours, I talked to Expedia and they confirmed that we had 3 night and the hotel staff had made mistake. We waiting in the parking until 11:00pm. The manager insisted us to provide him a hard copy of the email from Expedia in process to let us in to the room, however I didn't one with me and I asked if I can use their printer which I can print the email out, believe it or not, he refused to let me use their printer. The manager might be the owner of the hotel and he thought he can do whatever he like to his customer, after all the drama, Expedia manager call him and finally we were able to get in the room. I am so so regret to stay in this hotel, please spend a little more to stay another one.
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- Shopping Bag ( 0 items )
The First Law of Robotics states that a robot may not injure a human being, or through inaction, allow a human to come to harm.
At a crucial conference uniting the Spacers, the Settlers, and representatives of Earth, Senator Clar Eliton of Earth and Senior Space Ambassador Galiel ...
The First Law of Robotics states that a robot may not injure a human being, or through inaction, allow a human to come to harm.
At a crucial conference uniting the Spacers, the Settlers, and representatives of Earth, Senator Clar Eliton of Earth and Senior Space Ambassador Galiel Humadros of Aurora are advocating the restoration of positronic robots on Earth, repudiating years of fear and resentment. It is a dangerous stance to take.
As the Spacer delegates arrive on Earth, conspirators assassinate Sentor Eliton. Ambassador Humadros is cut down, too. Both are failed by their robot protectors.
Special Agent Mia Daventri‹part of the security force assigned to protect Eliton‹is the only member of her team to survive the attack, and is rushed to the hospital.
Derec Avery, a survivor of the Robot City epic, is called in to investigate what may have caused the robot bodyguards to fail at the most critical hour. But his inquiries are stone-walled, and an attempt is made on Mia's life. Derec and Mia join forces with Calvin Instititute attaché Ariel Burgess to penetrate a vast conspiracy that sprawls across Terran, Spacer, and Settler worlds and threatens to bring all three to the brink of war.
You can share your thoughts about Isaac Asimov's Mirage in the new ibooks virtual readers' group at www.ibooksinc.com.
Chapter One
Mia Daventri listened to the stream of com chatter in her left ear and surveyed the crowd gathered at the archway. On an average day, Union Station D.C. was thick with travelers and their entourages of wellwishers and connections. Now it seemed to contain half the residents of the city.
"Wing Three," a voice whispered to her. "Parcel is arriving. Are you established?"
"Copy, One," she said quietly, glancing around. No one looked like anything other than a fascinated spectator. "Gate is open. "Very good," One replied. It was unusual for the head of Special Service to operate as general dispatcher, but today was an unusual day. Union Station always impressed Mia. The main gallery seemed to grow out of the earth itself, huge arching ribs reaching up and overhead to support the roof, the columns carved in delicate fractal patterns. The floor shined like polished starglow. The hall lay at the center of a network of tunnels to and from the shuttle port. Archways lined the walls, glowing signs set into the synthetic stone above each directing people to transportation, shops, restaurants, com booths, and the station hotels. Between those columns that did not flank an exit stood statuary, representative pieces from several periods extending back to preindustrial times. Sounds caught in the air, contoured, slightly magnified, and lingered high above. Union Station was a showpiece for D.C., sprawling and elegant and, it seemed, ever incomplete. Mia had seen a view of it from outside. It looked like a giant mushroom cap, a thick set of tunnels linking the landingfield to the secrets beneath its penumbra.
Beginning at the apron before the main entrance, two rows of station security robots formed a sort of honor guard that continued down the length of the concourse into the station's great hall. Arms extended and linked, they kept the crowds back by a combination of presence and cordial cajoling. Union Station was one of the few places on Earth where positronic robots were in such public use, which, Mia felt, was a shame. She liked themwhich set her apart from the vast majority of her fellow Terransand could not see the evil they supposedly represented. They were here because so many offworlders came through; Spacers who not only were used to a clear robotic presence, but depended on it. Union Station was a kind of international zone in which all jurisdictions had representation, containing embassy offices of the Spacer missionssatellites to the main embassies east in Anacostia District.
But beyond the diplomatic necessities, Mia thought the use of robots was ideal for crowd control during events like this. Earther distasteEarther fearfor robots kept most people from getting too close to them. Mia could hear the insistent, genderless robotic requests to "please stay back" and "do not cross the line" even over the din. If anyone actually got past that line, it was up to a human to usher them, gently or otherwise, back behind it. For that, regular police and station security stood ready.
Even so, these robots were not entirely independent units. They were all slaved to Union Station's Resident Intelligence. The RI handled the complex coordination among the various units. Besides Mia's own Special Service team, the police, and station security, several of the representative bodies from industry and political interest groups had brought along their own small security teams. In the unlikely event of a security breach or other emergency, the RI would deploy these units more efficiently than any human coordinator might manage.
"Moving up now," One said.
Mia caught sight of her two team partners on the other side of the archway. Each of them, Mattu and Gel, gave her a nod and returned their attention to the avenue.
The moving strips immediately fronting the Union Station entrance had been shut down today. The strips on the other side of the independent traffic lanes still moved, but they were empty.
The oversized limo rolled silently into sight, small flags fluttering at its corners, and pulled up against the curb. Mia strode to the doors and tapped a code into the lock. A section of polished black metal slid back and Mia stepped away.
A robot emerged first. Standing nearly two meters tall, it nevertheless appeared almost toylike. Smoothjointed, its arms hung to its sides, little more than tubes that ended in clumsylooking threefingered hands. It seemed too thin for its height. The rounded head possessed illformed ear shells, a faint depression where a mouth ought to be; above that was a single slit that glowed whiteits optical array. Its bronze skin dully reflected the station's lights.
"Agent Daventri," it said through her link, "it is good to see you again. Is all secured?" "Hi, Bogard. Yes, we're fine." She glanced at the gathered spectators and saw a number of roundeyed stares. Despite the robot's innocuous appearance, they were clearly afraid of it. "Bogard, please link to RI network now." "One moment," Bogard replied. "Linking. Link complete. Security net, sensory net, and related peripherals realtime linked to Union Station Resident Intelligence. Telemetry optimal, Agent Daventri."
"Very good, Bogard. Proceed."
Bogard took two steps forward, then turned smartly. Senator Clar Eliton stepped from the limo. He seemed taller than he actually was, his high forehead crowned by thick waves of greying black hair. The beginnings of a double chin and the dense webbing of creases around his eyes betrayed his age and the wear of office, but the rest of him appeared fit and energetic. Boos and angry shouts peppered the air as his personal staff emerged behind him. Eliton, seemingly oblivious to them, smiled and waved as though on a campaign stump, and started down the entry tunnel.
Bogard fell into step behind and to the Senator's right. Mia and her teammates ranged out ahead, she to the left, Gel on the opposite side, and Mattu on point. She spotted other members of the onsite security sprinkled along the way and through the crowd as they brought Senator Eliton into the main gallery.
The line of robots on either side saluted. Mia felt herself grin.
Who's idea was that? She glanced back at Bogard, but it seemed unaffected.
"We're ahead of schedule," Mattu said through the link. "The Auroran legation is still enroute from Kopernik. Three minutes."
"Do we let him talk?" Gel asked, his voice tinged with sarcasm.
"One says no," Mattu replied, his own voice revealing none of his feelings. Mattu, team leader, was the oldest of them, the most experienced, and he had repeatedly cautioned them against letting their sentiments show. "You have a job to do," he often said, "despite the politics." They slowed down. The Senator picked up on the signal and made more smiles and handwaves. The catcalls diminished as the party neared the other end of the tunnel; the crowd had been screened so that more supporters than detractors filled the gallery. Even so, Mia was grateful Eliton's vice senator, Taprin, had had other commitments today. The antipathy toward Eliton was bad enough. Having both of them present would only have increased the negative reactions.
"Flesh, not steel!" someone yelled, voice amplified. Station security waded into the crowd, looking for the speaker.
Mia's nerves danced upon hearing the popular motto of the current radical reform movement. She had heard rumors that Eliton had attempted to invite representatives from the Order for the Supremacy of Man Again, trying to be as inclusive as possible, but the Managins had refused . . . to the relief of Eliton's handlers. That did not mean, though, that they would not show up.
More dignitaries arrived, forming a brief parade of politics and commerce. Several others waited on the platform that dominated the floor by the arrival gate.
Within the gallery, ropes held the crowd in check. Fewer robots stood at wider intervals, since human security did most of the work here. Mia caught brief squirts of comspeak from the officers, all of it reassuring, everything positive. Even with the advance screening, Mia had expected more hecklers and protestors. A group of police passed her, on its way somewhere, faces intent. Out of the possibility for so much chaos, it amazed her how much order prevailed.
The entourage reached the base of the raised platform. Mattu mounted the broad steps, eyes roving intently. He stood for a few seconds at the top, frowned briefly, then gave the allclear, and Senator Eliton came up.
"Looks like a walk in the park," Gel said. "Stay sharp," Mattu cautioned.
The assembly on the platform was a crosssection of Earthly power. Mia recognized a few lobbyists from various coalitions, but mostly she saw industrialists. Alda Mikels of Imbitek stood in the midst of his own cadre of functionaries and security, which looked lighter than Mia expected. Nearby, Rega Looms, CEO of DyNan Manual Industries, and his handful of aides milled among themselves, appearing uncomfortable and out of place. Mia was surprised to see a face she recognized hovering on their periphery. She had not seen Coren Lanra for over a year, since he had resigned from the Service. She caught his eye and he smiled and nodded.
"Wouldn't you know," Gel commented through the link, "Lanra would be babysitting Luddite, Inc."
Mia ignored the remark. As with most of Gel's observations it held more acid than substance.
It was curious, though. Coren had quit over protest at bringing robots like Bogard into Special Service, though Bogard was the first and so far the only one. She had heard that Lanra had opened his own agency, a small office somewhere in the southeast corridor, but if he was doing security for DyNan she wondered if perhaps he had given that up for a corporate sinecure. Though he had made his feelings about robots clear, Mia had not thought him sympathetic to Looms and his radical notions of a return to some sort of premechanized idyllic past. But a job is a job, she supposed, and turned her attention back to her own. She recognized Ambassador Gale Chassik of the Solarian embassy in the midst of his entourage of six. Ambassador Sen Setaris of the Auroran embassy was absent, but her chief aides, Lys Morglen and Daril Falnyk, as well as her other senior aides, were present. Mia thought that odd, but who could tell about Spacer protocol? Among the rest of the assembled dignitaries were several representatives from much smaller firms, able to get only one, at most two, people on the reception stand. Functionaries from a number of government offices weaved among them. Mia glanced out at the field of faces below. She could never find the feeling of trust Gel managed when he decided security was perfect. Instead, she always looked for what had been missed, thankful when she did not find it. She paused at the sight of another group of security guards moving off through the crowd. A couple of newscams moved closer then, hovering above, angling for the best views. "Wing Three here," Mia said into her com. "How close do we let the subetherics get?"
"They have full clearance, Three," One said. "Just don't let them clobber the Parcel."
"Copy, One."
Eliton moved among the guests, shaking hands and engaging in the expressive banter Mia could never quite accommodate. She had listened once, closely, as he worked a roomful of supporters, smiling with a sincerity he seemed able to turn on at will, and mouthing a stream of engaging nonsense that pleased those around him enormously. He made a point of knowing everyone's name and at least one personal fact about them, and he possessed a superb memory. Mia put it down to the requirements of office and stopped trying to analyze it.
Eliton hesitated at one person, only a second, but Mia caught it. Then the smile, partially dimmed, brightened to full and his hand shot out as usual. Mia wondered who the woman was. She looked familiar, something to do with Settlers.
"Bogard, identify person now shaking hands with Senator Eliton," she subvocalized through the link.
"Viansa Risher, Settlers' Coalition."
"Ah. Thank you, Bogard." She had been a last minute inclusion, Mia remembered, though the Settlers had petitioned for representation here for months.
"One minute," Mattu announced, then moved alongside Eliton to inform him.
Mia did a last sweep of the gallerymore security movements caught her attentionthen closed with Gel and Mattu to stay near Eliton.
"Did anybody copy what the RI is doing with crowd control?" she asked. "I didn't hear anything." Mattu frowned again, looking past her. "I don't" He listened to his link, then turned toward the debarkation tunnel. "They're here." In the air, like a ghostly chimera, the announcement of the Kopernik shuttle's arrival carrying the Auroran legation appeared over the concourse entrance. Everyone's attention turned to the concourse; even the din of babble from the gallery lessened expectantly. The media newscams buzzed above the crowd, concentrating on the arriving Spacers as they emerged onto the platform.
Their clothes seemed brighter, their complexions fairer, eyes clearer; they averaged slightly taller than Earthers. Galiel Humadros, Ambassador Extraordinary, led the procession of Auroran representatives onto the platform. Her hair glimmered, golden and thick, and her face exhibited the kind of placid confidence Mia associated with wisdom and experience. A step or two behind her walked her aides, and behind them came the bulk of the legation, the counterparts of the Terrans they now met under the full gaze of the planet.
Mia felt there was something strange about the way they looked, as though something was missing. Then she realized that they were without their robots. Every image, every real life encounter, every report she had ever seen about Spacers showed their ubiquitous robots. Now, apparently, as a gesture of good will, they were without them. It made the Spacers seem naked, vulnerable. Mia's respect for them increased, even though she knew it was little more than the politics of imagepublic relations, a token to help ease the tensions their coming raised.
Eliton stepped forward to bow in greeting and extend his hands to the Ambassador, matching the Auroran poise. Mia felt a brief surge of pride.
"Welcome to Earth, Ambassador Humadros," Eliton said, his voice amplified now to echo across the gallery. "It is an honor and a privilege to have you walk upon our soil" Mia blinked, catching a movement from the corner of her vision. She turned and saw Bogard's head suddenly pivot a moment before she heard through her link, "Something is wrong. The RI" In the next instant, as she reached for her sidearm, the first explosions thundered across the chamber.
Posted May 21, 2013
Is this a joke or a screwup? Not the story I was expecting.
2 out of 2 people found this review helpful.Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.
Posted April 21, 2014
Cant put down best bookWas this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.
Posted March 28, 2014
What I received is not what was described.Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.
Posted November 8, 2013
Even if they are working for free.Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.
Posted July 10, 2013
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|Reviews for A Christmas Ritual
| angel chapter 1 . 1/21/2014
Its awesomeness
| Mana's Madness chapter 1 . 10/9/2013
Aww, that was so cute, and I love how they weren't OOC at all. It's often difficult to find a puzzleshipping fic where they aren't a little out of character. Lovely work _
| Equality4Puppies chapter 1 . 2/4/2013
So beautiful...
| TenderBronzePuzzle chapter 1 . 12/27/2012
TOO. MANY. FEELS. You give me all these feels and satisfied my need for Puzzleshipping and all of these things and I LOVE YOU! 3
| iAir Nomad chapter 1 . 9/25/2011
The ritual was a brilliant idea!
Oh mannn I love these two so much ;_; This fic seriously almost made me cry. So beautifully done, wonderful work! :')
| StarliteOracle chapter 1 . 9/20/2011
love this
| Natoya chapter 1 . 6/23/2011
D'aw! This fic was lovely! :D So cute and full of fluff! X3
| AnimeAngelRiku chapter 1 . 6/23/2011
-Sighs with delight- It's been a while since I read a cute, fluffy Puzzleshipping story, and it reminded me of why I love them so much. This was absolutely beautiful, and I loved the rituals! You did an amazing job!
| Anon chapter 1 . 3/7/2011
This is the best thing in the history of ever!
| Taranea chapter 1 . 9/16/2007
I loved the whole thing. :)
| Daikaio chapter 1 . 11/21/2005
I really liked this! It was interesting. Me still can't figure out what Yami was looking at . Oh well. Brilliant work!
| war wolf chapter 1 . 10/10/2005
that was new
| SilverEmerald-DAS chapter 1 . 8/12/2005
_ That was SO cute. One of the most kawaii things I've ever read, honestly. I feel all warm and fuzzy inside. And now I wish it was Christmas. *hug*
| Egypt Shadow chapter 1 . 8/4/2005
kawari i love it you are a good writer
| TriplePivotTurn chapter 1 . 7/29/2005
That story was so cute and nice. I like your motives for the ritual btw. *huggles* Awesomeness.


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Goodreads helps you keep track of books you want to read.
Start by marking "Seeds of the Sixties" as Want to Read:
Seeds of the Sixties
"The Sixties." The powerful images conveyed by those two words have become an enduring part of American cultural & political history. Where did 60s radicalism come from? Who planted the intellectual seeds that brought it into being? These questions are answered in this book. The result is a combination of history & biography that vividly portrays an entire culture ...more
Hardcover, 250 pages
Published March 1st 1994 by University of California Press (Berkeley/LA/London)
(first published January 30th 1994)
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|Men's College Basketball
· Coaching changes
· Conferences
· Conference stats
· Gaming matchup
· Injuries (A-M)
· Injuries (N-Z)
· News
· Current odds
· Live odds
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· Top 25 scoreboard
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· Associated Press
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· Division II
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More Basketball
· Women
(Thursday, January 9th)
Final Score: Northern Arizona 75, Sacramento State 65
Flagstaff, AZ (SportsNetwork.com) - Aaseem Dixon scored a game-high 22 points to carry the Northern Arizona Lumberjacks to a 75-65 victory over the Sacramento State Hornets in a Big Sky Conference collision at the Walkup Skydome.
Quinton Upshur hit all five of his shots from beyond the arc and finished with 18 points for Northern Arizona (5-9, 2-1 Big Sky), which had lost two of its previous three. Max Jacobsen added 17 points.
Mikh McKinney paced Sacramento State (4-8, 0-3) with 15 points. Dylan Garrity tallied 12 points. The Hornets have lost three of their last four.
It was Sacramento State that led, 32-31 at the break. Each team had 12 field goals, while combining to go 9-of-11 from beyond the arc in the frame. However, the Hornets had a slight edge from the free-throw line (4-2).
After intermission Northern Arizona pulled away by shooting 48 percent from the floor, while sinking 14-of-23 shots from the free-throw line. The Hornets shot 50 percent in the frame, but had just three tries at the charity stripe.
Northern Arizona earned a 20-12 scoring advantage off of turnovers. Sacramento State was the superior team scoring in the paint (26-16). The teams combined for 21 3-pointers.
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Tillandsia leaves with bands
sdandySeptember 13, 2009
Can anyone tell me what is going on with this Tillandsia? Was it hit with too much fertilizer or some other environmental event to make these green bands. Probably half of the clump has the bands. Anyone else see this on their plants before?
It's fairly common Andy when the fertilizer concentration is too high. Some species like aeranthos, bergeri, and especially shiedeana really take exception. They seem to be vulnerable to green-banding even if the dilution is a teaspoon over the normal rate. Happens to me fairly often and is nothing to worry about. I just starve those species mentioned above = problem solved!


text: Z-95 Headhunter30240-1 Star Wars Mini Building Set 2013 ©2013 LEGO Group « Previous Next » 30240: Z-95 Headhunter30240-1 Star Wars Mini Building Set 2013 Polybag Republic ✭✭✭✩✩ 1 reviewPieces54RRPUSA: $4.99PackagingPolybagAvailabilityRetail - limitedNotes[SW] Available from an unknown supermarket chain in Sweden for 39 SEK, January 2013.[US] Available in Walmart, February 2013. Also available from TRU.[IS] Available from the Hagkaup Shop for 749 ISK, July 2013.[UK] Part of the Daily Mail newspaper offer, August 2013.[UK] Part of Nottingham Post newspaper offer, March-April 2014.Our community2404 own this set, 599 want itBuy this set at Amazon eBay


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Citizens' Group to Salute Oral History Pioneers
The Citizens Association of Georgetown will meet Wednesday, Jan. 18, 7 p.m., at the City Tavern Club to honor well-known Georgetowners who have been interviewed for CAG's Oral History Project.
The Citizens Association of Georgetown will meet Wednesday, Jan. 18, 7 p.m., at the City Tavern Club to honor well-known Georgetowners who have been interviewed for CAG's Oral History Project.
Director P.J. Paparelli often refers to the title of his new gig at the Shakespeare Theatre Company as "the two gents." That would be "The Two Gentleman of Verona," one of Shakespeare's earliest works, and to Paparelli's way of thinking, his most youthful. One way or another, you can expect that youth will be served in his production of the play.
In September 1981, the Shops at Georgetown Park opened to much fanfare: 100 stores (including 128 condominiums), such as Abercrombie & Fitch, Garfinckel's, Ann Taylor, Scan Furniture, Conran's, Davisons of Bermuda, Mark Cross and Godiva Chocolatier. With such memories, any longtime local walking through the 30-year-old place in 2012 is saddened by its fall.
The Georgetown/Burleith Advisory Neighborhood Commission (ANC2E) met Jan. 4 at Georgetown Visitation Prep.
Tim Sheckler of the General Services ...
A man discovered on the towpath beneath the Key Bridge after 5 p.m. and a United States Park Police ...
The Georgetown Business Association held its annual meeting and awards presentations Dec. 14 at Dumbarton House on Q Street. Mayor ...
The first to come and the first to go in 2011. Here's the storefront business update in Georgetown.
The transformation of Georgetown's land along the Potomac River was completed four months ago. After years in the making, Georgetown Waterfront Park now stands as a stupendous achievement for this town and the District of Columbia. It had many advocates, but the Friends of Georgetown Waterfront Park, never took its eyes off the prize.
A big, new restaurant requires a big ribbon cutting. Clyde's Restaurant Group's The Hamilton got one with Mayor Vincent Gray and D.C council members and Clyde's corporate officers Jan. 9.
Georgetown's and Burleith's advisory neighborhood commission (ANC2E) met Jan. 4 at Georgetown Visitation Prep.
The new year clean-up has begun. The Department of Public Works is now collecting Christmas trees and wreaths to be picked up curbside through Jan. 14.
Your sweet wait is over! On Thursday, Jan. 5, at 10 a.m., Pie Sisters of Georgetown will open its doors at 3423 M St., N.W.
Advisory Neighborhood Commission 2E -- Georgetown, Burleith and Hillandale -- will meet tonight, Jan. 3, 6:30 p.m.
U.S. Park Police Sgt. Michael Boehm, who suffered a fatal heart attack responding to an injured man near Key Bridge at the C&O Canal towpath Dec. 16, was eulogized and honored Dec. 28.
The reorganized Georgetown Senior Center met for Christmas lunch Dec. 19 at St. John's Episcopal Church on O Street.
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Marshall in the Media10/12/14 • The Wall Street Journal
The Wall Street Journal ran an op-ed by Gerard Tellis about pioneers in the world of business. Though being the first to innovate is often heralded in business, most pioneers fail and rarely lead their industries, he wrote. "Long-term market leaders seldom are pioneers. Rather, they are ones who appreciate the discoveries of pioneers, envision the mass market and exploit it profitably," Tellis wrote.10/10/14 • USA Today
USA Today quoted David Carter on football player Russell Wilson's budding prospects in the NFL.10/10/14 • USA Today
USA Today quoted David Carter on football player Russell Wilson's budding prospects in the NFL.10/9/14 • The Asian Age
The Asian Age quoted Greg Autry on the potential stance of the U.S government in the wake of the Hong Kong protests.10/9/14 • The Toronto Star
The Toronto Star quoted David Carter of the USC Marshall School on why NHL's John Collins would be a good candidate to replace Major League Soccer CEO Tim Leiweke.10/9/14 • The Toronto Star
The Toronto Star quoted David Carter on why NHL's John Collins would be a good candidate to replace Major League Soccer CEO Tim Leiweke.10/7/14 • CCTV China
CCTV (China) quoted Anthony Dukes about a younger generation of entrepreneurs developing business models that include philanthropy.10/6/14 • International Business Times
International Business Times quoted David Carter of the about a major TV deal between the NBA, Turner Broadcasting System and the Walt Disney Co.10/6/14 • Bloomberg Business WeekBloomberg Businessweek featured research by Joseph Nunes and colleagues finding that backup vocals may give musical artists an edge when trying to craft pop-music hits. "What was really surprising was that it was both essential for a top song and essential to leave out for a song that stayed in the bottom of the chart," Nunes said.


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The Big Green Egg headquarters has moved - come visit our new location and check out the museum! 3786 DeKalb Technology Parkway, Atlanta, GA 30340
I was beginning to wonder if no one on the forum was going to this! I will be there for sure but will not be cooking. You are going to have a great time. Do you have the schedule? If not, then I can provide it for you.
I recommend getting there for the 9:30am BGE 101 class if you haven't cooked on the BGE before. I hope to win something from the raffles, they have great prizes.
Claremont, CA - XL BGE with adj rig & woo2
woohoo!!! what size do you have and which one are you getting for your second egg? I'm trying to convince the wife on a mini or small as my second egg.Wylecyot said:I'll be there! First one for me as well. Looking forward to picking up my second egg!
Claremont, CA - XL BGE with adj rig & woo2
2 eggs are always better than one! Sounds like you are getting one of the demo eggs. They should be raffling out a medium, hope I win it This will be my second So Cal EggFest. BGEs and private airplanes are a unique mix at this event.Wylecyot said:I have a large and decided to go with a second large. I was contemplating a smaller one (either a medium or small), but I guess there will only be large and XL's at this Eggfest. The organizer tried to work something out for me, but it wasn't in the cards. Oh well...I'm happy about the new addition either way!
Claremont, CA - XL BGE with adj rig & woo2
Claremont, CA - XL BGE with adj rig & woo2


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