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An AFC filter for an FPLL comprises a filter formed of a network of resistors and capacitors exhibiting a predetermined phase response characteristic. The phase response characteristic is limited with increasing frequency to a value of about 90° during a start-up interval.
1. In an FPLL of the type having an AFC filter, the improvement in carrier acquisition comprising control means operable for modifying the phase response of said AFC filter from a first response to a second response in which the phase shift characterizing said filter is limited to a value less than 180°.
2. The FPLL of claim 1 wherein said phase shift in said second response is limited to about 90 °.
3. The FPLL of claim 2 wherein there is minimal fall off in filter signal amplitude during said second response.
4. An AFC filter for improving carrier acquisition in an FPLL comprising:
a filter circuit comprising a network of resistors and capacitors exhibiting a predetermined phase response characteristic; and
means operable for modifying said predetermined phase response characteristic by limiting the phase shift of said network with increasing frequency to a value less than 180°.
5. The AFC filter of claim 4 wherein said phase shift is limited to about 90°.
6. The AFC filter of claim 5 wherein said operable means includes:
a charge pump coupled to said filter circuit;
means defining a start-up interval; and
means operating said charge pump during said start-up interval for limiting said phase shift.
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/175,333, filed Dec. 29, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,410,368.
This application contains subject matter claimed in copending application Ser. No. 08/320,362, filed Oct. 10, 1994 entitled AGC SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENT GAIN REDUCTION RATES IN DIFFERENT MODES; and Ser. No. 08/174,867 filed Dec. 29, 1993, entitled POLARITY SELECTION CIRCUIT FOR BI-PHASE STABLE FPLL, all filed of even date herewith and all assigned to Zenith Electronics Corporation.
The present invention relates generally to digital data receivers and particularly concerns a digital television signal receiver.
A number of systems have recently been proposed for transmitting and receiving television signals in a digital form. The television signal may comprise, for example, a compressed wideband HDTV signal or one or more compressed NTSC signals. The two most widely promoted modulation techniques being considered for effecting such transmissions are quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and vestigial sideband modulation (VSB). U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,975 discloses a VSB system for transmitting a television signal in the form of successive M-level symbols over a standard 6 MHz television channel, with a relatively small (low level) pilot at the lower edge of the channel. While the number of levels M (i.e., the VSB mode) characterizing the symbols may vary, the symbol rate is preferably fixed, such as at a rate of 684 H (about 10.76 Megasymbols/sec.), where H is the NTSC horizontal scanning frequency. The number of symbol levels used in any particular situation is largely a function of the signal to noise (S/N) ratio characterizing the transmission medium, a smaller number of symbol levels being used in situations where the S/N ratio is low. It is believed that a system accommodating symbol levels of 24, 16, 8, 4 and 2 provides adequate flexibility to satisfy most conditions. It will be appreciated that lower values of M can provide improved S/N ratio performance at the expense of reduced transmission bit rate. For example, assuming a rate of 10.76 Megasymbols/sec., a 2-level VSB signal (1 bit per symbol) provides a transmission bit rate of 10.76 Megabits/sec., a 4-level VSB signal (2 bits per symbol) provides a transmission bit rate of 21.52 Megabits/sec., and so on.
Proper operation of a digital television receiver requires the received carrier signal to be acquired relatively rapidly and the gain of the RF and IF sections to be appropriately adjusted. Carrier acquisition in QAM receivers is relatively difficult because of the absence of any sort of pilot. While the use of a pilot in the above-mentioned VSB system greatly facilitates carrier acquisition, some difficulties may nevertheless be encountered due to the relatively low level of the pilot and the limited pull-in range of synchronous demodulators used in VSB receivers. One aspect of the invention enhances pull in of the FPLL and another deals with an improved AGC system. Also, the frequency and phase locked loop (FPLL) in the synchronous demodulator is bi-phase stable. Consequently, the phase of the output data may be inverted and therefore need to be phase reversed. Further, the lock-up characteristics of the FPLL are determined by the characteristics of the AFC filter and in another aspect of the invention, an improvement in such characteristics is provided. The invention also includes an arrangement for optimizing conversion of the analog signal to digital format when a DC offset is used to generate the pilot.
It is therefore a basic object of this invention to provide for improved carrier acquisition in a digital data receiver employing a synchronous demodulator.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a system for rapidly locking an FPLL used in association with the synchronous demodulator upon the occurrence of selected start-up conditions.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent upon reading the following description in conjunction with the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a partial block diagram of a receiver constructed for receiving an M-level VSB signal;
FIG. 2 is a more detailed showing of the IF amplifier and synchronous demodulator of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is the circuit for controlling the AGC for the receiver;
FIG. 4 depicts the operational modes of the AGC circuit;
FIG. 5 discloses a data polarity inverter for automatically phase inverting the data, if required;
FIG. 6 is a modified PLL filter in accordance with the invention; and
FIGS. 7A and 7B are curves illustrating operation of the FIG. 6 modification.
As mentioned above, the transmitted VSB signal preferably includes a small pilot at the lower boundary of the 6 MHz television channel, which is converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) of about 46.69 MHz near the upper boundary of the channel. Also, although not limited thereto, the transmitted signal preferably comprises successive data frames each including 313 data segments. Each data segment includes 836 symbols (occurring at a rate of about 10.76 Megasymbols/sec.), 832 of which are used for data and 4 of which are provided in a fixed position of each data segment for defining a segment sync character. The data segment sync character comprises only 2-level symbols, while the data symbols may be 2, 4, 8, 16 or 24-level depending upon the application. Also, the first data segment of each frame comprises a sequence of 2-level symbols representing a frame synchronization code and a VSB mode control signal identifying the level M (24, 16, 8, 4 or 2) of the data symbols of the remaining 312 data segments of the frame.
The pilot may be conveniently developed in the transmitter by introducing an offset (constant DC level) to the symbol values. In the receiver the offset generates a constant DC which is used for carrier recovery. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, this "recovered" DC in the receiver is eliminated from the data channel, after carrier acquisition, to optimize further processing.
Referring to FIG. 1, the received RF signal is converted to an IF signal by a tuner 10, which is controlled by a microprocessor 12. Microprocessor 12 is responsive to user inputs, from either a keyboard 14 or an IR receiver 16, for applying appropriate signals to tuner 10 for tuning the selected channel. The IF signal, including the pilot at 46.69 MHz, is applied from tuner 10 through a SAW filter 18, having a pass-band of about 41-47 MHz, to an IF amplifier and synchronous demodulator 20. The analog baseband output of demodulator 20 is coupled via a capacitor 21 to an analog to digital (A/D) converter 22, which samples the signal and provides the M-level symbols in binary form to a digital processor 24. Capacitor 21 eliminates the DC offset mentioned above from the A/D 22 input. As will be explained in further detail hereinafter, A/D 22 is operated for sampling the output of demodulator 20 at the correct symbol times in response to a clock signal generated by digital processor 24. Digital processor 24 supplies the data and also supplies an AGC control signal to IF amplifier and synchronous demodulator 20 which, in turn, supplies a delayed AGC signal to tuner 10. Both demodulator 20 and digital processor 24 are responsive to an AFC Defeat signal generated by microprocessor 12 in response to selected start-up conditions, such as power-up, channel change and loss of data segment or frame synchronization. Finally, since the phase of the data output may be inverted because the FPLL in the synchronous demodulator is bi-phase stable, an automatic arrangement for providing the proper phase of data is also included. This is described more fully in connection with FIG. 5 and is claimed in copending application Ser. No. 08/174,867, filed Dec. 29, 1993 above.
IF amplifier and synchronous demodulator 20 is shown in more detail in FIG. 2. The IF signal from SAW filter 18 is applied through a gain controlled amplifier 30 to one input of an IF switch 32. The gain of amplifier 30 is controlled by an AGC control and charge pump 31. Circuit 31 is responsive to Gain-Up and Gain-Down signals for charging and discharging a capacitor 33 to a desired value for controlling the gain of amplifier 30. Circuit 31 also generates a delayed AGC signal for application to tuner 10.
A crystal oscillator 34 is enabled in response to the AFC Defeat signal from microprocessor 12 for applying a relatively strong signal at the frequency of the pilot (46.69 MHz) to a second input of IF switch 32. IF switch 32 is also responsive to the AFC Defeat signal for coupling the output of crystal oscillator 34 to the switch output and is otherwise operable for coupling the output of IF amplifier 30 to its output. Thus the output of IF switch 32 is the IF signal when the AFC Defeat signal is absent, and is the output of crystal oscillator 34 when the AFC Defeat signal is present.
The output of IF switch 32 is applied to the first inputs of a pair of multipliers 40 and 42. A voltage controllable oscillator (VCO) 44 nominally generates an output at a frequency equal to 4×pilot frequency (i.e. 186.76 MHz), which is applied to a divide-by-four prescaler circuit 46 for producing a pair of 90° phase-displaced signals at the pilot frequency. The in-phase (0°) signal is applied to the second input of multiplier 40 to produce an in-phase baseband component I and the quadrature (90°) signal is applied to the second input of multiplier 42 to produce a quadrature baseband component Q. The I and Q components are coupled through respective low-pass filters 50 and 52 to remove second harmonic mixer products, and amplified by respective amplifiers 54 and 56 to provide desired output levels. The amplified I and Q components are supplied to respective inputs of FPLL circuitry 58, which includes an AFC filter, a limiter, a third multiplier and a PLL filter, all as shown in FIG. 6. FPLL circuitry 58 is operated, in a well known manner, for generating a tuning voltage Vt for locking the frequency and phase of the signal generated by VCO 44 to 4 times the pilot frequency. Capacitor 21, as mentioned above, prevents the DC offset in the I channel signal from being applied to A/D 22. In this manner, the quadrature signals produced by divider 46 are locked to the pilot IF frequency for appropriately demodulating the received IF signal.
During certain start-up types of conditions, such as during power-up or a channel change, the frequency of VCO 44 may be so far from its nominal frequency of 186.76 MHz that rapid lock-up by synchronous demodulator 20 in response to the relatively small received pilot cannot occur. (Synchronous demodulator 20 typically has a pull-in range of only about ±100 KHz at the IF frequency with the weak pilot signal, whereas its pull-in range with a strong signal is typically about ±750 KHz.). To alleviate this problem, according to the invention the relatively strong 46.69 MHz output of crystal oscillator 34 is applied through IF switch 32 to the inputs of multipliers 40 and 42 during a start-up interval, which is defined by the AFC Defeat signal duration, rather than the received IF signal from IF amplifier 30. The start-up interval may be about 100 milliseconds (ms) long. Thus, during the start-up interval, a relatively strong signal at the frequency of the IF pilot is applied to the synchronous demodulator to rapidly bring the frequency of VCO 44 to its nominal value. After the start-up interval, as determined by the absence of the AFC Defeat signal, the IF signal from amplifier 30 is applied to the synchronous demodulator by IF switch 32. Since VCO 44 is now very near the nominal demodulation frequency, synchronous demodulator 20 may readily lock VCO 44 to the frequency and phase of the received pilot to facilitate proper demodulation.
The demodulated data is supplied from the I channel of synchronous demodulator 20, through capacitor 21, to the input of A/D 22 (FIG. 1). A/D 22 is responsive to a clock signal from digital processor 24 for sampling the analog I channel data signal at the correct sampling points and thereby providing a binary I channel data bit stream, representing the amplitudes of the received symbols, to the digital processor. The symbol values are preferably symmetrically disposed about a zero axis and the presence of any DC offset skews the values with respect to the zero axis. Therefore the A/D 22 needs to process amplitudes that are larger in one direction which requires a larger capacitor A/D. Elimination of the DC offset from the data channel by capacitor 21 permits the A/D 22 to see symmetrical inputs and consequently enables optimization of the size of A/D 22. The clock signal controlling sampling by A/D 22 is preferably generated as disclosed in copending application Ser. No. 07/894,388.
As shown in FIG. 3, which represents the digital processor 24, the binary I channel data bit stream is applied to a polarity inverter 59 (controlled by a polarity invert control signal as will be described in FIG. 5) and thence to a symbol sync filter 60 and a sync correlation filter 62. Filter 60 is responsive to each segment sync character for producing a discriminator-type output having a zero-crossing at the center of the sync character. Filter 62 is configured for generating a relatively large pulse coinciding in time with the zero crossing of the output of filter 60. The output of filter 60 is gated into a PLL 64 by the pulse generated by filter 62. A symbol clock generator 66 is properly phased if the gated signal is zero. No corrections to the gated signal are effected by the PLL in this situation. However, if the gated signal is positive or negative, an appropriate error signal is generated by PLL 64 to correct the phase of the symbol clock until the gated signal achieves the desired zero value. As mentioned, the invention in this arrangement is claimed in Ser. No. 08/174,867, filed Dec. 29, 1993, above.
In order to facilitate lock-up of synchronous demodulator 20, the receiver is operated in a noncoherent AGC mode for a short period after the start-up interval, and thereafter is operated in its normal, coherent AGC mode in another, much longer period corresponding to normal signal reception. These three periods are depicted in FIG. 4. In particular, during the start-up interval (i.e., the AFC Defeat signal is present), it is desired to adjust the gain of IF amplifier 30 to its maximum level. This insures that immediately after the start-up interval the gain of amplifier 30 will be at a maximum for facilitating lock-up by synchronous demodulator 20 to the relatively small received pilot in the IF signal. Thereafter, during the noncoherent AGC mode the gain of amplifier 30 is rapidly reduced until a threshold level T is reached, after which the AGC is operated in its coherent mode in which the amplifier gain is controlled relatively slowly.
More particularly (again referring to FIG. 3), a decoder 68 is responsive to the AFC Defeat signal for causing a second decoder 70 to generate a Gain-Up signal which is applied to charge pump 31 for rapidly increasing the gain of IF amplifier 30 independent of input signal strength. After the start-up interval (AFC Defeat signal absent), the binary I channel data signal which is being continually compared to a maximum value by a comparator 72 becomes effective. If the received data signal is equal to or exceeds the maximum value for eight consecutive symbols, decoder 68 generates an output causing decoder 70 to generate a Gain-Down signal for reducing the gain of amplifier 31 by a predetermined amount or step. This continues as long as the condition required by comparator 72 is satisfied. Once the condition is not satisfied, the receiver enters coherent AGC operation wherein the gain of amplifier 30 is controlled according to the strength of the received segment sync character, which is represented by the correlated pulse produced at the output of filter 62. The correlated pulse is applied to a polarity selection circuit in FIG. 5 to assure that the data polarity is correct since synchronous demodulator 20 can lock up in either of two phases. A reference level is subtracted from this correlated pulse in a summer 76 and the result is integrated in an AGC integrator 74, the output of which is applied to decoder 70 for controlling the gain of amplifier 31. In particular, when the integrated output of summer 76 exceeds a first level, a Gain-Down signal is generated by decoder 70 to reduce the gain of amplifier 31 and when the integrated signal falls below a second level a Gain-Up signal is generated by decoder 70 to increase the gain of amplifier 31. Integrator 74 is reset by decoder 70 after a Gain-Up or a Gain-Down signal is generated. The output of summer 76 is also applied to a segment sync integrator 94, the output of which is applied to one input of a comparator 96, the other input of which is supplied with a zero signal reference. The output of comparator 96 is supplied to a segment sync generator 98 for providing a segment sync output whenever the integrated correlation pulse from filter 62 is equal to or greater than a zero value.
It will thus be seen that the noncoherent AGC operation is relatively fast, being able to effect a gain change every eight symbol clocks. Coherent AGC operation, on the other hand, is responsive to the segment sync character and can thus effect a gain change only once per data segment. Also, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, non-coherent AGC operation has priority over coherent AGC operation. Thus, if the condition of comparator 72 is satisfied at any time (i.e. the I signal is equal to or greater than the maximum value for eight consecutive symbols), non-coherent mode AGC operation takes effect. The dual mode AGC operation is separately claimed in copending application D-6754, above.
As mentioned, synchronous demodulator 20 is bi-phase stable. Consequently, the phase of the output data may be inverted. The polarity inverter 59 in digital processor 24 inverts the phase of the data signal, if necessary. Polarity inverter 59 is controlled by a signal from the polarity selection circuit shown in FIG. 5.
In FIG. 5, the sign bit of the correlated sync pattern produced at the output of filter 62 is coupled to the D input of a first flip-flop 82, whose Q output is coupled to the D input of a second flip-flop 84 and to one input of a comparator 86, whose second input is supplied with the Q output of flip-flop 84. The output of comparator 86 is applied to the Reset input of a 3-bit counter 88, whose Carry output is coupled to one input of an AND gate 90. A second input of AND gate 90 is supplied with the Q output of flip-flop 82 and the output of the gate is coupled to the toggle input of a toggle flip-flop 92. The Q output of flip-flop 92 comprises the polarity invert control signal which controls the operation of polarity inverter 59. Flip-flops 82-84 and counter 88 are clocked by the segment sync signal derived from segment sync generator 98 (FIG. 3).
The sign bit of the correlated output of filter 62 will be logic 0 when the output of synchronous demodulator 20 is properly phased. If the sign bit is logic 1, inverter 59 will be operated to invert the polarity of the data signal applied to digital processor 24.
More specifically, flip-flops 82 and 84 are operated for storing the sign bits of successive outputs of sync correlation filter 62. Logic 0 and logic 1 sign bits result in flip-flop states of Q=0 and Q=1, respectively. If the sign bit does not change (i.e. no output from comparator 86) for 8 successive segment sync characters, the output of counter 88 enables AND gate 90 for checking the polarity of the current sign bit. If it is not logic 0, i.e. the state of flip-flop 82 is Q=1, AND 90 will produce an output for toggling flip-flop 92, thereby causing polarity inverter 59 to change state. If the sign bit was logic 0, AND gate 90 does not produce an output and the state of inverter 59 is unchanged.
FIG. 6 shows a preferred embodiment of FPLL circuitry 58 (FIG. 2) which is also responsive to the AFC Defeat signal from microprocessor 12 as described hereinafter. The FPLL circuitry 58 conventionally includes an AFC filter 80 comprising a series of resistors R1, R2 and R3 and capacitors C1, C2 and C3. The input of filter 80 is connected for receiving the demodulated I channel data signal and its output is connected to one input of a limiter 83, the other input of limiter 83 being supplied with a reference voltage. The output of limiter 83 is supplied to one input of a multiplier 85. The demodulated Q signal is supplied to a second input of multiplier 85, whose output is connected to a PLL filter 87, which generates the voltage Vt for controlling VCO 44 (FIG. 2).
AFC filter 80 has amplitude and phase versus frequency response characteristics as shown in solid line in FIGS. 7A and 7B, respectively, for (1) rejecting the high frequency data components in the I channel data signal and (2) providing a phase shift of the input signal. An error in the frequency of VCO 44 from its nominal demodulating frequency is reflected in the production of beat frequencies in the I and Q signals. As long as the beat frequencies are not excessive, i.e., the frequency of VCO 44 is within a given range of the nominal demodulation frequency, AFC filter 80 will produce an output of sufficient amplitude and phase to allow for correction of the VCO frequency. Such correction is effected by multiplying the limited output of AFC filter 80 with the Q signal to supply a frequency correction signal to PLL filter 87. With reference to FIGS. 7A and 7B, it will be noted that as the beat frequency increases, the amplitude of the AFC filter response decreases and the phase shift imposed thereby approaches 180°. Both of these factors reduce the effectiveness of AFC filter 80 to make the necessary frequency correction. In particular, when the phase shift of the filter exceeds 180°, the frequency of VCO 44 is actually pushed in a direction opposite from that required to achieve frequency lock. During start-up conditions, the frequency of VCO 44 can be sufficiently different from its nominal frequency to result in this condition, making acquisition of the received signal very difficult, even when the synchronous demodulator is operated in response to the output of crystal oscillator 34.
The foregoing problems are overcome according to the present invention by providing a charge pump 89 which is enabled by the AFC Defeat signal for injecting a current into the output node 99 of AFC filter 80 in response to the I signal. This, in effect, modifies the amplitude and phase response characteristics as shown in dotted line in FIGS. 7A and 7B. It will be seen that the modified amplitude response provides a more gradual rolloff in the amplitude response of the filter with increasing frequency and in the phase shift. The phase shift, more importantly, is essentially fixed at about 90° for increasing frequencies and never gets to 180°. Thus, AFC filter 80 provides an increased level output signal having a phase shift of less than 180° (i.e., about 90°) to facilitate carrier acquisition in response to the output of crystal oscillator 34 during the start-up interval.
The invention concerning carrier acquisition of the signal with a synchronous demodulator is claimed below. It is recognized that changes may be made to the specific circuitry that are within the skill of the art and that the invention is to be limited only as defined in the claims.
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80 Riverwood Road
Commute to Downtown Asheville
Most errands require a car.
Score Details
80 Riverwood Road has a Walk Score of 28 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so most errands require a car.
Nearby parks include Nolan Field and Charles D. Owen District Park.
Nearby schools include Asheville Christian Academy, W D Williams Elementary School and Heirborne Christian Academy.
The closest grocery store is Lee's Food Stores.
The closest coffee shop is Moments. Nearby restaurants include La Bamba Burrito Express, Chow Time Pizza and SUBWAY® Restaurants.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 80 Riverwood Road.
Bus lines:
0.4 mi

subset: commoncrawl


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Manufacturer/Publisher: Valiant Entertainment (Release Date: 4/17/2013)
Writer: Duane Swierczynski • Artist: Barry Kitson
All-new arc, all-new jumping-on point! HARBINGER WARS continues in a standalone, four-part arc of BLOODSHOT, featuring comics legend Barry Kitson (Fantastic Four)! o Bloodshot has banded together with Project Rising Sprit's most dangerous escapees. o Can he shape them into a force for good - or are they too far gone? o Find out in PART ONE of HARBINGER WARS: BLOODSHOT!
Item #: 1252110 • Diamond code: FEB131159 • UPC: 85899200305501011


text:
Oilers say they're very close to hiring new head coach
Jun 8, 2013, 6:23 PM EDT
Rumors are swirling about the Edmonton Oilers hiring Dallas Eakins, but it appears that announcement won't come until later.
During the press conference to announce the firing of Ralph Krueger, new Oilers GM Craig MacTavish admitted that the team is "very close" to signing an unnamed candidate, but not enough to announce a deal.
Considering the fact that Oilers are about to hire their fourth coach in five years, it's probably worthwhile to ask if Eakins or some other coach will get the chance to choose his assistant and associate coaches. MacTavish was coy about that.
"I'm hopeful that our current staff will be retained but it will be up to the new coach," MacTavish said.
TSN's Darren Dreger ranks among the media members who expect Eakins to be announced as the team's newest bench boss sometime next week.
If it comes to pass, it will present a fascinating scenario: arguably the most-hyped young head coaching prospect would guide one of the most-hyped groups of young players in the NHL.
Here's a Getty Images shot of Eakins, in case you want to size up the (potentially soon-to-be former) head coach of the Toronto Marlies:
- ray2013 - Jun 8, 2013 at 6:40 PM
MacT appoints himself! (I wonder if he'd do that.)
- esracerx46 - Jun 8, 2013 at 7:36 PM
You beat me to it! After all, I'm pretty sure He would be on the same page as himself. Would be incredibly stupid, but hey so was hiring him as gm.
- kitshky - Jun 8, 2013 at 6:55 PM
It would be the best place for Eakins, as much as everyone loves a new and exciting young coach I don't think it would be fair to him to dump right into the middle of the media sh*tstorms that are Vancouver and NYC.
- bigtganks - Jun 8, 2013 at 7:14 PM
I was hoping wolverine would go to Vancouver. I'm thinking gillis wants the kings assistant though. Otherwise they prob woulda made the move for Eakins already.
- esracerx46 - Jun 8, 2013 at 7:39 PM
You beat me to it! After all, I'm pretty sure He would be on the same page as himself. Would be incredibly stupid, but hey so was hiring him as gm.
- freneticgarfieldfan - Jun 9, 2013 at 3:29 AM
"the (potentially soon-to-be former) head coach of the Toronto Marlies" – at this coach burning rate of Edmonton, Eakins is probably also "the (soon-to-be former) head coach of the Edmonton Oilers"…
- dumbassgreg - Jun 9, 2013 at 10:02 AM
since he has other options eakins should demand he picks his assistants. he does not want to start off badly with lame ex oilers . who only can get jobs in deadmonton because they will work for cheap. will be fun to watch how few of oilers respond yakapov,dubnyk,hall etc to eakins in your face style. hopefully he will be on them like his was kadri see how they respond.,
- bensawesomeness - Jun 9, 2013 at 1:39 PM
I was really hoping Dallas Eakins would end up in Dallas. It seems like destiny.
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For Home and Garden
This section of our site features all home and garden related articles on InventorSpot.com.
Some of our more popular articles include:
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7 Rainy Day Indoor Forts Perfect For Any Dayby Amber Leventry
School will be out in a couple of weeks for most kids. Between the hot temperatures, bickering siblings, or rainy days, it might be a long summer for some parents. In our house, the theme for our daughter is Keep Her Busy. If we can't get out of the house it's a really long day. My three-year-old is pretty good at keeping herself entertained, but she also needs extra stimulation and ways to burn some energy on those long days at home. So I did all of us a favor. I found some pretty sweet indoor forts that are perfect for rainy days. Or any day.
Want This New Innovation? Shark Sushi Plateby Laurie Kay Olson
Cue the "Jaws" theme music! Just when you thought it was safe to eat sushi again! Da dum. Da dum. This clever plate for serving sushi and sashimi comes with an open shark's jaw. It is the perfect vessel to handle soy sauce or any other delightful sauce you may have for dipping. You could also fill the shark's mouth with cocktail sauce and serve shrimp.
SlideRider Turns Indoor Staircase Into Indoor Slideby Amber Leventry
Kids love stairs. I don't have scientific facts to back this up, just memories of childhood. As a kid, my brother and I would slide down our carpeted stairs on our bottoms. Then that became boring and we progressed to the ultimate, fear inducing thrill of going down head first, our heads bobbling and our teeth chattering. How did we not break our necks or bite off our tongues? Trisha Cleveland has come up with an alternative to bumpy, potentially unsafe rides down the stairs. SlideRider turns a staircase into an indoor slide.
10 Must Have Microwave Gadgets For The Empty Nest Motherby Boomer Babe
The kids have gone to college, have their own houses or apartments, get jobs, families of their own... and what was once "home" is now a place to visit when they get a chance. Moms and dads adjust, take up hobbies, travel more, work more.... and, probably, cook less. Cooking for one or two now, mom probably takes some short cuts and, more than likely, uses the microwave more. Boring? Nope. Not with these 10 gadgets, all user-approved to make short cut cooking fun and delicious. Surprise her this Mother's Day!
Nibble Cake Pan Lets You Sample Without Ruining Your Bakingby Kim Patterson
The Nibble cake pan is the perfect solution for all the premature dessert tasters out there. The non-stick pan is much like other cake pans, but with one genius addition. Off to the side it holds a small tasting cup.
Amazing Soundwall Wireless Speakers Doubling As Works of Artby M Dee Dubroff
Remember the musak of a few decades ago? Standing in moving elevators or shopping in retail stores and listening to strains of Mantovani may be a thing of the past, but enter wall art/ music in a new and a most amazing package called Soundwall. Read on or should we say, hear all about it below.
Is Your Mom A Geek? 10 Mother's Day Gifts For Geeky Momsby Must Love Gadgets
Whether your Mom is a mathemetician, scientist, physician, gamer, or bookworm... if she's into Star Trek, Doctor Who, or Game of Thrones... Maybe she's just a generic geek. We've got 10 Mother's Day gifts for the geek mom to make your shopping easier!
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Genaissance Global has the answer for getting boys to "stand up and go" when they are learning to use the potty with The Splashdown! Trainer. With an exclamation point in the name I couldn't help but get excited too. It is designed to keep your son's wayward pee from going behind the toilet seat. It's also an interactive potty training tool when Splashy! cheers on your son and reminds him to put the toilet seat down when done.
Protect Your Trees From Animals With This New Inventionby Diogo Costa
Jim Saunders and his daughter, Jill Saunders, from Kempton, saw an opportunity for creating a small business when brainstorming how to prevent damages caused by deers to their trees. In a collaboration with the Lehigh University Small Business Development Center, they developed a new product, which is effective and not so expensive.
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.... Don't ask what it does; ask what it doesn't do, and I'd have to think hard. Ah! it doesn't accommodate your bathroom needs and it doesn't bring your breakfast to you (unless you have a robot aide, and then it could command it), but it might be able to cook your breakfast - remotely, of course.


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505 photos found.
The hidden tomb by Lena Hamilton
Tomb of the kings by James Saunders
Tomb Entrance by James Saunders
Akbar's Tomb by Erik Olsen
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The present invention provides a prosthesis formed from a plurality of tubular layers members deployed in vivo using endovascular techniques and material. The layers define a lumen through a diseased portion of a vascular system. Each layer may be constructed using overlapping tubular members to provide a custom prosthesis. Subsequent prosthesis layers overlapping in the central portion of the lumen strengthen the prosthesis walls and may incorporate biocompatible materials having desirable properties.
1. A laminated prosthesis for repairing a diseased area in a vessel comprising:
a first tubular layer having a proximal end and distal end defining a lumen through said diseased area, said proximal end engaging a first surface of said vessel upstream of said diseased area and said distal end engaging a second surface of said vessel downstream of said diseased area; and
a second tubular layer disposed in said first tubular layer, said second tubular layer being deployed in said first tubular layer in vivo.
2. A laminated prosthesis as in
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3. A laminated prosthesis as in
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4. A laminated prosthesis as in
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5. A laminated prosthesis as in
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6. A laminated prosthesis as in
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7. A laminated prosthesis as in
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8. A laminated prosthesis as in
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9. A laminated prosthesis as in
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10. A laminated prosthesis as in
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11. A laminated prosthesis as in
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12. A laminated prosthesis as in
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13. A laminated prosthesis as in
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14. A prosthesis for repairing a diseased area in a vessel comprising:
a first tubular member having a proximal end and a distal end, said proximal end engaging a first surface of said vessel outside of said diseased area and said distal end extending into said diseased area; and
one or more overlapping other tubular members, each other tubular member having a proximal end and a distal end, wherein a proximal end of one of said other tubular members being in an overlapping relationship with said first tubular member and a distal end of one of said other tubular members engaging a second surface of said vessel outside of said diseased area, wherein said first and other tubular members define a lumen through said diseased area.
15. A prosthesis as in
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16. A prosthesis as in
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17. A prosthesis as in
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18. A prosthesis as in
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19. A prosthesis as in
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20. A prosthesis as in
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21. A prosthesis as in
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22. A prosthesis as in
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23. A prosthesis as in
claim 14
24. A prosthesis as in
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25. A method of directing flow through a blood vessel, the method comprising steps of:
disposing a first tubular member in a contracted configuration on a delivery system;
advancing the delivery system inside said vessel to dispose the first tubular member at the desired location within the vessel;
actuating the delivery system to deploy the first tubular member at the desired location;
disposing a second tubular member in a contracted configuration on a delivery system;
advancing the delivery system along a guide wire to dispose the second tubular member at the desired location within the vessel; and
actuating the delivery system to deploy the second tubular member in an overlapping relationship with said first tubular member forming a prosthesis having an external wall.
26. The method as defined in
claim 25
27. The method as defined in
claim 25
28. The method as defined in
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29. The method as defined in
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30. The method as defined in
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[0001] The field of the invention relates to prostheses for repairing occlusive and aneurysmal vascular disease, more particularly an in vivo constructed laminated endovascular system to repair occlusive and aneurysmal vascular disease.
[0002] Angioplasty has become a generic term, which refers to a myriad of ideas for opening occluded or stenotic vessels. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) procedures for treating a patient having a stenotic (constriction), or occluded (closed) blood vessel in a coronary or peripheral artery, have become widely accepted therapeutic alternatives to coronary and peripheral arterial bypass surgery for many patients. PTCA and PTA increase the vessel lumen by radial expansion of the plaque or other pathology through �controlled� tearing of the vessel lining. The principal advantage of the PTCA or PTA procedure over other surgical procedures is its ability to enlarge the narrowed vessel or recanalize the occluded vessel at a lower or reduced morbidity and mortality than its surgical alternative, as well as, eliminating the immediate surgical postoperative discomforts, reducing hospital costs, and more rapidly returning the patient to work or allowing performance of activities of daily life. These constructs and concepts, often under the term of endovascular or endoluminal surgery, can now be applied to aneurysmal disease by reconstructing a vessel using endoluminal graft prostheses which permits recreation of the blood flow lumen and tensile strength reinforcement of the aneurysm and the cavity outside the blood lumen so as to prevent aneurysmal rupture.
[0003] Over the last several years, the introduction of endoluminal graft prostheses, such as stents, using endovascular or endoluminal surgical techniques for treatment of arterial and venous defects, such as aneurysms, have provided promise of a technique whose procedural morbidity and mortality may be significantly lower than that of surgical alternatives. Experimental studies using stents, with or without endovascular coil implantation in surgically created canine or porcine abdominal aortic aneurysms, have demonstrated successful aneurysmal exclusion. One study comparing the use of covered and uncovered (bare metal) self-expanding stainless steel stents with and without vascular coil embolization revealed that an aneurysmal cavity was excluded from arterial circulation in animals with covered as well as uncovered stents. The animals receiving bare metal stents had completely clotted aneurysms, which had markedly decreased in size and widely, patent major arterial branches.
[0004] Histology of the bare metal stents revealed a thin layer of neointimal composed primarily of myoblastic-like cells, with little reaction in the underlying aorta. Histology of the covered stent devices, following necropsy, revealed variable endothelialization of the surface of the stent, and the coating fabric was permeated by a fibroblastic and histiocytic reaction with patchy areas of chronic inflammation. Thus, uncovered stents were able to cause a reduction in size of the created aneurysms, while providing a framework for neointimal growth without occluding the side branches. While the immediate aneurysm size reduction was less pronounced in the uncovered stent cohort, the bare metal stent cohort, with or without vascular coil embolization, significantly reduced the size of, or resulted in complete thrombosis of the aneurysms at 4-week follow-up.
[0005] These data may be interpreted as the mechanism of the thrombosis with bare metal stents was related to induction of shear forces introduced by the wires across the mouth or opening of the aneurysm which reduced laminar flow creating turbulence causing thrombosis. This redirection of flow, away from the dilated aortic wall, allowed for a reduction in the wall tension, and contraction of the aneurysm.
[0006] However, even with rapid advances in stent graft technology, technologic dilemmas remain which influence procedural success, procedurally related complications, and applicable patient populations. These problems are often related to the stents themselves, because of their large profile, rigid design, method of expansion, radial force and hoop strength, and difficulty in creating fluid tight seals proximally, and distally. Present devices have resulted in (limb) vessel thrombosis, distal thromboembolism, endoleak (acutely, or during follow-up), side branch occlusion, and single limb occlusion in a bifurcated system. As a result, stent graft technology procedures typically require general or regional anesthesia, and surgical exposure for vascular access and/or repair which create additional risks for the patient.
[0007] Furthermore, the human vascular tree is far from uniform in structure and each procedure is a unique experience requiring the availability of a larger cadre of devices during the repair procedure. An aneurysm existing in a straight vessel segment can be excluded with a tubular graft, which also allows more simple reinforced clot creation within the aneurysm cavity. Endovascular aneurysm repair procedures are more complex when the aneurysm occurs at, abuts, or includes the bifurcation and/or extends from a region where a side branch exists. When anatomy demands a custom system to accomplish the vascular repair so as to overcome a length or diameter sizing problem, then another source of future problem exists, endoleaks occurring at the modular juncture point, or even immediate or subsequent separation of the parts, or kinking.
[0008] Repairing an aneurysm adjacent to a bifurcated vessel presents technical difficulties which include an inability to easily enter both vessel branches because of vessel size, vessel tortuosity, device size, or flexibility, and an inability to adequately expand the device and create fluid seals at the ends of the aneurysm. Moreover, if the custom device does not fit, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the device exposing the patient to additional risk.
[0009] The present invention provides a laminated prosthesis formed from tubular layers individually deployed in vivo using endovascular techniques and material. The tubular layers define a lumen through a diseased portion of a vascular system that is constructed in vivo. Each layer may be constructed using overlapping tubular members to provide a custom prosthesis. The general objective of providing a prosthesis for repairing a vascular defect using endovascular techniques is accomplished by constructing the prosthesis from expandable or self-expanding tubular members that are assembled in vivo.
[0010] An objective of the present invention is to provide a prosthesis for repairing complex vascular structures, such as bifurcated vessels. This is accomplished by constructing the prosthesis having at least one tubular layer composed of overlapping tubular members that are deployed to conform with the vascular structure surrounding the diseased area.
[0011] Another objective of the present invention is to provide a prosthesis that decreases the pressure in an aneurysm cavity. This is accomplished by providing a plurality of semipermeable tubular members forming a multilayer, laminated structure which attenuates pressure inside the surrounding aneurysm and allows the formation of a clot in the surrounding aneurysm cavity.
[0012] The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description. In the description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which there is shown by way of illustration a preferred embodiment of the invention.
[0013]FIG. 1 is a cross section view of a prosthesis incorporating the present invention;
[0014]FIG. 2 is an expanded cut away perspective view of the prosthesis of FIG. 1;
[0015]FIG. 3 is a detailed cross section view along line 3-3 of FIG. 2;
[0016]FIG. 4 is the same as FIG. 3 with clot material inserted into a cavity formed by the aneurysm;
[0017]FIG. 5 is a cross section view of a partially deployed tubular member of the present invention; and
[0018]FIG. 6 is a cross section view of a prosthesis of the present invention deployed in a bifurcated vessel.
[0019] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, a prosthesis 10 for repairing a vascular defect 12 has an outer layer 14, an intermediate layer 16, and an inner layer 18 forming a laminated structure through the vascular defect 12. The prosthesis 10 may be assembled by individually deploying each layer 14, 16, and 18 or part thereof in vivo. Advantageously, assembling the prosthesis 10 in vivo allows the creation of a custom prosthesis that can be percutaneously deployed to repair the vascular defect 12 without the disadvantages of large preassembled alternatives.
[0020] As shown in FIG. 1, the vascular defect 12 may, for example, be a localized pathological, blood filled dilation of a blood vessel 30 caused by a disease or weakening of a blood vessel wall 36 forming an aneurysmal cavity 38. Advantageously, the prosthesis 10 of the present invention maintains the blood lumen size defined by the non-diseased portions of the blood vessel 30 and allows the aneurysmal cavity 38 external to the new lumen formed by the prosthesis 10 to become filled with stronger blood clot (not shown). The blood clot attenuates the blood pressure on the vascular defect 12, thus reducing the risk of an aneurysm rupture. Although an aneurysm vascular defect 12 is described herein, the vascular defect may also be an obstruction, stenosis, dissection, clot, weakened vessel wall or the like without departing from the scope of the present invention.
[0021] Each layer 14, 16, and 18 is substantially tubular forming a lumen through the vascular defect 12 and may be formed from materials, such as synthetic polymers, bipolymers, genetically modified endothelial cells, and other materials known in the art and as described herein. Each layer material is selected to impart desirable properties or functions to the prosthesis, such as structural rigidity, porosity, drug delivery, branching of collaterals, or the like. Although three layers are described herein, the prosthesis 10 may be formed from one or more layers without departing from the scope of the present invention.
[0022] As shown in FIG. 1, the outer layer 14 is disposed within the blood vessel 30, orientated substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 40 of the blood vessel 30, and engages the blood vessel 30 at a proximal end 20 and a distal end 22. The outer layer proximal end 20 engages a normal (non-diseased) or at least only a relatively unaffected (nominally diseased) arterial vessel 34 upstream to the aneurysm 12. The prosthesis outer layer distal end 22 engages a normal or relatively unaffected vessel segment 37 located downstream to the aneurysm 12 forming a lumen through the vascular defect 12 from the proximal end 20 to the distal end 22. The outer layer may also have a portion at each end 20, 22 defining a longitudinally-oriented slot (not shown) enabling tissue to grow therethrough to anchor the prosthesis within the vessel.
[0023] Referring particularly to FIG. 3, the prosthesis outer layer 14 is preferably constructed in vivo by sequentially introducing one or more thin walled tubular members 24 in an overlapping relationship. Preferably, the outer layer 14 has a length greater than any single tubular member 24 to allow greater flexibility in customizing the prosthesis 10 for the particular vascular defect 12 or vessel configuration.
[0024] Each tubular member 24 is expandable substantially uniformly over its entire length from a relaxed, small diameter to one or more larger diameters to define the lumen. The tubular members 24 may be expanded by a balloon, self-, or thermal expansion, or some other similar releasing mechanism system known in the art. Preferably, the tubular members 24 are self expanding to avoid complicating the deployment procedure. The radial force of the expanded tubular members and the intrinsic hoop strength of the layers 14, 16, and 18 hold the members 24 together.
[0025] Individual outer layer tubular members 24 are deployed in vivo in an overlapping relationship to customize the prosthesis 10 for various lengths, shapes, and strength requirements. Advantageously, the individual tubular members 24 are of small caliber and can be easily introduced through significantly smaller diameter catheter(s) and sheaths than fully assembled or modular prostheses, obviating the need for general anesthesia or vascular surgical exposure for arterial repair.
[0026] Preferably, each outer layer tubular member 24 is composed of a semi-permeable or impermeable material, such as a nitinol, stainless steel, or polymeric mesh, to provide a structural framework for the prosthesis 10 and sufficient flexibility and porosity to allow the placement of material within the aneurysmal cavity 38, external to the cylindrically shaped prosthesis 10. In a preferred embodiment, more clearly shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the tubular members 24 are a mesh having a plurality of longitudinal members 48 interconnected by serpentine members 50 inclined at an angle with respect to the longitudinal members, such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,314,444 and 5,758,562, which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0027] Preferably, at least one of the tubular members 24 is covered by a biocompatible material to encourage neointinal growth or incorporates bioactive materials for in vivo release. The bioactive materials, such as synthetic fiber covered coils, cyanoacrylates, polymers, stainless steel coils, clotting agents, biocompatible polymeric materials, genetically modified endothelial cells, or the like, may be released either into the tissue, to the lumen surface, or the interior of the lumen providing distinct advantages inherent to the released material. For example, a bioactive material, such as a clotting agent, released into the aneurysmal cavity increases the tensile strength of the clot external to the prosthesis in conjunction with the fibrin meshwork of the prosthesis 10.
[0028] Preferably, the outer layer tubular members 24 have specific properties, such as a fixed maximum diameter which provides for a maximum lumen size. Other desirable properties, such as low profile, flexibility, porosity, structural framework allow for placement of devices to deliver bioactive materials to the outer layer 14 or external to the outer layer 14 to form an external clot which has an increased tensile strength. The tubular members 24 having specific properties are selected depending upon the specific requirements to repair the vascular defect 12.
[0029] An adhesive 52, such as a collagen based adhesive or cyanoacrylate, may be added which joins and holds the tubular members 24 together. An adhesive or thrombus itself enables fibrin to be insinuated between and among porous interstices of the overlapping portions of the tubular members 24 binding them together. The adhesive 52 may also be employed to anchor the outer layer 14 to the normal or relatively unaffected vessel segments, 34, 37.
[0030] As shown in FIG. 4, once the outer layer 14 has defined a tubular lumen, a clot inducing material 54 for increasing the thrombus tensile strength is introduced into the aneurysm cavity 38. This clot inducing material 54 may be thrombogenic or vasoocclusive coil(s), such as available from Cook Incorporated, Bloomington, Indiana, Alternatively, the clot inducing material 54 may be a fluffy material composed of fibrils, or a biocompatible polymeric material, which has a fluent state and allows application, delivery, and upon contact with blood, an increased or altered less fluent or non-fluent state in vivo. The clot inducing material 54 is introduced into the aneurysm cavity 38 using methods known in the art, such as through small, plastic catheters, hollow guide wires, needles, or the like.
[0031] Referring back to FIG. 2, the intermediate layer 16 is disposed within the lumen defined by the outer layer 14 and has an outer surface 40 engaging an inner surface 42 of the outer layer 14 providing additional structural integrity to the prosthesis 10. As in the outer layer 14, preferably, the intermediate layer 16 is composed of a plurality of expandable, overlapping semi-permeable or impermeable tubular members 26.
[0032] As shown in FIG. 3, the intermediate tubular members 26 forming the intermediate layer 16 are preferably deployed within the central lumen formed by the outer layer 14 from the outer layer proximal end 20 and then the distal end 22 so as to overlap in the central lumen providing increased structural stability. Intermediate layer tubular members 26 may be composed of a material such as described for the outer layer 14. For example, nitinol, stainless steel, or a polymeric mesh may be used to provide added strength to the prosthesis. Additionally, one or more intermediate layer tubular members may incorporate biocompatible material for release once deployed.
[0033] Preferably the intermediate layer 16 is composed of semipermeable tubular members 26 to provide attenuation of pressure inside the aneurysm cavity 38 and allow the formation of a clot reducing the pressure in the cavity 38. As in the outer layer 14, an adhesive 52 may be added which joins and holds the tubular members 26 together. The adhesive 52 may also be employed to bind the intermediate layer 16 to the outer layer 14, or the inner layer 18.
[0034] Referring back to FIG. 2, the inner layer 18 is disposed inside the intermediate layer 16 and has an outer surface 44 engaging an inner surface 46 of the intermediate layer 16. An expandable inner layer 18 maintains expansion of the prosthesis 10 and provides support to the laminated structure. Advantageously, a self expanding inner layer 18 attenuates the blood pressure in the aneurysm cavity 38.
[0035] As shown in FIG. 3, the inner layer 18 may be composed of tubular members 28 as described for the outer layer 14 and intermediate layer 16. Preferably, the inner layer 18 comprises overlapping, expandable, tightly woven, knitted or braided thin tubular members 28, such as a polymeric mesh, stainless steel, nitinol or other alloys, to form a smooth lining within the lumen created by the intermediate layer 16 and prevent post intervention complications.
[0036] As illustrated in FIGS. 5 each layer 14, 16, 18 of the prosthesis 10 is deployed into the diseased area of the vascular defect 12 using an interventional procedure initiated by obtaining vascular access through a percutaneous approach or small surgical incision. Advantageously, percutaneous access and local anesthesia provides the opportunity to apply materials, such as synthetic polymers, bipolymers, clotting agents, genetically modified endothelial cells and the like, to the prosthesis layers 14, 16, 18 or external to the layers 14, 16, 18 directly into the aneurysm cavity 38.
[0037] A delivery system, such as a guide wire 32 introduced into the vessel 30 through a hemostatic vascular sheath 56 for guiding a catheter (not shown) to the vascular defect 12, may be used to deploy the prosthesis 10. This is usually followed by a bolus of heparin, which is administered intravenously to achieve adequate anticoagulant effect and to prevent vascular thrombosis.
[0038] The catheter is then advanced to the site of the vascular defect 12 through the hemostatic sheath 56 and over the guide wire 32. The catheter transports the prosthesis tubular members 24, 26, and 28 to the diseased area forming the prosthesis 10 in vivo.
[0039] Each prosthesis tubular member, 24, 26, and 28 is deployed using balloon, self-, or thermal expansion, or some other similar releasing mechanism system known in the art. The assembled prosthesis 10 expands outward from a contracted configuration to a fully deployed configuration to recreate a tubular lumen infrastructure within the vascular defect 12, and does not come in contact with the aneurysm wall 36 except at the ends of the vascular defect 12 where the lumen is the size of a normal or intact vessel 30. Although, the prosthesis 10, as described above, is expanded into place after the layers 14, 16, and 18 have been assembled in their final positions, each tubular member 24, 26, and 28 can be inserted and expanded individually to form the completed prosthesis 10 without departing from the scope of the present invention.
[0040] In a second embodiment, shown in FIG. 6, a prosthesis 60 for repairing a diseased segment, such as an aneurysm 62, of a bifurcated or otherwise non-uniform vessel in a vascular system has at least one layer 63 formed from a plurality of tubular members 68, 74, and 76 as described for the first embodiment. A bifurcated artery 75 has a main blood vessel 64 branching into a first branch 66 and a second branch 68. The aneurysm 62 in the main blood vessel 64 and adjacent to the branches 66, 68 requires a custom prosthesis 60 to avoid occluding one of the branches 66, 68.
[0041] The intraluminal prosthesis 60 traverses the fluid containing aneurysm 62 without branch occlusion. As shown in FIGS. 6, the main tubular member 68 having a proximal end 70 engaging a normal or relatively unaffected portion of the main blood vessel 64 and distal end 70 terminating proximal to the bifurcation point 72 of the main blood vessel 64. Two branch tubular members 74, 76 have a proximal end 78, 80 disposed in the distal end 70 of the main tubular member 68 in an overlapping relationship and a distal end 82, 84 extending into one branch 66, 68 of the bifurcated vessel. The distal end 82, 84 of each branch tubular member 74, 76 engages a normal or relatively unaffected portion of the respective branches 66, 68 forming a bifurcated outer layer.
[0042] Subsequent layers are then deployed as described above for the first embodiment reinforcing the structural integrity of the prosthesis 60 and preventing leaks at the joint between the branch outer layers 74, 76 extending into each branch 66, 68 of the bifurcated vessel and the main outer layer 68. Each layer may be formed from one or more tubular members as described for the first embodiment.
[0043] Alternatively, a bifurcated outer layer may be formed by passing a smaller tubular member through a slit or window formed in a side of a tubular outer member. Subsequent layers are then deployed as described above to provide the laminated structure of the present invention.
[0044] Deployment of the prosthesis 60 for repairing a diseased segment of a bifurcated vessel follows the same procedure as disclosed above. However, deploying tubular members of the present invention in individual vessel branches may require a delivery system which includes a bifurcated endovascular catheter as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,735, which is fully incorporated herein by reference. A bifurcated endovascular catheter allows simultaneous deployment of two tubular members or a single bifurcated tubular member over separate guide wires 86, 88 preventing occlusion or collapse of one of the branches.
[0045] The deployment and construction methodology disclosed herein enables placement of the prosthesis to an exact bifurcation level, as well as, origin of the renal arteries. Advantageously, the methodology precludes migration or embolization of the extraluminally placed coils or increasing tensile strength material and precludes invagination of the device upon itself as the aneurysm shrinks and the length of blood flow lumen shortens with de-rotation of the aneurysm. This lamination technique also enables aneurysm exclusion and limb creation without the need for watertight seals of the limbs in the main aortic shaft.
[0046] While there has been shown and described what are at present considered the preferred embodiment of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, the present invention as described herein is used to repair an aneurysm, the present invention may also be used to direct fluid flow through a lumen in an organ. Therefore, any references to a vessel, also includes an organ.
Referenced by
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Our ministry once hosted a ŌĆ£Battle of the BandsŌĆØ fundraiser that required a lot of work. Our team had to audition bands, price out food, order speakers and recruit volunteers. We put so much work into this event; however, we forgot one key component: to invite people.
We had sent out an email and made a few flyers; however, that was it. What was the response? Embarrassing. While a few people showed up, they were mostly friends and families of the bands. It was a disaster.
Developing a communication strategy is a must in youth ministry, and while it doesnŌĆÖt seem like the most attractive responsibility, without it you canŌĆÖt expect your ministry to grow. Developing a strategy for how you communicate means being intentional about what you say, how you say it and to whom. That means you should do the following:
- Schedule a Designated Time: Your communication efforts need your focus; therefore, give yourself allotted time to respond to emails and voicemails. Carve out time to work on a message, and schedule your social media posts ahead of time with software like Simply Youth Ministry Tools, Hootsuite and Buffer. Develop a plan so you donŌĆÖt rush and create a costly mistake.
- Understand Your Mediums: Part of a communication strategy is understanding that people utilize different mediums. We are no longer in the days of emails and phone calls. Understanding the power of your platform by utilizing social media, texts and even your message is key to getting your point across. Pick a few resources that you feel most of your target audience uses, and practice using them.
- Gain Feedback: Get someoneŌĆÖs insight and feedback before you post something online, respond to an important email or deliver a message. The problem with electronic communication is that it can be difficult to read emotion, and once itŌĆÖs out there, itŌĆÖs out there. You never want to come off patronizing, sarcastic or offensive to your audience. So before you hit send, ask a friend to share their thoughts.
- Know Your Audience: Come off patronizing to parents, and they wonŌĆÖt take you seriously. Speak over a teenagerŌĆÖs head, and youŌĆÖll lose their engagement. Know your audience by spending time with them; however, do not try to be them. The best way to speak to any audience is to acknowledge when you're an expert and when you're not. People will appreciate your humility if they know itŌĆÖs coming from sincerity.
- Repeat, Repeat and Repeat: You canŌĆÖt say something only once and expect people to remember it. Repeat it, tweak it and then repeat it again. Utilize all the different mediums, and stagger the timing of your blasts so they don't get lost in the noise.
If you communicate clearly and effectively, you will be able to mobilize the next generation. Develop a strategy, and make it a part of your daily responsibilities so that you are never wondering if youŌĆÖve been heard. Getting a strategy started takes a little bit of commitment; however, once you get going, the possibilities are endless.
Which of these tips is the hardest one for you to embrace?
Chris Wesley is the director of student ministry at the Roman Catholic parish Church of the Nativity in Timonium, Md. Connect with Chris on Twitter at @chrisrwesley.
For the original article, visit morethandodgeball.com.


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5 to 7 months
When your baby begins to add in consonants, it means she's now able to produce a full repertoire of sounds--a major linguistic milestone. "It's harder to produce consonants because they require interaction between the tongue and the lips," says Roberta Golinkoff, Ph.D., director of the University of Delaware Infant Language Project in Newark. "It's a big deal."
What to say back: Narrate the sights you see on your drive or your daily plans ("We're going to the store for some milk, and then Daddy's taking you to the park!"). Talking to a non-talker may feel bizarre, but research has found that infants actually understand far more than we realize. In one study, 6-month-olds who heard the word "mommy" responded by looking at a picture of their mom.
7 to 9 months
Was that a first word? Hmm? Though your baby is probably still simply parroting sounds, once she starts babbling in distinct syllables, her "conversation" can sound so much like language that it's hard to tell. Consider this her final dress rehearsal for putting those syllables together in a way that has real meaning.
What to say back: Talk about the things around her so she'll connect objects with words. Just don't assume "bo-bo" means "ball" if she says it while reaching for her shoe. "Notice where your child is looking before you label an object. It's very adaptive for babies--and a lot of parents do it naturally," says Jenny Saffran, Ph.D., director of the Infant Learning Lab at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
9 to 12 months
Getting out just the right sounds takes practice, so for now, your baby's making up combos that indicate real objects--a halfway point between babbling and true speech. She may say "nee-nigh" for "bottle," or "sho-sho" for "yogurt," for example.
What to say back: As long as you know what your baby's trying to say, don't quibble over correct pronunciation. Swapping in weird names for regular words is normal for new talkers--so your best move is to respond in a way that shows you understand: She says "banktee," you produce her blanket. It's cute to hear (and say) her made-up words, and experts say it's fine if "banktee" becomes de rigueur in your household. Eventually, you'll phase it out for the real thing.
12 to 15 months
Whatever recognizable word your child produces first, it's bound to be something she's fascinated by and something she can easily say--which is why the single-syllable "Da," "Ma," "ball," and, yes, "dog" are fairly common first words. "Kitten" and "television"? Not so much.
What to say back: "Hurrah!" Cheering on her speaking attempts will motivate her to master new words. Plus, Golinkoff notes that the rule for babies learning to talk is "the more language in, the more language out." So keep chatting! By doing so, you're supplying the words for interesting objects and emotions. Add that to praising her for using the ones she already knows and you'll soon have a total motor mouth on your hands.


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Broadway (New York, N.Y.)
Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865 -- Death and burial
Manhattan (New York, N.Y.)
New York (N.Y.)
New York (State)
Parades & processions -- New York (State) -- New York
Photographic prints
United States in Stereo: In the Robert N. Dennis Collection of Stereoscopic Views
Stephen A. Schwarzman Building / Photography Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs
All Any
Image ID: g91f182_001f
Lincoln's funeral procession on Broadway, New York.
Image sets are related images taken from a single archival object, such as a menu, a scrapbook page,
a roll of film, a postcard front and back, or similar item.
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have: gw 2010 fall plant swap oct. 9
mnwsgal 4 MN(4)September 11, 2010
I am hosting the fall plant swap on October 9th. Please let me know if you are able to attend and if you prefer morning or early afternoon.
I live in Maple Grove near the intersecting of I 494 and I 94.
Not too far south of the business district off Hemlock.
mnwsgal 4 MN(4)
I have posted the Swap information on the discussions side of this forum.
Here is a link that might be useful: 2010 Fall GW Plant Swap


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VIDEO: Coconut Oil Pulling Benefits and How to do Oil Pulling - Dr. Josh Axe explains how to do oil pulling. [read more] March 15, 2015
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Study IDs key birds that host Lyme disease bacteria in California - Birds are more important than previously recognized as hosts for Lyme disease-causing bacteria in California, study funds. [read more] March 13, 2015 Sarah Yang
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Diverse Autism Mutations Lead to Different Disease Outcomes - A large-scale analysis of hundreds of patients starts to uncover how traits are traced to genetic mutations. [read more] March 04, 2015
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BPA exposure linked to autism spectrum disorder, study reports - Study implies benefit to reducing BPA exposure for pregnant women and for children with autism. [read more] March 06, 2015
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Alzheimer amyloid clumps found in young adult brain - Lifelong accumulation of amyloid in neurons may contribute to Alzheimer's. [read more] March 07, 2015
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Guarding Against the Dangers of Vitamin D Deficiency - Tens of millions of Americans would be surprised to learn that winter has left them deficient in vitamin D. Your chances of being one of them are probably much greater than you imagine. [read more] March 09, 2015 Tiesha D. Johnson, BSN, RN
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Widely Used Food Additive Promotes Colitis, Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome, Research Shows - Two emulsifiers commonly used in mayonnaise, ice cream and other products lead to inflammation in the gut. [read more] March 08, 2015
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids Appear to Protect Damaged Heart After Heart Attack - Study suggests omega-3 fatty acids may provide added benefits to standard care. [read more] March 11, 2015
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Random First Lines:The time of reckoning has come. It is time for Ruby and her friends to put a stop to Torchwick once and for all. But the woman has a trick up her... » Read
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Perfect Couples: Season 1, Episode 4
Perfect Health (3 Feb. 2011)
Ratings: 7.5/10 from 26 users
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After discovering that Dave has high cholesterol, Julia puts him on a strict diet and realizes it's time to start acting like adults. Vance tries to curb Amy's outrageous spending. Rex ... See full summary »
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Writers:Jon Pollack (creator), Scott Silveri (creator), 2 more credits »
Stars:Kyle Bornheimer, Christine Woods, David Walton | See full cast and crew »


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Please comment on this game, where I luckily won since I caught a "Classic Bishop Sacrifice" on h2/h7, with all the requsite requirements: Bishop attacking the castled King on h2/h7, A knight ready to jump to g4/g5, the enemy Knight removed from guarding h2/h7, and my Queen with open access to Rook-Five. Any help or suggestions would be appreciated. Thanks in advance:
How does your attack proceed after 21. Be1? If the White King escapes via e2, you're just two pieces down.
19. Kxh2 is not forced. Kh1 or Kf1 and white is fine. White is actually just winning convincingly after Kxh2, because after Ng4+ white can play Kg3!.
I don't understand that question. After a theorectial 21. Be1 then its ...Qh2 ch. 22. Kg1-f1 Qh1# isn't it? Pardon me I just did that in my head but that seems right.
Yes, Wrinn, you are right about the problem with 20. Kg3. I noted that in my annotations; Znosko-Borovsky had a section in his Combinations book about what to do when the enemy moves to K-Kt3 in this scheme but I forgot the pattern actually.
Qh1 would not be checkmate as the white king has the e2 square to escape.
Yes, that's why the 17. ...Bd1? was a poor choice since it allowed the King's Rook to move to d1 thus creating an escape route.
Better would have been 17. ...Be2 perhaps?
Hey! I said I was doing this commentary in the Shirts-ian style. This is ART, gentlemen! It can't please everyone!
The bishop sac only works in certain conditions. If you can play Ng5 (or g4) without black being able to take it without losing material, if your queen can get to h5 (or h4) and, most importantly IMO CONTROL OF F3 (or f6). This is usually accomplished by a pawn on e4 (or e5). The commentary was funny though.
Great job John! The first time you do this, makes you feel like a king!
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Charley James: "Romney Was Lying", said Ginger a woman who considers herself a low information voter who pays no attention to politics until there's an election.
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Joe Mathews: Thanks to Xi Jinping, Chinese millionaires have propped up the state's sagging real estate market, universities, and companies.


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G-Shock GW4000-1A G-Aviation Black & Orange Chronograph Watch
Item # 192415
Compare at $374.95
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What is this?This is the number of points you get in The Zumiez Stash for purchasing this item. Stash points are redeemable for exclusive rewards only available to Zumiez Stash members. To redeem your points check out the rewards catalog on thestash.zumiez.com.
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Looking for a Used Seville in your area?
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The Cadillac Seville caught its breath in 1996 after going through some serious changes the previous few years. The only new aspects to the midsize sedan revolved around minor adjustments to the dashboard and interior. The 1996 Seville comes in 2 trims: the SLS and the sportier STS. Both trims use a 4.6 L V8 engine with 4 speed automatic transmission. The SLS packs 275 horses under its hood while the STS packs 300 hp.
Other features have stayed the same from previous years. Gas consumption runs from 17 mpg in the city to 26 mpg on the highway. The '96 Seville seats 5 and has 4 doors. Standard features include air conditioning, power windows, power door locks, and ABS brakes. Sunroof comes optional on both trims. Leather seats come standard on the STS.
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When driving 45 mph or less the car operates at about 1800 rpm. 55 = 2100 rpm 65 = 2500 rpm 75 = 3100 rpm The transmission starts to get hot at speeds above 55 mph. If I stay off the interstate th...
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96 Seville SLS climate control with passenger controls. A/C wont work just had system charged button dont work just reads A/C OFF Mechanic says I need A/C programmer(big box under dash behind glove ...


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So I am in the situation of having a 2nd floor room with a window that can be completely customized for brewing. Rather that a fume hood that will carry away most of the steam, can I just put a lid on the kettle to get rid of all of the steam?
Essentially, I am thinking a tight fitting lid with a window for observing the boil, a port for adding hops / scooping off hot break, and a pipe coming out for a flue. The design in mind would be a gooseneck on the lid (with copper or CPVC) to prevent drip back into the boil and then a flexible, wide hose going out the window and down 10 or so feet.
I am wondering if the vertical drop combined with the water coming out of the steam will create enough draft to make this work? I would also have an air-replacement vent if needed.
It would probably draft but your condensation (DMS) would end up back in the pot. Commercial brew kettles have a trough around the top rim to catch the condensation & channel it away from the beer. Cheers!!!
If Homebrew & BBQ aren't the answer, then you're askin' the wrong questions... Cheers!!!
"Why did you.... what was the point of... how drunk were you when you decided this was a good idea?" - DMartin
Building a condensation chamber wouldnt be hard and would allow a kettle lid DMS will condense after water, a simple 90 degree and then an expanded chamber before reconstricting and running through a fan out your window should work. if the chimney of sorts is short enough it really shouldnt matter too much.
Another way to take care of it would be in the style of a distillation head, simply run the initial up pipe higher than your outlet, this way most of the condensation ends up hauled down the outlet tube via gravity. Fan free.
cool, I'm going to try this. I'l post results on whether I get bad DMS once the beer is on tap.


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50 inch sony projection tv
Needs a new bulb which you can buy on eBay Hardly used Good quality comes with remote Collection only
Needs a new bulb which you can buy on eBay Hardly used Good quality comes with remote Collection only
Tv unit for sale Used but in good condition Any questions please ask Collection only
Sharp LC50LD266K 50-inch Widescreen 1080p Full HD LED TV with Freeview HD Screen size 127 CM (50") Full HD panel (1920 X 1080) HD TUNER (DVB-T / DVB-T2) AND FREEVIEWHD Active motion 100HZ for smooth moving pictures reproduction USB for multime
Toshiba 19DL502B2 - 19" High Definition LED TV with built-in DVD Player Toshiba 19-inch HD Ready LED TV & DVD Combination - Dimensions (HxWxD) 33.7 x 46.3 x 16.2cm with Stand - Energy Rating "A" TV with built-in DVD player with a slim, space-savi
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Black glass TV stand Good condition with some minor marks and one centimetre long scratch underneath the bottom glass panel. 3-tier with 4-way extension secured to the rear middle upright support and just underneath the middle glass panel. See
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What is the ideal usage of
As I understand it, pretty much never and none.
Porting a C program to C++. Your C program has all those checks in there, after every malloc, and no notion of exceptions. So it's much simpler to change every malloc to new (nothrow) than to wrap every malloc in a try block.
I'd use it only as an optimization (or code simplification) when I would otherwise have put a try-catch block immediately around a use of regular new, catching
This is quite a rare situation, because it's rare to be able to usefully handle out-of-memory right there at the call site. Usually you allocate memory because you need it, not because you'd quite like to have it but can live without. Code that passes null pointers back up a chain of callers until eventually someone can deal with the problem isn't idiomatic C++.
It can happen though that the error genuinely can be handled immediately. For example you might be in a situation where you'll use one algorithm or technique given sufficient working space, and a different, slower algorithm or technique without. Then again, would you be allocating such working space directly with
Note that an expression involving std::nothrow can still throw an exception (in particular from any constructor of the object being allocated), so it's only one thing needed if you're hoping to avoid throwing an exception. You also have to ensure that the constructor won't throw.
As far as I'm concerned the days of C++ programs that don't use exceptions at all, are over. I suppose if they resumed for me, due to some particular style guide, then that's the other likely reason for needing nothrow new.
You use std::nothrow when you want to have to check for null after every new. A lot of legacy code needed it when the first version of the standard was made. A lot of legacy code written afterward use it too because people where paranoid of exceptions. Occasionally you'll run into someone that still is.
It's so very rare that you'd actually want to do this that it even took me a second to remember WTF you were talking about.
Perhaps if your application required nano-optimization and could not allow the overhead of exception handling, then maybe
Bear in mind that Stroustrup is pretty adamant that the programmer can turn off overhead in C++. (As a caveat though, just because you have the choice doesn't mean you should.)
I know that there were older versions of C++ (specifically Microsoft's) which did not throw when they could not allocate the memory, but returned NULL instead. This would be an easy way of maintaining compatibility with old code rather than changing all the logic.
This construction is rarely used, because I suspect that it doesn't really affect the memory allocation performance, rather can be used for convenience.
Still, I the generic variant is usually preferred.
I can imagine this can be used as a fast-path optimization with custom allocators - say, fail current request and grow the pool at some later/idle time. Pretty much a corner case.
Only very few programs should ever allocate more than 1 GiB of memory, and since modern systems overcommit memory,