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Transfer elements for exuding liquid ink to a copy sheet under the effects of imaging pressure, and the method of making such transfer elements. A resinous solvent composition comprising a blowing agent and a soluble solid is applied to a coating surface, the blowing agent is activated and the soluble solid is dissolved out to form a porous resinous layer which is thereafter impregnated with a pressure-exudable liquid duplicating ink.
1. Process for producing a liquid ink-releasing transfer element comprising the steps of:
(a) preparing a composition consisting essentially of a synthetic film-forming binder material, a volatile solvent for said binder material, a particulate heat-activatable solid blowing agent and a particulate solid which is soluble in a volatile solvent which is a non-solvent for said binder material, said blowing agent and particulate solid being insoluble in said solvent for said binder material and said particulate solid being present in a larger amount by weight than said blowing agent;
(b) depositing said composition and evaporating said volatile solvent to form a solidified mass of said binder material containing said blowing agent and said particulate solid;
(c) heating said solidified mass to activate said blowing agent and liberate a gas to form gas-containing pores within said mass, some of said liberated gas being permitted to escape from said layer due to the presence of said particulate solid which provides weak adhesion interfaces between itself and said binder material, thereby avoiding excessive puffing and weakening of the resinous structure;
(d) washing said porous mass with a volatile liquid which is a solvent for said particulate solid but is a non-solvent for said binder material, to dissolve said particulate solid from said porous mass to increase the porosity thereof, the partial porosity of said porous mass, caused by activation of the said blowing agent, permitting said volatile liquid to penetrate within said porous mass to facilitate dissolution and removal of said particulate solid;
(e) evaporating said volatile liquid to form a dry microporous solidified mass; and
(f) impregnating said microporous solidified mass with a liquid, non-drying ink to produce a transfer element capable of exuding said liquid ink under the effects of applied pressure.
2. Process according to claim 1 in which the composition of step (a) also includes a volatile liquid which is a non-solvent for said binder material and for said blowing agent and for said particular solid, and which is less volatile than said volatile solvent, and said volatile liquid is evaporated after the evaporation of said volatile solvent in step (b) to form a blushed solidified mass, followed by steps (c) through (f).
3. Process according to claim 1 in which the weight ratio of blowing agent to binder material is from about 0.1:1 to about 3:1 and the weight ratio of particulate solid to binder material is from about 1:1 to about 5:1.
4. Process according to claim 1 in which the amount of the particulate solid present in the composition of step (a) is at least about twice as great as the amount of the blowing agent.
5. Process according to claim 1 in which the composition is deposited as a thin coating on a plastic film foundation in step (b), and the foundation is retained as a support for the transfer element.
6. Process according to claim 1 in which the composition is deposited as a thin coating on a casting surface in step (b), and is subsequently removed from the casting surface for use as a self-supporting transfer element.
7. Process according to claim 1 in which the synthetic film-forming binder material is selected from the group consisting of vinyl resins, nylon, and cellulosic film-forming polymers.
8. Pressure-sensitive, ink-releasing transfer element produced according to claim 1.
9. Pressure-sensitive, ink-releasing transfer element produced according to claim 2.
10. Pressure-sensitive, ink-releasing transfer element produced according to claim 3.
The present application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 360,334, filed on May 14, 1973, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,744, and is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 213,534, filed Dec. 12, 1971, abandoned.
The present invention relates to the production of inkable transfer elements such as carbon papers, typewriter ribbons, inking rollers and other pressure-sensitive, ink-releasing elements from volatile solvent compositions based upon resinous film-forming binder materials.
Squeeze-out type transfer elements are conventionally produced by preparing a solution or plastisol dispersion of a resinous binder material, an incompatible oil and coloring matter in a volatile solvent or non-volatile plasticizer, applying the composition to a foundation as a thin layer and evaporating the solvent or heating to an elevated temperature and then cooling to form an imaging layer comprising a non-transferable fine interconnected porous network of the resinous binder material having formed in situ within the micropores thereof a multiplicity of pressure-exudable ink droplets consisting of the oil and coloring matter.
Such conventional transfer elements have certain limitations and disadvantages arising from the method of their manufacture. The porous network of resinous binder material is exceptionally fine and therefore is relatively weak and subject to breakdown and transfer under imaging pressure. The oily ink vehicle must be substantially incompatible with the resinous binder material at ordinary room temperatures in order for pore-formation to occur and this precludes the use of certain plasticizing oils such as tricresyl phosphate which have advantageous properties with respect to the imaging of planographic printing plates. Conversely, the use of certain resinous binders is precluded by their compatibility with oily materials and/or their inability to form a microporous layer with an oil when deposited from a volatile solvent or as a plastisol dispersion.
It has been proposed to produce inkable porous resinous layers, coatings or masses from volatile solvent compositions through the use of finely-divided soluble solid materials such as water-soluble salts which are present in the solvent composition and are distributed in the solidified layer, coating or mass. After solidification, the layer, coating or mass is washed with a solvent for the soluble solid, which is a non-solvent for the resinous binder material, to remove the soluble solid and leave empty pockets or pores in the resinous binder material. Thereafter the porous resinous structure is impregnated with liquid ink to form an element capable of releasing the ink in metered amounts to a succession of copy sheets.
The principal problem encountered with this soluble salt process is the inability of the leaching solvent to contact solid particles which are trapped in the interior of the resinous mass and are encased within the resinous binder material which is not soluble in the leaching solvent.
It has also been proposed to produce inkable porous resinous layers, coatings or masses from volatile solvent compositions through the use of heat-activatable blowing agents which are materials which react or decompose on heating to liberate a gas. Such materials generally result in the formation of closed cells within the resinous structure, with little or no interconnection between the cells. Resinous porous bodies of this type cannot absorb ink into the closed cells and thus generally absorb only a limited amount of ink into the cells which are open adjacent the surface of the coating, layer or mass.
It is the principal object of the present invention to provide a new method for producing squeeze-out type transfer elements from solvent resinous compositions which avoids the disadvantages and limitations of prior known methods and provides transfer elements having improved properties of strength, ink capacity and performance.
It is another object of this invention to provide squeeze-out type transfer elements by solvent-coating techniques which can be re-inked continuously or as often as desired to provide a continuous ink supply in a duplicating machine such as a typewriter.
These and other objects and advantages of this invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in the light of the present disclosure including the drawing, in which:
FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are diagrammatic cross-sections, to an enlarged scale, of pressure-sensitive, squeeze-out type transfer elements produced according to the present invention.
The present invention involves the discovery that improved squeeze-out type transfer elements can be produced by applying to a support such as a casting surface or a flexible foundation such as a plastic film a resinous composition comprising a resinous film-forming binder material, a quantity of a finely-divided particulate soluble solid, a quantity of a finely-divided, particulate, heat-activatable, solid blowing agent and a volatile solvent for said binder material which is a non-solvent for said soluble solid and for said blowing agent, evaporating said volatile solvent to form a solidified resinous layer, coating or mass, heating said solidified body to the activation temperature of said blowing agent to cause pore-formation thereby, and treating the porous, resinous body with a liquid which is a solvent for said soluble solid but a non-solvent for the binder material to dissolve and remove the soluble solid and form an interconnected microporous network of the synthetic film-forming binder material having the desired strength, pore size and interconnected pore content. Thereafter the microporous resinous network is impregnated with a liquid ink comprising non-drying oil and coloring matter. The formation of the microporous resin network, independent of the oily ink, permits the use of a wide range of resins and the formation of the desired interconnected pore structure to suit the intended end use of the transfer element. Also the ink-free resin network may be cured or otherwise strengthened and may be stored for any length of time prior to impregnation with ink.
The transfer elements produced according to the present invention may be self-supporting, as shown by FIG. 1, or may have a preformed synthetic thermoplastic film foundation which has the strength and flexibility required of transfer elements such as typewriter ribbons and which is inert with respect to the composition applied thereto, particularly the solvent or liquid vehicle thereof, as shown by FIGS. 2 and 3. Preferred films include thin polyethylene terephthalate polyester, polypropylene, nylon, cellulose acetate, and the like. Onto this film is applied a thin coating of synthetic thermoplastic resin containing the soluble solid and blowing agent pore-forming materials which, when removed, leave the coating containing a multiplicity of empty, interconnected pores which absorb liquid ink and which cause the distribution of such ink throughout the coating by means of capillary action. The size, number and distribution of the pores formed in the coating can be predetermined by selecting the proper amount of the proper pore-forming materials having the desired particle size.
In some cases, where increased durability is desirable, it is preferred to provide a thin intermediate bonding layer between the film foundation and the pore-forming layer, as illustrated by FIG. 3 of the drawing, the bonding layer comprising a continuous layer of a synthetic thermoplastic resin which may be inert with respect to the pore-forming composition, particularly the volatile solvent or liquid vehicle thereof, or may be soluble in said solvent or liquid vehicle so as to become solvent-bonded to the pore-forming layer.
Referring to the drawing, FIG. 1 illustrates a self-supporting transfer element 10 comprising a microporous resinous structure 11 containing a multiplicity of interconnected pores 12 impregnated with pressure-exudable liquid ink.
FIG. 2 illustrates a supported transfer element 20 comprising a film foundation 21 having bonded thereto a porous layer 22 of synthetic thermoplastic resin containing interconnected pores 23 impregnated with pressure-exudable liquid ink.
FIG. 3 illustrates a supported transfer element 30 comprising a film foundation 31, an intermediate bonding layer 32 of synthetic thermoplastic resin and a porous layer 33 of synthetic thermoplastic resin containing interconnected pores 34 impregnated with pressure-exudable liquid ink.
The synthetic resinous or film-forming binder material for the pore-forming layer is preferably a resin being capable of forming a thin film having high impact strength and cut-resistance with respect to a type face. Substantially any film-forming synthetic resin is suitable, particuarly in association with a preformed film foundation, including vinyl resins such as vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymers and acrylic polymers, cellulosic polymers such as cellulose acetate-butyrate, nylon polyamides, polyurethanes, polycarbons, and the like.
Preferably the pore-forming coating, layer or mass is applied as a blushed coating containing the resin and the solid pore-forming materials in order to facilitate the removal of the pore-forming materials by vaporization and dissolution. Blushed coatings are formed in known manner through the use of a mixture of volatile liquids, one of which is more volatile than the other and is a solvent for the synthetic thermoplastic resin, while the other less volatile liquid is a non-solvent for the resin. Neither volatile liquid is a solvent for the pore-forming materials. The evaporation of the solvent leaves the volatile non-solvent as a liquid pore-forming material dispersed throughout the coating and the eventual evaporation of the non-solvent leaves empty, interconnected micropores in the resinous coating. The subsequent removal of the solid pore-forming materials is facilitated by the presence of these micropores.
The inks used according to the present invention may be conventional liquid non-drying duplicating inks comprising an oily vehicle, which is substantially incompatible with the porous resinous network, and pigment or dyestuff. Suitable oils are the animal, vegetable and mineral oils as well as synthetic oils such as organic esters including tricresyl phosphate, dioctyl phthalate and the like, depending upon the identity of the resin network. Preferably the ink includes a wetting agent and a volatile solvent or diluent in order to facilitate the complete penetration of the ink into the porous coating. Any such solvent or diluent is evaporated after the coating is inked and must be a non-solvent for the resinous network.
The essential pore-forming materials suitable for use according to the present invention are solid, finely-divided, particulate materials which are insoluble in the coating solvent and incompatible with and capable of being uniformly dispersed throughout the synthetic thermoplastic resin binder and capable of being selectively removed from the coating formed therefrom by means of heat and volatile solvent respectively to provide the interconnected porous resin mass which is receptive to the liquid duplicating ink.
The first type of solid pore-forming material, namely the blowing agent, comprises one or more materials which react or decompose to form a gas under the effects of heating to a temperature which is higher than the solidification temperature of the layer, i.e. higher than the evaporation temperature of the coating solvent, and which is not so high as to adversely affect the resinous network or its film foundation, if one is present. Materials of this type include the conventional blowing agents which decompose to liberate a safe gas such as nitrogen, nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, or the like. Illustrative materials include solid organic compounds such as N, N-dinitroso pentamethylene tetramine, N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-dinitroso terephthalamide, p, p'-oxy-bis (benzene sulfonly hydrazide) and diazoaminobenzene and inorganic compounds such as sodium carbonate and ammonium bicarbonate.
Another type of suitable pore-forming blowing agent materials comprises solids which sublime at a temperature which is greater than the solidification temperature of the layer and is not detrimental to the resinous network or its film foundation. Materials of this type include sublimable solids such as salicylic acid, chlorobenzoic acid, camphor, and the like.
Suitable soluble or leachable solid pore-forming materials comprise solids which can be selectively dissolved from the resinous coating by means of a volatile solvent which is a non-solvent for the resinous binder of the coating. Preferred materials are the inorganic salts which are soluble in water and/or mixtures of water and alcohols such as methanol and ethanol. Such materials include alkali metal- and alkaline earth metal-chlorides, sulphates, nitrates, carbonates, and the like.
The amounts of the blowing agents and soluble salts used and the particle size thereof may be varied widely within limits in order to produce the desired type of porous resinous network. Generally the weight ratio of the blowing agent pore-forming material to the synthetic thermoplastic resin in which it is dispersed will be from 0.1:1 to about 3:1, and the average particle size of solid pore-forming material will range between about 1 and 10 microns, the larger sizes within the range being suitable for use in thicker layers or masses. In the case of the soluble pore-forming materials, these preferably are used in amounts at least equal to the weight of the resin and up to about five times the weight of the resin and may have a particle size of from 5 to 50 microns.
Generally it is preferred to employ at least twice as much of the soluble, leachable pore-former than the blowing agent and to use smaller particles of the latter in combination with larger particles of the former. This is so because the conversion of the blowing agent from solid to gas form substantially increases the volume thereof and results in a "puffing" of the resinous mass and a tearing and weakening of the resinous structure. The removal of the leachable solid does not produce such stresses since the empty pore space produced thereby is of the same volume as the space occupied by the solid before dissolution. Thus it is preferred to use at least about twice as much of the soluble solid as the blowing agent and to use particles of the former which have an average size which is at least twice as great as the average particle size of the latter. Also, it is noted that the mere presence of the soluble solid pore-former in the resinous mass facilitates the escape of the activated blowing agent by disrupting the continuity of the resinous mass and providing weak adhesion interfaces between the soluble solid and the resinous material, whereby the gasified blowing agent is better able to escape from the resinous mass.
In the case of carbon papers and ribbons, the porous coatings of the present invention preferably have a thickness of from about 0.5 to 2 mils and are produced by preparing a solution or dispersion of a synthetic thermoplastic resinous film-forming material in a liquid vehicle, dispersing into said solution or dispersion suitable amounts of the blowing agent and soluble solid pore-forming materials, applying the composition to a casting surface, or to a film foundation, or to a resinous binder layer thereon, in the form of a thin coating and solidifying the coating by evaporating the volatile vehicle.
Next, the coating is treated to activate and selectively remove the blowing agent from the surface and from underlying portions of the coating. This is accomplished by applying heat to the coating and preselecting the temperature and/or duration of the heating in order to drive off as much of the blowing agent as possible without puffing the coating to such an extent as to cause excessive damage to the resinous structure. Most blowing agents decompose to form safe gases such as nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, or the like, which remains in the pores until displaced by air and/or by the liquid ink in the inking step.
Next, the coating is washed such as by immersion in a volatile liquid which is a solvent for the soluble solid pore-former remaining in the resinous mass but is a non-solvent for the resin itself. The partial porosity of the resinous mass, caused by the activation of the blowing agent, permits the washing solvent to penetrate within the resinous mass to a substantially greater extent than possible with resinous masses produced in the absence of the blowing agent, whereby removal of the soluble solid is substantially complete. The washing step may be accompanied by the use of wetting agents to facilitate penetration and agitation and/or squeezing of the resinous mass to assist in the dissolution of the soluble solid.
Thereafter the porous resinous mass is heated to evaporate the washing liquid and, if desired, the drying temperature may be sufficiently high to activate any residual blowing agent which has not been removed by the washing step and which could not be removed in the initial heat-activation step.
Finally, the formed porous coating is impregnated with liquid duplicating ink comprising oil and colorant and the final element, having a thickness of from about 1 to 4 mils, is cut into sheet lengths or ribbon widths.
The following examples are given by way of illustration and should not be considered to be limitative.
A pore-forming coating composition is prepared by uniformly dispersing 5 parts by weight of ammonium carbonate and 30 parts by weight of sodium chloride in a solution comprising 15 parts by weight of alcohol-soluble nylon polyamide in 85 parts by weight of ethanol.
The solution is coated onto a foundation of 0.5 mil polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar) and the ethanol is evaporated to form a pore-forming coating having a thickness of about 0.5 mil.
The coated Mylar is then heated by applying hot air to the pore-forming coating to raise the temperature of the coating to about 70� C to decompose the ammonium carbonate and evolve ammonia and carbon dioxide gases, leaving the spaces previously occupied by the ammonium carbonate empty. Heating is continued until all of the ammonium carbonate is decomposed, leaving the nylon coating porous throughout. Thereafter the Mylar film carrying the porous nylon layer is washed with warm water to dissolve out the sodium chloride particles and substantially increase the porosity of the nylon layer. This may be accomplished by submerging the coated film in warm water and passing it through a series of submerged pressure rollers which squeeze the coating to express the dissolved salt and to absorb additional water solvent. Next, the washed element is dried thoroughly by heating in forced hot air to remove the water from the porous network.
Referring to FIG. 2 of the drawing, the formed porous nylon coating 22 on the Mylar film foundation 21 contains empty pores 23 and the transfer element 20 is ready for inking.
Finally, the porous nylon layer is impregnated with a 50% solution of a conventional liquid duplicating ink comprising mineral oil, butyl stearate and carbon black pigment in a volatile solvent which is a non-solvent for the porous nylon network, such as mineral spirits. The ink solution is left on the porous surface of the nylon layer for several minutes to allow for absorption thereof by capillary action and then heat is applied to evaporate the ink solvent. Inking may be repeated if necessary after the initial ink has penetrated into the coating pores.
The formed transfer element has excellent strength and imaging properties and the porous ink layer may be re-inked after the initial ink supply is depleted.
A continuous web of 0.5 mil Mylar may be coated on one surface with a thin layer of the following resinous composition:
______________________________________Ingredients Parts by Weight______________________________________Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer 20Sodium chloride (granulated) 60N,N'-dimethyl, N,N' dinitroso terephthalamide 1Methyl ethyl ketone 80Heptane 30______________________________________
The composition is heated to 80� C to evaporate the ketone solvent and leave the heptane non-solvent dispersed in droplet form throughout the coating which also contains the sodium chloride particles and terephthalamide uniformly dispersed throughout.
Next the temperature is raised to 100� C to evaporate the heptane and provide a blushed porous resin layer. The temperature is increased to 120� C to cause the terephthalamide blowing agent to decompose and release a nitrogen gas, producing further porosity within the layer.
Finally the porous layer may be washed with water to dissolve out the sodium chloride particles and provide a vinyl resin layer having a high degree of interconnected porosity. The porosity caused by the evaporation of the heptane and decomposition of the blowing agent facilitates the dissolving out of the salt particles. Finally the porous web is heated to remove the water and form a dry porous coating of the Mylar film foundation.
To produce bicolor typewriter ribbons, the porous web may be cut into ribbon widths while simultaneously rolling a dull heated disc roller down the middle of the porous layer to fuse the porous vinyl resin layer and destroy its porosity without cutting or weakening the Mylar support, thus producing a non-porous barrier strip which cannot absorb the liquid ink with which the porous coating is impregnated. Thereafter liquid inks of different colors, such as black and red, are applied to opposite sides of the barrier strip in the manner discussed in Example 1.
Example 2 incorporates three means for producing porous resin coatings useful according to the present invention, namely the use of a volatile liquid which is less volatile than the volatile solvent for the resin and which itself is a non-solvent for the resin, the use of a conventional solid blowing agent which decomposes and liberates a gas, when heated, and a solid which is leachable by means of a solvent which is a non-solvent for the resin.
While the present transfer elements are preferably produced by forming the microporous resin layer on a flexible film such as Mylar, polypropylene, cellulose acetate or other foundation, such as paper, which is retained as a support for the transfer element, it is also possible to produce the microporous resin layer on a casting surface and to remove the layer for subsequent inking and use as a self-supporting transfer element, as illustrated by FIG. 1 of the drawing. A resinous coating may be applied to one surface to provide a sealing layer, if desired.
Variations and modifications may be made within the scope of the claims and portions of the improvements may be used without others.
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Leonard Chiariglione will ankle his post as executive director of the Secure Digital Music Initiative in the coming months. The SDMI is a coalition of music labels and tech companies trying to reach a consensus on the security standards that should be enforced for legal downloads. Execs said Chiariglione will step aside as a result of new duties at his day job at Telecom Italia Lab.
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1 Wash the chicken livers.
2 Dry well and cut them into half.
3 In a pan, heat the butter.
4 Add in chopped onion and sauté lightly.
5 Add in the chicken livers.
6 Cook on high heat for about 8 minutes.
7 Add in paprika and mix well.
8 Stir in the flour.
9 Add in the beef broth, cream, and Madeira, mix well.
10 Season with salt and pepper.
11 Excellent served on toast or with rice.
12 Can also be used as an omelet or crepe filling.


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VIEWS: 335 PAGES: 6 CATEGORY: Research POSTED ON: 11/22/2010
In this study, a modified fuzzy c-means radial basis functions network is proposed. The main purposes of the suggested model are to diagnose the cancer diseases by using fuzzy rules with relatively small number of linguistic labels, reduce the similarity of the membership functions and preserve the meaning of the linguistic labels. The modified model is implemented and compared with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The both models are applied on
Universal Journal of Computer Science and Engineering Technology 1 (2), 73-78, Nov. 2010. © 2010 UniCSE, ISSN: 2219-2158 Cancer Diagnosis Using Modified Fuzzy Network Essam Al-Daoud Faculty of Science and Information Technology Computer Science Department, Zarka University 13110 Zarka, Jordan email@example.com Abstract— in this study, a modified fuzzy c-means radial basis Fuzzy-Neuro system uses a learning procedure to find a set functions network is proposed. The main purposes of the of fuzzy membership functions which can be expressed in form suggested model are to diagnose the cancer diseases by using fuzzy if-then rules. Fuzzy-Neuro has many advantages: Firstly it rules with relatively small number of linguistic labels, reduce the allows incorporating our experience and the previous similarity of the membership functions and preserve the meaning knowledge into the classifier. Secondly it provides an of the linguistic labels. The modified model is implemented and understanding about the characteristic of the dataset. Thirdly it compared with adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). helps to find the dependencies in the datasets. Fourthly it gives The both models are applied on "Wisconsin Breast Cancer" data an explanation which allows us to test the internal logic [6-8]. set. Three rules are needed to obtain the classification rate 97% by In this paper, a new intelligent decision support system for using the modified model (3 out of 114 is classified wrongly). On the contrary, more rules are needed to get the same accuracy by cancer diagnosis is constructed and tested. The suggested using ANFIS. Moreover, the results indicate that the new model is system is based on a modified version of fuzzy c-means more accurate than the state-of-art prediction methods. The method and radial basis functions neural network. It can be suggested neuro-fuzzy inference system can be re-applied to many trained to establish a quality prediction system for a cancer applications such as data approximation, human behavior disease with different parameters. Moreover the suggested representation, forecasting urban water demand and identifying neuro-fuzzy inference system can be applied to many DNA splice sites. applications such as data approximation, dynamic system processing, urban water demand forecasting, identifying DNA splice sites and image compression. In general the suggested Keywords- fuzzy c-means, radial basis functions, fuzzy- model can be applied to any data needs classification, neuro, rules, cancer diagnosis interpretation, adaptation or rules' extraction. For example the human behavioral representation in synthetic forces consists I. INTRODUCTION from several fuzzy parameters; e.g., interactions, responses, The subjectivity of the specialist is an important problem of biomechanical, physical, psychophysical and psychological diagnosing a new patient. It can be noted that the decision of parameters. Such this data are very suitable to be modeled by the professionals is related to the last diagnostic. Therefore, to using the suggested neuro-fuzzy inference system due to the enhance the diagnostic and to interpret the patients signal fact that human behavior represents highly complex nonlinear accurately, the huge volume of the empirical input- output data and adaptable systems. must be automated and used effectively. Cancer diagnosis can be seen as a matching procedure whose objective is to match II. FUZZY-NEURO SYSTEMS each set of the symptoms (feature space) to a specific case. Fuzzy-Neuro system can be designed by using various Many studies have been introduced to develop cancer diagnosis architectures. To improve the performance of the system, three systems by using intelligent computation see for example [1-2]. matters must be handled: finding the optimal number of the Kiyan and Yildirim applied general regression neural network, rules, discovering the appropriate membership functions, and multilayer perceptrons (MLP), and probabilistic neural network tuning of both. The following is a short overview of the major on Wisconsin breast cancer dataset. They show that the general works in this area [9-12]: regression neural network is the most accurate model for breast cancer classification [3]. Zhou et al. introduced a new system Fuzzy Adaptive Learning Control Network based on neural network ensemble [4]. They named it Neural (FALCON): FALCON consists from five layers. Tow Ensemble Based Detection (NED) and used it to identify the nodes for input data, one for the desired output and the images of the cancer cells. Radial Basis Functions (RBF) rest is for the actual output. The supervised learning is represents alternative approach to MLP's in universal function implemented by using backpropagation algorithm . approximation [5]. It outperforms MLP due to the convergence Generalized Approximate Reasoning Based speed and the capability in handling the non-stationary Intelligent Control (GARIC): Several specialized datasets. feedforward network are used to implement GARIC. The 73 Corresponding Author: Essam Al-Daoud, Computer Science Department, Zarka University, Jordan. UniCSE 1 (2), 73 -78, 2010 main disadvantage of GARIC is the complexity of the 2- O1,i Bi 2 ( x) i=3,4 learning algorithm. Neuro-Fuzzy Controller (NEFCON): NEFCON 3- O2,i O1,i O1,i 2 i=1,2 Consists from two phases. The first is used to embed the 4- O2,i i=1,2 O3,i rules and the second modifies and shifts the fuzzy sets. O2,1 O2,2 The main disadvantage of NEFCON is that it needs a 5- O4,i O3,i f i O3,i ( pi x qi x ri ) i=1,2 previously defined rule base. Adaptive Network Based Fuzzy Inference System 6- O5,1 O4,i (ANFIS): ANFIS works with different activation functions and uses un-weighted connections in each The membership function for A (or B) can be any layer. ANFIS consists from five layers and can be parameterized membership function such as: adapted by a supervised learning algorithm. or (1) Neuro-Fuzzy Classification (NEFCLASS) NEFCLASS A 1 2 can be created from scratch by learning or it can be x ci 1 a refined by using partial knowledge about patterns. i Fuzzy Learning Vector Quantization (FLVQ): FLVQ x ci 2 A exp( ) (2) is based on the fuzzification of LVQ and it is similar to Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART). The main ai disadvantage of FLVQ is not tested widely [13]. Evolutionary Fuzzy Neural Network (EFNN): EFNN Network can be trained by finding suitable parameters for uses evolutionary algorithms to train the fuzzy neural layer 1 and 4. Gradient decent are typically used for non linear network, Aliev et. At. Train the recurrent fuzzy neural parameters of layer 1 while batch or recursive least squares are networks by using an effective differential evolution used for linear parameters of layer 4 or even combination of optimization (DEO) [14]. both. The proposed method will be compared with ANFIS for III. THE PROPOSED MODEL two reasons: firstly ANFIS has been written in many programming languages including Matlab fuzzy logic toolbox. The main purposes of the suggested model are to diagnose Secondly ANFIS is widely tested in various applications such the cancer diseases by using fuzzy rules with relatively small as noise cancellation, system identification, time series number of linguistic labels, reduce the similarity of the prediction, medical diagnosis systems, and control [15]. Fig. 1 membership functions and preserve the meaning of the illustrates the architecture of ANFIS. For simplicity, we assume linguistic labels. The learning algorithm of the proposed model that ANFIS has two inputs x and y and one output z, suppose consists of three phases: that the rule base contains two fuzzy if-then rules of Takagi and Sugeno's type [16]: Phase 1: Modified fuzzy c-means algorithm (MFCM). The standard fuzzy c-means has various well-known problems, namely the number of the clusters must be specified in Rule 1: If x is A1 and y is B1, then f1 = p1x + q1y + r1 advanced, the output membership functions have high Rule 2: If x is A2 and y is B2, then f2 = p2x + q2y + r2 similarity, and FCM is unsupervised method and cannot preserve the meaning of the linguistic labels. On the contrary, the grid partitions method solves some of the previous matters, but it has very high number of the output clusters. The basic idea of the suggested MFCM algorithm is to combine the advantages of the two methods, such that, if more than one cluster's center exist in one partition then merge them and calculate the membership values again, but if there is no cluster's center in a partition then delete it and redefined the other clusters. Algorithm 1 illustrates the modified fuzzy c- means algorithm Figure 1. ANFIS architecture Algorithm 1. Modified fuzzy c-means algorithm Input: Pattern vector, target vector, K the number of the Let Oj,i represents the output of the ith node in the layer j, the patterns and the partitions intervals of each attribute ANFIS output is calculated by using the following steps [16]: Pk , i k Output: Centers, membership values and the new projected 1- O1,i Ai ( x) i =1 ,2 partitions. 74 UniCSE 1 (2), 73 -78, 2010 1- Delete all the attributes that have low correlation participate means that the membership is not less than T for with the target each attribute. In this paper T=0.5). 2- For each class in the target vector apply the Phase 3: Modified RBF learning algorithm (MRBF). Fig. 2 following steps on the corresponding patterns. shows the architecture of the MRBF, the hidden layers consist 3- Choose c=K/2 seeds (first c patterns are selected as from n layer, where n is the number of the target classes. Each seeds). hidden layer growths iteratively, one node (Rule) per iteration 4- Compute the membership values M using until accurate solution is found. The output layer consists from n nodes, one node for each class. The MRBF is trained by 1 , k=1,2,…K and q>1. solving the system of equations using pseudo-inverse. mik 2 /(q 1) c || u c || || u k c i || k j 1 j (3) 5- Calculate c cluster centers using: K mikuk q (4) k 1 ci K mik q k 1 6- Compute the objective function. c c K J ( M , c1, c2 ,..., cc ) J i mik || uk ci ||2 q Figure 2. MRBF architecture i 1 i 1 k 1 (5) Algorithm 2. Modified RBF learning algorithm. Input: Pattern vector, target vector, K the number of the 7- If either J is less than a certain threshold level or the patterns improvement in the previous iteration is less than a Output: The weight of the hidden-output layer, the certain tolerance then go to step 8, else go to step 4. representative rules 8- If there are centers that exist in one partition= 1- Pick up the next highest weight of the rules (centers) K for class i and represent it as new node in the hidden Pk ,i k then merge it layer i. k 1 2- Calculate the new outputs of all the hidden layers and n all the patterns. Where the output of the node j and cv the pattern k is cnew v 1 , c=c-v+1 || xk t j ||2 j 2 n kj = φ ( || xk t j || j ) = e (6) (8) 9- If all partitions that are related to a projected tj is the current center(rule) and is the width. K 3- Find the new weights of the hidden-output layer for partition = Pk , i h Pk , i k do not contain a each class by solving the following system: k 1, k h center then delete the projected partition Pk , i and w1 w2 ... wz T t1 t2 ... t z T (9) h redefined the attribute h partitions. Where z is the number of the processed centers (rules) 10- If step 8 or 9 is true then go to step 4. and is the pseudo-inverse of the matrix Phase 2: Sort the initial fuzzy rules (centers) for each target 11 12 ... 1z class, the weight of rule x with regard to class y is calculated ... 2 z as following: 21 22 (10) ... ... ... ... z y W ( R x ) NPy NPi , (7) k1 k 2 ... kz i 1, i y Where NP is the number of patterns that have high participate 4- If the error is less than a threshold then stop, else go in the antecedents and the consequences of the rule x (the high to step 1 75 UniCSE 1 (2), 73 -78, 2010 IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS shown in Table 2. The deleted partitions can be substituted by In this section we will apply ANFIS and the modified its neighborhood partition; for example, if the large partition is Fuzzy RBF (MFRBF) on "Wisconsin Breast Cancer" data set. deleted then the medium partition means (medium or large). This data set contains 569 instances (patterns) distributed into The projected partitions in Table 2 indicate that the fifth feature two classes (357 benign and 212 malignant). Features are (smoothness) can be ignored. computed from a digitized image of a fine needle aspirate (FNA) of a breast mass [17]. The number of the attributes that TABLE II. THE OUTPUT PROJECTED PARTITIONS are used in this paper is 11 (10 real-valued input features and Feature Max Min Correlation diagnosis). The features are summarized in Table 1. value Value Radius 28.1 6.981 0.7300 TABLE I. DIAGNOSTIC BREAST CANCER FEATURES Texture 39.3 9.710 0.4152 Perimeter 188.5 43.790 0.7426 Feature Max Min Correlation Area 2501 143.50 0.7090 value Value Smoothness 0.2 0.0526 0.3586 Radius 28.1 6.981 0.7300 Compactness 0.3 0.0194 0.5965 Texture 39.3 9.710 0.4152 Concavity 0.4 0 0.6964 Perimeter 188.5 43.790 0.7426 Concave points 0.2 0 0.7766 Area 2501 143.50 0.7090 Symmetry 0.3 0.106 0.3305 Smoothness 0.2 0.0526 0.3586 Fractal dimension 0.1 0.05 -0.0128 Compactness 0.3 0.0194 0.5965 Concavity 0.4 0 0.6964 Concave points 0.2 0 0.7766 In phase 2, the rules are sorted according to its weights, the Symmetry 0.3 0.106 0.3305 highest weight rule is: Fractal dimension 0.1 0.05 -0.0128 Matlab 7.0 is used to implement the both algorithms, the If (radius is small and texture is small and perimeter is data is normalized by using the Matlab function premnmx() small and area is small and compactness is small and concavity and then the correlation between each feature and the target is is small and concave point is small) calculated and listed in Table 1. It can be observed that the Then Benign symmetry feature and fractal dimension feature have the lowest correlation, thus they are deleted and the other 8 features are used. Fig. 3 shows the first feature (Radius) distribution. A k- For simplicity, the above rule will be written as following: folding scheme with k=5 is applied. The training procedure is repeated 5 times, each time with 80% (455 patterns) of the if (s, s, s, s, s, s, s) then Benign patterns as training and 20% (114) for testing. All the reported results are obtained by averaging the outcomes of the five The number of the layers are needed in phase 3 is two separate tests. hidden layers, and one output layer, after two nodes (rules) are added to the hidden layers (one for each), the classification rate becomes 96% (4 out of 114 is classified wrongly). If another node is added to the first layer then the classification rate becomes 97% (3 out of 114 is classified wrongly). Table 3 compares the number of rules and the accuracy that are generated by ANFIS and MFRBF. TABLE III. COMPARISON BETWEEN ANFIS AND MFRBF Method Rules classification Number rate ANFIS 2, =0.8 0.9474 MFRBF 2 0.9649 ANFIS 2, =0.5 0.9386 MFRBF 2 0.9649 ANFIS 3, =0.4 0.9474 Figure 3. The first feature (Radius) distribution MFRBF 3 0.9737 ANFIS 7, =0.3 0.9737 The initial shadow partitions for each feature in Algorithm MFRBF 7 0.9737 ANFIS 19, =0.2 0.9649 1 is chosen to be (small, Medium, Large) corresponding to ([-1, MFRBF 19 0.9821 -3.3), [-3.3,3.3), [3.3,1]). The number of the initial centers (rules) is K/2=227. After running Algorithm 1 for 7 epochs many centers are merged and the final number of the centers is Table 3 indicates that by using MFRBF we can get high 23. On the other hand, the projected partitions are redefined as accuracy with fewer rules. On the contrary, by using ANFIS 76 UniCSE 1 (2), 73 -78, 2010 more rules are needed to get the same accuracy. Moreover the V. CONCLUSION features projected partition in ANFIS is ambiguous and can To produce unambiguous rules that are suitable for cancer not preserve the meaning of the linguistic labels, see Fig. 4. diagnosis, a modified fuzzy c-means radial basis functions (MFRBF) is introduced. The experimental results show that: we can use MFRBF to get high accuracy with fewer and unambiguous rules. The classification rate is 97% (3 out of 114 is classified wrongly) by using only three rules. On the contrary, more rules are needed to get the same accuracy by using ANFIS. Moreover the features projected partition in ANFIS is ambiguous and can not preserve the meaning of the linguistic labels. The results indicate that MFRBF is superior to state-of-art prediction methods, where the balance error rate is 2.2 by using MFRBF, while the balance error rate is 9.92 by using nonlinear support vector machine. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This research is funded by the Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies in Zarka University /Jordan Figure 4. Ambiguous membership functions that are generated by ANFIS REFERENCES The following is a sample rule produced by ANFIS: [1] L. Fengjun, "Function approximation by neural networks," Proceedings If (in1 is in1mf1) and (in2 is in2mf1) and (in3 is in3mf1) and of the 5th international symposium on Neural Networks: Advances in (in4 is in4mf1) and (in5 is in5mf1) and (in6 is in6mf1) and Neural Networks, Beijing, China, pp. 384-390, 2008. (in7 is in7mf1) and (in8 is in8mf1) [2] V. S. Bourdès, S. Bonnevay, P. Lisboa, M. S. H. Aung, S. Chabaud, T. Then (out1 is out1mf1) Bachelot, D. Perol and S. Negrier, "Breast cancer predictions by neural networks analysis: a Comparison with Logistic Regression," 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Cité Internationale, On the other Hand, the output rules in MFRDF are Lyon, France, pp. 5424-5427, 2007. unambiguous and do not need any farther processing. The best [3] T. Kiyani, and T. Yildirim, "Breast cancer diagnosis using statistical number of the rules is trade-off between the accuracy and the neural networks," Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, vol 4, no. 2, pp. 1149-1153, 2004. rules number, for example, the following three rules are [4] Z. Zhou, Y. Jiang, Y. Yang, and S. Chen, "Lung cancer cell recommend, these rules are produced by MFRBF with identification based on artificial neural network ensembles," Artificial acceptable classification accuracy (97%): Intelligence In Medicine, vol 24, no. 1, pp. 25-36, 2002. [5] Y.J. Oyang, S.C. Hwang and Y.Y. Ou, "Data classification with radial If (s, s, s, s, s, s, s) then Benign basis function networks based on a novel kernel density estimation If (m or l, m or l, m or l, m or l, m or l, m or l, m or l) algorithm," IEEE Transaction on Neural networks, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 225-236, 2005. Then Malignant [6] k. Rahul, S. Anupam and T. Ritu, "Fuzzy Neuro Systems for Machine If (m or l, m or l, m or l, s, m or l, s , m or l) then Malignant Learning for Large Data Sets," Proceedings of the IEEE International Advance Computing Conference 6-7, Patiala, India, pp.541-545, 2009. In Table 4, CLOP package are used to implement and to [7] C. Juang, R. Huang and W. Cheng, "An interval type-2 fuzzy-neural compare the suggested model with the state-of-art prediction network with support-vector regression for noisy regression problems," methods (CLOP Package http://clopinet.com/CLOP/). Two IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 686 – 699, 2010. measurements are used: Balance Error Rate (BER) and Area [8] C., Juang, Y. Lin and C. Tu, "Recurrent self-evolving fuzzy neural Under Carve (AUC). The results indicate that MFRBF is more network with local feedbacks and its application to dynamic system accurate than the other methods, where the balance error rate processing," Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 161, no. 19, pp. 2552-2562, is 2.2, while the balance error rate is 9.92 by using nonlinear 2010. support vector machine (NonLinearSVM). [9] S. Alshaban and R., Ali, "Using neural and fuzzy software for the classification of ECG signals," Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 5-10, 2010. TABLE IV. COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STATE-OF-ART PREDICTION METHODS [10] W. Li, and Z. Huicheng, "Urban water demand forecasting based on HP filter and fuzzy neural network," Journal of Hydroinformatics, vol. 12, Testing no. 2, pp. 172–184, 2010. Method BER AUC [11] K. Vijaya, K. Nehemiah, H. Kannan and N.G. Bhuvaneswari, "Fuzzy ANFIS 4.41 98.49 neuro genetic approach for predicting the risk of cardiovascular diseases," Int. J. Data Mining, Modelling and Management, vol. 2, pp. MFRBF 2.20 99.21 388-402, 2010. NeuralNet 6.15 97.81 [12] A. Talei, L. Hock, C. Chua and C. Quek, "A novel application of a LinearSVM 12.36 93.75 neuro-fuzzy computational technique in event-based rainfall-runoff Kridge 8.53 96.22 modeling," Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal, NaiveBayes 10.4 95.21 vol. 37, no. 12, pp. 7456-7468, 2010. NonLinearSVM 9.92 96.98 77 UniCSE 1 (2), 73 -78, 2010 [13] Y. S. Kim, "Fuzzy neural network with a fuzzy learning rule emphasizing data near decision boundary," Advances in Neural Networks, vol. 5552, pp. 201-207, 2009. [14] R. A. Aliev, B. G. Guirimov, B. Fazlollahi and R. R. Aliev, "Evolutionary algorithm-based learning of fuzzy neural networks," Part 2: Recurrent fuzzy neural networks, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol. 160, no. 17, pp. 2553-2566, 2009. [15] C. P. Kurian, S. Kuriachan, J. Bhat, and R. S. Aithal, "An adaptive neuro fuzzy model for the prediction and control of light in integrated lighting schemes," Lighting Research & Technology, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 343-352, 2005. [16] E. Al-Daoud, "Identifying DNA splice sites using patterns statistical properties and fuzzy neural networks, EXCLI Journal, vol. 8, pp. 195- 202, 2009. [17] O. L. Mangasarian, W. N. Street and W. H. Wolberg, "Breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis via linear programming," Operations Research, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 570-577, 1995. 78
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Venn On Market in San Francisco, CA
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This amazing silver polyresin bowl has a traditional round basin-like design and is decorated with an image of Jerusalem. The image of Jerusalem includes gold-colored domed roofs, bricks, windows and doors. This bowl also features scrolling lines that sit near its top edge.
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Baby owlets soon to leave nest. Watch LIVE video while you still can.
So columnist Star Parker believes that Democrats beat themselves because they think the government should play a role in the lives of its citizens, and the Republicans believe that everyone should lift themselves up on their own.
A rational mind rebels at illogical thinking and actions because all actions have consequences, intended and unintended. Over countless years people everywhere have developed so-called rules of thumb to gauge various actions and their consequences.
The United States was a proud, exceptional nation: Liked, respected, feared.
President Obama's actions and policies are transforming us into a Third World country. We were first in space and the only country to land on the moon.
I read Leonard Pitts recent column encouraging Republicans to start impeachment proceedings now that they have the majority in the House and Senate.
What's with this guy? A better question is why the newspaper keeps wasting space with his rants.
Regarding your article on Sherman's historical marker and the official records directly refuting fiction of his memoirs, the notion of Gen. Sherman and his subordinates not inciting destruction of thousands of Southern homesteads is purely fictional.
A Republican landslide election victory and control of Congress is a nightmare we should have fought harder to avoid.
As a nation we remain achingly irresponsible in caring for the needs of our troops who we have sent off to represent the interests of our country.
Back in 1931 at an early Zionist Conference when the plans for the creation of the State of Israel were being formulated, a conservative faction wanted to include the entire West Bank of the Jordan River in the soon-to-be Jewish homeland — including Jerusalem.
To borrow the cliché that our president is "poisoning the well" by pushing immigration reform legislation on Congress after Tuesday's election is far from the truth.
I hope that the Rock 'n' Roll Marathon made some money and some happiness for someone.
I saw none, with the hundreds of others trapped on Victory Drive.
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1. Yahoo! Movies has the new trailer for "The Last Exorcism II"
2. The official Australian Motion Poster for "Hansel & Gretel Witch Hunters 3D" is online
3. Screenwriter Kelly Marcel says her screenplay for the "50 Shades of Grey" movie will, not surprisingly, be NC-17.
4. Animator and Director Richard Bazley spoke to FLIP about "The Chimeran", a new film he's doing with Producer Gary Kurtz ("Star Wars"). "For years I had been fascinated by the original 1968 Planet of the Apes film, and the moral implications that lay beneath. I was also knocked out by the fabulous film District 9 which explores similar themes. The Chimeran is not just a creature movie – there are many such movies out there, and I am not interested in creature animation for its own sake, or visual effects for the sake of visual effects. I am more interested in the human condition, and how a thought-provoking tale can be told – one that just happens to use creature animation and great visual effects. Right now there are moral issues that prevent us from creating genetic hybrids. Consider this premise: what if, with our planet's natural resources running out, our society has to make a moral leap for the survival of our species. Human labour is cheap and animal labour even cheaper. What if we had to combine the two in order to survive? This is a concept that fascinates me. If we did this, and a multitude of hybrid animal and human creatures resulted – what sort of society would we have? We would have very new racial issues, and how would these be overcome? For some people the whole idea is disturbing – and so it should be. But this is something that, in the near future, we may have to confront."
5. Annapurna Pictures and Color Force have secured the feature film rights to Maria Semple's critically acclaimed, bestselling novel "Where'd You Go, Bernadette" it was announced today by Color Force's Nina Jacobson. Additionally, Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber ((500) Days of Summer) have been confirmed to write the screenplay. Semple will serve as executive producer along with Color Force's Bryan Unkeless and Annapurna Pictures' Ted Schipper. Jacobson and partner Brad Simpson will produce alongside Annapurna Pictures' Megan Ellison. Told via letters, emails, texts, and other documents, "Where'd You Go, Bernadette" pieces together the story of a brilliant but slightly unhinged woman, a once-famous Los Angeles architect turned recluse, who abruptly disappears, leaving her Microsoft-guru husband and devoted eighth-grade daughter determined to find her.
6. "The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn" leads the Razzie Nominations this year with a staggering 11 nominations. "That's My Boy" and "Battleship" have also fared, erm, well.
7. There "Are no real plans" for an "Inbetweeners" movie sequel, says star Blake Harrison. "I think the writers are mulling over script ideas for another potential movie, but that's all it is… There is no deal done. There is no script finished. It's at a really foetal stage." Adds the actor, "Whether anything happens or not is anyone's guess at the moment. There is nothing confirmed, and that's not a bad thing because maybe it's a nice thing to bow out with people wanting more."
8. Thieves have snatched some copper wire from the set of the "Anchorman" sequel.
9. Joss Whedon says he wants to shoot the long-anticipated "Dr Horrible" sequel this year.
10. At the press conference for his new film "The Last Stand", Arnold Schwarzenegger spoke about the challenge of getting the "Twins" sequel, "Triplets" made. "I have been trying to do it for 10 years," he said. "Now the new leadership (at the studio) sees the value."
- The Lawnmower Man cuts From Dusk Till Dawn - April 1, 2015
- Trailer : Mad Max : Fury Road - April 1, 2015
- It Follows expanding any further this Friday! - April 1, 2015
- Trailer : Masterminds - March 31, 2015
- When will we see the next Star Wars trailer!? - March 31, 2015
- Shrek to appear in new Puss in Boots sequel? - March 31, 2015
- Disney developing live-action Mulan - March 31, 2015
- Tron 3 ascends into title territory - March 31, 2015
- Superhero Movie Updates : X-Men, Suicide Squad, Deadpool, The Flash, TMNT - March 31, 2015
- NBC bringing The Wiz to Television! - March 31, 2015
Against the Current - the band, not adventures in dangerous swimming 101
Zedd - If our love is tragedy, why are you my remedy? (Well, answer my question!)
Arrow (Okay, Felicity from Arrow!)
Chrissy Costanza (cat eyes and buttery lyrics!)
Girls (TV) (Okay, Allison Williams!)
Movies - especially when they play in the dark.
Twin Peaks (TV)
Friends (TV) (It had me at "No way are you cool enough to pull Clint"; damn straight, Chandler!)
Traveling - preferably where water is, so I can splash someone!
Star Wars trilogy - no, the other one, fella!
Alex G - far more talented than her younger brother Alex H
Cameron Crowe movies - Say Anything..., Jerry Maguire, Almost Famous
The sign 'Free Wi-Fi'.
Reenacting dance/song scenes from "Grease" with my little girl (hey! Wait till you see my 'Summer Lovin'! - don't judge)
Die Hard - 40 stories of Sheer Adventure!
Alex Goot & Friends (his enemies aren't half as talented!)
Cooking up a nice dish and sitting in the entertainment area, on a cool night, basking in it's greatness.
Inflatable kids pools full of Vodka Lime Crush.
Acidic Email from angry, over passionate teenagers after I trash something "Twilight"-related on the site. Sparkle elsewhere.
My baby girl's big, caring heart.


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House Martell added to Best Buy's Season 4 DVD covers
We've known for some time that the Season 4 DVD and Blu-rays would be out next month on February 17th. But it's the special alternative covers that we're especially interested in. Sold exclusively through Best Buy, this year, you can … Continue reading


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Here's how to turn an old file cabinet into something you'd actually be proud to display in your home.
How to Carve the Perfect Pumpkin
Carol Kemery, a nurse and mother of four, was looking for an affordable and easy way to do decorative gilding when she hit upon the solution: Develop a kit. And so in 1991, she began her business as a decorative painter. Now, she has a line of paint kits, the Artisans Collection, that she developed with Country Living and her own company, Caromal Colours, allowing homeowners to do decorative painting on their own, including these gilding projects.
The trick? A base coat that prepares almost any surface for gilding — walls, tile, plastic, metal, wood. "It's easy, fun, and will transform anything," says Carol.


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persoanlly i like the K.I.S.S. approach to my SD shotguns. Keep It Simple Stupid.
nothing glamorous or fancy, just simple and uncluttered. IMO, simple is better. have tried all the tacticool stuff years ago. just got in the way.
here's simple and functional. even the wife has no problems shooting this one and of all my shotguns, this one is her favorite.
a Winchester SXP Defender w/ 18.5" barrel, 5 round tube. 5 more in the buttstock carrier gives her 10 total. the tube carries #4 birdshot and the buttstock carrier has OO buckshot. simple and handy.
Patron Member NRA
"I would not be an old man if I had not been an armed young man." JTJ
I was taught to respect my elders but they are getting harder to find.
"9MM/.45ACP/.357 Magnum - All pretty much the same. All are underpowered with respect to a rifle or shotgun slug and lack the power, in many cases, to even penetrate through both sides of an adult male."
Hollow point pistol cartridges are specifically designed not to penetrate through both sides of an adult male. A bullet that exits can cause collateral damage. 9mm hardball has a reputation of over penetration.
"Gun control: The theory that a woman found dead in an alley, raped and strangled with her panty hose, is somehow morally superior to a woman explaining to police how her attacker got that fatal bullet wound." L. Neil Smith
The problem with being stupid is you cannot simply decide to stop doing dumb things...
"I crapped my pants to avoid the draft!!" -Ted Nugent
I bought my wife a single shot, break action, 410 shotgun to kill snakes, chicken murdering critters, and home defense. I also bought her some #6 shotshells, buckshot, and slugs for it. That was about 8 years ago and she has never shot it and doesn't seem to have any intention of ever shooting it. I've used it a couple of times though. Handy little bugger.


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I am looking for a way to thin out old backups. The backups are run on a daily basis, and I want to increase the interval as the backups become older.
After a couple of days I'd like to remove the daily backups, leaving only the "Sunday" backup. After a couple of weeks, only the first backup of a month that is available should be removed.
Since I am dealing with historic backups, I cannot just change the naming scheme.
I tried to use 'find' for it, but couldn't find the right options.
Anyone got anything that might help?


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OP Junior Member
Thanks Meter: 0
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Join Date:Joined: Jan 2014
Can anyone give me any advice on how to get my Samsung Galaxy Note 3 (Credo Mobile) to play nice with my my alpine ics-x7hd? It seems to start just fine, but as soon as I try and link it to the head unit, if falls right over. So my questions:
1) Is there any special trick I can use to get it to work; i.e., beyond using both Bluetooth and USB connections is there a trick that will help?
2) if the answer to (1) is no, or it proves ineffective would rooting the device help?
3) Failing those (and I don't hold much hope) would using the full-mirror mod[1] be a possible work around?
4) Finally, and mostly for my general fund of knowledge, would it work if downgraded to Android 4.1 or 4.2? That is, is the problem with OS compatibility, of is it a firmware issue?
[1] (http://forum.xda-developers.com/show....php?t=1837847)
Last edited by JamesAAA; 27th January 2014 at 02:22 AM.


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Time Out Time (not a kitchen timer)
katytxmomApril 12, 2006
On Supernanny once, I noticed that she had a toy that lit up and "counted down" (each ring went dim) for the Time Out duration. It seemed to me that it was a light up toy that she was using for Time Out, not a Time Out Timer persay.
Anyway, anyone ever seen something like this? I like the idea of having a visual (lights) timer for my child, instead of the kitchen timer. Haven't been able to track down the one I saw on the show.
any thoughts?
I found it. It's called the Time Tracker. Best price was around $25 (plau shipping) but a toy store that specializes in learning toys may be able to get this without shipping charges for you.
Here is a link that might be useful: visual timer


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A friendly place to know and buy natural products made of local plants and fruits. Prices are not so good but it is worth because the products seems to have quality and are...
read more
A friendly place to know and buy natural products made of local plants and fruits. Prices are not so good but it is worth because the products seems to have quality and are unique. You can taste/try most products althought the one I sent there to buy unfortunately I can't...
Not a lot to buy especially if you are from SE Asia. There's coconut oil, lots of soap, and products move very slowly. I wanted to buy avocado oil as gifts but every bottle was past expiry date.
Small shop and gallery of locally made items
By comparison with more tourist focused cities it is an "if you're passing" type visit - our hotel is close so we had a look
Prices pretty high and I doubt they sell to many visitors
This is a wonderful shop ! I come here very often for shampoo, soap and stuff . This shop has wonderful table with coconut, I just cant describe to many good things. This shop must be on your MUST list
We loved this shop when we went to it and bought some mosquito repellent (which is excellent) and a gift for my husband - a gorgeous wooden propelling pencil and case.
However, within a month the propelling pencil stopped working and we cannot get leads to stay in it so it is useless. I emailed them three times and no...
I have no idea what people find interesting about this shop/gallery. The first time I was here 6 years ago, there was a kind of beautiful elephant museum in this building. Now it's another commercial tourist gallery.
The natural cosmetics/soaps you get here are highly overpriced you get a similar quality in Thailand for half price!
The staff are not...
We spent a morning pottering around the various handicraft shops and galleries, including Saoban, Elegant Boutique and a few others. We thought T'Shop Lai Gallery was the most interesting, with a great range of handmade soaps, old postcards, photographs and unusual coconut shell products for sale. Other reviewers have mentioned their mosquito repellent, which we didn't try. They also have...
T'Shop Lai's range of products are excellent, the mosquito repellent in particular. Also the art work and craft work is some of the best available in Vientiane
A beautifully done gallery filled with natural personal care products, home products, jewelry, local spices, and authentic crafts and furniture. T'Shop Lai provides literature about its focus on being socially conscious, so you can feel good about supporting a company that promotes fair trade, environmentally responsible production, and social and economic development in Lao PDR. The staff was very helpful...
Register now for free — and start getting automatic notification of new reviews, responding to traveler feedback, adding new photos to your listing and much more.


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›You are hereHome›Destinations›Oceania›Australia›4 Day Kakadu Katherine Litchfield Safari›4 Day Kakadu Katherine Litchfield Safari Itinerary
4 Day Kakadu Katherine Litchfield Safari Itinerary
Set out on a camping safari through captivating Kakadu National Park, and experience the astounding Top End beauty of this unique Australian environment.
- 4
Total price tool tip
- Short Breaks
- Original
- i
Day 1 Darwin/Litchfield/Mary River
Visit the Litchfield National Park and escape the heat beside cascading tropical waterfalls and in refreshing swimming holes. Head west and meet the Limilngan-Wulna People, traditional owners of the land. This is an immensely sacred area for their people so the welcoming 'Cul Cul' is a humbling greeting. Discover more of the day-to-day culture and traditions by learning about some bush-tucker, mastering your didgeridoo technique or perhaps creating a hand-woven treasure to take home. Wind down the day with a cruise along the spectacular Mary River Wetlands, where the local crocodiles are often kind enough to join us.
ACCOM: Permanent safari camp (with shared facilities) - 1
Day 2 Mary River and Kakadu
Journey through rugged scenery to the spectacular 200 m Jim Jim Falls before moving on to the equally impressive Twin Falls. Travel on to Pine Creek before spending the night near the Nitmiluk National Park.
ACCOM: Permanent safari camp (with shared facilities) - 1
Day 3 Mary River/Kakadu
Hike through Ubirr and see ancient Aboriginal rock art that has survived almost 1500 years. Clamber up to a rocky lookout where the Nardab Floodplain, and aptly named East Alligator River, make for an astonishing view. This hike is rewarded with a splash in the plunge pools at Maguk (Barramundi Gorge) before retreating to camp.
ACCOM: Permanent safari camp (with shared facilities) - 1
Day 4 Katherine Gorge
Explore the extraordinary Katherine Gorge from the water, then take a dip in the irresistible Edith Falls. Return to Darwin and perhaps enjoy a few drinks in the heart of this unique Top End city.
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Fuse Creativity System Project Guide: Fun Party Themes, Idea for Handmade Cards, And More Paper Crafts from Fiskars
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Folded Greeting Card
By: Einat Kessler
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Tired of boring cards? Use paper crafting techniques to construct a Folded Greeting Card from Einat Kessler. This craft is intricate but suitable for beginners.
- Double-sided cardstock
- Embellishments
- Cut a double sided cardstock 12" by 5.5".
- Make 4 folds at 2", 4", 8", 10"
- Turn the cardstock and make 2 cuts at 1.5" and 4". Cut only from the first fold to the last fold.
- Fold the card, starting from the left: first fold – mountain (out), second fold – valley (in), then mountain again and end with a valley fold.
- Change two of the folds: the inner second fold turns out and the third fold turns in.
- Now you have the basic card and you need to embellish it. Cut 2 sets of squares: The first set 1/4 of an inch smaller than each section (orange on my card). That would be the bottom layer. On top of it the second set of squares will be 1/2 of an inch smaller (stripes, yellow and green on my card).
- Add embellishments and sentiment.
- My card is in Hebrew and opens from right to left, as seen in the photo. the instructions are for a card that opens from left to right. if you want the Hebrew version, change the order of the folds and start with a valley fold. change the inner folds accordingly.
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For those who like this card but need further instructions, you might check out You Tube for "shutter" cards. There are several tutorials you can find!
I have seen this card made by others, but I think this is one of the most dramatic ones I've come across. Very nicely done!
Is there a way that you can adjust it to fit a regular long envelope?
I love this; however, step # 6 is confusing with the picture. Can you clarify?
WOW...and to think I made this card WAY, WAY before I saw this tutorial! I made it for Christmas and for birthdays a couple of years ago. It's a GREAT pattern - my sister loved it, and her granddaughter got interested in cardmaking from looking at it. Thanks so much for sharing it!
Nice! I did a test run on a plain sheet of paper - looks neat!
Nice card, It is not very nice to hold us a bone and we cannot eat them. please show us how to fold. Thanks
Is there a way we can see the second picture? The visual will help me to construct the card correctly.
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Our new devotional "If God Loves Me, Why Did I Lose My Job?" explores the struggle of unemployment. Sign up here.
1:7 some who trouble. Probably Jewish Christians from Jerusalem who insisted that Gentiles must not only believe in Jesus Christ but must also accept circumcision and thereby become Jews (2:3–5, 12; 6:12, 13). Various shades of this idea were widespread among early Jewish Christians (Acts 15:1; 21:20, 21; Phil. 3:2, 3).


text: Bing teams with Klout to enhance social search Published on October 01, 2012. 0 Reprints Reprints Ad Age LookBook Weekly Feature An Ad Tech Glossary: Must-Know Terms, If You're Looking for An Ad-Tech Partner Learn more Redmond, Wash.—Microsoft Corp.'s Bing search engine has formed a partnership with social analytics company Klout Inc. to highlight the social influence of contacts found through search queries on both platforms. According to the Bing blog, Klout social influencer data, scores and topics these influencers specialize in will appear in Bing's People Who Know sidebar. In return, Bing will provide Klout with additional data to augment its own search function, including how often a person shows up in Bing's sidebar. In this article: BtoB Advertisement Read These Next Tumblr's First CMO Stephanie Dolgins Will Also Oversee Its Media Deals Tim Peterson on 03.30.2015 111 0 Chevy Liked Its Truck Effort So Much, It's Taking It National Mike Colias on 03.30.2015 65 1 L'Oreal's Chief Digital Officer on Programmatic Plans, Startups and Org Charts Jack Neff on 03.30.2015 625 2 Comments (0)


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Dr. Shane S. Young, MD
Family Medicine
- 3336 S Pioneer Pkwy Ste 201
West Valley City, UT 84120
- 2 Locations
- (801) 250-9638
Dr. Shane S. Young graduated from the Universidad Autu00F3noma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico in 2002. He works in West Valley City, UT and 1 other location and specializes in Family Medicine. Dr. Young is affiliated with Intermountain Medical Center and Pioneer Valley Hospital. He speaks English and Spanish.
Gender: Male
Languages Spoken: English, Spanish
Family Medicine
Medical School: Universidad Autu00F3noma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Graduated 2002
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


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Inflamed Optic Nerve And Hiv
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Get the Facts
Women and HIV/AIDS...HIV-negative women: Some vaginal infections (including yeast infections) Bacterial vaginosis Common sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), such as gonorrhea, Chlamydia, andtrichomoniasis Genital herpes Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) Although little conclusive research is available on HIV and menstruation, many HIV+ women report abnormal menstrual periods. Somehave excessive bleeding while others stop...
Ask the Experts
Bat vision non CMVHello, I was diagnosed HIV positive last year (2008) due to a strange blindness. A few months prior to HIV diagnosis, I developed a spot of missing Vision on my left eye (periph). A few months later I lost all peripheral vision in both eyes. At...
Response from Mark Holodniy, M.D., F.A.C.P., C.I.C.
Stanford University, School of Medicine...opportunistic infections. But given the bland nature of what you describe in the eye and vitreous (eye fluid) (i.e., a lack of inflammatory response) this seems unlikely. I wish I had a better response, but it sounds like the optholmologist has... Read more »
HIV and liver inflamationMy CD4 = 410, Viral Load = 35000. Mild rashes once in a while, ALT and AST are extremely high. ALT = 430 (acute liver inflamation), high cholesterol, glucose level almost over the board (diabetes) and etc... I haven't start my medication. What...
Response from Barbara McGovern, M.D.
Tufts University School of MedicineIf your liver tests are high before starting medication, I would certainly want further evaluation of what is causing this significant ALT elevation...If you are overweight, then with the high cholesterol, high glucose...I would be concerned about... Read more »
Vocal chord inflamation the result of HIV?Hi Doctor Bob -- I was very intrigued by your recent article on inflammation. I'm an HIV-positive singer/songwriter taking Viramune and Truvada -- undetectable since shortly after starting meds about two years ago, and my t-cells are climbing...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...inflammation associated with HIV. However, that certainly doesn't mean it doesn't exist. That you responded so well to the potent anti-inflammatory effects of the oral steroids certainly strongly suggests your cords were indeed inflamed by... Read more »
Confused about the swiss studyI discussed with my doctor about the swiss study which claims that in a monogamous serodiscordant and straight relationship with the infected partner on treatment and with an undetectable viral load the use of a condom is no more imperative. He...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...Study" repeatedly in this forum. My assessment has not changed. Unprotected sex between magnetic couples remains a risk for HIV transmission, even when the HIV plasma viral load has been suppressed to undetectable levels. Regarding natural... Read more »
Peripheral Neuropathy and HIV/AIDS...Have PN? PN Treatments Finding Support References What Is Peripheral Neuropathy? Approximately 60 percent of HIV+ people will develop problems that involvethe nervous system. The nervous system controls thinking, movement,... Read more »
How to Spot HIV/AIDS Fraud... What Is HIV/AIDS Fraud? Warning Signs of an HIV Fraud Common Sense About Unproven Treatments Questions You Should Ask Take Your Read more »
Diabetes and HIV/AIDS...Tests Who Is at Risk for Diabetes? What Problems Can Diabetes Cause? How Are Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes Treated? HIV and Diabetes Taking Care of Yourself What Is Diabetes? Diabetes and pre-diabetes are serious conditions in... Read more »
What Are the Symptoms of HIV and AIDS?... When it comes to the symptoms of HIV/AIDS, there are three major points to keep in mind: There's a big difference between the symptoms of HIV and the symptoms of Read more »
Connect With Others
HIV Optic Neuropathy
Posted by toper3...Has anyone hear of this Eye condition? Has anyone ever had problems with there eyes as a result of HIV??--after ruling out EVERYTHING ELSE Read more »
Am I Infected
Posted by delhiguy, 3 Replies...Symptoms Included: Feverish Feeling (But NO FEVER) Dizziness along with HOT and Cold Flushes (Throughout the 3rd Week) Abdominal Inflammation with Pain(Continued from Later half of 3rd Week till the end of 3rd week) Diarrhea (for last 2 days of... Read more »
Im new and want friends!=)
Posted by chula93, 1 Reply...hey! i am new here. I have had HIV all my life. i was born with it. Anyway, i thought it would be nice to talk to other people. Dame un mesaje si tu quieres=) Read more »
Posted by LostNconfused, 5 Replies...panic of something happening to me, such as a car crash, heart attack, even murder but I'm sure all our minds were far off from HIV. She said if she ever lost me, she would join me. That scares me the most. And she now has a 4 mo. old baby she... Read more »
Resource Centers
Guides for People With HIV


text: Tara Billinger (left) and Kali Fontecchio star as endlessly amused aliens in Gigglers, which premiered at Channel 101 in May 2011. Via Channel 101 hide caption itoggle caption Via Channel 101 Channel 101 Contest Eases Amateurs Into Hollywood June 15, 2011 Once a month, DIY media makers gather in Los Angeles to watch each other's TV minishows, then vote for the best. The underground event is called Channel 101 and the goal is to win enough audience votes to be invited back for another screening. Listen Loading… Download Playlist


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This job posting is no longer available on Indeed.
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Growing Family Dental Practice looking for an EXPERIENCED full or part-time dental assistant. The office works Monday-Thursday. One Saturday a month is required. We are located in Clawson. The office is fast paced, applicant must be able to multi-task, must be dependable, responsible, and motivated to succeed. Experience with digital xray is a plus. Serious inquiries only please call 248-435-0110, Ask for Marcey.
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Mid-20's accountant from Canada - love traveling, music, and trying new things.
Gerry has completed online and offline ID verification.
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It was truly a pleasure to host Gerry! He was very friendly and nice! He also left the room clean and tidy!
very pleasant guests highly recommended .


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Goeun Park: Childhood fears grow to adult size
In elementary school, my friends and I whispered to each other the most fantastic horror stories in the middle of the night.
We'd gather around a flashlight and squeal about headless woodland animals, vengeful ghost-children and spiteful souls — the usual supernatural terrors.
We were a paranoid bunch.
At least, I was. I was a screamer, a crier. I was hysteria contained in four feet. I jumped at my own shadow and twisted simple coincidences into bad omens.
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This article is part of the Seeking Alpha PRO subscriber-only research library, which covers more than 3,800 companies. Click here for more on subscribing to Seeking Alpha PRO.
Crimson Wine Group: You Can Buy The Wine For A 20% Discount, But Not The Stock.
Sep. 1, 2013 1:53 PM ET | About: Crimson Wine Group Ltd. (CWGL), Includes: WVVI This article is now exclusive for PRO subscribers.


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Woodlore — School of Wilderness Bushcraft
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DSS Welcome. No Deposit Needed. 2 Bed Flat Faifley, Clydebank
DSS Most Welcome. No Deposit, No Credit Checks & No Top-Ups Unfurnished 2 Bedroom Top Floor Flat in Orbiston Place, Faifley, Clydebank The rent is set at the 2 bedroom LHA rate for this area, so no top-ups need to be paid if you are entitled
- Agency
- Date available: 04 Sep 2014
- Flat
- 2 Beds


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Okay this build is probably going to take awhile but I wanted to get started that way I can get advice as I go. I am starting with an Asok budget Boba helmet. The trick to this is this helmet started as someone else's custom mando build that fell off a shelf. So since the dent was gone my thought to do it up as an ESB display piece went out the window. On top of the dent being filled the helmet has a few cracks, luckily the vast majority of them are in the cold cast layer so the base is fairly solid.
here is the helmet as I received it.
1. front view- bodo work had been started here. Dent was actually cut out of the helmet.
2.back view- no major problems on the back itself
3. left side - as you can see this side has some heavy damage and there are chunks of the cold cast layer missing.
4.Right Side- this is after a little sanding has been done. Note there is a chunk missing from the range finder area.
5. Inside view - this is the one crack that has me worried.
6. This is the goal of this project


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Jamie Sanders went to the grocery store in the aftermath of superstorm Sandy with good intentions. Cucumbers and apples were on her list.
But her local supermarket hadn't gotten any new supplies — and with the prospect of working in her Upper East Side apartment for several days ahead, she joined the hordes of East Coast residents holed up in their homes who found comfort in the bottom of a crinkly bag, a brightly colored box or a perfect pint-sized cardboard container.


text:
I am always thinking about food, seriously, just ask my wife.
Member since February 8, 2010
Seattle, Washington
New York, NY
Tampa, FL
Ridgewood, NY
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