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Welcome to the 16th Sket Dance report! I'm Taka of Team W.I.K.I. Nation with another review of this week's Sket Dance. Last time, I said we do a biweekly report for everything, but I'll do that next week.
For those who do not know my team, they are
This week's Sket Dance episode is pretty awesome and damn more hilarious than the last two episodes because it's all about Bossun and Sasuke. Also, we get a bonus story called Biscuit Dance - Sensei's Favorite. It's another adorable story with the toddlers.
Don't forget to check out rad gallery of images for episode 40! We also have new Trivia Questions for everyone!
After a lovely flower scene is wilted away when Bossun and Sasuke fight, they both learn from Takaaki Uchida about an extortionist who has been picking students and taking their cash. Sasuke and Bossun do a little stake out to confront the punk, yet they bump into each other. Will the two ever get along to take out the scumbag?
Beware of Spoilers!
*Since there are so many hilarious scenes, I pick these three to be the highlights. What are your favorite scenes?
I love how the toddlers look cute and the art style. Plus, Daisy is a bit of a tsundere which adds to the cuteness. The ending is a great surprise.
I thank you guys for reading my team's report, and I thank my team for working hard to support this community. Please check out the community spotlight by FoxxFireArt and the wiki vitae list for Sket Dance to see our progress for the wiki project. This week, we finished episode 40's wiki page except for the anime/manga differences. I have to find the manga story equivalent.
Team W.I.K.I. Nation
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|Key Info
If you looking for quality and luxury design this 1room studio apartment with lovely balcony, big bath tub "jakuzzi", air conditioner, satellite and free Wi-Fi- is the very best choice.
This spacious fully furnished apartment is situated only 1 minute away (by walk ) from famous Khreshchatik street and Independence Square– on Zan'kovets'koi St, 4 (this area names Khreshchatik passage) in prestigious historic building with elevator, high ceilings and central heating. Downstairs 24/7 security guard is present.
The accommodation is surrounded by numerous boutiques, restaurants, pubs and nightclubs. Moreover thanks to the central location to business districts and main tourist attractions this accommodation is perfect choice for all types of travelers. The flat is made according to contemporary standards. It`s design provides maximum space and comfort. Harmonious special details creates pleasant atmosphere. Big windows provide plenty of day light in this uncluttered spacious apartment.
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In the bedroom there are queen-size bed with an orthopedic mattress and 2 nice night tables. In front of the bed there is a TV with satellite (due to it there are many local and international channels).
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Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Feb. 16, 1937. w. H. CAROTHERS 2,071,250
LINEAR CONDENSATION POLYMERS Filed July 3, 1951 h/a/lace H. Carat/lens. 3mm
Patented Feb. 16', 1937 TUNIT-EDITSTATES i PATENT OFFICE 2,071,250 LINEAR. CONDENSATION POLYMERS Wallace H. Carothers, Pennsbury Township, Chester County, Pa., assignor to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Del., a
corporation of Delaware Application July 3, 1931, Serial No. 548,70
2:; Claims. (01. 260 -106) This invention relates to the preparationof high molecular weight linear superpolymers having unusual. and valuable properties, and more particularly it relates to the production of fibres.
from synthetic materials, and to a new method of propagating chemical reactions; v
Linear condensation polymers of various types, particularly linear polyesters, have been described in the scientific and patent literature (Carothers m and Arvin, J.[Am. Chem; Soc. 51, 2560 (1929);
Carothers and Van Natta, ibid 52, 314. (1930);
Lycan and Adams, ibid., 51, 3450 (1929), and in the applications of Wallace H. Carothers, Serial vNumbers 382,843 now Patent No.2,012,267 and 406,721 now Patent No. 1,995,291 filed August 1, 1929 and November I, 12,. 1929, respectively).
Through thev application of the, principles set forth in these citations, linear polyesters of moderately high molecular weight have been obtained. Thus, if ethylene glycol and succinic acid in equivalent amounts are heated together in a 3 molecular weight together with water, unchanged succinic acid, and unchanged glycol. If the same an apparent limit has been reached, and so far I 253-281 (1920).) So far as I am aware,-no synclosed container one obtains a mixture in the form of a liquid or pasty mass which is partly composed of polymeric ethylene succinate of low reactants are heated in a distilling flask arranged so that the water can distill out of the re-. action mixture as fast as it is formed, practically all the succinic acid and glycol are finally used up and the product consists of polymeric ethylene succinate having a molecular. weight of about 1500. If the heating of this product. is continued.
' in the distilling flask under vacuum its molecular weight finally rises to about 3000. At. this stage as I am aware no linear condensation polymers having the same unique properties and having an average molecular weight as high as my new compounds have ever been prepared hitherto.
The synthetic linearcondensation superpoly mers produced in accordance with the present invention are suitable for the production of artificial fibres which are pliable,strong, and elastic and which show a high degree of orientation along the fibre axis.
searches have proved, are also linearsuperpoly mers. (Meyer, Biochemische Zeitschrift, 214:,
thctic material has hitherto been prepared which is capable/of being formed'into fibres showing appreciable strength and pliability, definite orientation along the fibre axis, and high elastic re- 55 covery in the manner characteristic of the pres- In this respect they resemblc cellulose and silk which, as recent. re-
ent invention. It is true that Staudinger has frequently emphasized the probable structural analogy between polyoxymethylene and cellulose, and he has shown (Z. Krist. 70, 193 (1929)) that it is possible to obtain polyoxymethylene in the form of oriented fibres, but these fibres are only a few millimetres in length andthey are very fragile- It is true also that threads or filaments can be drawn from any tough thermoplastic resin, and BritishPatent'303,867 (French equivalent 667,077) disclosesa process for making artificial silk in which a condensation product of a polyhydric alcohol and a polybasic acid or its anhydride is employed as a raw material. British' Patent 305,468 discloses a process for making synthetic fibres from a urea-formaldehyde resin. But there is nothing in the disclosures of these references to indicate that the filaments or fibres are sufilciently strong or pliable to have any utility, and insofar as I am able to ascertain, filaments or fibres'produced in accordance with the disclosures of these patents do not have any useful degree of pliability, strength, or elasticity.
Before considering in detail the objects of the -etc.). Examples are: esterification, I
ether formation,
R, OH+HO-R' R0-R' +1120; anhydride formation,
Condensation polymers arecompounds formed by the mutual condensation of a number of (functionally) similar molecules to form a single molecule.
cules are long chains builtup from repeating Linear polymers are compounds whose moleunits. This type of structure may be symbolized by the general formula (a) Polyesters formed by the intermolecular selfesterification of hydroxy acids, I-IORCOOH+HORCOOH (b) Polyesters formed by the action of dibasic acids on dihydric alcohols, n HOOC-R-COOH+ (n +1) HO-R'--- OH HO-R'O-(COR--COO R'-O)nH+H20, etc.;
(0) Polyamides derived from esters of amino It may be observed that each of these starting compounds contains two (and only two) functional groups capable of participating in the condensation. I call such compounds bifunctional compounds, and their reactions bifunctional reactions. My invention is concerned not with polyfunctional condensations generally, but only with bifunctional condensations. This restriction is necessary since the presence of more than two functional groups in any of the reacting compounds introduces the possibility of developing a three-dimensional polymeric structure; and this involves a. complication with which my invention is not concerned.
It is a characteristic feature of .bifunctional condensations, such as those exemplified in the general equations (a), (b), c), (d) and (e), that they present the formal possibility of producing molecules of infinite length. Thus the self-esterification of ten molecules of hydroxy acid, HO-R-CO-OH would lead to the formation of the polyester,
be expected to interrupt this progressive coupling before the molecules have grown to' any very great length. The following may be mentioned:
(1) Reaction may be intramolecular at some stage (i. e., it may lead to the formation of a ring).
(2) The terminal functional groups responsible for the progressive coupling may be lostor mutilated through side reactions LAW (3) Mechanical factors such as solubility and kinetic effects may come into play.
I have devoted considerable study, to reactions of the type defined above as bifunctional condensations and have discovered the following facts: Such reactions are usually exclusively intermolecular at every stage, and the terminal groups responsible for the initial reaction are still present at the ends of the product molecule. Interruption of the progressive coupling through intramolecular reaction (ring formation) occurs generally only through the formation of 5-atom rings, less frequently through the formation of rings of Gatoms, and rarely through the formation ofrings of '7 or 3 atoms. The loss or mutilation of terminal groups'through side reaction occurs only when patently inappropriate experimental conditions are adopted. Thus in most cases there is nothing theoretically 'to' preclude the possibility of producing exceedingly long molecules in bifunctional condensations.
It is well known that reactions such as esterification, ester interchange, amide formation, etherification, anhydride formation or acetal formation are reversible reactions, and that such reactions can be forced to completion by the separation' of the reaction products as they are formed. But from the facts outlined above it follows that if the reversible reaction isa bifunctional condensation, the degree of completeness of the reaction will regulate the size of the molecule in the polymeric product; the more nearly complete the reaction, the longer the molecule; and the reaction can be absolutely complete only'when the product molecule is infinitely long. According to the present invention reacactions of this type are brought to a degree of completeness heretofore unknown.
Ihis invention has as an object the preparation of linear condensation superpolymers, and
by this I mean linear condensation polymers capable of being formed into useful fibres. A second object is the manufacture of synthetic fibres. A third object resides in a method of propagating reversible chemical reactions involving the simultaneous formation of volatile and non-volatile products.
The first of these objects, briefly expressed, is accomplished by subjecting the linear polymers resulting from reversible bifunctional condensations to the action of heat under conditions which particularly facilitate the removal of any possible volatile reaction products. The second of these objects is accomplished by spinning or drawing filaments from a synthetic linear condensation superpolymer. The third object is accomplished by utilizing a molecular still, for removing the volatile product or products of a reaction where their effective vapor pressure is too low to be removed'by the usual distillation technique and where the non-volatile product is substantially completely non-volatile.
It may be observed that the results described herein furnish a very satisfactory verification of my theory. It is to be understood, however, that I do not desire the claims to be limited thereby inasmuch as the theory has been presented in detailmerely to make clear the nature of the invention and especially to explain the terminology used in describing it.
.For a more complete understanding of the .na
ture of theinvention and the method of carrying ii out reference may be had to the following cmuparison of the properties and methods of production of a known linear condensation polymer with my new linear condensation superpolymer made from thesame materials.
It has already been mentioned that the polyester. ethylene succinate, can be obtained by heating together succinic acid and ethylene glycol. and if the heating is finally carried out in a. good vacuum the polyester finally obtained has a molecular weight of about 3000. This material is a brittle, opaque solid which melts at about 100 C. to a very viscous liquid; it dissolves readily in certain solvents (e. g., chloroform) and can be precipitated or crystallized in the form of a dusty, white powder (microcrystalline). This material has very little utility as such. In the massive form it is rather fragile, weak, and brittle.
But now according to the present invention 1 further reaction (esterification or ester interchange) and at the same time cause a very complete and effective removal of any possible volatile products. For example, I heat this polyester at 200 C. in a molecular still, more specifically referred to hereinafter, for several days. A small amount of volatile material is removed, and the polyester which remains as a residue is found to have a much higher molecular weight (considerably higher than 10,000). It is my theory that this effect is due to a continuation of the initial bifunctional coupling, i. e., the terminal groups of the initial polyester molecules react with each other to produce still longer molecules. In any event it is a fact that the new product although it closely resembles the initial polyester in its analytical composition and chemical behavior, nevertheless differs profoundly from the initial polyester in its physical properties.
The new superpolyester is an exceedingly strong, tough, and flexible mass. It is opaque and on being heated to about 100 C. it melts, i. e., it becomes transparent, but the molten mass at this temperature is so viscous that it shows no tendency to flow. When brought into contact with solvents this material imbibes solvent and swells before dissolving, and finally yields highly viscous solutions. But the most remarkable property of the new superpolymer is its' capacity to be drawn out into fibres or threads which are pliable and strong and which have a high elastic recovery and which show evidence of a high degree of orientation along the fibre axis.
The molecular still which is referred to above, and is more fully described below, consists essentially in a highly evacuated vessel provided 'with a condenser placed at a. distance from the evaporating surface less than the mean free path of the evaporating molecules. It is to be observed that in molecular distillation, where arrangements are made for the capture of most of the escaping molecules in their first free paths, which in the specific instance above has been carried out by means of a molecular still for the production of the ethylene succinate superpolymer, the situation is radically different from ordinary distillation where the removal of the escaping molecules depends upon an appreciable vapor pressure, (as in the preparation of the known polyester ethylene succinate referred to ouent stream of vapor from the distilling surface sufficient to prevent return. Ordinary distillation thus fails as a means of displacing equilibria when the vapor pressure of the distilling substance falls to a value below that necessary to maintain a continuous stream of vapor. When this condition obtains the situation is that of a dynamic equilibrium where as many molecules are reflected back by collision and reenter the evaporating surface as escape from it. Under these conditions equilibrium will be displaced only by the relatively slow process of diifusion of the volatile product or products to a part of the apparatus from which return is impossible. When molecular distillation is carried out with a molecular still, the distillation is conducted under very low pressure with a condenser so arranged that the distance from the distilling surface to the condenser is less than the mean free path of the distilling molecules at the pressure and. temperature used. Under these conditions any molecule escaping from the distilling surface enjoys a very high probability of reaching the condenser without collision with another molecule. The condenser is maintained at such a temperature that the escaping tendency of the molecules of the distillate is negligible. A convenient form of molecular still consists of a tube or vessel in the bottom of which the distilling substance is heated, and a second tube fitting tightly into the neck of the first tube and extending therein so that the bottom of the second tube which forms the condensing surface is within the required distance from the distilling surface, provision being had for the presence of a cooling medium in the second tube and for the application of vacuum to the chamber formed by the internal walls of the first tube and the external walls of the second tube.
Apparatus useful in carrying out my invention'is illustrated in the accompanying drawing in which the single figure illustrates a form of molecular still.
In the drawing, the numeral lindicatesa spherical glass vessel closed with a stopper. 6 through which passes the neck 3 of \the condenser element 2. The condenser element 2 is provided with outlet and inlet tubes 4 and 5 for circulation of water or other cooling fluid. Leading into the spherical glass vessel 1 through the tubular portion H is a glass supporting member which carries lead wires from a suitable source of electric current to the heating element 8. The numeral 1 indicates a dish which is heated by the element 8 and which is used for holding materials from which volatile products are to be removed. The tubular portion H is provided with a tube 12 for application to a source of vacuum and with a stopper ll fitting snugly around the lower end of the member 9.
For the successful operation of molecular distillation the following conditions -must be fulfilled:
(l) The reaction mixture must be maintained at a temperature at which the rate of reaction is appreciable and the volatile product to be removed has a significant vapor pressure (10- mm. or above).
(2) The condenser must be maintained at a temperature at which the volatile product will have a negligible-vapor pressure.
(3) The pressure must be sufliciently low to render the mean free path of the distilling molethe evaporating surface to the condenser. r
The methodis or course veryflexible. temperature of both the reacting mixture and the condenser may be varied over a very wide range. The expressiorrifmean free path used herein is employed in the usual sense and may be defined as th'mean distance traveled by a molecule between successive collisions with other molecules. The value of the mean free path (L) in centimeters is given by the following formula:
r: T L 1235M? where n is the viscosity in c. g. s. units, 9 the pressure in mm; T the absolute temperature, and M the molecular weight. The following table gives values of the mean free path of mercury at various pressures at 0 C.
Pressure M. F. P.
em. 0. 75X10- mm. 0! Hg 3. 24 0. 75x10" 32. 4 0. 75x10 324.
The values for other substances will, in general, be different but of the same order of magnitude. It is advantageous to arrange the condenser at a shorter distance from the evaporating surface than the higher values of the mean free path of mercury given above, ordinarily less than 10 centimeters. The maximum distance that the condensing surface may be placed from the distilling substance depends upon the pressure used. The permissible distance is greater at very low pressures and in some instances may be as high as 20 centimeters.
While molecular distillation is not new per se as disclosed by the following references: Washburn, Bureau of Standards Journal of Research 2, 4'76, (1929); Burch, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 123, 271, (1929); Bronsted and Hevesy, Phil. Mag. 43, 31 (1922); and Synthetic Organic Chemicals, Eastman Kodak Co., Bulletin, Vol. II, No. 3, Feb. 1929, molecular distillation has heretofore been applied to processes involving nothing more than the separation of substances by distillation, as the separation of the isotopes of mercury, and not for the purpose of propagating chemical reactions and more particularly reversible reactions involving the simultaneous formation of volatile and non-volatile products. The principle of mass action, i. e., that when two reactants A and B react to form C and D in such a way that an equilibrium mixture of A, B, C and D is formed, the reaction may be forced to completion by constantly displacing the equilibrium by continuous removal of either C or D or both, is of course well known. This principle applies equally to reactions where only one or more than two reactants distillation technique and where the non-volatile product is substantially completely non-volatile,
tribution to chemical science. "Ihe is, however, believed to be a new and valuable con- By. conducting such a reaction under the conditions of molecular distillation, any molecules escaping from the reacting mixture are removed with a negligible probability of return, and the equilibrium consequently is irreversibly displaced. By means of the application of these principles in the present invention reversible reactions may be carried to a degree of completion hitherto unknown for the production of various new and valuable products of which the linear condensation superpolymers herein described are examples. I
The following is a more or less typical example of the method of carrying out the invention by means of a molecular still:
Example I Hexadecamethylene dicarboxylic acid and trimethylene glycol (molecular ratio 1:1.2) were heated together first at atmospheric pressure for 3 hours at C. to C. and then under 1 mm. pressure, for 7 hours at 220 C. The brittle, waxy product was crystallized from hot ethyl acetate from which it separated as a microcrystalline powder. A sample of polyester prepared in this manner (average molecular weight ca. 3500) was heated at 200 C. for '7 days in an apparatus arranged with a condenser cooled by circulating tap water 2 cm. above the distilling surface. The pressure was maintained at 10- mm. or below. The reaction proceeded with the accumulation of a small amount of low molecular weight material on the condenser. The polyester before this treatment was a microcrystalline powder; in the mass it was brittle, opaque, and very weak meconsists in heating the polymer in a molecular.
still. It is to be understood, however, that irrespective of the method of preparation my invention includes the entire class of compounds designated by the term synthetic linear condensation superpolymer, since no members of this class have been described or produced hitherto. Among the suitable methods, in addition to the use of the molecular still, by means of which the reaction may be carried out there may be mentioned the passage of an inert gas or an organic vapor through or over the molten polymer with or without the use of reduced pressure to carry away the volatile products. The reaction may also be carried out in a solvent with or without the addition of catalysts with arrangements for distilling and returning the solvent after separating the volatile products of the reaction distilling with it. The purpose may likewise sometimes be effected simply by prolonged heating in a good vacuum, and it is advantageous when using this method to have the material spread out in a thin layer. In certain cases also this purpose may be effected by using powerfully adsorbent materials such as silica gel, absorbent carbon, activated alumina, etc., to bring about the irreversible absorption of the volatile reaction products. The reaction must be carried out at a temperature high enough to make the rate of reaction appreciable but low enough to avoid 2,071,250 I anyfthermal decomposition. The use or tern-Y compounds used should be capableot forming a I peratures over 300 "C. s'is-.notvadvisable'. The
range ISO-259 C. is particularly suitable. Various types of linear polymers can be brought into the superpolymerlc state and the transformation, as in the examples mentioned, is
accompanied by a similarly remarkable change in physical properties. ,I may use, for example, compoundsselected from the following seven classes:
(1) Polyethers derived from dihydrlc alcohols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, hexamethylene glycol, etc., and
prepared either directly from these glycols or from appropriate derivatives of the glycols.
(2) Polyesters derived from hydroxy acids such as lactic acid, ---hydroxydecanoic acid, hydroxycaprolc acid, etc., and prepared either directly from the hydroxy acids or from appropriate derivatives of the hydroxy acids.
(3) Polyesters derived from dibasic acids plus glycols. As acids may be mentioned carbonic,
oxalic, succinic, glutario, adipic, pimelic, sebacic,
hexadecamethylene dicarboxylic phthalic, etc.;
as -glycols)'ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, hexamethylene glycol, decamethylene glycol, etc. The polyesters may be prepared either directly from the acids and the glycols, or they may be prepared from some suitable derivatives of the acid and the glycols.
(4) Polyamides derived from amino acids such as S-aminocaproic acid (NH2(CH2)5COOH), 10- aminoundecanoic acid (NH2(CH2)10COOH), etc. The naming of the amino acids mentioned herein is in accordance with the system of numbering given in Organic Chemistry by Holleman, 7th Edition (1930). By amino acids I mean not only the acids themselves but also derivatives thereof inasmuch as these polyamides may be prepared either directly from the amino acids or from some suitable derivatives of the amino acids.
(5) Polyamides derived from dibasic acids plus diamines. As acids may be mentioned those referred to under (3) above, and as diamines ethylene diamine, trimethylene diamine, propylene diamine, pentamethylene diamine, benzidine, phenylene diamine, etc. By dibasic acids and diamines as used in this classification I mean not only the dibasic acids and diamines themselves but also derivatives thereof inasmuch as the polyamides maybe prepared either directly from the acids plus the diamines or from some suitable derivatives of the acids and the diamines.
(6) Polyanhydrides derived from dibasic acids, such as adlpic acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, hexadecamethylene dicarboxylic acid, etc.
(7) Polyacetals derived from hydroxy aldehydes or hydroxy ketones or from aldehydes plus glycols. As aldehydes may be mentioned acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, etc.
I may also use mixed polymers such as mixed polyester-polyamides prepared by heating together a mixture containing a dibasic acid, a glycol, and a diamine; or a mixture containing both an hydroxy acid and an amino acid, etc. And in general I may use any polymers which result from reversible bifunctional condensations. I may of course also use any of the simple bifunctional compounds from which initial polymers are prepared, since the formation of the superpolymer involves the initial polymer as a necessary intermediate step. The only limitation necessary here is that the simple bifunctional polymer. -Thus,it is" not possible to-prepare a superpolymer from ethylene glycol and diethyl carbonate because, although these are bifunctional compounds, the ester product, ethylene carbonate, is a 5-membered monomeric ring. No polymeric product is formed, and hence no superpolymer can be obtained. On the other hand the higher glycols (tetramethylene, hexamethylene, decamethylene) do react with diethyl carbonate to form polymers (Cf. Carothers application No. 406,721) and superpolymers can be prepared either starting with these polymers or starting directly with the diethyl carbonate and the glycol.
In addition to the examples previously mentioned, the nature of the invention may be further illustrated by the following specific examples:
Example II A sample of the initial ester used in the previous example was heated at 200-250? C. for 32 hours with a current of dry nitrogen bubbling through the molten mass. The viscosity of the molten polymer increased very greatly and the product exhibited the phenomenon of colddrawing.
Eazample III Succinic acid and ethylene glycol (molecular ratio 1: 1.05) were heated together first at atmos-' pheric pressure for 3 hours at 175 C. to 185 C. and then under a good vacuum (less than 1 mm.) for about 3 hours at 200 to 250 C. The product was polymeric ethylene succinate in the form of a hard, brittle wax melting at 103 C. (See Carothers and Arvin, J; Am. Chem. Soc. 51, 2560 (1929); Carothers and Dorough, ibid., 52, 711 (1930) A sample of this polyester was heated for 7 days at 200 C. in a molecular still. The product was a tough, flexible, elastic mass which could be drawn out into elastic, strong, highly oriented fibres- Example IV w-hydroxydecanoic acid was heated at 100 for 10 hours under a moderate vacuum. The product was a non-volatile polyester in the form of a brittle wax. This material was transferred to a molecular still and heated to 200 C. for 7 days. The product was a tough, flexible, elastic polyester. Its apparent average molecular weight was about 25,000, It possessed-the property of cold-drawing", and yielded fibres which were pliable, strong, and elastic.
Example V Sebacic acid was heated under reflux for 5 hours with three times its weight of acetic anhydride. The excess acetic anhydride and the acetic acid formed in the reaction were then removed by distillation under vacuum. The brittle, waxy residue was dissolved in hot, dry benzene and precipitated with petroleum ether. The precipitate was dried in a. vacuum over potassium hydroxide. The product was polymeric sebacic anhydride in the form of adusty powder melting at 79 C. (See Voerman, Rec. trav. chim., 23, 265 (1904) A sample of the product was heated at 200 C. for several days in a molecular still. The product, unlike the initial anhydride, was a strong very tough mass which could readily be drawn into strong, pliable, highly oriented filaments. Since the chemical properties of this final product were identical with those of the initial anhydride, the profound change in physical properties must ,be ascribed to an increase in the degree of polymerization.
Example VI A polymeric amide (molecular weight ca. 1000) obtained by heating 5-aminocaproic acid was heated at 200 C. for 2 days in a molecular still. The product was a hard mass much tougher and more flexible than the initial polymer;
Example VII Example VIII Ethyl sebacate, ethylene diamine, and ethylene glycol (molecular ratio 2:1:1) were heated in a sealed tube. The powdery product from this reaction was heated at 250-300 C. in a molecular still for 5 days. The product was a very hard, tough, opaque mass whichsoftened at 290 C.
Example IX A mixture of w-hydroxydecanoic acid and 5- amino caproic acid (molecular ratio 1:1) was heated first at atmospheric pressure and then at reduced pressure. This material was converted by heating in a moleculaf still for 6 days at 200 C. into a fairly tough, elastic product which yielded fibres on cold-drawing.
Example X Trimethylene glycol, hexadecamethylene dicarboxylic acid, and 5-aminocaproic acid (molecular ratio 1:1:1) were heated together at 200-220 C. in a current of dry nitrogen until no more water was evolved. The mixture was then heated for several hours at 250-260 C. at 1 mm. pressure. The product was heated for 4 days at 200 C. in a molecular still. The product was tough and elastic and yielded strong oriented fibres. It started to soften at about 75 C.
In the following two examples the superpolymers are made by prolonged heating at reduced pressure:
Example XI Trimethylene glycol, hexadecamethylene dicarboxylic acid, and 5-aminocaproic acid (molecular ratio 121:3), were heated first at atmospheric pressure and then at reduced pressure at 200-250 C. for 6 hours. The product was very tough, fiexible, and elastic and yielded oriented fibres. It started to soften at about C.
Example XII One-half mole of sebacic acid and 0.525 mole of ethylene glycol were heated for 4 hours at 1'75200. The mixture was then subjected to heating at 250 for 5 hours at 2 mm. pressure. The product was a hard, brittle wax which was obtained in the form of a powder after crystallization from ethyl acetate. Both the wax and the powder yielded threads which could be drawn when slightly warm into fairly strong, pliable, elastic, highly oriented lustrous fibres.
Linear condensation superpolymers generally difier from ordinary linear condensation polymers in the following respects: they are more viscous when molten; they dissolve more slowly and solution is preceded by swelling; their solutions are more viscous in the massive state they are stronger, tougher, and more pliable; usually they can be drawn out into oriented threads or filaments which are very strong and pliable. The properties of linear condensation superpolymers are determined in part by the nature of the units of which their molecules are composed. The superpolyamides have high melting points and are insoluble in most of the common solvents. On the other hand, superpolyesters are less brittle, they are more readily soluble, and they usually become thermoplastic at temperatures below C.
Mixed polyester-polyamides lie between polyes ters and polyamides in their properties.
The properties which characterize the linear condensation polymers which constitute this invention adapt them to a variety of useful purposes. As mentioned above, those which have the capacity to be drawninto strong, oriented fibres are adapted to be used as artificial silk,
artificial hair bristles, threads, filaments, yarns,
strips, films, bands, and the like. Further, the
polymers of tough and elastic character may be used in plastic and elastic compositions or molding compositions, or as film forming materials. They may also be used as modifying agents for cellulose acetate or other cellulose derivatives.
The compounds covered in this invention may also be used with considerable advantage in paints, varnishes, lacquers and enamels in a number of ways. They may be used as substitutes for the resin constituent, as substitutes for the softener constituent, as substitutes for the total resin plus softener constituents, or as partial substitutes for either the resin constituent or the softener constituent in clear or pigmented lacquer compositions. They may also be used by themselves for the preparation of lacquers along with pigments in the formulation of enamel compositions. They may also be used with other resins, e. g., in mixtures with bakelite, phenol-formaldehyde, and rosin or oil modified polyhydric alcohol-polybasic acid condensation products. These latter condensation products are made, as understood by those skilled in the art, by reacting together with heat treatment a polyhydric alcohol suc h as glycerol; a polybasic acid, such as plithalic acidi"rosin; and/or a fatty oil, such as linseed oil, or the corresponding amount of oil acids. Use of the compounds disclosed in this invention in lacquer and enamel compositions imparts marked improvements in toughness, adhesion and flexibility characteristics without any appreciable sacrifice in other characteristics such as drying qualities, hardness, water resistance, thermoplasticity, and solids content. Since these compounds function as toughening and fiexibillzing agents, and since there is no chemical change in these compositions on aging, they contribute to systems in which they are used considerably improved retention of flexibility and consequentthe composition disclosed in this invention may be used either alone, in combination with cellulose derivatives such as cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, ethyl cellulose and benzyl cellulose; in combination with natural resins such as rosin, damar, Congo, Pontianac and Manila gums; along with synthetic-resins such-phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, acetone-formaldehyde, and polyhydric alcohol-polybasic acid condensation products; and in combinations with softeners such as triacetin, triphenyl phosphate, dibutyl phthalate, tricresyl phosphate, cellosolve stearate, acetyllaurin, as well as castor oil, cottonseed oil, and other vegetable oils. I
- An especially valuable and remarkable property of the synthetic compounds of the present invention resides in their capacity to be drawn into strong, flexible fibres which are in some respects, especially in their elastic properties and high ratio of wet strength to dry strength, superior to any artificial fibres that have been prepared hitherto. This capacity appears to depend upon the extraordinary facility with which the polymers of this invention accept a very highdegree of permanent orientation under. the action of mechanical stress. In the massive state at ordinary temperatures these condensation polymers are generally tough, opaque masses. The opacity is associated with a certain degree of microscopic or sub-microscopic crystallinity since the materials when examined by the usual X-ray methods furnish powder diffraction patterns and since on being heated the opacity completely dis,- appears at a definite temperature. Except in those instances in which the melting point of the polymers lies so high that melting is accompanied by decomposition threadsof these polymers are readily obtained by touching a molten specimen ability and are somewhat fragile.
with a rod and drawing the rod away. When this drawing is done very slowing the threads closely resemble the mass from which they were drawn, that is, they are opaque and show the same melting point as before. Very fine threads prepared in this way are frequently lacking in pli- However, if such threads are subjected to stretching at ordinary or slightly elevated temperatures they are profoundly changed in their physical properties. The stretching results in a permanent elongation; the original thread first separates into two sections joined by a thinner transparent section, and as the stretching continues this transparent section grows until the opaque sections are completely exhausted. The fibre produced in this way is very muchstronger than the thread from which it was drawn. It is also more pliable and elastic. Its melting point is changed and its transparency and luster increased. It exhibits a high degree of birefringence and parallel extinction between crossed Nicols prisms and furnishes a typical oriented fibre diagram when examined by X-ray methods in the usual way. This method of imparting new properties to the polymers is or spinnerette. Thus, I may prepare a solution of I the polymer either alone or together with another grams per denier and probably higher. tenacity is at least equal to the dry tenacity. The
fibreforming material such as cellulose derivatives,e. g., cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, etc. in a solvent such as chloroform and extrude the solution through a fine nozzle or spinnerette into a chamber maintained at elevated temperature to accelerate the evaporation of the Such-a solution instead of being spun solvent. into a chamber containing air may also be spun directly into a liquid capable of dissolving the I solvent but not the polymer. In a similar manner many of the polymers of this invention can be spun directly in the molten state from a spinneret maintained at a suitably elevated temperature. In this case, no arrangements are necessary to provide for the. removal of solvent. Whatever method is used for spinning the fibres, it is necessary to finally submit the threads to the" action of, mechanical stress or stretching to produce the high orientation which is associated with a high degree of strength, pliability and elasticity.
series of staggered pins in a zig-zag fashion; or
it can be passed around a series of rollers where it is made to do work progressively on these rollers; or one can use any other means which are ordinarily associated with what is known in the spinning industry as methods for producing tension-spun threads or filaments. In a similar manner films, bands, strips, and the like can be formed and subjected to mechanical stretching toproduce the orientation, strength and other desirable properties already indicated.
It has already been mentioned that the fibres prepared from the materials of this invention not only have a high degree of strength, pliability and luster but they are superior to any artificial fibres known hitherto in the fact that their wet strength is substantially equal to their dry strength and in the fact that their elastic recovery resembles that of natural silk and in certain instances is even better than natural silk. A further unique property of the polymers of the present invention lies in the fact that it is possible to spin them in the form of exceedingly fine filaments. Thus it is easily possible to spin filaments as fine as V;
denier or even less and these fibres have very good properties.
The fibres produced in accordance with the following example are typical of those which can be made from the polymers disclosed in this-invention:
Example XIII The superpolymer prepared from the polyester of trimethylene glycol and hexadecamethylene dicarboxylic acid as described injExample I was dissolved in chloroform to form a solution containing 23% by weight of the polymer. The solution was extruded through a spinnerette with 0.0045 inch holes into a chamber heated to about C. The resulting fibres, after stretching or cold-drawing to the fullest extent were subjected to physical tests which yielded the following information. The dry tenacity is at least 1.1 The wet luster is good, resembling silk. The pliability is also very remarkable. It ispossible to tie hard knots in the fibre'without producing any noticeable diminution in tenacity. The fibres show very remarkable elastic recovery (true elasticity) both wet and dry, being in this respect vastly superior to rayon and, in certain instances, equal to or even better thannatural silk.
The remarkable elastic recovery characteristics of this product may be seen by a comparison of it with samples of viscose rayon and natural silk. A sample of ordinary viscose rayon was stretched 4% and held there for 1 minute after which the load was removed. In one minute it had recovered 28% of the extension. Fibres of the superpolymer submitted to the same test recovered89% in the same time. The values for wet fibres in the same test were 59% for the viscose rayon and 99% for the artificial fibre. A sample of natural silk recovered 56 dry and 50% wet.
Examples of other superpolymers which have been observed'to exhibit the property of colddrawing and the capacity to be formed into oriented fibres are those derived from: (1) polyesters derived from dibasic acids plus glycols, as ethylene succinate and ethylene sebacate in Examples III and XII; (2) polyesters derived from hydroxyacids, as w-hydroxydecanoic acid in Example IV; (3) polyanhydrides derived from dibasic acids, as polymeric sebacic anhydride in Example V; (4) mixed polymers, as w-hydroxydecanoic acid plus .5-aminocaproic acid in Example IX and trimethylene glycol plus hexadecamethylene dicarboxylic acid plus 5-aminocaproic acid in Examples IX and XI.
When selecting superpolymers for fibreformation those superpolymers should be chosen which are sufficiently soluble in some solvent to give a solution which can be spun or sufficiently thermoplastic at some temperature below their decom position temperatures to be drawn into fibres. In this connection it should be mentioned that polyamides are very much less soluble than polyesters, but they can usually be dissolved in hot phenol or hot forma'mide.
From the foregoing it will be seen that I have produced new compounds having unique properties not possessed bythe compounds from which they are prepared. The production of artificial fibres as disclosed herein through the actual synthesis of the materials from which the fibres are made is to be sharply distinguished from the manufacture of fibres (as for instance artificial silk from cellulose) from materials in which the fibre-forming molecules simply serve as the initial raw material and are not produced by synthesis. The present invention may, therefore, be regarded as the first step in the art of preparing synthetic materials suitable for making useful artificial fibres, an art, which in the sense of the present invention, has hitherto been non-existent.
As many apparently widely different embodiments of this invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, it is to be understood that I do not limit myself to the specific embodiments thereof except as defined in functional compounds and having an average molecular weight not less than 10,000.
3. A synthetic linear condensation polymer capable of being drawn into fibres showing by characteristic X-ray patterns orientation along the fibre axis, said polymer being obtainable by condensation reaction between bifunctional compounds.
'4. A synthetic linear condensation polymer which is crystalline and fusible without decomposition and having an average molecular weight not less than 10,000.
5. A synthetic linear condensation polymer capable of being drawn from a melt thereof into fibres showing by characteristic X-ray patterns orientation along the fibre axis.
6. A synthetic linear condensation polymer which is fusible without decomposition and which is capable of being drawn into long, tough, flexible fibres showing permanent orientation along the fibre axis, said polymer in its massive state exhibiting a crystalline structure under X-ray examination.
'7. A synthetic linear condensation polymer capable of being cold drawn into oriented fibres exhibiting birefringence. with parallel extinction between crossed Nicols prisms and exhibiting characteristic fibre X-ray patterns.
8. A synthetic linear condensation polymer capable of being formed into fibres showing by characteristic X-ray patterns orientation along the fibre axis, the material comprising said polymer being selected from polymerized materials of the following classes: polyethers, polyesters, poly- Y molecular weight of said polymer is at least 10. A process which comprises carrying out bifunctional condensations under conditions which particularly facilitate the removal of volatile product from said condensation and continuing such removal of volatile product while maintaining the condensation reaction conditions until the condensation product is capable of being drawn into a continuous filament which is further capable of being cold drawn with simultaneous increase in strength and elasticity.
11. A process of producing linear condensation superpolymers which comprises maintaining a linear condensation polymer under reduced pressure and at a temperature at which the volatile product evolved from said polymer has a vapor pressure of at least 10- mm., placing a condenser within the mean free-path of the molecules of said evolved volatile product and maintaining said condenser at a temperature at which said volatile product has a negligible vapor pressure, and continuing the removal of said volatile product by said condenser until the molecular weight of the polymer is at least 10,000.
12. A process of producing linear condensation superpolymers which comprises maintaining a linear condensation polymer under a pressure of less than 0.1 mm. of mercury and at a temperature at which the volatile pr'oduct evolved from said polymer has a vapor pressure of at least 10* mm. of mercury, placing a condenser within 20 centimeters from said polymer and maintaining said condenser at a temperature at which said volatile product has a negligible vapor pressure, and continuing the removalof said volatile product by said condenser until the molecular weight of the polymer is at'l'eas 5 10,000.
13. A process for producing' linear condensation superpolyme'rs which" comprises heating a .linear condensation polymer under reduced pressure, and absorbing the volatile reaction products with an absorbent within themean free path of the molecules or the evolved volatile reaction products until the molecular weight of said polymer is at least 10,000.
14. A process of producing linear condensation superpolymers which comprises maintaining a linear condensation polymer under'a pressure of less than 0.1 mm. of mercury'and at a temperature between 150 C. and 300 C., placing a condenser within 20 centimeters from said polymer and vmaintaining said condenser at a temperature at which saidvolatile product has a negligible vapor pressure, and continuing the removal of said volatile product by said condenser until the molecular weight of the polymer is at least 10,000.
15. A process of producing linear condensation superpolymers which comprises maintaining a linear. condensation polymer under reduced pressure and at a temperature at which the volatile product evolved from said polymer has a vapor pressure of at least 10- mm., and removing the volatile product from said polymer until its molecular weight is at least 10,000 by passing a gas over said polymer.
16. A process of producing linear condensation superpolymers which comprises maintaining a linear condensation polymer under reduced pressure and atva temperature at which the volatile product evolved from said polymer has a vapor pressure of at least 10- mm., and removing the volatile product from said polymer until its molecularweight is at least 10,000 by passing a gas through said polymer.
17. A method of propagating reversible chemical reactions involving the simultaneous formation oi a volatile and, a non-volatile product which comprises placing a condenser within the mean free path of the molecules of said volatile product and maintaining said condenser under reduced pressure and at a temperature at which said volatile product has a negligible vapor pressure.
18. A method of propagating reversible chemical reactions involving the simultaneous formation of a volatile and a non-volatile product which comprises maintaining the reacting material at a temperature at which the volatile product evolved from said reacting material has a vapor pressure of at least 10- mm. of mercury, placing a condenser within 20 centimeters from the reacting material and maintaining said condenser at a temperature at which said volatile product has a negligible vapor pressure.
19. A synthetic linear condensation polymer capable of being drawn from the polymer in liquid form into filaments which are further capable oi being cold drawn at ordinary temperatures with simultaneous increase in strength, pliability, and elasticity.
20. A process for producing linear condensation superpolymers which comprises subjecting a linear condensation polymer to condensation reaction conditions at a temperature high enough to make the rate of reaction appreciable but low enough to avoid thermal decomposition while continuously removing from said polymer the volatile reaction product and continuing to maintain said conditions until the molecular weight of said polymer is at least 10,000.
21. A process of carrying out bifunctional condensationswh'ich comprises heating a linear condensation polymer under conditions that facilitate iurther condensation and maintaining such conditions until the condensation product can be drawn into fibres which are further capable of being cold drawn with simultaneous increase in strength, pliability, and elasticity.
22. A synthetic linear poly-ether having an average molecular weight not less than 10,000.
23. A synthetic linear polyester having an average molecular weight not less than 10,000.
24. A synthetic linear polyanhydride of a dibasic acid having an average molecular weight not less than 10,000.
25. A synthetic linear condensation polymer capable of being drawn into fibres which can be tied into hard knots, said polymer being obtainable by a condensation reaction between bifunctional compounds.
26. A synthetic material capable of being drawn into useful pliable fibres,said material being a synthetic linear condensation polymer obtained from bifunctional condensations.
2'7. A process for producing linear condensa tion polymers which comprises heating under condensation reaction conditions bifunctional re-. actants capable of yielding a volatile and a nonvolatile product until a polymer is formed which can be-drawn into useful pliable fibres.
28. A process for preparingflinear condensation polymers which comprises heating under condensation reaction conditions in the presence of an inert solvent bifunctional reactants capable of yielding a volatile and a non-volatile product until a polymer is formed which can be drawn into useful pliable fibres.
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Summer Football Lessons by Chelsea FC SS Philippines from P299 (up to P1800 value)
- UEFA level and Philippine National Team member trained coaching staffs.
- Train at the Gatorade Chelsea FC Blue Pitch.
- Suitable for kids and adults of all ages.
- President – Phil Younghusband has the following accolades: Midfield, Philippine AZKALS National Football Team 2005 to present; UEFA Level 2 Coaching Badge 2007 to present; Ambassador, 1GOAL EDUCATION FOR ALL July 2010 to present; Midfield, Chelsea Football Club 1996 to 2008.
- Vice President - James Younghusband has the following accolades: Midfield, Philippine Azkals National Football Team 2005 to present; UEFA Level 1 Coaching Badge 2007 to present; Ambassador, 1GOAL EDUCATION FOR ALL July 2010 to present; Midfield & Defense, Chelsea Football Club 1996 to 2007.
Valid from March 23, 2015 – June 23, 2015. Limit 5 Groupons per person. Sessions are not transferable and must be redeemed within validity period. Customers are advised to wear football outfits. Strictly no refunds 7 days after purchase. DTI-FTEB SPD Permit No. 4904 Series of 2014. See the rules that apply to all deals.
Groupons may be redeemed at outlet indicated on the voucher. Reservation is required and is subject to availability: +63.927.551.3141 (Jess). Walk-ins will not be accommodated.
Football is the world's national sport, which is why in some countries, legislations are decided over a game in the pitch. Play the game with today's Groupon to Chelsea FC SS Philippines.
- P299 (P600 value) for 1 summer football lesson
- P899 (P1800 value) for 3 summer football lessons
The Younghusband Football Academy was started by Phil Younghusband who is currently the President of the Academy. The initiative to start the academy was taken up in October 2009, when Phil Younghusband was looking for a field to put a Football Fan's Day and was rejected by a handful of schools and venues. He then came across a field in a village South of Manila and there he met Coach Jojo Durian, who introduced Phil to Cathy Nazareno. The group met and organized an event. In a matter of 2 weeks, through text messaging, 100+ kids came and took part in a Football Clinic. At that time, Phil felt there was an opportunity to promote the sport that he loves. Since then the academy has grown to what it is today; a picture of success.


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Recent Manuel Antonio Reviews
My family of 10 adults had the pleasure of enjoying the Bali House in February 2015. We enjoyed the home so much we cancelled some of our excursions just so we could spend more time on the beach, which has private access from the Bali House and enjoy the monkeys that visited us everyday. I highly recommend and will definitely return next year!
Imagine Paradise
Imagine paradise, now imagine your home in Paradise; Casa Bella Vista! The Villa is nestled in the jungle high above the rest of Manuel Antonio,but within walking distance to restaurants, stores and an ATM. A bit of a trek to the beach but doable or a quick taxi ride with a great payoff, awesome beaches and fun restaurants with ceviche and plenty of beer or the local drink cacique. When we got to CBV we were greeted by the wonderful smile and warm welcome of our gracious and generous host/concierge Sani Teni. We had arranged all our tours and activities in advance with Sani. All our activities were 1st class and made our stay effortless and exceptional. CBV includes, Sani, our guard Coco who alerted us to all visiting and resident animals. 3 resident sloths, mamma,baby and male, toucans,other birds, troops of Spider, White Face and Howler monkeys,lizards and frogs to name the coolest animals that came by. We had maid service daily,laundry service and a chef by request. We had an amazing dinner elegantly prepared and served on our beautiful patio overlooking the infinity pool that overlooks the Pacific Ocean. The picture cannot do justice to the serene and exquisite view. Our group of 8 recommend the Villa and the immense expertise of Sani.


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Swedish Aspen cultivar (other than 'Erecta')?
Hi, I'm looking for a gift for my father, who recently visited Europe and loved the Swedish Aspens there, but does not like columnar varieties of any trees (he prefers natural and wilder forms). He would like me to source him some Swedish Aspens that are not of the variety 'Erecta', but unfortunately, that is all I can find in US Nurseries. Does anyone know of another cultivar i could look for, and/or a nursery that would carry such a tree?
Thanks in advance!
Possibly you can find somebody offering 'Pendula' somewhere, it was sold on this continent many years ago.
European aspen suckers from the roots, too, so planting it does not avoid the suckering of quaking aspen - if that was part of the thinking. But maybe the European aspen is more likely to grow in Georgia. Otherwise, of course, quaking aspen is prevalent on the US market and multiple cultivars have been offered.
I'd go with quaking aspen or bigtooth aspen. Both are similar to tremula. The straight species tremula is only found in a few experimental forestry plots - mostly in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan. 'Prairie Gold' is a nice cultivar of tremuloides selected from lowland Nebraska and is very adaptable in the east, supposedly doing well even in Georgia.
one linked below
Here is a link that might be useful: swedish aspen


text: Bikes, Trikes and Bipedal Hominids Too Much Exercise? Two Studies by Rod | Apr 5, 2014 | bicycles, healthIf getting some exercise is good for you and getting lots is even better, then hours upon hours of intense exercise must be best, right? Perhaps not. Many people feel obligated to hit the gym or the trail every now and then to help keep off the extra pounds. But... Exercise as Cognitive Protection for Parkinson's Disease by Rod | Mar 28, 2014 | Adaptive Cycles, bicycles, cognitionA quick review of studies: Cognitive impairments are highly prevalent in Parkinson's disease (PD) and can substantially affect a patient's quality of life. These impairments remain difficult to manage with current clinical therapies, but exercise has been identified... Electric Bikes Increase Cycling Rates by Rod | Mar 24, 2014 | bicycles, electric power, transportationElectrically assisted bikes and trikes "may be increasing overall levels of bicycling", because they help cyclists go further, carry more cargo, surmount more difficult terrain and do all of this more often. The overall result of the availability of... Into the Wild Darkness by Rod | Mar 22, 2014 | life and death, natureBy Eva Saulitis. FOR TWENTY-SIX SEPTEMBERS I've hiked up streams littered with corpses of dying humpbacked salmon. It is nothing new, nothing surprising, not the stench, not the gore, not the thrashing of black humpies plowing past their dead brethren to spawn and... Perfect Posture by Rod | Mar 16, 2014 | bicycles, humorEngineers from the University of the Congo, lead by Dr. Pan Troglodytes (pictured), have unveiled what they assert to be the ideal bicycle design, one which facilitates perfect body posture of the rider. Starting from an assumption that as much weight as possible... BikeE Riders Review the Sugar Baby by Rod | Mar 7, 2014 | bicycles, recumbent bicycle, reviewAt the Seattle Bike Expo, we invited three people, each of whom had volunteered the information that they were long-time BikeE riders, to ride the physically comparable Lightfoot Sugar Baby and give us their impressions of it. Like the sweet little Sugar Baby, the... 'Solar Trees' by Rod | Mar 6, 2014 | bicycles, electric power, solar, transportationThey can look intriguing and arguably attractive, either individually or in 'groves'. They are called 'solar trees'. They are pseudo-organic shaped structures supporting high tech photovoltaic solar-electric arrays. Just like any... A Different Perspective by Rod | Mar 4, 2014 | bicycles, human power, humor, recumbent quadracycle, review, transportationThe neighbors considered all the options and decided that the ordinary car choices available on the market simply were not sufficient. Yes, they wanted a car. Of course they wanted it to provide reliable transportation. Yes, they wanted it to be sexy and to increase... Mountain Bikers versus Mountain Lions by Rod | Feb 23, 2014 | adventure cycling, bicycles, ecology, mountain bikeIf you are mountain bike riding in mountain lion territory you would do well to learn the basics about the biggest, baddest animal whose habitat you are sharing. When you enter the wilderness, you enter the food chain. Some of us share their habitat every day. Our... Tour New Orleans on a Lightfoot by Rod | Feb 11, 2014 | bicycles, touringTour the scenic heart of New Orleans on Lightfoot trikes with electric assist. Safe, stable and comfy. The electric motor adds zip and helps you keep your cool. Brandon and Erin at Buzz Nola Trike Tours conduct guided tours Tuesday through Sunday. From their site,... Thanking Earl Miner for PET by Rod | Feb 10, 2014 | Adaptive Cycles, handcycles(By the Reverend Dr. Melvin West) I ask a special favor of all who read this. Earl Miner, who designed the PET, has now moved to a nursing home because he has Alzheimer's. PET would not exist had Earl not designed it. Earl is a product designer with a huge heart... Mountain Bikes and Wilderness by Rod | Feb 10, 2014 | adventure cycling, bicycles, ecology, mountain bikeBy Howie Wolke: My first wolverine sighting in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem happened on a warm July 2012 afternoon. On a pass above northwest Wyoming's West DuNoir Creek, the elusive animal scaled a rock face and then ambled away. Under prehistoric conditions,... Humanity Blows Past 400 by Rod | Feb 6, 2014 | bicycles, ecology, historyHUMANITY BLOWS PAST 400 PPM WITHOUT SLOWING DOWN On May 9, 2013, instruments installed by the US National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration on Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii registered the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide at that location as being 400... Helen Keller, Cyclist by Rod | Feb 5, 2014 | Adaptive Cycles, bicycles, blind, women"Next to a leisurely walk I enjoy a spin on my tandem bicycle. It is splendid to feel the wind blowing in my face and the springy motion of my iron steed. The rapid rush through the air gives me a delicious sense of strength and buoyancy, and the exercise makes... Midwinter Arctic Rain by Rod | Jan 28, 2014 | ecologyExcerpted from NASA Earth Observatory: While much of the continental United States endured several cold snaps in January 2014, record-breaking warmth gripped Alaska. Spring-like conditions set rivers rising and avalanches tumbling. This map depicts land surface... A Fish Needs a Bicycle by Rod | Jan 25, 2014 | bicycles, historyThe first fish to take a step toward bicycling was Tiktaalik. This now extinct Devonian critter is understood by scientists to represent a transitional form between fish (water dwelling finned animals) and tetrapods (land dwelling legged animals). Before Tiktaalik... Mark Twain on Two Wheels by Rod | Jan 20, 2014 | bicycles, historyTAMING THE BICYCLE I thought the matter over, and concluded I could do it. So I went down and bought a barrel of Pond's Extract and a bicycle. The Expert came home with me to instruct me. We chose the back yard, for the sake of privacy, and went to work. Mine... Human Powered Vehicles for Africa by Rod | Jan 17, 2014 | bicycles, economy, womenTransportation is not itself the goal of development. What transportation accomplishes is the goal. Transportation takes the worker to the job and the farmer to the field. 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Michelle Obama Flat Boots
Michelle Obama hosted a street hockey workout at the White House looking hip in skinnies and brown boots.
Michelle Obama Cardigan
Michelle Obama topped off her ensemble with a modern cardigan in two shades of gray.
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The Top 10 In Action Sports
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0316 Things That Will Give 90s Skater Kids A Serious Flashback
04This 10 Year Old Kid Just Nailed A Dub Cork 1080... On His Second Attempt
05The 10 Most Spectacular Road Trips on Earth
06Water Slides, Plane Wings and Danny MacAskill: This is Road Cycling Like Never Before...
0724 Reasons Why Snowboarding Was Better In The Early Noughties
08Could Scientists Be About to Build a Terminator? They're Closer Than You Think…
09Win a Holiday for 2 in Chamonix with Three #holidayspam
1017 Holiday Beer Photos That Every Skier Takes to Make Their Friends Jealous
60 Seconds With John Perry
A Kitesurfing video by keltron - 2,468 views
Become part of the Airush family on facebook! LIKE it! facebook.com/AirushInternational Airush spent some time with John Perry in Hood River, Oregon to show us around and throw down. The kid (19 years old) is simply crushing it with a huge bag of tricks done with style. We were able to check out the other side of the river where a newer flat water spot showed it's face. It was cool to film JP. In under 2 hours of riding we were able to pick up all these shots plus he learned switch KGBs in 3 tries. Rider: John Perry Gear: Airush Razor Team + Livewire airush.com Shot and Arranged: Marc Schmid Music: Heat of the City - Prod: Reel'Teez soundcloud.com/reelteezz/heart-of-the-city-aint-no


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Men's Hoops vs. Georgia, Sat., Feb. 22; 1:47 p.m. ET Columbia, S.C. Colonial Life Arena | TV: SECTV | ESPN3 | Radio: Gamecock Radio Network | Live Stats | @GamecockMBB on Twitter | Tickets
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Men's Hoops Hosts Georgia Saturday Afternoon
Started by GAMECOCK_FAN, Feb 21 2014 12:14 PM
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text: We stayed here for a week and it was a great place to chill. Thoroughly enjoyed the food, good company, pleasant walks, friendly atmosphere and easy travel on the local buses down to Cascais or up to Sintra. The hotel is in a National Park and the coast is very pleasant. There are plenty of places to eat locally offering... More


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Archive for November, 2010
What do you do after you make a ZILLION dollars?
Posted by James Altucher on November 30th, 2010 at 8:34 am, Comments: 0
In the dot-com boom I made a little bit of money and then proceeded to make every mistake possible with that money. It was like reading a Stephen King horror story written in blood across your bank statement. Several years later, I included the story in the intro to one of my books and gave the book to a potential investor. He read the intro and said, "I can't invest in you. You're a functional idiot." And yet, I've seen the pattern repeated so many times with so many people can I at least enjoy the company of other idiots?
7 Reasons to Hate Me
Posted by James Altucher on November 29th, 2010 at 9:06 am, Comments: 0
This is reprinted from a WSJ article from March but is appropriate today for various reasons:
Over the past decade or so I've accumulated a number of people who hate me. The list below is not exhaustive, but it provides a guide to possible reasons you might be in that crowd.
I make you $41 million
Dating, Madoff, and Supply and Demand
Posted by James Altucher on November 27th, 2010 at 7:35 am, Comments: 0
Christine Cardinal and I had adjoining paper routes and when we were finished, we'd invariably meet on the line between her route and mine. So one day, in tenth grade, I asked her out. Because, of course, I loved her. She said "yes". That evening I was so happy I even told my little sister something like, "you are going to have a great life". Because, of course, if Christine Cardinal was going to say yes to someone like me then all was good in the world and flowers were going to rain down on everyone.
Give and you will Receive
Posted by James Altucher on November 24th, 2010 at 7:58 am, Comments: 0
After a failure I feel lonely and afraid. Its hardest at these moments to pick yourself up and give a little in order to get. The only way to climb out of the hole, when you have a metaphoric needle sticking out of your veins and you're lying in the gutter that the world has kicked you to, is to give back without asking, give as if you were the richest man in the world.
This is not the same as giving to charity. There are so many other ways to give that are underappreciated. But its exactly these types of giving where the world will give you back ten times more than you gave.
Maybe insider trading should be legal
Posted by James Altucher on November 23rd, 2010 at 4:47 pm, Comments: 0
OMG, you whispered something to someone who whispered to somebody on the subway and a guy overheard and made a trade and NOW YOU ARE ALL GOING TO JAIL! What the heck is happening? Every fund in the world is being raided, people are being threatened on the eve of Thanksgiving with prosecution, and all we want to do is just relax and get back to being scammed in this rigged market. Why are these billionaires even risking jail with at the very least a very gray area of the law is the main question I have. But first, should insider trading even be illegal?
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Men accused of beating Bryan Stow enter not guilty plea
Aug 10, 2011, 1:37 PM EDT
Louie Sanchez and Marvin Norwood, the two men accused of brutally beating Giants fan Bryan Stow at Dodger Stadium on Opening Day, were arraigned today and pleaded not guilty to criminal charges that include mayhem, assault, and battery.
They're each being held on $500,000 bail until September 30 hearings.
Stow remains hospitalized more than four months after the attack, but his family issued a statement Monday about the encouraging progress he's made recently by moving his arms and legs on command and responding non-verbally to family members visiting him.
He still has a long road ahead of him, but last week's procedure to remove spinal fluid is credited with helping his recovery.
- flyeaglesfly23 - Aug 10, 2011 at 2:01 PM
That should at least ensure a life sentence if convicted…
- kopy - Aug 10, 2011 at 2:35 PM
I wish, but unfortunately I don't think this is the case. Straight from the CA state penal code:
204. Mayhem is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for
two, four, or eight years.
That's the greatest of the charges. I would think that more can/will be added on for the assault/battery, but I doubt anything that would approach a life sentence.
There is a charge known as aggravated mayhem that can carry a life sentence. I don't really know the differences too well (I'm definitely not trying to portray myself as a legal expert), but I'm assuming that if this is what we were dealing with the word "aggravated" would appear in these news stories.
- Utley's Hair - Aug 10, 2011 at 3:05 PM
Attempted murder's got to be on the list for trial. Maybe they're playing it safe and looking to add it with more evidence?
- flyeaglesfly23 - Aug 10, 2011 at 3:47 PM
Thanks for clarifying. I'm not sure how they are not being charged with attempted murder. At the very least, the assault charge should be aggravated assault, which I think would bump the minimum up quite a bit…
- Utley's Hair - Aug 10, 2011 at 2:35 PM
I doubt that this move was unexpected by anybody.
- hcf95688 - Aug 10, 2011 at 4:59 PM
I look forard to hearing each of their sides of the story.
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i have been attempting to dial in water and ph via brewers friend. i typically target around 5.4 using around 2% acid malt for lighter beers. on my last IIPA i noticed a small amount of tartness. not sour or overbearing to flavor, but a distinct twang. i used rahr 2row, from what i have read already has some acid sourced in the malt. im guessing now my calculations may have been wrong because of the rahr. using 2% acid malt in this recipe, is it possible my ph jumped too low? i dont think 2% of the acid malt would cause this flavor threshold.
I prefer to use Bru'n water for it's accuracy although there is a small learning curve to using it and it has a real good primer for use and water.
Try downloading it and plugging your recipe in and see what you get. i wouldn't think 2% acid malt would break the threshold but it's possible depending on the rest of the grist.
You might also consider switching to using lactic acid as it's much more precise.
Agree with Duboman. EZ Water or Bru'n Water are good resources (the accuracy of each varies by person, it seems).
I've read that the lactic acid concentrations on acid malts are inconsistent at best. You might get a batch at 2%, you might get some at 5%, or some other number that ISN'T the 2% you're basing your calculations on. You're much better going with a concentrated lactic acid solution and pipetting in the amount you need. Using my local water on most lighter beers, it's about 4ml worth on what will ultimately be a 6g batch. A 4oz bottle of lactic acid from MoreBeer is $4.99, and lasts ~30 batches.
Cheaper than acidulated malt grain, easier to measure/use, and more precise. No brainer.
Yes, my understanding is the rahr is of a of a lower pH than most other base malts. I assume that you do not have a pH meter?
I haven't done a batch with Rahr to be able to compare, sorry! My 2-row is from Great Western.
[Edit] Just saw your "when to add it" question. I throw it in my mash water while its heating to dough-in temps.
I read somewhere that the mash pH with DI water for Rahr is something like 5.5. That would mean that you would not need any acid if you were mashing with DI water. But of course most people do not mash with DI water and I don't even really know if that's true.
Ph and a sour taste aren't relatable like that. Ph is just a measure of how acidic/basic a liquid is. Lactic acid just happens to have a sour flavor. Adding phosphoric acid to adjust ph, for example, won't give a sour flavor, but most brewers don't use it because it precipitates calcium and because of the sulfates (sulfites?) it can produce... it just tweaks the water chemistry too much.
Even with lactic acid, it's really about how much you use (and batch size), not ph measurements. I've never gone over 5ml, never had to, without noticing any sourness. I understand from others that 1/2oz (~15ml) produces a detectable tartness.


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Photo SpecialBest & Worst Dressed
No one knew exactly what to expect this year in terms of Oscar fashions – and while some stars didn't disappoint, gracing the abbreviated red carpet in gorgeous gowns, others made us cringe with their fashion faux pas. Take a peek at the creme de la creme and the bottom of the barrel in our special gallery.
Credit: REUTERS/Fred Prouser
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text: We are in Salem every summer and never miss periwinkles. They make the best, largest sandwiches. I recommend the tuna fish or chicken salad. Their breads are delicious. This summer we made a large order of ten sandwiches with specific desires for each one and they made them perfectly. Staff is... read more


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What's hot (and not) in health this week? Let's explore the latest trends and info, including shower-free shampoo, a unique form of fiber and the not-so-hidden dangers of indoor tanning.
Dry shampoo. Your hair looks horrendous, but there's no time for a shower. What do you do? Grab some dry shampoo (we like Acure Organics Dry Shampoo with argan oil and CoQ10), give it a shake and gently brush it through your strands to cleanse away dirt, oil and grime without wasting water. Talk about convenient!
Chitosan. Chito-what? Pronounced kite-oh-san, this natural substance is actually a type of fiber derived from shellfish. Historically, chitosan has been used for agricultural, horticultural and health purposes, including skin/hair care and weight management.
Tanning beds. It's no secret that tanning beds aren't exactly healthy, although some argue that the UV exposure can be more easily "controlled" in an indoor environment. New research actually reveals that many female college students who lay under the lights — as many as 1 in 5 — often end up burned, rather than bronzed. Researchers recommend that men and women of all ages refrain from using tanning beds, to protect skin from the possibility of UV damage.
For a safer glow, try Ecco Bella Flower Color Bronzing Powder.
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Summer is far from over so before the winter blues and before the wardrobe change, say "I do!" to make the summer of 2015 a summer to remember...
Package available Monday to Friday based on 50 guests at £9,000
£1000 reduction on Sunday dates.
Additional guests at £60 per person
Saturdays are bespoke packages only.
To enquire please call our wedding co-ordinator on
0161 448 2200 or email email@example.com
*The bride and groom can choose a rate to "re-sell" the accommodation onto guests. An average example of this = 26 x bedrooms re sold (not including the bridal suite) @ £150 per room B & B = £3,900. This amount is then deducted from the final bill. Based on the house takeover package this would leave a new total payable by the bride and groom of £4,600.
**Upgrade to a formal three course wedding breakfast from £10pp package menus apply.
Available from October 2015 to March 2016 subject to availability. An exclusive offer of the reduced rate at £8,500 on selected dates in January & February 2016, subject to availability.
As the sun starts to drop, the candlights glow reflects off the large bay windows of this old Victorian villa.
As the saying goes when the winter sun sets fast, marry and true love will last.
December dates include hotels full Christmas décor adding that extra sparkle to your special day.
Call our wedding co-ordinator on 0161 448 2200 or email firstname.lastname@example.com to find out more or to create your own bespoke package.
Click here to fill in our wedding enquiry form
Terms and conditions apply, subject to availability, minimum of 50 guests - no deduction is made against this package for reduced guest numbers, bride & groom are responsible for the bedroom rates and guarantors for any unused rooms.


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Book by: Jul 1, 2015. Valid for stays before Jul 1, 2015
Special Deals These deals are subject to availability - please enter your travel dates to check if they will be available for your trip. All prices are per room per night unless otherwise stated. They exclude taxes and fees.
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