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ep 1964 H. BASSECHES ETAL 3,148,129
METAL FILM RESISTORS Filed Oct. 12, 1959 FIG. l
FIG. 2 7 a H. BASSECHES INVENTORS I? L. M: GEOUG'H 0.4. M: LEAN ATTO NEY United States Patent 3,148,129 METAL FILM RESISTORS Harold Basseches, Allentown, Pa, and Patrick L. Mc-
Geough, Summit, and David A. McLean, Chatham, N.J., assignors to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N.Y., a corporation of New York Filed Oct. 12, 1959, Ser. No. 845,754 1 Claim. (Cl. 204-38) This invention relates to a method for producing precision metal film resistors, and to the resistors so produced.
A. widely used method for reducing the size of electrical apparatus is the substitution of printed circuits for conventional wiring. The advent of semiconductive devices has made possible miniaturization of entire circuits. These developments have evolved a need for precise, accurate methods of producing printed circuit components such as resistors and capacitors. A copending application, Serial No. 801,535, filed March 24, 1959, describes a method which is suitable for the production of printed circuit capacitors within very narrow tolerances. The present invention is directed to a process for the production of precision metal film resistors which are suitable for use in printed circuit applications.
Heretofore, conventional printed circuit resistors consisted of an array of parallel lines which were connected at alternate ends to form a continuous path. The configuration also included shorting bars which served to connect alternate lines, thereby shorting out the resistance of the line intermediate the two connected lines. The resistor was designed to have a resistance which was lower than the desired value, and adjustment was made by cutting through an appropriate number of shorting bars. By reason of the nature of this prior art adjustment method, tolerances of resistors so produced were of the order of :5 percent.
In accordance with the inventive method, metal film resistors are produced within tolerances of :1 percent. An incidental advantage of the present method is the formation of a protective film over the surface of the resistor which precludes subsequent variation in resistance which might otherwise occur due to contamination of the resistor surface.
The first step in the production of the inventive resistor is the deposition of a thin layer of a film-forming metal. Metals such as tantalum, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, aluminum and niobium are suitable for this purpose. The configuration and thickness of the deposited layer are chosen so that the resistance of the deposited layer is less than that ultimately desired. The deposited layer is then electrolytically anodized in the customary manner to convert a portion of the metal layer thickness to the oxide form, a dielectric, thereby increasing the resistance of the layer. Anodization is continued until the resistance of the metal layer attains the desired value as indicated by a continuous monitoring means. The oxide formed over the surface of the layer during the anodizing step acts as a protective coating.
The invention may be more readily understood by reference to the figures in which:
FIG. 1 is a plan view of a substrate with a layer of filmforming metal deposited thereon in accordance with the inventive method; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a device undergoing processing showing anodization of a layer of film-forming metal in accordance with the inventive method.
With reference now to the drawings, FIG. 1 depicts a substrate 1, composed of one of the refractory insulating materials usually employed in the construction of printed circuit boards, which has deposited thereon two terminals, 2A and 2B, of an electrically conductive metal, such "ice as gold, silver or copper, and a layer 3 of a film-forming metal such as tantalum. Conductive terminals 2A and 2B are not essential to the practice of this invention. However, such terminals have been included in the description because they are customarily employed in the construction of printed circuit boards. The configuration and thickness of tantalum layer 3 are chosen so that the resistance of the layer measured between terminals 2A and 2B is less than the desired value. In accordance with the inventive method, the resistance of layer 3 is increased by electrolytic anodization.
Anodization of layer 3 requires that it be in contact with a suitable electrolyte. To this end, strips of electroplaters tape are placed on substrate 1 to cover the area within the dashed lines shown in FIG. 1. A dam of a suitable plastic material such as beeswax is then constructed on the tape to confine the electrolyte and prevent it from contacting terminals 2A and 2B. A schematic diagram of the anodization step is depicted in FIG. 2.
Shown in FIG. 2 is substrate 1, terminals 2A and 2B, and tantalum layer 3. Walls 4 of the dam are also depicted, the electroplaters tape being omitted from the figure to simplify the exposition. Electrolyte 5 which is contained by dam walls 4 may be any one of the conventional anodizing electrolytes, such as, for example, a solution consisting of water, ethylene glycol, and oxalic acid. Cathode 6, which is immersed in electrolyte 5, is conveniently composed of tantalum or platinum. The electrical circuit connecting cathode 6 and terminal 2B includes a variable direct-current power supply 7, switch 8, and ammeter 9, all disposed as shown in FIG. 2. A resistance monitoring means 10 such as a Leeds and Northrup Type S Test Set is connected to terminals 2A and 2B and provides a continuous indication of the resistance of tantalum layer 3.
Anodization of layer 3 is initiated by closing switch 8 and applying a low direct-current voltage between cathode 6 and layer 3. The surface of layer 3 in contact with electrolyte 5 is converted to the oxide form, the extent of such conversion being directly dependent upon the voltage applied. The anodizing voltage is gradually increased, maintaining the current density at a low value, until resistance monitoring means 10 indicates that the desired value of resistance has been attained. Switch 8 is then opened, terminating the anodization process.
The accuracy with which resistors may be produced in accordance with the present invention is due in large measure to the linear relationship between the anodizing voltage and the thickness of the anodized film. In general, approximately 7 to 10 angstroms of metal thickness are converted per unit of anodizing voltage, the continuous monitoring feature of the inventive method eliminating the effect of such variables as temperature and concentration of electrolyte.
The film-forming metal film may be initially deposited by sputtering or vacuum evaporation techniques. As indicated above, the configuration and thickness of the film are determined by the ultimate value of resistance desired. The initial thickness of the deposited metal film is preferably above 350 angstroms. This value is based on two factors; first, the metal thickness subsequent to anodization is preferably greater than angstroms to assure continuity, and, second, conversion of at least 250 angstroms to oxide is preferably from the standpoint of ease of operation.
There is no upper limit of initial film thickness dictated by considerations of the inventive process. Any film thickness which conforms to the desired ultimate resistance value is suitable. However, considerations of the difference in temperature coetficient of expansion be- 23 tween the substrate and the film dictate a maximum of approximately 25,000 angstroms.
The anodizing procedure employed in the present method is governed by all of the factors generally encountered in conventional anodization procedures. Any one of the customary electrolytes such as a dilute aqueous solution of nitric acid, boric acid, acetic acid, or citric acid may be employed. Anodization is initiated at a relatively low voltage in accordance with conventional procedures. The voltage is increased maintaining the current density preferably within the range of .2 to milliamperes per square centimeter. The upper limit of this preferred range is based on the fact that higher values result in substantial heating effects which are undesirable. At current densities below .2 milliampere per square centimeter, the anodizing process proceeds at a rate which is too slow from a practical standpoint. The upper limit of anodizing voltage is approximately 400 volts since higher voltages may introduce unwanted side-eifects such as scintillation and corrosion. Based on this maximum figure and the rate of conversion of 7 to angstroms per volt, approximately 3,000 to 4,000 angstroms of metal film thickness may be converted to oxide in accordance with this invention.
The invention method facilitates the production of printed circuit boards in that all of the resistive components may be deposited simultaneously, and then individually sized. Another advantage of the present method is that it obviates the necessity for critical control of the sputtering or deposition step. Since the initial resistance of the layer is not an important factor. The excellent flexibility of the inventive method is reflected by the fact that the elements varying in resistance from one ohm to several megohms may be produced from a layer of approximately 3,000 angstroms in thickness, the configuration of the layer being chosen to fit the ultimate resistive value desired.
Data obtained by the practice of the present invention are set forth in Table 1. Column 1 indicates the initial resistance of the deposited metal film, column 2 shows the ultimate resistive value desired, column 3 list the resistive values obtained by the anodization step, column 4 lists the maximum anodizing voltage required, and column 5 is the percent deviation of the actual resistive value The procedure employed in each of Examples 1 through 6 was as follows:
A film of tantalum oi the order of 1500 angstrom in thickness was deposited on'a glass microscope slide in accordance with conventional sputtering techniques. The tantalum film was disposed on the slide so that the ends thereof were in contact with gold terminals which had been previously formed on the glass slide. Electroplaters tape was placed on the glass slide to form a rectangle in such manner that substantially all of the tantalum layer was exposed within the rectangle. A rectangular dam of beeswax approximately 0.2 centimeter high was constructed on the electroplaters tape.
An electrolyte consisting of an aqueous oxalic acid solution, 5 percent by weight, was introduced into the dammed area. A tantalum wire cathode, variable directcurrent power supply, ammeter, and a Leeds and Northrup Type S Test Set were connected substantially as shown in FIG. 2. The anodizing voltage was increased while maintaining the current density in the range of from .4 to 1.2 milliamperes per square centimeter. Anodization was continued until the Leeds and Northrup Test Set indicated that the ultimate resistive value had been obtained.
Although a specific electrolyte and specific film-forming metal were employed in the illustrative examples de scribed above, it is to be understood that the present invention may be practiced with any film-forming metal and utilizing any anodizing medium. It is to be appreciated that the scheme depicted in FIG. 2 for restricting the area of contact of electrolyte is merely illustrative and any equivalent method, such as the use of a photo-resist mask, is suitable. Variations in the described process may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention.
What is claimed is:
The method of producing a resistor comprising the steps of coating an insulation substrate with a film of a metal capable of anodically forming a dielectric coating, providing two direct electrical contacts to said film, positioning said contacts so they will serve for measurement of resistance of said film and will not directly touch an anodizing electrolyte placed against the exposed face of said film, passing an anodizing current between said film and an electrode immersed in said electrolyte, measuring the electrical resistance between said contacts during said anodizing step, and terminating said anodizing when the measured resistance reaches a desired value.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,706,697 Eisler Apr. 19, 1955 2,743,400 Bujan Apr. 24, 1956 2,784,154 Korbelak et al. Mar. 5, 1957 2,874,102 Wainer Feb. 17, 1959 2,885,524 Eisler May 5, 1959 FOREIGN PATENTS 444,892 Great Britain Mar. 26, 1936
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-Orr- Dark Horizon
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Fantastic piece! Loved the rhythms and string harmonies -- you definitely know how to build suspense in the movements, too.
I've been a fan of your work since playing through the Sonny series; your work was superb there as it is here.
I am wondering if you would share with us what samples you used and where they could be acquired.
Thanks. :)
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Really nice song, I couldn't even tell when it looped, so the looping was great.
I wish I could take all the credit for the seamless loop, but the new Audio Portal Player really hits the nail on the head with the loop. Thanks for the review!!
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Sounds like something for skyrim or games like it.
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Wow... I didn't expect this when I saw it was a loop. Reminds me of some of the music in Mass Effect, or some piece from a Warhammer 40K exploration scenario...
Nevertheless, a great submission.
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A District of Columbia police officer from Ellicott City is getting a congressional medal for killing the Washington Navy Yard shooter in 2013.
Rep. Elijah Cummings is leading a group of public officials Wednesday in Baltimore in awarding the Congressional Badge of Bravery to Metropolitan Police Department Officer Dorian DeSantis.
The award is given to law enforcement officers for exceptional acts of bravery.
DeSantis brought down Aaron Alexis, who killed 12 people and wounded four others at the military installation on Sept. 16, 2013.
Cummings said DeSantis took a bullet in his vest and helped secure the safety of others before firing the fatal shot.
Alexis was a civilian contractor and former Navy reservist with mental health problems.
The building where the shooting occurred reopened in February.


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Keystone XL Topics
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- By Amy Goodman with Denis MoynihanNovember 20, 2014 | Columns & Articles
It was a dramatic scene in the Senate this week. As Sen. Elizabeth Warren, presiding, announced the defeat of the Keystone XL pipeline, a Crow Creek Sioux man from South Dakota sang out in the Senate gallery. A massive people's climate movement against extracting some of the dirtiest oil on the planet had prevailed ... at least for now.
- In a dramatic showdown Tuesday, the Senate narrowly missed a 60-vote threshold required to approve construction of the Keystone XL pipeline. Fourteen Democrats supported the measure along with all 45 Republicans. With just 59 aye votes, the measure failed to pass. After Democratic Sen. Elizabeth Warren announced the tally, a man reportedly with the Lakota Tribe of South Dakota burst out in song, followed by protesters who called out Democrats...November 19, 2014 | Story
- The Senate has voted no on whether to approve the controversial Keystone XL oil pipeline. On Monday, Democracy Now! discussed the Keystone XL proposal with Naomi Klein, author of the new book, "This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate."November 18, 2014 | Web Exclusive
- House lawmakers passed legislation Friday to approve the Keystone XL oil pipeline to bring carbon-intensive tar sands oil from Alberta, Canada, to the Texas Gulf Coast. The Senate is expected to vote this week on a similar pro-Keystone bill backed by Louisiana Democratic Sen. Mary Landrieu. Landrieu is facing a tough battle to keep her seat in a runoff next month against Republican Rep. Bill Cassidy, who also happens to be the sponsor of the...November 17, 2014 | Story
- The legendary Canadian musician Neil Young joined Saturday's protest against the Keystone XL pipeline in Washington, D.C. "We're all children of Mother Earth, and I'm here because I feel we are all threatened by what's happening as a planet," Young said. "We're threatened. I feel that the fossil fuel age is ending. It's having its first death gasps, and we need to keep pushing. We need to stop...April 28, 2014 | Story
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Weather Alert
Flood Warning issued March 26 at 8:36AM CDT expiring March 28 at 8:00AM CDT in effect for: Calhoun, Refugio, Victoria
CORPUS CHRISTI - A 45-year-old woman died Sunday morning after she fell out of a van that then ran over her, police officers said.
The woman was riding with a 46-year-old man in a shopping center parking lot in the 1800 block of S. Padre Island Drive about 9:30 a.m., Senior Officer Kirk Stowers said in a police report.
The woman fell out of the blue 1978 blue Chevrolet van and was run over by it, according to the report.
The woman was taken to the hospital, where she later died from her injuries.
No arrests have been made. The death is under investigation.
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Featured car - Audi TT TDI vs BMW 225d vs VW Scirocco TDI vs Pug RCZ HDI
Audi TT TDI vs BMW 225d vs VW Scirocco TDI vs Pug RCZ HDI
Latest news
First drive: 2015 Audi TT Roadster
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Does being beautiful mean you can't be brilliant? Time to find out in the new Audi TTS...
Top Gear's top five junior sports cars
Still not sure what you want for Christmas? Squeeze in a last-minute – and cheeky – request for one of theseTop Gear's top five junior sports cars
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Add a spot of sunshine to your desktop with a very yellow TTS in southern Spain
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The diesel TT Ultra majors on cheap running costs, but can it satisfy too? We try it in the UKFirst drive: new Audi TT TDI Ultra
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Bewinged track-thing will run in DTM-supporting one-make series. Who you calling hairdresser?340bhp Audi TT racer revealed
Revealed: Audi TT Sportback concept
Four-door big brother to the TT coupe lands in Paris. A niche too far for Audi?Revealed: Audi TT Sportback concept
Audi TT given the roadster treatment
Like night follows day, the open-top TT follows the Coupe. Details hereNew TT given the roadster treatment
Brand new Top Gear magazine: out now!
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Amazon.com: minecraft - playstation 3: video games, Those who have played minecraft on pc, mac etc will know that it's a very fun game, specially with all the mods, adventure, survival maps! i was waiting for mojang.Daftpvf's mods (treecapitator, crystalwing, startinginv, Disclaimer: no warranty is given, express or otherwise. use at your own risk. in other words, i am not responsible if this mod causes your game to crash, your save to. Minecraft edu - minecraftedu, Applying minecraft to the cl.room..
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Short video showing how the mirror-polished stainless steel concave surfaces of this part of a sculpture in progress "flip" the earth and sky.
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Meet a DTS Cornerstone
For 56 years Dr. Dwight Pentecost has faithfully served as a Professor of Bible Exposition and is one of the world's foremost writers in the field of biblical eschatology. At 94 years of age, he is still effective in the classroom and teaches two courses each semester. Please take a quick look to see one of our most respected professors, Dr. J. Dwight Pentecost - a real cornerstone of Dallas Seminary.
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2015-2016 Season Passes
A season pass gives you unlimited access to Mission Ridge every day we operate, starting in late November (conditions permitting) through our scheduled closing in April, 2016.
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The Mission Ridge "Family Pass" is designed to get you and your family skiing and riding at a price that won't break the bank. Available for purchase over the phone or at our Ticket Office. Learn more
5th/6th Grade Program
Do you have a 5th or 6th grader who has never skied or boarded (or is inexperienced) and wants to learn? This is the best way to get them into the sport! More Info
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We will begin mailing 2015-16 season passes in early October, 2015. All season passes will be mailed UNLESS we do not have a photo or signed liability on file. In that case, passes must be picked up at the mountain.
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|Blog Posts
The chicken was so moist and flavorful and it literally fell off the bone! The lemon glaze sauce was absolutely delicious! Mike and I both agreed that it would taste wonderfully over chicken breast or a whole roasted chicken. I absolutely love Lori's recipes and I am so excited that her cookbook just came out! I need to get my hands on that!
Another one of my favorite food bloggers who also has a cookbook posted a recipe for brownies the other day that looked amazing! So Mike and I tried our hands at making this for dessert.
Homemade Box Mix Style Brownies from Picky Palate
1 stick unsalted butter, partially melted
Preheat oven to 325 degrees F. and line a 8×11 inch baking dish with parchment paper sprayed with cooking spray.
These brownies were some of the best I ever tried in my life! My stomach was not happy by them. I think it was too rich for me but Mike LOVED them! They were so fudgy and moist. I really liked them a lot. It was great to make them ourselves. It was overall, a delicious dinner followed by an even more delicious dessert!
On Sunday, I went out with Melissa and my mom. We had some errands to get done together and then went food shopping for the week. I bought a pizza that I wouldn't normally get because with the sale and coupons it came down to $2.00. So Mike and I decided to try it for dinner last night.
New pizza!
My dinner plate
It was one of the best frozen pizza's that I ever had! It was fluffy and really tasty. Was my stomach happy by this? No, but I sometimes want to eat things that I want to eat so I just deal with it. It was really good. Do you like frozen pizza? What is your favorite kind?
Alright, well that is all I have for today. Have a great Monday!
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The Farnsworth Art Museum's enlightening and visually arresting show focuses on the Shakers, who believe that 'beauty rests in utility.'
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Van Dyke Parks, Magic Mountain High and Sam Amidon play New York this week.
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Item low in stock
Men's silver mixed plated bracelet watch
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This men's silver analogue wrist watch from Lorus has a black dial and fastens with a bracelet strap, which has narrow gold stripes in the plating. The dial's features include gold markings, minute markers and a date feature.
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Uphill Rush is back with a new and refreshing race right on the water slide! Get on a swim ring, keep your ballance in the water or as you jump in the air and pull out some crazy stunts. Buy more cool outfits or better vehicles from the shop and win every cup in this fun sport game. You have 9 lives with each challenge, make them count! A very fun water slide game.
Genre: skill upgrade champion level contest
In this slide puzzle game you have to build a wooden bridge to cross the river. Magical walls, teleporters and colored blocks makes this task harder than it seems!
Genre: mind skill magic puzzle games


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Actress Adrienne Shelly's Widower Loses Lawsuit
16th November 2012
The widower of tragic actress Adrienne Shelly has lost a civil suit against the company which employed his late wife's killer.The Unbelievable Truth star was murdered in her New York City apartment in 2006 by...
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly
Shelly Death Suit Dismissed
7th July 2011
The husband of murdered filmmaker/actress Adrienne Shelly has lost his legal battle with the company which employed the man who killed his wife.Ecuadorian labourer Diego Pillco, who was in America without proper documentation, was jailed...
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly
Shelly's Husband Wins Legal Ruling
20th August 2010
The husband of murdered filmmaker/actress ADRIENNE SHELLY has won a crucial victory in his legal battle over his wife's death - a judge has ruled evidence heard at her killer's grand jury proceedings can be...
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly
Murdered Shelly's Garden To Grow In New York
29th July 2009
A memorial garden honouring murdered actress/writer ADRIENNE SHELLY is to be unveiled in New York next week (03Aug09).Shelly was killed by a construction worker in November, 2006. The garden, located in Abingdon Square Park at...
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly
New York Officials' Tribute To Shelly
13th July 2009
New York City officials will pay tribute to murdered Hollywood screenwriter ADRIENNE SHELLY with a memorial just yards from where she was strangled.The Waitress writer was found dead in her New York apartment in 2006....
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly
Hines Battled Emotions Directing Shelly's Movie
27th April 2009
CHERYL HINES had mixed emotions about her new movie SERIOUS MOONLIGHT - she was delighted to wrap her directorial debut, but sad friend and screenwriter ADRIENNE SHELLY was not there to share in the celebrations. Shelly,...
Tagged in this article - Cheryl Hines, Adrienne Shelly
Shelly Honoured Two Years After Murder
12th November 2008
Late filmmaker/actress ADRIENNE SHELLY will be remembered next week (beg17Nov08) when a script she wrote before her tragic murder has its first public reading at a New York ceremony in her honour. Shelly was killed...
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly
Shelly's Widow Sues Construction Company
4th November 2008
LATEST: The husband of slain filmmaker/actress ADRIENNE SHELLY is taking legal action against the employers of his wife's killer DIEGO PILLCO, insisting she would still be alive if the construction firm hadn't hired an illegal...
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly
Shelly's Husband Launches Attack On Killer In Court
14th March 2008
The husband of murdered actress/director ADRIENNE SHELLY lost his composure in a New York court on Thursday (13Mar08) - telling his wife's killer to "rot" in jail following his 25-year sentence. Andy Ostroy couldn't contain...
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly
Shelly's Killer Pleads Guilty
14th February 2008
Actress/director ADRIENNE SHELLY's killer faces a 25-year prison sentence, after pleading guilty to manslaughter. Ecuadorian construction worker Diego Pillco admitted strangling the Waitress filmmaker in November 2006 after she caught him trying to rob her...
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly
Stars Team Up To Honour Adrienne Shelly At Fundraiser
12th November 2007
ROSANNA ARQUETTE, KERI RUSSELL and EDIE FALCO are among the stars auctioning lunch with themselves in an online fundraiser for the charity set up to honour murdered filmmaker ADRIENNE SHELLY. Prizes on the eBay auction...
Tagged in this article - Rosanna Arquette, Keri Russell, Edie Falco, Adrienne Shelly
Shelly's Last Movie Praised
23rd April 2007
Murdered actress/filmmaker ADRIENNE SHELLY's movie Waitress has won an award at the 9th annual Sarasota Film Festival in Florida. The romantic comedy, which also stars Keri Russell, won the Narrative Feature Competition at a ceremony...
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly
Stars Pay Tribute To Shelly At Sundance Screening
22nd January 2007
Family, friends and fans of murdered actress ADRIENNE SHELLY paid tribute to the late star last night (21JAN07) when her movie WAITRESS debuted at the Sundance Film Festival in Utah. The American star was found...
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly, Keri Russell
Keri Russell Pregnant
20th January 2007
Former FELICITY star KERI RUSSELL is expecting her first child this summer (07). Russell, 30, and fiance SHANE DEARY, 30, a contractor, have been dating for several years and became engaged last year (06). The...
Tagged in this article - Keri Russell, Tom Cruise, Mission Impossible 3, Adrienne Shelly
Teen Charged With Murder Of Indie Actress Shelly
7th November 2006
LATEST: Police have charged a construction worker with the murder of US actress ADRIENNE SHELLY, who was found hanging from a shower rod in her New York City apartment last week (ends03NOV06). DIEGO PILLCO was...
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly, Hal Hartley, The Unbelievable Truth
Actress Adrienne Shelly Found 'Hanged'
3rd November 2006
American actress ADRIENNE SHELLY was found dead at her New York City apartment on Wednesday (01NOV06) in what appears to be a suicide. She was 40. Shelly was discovered hanging from a bedsheet by her...
Tagged in this article - Adrienne Shelly, Hal Hartley, The Unbelievable Truth


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Hiv Infection Progresses Cd4 Increases And Viral Load
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Get the Facts
Viral Load Tests... What Is Viral Load? How Is the Test Used? How Are Changes in Viral Load Measured? Viral Load "Blips" What Do the Numbers Mean? Are There Problems With the Viral Load Test? What Is Viral Load? The viral load test measures the amount
Ask the Experts
HIV VIRAL LOAD AND CD4 COUNTI've recently been diagnosed with HIV. Upon initial investigation to my unknown illness (seroconversion) blood was taken to reveal HIV-1 RNA copies/mL 46141. Eight days later this number increased to HIV-1 RNA copies/mL 3910402.Unfortunately, the...
Response from Joseph McGowan, M.D., F.A.C.P.
North Shore University Hospital...million is more in keeping with an acute HIV infection (acute retroviral syndrome). There are processing reasons that can make a viral load measurement less than accurate. But there is no doubt that HIV is present. The Western blot can evolve... Read more »
Hiv and Diabetes medsI have been positive for 20+ years now. (holding my own without medications) About 6 years ago I was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes, and about 4 years ago was placed on a drug called Metformin. I went for awhile with no complications, and then my...
Response from Keith Henry, M.D.
University of Minnesota, School of Medicine...progression of HIV infection nor has any of the HIV meds (including metformin). HIV+ patients over time often see a decrease in viral load and drop in CD4 counts in the absence of treatment si unlikely to be due to diabetes or the metformin.... Read more »
Low CD4s From the Onset of HIV InfectionBefore I tested positive for HIV in June 1994, I was receiving HIV antibodytests every 4 to 6 months (because I realized I was in a high-risk group). Mylast negative test was in December 1993. However, when I tested positive inJune, I had a CD4...
Response from Rick Sowadsky, M.P.H.
Nevada State Health Division AIDS Program...is already low. You may have a more aggressive strain of the HIV virus. You may have otherhealth problems that can make your HIV infection more severe. Because thisdisease can vary greatly from person to person, in some people the... Read more »
Increase in cd4 and decrease in viral load in South Afrcan Case4 Weeks ago a was put on antiviral treatment (combination therapy) after a lung infection. I did not know that I was infected. At the time of infection my CD4 count was 97, and my viral load 200 000. After 4 weeks my CD4 count is 235 and my viral...
Response from Mark Holodniy, M.D., F.A.C.P., C.I.C.
Stanford University, School of Medicine...You have thus far had an expected viral load and CD4 cell response 4 weeks after starting therapy. With good adherence to your regimen, I would expect the viral load to go Read more »
Women and HIV Viral Load...starting the drugs. If your viral load goes up while taking HIV drugs, you and your health care provider should take another viral load measurement. If that result is the same or higher, your drugs may not be working as well as they should. You... Read more »
Understanding HIV-Related Lab Tests II: Viral Load, Resistance and Tropism... Lab Tests Are Important Tools Viral Load Test Resistance Test Tropism Test Bottom Line Lab Tests Are Important Tools Having regular lab tests is a necessary Read more »
HIV Viral Load Testing...load test indicateshow active HIV is in your body. Together thesetwo tests are used to monitor how your body isresponding to HIV infection and to HIV treatment. How are viral load testresults reported? You will get an answer in... Read more »
Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents...culture and susceptibility testing and viral sequencing are not available or are too time consuming or costly. Conversely, CMV viral load measurements are of limited utility clinically because of their poor positive predictive value, but do have... Read more »
Connect With Others
The Failure of Viral Load Tests
Posted by Anonymous, 2 Replies...drugs, while AIDS doctors throughout the world started using viral load for everything from diagnosing illness to confirming HIV infection. The new uses for viral load emerged and gained popular acceptance despite the fact that, according to... Read more »
4th Generation HIV Test
Posted by Trophy...years ago. Identification and interventions in high incidence populations may assist in decreasing transmission, since high viral loads which occur during early infection are associated with increased transmission. Monitoring areas of high... Read more »
AIDS vs HIV -
Posted by 30YEAROLDMOTHER, 6 RepliesNow i know that AIDS is the end stages of HIV but I just was thinking - And wanted to see if anyone knows. IF I (just say me for example) Had unprotected sex with a men that has AIDS Vs HIV is there a high change that I would get the virus? See this... Read more »
Posted by Anonymous...weeks (sometimes even months) after the infection is acquired. On the other hand, the quantitative plasma HIV-1 RNA level (viral load) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is 95 to 98 percent sensitive for HIV,8 becomes positive within 11... Read more »
Resource Centers
Guides for People With HIV


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Electric Co-Op Installing Electric Chargers In Underserved Towns
The New Hampshire Electric Cooperative is working to install more electric car chargers in underserved parts of the state. The pilot has helped hotels in Jackson, Woodstock, Plymouth, North Conway and Lincoln put in chargers customers to use.
The coop is making the move because they believe there are indications that electric vehicles are beginning to gain a foothold.
"The growth of electric vehicles, if you follow the national trends, are growing twice as fast as regular hybrids grew," says Gary Lemay, renewable energy engineer for the coop.
Lemay estimates that over the last two months the first charger – at the Red Jacket Resort in North Conway – has drawn 45-50 kwh of electricity. That's approximately enough to charge a Nissan Leaf twice, or a Prius plug-in hybrid sixteen times. Lemay says that exceeds his expectations. "We're heading into the off-season, there wasn't a lot of advertising on this, and we're very happy with that use," he says.
Not counting these new chargers, the US department of energy reports there are 16 public electric vehicle chargers in New Hampshire, but only four of those are north of Concord.


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Moms & BabiesThe Parker-Brodericks
It's a New York state of mind for Sarah Jessica Parker, husband Matthew Broderick and their trio of cuties
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Updated: Thursday Aug 29, 2013 | 01:00 PM EDT
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Dedicated to Advancing The Athletic Training Profession
Athletic Trainers of Massachusetts is a non-profit organization committed to advancing, improving, and promoting the profession of athletic training. ATOM was founded by a group of athletic trainers to address issues of mutual concern within the Commonwealth Today ATOM is the largest organization for Athletic Trainers in Massachusetts.
The Athletic Training Staff at the 2013 BOSTON MARATHON FINISH LINE
Go to our Governmental Affairs section on this website for more information about our upcoming legislation and how you can support us.
2015 Hit the Hill Day Invite - Call your legislator and invite them to the event.
Letter from the President of ATOM to support our legislation!
Update January 20, 2015
Our legislation has not been assigned bill numbers yet, however we do have docket numbers to reference the bills. Please use the docket numbers below when contacting your legislator about co-sponsoring our bills. Once official bill numbers have been assigned they will be emailed to you and available on the ATOM website.
Please contact your Senators and Representatives by January 28th and ask them to co-sponsor our bills. If you do contact a legislator and they agree to co-sponsor please email Brian Fitzgerald at email@example.com or Bob Colandreo at firstname.lastname@example.com and let them know which legislator agreed to co-sponsor and which bill they signed on to.
And Act Relative to the Practice of Athletic Training (our practice act update)
Sponsors Senator Mike Rush and Rep Ed Coppinger
Docket # SD 162 - Senate
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Call your legislator today! We file the bill on January 28, 2015!
Don't know who your legislator is? Follow this link and type in your city or town.
NATM Proclamation Contest»
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Use a combination of these core back exercises to strengthen your lower, upper or middle back areas. Whether you're interested in barbell deadlifts or reverse extensions, we have back strengthening exercises for every level. These exercises are also featured in convenient workout routines that include proper warm-up and cool-down techniques, which greatly reduces the risk of injury.
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Green smoothies are a great way to add leafy vegetables to your diet, but it can be a challenge to know how to make them appealing to your taste buds. Here are some great green smoothie recipes that maximize the nutritional value of greens, fruit and superfoods—and taste...
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Are you struggling to stick with your New Year's resolutions? If so, it might be time to recruit the help of your significant other. After all, the key to behavior change is making your goals as attainable as possible, so having the support of your partner is an important...
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When I found out about MJM I instantly made it my number 1 magic store. There is no other magic store site that has better deals than MJM period....Read More ->
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Mayor Fernandez
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