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Spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde
based on the telomerization reaction of tryptamine
Nael G. Yasri*, Hasan Seddik, Maha A. Mosallb
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Aleppo, Syria
Received 8 December 2010; accepted 2 February 2011
Environmental samples
hyde FA in different samples using tryptamine TA in a sulfuric acid medium was developed. A trace
amount of sodium nitrite was added to enhance the production of a red violet colored product
exhibiting an absorbance maximum at 558 nm. Beer's Law is obeyed for 0.80–23.00 lg mL?1FA
(r = 0.999), the recoveries are within the range of 96.25–100.66%, with percent relative standard
deviations ranging from 1.02% to 2.73%. No interference was detected from commonly existing
contaminates in the liquid samples e.g. phenol, aminoacids, sugars and related compounds. The
method was applied successfully for the determination of formaldehyde in various environmental
samples, such as rain water, wood products, and total cigarette smoke.
ª 2011 King Saud University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of formalde-
1. Introduction
Formaldehyde (FA), HCHO, is the most commonly found
aldehyde in the environment (Liteplo et al., 2002). In general,
formaldehyde enters the environment from natural sources,
forest fires and from direct human pollution sources, such as
fuel combustion, industrial on-site uses and off gassing from
building materials and consumer products (Wakefield, 2008;
Priority Existing Chemical Assessment, 2006).
Due to the high solubility (Heimlich, 2008), formaldehyde
is found in natural rain, clouds, fog and steam, which paves
its way as a pollutant. Moreover, the broad biological proper-
ties place formaldehyde among the significant industrial haz-
ardous substances, with high impact on human health
(Heimlich, 2008; Liteplo et al., 2002; Programme on Chemical
Safety Formaldehyde Health and Guide, 1991). In air, formal-
dehyde is considered as immediately dangerous to life and
health at a concentration level of 24 mg m?3, and exposure
limit of 90 g m?3(Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, 1994).
Recently, there has been a tendency to determine the con-
centration of formaldehyde in the environmental samples for
pollution control purposes and to provide strict regulatory
restriction on the usage of consumer products. Therefore, a
simple, rapid and highly sensitive determination method is ur-
gently required (Heimlich, 2008).
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +963 933 685834.
E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (N.G. Yasri).
1878-5352 ª 2011 King Saud University. Production and hosting by
Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.
Production and hosting by Elsevier
Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2011) xxx, xxx–xxx
King Saud University
Arabian Journal of Chemistry
Please cite this article in press as: Yasri, N.G. et al., Spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde based on the telomer-
ization reaction of tryptamine. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2011), doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.02.005
Page 2
Sensitive methods for formaldehyde determination include
GC (Bianchi et al., 2007; Del Barrio et al., 2006; Reche
et al., 2001; Velikonj et al., 1995; Davydova et al., 1986), vol-
tammetry (Zhao et al., 2006), fluorometry (Zhang and Tian,
2004; Li et al., 2007), LC and HPLC (Possanzini and Di Palo,
2003; Witthauer et al., 1999; Isakau et al., 2009; Fu Liu et al.,
2005; Huber and Fresenius, 1981; Chen et al., 2008). However,
spectrophotometric based methods (Teixeira et al., 2004; Feng
et al., 2004; Gigante et al., 2004; Tian et al., 2004; Cui et al.,
2007; Jagadeesan and Gupta, 1979; Li et al., 2008; Gibson
et al., 2008; Mohamed et al., 2008; Guo et al., 2006; Pinheiro
et al., 2004) are among the relatively low-cost, simple and sen-
sitive methods and are very popular. These methods are based
on the reaction of formaldehyde with reagents, such as Schiff's
reagent (Gibson et al., 2008), p-phenylenediamine (Mohamed
et al., 2008), chromotropic acid (Gigante et al., 2004), brilliant
cresyl blue (Guo et al., 2006) and fluoral P (Pinheiro et al.,
The present work reports a simple, sensitive and accurate
spectrophotometric method for the determination of formalde-
hyde in aqueous samples. The method is based on the forma-
tion of a colored telomere from the reaction of formaldehyde
with indol-3-ethylamine (knows as tryptamine; TA), in a sulfu-
ric acid medium. The method was optimized for the determina-
tion of unknown levels of formaldehyde in samples of
rainwater, wooden products, and total cigarette smoke.
2. Material and methods
2.1. Apparatus
A Jasco V-630 spectrophotometer with 1.0 cm quartz cell was
used for spectrophotometric measurements. An HPLC system
(Merck-Hitachi) equipped with a diode array detector L-2455,
quaternary pump L-2200 and column temperature regulator
L-2350 was used. The analytical column used was a RP8 HI-
BAR (250 · 4.6 mm ID 10 lm) from Merck. The chromato-
graphic system was eluted by (45:55 v/v) acetonitrile:water
solution as a mobile phase, with 20 lL injection volume at a
flow rate of 1.0 mL min?1, and a detector set at 345 nm wave-
length. A digital Orion Research Model 601 analyzer provided
with an Ingold U455 electrode was used for pH measurements.
2.2. Reagents and chemicals
Reagent-grade chemicals used were of the highest purity avail-
able from their sources. A stock FA solution of 1000 lg mL?1
was prepared by diluting a volume of 2.5 mL (37%) formalde-
hyde solution FA (SCP, super chemical produces) to 1000 mL
with bidistilled water and standardized using the sulfite method
(Annual Book of American Society for Testing and (ASTM)
Standards, 1979). FA working standard solutions of 100 and
10 lg mL?1were prepared daily from the stock standard solu-
tion by appropriatedilution.
5 · 10?2mol L?1was prepared by dissolving 0.817 g (98% pur-
ity, Merck chemicals) tryptamine in 1% H2SO4and then com-
pleting the volume to 100 mL using the same solvent. Sodium
nitrite solution 2 · 10?3mol L?1was prepared by dissolving
0.139 g of 99% sodium nitrite (BDH England), in bidistilled
water and diluting to 1000 mL in a volumetric flask. Sulfuric
acid (98%), 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) were pur-
Tryptaminereagent TA
chasedfrom Merck and5% (w/v) chromotropic acid from Mal-
linckrodt Chemical was freshly prepared in bidistilled water.
3. Method
3.1. Spectrophotometric calibration curve
Proper volumes of the FA working standard solution were
transferred to the stoppered test tubes to cover the concentra-
tion range of 0.80–23.00 lg mL?1. The FA solution was di-
luted with water to 4.0 mL, the test tubes were replaced in
the water bath at a constant temperature of 25 ?C, followed
by the addition of 4.0 mL concentrated H2SO4, the tempera-
ture was allowed to stabilize then 1.0 mL of the working TA
solution was added followed by 1.0 mL sodium nitrite solu-
tion. All test tubes were then capped and left in the water bath
for 35 min to ensure complete color development. A calibra-
tion graph was prepared by recording the absorbance of the
resulting solutions at 558 nm against a similarly prepared re-
agent blank. All measured solutions were prepared in
3.2. Formaldehyde determination in rain water
Some portions of countryside rain water (Aleppo City, Syria)
were collected at two different time periods; each portion
was about 100 mL volume. The first collection was in the first
autumn rainfall in the second week of September 2009 and the
second sample was collected from the same place after about
one month. The collected rain water samples were immediately
filtered through a 0.45 lm membrane filter from which a vol-
ume of 100 mL was heated, with continuous stirring, in a water
bath at 80 ?C for 10 min (Mohamed et al., 2008), in these con-
ditions, the volatile acetaldehyde was expelled, and at the same
time they have a little effect on FA (recoveries of FA P97%),
which begin to drift with water vapor at P90 ?C (Mohamed
et al., 2008). The solution was left for a few minutes to cool
after which bidistilled water was added to the volume to re-
place any evaporation.
In order to determine the low levels of FA a preconcentra-
tion procedure was performed by subjecting the resulting solu-
tion to a crystallization process with bisulfite. This was
proceeded as follows: 5 g sodium bisulfite was added to
100 mL of the rain water, then the mixture was kept in an
ice bath for one hour (ensuring a complete FA and bisulfite
reaction), after which an accurate volume of 50 mL ethanol
(95%) was added without stirring (the aqueous: ethanol ratio
was 2:1 (v/v)). The mixture was then refrigerated (at ?4 ?C)
for 30 min which lead to the formation of crystals from bisul-
fite addition compound. The crystals were then filtered using
0.45 lm membrane filter, and the filtrate was discarded. The
crystals were kept at room temperature for solvent evapora-
tion, followed by the dissolution of the dry crystals with suit-
able volume of 0.05 mol L?1sulfuric acid, making the final
FA concentration within the standard linear range of the sug-
gested method. A 3 mL volume of the resulting solution was
used in the proposed method for FA determination.
A separate FA preconcentration study with bisulfite crys-
tals was performed to ensure higher recovery for trace FA le-
vel. The study included ethanol to water ratio, bisulfite
quantity, and FA concentration.
2N.G. Yasri et al.
Please cite this article in press as: Yasri, N.G. et al., Spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde based on the telomer-
ization reaction of tryptamine. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2011), doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.02.005
Page 3
3.3. Formaldehyde determination in total cigarette smoke
A procedure for total cigarette smoke (TSS) collection, de-
scribed elsewhere (Mohamed et al., 2008), is applied for the
FA determination in a local cigarette brand (Al Hamra long).
The method in brief is as follows; a simple smoking apparatus
was constructed as shown in Scheme 1, each trap (100 mL
capacity) contained about 35 mL of chilled water. Just after
smoking three cigarettes, the two trap solutions were com-
bined, filtered through a 0.45 lm membrane filter and heated,
with continuous stirring, in a water bath at 80 ?C for 10 min,
to expel volatile acetaldehyde (Mohamed et al., 2008). The
remaining solution was then diluted to 250 mL in a volumetric
flask and sample aliquots of 3 mL were promptly analyzed.
3.4. Formaldehyde determination in wood products
FA in wood products, such as in medium density fiberboard
(MDF) and chipboard, was determined by applying the sug-
gested method. To each 1 g ground sample of MDF, chip-
board was added intermittently as very small pieces, 50 mL
of bidistilled water was added and the mixture was agitated
using an ultrasound bath for 10 min at 80 ?C. This ensured
the removal of acetaldehyde if present (Mohamed et al.,
2008), and the complete dissolution of free FA from the sam-
ple (British Standards Institution, 1995), total FA, however,
could be obtained by soaking the sample in a sulfuric acid
medium, (Chrastil and Reinhardt, 1986). The solution was
then left for a few minutes to cool, filtered then a 3 mL volume
of the filtrate was used in the proposed method for FA
4. Results and discussion
4.1. Effect of various concentrated acids
The addition of FA with TA, in the sulfuric acid medium,
developed a violet colored product with a clear absorbance
maximum at 558 nm. The effect of various volumes of concen-
trated sulfuric acid was studied using 3 mL of 8 lg mL?1
(2.7 · 10?4mol L?1) FA concentration. The results, (Fig. 1),
show that the increases of acid volume, within the range 0.5–
4.0 mL, show an increase in the absorbance. Increasing the
acid concentration to volumes above this range shows good
and nearly constant absorbance values.
For the same acidifying propose, various concentrated
acids, such as nitric acid (70%) hydrochloride acid (37%), ace-
tic acid (99%) and phosphoric acid (85%) were individually
tested using a volume of 4 mL from each acid and using the
same experimental conditions. The results show, no color
development in the solution by using the above mentioned
acids. An addition of 0.5 mL of 1.0 · 10?2mol L?1H2O2to
the previously tested phosphoric acid gave a violet colored
product with a broad peak at 566 nm (Fig. 2). The color devel-
opment using H3PO4and H2O2took approximately 3 h to
establish a stable colored product. Despite a low potential haz-
ard of H3PO4as compared with H2SO4, a longer period of
time taken by the former to develop a colored product lead
to the preference of the cautious use of H2SO4.
1Home-madetotal cigarettesmokecollection
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Volume of H2SO4, mL
Figure 1
at 558 nm, Experimental conditions: 2.7 · 10?4mol L?1HCHO;
4 · 10?3mol L?1TA; 0.3 · 10?4mol L?1NaNO2, at 25 ?C and
wait for 45 min; 10 mL final testing mixture.
Effect of sulfuric acid volume on the absorbance values
Figure 2
with sodium nitrite using 8 lg L?1HCHO, (2) sulfuric acid using
8 lg L?1HCHO, (3) phosphoric acid using 8 lg L?1HCHO, (4)
sulfuric acid with sodium nitrite using 1 lg L?1HCHO.
Absorption spectra show the effect of; (1) sulfuric acid
Spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde based on the telomerization reaction of tryptamine3
Please cite this article in press as: Yasri, N.G. et al., Spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde based on the telomer-
ization reaction of tryptamine. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2011), doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.02.005
Page 4
4.2. Effect of sodium nitrite concentration and other oxidants
It has been noticed during preliminary testing experiments that
the addition of trace amount of oxidants, e.g. H2O2and Fe3+
[as Fe2(SO4)3], increases the reaction speed with no effect on
the total absorbance value. Adding a trace amount of sodium
nitrite to the sulfuric acid media containing FA and TA, how-
ever, caused an increase in both, the absorbance (Fig. 2) and in
the reaction speed.
The effect of NaNO2concentration was studied within the
range of 0.5 · 10?5–1.4 · 10?3mol L?1. The results (Fig. 3)
show that the absorbance increased rapidly with increasing
NaNO2concentration with a maximum at 2 · 10?4mol L?1.
Further increases in the NaNO2concentration to a value more
than 9 · 10?4mol L?1, may lead to a decrease in the absorp-
tion value. Thereafter, a concentration of 2 · 10?4mol L?1
of NaNO2was adopted for further experiments.
Taking into consideration the color development period,
the absorbance of the color was monitored for 8 h both in
the absence and in the presence of NaNO2. In the absence of
sodium nitrite, the result (Fig. 4) shows that the colored prod-
uct formation increased gradually during the first 3 h of the
reaction time and a maximum was reached after 6 h. Alterna-
tively, the presence of 2 · 10?4mol L?1NaNO2enhanced the
reaction rate with a nearly stable colored product formation
after 35 min that remained for 6 h.
It has been known that NaNO2in acidic solution gives ni-
trous acid which decomposed with the evolution of nitrogen
oxides, but at these reaction conditions of temperature and or-
der of material addition (FA, H2SO4, TA, and then NaNO2),
the absorption and the reaction speed were surprisingly in-
creased, even at a temperature reaching 25 ?C.
It is suggested that the presence of NaNO2could enhance
the formation of a hydrated semi oxidized species of formalde-
hyde that have more efficiency to condense with indole and its
4.3. Constitution of the colored product
The nature of the binary colored product (FA-TA) was deter-
mined by performing two studies, the first using continuous
variation method (Likussar and Boltz, 1971). In this method,
a series of solutions were prepared, with that the concentration
of FA plus TA were held constant at 1.0 · 10?3mol L?1. A
graph was prepared by plotting absorbance against the ratio
[FA]/[FA] + [TA]. The result of applying this method,
(Fig. 5), indicated that the (TA:FA) ratio is 2:1.
The second study used a molar ratio method (Meyer and
Ayres, 1957), this was performed by increasing the TA concen-
tration within the range of (1.3 · 10?3–2.1 · 10?4) mol L?1, for
the formation of the colored product with constant FA con-
centration of 2.7 · 10?4mol L?1.
0 1 2
Concentration of NaNO2 mol.L-1,×10-4
3 4 56 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Figure 3
absorbance values at 558 nm. Experimental conditions: HCHO
2.7 · 10?4mol L?1; TA 5 · 10?3mol L?1; 4 mL H2SO4(98%); at
25 ?C and wait for 30 min; 10 mL final testing mixture.
The effect of sodium nitrite concentration on the
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
Figure 5
production at 558 nm. Experimental conditions: 2 · 10?4mol L?1
NaNO2; 4 mL H2SO4(98%); at 25 ?C and wait for 30 min; 10 mL
final testing mixture.
Continuous variation method for FA-TA colored
Time, hour
Figure 4
the absence and in 2.7 · 10?4mol L?1HCHO: the present of
2 · 10?4mol L?1
5 · 10?3mol L?1TA; 4 mL H2SO4(98%); at 25 ?C; 10 mL final
testing mixture.
The absorbance variation at 558 nm during 8 h time in
Experimental conditions:
Scheme 2
Possible telomerization reaction of formaldehyde with
4N.G. Yasri et al.
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ization reaction of tryptamine. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2011), doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.02.005
Page 5
The result shows rapid increases in the absorbance with
increasing TA concentration (maxima at 5 · 10?3mol L?1),
with an intersection point of 2 on the [TA]/[FA] axes versus
absorption. Hence, according to these results and the Hop-
kins-Cole biochemical reaction (Berg et al., 2006), which is
used for qualitative determination of tryptophan, the composi-
tion of the binary colored product formed TA-FA, may be ex-
pressed as 2:1 (Scheme 2).
4.4. Effect of temperature
The effect of temperature was studied within the range 5–
95 ?C. In these set of experiments the mixture was prepared
in test tubes placed in a water bath at a defined temperature
for a period of 30 min after which the ambient temperature
was maintained.
The result (Fig. 6), demonstrated that the colored product
formed at a temperature in the range of 5–25 ?C exhibited
nearly stable absorbance, whereas increasing the temperature
within the range of 26–35 ?C showed a decrease in the absor-
bance (around 2%). Increasing the temperature within the
range of 40–90 ?C, caused the absorbance to decrease dramat-
ically with the dissociation of the colored product, resulting in
uncontrollable conditions of the reaction. Thus, the method
should be performed at a temperature less than or equal to
4.5. Method validation
Beer's Law is obeyed within FA concentration range of (0.80–
23.00) mg L?1(r = 0.999). The calibration graph is described
by the equation: Y = bX + m, obtained by the method of least
squares (where Y = absorbance, m = intercept, b = slope and
X = concentration in lg mL?1). Correlation coefficient, inter-
cept and slope for the calibration data, as well as, the sensitiv-
ity parameters such as apparent molar absorptivity and
Sandell's sensitivity values, the limits of detection and quanti-
fication are calculated and summarized in (Table 1). The LOD
and LOQ were calculated according to the same guidelines
using the formulae: LOD = 3.3 SD/b and LOQ = 10 SD/b,
where SD is the standard deviation of five reagent blank deter-
minations and b is the slope of the calibration curve (Miller
and Miller, 1993).
The precision and accuracy were assessed according to the
IUPAC recommendations (Miller and Miller, 1993) by analyz-
ing 0.08, 0.10, 0.30, 0.50, 0.80, 1.0, 5.0, 10.00, 15.00, 18.00,
20.00, and 23.00 lg mL?1FA in aqueous solutions (Table 2).
The relative accuracy R% was within the range of 96.25–
100.60%, with RSD% 62.73%, indicating a good accuracy
with high precision of the method. The reproducibility of the
method also known as the inter precision was evaluated by
performing replicate analyses solution over a period of five
days. The inter day RSD values were less than or equal to
3.90% reflecting the usefulness of the method in routine
Method robustness was tested by making small incremental
changes in either TA concentration, H2SO4 concentration,
NaNO2concentration or temperature. To check the rugged-
ness, an analysis was performed by three different analysts
and on three different spectrophotometers by the same analyst.
The robustness and the ruggedness were checked at three dif-
ferent concentrations of FA. The intermediate precision, ex-
pressed as RSD percent, which is a measure of robustness
and ruggedness was within the acceptable limits as shown in
the Table 3.
4.6. Interference study
The influence of various ions, some of organic and inorganic
compounds, commonly found with FA in the aqueous envi-
ronment was examined within the concentration range of 15–
1000 lg mL?1. A relative error of ±5% on the concentration
of FA was considered tolerable. No interference within the
testing range of concentration was observed from sugars, such
as glucose and fructose, ketones as acetone, aminoacids as leu-
cine, urea, phenol and the following ions Na+, K+, Ca2+,
Cu2+, Pb2+, Al3+, Fe2+, Zn2+Cl?, and NH4+. However,
111213141 5161718191
Figure 6
558 nm. Experimental conditions: 2.7 · 10?4mol L?1HCHO;
5 · 10?3mol L?1
2 · 10?4mol L?1NaNO2; 10 mL final testing mixture.
Effect of temperature on the absorbance values at
4 mLH2SO4
Stir together
in ice bath
Dilute acid
Scheme 3Reaction of bisulfite with formaldehyde.
Table 1Sensitivity and regression parameters.
ParameterProposed method
Linear range (lg mL?1)
Molar absorptivity (e) (L mol?1cm?1)
Sandell sensitivitya(lg cm?2)
Limit of detection (LOD) (ng mL?1)
Limit of quantification (LOQ) (lg mL?1)
Intercept (a)
Slope (b)
Regression coefficient (r)
aLimit of determination as the weight in lg mL?1of solution
which corresponds to an absorbance of A = 0.01 measured in a
cuvette of cross-sectional area 1 cm2and l = 1 cm. Y = a + b X,
where Y is the absorbance, X is the concentration in lg mL?1, a is
the intercept, b is the slope.
Spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde based on the telomerization reaction of tryptamine5
Please cite this article in press as: Yasri, N.G. et al., Spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde based on the telomer-
ization reaction of tryptamine. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2011), doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.02.005
Page 6
interference was observed, (Table 4), from acetaldehyde (4.2-
fold) and oxidant material as hydrogen peroxide (24-fold)
which causes dissociation of the colored product. Interferences
were also observed with ions, such as Fe(III) at 48 fold, Ni(II)
and Co(II) up to 54-fold.
4.7. Preconcentration with bisulfite crystals
Considering that the concentration of FA found in samples,
such as in rain water, could be less than the limit of the sug-
gested method, a procedure for FA collection from these sam-
ples is needed. A modified FA crystallization collection
method with sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) was performed in or-
der to determine FA. This crystallization method was used to
collect formaldehyde from air samples (U.S. Department of
Health and Services, 1994). The method depends on the crys-
tallization of aldehydes and ketones with bisulfite in aqueous
media (Scheme 3) (Clayden et al., 2000). This method in brief
included the addition of excess of bisulfite to the collected rain-
water, forming a dissolved compound with FA, and addition
of ethanol caused the compound to crystallize.
The optimum experimental conditions were determined for
the concentrations of FA which are lower than the linearity
range of the suggested method (these concentrations were
not capable for the analysis by applying the suggested method.
Varying the bisulfite quantity for the preconcentration of
0.1 lg mL?1FA present in 100 mL of bidistilled water, after
which the analysis procedure was performed, reveals higher
recoveries of 95%, with a relative standard deviation RSD of
2.8%, by using 5 g bisulfite. Increasing the bisulfite quantity
up to 8 g/100 mL shows no variation in the recovery value.
On the other hand, using 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 g/100 mL of bisulfite
gives a recovery of 50%, 61%, 79%, and 84%, respectively.
For the same preconcentration purpose, and for the same
FA concentration, varying the ethanol (95%):water ratio as
Table 2Evaluation of precision and accuracy for FA determination.a
FA taken (lg mL?1) Intra-day accuracy and precisionInter-day accuracy and precision
FA lg mL?1(n = 6) FA lg mL?1(n = 5)
Found ± SDR% RSD%Found ± SD R%RSD%
0.77 ± 0.021
0.97 ± 0.024
4.95 ± 0.109
10.02 ± 0.160
15.10 ± 0.172
19.84 ± 0.202
22.70 ± 0.232
0.76 ± 0.030
0.96 ± 0.031
4.87 ± 0.140
10.00 ± 0.256
14.98 ± 0.277
19.82 ± 0.287
22.64 ± 0.265
aThe experiments were performed using the optimum conditions of 5 · 10?3mol L?1TA, 4 mL H2SO4(98%) with final testing mixture
volume at 10 mL (or 39.2% (w/w)) and 2 · 10?4mol L?1NaNO2.
Table 3 Robustness and ruggedness expressed as intermediate precision.
FA taken (lg mL?1)Method robustnessMethod ruggedness
Parameter altered RSD% (n = 3)Inter-analysists RSD% (n = 3)Inter-instruments RSD% (n = 3)
TA (mol L?1)a
Acid (w/w%)b
Temperature (?C)c
NaNO2(mol L?1)d
aTA concentrations used were (4, 5, 6) · 10?3mol L?1.
BSulfuric acid used were 37.0, 39.2, and 41.0 w/w%.
cTemperature used were 27, 25, and 23 ?C.
dNaNO2concentrations used were (1.5, 2.0, 2.5) · 10?4mol L?1.
Table 4
determination of 1.66 · 10?4mol L?1FA.
Tolerable concentration of foreign species in the
Tolerable limita
Tolerable concentration
(mol L?1)
Acetaldehyde 4.2
6.9 · 10?4
4.0 · 10?3
7.9 · 10?3
8.9 · 10?3
8.9 · 10?3
aDefined as ±5% relative error.
bA(I): absorbance in the presence of interference substances; A:
absorbance without the interference.
6 N.G. Yasri et al.
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0.5:2, 0.75:2, 1:2, 1.25:2, 1.5:2, and 2:2 gives recoveries of
50.2%, 94.5%, 95.3%, 94.7%, 30.7%, and 0.0%, respectively,
with that, the excess of ethanol to a ratio more than 1:2 caused
re-dissolution of the crystal.
Similar treatment of a solution containing trace formalde-
hyde levels of 0.08, 0.05, and 0.03 lg mL?1gives (recov-
ery ± RSD)% of(95.25 ± 2.9)%,
(94.07 ± 3.7%) respectively.
(94.80 ± 3.1)%, and
5. Application
The analytical results of FA with the suggested method in rain
water were compared with the result obtained by HPLC mea-
surement (Tsai et al., 2003), and are in good agreement. The
HPLC measurement depended on the derivatization of FA
with 0.1% of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent (DNPH).
While the analytical results for the other samples of wood
products, and TSS samples were compared with the standard
chromotropic acid method adopted by NIOSH (Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, 1994). The obtained analyti-
cal results, Table 5, gave quantitative recoveries in the range of
96.0–100.0%. The test of significance shows that Student's t-
test values and F-values at 95% confidence level are less than
the theoretical values, indicating that there is a good agree-
ment between the results obtained by the proposed method
and the reference method with respect to accuracy and preci-
sion. These results prove the validity and reliability of the pro-
posed method to analyze different aqueous samples.
In rainwater, however, the concentration of FA is different
according to the area, gas emission and of pollutants present
(Reeve, 2002). The first autumn rain collection contained more
pollutants, due to the washing out of the dissolvable sub-
stances present in air, moreover, the concentration levels of
FA in the two rain water samples analyzed indicate high levels
of FA pollutant, which demand more attention and control of
the pollutant's emission in the region.
6. Conclusion
A spectrophotometric method has been developed for the
determination of low level formaldehyde. The developed meth-
od depends on the formation of a red violet colored product
from the telomerization of FA with TA in the presence of con-
centrated sulfuric acid and trace NaNO2amounts. The method
is shown to be selective, sensitive, simple and easy to perform.
The colored product that has been formed is stable at a tem-
perature less than or equal to 25 ?C, and does not interfere
with substances normally present as pollutants. The method
validation proved the accuracy and precision for the routine
application of low level formaldehyde determination.
The authors thank Dr Zaib HUSSAIN, PUNJAB University
(Pakistan), for technical assistance.
Annual Book of American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM)
Standards, Part (29), D2194, 1979, pp. 65–71.
Berg, J.M., Tymoczko J.L., Stryer, L., Biochemistry, 16th Ed., The
Tripe Helix, 2006.
Bianchi, F., Careri, M., Musci, M., Mangi, A., 2007. Fish and food
safety: determination of formaldehyde in 12 fish, species by SPME
extraction and GC–MS analysis. Food Chem. 100, 1049–1053.
Table 5Determination of formaldehyde in different testing samples.
Proposed method (n = 5) Reference method (n = 5)
NoTypeHCHO added (lg mL?1) HCHO (found ± S.D)b
Found ± S.D (lg mL?1)
1 Rainc
1.58 ± 0.037
2.06 ± 0.032
3.06 ± 0.041
0.87 ± 0.024
1.36 ± 0.028
2.36 ± 0.039
18.31 ± 0.188
19.31 ± 0.201
21.28 ± 0.232
5.10 ± 0.076
5.58 ± 0.095
6.58 ± 0.110
6.50 ± 0.116
6.99 ± 0.104
7.98 ± 0.111
– 1.57 ± 0.050
t = 0.60
0.85 ± 0.032
t = 1.85
18.17 ± 0.202
t = 1.66
5.14 ± 0.103
t = 1.17
6.48 ± 0.124
t = 0.38
2 Raind
4Wood (MDF)
5 Wood
The value of t (tabulated) at 95% confidence level and for four degrees of freedom is 2.78.
The value of F (tabulated) at 95% confidence level and for four degrees of freedom is 6.39.
aAll of the analytical samples had unknown FA concentration.
bExpressed for TSS in lg per cigarette, and lg mL?1the for other samples.
cCollected from the first rain (countryside, Aleppo city, Syria) and preconcentrated twice.
dCollected after a period of one month (countryside, Aleppo, Syria) and preconcentrated 10 times.
eThe recovery values for added FA concentrations.
Spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde based on the telomerization reaction of tryptamine7
Please cite this article in press as: Yasri, N.G. et al., Spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde based on the telomer-
ization reaction of tryptamine. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2011), doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.02.005
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Notificationand Assessment
8 N.G. Yasri et al.
Please cite this article in press as: Yasri, N.G. et al., Spectrophotometric determination of formaldehyde based on the telomer-
ization reaction of tryptamine. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2011), doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2011.02.005


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text:
This weekend I tried to move slowly. I will spend all week
moving somewhat obsessively and efficiently from one task to the
next. I look forward to the weekend because I don't have to be
anywhere at any particular time with my brain on and ready to go.
Despite this, it's ridiculously hard to slow down after moving
through life at such a clip. I had to make a sincere effort to have
an unhurried shower on Friday evening. I had no plans, and yet I
was operating like I had better soap up quickly so I could rinse
off fast and move on to the next task. The weekends are supposed to
be my reprieve from go-go-go! I'm not kidding guys; I had to
actually think about lathering shampoo with patience.
While we're talking about unicorns and
(Image source: www.twisteddoodles.com)
Why move so fast in the first place? I would prefer to go
through life at a relaxed pace, but medical school is the perfect
storm of lots of time required for sitting in class and for
learning stuff, and high expectations for doing it well. I was
blessed/cursed with the ability to move quickly, as will happen
when you grow up with ambitious parents in a progressive Boston
suburb. Because of this, I can all too easily accelerate to match
the flow of med school traffic and maintain that speed.
Part of the reason I am drawn to massage and bodywork is that a
general attitude of peace and flow permeates such treatments. If I
want to give a good treatment, I must relax into the spa music and
foster an environment that allows my client to relax. I reap the
benefits of relaxation when I meet my client where they are, ready
to slow down and be quiet.
My home office, set up to practice massage and in doing so,
calm my mind.
On the other side of things, an inescapable aspect of working in
the ND clinic is that an air of quick anxiety permeates, especially
on certain days. It can be hard to come in to work a 2-hour
hydrotherapy shift and create a bubble of calm in the midst of an
existing sizzling atmosphere. I have found that if I can channel
that massage mindset and embody the feeling I'd like my patient to
get from their hydrotherapy treatment, the whole appointment goes
much more smoothly. If I succumb to the tension that lurks in the
clinic hallways, I have a harder time taking blood pressure, or I
forget to heat the hot towels for my transition phase of
constitutional hydro. Sometimes it takes this little moment of poor
planning or fumbling with my stethoscope to realize that I am
letting every one else's fervor drive my thoughts and actions.
In a recent appointment, I sensed that my patient was a little
more on edge than usual. Before entering the room again after
checking in with my clinician, I took a deep breath and made up my
mind to fill my being with the word "compassion." I moved more
slowly as I pushed gentleness out in front of me in an effort to
dissipate the angst I'd sensed earlier. And you know, I think it
I'll admit that pushing a positive emotion ahead of me, or
embodying a feeling or a word in order to change the feel of a
space and support a patient, is exhausting. However, I know it has
to be like anything else; practice will certainly make it easier
and self-care (physician heal thyself) has never been more
I've been both praised and questioned for my optimism. The
skeptical people want to know why I am so positive, especially in
the midst of finals, for example. My answer is that while it might
be tiring, I can always sleep. It is easier to be happy than to be
sad. It serves me so much better to look at the bright side than to
wallow in the fog. You can approach medical school as if it is a
dark and scary beast, or you can make it into a giant, shiny
unicorn that might blind you or run you over if you aren't willing
to grab it by the horn and ask for help. Yeah, I like that; medical
school is a huge unicorn. I think I'll stop there.
Ugh, guys and gals, it's been a tri! I'm sitting here trying to
bang out a meaningful blog post for my loyal readers and... turns
out the only thing I can focus on is that I am surrounded by three
loads of unfolded laundry (clean at least, thank goodness) and
that's just the start of what's not getting done around here...
My mom would be mad -- sitting in my messy room, mustering
energy to do lots of things.
What week in the tri is it? I keep trying to write a comment
about it being "that week" of the tri, and to quote my fellow ND
student friend Wendy, "I just can't even." I keep telling myself
that taking boards in week 4 or 5 (or whenever that was) is why I'm
all out of sorts, but really, it's just that med school is med
school is med school, and there's just no changing that.
Classic medical student portrait -- sleepy and
In the summer I wrote about the unbeautiful part of being a
naturopathic medical student. That was the last time I had ice
cream for dinner and even though it's not exactly ice cream
weather, tonight's lookin' like its time for a repeat.
Enough complaining! What I HAVE managed to do lately is this: I
get out of bed every morning! I put on clothes, and I think I
always look presentable, if maybe, occasionally, a little weird.
Each morning I succeed in making myself coffee, and if I had a "To
Do List," I would almost always put a satisfying check next to
"make breakfast." But, it's a good day if I manage to actually eat
the breakfast without also doing two other things simultaneously;
I'm usually taking bites between packing a lunch and scrambling to
gather up all my things.
I can say with confidence that each weekday I make it to campus!
Yes! I am proud to say that I stay awake in class, and I almost
always know which room I'm supposed to be in, and when. Also, I
generally always know what's going on in lecture, although... I
have my days.
Today, when taking a blood pressure I struggled to multiply 17
by 4. It's OK, not all doctors can do math every single time,
Some days seem unbelievably long, and others I just wish, wish,
wish could extend by just an hour or two! If you had an extra hour
in the day, what would you do with it? I used to say, "Yoga!" Now,
I would sleep. I would definitely sleep. I used to think sleeping
was for the faint of heart. I'm not sure anyone could get through a
medical education without a strong heart, and so, my views have
Speaking of strong hearts, I am surrounded by them and
Hallelujah! If it weren't for my friend Blaine's reliable punchy
sarcasm, Wendy's big grin and occasional colorful language, Tina's
quick laugh, Mallory's eager smile, Abdulla's kind eyes, Lisa's
happy conversation, and Brad's constant confidence, I might have
imploded by now. And these are only the people I see the most
often! I have so many other fellow student friends who keep me
laughing, who commiserate with me, and who help me talk through my
thoughts everyday. Thank you all! You guys rock.
Sigh. Thank you for reading about my blunders and my teeny, tiny
daily successes. Now I think its time for that ice cream
I spend a lot of time looking at the sky. When I lived in the
West, I realized that a big sky makes me feel that anything is
possible and that I can never understand it all. I adore this
feeling. I desire to be outside of my comfort zone as often as
possible; so much so that at times I've had to give up and retreat
to calmer waters.
I spend a lot of time looking at the sky. Sunrise on my
morning commute last week.
On a long weekend during my first year at NUHS, before the
program had a chance to wear me thin, my partner and I set out on a
camping and fishing trip to Wisconsin's driftless region. We
meandered through farmland and found our camping spot as the clouds
were gathering, no big deal. We'd once tried to camp at Vedauwoo
near Laramie, Wyoming, in late October with a wicked, biting wind
that threatened both to snow and to overturn our tent. When we
realized they'd shut off the water and closed up all facilities for
the season, we gave up.
My partner Hanzi tying flies at our kitchen table over the
weekend, caused this story to surface.
On this particular trip in Wisconsin, we made dinner over our
camp stove as the rain picked up. We ate our rice and beans on the
tailgate to stay dry. As the downpour intensified, we climbed into
our tent earlier than expected and snuggled into the center, trying
not to touch the wet walls.
At 1 a.m., the 5th drop of water landed on my face and I
realized my sleeping bag was totally soaked; our tent was no longer
waterproof and the Midwestern thunderstorm was still raging. Soaked
and sleepy, we sloppily disassembled our tent and crammed all the
sopping wet sleeping stuff into the trunk and slunk out of the
campsite, our tails between our legs.
The fishing the next day was terrible. The streams ran high
and brown
with mud. You can see our soaking wet camping gear piled in
the trunk.
We drove a wide-open rural highway with lightning cracking all
around us in the longest, loudest and most spectacular streaks I've
ever seen. This was some thunderstorm! If you've never experienced
one, do come study naturopathic medicine at National. If you've not
chosen our school for the strong philosophy and awesome
collaborative learning environment, then do at least choose it for
the thunderstorms!
After a drive through the downpour and lightning, we checked
into the only room left at the nearest hotel, a suite with a hot
tub in the corner and the fluffiest king size bed ever (save for
that one that enveloped me during that bout of food-poisoning I got
in Banff, Canada after eating scrambled eggs at the airport. Don't
ever eat scrambled eggs at the airport.)
When you're in medical school, you pretty much can't do these
adventurous, uncalculated things. They squash that tendency to toss
logical thinking to the wind (like setting up camp in the midst of
a deluge) in the process of teaching us to be responsible doctors.
I don't mean my professors tell me to stay out of the rain. I mean
that medical school in general takes you away from the fun stuff by
sucking you dry of energy and sitting you down for some serious
business. It's all worth it though, I promise.
I may not be able to adventure, but I guess my education does
cause me to constantly move beyond my comfort zone. Each new class
I take demands that I commit to memory information I've never known
before. When I see a sim patient, I have no idea what to expect and
have to dive in ready to grapple with whatever story they tell me.
This is undoubtedly like the real world of doctoring and so I rest
assured; I totally AM in the right place.... If doctoring is a
process of continually stepping out of your comfort zone while
seeking the patterns that help you find your way to healing a
patient, then I think I'm on to something.
Really though, I already knew I was in the right place before
writing this rambling essay on thunderstorms and airport eggs and
squished adventures. I came to naturopathic medicine because I
thrive on the different stuff. Our medicine is not well known but
it is intelligent. Our medicine is not entirely understood in
reductionist terms, but it works from a place of truth. Camping in
the rain is not a comfortable choice, but it does make for a good
Here I sit, on a plane bound for Chicago after a weekend on the
East Coast, listening to the air from the blower overhead and the
rushing outside the window as we taxi. The deicers blast the window
inches from my face with a heavy spattering sound. The engines roar
a little louder and I think of the rattle my cousin's smiling,
blonde 1-year-old used to fill my ears this morning.
At this past week's Nu Delta Sigma meeting, Nadene introduced us
to sound healing as presented in the book, "Tuning the Human
Biofield," by Eileen McKusick. I was the lucky recipient of a sound
experiment from my friend John, a brilliant healer and
doctor-in-the-making. You might call us crazy, but when was the
last time you checked in with the sounds in your life? It had been
a while for me.
The sim patient I saw this week in my Advanced Clinical Problem
Solving class complained of tinnitus, a rushing sound in his ears,
and was nearly deaf. This was the only abnormal finding on physical
exam as we searched for clues to the cause of his dizzy, vomiting
spells. When I made kale for dinner on Wednesday night, the leaves
squeaked when I stripped them off their stalks. The sound reminded
me of lemons and a crisp, cold, clear evening with a sky full of
stars, when the frozen snow sings underfoot.
So excited to be out skiing in celebration of one of my very
oldest friends!
(She taught me to suck my thumb when I was 2.)
When I rode the chairlift at Cranmore Mountain in New Hampshire
with my childhood friends over the weekend, the chairs clunked as
only chairlift chairs do each time you reach a tower. I reveled in
the swish of skis and the crunch-pop of poles into snow, the whoosh
and shudder of skiers of various skill levels as they rocket
downhill beside you. There were also those split seconds of silence
when I caught a little air and my skis left the snow, allowing me
to hear only the wind in my ears.
Beautiful bluebird day in the White Mountains! There are my
friends, waving at me from the lift.
On Sunday morning, I listened to the coffee maker grumble and
splurt that divine bitter stuff into the pot. The bottle of
champagne made an adorable pop! And we toasted our friend, a
bride-to-be. We thanked her for bringing together such an
intelligent, fun, active and clever group of young women. Our
glasses clinked! I am back at school now, refreshed and
All the lovely, intelligent women in our PJs, toasting our
So now I sit here typing, my fingers trickling across the keys
making that distinct blipping sound with each letter. I spend so
much time using my eyes and my hands to observe and palpate in
medicine, but I haven't engaged nearly enough with my ears. The
more blood pressures I take and the more lungs I auscultate, the
more familiar those healthy sounds become. I listen to the normal
sounds in hopes that I'll recognize when they are different, when
the lungs pop or crackle or gurgle and tell me something about the
environment inside my patient.
So, I guess the exact name for this new lunar year in the
Chinese calendar is up for debate. What's not debatable is the fact
that I went to a (belated) Chinese New Year party on Saturday and
ate a delicious hotpot with ingredients sourced from Chicago's
China Town. Yummy! I also tried my hand (mouth?) at a Chinese
blowgun and wore house slippers.
Hotpot! (The little mushrooms were the most delicious
According to both the New York Times and NPR, the English translation of this year's
Chinese animal is fuzzy. "Yang" may mean a sheep, a goat, or a ram.
The sheep/goat/ram debate seems to be a uniquely American and
European problem. Throughout Asia, most people are settled on what
exactly the word "yang" represents for them, often depending on
which one of these animals lives in that particular region and
whether they do good or bad things for the ecosystem.
Party host Reed taking aim with the blowgun
For example, I learned that in Mongolia, this year is likely be
regarded as the year of the sheep, as opposed to the goat, which is
known for eating not only the grass but also the roots, leaving no
grass for the following year. Thus, the sheep is more auspicious
and one's ancestors would surely name a year for the animal that
leaves opportunity for growth.
As part of our naturopathic training, we take an Intro to
Chinese Medicine class in our third trimester. The course provides
an excellent segue for those ND students who are considering a dual
degree in
Acupuncture or
Oriental Medicine at NUHS. The information we learn in this
class barely grazes the surface of Chinese medicine, but it does
give us the capacity to converse with its practitioners based on
our rudimentary understanding of the substances, organs, elements,
and patterns used in Chinese medicine. We are taught to analyze a
case to determine imbalances in yin/yang, internal/external,
cold/hot, and deficiency/excess.
Pulled out my old notes on Chinese Medicine for a
After much debate in my third tri here at NUHS, I realized that
studying in the OM program was not for me. Many of my ND peers are
working toward dual degrees and take night classes in the
Acupuncture/Oriental Medicine program. I hear fabulous things about
the professors and the program as a whole! If you're curious about
the master of science programs in acupuncture and oriental medicine
here at National, don't hesitate to jump over to Juli's blog
and read about it!
As for the rest of the naturopathic medical schools, I believe
that the Canadian colleges include more training in Chinese
medicine in their curriculum than do the American schools because
parts of Canada include acupuncture in their ND licensure. Another
note to make about this overlap between naturopathic medicine and
Chinese medicine is that as NDs we have the opportunity to sit for
an acupuncture-specific board exam when we take NPLEX Part 2. If
you want to practice in certain Canadian provinces, Arizona or
Kansas, I believe you must sit for this board exam. In order to sit
for this add-on exam, you must have upwards of 200 credits in
acupuncture/oriental medicine. At NUHS, this means you must enroll
in 7 specific courses in the AOM program. I looked into all of this
because I intended to take every add-on board available to me when
it comes time to do so, but in the end I decided I was unlikely to
end up in Arizona or Kansas or most of Canada, and if I do end up
in one of these places I'll tackle that obstacle when I come to
In the meantime, I'll be making an effort to embody these
qualities of our new Year of the Sheep (/goat/ram): avoid pessimism
and hesitation, be kind-hearted, clever, tender, and compassionate.
Happy New Year to you all!
• Leaves, Flowers, Berries, and Bark
• Farmer's Market
• Should I Study Massage Therapy, Too?
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Contact your network operator. Your network operator can provide the unlock code and instructions on how to use it.
Nokia Lumia 610 - How can I unlock my phone so I can use another network operator's SIM card?
Related FAQs
- What can I do if the camera on my Lumia phone does not work properly?
- Lines that are straight in real life appear broken in a stitched image on Panorama. Why?
- Why do stitched photos sometimes have ghosting effects with Panorama on my Lumia device?
- Lines that are straight in real life appear bent in a stitched image on Panorama. What can I do?
- I cannot send or receive text messages on my Lumia phone


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To make reservations by phone, call 1-888-287-9400 in the USA and Canada (or any of our worldwide reservation telephone numbers).
SpringHill Suites Minneapolis-St. Paul Airport/Eagan
3635 Crestridge Drive
Eagan, Minnesota 55122 USA
3635 Crestridge Drive
Eagan, Minnesota 55122
Minneapolis-St Paul International Airport - MSP
Hotel direction: 5 miles SE
Take 494 East to 35E South and exit at Pilot Knob Road. Turn right (south) 1.5 blocks to Duckwood Drive, then turn right . Veer left onto Crestridge and follow to hotel.
For more information call the general manager of the hotel


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About This Site
NCIX is Canada's premier online computer store where you can buy online computers, computer accessories and parts, hardware, laptops, build your own computer, PC components, electronics and the best price computers online.
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Cosy Studio Rio Central
from £29 /night help
Estimated nightly price based on a weekly stay. Excludes fees (if applicable). Enter your dates to see the total cost.
Availability Your dates are available
Apartment | 1 bedrooms | sleeps 3
|Key Info
Studio flat, recently refurbished. New toilet/shower room, new open kitchen, sitting room and bedroom.
Bright and airy.
Open views, no other buildings too close, you can even see the Christ Statue!
Lots of light. 10th floor. 24 hours/day porter on the building.
Flat furnished with everything you may need for a very comfortable stay.
Wifi available.
5 min walk to Lapa, the oldest part of Rio, buzzing with life, music, food.
Buses at the door and metro station two blocks away.
References are: opposite Campo de Santana, next door to Fire Brigade Head Quarters,
3min walk from Praca Tiradentes, Rua do Lavradio.
Ideal for someone looking for a Central location to explore Rio and be at walking distance from one of the hottest sites, Lapa.
The flat can accommodate up to three people.
|Sleeps up to 3, 1 bedrooms
|Will consider
|Corporate bookings, House swap, Long term lets (over 1 month)
|Family friendly
|Suitable for children over 5
|No pets allowed, No smoking at this property
Features and Facilities
|TV, Wi-Fi available
|Clothes dryer, Cooker, Microwave, Fridge, Freezer, Washing machine
|1 bedroom, 1 bathrooms of which 1 Family bathrooms
|1 Sofa beds, Double beds (1), Dining seats for 3, Lounge seats for 3
|Linen provided, Towels provided
About this location
The State of Rio de Janeiro region
Rio de Janeiro
About the owner
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26 Feb 2014
"Super Apartement"
Zentrale Lage, U-Bahnnähe, vieles auch zu Fuß zu erkunden, tolle Aussicht über die Stadt, Bei Anreise ein mit Obst und Getränken gefüllter Kühlschrank, für uns ganz prima, da wir nachts angekom… More
Hi Ula,
thank you very much for your nice review.
I am very hapy to know you had a nice hiliday.
Please, come back any time you want, it was a pleasure to do business with you and you are always welcome.
23 Nov 2013
"Ruhig, gute Lage, preiswert und gut!"
Sehr gute Beschreibung, unkomplizierte Abwicklung. Den Schlüssel für das Appartement 1016 konnte ich direkt vom Portier in Empfang nehmen. Das Studio ist noch besser als beschrieben - inzwischen bef… More
Hi Uwe,
Thanks a lot for the great review.
You are always welcome to my property.
This advert is created and maintained by the advertiser; we can only publish adverts in good faith as we don't own, manage or inspect any of the properties. We advise you to familiarise yourself with our terms of use.
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Out-of-town investors buy up shopping centers
Many likely attracted by Sacramento area's relatively low prices
- Kelly Johnson
- Staff Writer and Social-Media Strategist- Sacramento Business Journal
- Email | Twitter | LinkedIn | Google+
When the Laguna Pavilion shopping center in Elk Grove recently changed hands for $18.75 million, it was no surprise that the buyers were not local.
Most of the Sacramento region's big shopping centers are owned by out-of-towners, and that's been the case for decades. But when the real estate market tanked several years ago, those out-of-town investors bypassed Sacramento in a flight to buy only in the nation's largest cities.
Now they're back.
In particular, investors who are getting priced out of the Bay Area are turning their sights to the capital region, where there's more risk but better deals given that Sacramento's economy has been slower to recover, commercial real estate brokers say.
But Sacramentans shouldn't get too excited and think this means we're returning to the glory days.
"Has there been a massive influx of money back in the market? No," said Scott Crowle, a commercial real estate investment broker with Cornish & Carey Commercial Newmark Knight Frank.
But nationally there's a lot of investors — including pension funds and insurance companies — looking for a place to put their money, and "real estate is still a safe bet," Crowle said.
Besides, for investors needing to borrow some money for their purchase, credit markets have loosened up. And investors are eager to lock in these unprecedented low interest rates — say 4 percent for 10 years — before rates rise. They also hope that rents will eventually rise.
The end result is Sacramento is getting some of that action, thanks to out-of-towners.
The interest from outsiders had been picking up gradually since last year. That's ramped up now.
"I think it's definitely more evident now," said Jared Dong, a retail real estate broker with Terranomics. "It's in your face."
"Before," he said, "they were kind of tip-toeing around."
At some point, the valuation disparity between San Francisco and Sacramento becomes compelling and a folly to ignore, said Randy Getz, a commercial real estate investment broker with CBRE Inc. "I would say we are just about there in Sacramento."
In some cases, investors are getting outbid in the Bay Area as all that money chases the core markets — think San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago and New York.
"What we saw in 2008 was the flight to quality," Crowle said. Investors stopped looking in tertiary and secondary markets such as Sacramento, which investors saw as too reliant on the government sector.
Also, the inventory of quality shopping centers for sale in the core markets is scarce, Crowle said.
So places such as Sacramento are appealing again, brokers said.
For example, Laguna Pavilion, a fully leased center of about 70,500 square feet at Laguna Boulevard and Bruceville Road, was bought and sold by Bay Area investors. The $18.75 million, or $266 per square foot, was the region's largest shopping center deal in half a decade, according to brokers.
Stockbridge Capital Group, a private equity real estate company in San Francisco, meanwhile, recently bought Stanford Ranch Village in Rocklin for $18.46 million. Four buildings totaling nearly 87,000 square feet make up the center.
Some people consider prices like these core-market pricing, Crowle said.
Local investor Ethan Conrad has picked up 26 commercial properties in the past two years, with a focus on distressed properties.
The interest from out-of-towners has kept him from buying some properties, he said.
However, out-of-towners primarily are snatching up stable shopping centers costing more than $5 million, he said.
Prices are heading up, but they're "bumping along" as they're moving in that direction, Conrad said. There are still many shopping centers, he added, that are short-sales and that lenders have taken back, which is holding down pricing.
Kelly Johnson covers retail, insurance, marketing and media, manufacturing and distribution, sports business, nonprofits and education for the Sacramento Business Journal.
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Debutantes presented at White, Gold Ball
The Southern Debutante Assembly held its 2013 Presentation and White and Gold Ball on the evening of Dec. 28 at the Greenwood Country Club in Greenwood. Eighteen debutantes were presented to society at the event.
Members of the assembly's Governing Board greeted the honorees' guests entering the foyer.
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This site is a public resource celebrating The Who. It is not sponsored or formally affiliated in any other way with The Who or the band's members, management or other representatives. In accordance with laws regarding copyright and other forms of intellectual property, material excerpted and posted on this site is strictly for nonprofit research, scholarship & commentary about The Who, its members and their activities.
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My girlfriend and I stayed here a few weeks ago and we could not have been happier. First off the location of the hotel is perfect. You are literally on the beach. We had a room on the side of the hotel and we could still see the water.
The staff at this hotel was a cut above. I was extremely impressed with everyone's professionalism and class. Two staff members in particular went up and above the call of duty. Marcus and Marino were amazing. My girlfriend and I lounged on the beach every day we were there and Marcus and Marino could not have been more helpful. They both set up our lounge area, inform us of some great things to do and places to eat. We hope to see them again when we come back next year!
I would recommend anyone who enjoys the beach, great hospitality and great staff to give this hotel a try. We know we will be coming back again!
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Publisher's Description+
The Windows Registry is the most accessed and the most vulnerable to errors part of your computer. As you install and uninstall software it becomes cluttered with obsolete and corrupted entries, which can cause system errors, crashes, and failures. Therefore it's extremely important to keep the Registry in top form by cleaning all the junk and fixing all the errors that accumulate over time. Auslogics Registry Cleaner is designed for fast and safe Registry optimization. It will detect and fix various Registry errors and ensure that your computer runs as good as new.
What's new in this version:
- The program now participates in the Auslogics Green Seal Project, which guarantees it to be free of toolbars, adware or third-party offers in the installer.
- Fixed minor bugs.


text:
Common threads running through recent shootings
Anger at institutions and alienation may be factors. But murder statistics show a drop.
As the nation struggles to come to terms with the recent spate of shootings from Atlanta to Chicago to Milwaukee, some criminologists have found a common theme in the seemingly disparate attacks: They were at least partially aimed at institutions and carried out by frustrated, alienated individuals.
They're a symptom of a society less anchored in communities than it once was, critics say, and one in which some mainstream institutions, from the courts to the local city council, may have grown less responsive to individuals' needs.
"There's a tremendous amount of alienation in America - people feeling that big government and business, even the justice system, are not responsive to the needs of the ordinary guy," says criminologist James Alan Fox, author of the new book "Extreme Killing: Understanding Serial and Mass Murder."
Professor Fox says that the phenomenon is coupled with an "eclipsing of community," many people who now live alone and lack friends and neighbors to help them through difficult times.
While the incidents remain under investigation and each alleged shooter's story is unique, the themes of alienation and lashing out at an institution, or individuals that represent one, are evident in all three cases.
For instance in Atlanta, Brian Nichols had been in court to be retried for a rape that he insists he did not commit. He later told his hostage, Ashley Smith, that he thought of himself as "a soldier ... and that his people needed him for a job to do. And he was doing it." But a yearning for human contact was obvious, too: He told Smith he wanted to relax and "feel normal."
She, in turn, tapped into his own sense of humanity and told him about how her husband died, how much she loved her 5-year-old daughter, and why she wanted to live. After talking for several hours, Nichols put his guns away and offered to hang up her curtains before letting her go to visit her daughter, Paige.
"After we began to talk, he said he thought that I was an angel sent from God, and that I was his sister and he was my brother in Christ," she said.


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The old church in Smolnik over Osława was built in 1806, much later consecrated church. Transfer of the Relics of St. Nicholas. It is the only of its kind preserved in the commune Komańcza. It is a brick church, built of stone, mortar sand-clay with the addition of straw. Inside the preserved iconostasis richly decorated with contemporary wood carving and icons from the eighteenth-XIX century., And four side altars - one rokokokiew style Greek Catholic church. Transfer of the Relics of St. Nicholas.
Europe is generally agreed to be the birthplace of western culture, including such legendary innovations as the democratic nation-state, football and tomato sauce.The word Europe comes from the Greek goddess Europa, who was kidnapped by Zeus and plunked down on the island of Crete. Europa gradually changed from referring to mainland Greece until it extended finally to include Norway and Russia.Don't be confused that Europe is called a continent without looking like an island, the way the other continents do. It's okay. The Ural mountains have steadily been there to divide Europe from Asia for the last 250 million years. Russia technically inhabits "Eurasia".Europe is presently uniting into one political and economic zone with a common currency called the Euro. The European Union originated in 1993 and is now composed of 27 member states. Its headquarters is in Brussels, Belgium.Do not confuse the EU with the Council of Europe, which has 47 member states and dates to 1949. These two bodies share the same flag, national anthem, and mission of integrating Europe. The headquarters of the Council are located in Strasbourg, France, and it is most famous for its European Court of Human Rights. In spite of these two bodies, there is still no single Constitution or set of laws applying to all the countries of Europe. Debate rages over the role of the EU in regards to national sovereignty. As of January 2009, the Lisbon Treaty is the closest thing to a European Constitution, yet it has not been approved by all the EU states. Text by Steve Smith.


text:
Please watch and forward: The goal is 5,000,000 views and it is at 60% now. Watchfor the Marine who bends down to shake a little girl's hand, see what she does. It will warm your heart. Please watch to the end of the program so it counts as a viewing and then, FORWARD! http://media.causes.com/576542?p_id=92681239 Read More »
Tag Archives: video
While one grasshopper wouldn't stop a train…a billion of them could.
This was sent to me in an email…I didn't write, but I agree with it…and it's changing the way we shop in the Bunkhouse. In our current economic situation, every little thing we buy or do affects someone else – even their job. I like Hershey's candy. I noticed, though, that it is marked made in Mexico now. I do ... Read More »
White Liar Video
….and I particularly love Jamey Johnson as the Preacher! Watch it, you'll love it! Read More »
We all can look back on situations and think how'd I survive?
This is a great video that show's some really close calls. Timing is everything. Check it out. Read More »
Wrong Idea of Martina
Martina McBride thinks that sometimes people have the wrong idea of her. Take a look at this funny tour commerical. Read More »
37 degrees Sunday morning but the bikers showed up for the babies.
Thanks to all of the bikers, the crew at the March of Dimes, the law enforcement, the firemen, the vendors, the bands, the people who donated and the Bikers for Babies committee members and volunteers for a wonderful event. Here's the video and photo gallery. If you have photos please send them to me so I can add them to ... Read More »
Kenny Chesney's Video I'm Alive
Already missing the fact that Kenny's not touring next year. Well, you can relive some of his concerts in his video to I'm Alive. You can also get a glimpse of what Kenny may be doing during some of his time off….beach, water…you get the idea, relaxing and resting. Check out Kenny's new video here. Read More »
Denim and Diamonds
check out this cool video footage from Taylor Swift on Band Hero! Read More »
Check out Dierks' New Video
Dierks Bentley has a hot new video out. The new video is for his song I Wanna Make You Close Your Eyes. Check it out here. Read More »
New Craig Morgan Video
Check out the brand new video to "Bonfire" from Craig Morgan! Read More »


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Gateway Motel
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Day 47
... hotels will drop off and pickup their clientele, but she said that she would drop us off and phone her when ready to come back and she'd pick us up. Wow that sounded great - as the springs was the main reason I had booked this place..Jaquie was the typical Canadian... Generous, friendly and informative...nothing is too much trouble. We said we'd contact her for ...
Morning Comes Early, But Travel Does Not
... s enough to propel me out of my warm bed and start the day, but there is no rush so I am taking my time. A quick check of my email and then I go downstairs and turn on the TV. I can hear Jim upstairs and then I hear the shower. I find my recorded episode of Big Brother from last night and settle in to power through in about 45 minutes by fast forwarding through the commercials.
Around 8:00 it's my turn in the shower and time to ...
Backpacking trip into Canadian Rockies again!
... nedaleko Calgary m�me ještě t�měř 400 km, už jsme ale z t� dlouh� j�zdy k smrti unaveni, nav�c je večer, takže to pro dnešek bal�me kousek za hranicemi na parkovišti u informačn�ho centra provincie Alberta.
Až dalš� den to konečně doj�žd�me ke Spray Lakes, do m�sta, odkud se chceme vydat na tř�denn� trek, a konečně dob�t ten Assiniboine. Během dnes si d�v�me na čas, j�zda ...
Safe, warm and dry--with amenities!
... is due to snow, which means, hopefully, that we'll be able to go through the park tomorrow. There are a couple of road washouts, however. Bob is exploring the possible alternate routes for us for tomorrow.
At least, I'll be able to get the blogs out tonight--if and when Bob gets the addresses switched over to gmail. That has proven to be a challenging job.
Now I Know I Can Walk Faster Than Tom!
... we were detoured around Fairmont HotSprings (where we had considered swimming). They had had a landslide minutes earlier, as big as the Johnston's Landing slide 72 hours ago. Probably the rainy spring has made the mountains and cliffs unstable. Anyway, this slide was a little less than 30 km from our campsite. I guess our number's not up yet!! It was a wonderful day together, and we came home smelling sulphury, and ...


text: 1 SANDSTROM SDABXRW13 DAB Radio - Black & Wood 22 reviews Alarm 20 presets Mains powered LED display Home delivery Order & Collect £49.99 Product details Explore the wealth of digital radio stations made available by the Sandstrom SDABXRW13 DAB Radio. Best of both worlds The RW13 features both DAB and FM tuners, giving you the best of local radio and the vast array of national radio DAB brings. Twenty radio presets let you keep your favourite stations to hand while the built-in alarm clock lets you wake to your favourite station, be it digital or analogue. Headphone port A 3.5 mm output allows headphones to be used, letting you catch up... Find out more More info


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1 Package by nbostrom
- data-string-parser Parses strings with 'key: value' pairs into shallow objects.
6 Packages starred by nbostrom
- immutable.js Immutable Objects in JavaScript
- immutablediff Create RFC 6902 style patches between Immutable.JS data structures
- immutablepatch Apply RFC 6902 style patches to Immutable.JS data structures
- mocha simple, flexible, fun test framework
- plasmid A low-level implementation of the anti-entropy gossip protocol scuttlebutt.
- spine MVC Library.


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Earth-buzzing Asteroid Would Be Worth $195B If We Could Catch It 265
from the i'll-give-it-to-you-for-$99B dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
Yes it's ratified, and how is the number of spaceships relevant to the question of mining rights?
The whole point of these materials being valuable is due to the fact that launching said material into space is expensive, so the materials wouldn't be taken back to earth, they'd be used in space.
If we could stick into the Earth-Moon L4/L5 points it could sit there for a few million years without any sci-fi hardware. The difficulty is getting it there in the first place.
I think the reason there isn't any demand for orbital construction is because there isn't enough materials. If we could get that sorted, the construction opportunities will follow.
Professional wrestling: ballet for the common man.


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A brash radio newcomer, WBWL/The Bull, takes on a legacy station, WKLB, spurring a good ol' throwdown.
The vast majority of the Japanese works in the Museum of Fine Arts Boston show come from a rebel named William Sturgis Bigelow.
Three families share what you need to know when a fire, tornado, or flooding strikes.
An owner of two apartments tallies the pro-tenant leaning of Massachusetts.
A list of organizations you can turn to in the event of a disaster.
Lance Taylor and Duncan Foley of the New School argue that John Maynard Keynes's insights have yet to go mainstream.
Supporters say such programs could give more people a route to the middle class, but opponents worry it could actually increase inequality.
With Kennedy's Institute for the US Senate ready to open in Dorchester, the vice president says his influence is missed.
The story behind the software, the programs, the tablets, and Ted Kennedy's vision for his institute.
Cabela's, a Nebraska-based national chain, when it opened its first Massachusetts outlet in Berlin. To the hunting, fishing, and camping crowd, it is a holy grail, its arrival here as thrilling to them as Wegman's was to foodies, or Ikea to the minimalist home decor set, or Shake Shack to hamburger devotees.
2015 brought with it the perfect storm for ice dams and inflicted the severest punishment those dams can dish out.
They've plagued human beings for as long as we've been laying our heads down to sleep.
Is Scientology a religion that leads its followers to spiritual understanding? Or is it a long con meant to bilk people out of their money?
"Loneliness is a private problem. If you talk about being lonely, it makes everyone uncomfortable and you end up being lonelier," said director David Cromer.
The question itself opens up an interesting conversation about how our entertainments reflect and distort the social realities we choose to believe in.
Jim Shaw's rich, allusive, pop culture-saturated works are the subject of a major new exhibition at Mass MoCA.
Wilson drew upon many sources of inspiration for his work "Moses(es)," which will be performed by his Fist and Heel Performance Group at the ICA.
Odyssey Opera announces its second summer festival, a diverse mix of seldom-encountered works by British composers.
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Continue reading by subscribing to BostonGlobe.com for just 99¢.


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White supremacist Cobb's new town watchful
SHERWOOD, N.D. – Near the end of U.S. Highway 28, past fields of wheat, soybeans and lemon-yellow canola lies a sleepy town where residents are friendly, but a man who recently arrived in town has some not feeling so welcoming.
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Senator questions future of EERC: Still no word from UND on director's leave
North Dakota Sen. Connie Triplett, the wife of longtime Energy and Environmental Research Center director Gerald Groenewold, said they are concerned about the future of the institution now that Groenewold has been put on paid administrative leave.
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OP Junior Member
Thanks Meter: 0
3 posts
Join Date:Joined: Nov 2013
So here is my problem -
A few months ago I decided to update to 4.3 from 4.1.2.
I updated manually with Odin to one of the leaked versions that got out.
A couple of months ago I decided to downgrade back to 4.1.2 and wait for the OTA 4.3 that was about to come.
When I manually downgraded to 4.1.2 I had that notorious 0049XX IMEI issue which I couldn't fix, and therefore didn't have calls\sms.
I went to a local phone repair lab and they fixed the IMEI issue. I have no idea what they did, but now my phone is on stock 4.1.2
And the IMEI is back to normal again.
My question is -
I'm tired of waiting my operator to release a 4.3 update (not happening anytime soon).
I want to update manually to UK\Germany\France 4.3. Will I loose my IMEI again ?
Someone told me that a device that had an IMEI issue fixed won't be able to upgrade\downgrade versions
Ever again because it will wipe the IMEI again, Can someone confirm that ?


text: 1185 S Otis Pl , Renaud Place, Lakewood, CO 80232 Status: Off Market MLS#: 1114666 Contact Email this listing Share on Pinterest Share on Google+ Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Calculate Mortgage Print Flyer Get Directions Request a Showing Off Market 1185 Otis Pl , Lakewood, CO 80232 is no longer on the market or has been removed from the MLS. Similar to 1185 Otis Pl : Ask an Agent About 1185 Otis Pl * Required fields Send Your Question × Monthly Payment Estimator Price: Down Payment: % Loan Amount: Loan Type: 30 Year Fixed 15 Year Fixed 5/1 ARM Interest Rate: % Est. Tax & Insurance: % ($/mo.) Est. Monthly Payment: $478 per month × Email a Listing 1185 Otis Pl, Lakewood CO, 80232 From: Name: Email: To: Name: Email: Subject: Message: Take a look at this property I found on MileHighHomeGuide.com: http://www.milehighhomeguide.com/homes/1185-S-Otis-Pl/Lakewood/CO/80232/24381452/ Send a copy of this message to me Send Email


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AfterHours evenings offer interactive encounters with the collections. Each with its own unique theme, AfterHours presents the chance to explore the galleries - with friends or independently - over a drink from our cash bar and in a childfree environment.
Expect interesting collaborations, live performances, music, object handling, talks, tours and taster-workshops.AfterHours events are part of Project VERVE's public programme, Need/Make/Use, and they happen regularly throughout the year. Keep an eye on our What's On pages for regular updates.
Friday 15 May, 19.00-22.00 (£5)
Discover sound artists Mike Blow and Alex Allmont improvising with a 'Theremuino' and making beats from LEGO in the Pitt Rivers, plus catch live bands in the Museum of Natural History. Explore the galleries with more than just your eyes: seek out pop-up sensory stations and get hands on with objects, take a taste challenge amongst the dinosaurs, and smell your way to other continents in the Pitt Rivers. Upon entry to the museums, grab your free torch and get exploring!
Tickets: £5, concessionary group rate of 4 tickets for the price of 3. Torch included in ticket price.
Nanook of the North – A Live Soundtrack
Saturday 9 May, 19.30 start
North Wall Arts Centre, Summertown (map)
One of the UK's most innovative ensembles, melding heart-rending improvisation with gritty folk and roots music, Dead Rat Orchestra present their own live soundtrack to the classic, controversial and possibly first ever, feature length documentary, Nanook of the North. Released in 1922, R. J. Flaherty's film proclaims to portray "love and life in the actual artic", following the so-called daily trials of Inuit people on the edges of the Artic circle.
A film not without its controversies: following the performance, Professor Marcus Banks (University of Oxford) leads discussion into the film's complexity, examining Flaherty's romanticised construction of a "pre-industrialised" Inuit family, and other ethical issues of representation and identity. Joining in discussion will be members of the band and Dr Charlotte Gleghorn, University of Edinburgh. Opportunities for questions and answers.
Tickets available via www.ocmevents.org
Previous After Hours Events:


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User Reviews & Ratings - Quillivant XR Oral
Read user comments about the side effects, benefits, and effectiveness of Quillivant XR Oral.
Overall User Ratings24 Total User Reviews
User Reviews
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User Reviews
Reviewer: RonaldReagan, 35-44 Female on Treatment for 6 months to less than 1 year (Caregiver)
Ease of Use
This medicine is a life saver to my 8 year old son. Not only has his general attitude improved, his academics have increased and his teachers comment about his better grades and ability to maintain thought and complete a task without being out of his seat. The times he has missed a dosed have been horrible. It shows me the medicine is absolutely necessary- life is already difficult, why make it ... Show Full Comment
Reviewer: 45-54 Female (Caregiver)
Ease of Use
My son is 11 and has been on this med for 18 months. This is the first drug we tried after diagnosis of ADD and it's been a perfect fit for him. He gets about 10 hours of effectiveness each day. He's fine at school but it's worn off by the time we get through dinner and homework. We do notice irritability if he skips a day.
Reviewer: na, 45-54 Male on Treatment for 6 months to less than 1 year (Caregiver)
Ease of Use
My 9 yr old started this drug 7 months ago. Normal starting dose of any child on ritalin is 20mg. Which would equal 4ml of Quillivant XR. We started at 2.5 ml and worked our way up to 5 within the last 7 months. 5ml, is 20 mg of extended release ritalin. Thise complaining about not seeing results who are at less than 5ml are not even at the normal starting dose yet! Get permission to go up a 1/2 o ... Show Full Comment
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Reviewer: mammapate2003, 7-12 Female on Treatment for 6 months to less than 1 year (Caregiver)
Ease of Use
My daughter is 8, and we have been taking this probably since October 2014. Teacher sees great results. My issue is the continous rubbing her hands and rubbing her face all the time. Almost seems like a tick...She takes 8.75 ml and i just lowered it to the 8 to see if I notice a chang
Reviewer: Macky7, 7-12 Male on Treatment for 6 months to less than 1 year (Caregiver)
Ease of Use
My 7 year old son was prescribed this medication in May. Since then it has been a life saver or him and myself. He is able to concentrate better and have more focus. Not certain about the 12-18 lasting though. I tend to give it him about 8am and it seems to wean off by 3:00pm.
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text: Real Estate Appraisal Jobs 1 was found based on your criteria Post a job. It's free! Real Estate Financial Modeling Analyst Fixed-Price – Est. Budget: $25.00 Posted Feb. 6 2015 Hello, I am looking for someone whom has excel experience to input real estate income rent roll and operating information into excel files. Real Estate Valuation Requirements: IRR Calculations Cash Flow Analysis NOI Calculation Cap Rate/Yield Calculations Rent Roll and Expense Analysis I am offering a fixed price per asset analysis of $25/proforma analysis. A required model will be provided by employer which employee is to use. An example of model is attached to this email. Please do ... business-valuation data-analysis economic-analysis financial-modeling microsoft-excel real-estate-appraisal real-estate-idx


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wow creepy! :)Apr 19th, 2013 Reply
wow very niceNov 2nd, 2012 Reply
nice creatureApr 12th, 2012 Reply
I like !! J adore !!Apr 10th, 2012 Reply
absolutely stunning!Apr 9th, 2012 Reply
Amazing work, congrats on the feature :)Apr 9th, 2012 Reply
Your art is very inspirational to all of us artists and at Shadowness we like to thank our amazing artists for all they do, to show our appreciation for you, your artwork has been featured in todays Daily Inspiration #400
Awesome! Great job. The details are outstanding!Apr 9th, 2012 Reply
Great work!!Apr 9th, 2012 Reply
Congratulations, thedeath!
On behalf of my fellow gallery moderators, I am happy to share the news that your beautiful creation was selected for the Daily Feature Award and is now in rotation on the front page of Shadowness!
This piece can be seen under the "star" menu at the top of every page, and it will also be featured in the next issue of "Daily Inspirations"! fb.com/shadowness