text:
A process for producing a substantially non-explosive powder containing finely divided metallic particles suitable for being incorporated in a refractory mixture, comprising simultaneously grinding a mixture of pieces of metal with pieces of an inert refractory material to produce a premixture containing finely divided metallic particles and finely divided refractory particles which are intimately mixed together. The refractory particles are present in such particle sizes and quantities as ensure that the Minimum Explosible Concentration, as tested in a 20-L vessel with a chemical igniter, is greater than 100 gm/m3. The inert particles comprise at least 40% of the mixture, and preferably 50% to 75%. The invention also includes a premixed powder, produced by this process, especially as contained in drums or impermeable bags.
1. A process for producing a substantially non-explosive powder containing finely divided particles of metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, or alloys of aluminum, magnesium or calcium, comprising simultaneously grinding a mixture of pieces of said metal with pieces of a refractory material to produce a ground mixture containing finely divided metallic particles, at least 50% of which are less than 100 mesh, and finely divided refractory particles said metallic and refractory particles being intimately mixed together, said refractory particles constituting between 40% and 90% of the said ground mixture and having 50% of the refractory material less than 65 mesh, and being present in such particle sizes and quantities as ensure that the Minimum Explosible Concentration, as tested in a 20-L vessel with a chemical igniter, is greater than 100 gm/m3.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the refractory particles are present in such particle sizes and quantities as ensure that the Minimum Explosible Concentration, as tested in a 20-L vessel with a chemical igniter, is greater than 200 gm/m3.
3. A process according to claim 1, wherein said metallic particles include at least 80% of particles of less than 100 mesh.
4. A process according to claim 1, wherein the refractory material constitutes at least 50% of the total ground mixture.
5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the refractory material constitutes between 60% and 90% of the total ground mixture.
6. A process according to claim 5, wherein the refractory material constitutes between 75% and 90% of the total ground mixture.
7. A process according to claim 1, wherein the ground mixture contains at least 70% of refractory particles of less than 65 mesh.
8. A process according to claim 1, wherein said refractory material includes magnesia, alumina, and/or silica.
9. A process for making a refractory which utilizes aluminum and/or metal powder, or alloys thereof, comprising:
producing a ground mixture of finely divided metallic particles of aluminum, magnesium or alloys of aluminum, magnesium or calcium and finely divided refractory material having particles at least 50% of which are less than 100 mesh, said refractory material constituting between 40% and 90% of the said mixture and having 50% thereof less than 100 mesh and being present in such particle sizes and quantities as ensure that the Minimum Explosible Concentration is greater than 100 gm/m3 ;
packaging and transporting said mixture from the location at which it is produced to a location at which a refractory is to be made;
unpackaging the mixture at said location; and
combining said non-explosure mixture with further refractory material and binder, and forming the refractory.
10. A process according to claim 9, wherein said refractory material is present in such quantities and particle sizes as to render the said mixture substantially non-explosive.
11. A process according to claim 9, wherein said refractory material comprises magnesia, alumina, and/or silica.
12. A process according to claim 7, wherein the ground mixture contains metallic particles of which at least 80% are of less than 100 mesh.
13. A process according to claim 9, wherein the ground mixture contains metallic particles of which at least 80% are of less than 100 mesh.
14. A process according to claim 9, wherein at least 80% of said refractory particles are less than 100 mesh.
15. A process according to claim 1, wherein said refractory material includes calcined dolomite.
16. A process according to claim 9, wherein said refractory material includes calcined dolomite.
1. Background of the Invention
This invention relates to non-explosive fine metallic powders and a process for their production for subsequent use as a raw material component in the production of high temperature refractory materials.
2. Prior Art
In recent years, it has become the practice for certain refractory materials, especially those used for lining liquid metal containers, to be formed from a mixture containing particles of aluminum or magnesium metal and/or alloys thereof, in addition to the usual refractory materials and binders. Calcium alloys have also been suggested for this purpose. The metal particles react during firing of the refractory mixture to form oxides or other compounds. Examples of processes for making refractories using such metal particles are given in the following patents:
U.S. Pat. No. 3,322,551 (Bowman)
U.S. Pat. No. 4,069,060 (Hayashi et al.)
U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,599 (Makiguchi et al.)
U.S. Pat. No. 4,222,782 (Alliegro)
U.S. Pat. No. 4,243,621 (Mori et al.)
U.S. Pat. No. 4,280,844 (Shikano et al.)
U.S. Pat. No. 4,460,528 (Petrak et al.)
U.S. Pat. No. 4,306,030 (Watanabe et al.)
U.S. Pat. No. 4,460,528 (Petrak et al.)
U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,884 (Petrak et al.)
In making the refractories by the methods described in the aforesaid patents, it is generally considered advantageous to use very fine metallic particles. U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,599 suggests that a suitable particle size for the aluminum powder is smaller than 200 mesh (74 microns), whereas U.S. Pat. No. 4,222,782 suggests particle sizes of 4.5 microns and 4.0 microns which is smaller than 400 mesh. This has led to a demand for metal producers to sell metallic powders having very small particle sizes of this order. However, very fine metallic powders pose an explosion hazard, since they are subject to dusting in which situation an explosion can easily occur if there is a spark or some ignition source. This makes it difficult to produce, package, ship and handle such fine metallic powders while ensuring safety from explosions and fires.
While finely distributed metallic powders as described above are desirable, many metal powder producers and refractory manufacturers choose not to produce or use such fine powders because of the related explosion hazards. For this reason, many refractory manufacturers sacrifice refractory performance for safety by using substantially coarser metallic powders which may contain up to 50% of the fraction between +35 mesh, -100 mesh (+420, -150 microns). The object of the present invention is to supply finely divided metallic powders with a particle size distribution that provides optimum performance in the final refractory product with substantially reduced explosivity risk during production, packaging, shipping, handling and storage of said metallic powders.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, finely divided metallic powders such as but not exclusively aluminum, magnesium or alloys of aluminum, magnesium or calcium, are blended with inert material to render them relatively or substantially non-explosive as compared to the unblended metallic powders. The preferred inert materials are those that can be usefully incorporated into the final refractory product such as, but not necessarily, calcined dolomite, burnt magnesite and/or alumina. It has been found that premixed powders of this type can be safely stored, packaged, transported and handled without serious risk of explosion or fire and hence are suitable for safe use by refractory manufacturers. The amount of inert material which needs to be included is often very much less than is required in the final refractory product.
A second aspect of the present invention is a method for the safe production of said finely divided metallic alloys. Preferably, the finely divided metallic powder and the inert substance are produced simultaneously by grinding together larger pieces of the metal or alloy and inert material. In this way, the finely divided metal powders are never without an admixture of inert material, and thus reduce the explosion hazard during their production. Grinding may also be conducted under inert gas such as argon or nitrogen to further reduce the risk of explosion.
The simultaneous grinding of metals or alloys and inert material is functional when the metallic constituent is sufficiently brittle to be ground by conventional comminution technology such as in a ball mill, rod mill, hammer mill, hogging mill or the like. In these cases, the metallic portion of the feedstock to the grinding mill is blended with the correct proportion of the inert material for simultaneous grinding to the desired screen size distribution of the final metallic blended powder. The metallic feed to the grinding mill may be in the form of pieces such as ingots, chunks, granules, machined turnings or chips and the like which may be produced by a preliminary casting, crushing or machining process. Because of their coarser size distribution, these metallic feed materials are considerably less explosive and much safer to handle than the finely divided metallic powders required for refractory applications. The inert material feed may also be in the form of pieces such as briquettes or granules larger than the final particle size; or may be preground powder suitable for refractory manufacture. Simultaneous grinding as described above can be applied to the production of finely divided magnesium metal, aluminum metal, magnesium-aluminum alloys, magnesium-calcium alloys, calcium-aluminum alloys and the like. This simultaneous grinding produces a ground mixture which serves as a premixture for making refractories.
In some instances, finely divided metallic powders are produced directly from liquid metals and alloys by an atomization process. In this case, grinding may not be needed to produce the final metallic powder size distribution. However, the present invention is still beneficial in these instances since blending of the atomized metal powders with the correct proportion of inert material will still render the mixture substantially non-explosive and hence safe for subsequent processing, packaging, shipping, handling and storage. Examples of this would be blending of inert materials with atomized aluminum metal, magnesium metal and the like. In cases where the metallic powder is produced separately from production of inert material it can if necessary be inhibited from explosion by the use of inert gas, until mixed with the inert refractory powder.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a process for making a refractory which incorporates aluminum or magnesium compounds, comprises:
producing a relatively non-explosive ground premixture of finely divided metallic powder and a finely divided inert material suitable for use in the refractory, said producing step being carried out under conditions in which explosion of the metal powder is inhibited by the use of inert material, and in some cases in combination with inert gas shrouding;
packaging and transporting said relatively non-explosive premixture to a location at which the refractory is to be made; and
combining said premixture with other materials including a binder, and forming the refractory from the combined mixture.
The explosivity of the premixture in accordance with this invention depends on the fineness of both the metallic powder and the inert material, and on the amount of inert material in the premixture. The amount and sizing of the inert material may be chosen to make the premixture entirely non-explosive in air. Alternatively, the inert material may just be enough to ensure that the premixture of fine metallic powder and inert material is at least as non-explosive as coarse metallic powders presently marketed for refractory mixes, such as metallic powders having say 30% of -100 mesh particles. As will be explained more fully below, a suitable standard would be that the Minimum Explosible Concentration (MEC), as tested in a 20-L vessel with a chemical igniter, should be greater than 100 gm/m3. Depending on the fineness of the metallic particles and the inert particles, this result may be achieved with only about 40% of the premixture comprising the inert material. Preferably however, sufficient inert material should be used to ensure that the MEC is greater than 200 gm/m3.
However, it may be desirable to make the premixture effectively non-explosive, for which purpose the inert material should have a screen size which is 80% -100 mesh or smaller, and should be present in a proportion of at least 60% and preferably about 75%.
All references to percentage compositions herein are by weight.
Although, prior to this invention, fine metallic powders have been mixed with refractory powders as a part of the process for making refractories, it is not believed that any such mixtures have been packaged for sale or transport. Accordingly, a further novel aspect of this invention is a novel combination comprising a shipping container and, contained therein, a premixture of finely divided metallic powder and finely divided inert refractory material suitable for use in making a refractory, the amount and fineness of the inert material being sufficient to render the premixture substantially non-explosive and, at least, safe for normal shipping and handling. Suitable shipping containers include metal drums, preferably having plastic liners, and so-called "supersacks" which are large bags woven of synthetic material, and having an impervious (e.g. plastic) liners. The packaging for the premixture has to be designed to avoid hydration, but prevention of explosion is not a consideration. By contrast, fine metal powders now have to be shipped in steel drums, by regulations, in view of the explosion hazard.
The invention will be described with reference to the following drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the logarithm of the MEC (Minimum Explosible Concentration) against percentage inert material in the premixture;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing relative explosivity of the premixture, compared to an unblended coarse alloy powder, plotted against percentage magnesite in the premixture;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing how the fineness achieved for the premixture particles varies with grinding time; and
FIG. 4 is a graph showing how the fineness achieved for the metallic particles varies with grinding time.
A preferred process for preparing a raw material for refractory production will now be described.
The metallic portion of the raw material product can be in the form of ingots and the like or partially comminuted chunks, granules, chips, turnings and the like obtained by suitable crushing or machining processes known to people skilled in the art.
Said metallic portion is charged to a suitable grinding mill in combination with the desired proportion of inert material. The inert material may be any oxide or blend of oxides which are compatible with the final refractory product, for example, calcined or burnt magnesite which consists principally of magnesia (MgO), calcined dolomite which consists principally of a chemical blend of lime (CaO) and magnesia (MgO), calcined bauxite, alumina (Al2 O3), which consists principally of aluminum oxide, silica (SiO2), and other such suitable oxides. The inert materials may contain impurities which are acceptable to the final refractory product such as lime (CaO) and silica (SiO2). These inert materials may be in the form of chunks, briquettes, pieces, preground fines and the like.
The blended metallic and inert materials are simultaneously and progressively reduced in size in a suitable milling device such as a ball mill, rod mill, hammer mill, hogging mill and the like. The grinding should be such as to reduce the particle size of the majority (at least 50%) of the metallic alloy to less than 35 mesh (400 microns) and preferably less than about 100 mesh (150 microns). The particle size of the inert material should preferably be less than 65 mesh. It is important to adjust the particle size so that a majority (at least 50%) of the inert material is less than 65 mesh; if the premixture contains 75% of inert particles of -65 mesh it will be substantially non-explosive. It is also important to adjust the particle size of the inert material so that it is fine enough to substantially reduce the explosivity of the mixture and is compatible with the size distribution requirements of the refractory blend mixture. This can be accomplished in the present invention by adjusting the size distribution of the inert material charged to the mill and length of grinding time. In cases where added protection from explosion is required, grinding may be conducted under an inert gas shroud such as argon or nitrogen.
The proportion of inert oxide in the mixture is more than about 40%, preferably more than 50%, and most desirably more than about 70%. It is chosen to be such that, at a minimum, the mixture of fine metallic powder and inert material is not more explosive than the coarse pure unblended metallic powder typically used for refractory applications and hence refractory manufacturers obtain the benefits of fine metallic powder in a substantially safer form. The explosiveness of a mixture of metallic powder and inert material depends on both their relative proportions in the mixture and their respective fineness; criteria for choosing the proper proportions and fineness of materials are discussed below and supported by appropriate examples.
Since the premixed fine metallic and inert refractory powders can be made substantially non-explosive, they can be handled, packaged and shipped to the point at which the refractory is to be made without taking precautions against explosions. When received by the refractory maker, the premixed metallic and inert oxide powders are mixed in with other refractory materials, as necessary, and with binders, and can be formed into refractories in the usual way.
The patents listed above give some examples of how metallic powders and burnt magnesite can be used for making refractories.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,322,551 describes a process in which finely divided aluminum or magnesium is incorporated into a refractory mix containing basic or non-acid calcined (burnt) oxide refractory grains such as periclase, magnesite, chromite, dolomite and the like, bonded together by cokeable, carbonaceous bonding agents such as tar or pitch. Such refractories are widely used as linings for basic oxygen steel converters.
This '551 patent suggest the following mixture (as specimen A-2) for making refractory bricks:
71 parts by weight of deadburned magnesite, comprising 81% MgO, 12% CaO, 5% SiO2, balance impurities;
24.8 parts of periclase having over 98% MgO;
3.5 parts of pulverized pitch having a softening point of 300�-320� F.;
1.2 parts neutral oil (a light oil from which all the naphthalene has been removed); and
1 part by weight magnesium powder of less than 100 mesh size.
If it were desired to make a similar composition using the non-explosive powder mixture of this invention, and having 25% magnesium metal powder mixed with 75% of deadburned magnesite, the mixture could be as follows:
68 parts of deadburned magnesite;
24 parts of periclase;
3.5 parts of pulverized pitch;
1.2 parts neutral oil; and
4 parts of the non-explosive mixture containing 1 part of magnesium and 3 parts of burned magnesite.
It would of course be theoretically possible to provide the metallic powder premixed with all of the inert refractory material, i.e. all of the deadburned magnesite and periclase. However, this would give a mixture containing well over 95% of inert refractory material, and it would not normally be economical to have all of this material transported from the metal producer. It is desirable from the point of view of economics that the refractory particles are not more than 90% of the total mixture. Hereinafter there are set out criteria for determining what proportion of inert material needs to be included in the mixture to ensure that this is wholly or relatively non-explosive.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,322,551 also sets out mixtures which can be used for making refractories and which contain pulverized aluminum. In fact, a refractory can be made using the same proportions as set out above, except for using aluminum or aluminum-magnesium alloys in place of magnesium. Many of the other patents listed above give examples of refractory mixtures which can be used containing aluminum, and in which the inert refractory material is alumina. These include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,078,599, 4,222,782 and 4,243,621. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,460,528 and 4,557,884 are concerned with refractory compositions including aluminum metal and silica; accordingly a non-explosive mixture of aluminum metals and alloys and silica and/or alumina could be used to produce refractories in accordance with these patents.
To avoid high shipping costs involved in using large amounts of refractory powder, experiments have been done to determine the amount of inert refractory material needed to render finely divided metallic powders either relatively non-explosive or completely non-explosive.
The experiments were done using a variety of metallic alloys including aluminum-magnesium alloys, magnesium-calcium alloys and a strontium-magnesium-aluminum alloy. The alloy powder was premixed with different proportions of burnt magnesite (MgO) as indicated in Table 1 below. The table sets out the proportion of powders and magnesite by weight. Two sizes of magnesite particles were used, firstly a coarse size of less than 65 mesh (200 microns) and secondly a fine size of less than 100 mesh (150 microns). Explosion tests were carried out to determine the Minimum Explosible Concentration (MEC) and in some cases Minimum Oxygen Concentration (MOC) for the various mixtures. The MEC is the least amount of the dust dispersed homogeneously in air which can result in a propagating explosion. Lesser quantities may burn momentarily after being exposed to an ignition source, but no explosion will result. An alternative means of prevention of explosions is to use an inert gas, such as nitrogen, in the space occupied by the dust cloud. To determine the quantity of inert gas required, the MOC was measured for four of the alloy/burnt magnesite samples.
The explosion tests were carried out in a 20-L vessel designed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines with minor modifications. The consensus by experts in dust explosions is that 20-L is the minimum size of vessel that can be used to determine the explosibility of dusts. Dust explosion experts also concur that a strong igniter, such as the 5-kJ Sobbe chemical igniter, is required for the determination of the MEC. Use of a continuous electrical discharge, as was formerly used, can indicate that a dust is not explosible when indeed it is. All the explosion tests used for the determination of the MEC in these experiments used the 5-kJ Sobbe igniter.
For each test, a weighed amount of dust was placed into the sample holder at the base of the vessel, the igniter was placed in the centre of the vessel, the vessel was closed and then evacuated. A 16-L pressure vessel was filled with dry air at 1100 kPa and the trigger on the control panel was pressed to start the test. A solenoid valve located between the 16-L vessel and the dust chamber opened for a preset time, usually about 350 ms, which allowed the air to entrain the dust and form a reasonably homogeneous dust cloud in the 20-L vessel at a pressure of one atmosphere absolute. After another preset time, usually about 100 ms, the igniter fired. The entire pressure history of the test was captured on a Nicolet* 4094 digital oscilloscope. After the combustion gases had cooled, they were passed through a Taylor Servomex* paramagnetic oxygen analyzer, from which the percentage of oxygen consumed was calculated. A fine-gauge thermocouple is installed inside the vessel, and its output was also recorded by the oscilloscope. Although a thermocouple cannot be expected to measure the actual temperature of the flame front during the explosion, it provides useful confirmation of the existence of the explosion.
The Sobbe igniter itself generates a significant pressure (about 50 kPa for the 5-kJ igniter). This was taken into account by subtracting the pressure curve of the igniter from the experimental pressure trace. The rate of pressure rise (dP/dt)m, was determined from the derivative curve, generated numerically by the oscilloscope.
For the MOC determinations, a mixture of dry nitrogen and dry air was prepared in the 16-L air tank, using partial pressures. The actual concentration of these mixtures was measured by flowing a small amount through the oxygen analyzer. The measured value was always close to the calculated value.
Table 1 below sets out the results obtained, for various proportions of inert refractory MgO powder (given in terms of percentages by weight of alloy and MgO), for fine (-100 mesh) and coarse (-65 mesh) refractory. Both for MEC and MOC, the higher numbers indicate a low explosibility of the mixture.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Description of Dust % in Size % Inert* Size MEC MOCMetallic Mixture (mesh) in Mixture (mesh) (gm/m3) (% O2)__________________________________________________________________________50% Al-50% Mg 100 30%, -100 0 -- 90 � 15 8.9 � 0.350% Al-50% Mg 100 82%, -100 0 -- 52 � 4 7.3 � 0.250% Al-50% Mg 60 82%, -100 40 82%, -100 110 � 10 --50% Al-50% Mg 50 82%, -100 50 82%, -100 130 � 10 12.4 � 0.250% Al-50% Mg 40 82%, -100 60 82%, -100 1000 � 100 --50% Al-50% Mg 35 82%, -100 65 82%, -100 1750 � 250 --50% Al-50% Mg 30 82%, -100 70 82%, -100 1600 � 200 17.8 � 0.250% Al-50% Mg 25 82%, -100 75 82%, -100 nonexplosive --50% Al-50% Mg 25 82%, -100 75 97%, -65 +100 1500 � 50 --45% Sr-25% Mg-35% Al 100 20%, -100 0 -- 120 --70% Mg-30% Ca 30 82%, -100 70 82%, -100 1700 � 100 --70% Mg-30% Ca 25 82%, -100 75 82%, -100 nonexplosive --__________________________________________________________________________ *burnt magnesite (MgO)
The explosivity data in Table 1 relating to the 50% Al-50% Mg metallic powders blended with varying amounts of burnt magnesite are shown in FIG. 1 and indicate the following:
1) The MEC for pure, unblended metallic powders decreases with increasing fineness of powder. For example, a coarse 50% Al-50% Mg powder containing 30%, -100 mesh (150 microns) is explosive if the dust cloud contains at least 90�15 gm/m3. Increasing the fineness of the powder to 82%, -100 mesh substantially increases explosivity with a dust cloud containing only 52�4 gm/m3 now being explosive. Because of safety concerns, many refractory producers sacrifice refractory performance properties by utilizing coarser metallic powders (typically containing no more than 50% -100 mesh)instead of the more desirable finer, but more highly explosive, powders. If sufficient refractory particles, of small mesh size, are used to ensure that the MEC is about 100 gm/m3, then the mixture of metallic particles and inert material will be at least as safe to use as the standard unblended coarse metallic powders. If the MEC of the premixture is increased to 200 gm/m3, it will be much safer than the standard coarse metallic powder.
2) The MEC increases exponentially with an increasing proportion of inert material in the metallic-inert blend. For example, a 50% fine magnesite powder--50% fine metallic powder blend has a MEC of 130�10 gm/m3. As such this 50/50 blend is 2.5 times less explosive than unblended fine alloy powder and 1.4 times less explosive than unblended coarse alloy powder. By 60% fine magnesite in the blend, the mixture is substantially non-explosive, and at 75% the mixture is entirely non-explosive. This exponential relationship is surprising since it indicates that the mechanism for rendering the mixture less explosive is not one of pure dilution of the metallic portion since, in the case of dilution, a linear one for one relationship between the MEC and percent burnt magnesite in the blend would be expected. The results indicate there is some threshold point beyond which the explosivity of the mixture diminishes rapidly.
3) FIG. 1 shows that a blend containing about 35% magnesite with 65% fine metallic powder is approximately as explosive as the unblended pure coarse metallic powder typically used in a refractory manufacture. By increasing the magnesite content of the blend to 55%, the explosivity of the mixture is approximately one half that of pure unblended coarse metallic powder.
4) The fineness of the inert material also plays a role in the explosivity of the blend. Whereas blends of 75% fine magnesite--25% fine metallic (both 82%; -100 mesh) are non-explosive, a similar mixture made up with 75% coarse magnesite (97%; -65+100 mesh) will explode provided the dust cloud contains 1,500�50 gm/m3 or more. However, a mixture in which say 70% of the total mix is less than 65 mesh can be considered relatively non-explosive compared to unblended coarse metallic particles.
5) For the two alloy systems tested, Al-Mg and Mg-Ca, it appears the relationship between explosivity and percentage inert in the mixture is similar.
The results for MEC can also be presented in terms of Relative Explosibility, i.e. explosivity as compared to an unblended coarse (50% AL-5% Mg) powder containing 30% -mesh, having MEC of 90. The results are shown in Table 2 below;
TABLE 2______________________________________BlendFine Alloy Powder Magnesite Relative Explosivity*______________________________________100% 0 1.7360% 40% 0.8250% 50% 0.6940% 60% 0.0935% 65% 0.05130% 70% 0.05625% 75% nonexplosive______________________________________ *compared to unblended coarse alloy powder
Table 2 and FIG. 2 shows that:
1) pure unblended fine alloy powder is 1.73 times more explosive than the pure unblended coarse alloy (a MEC of 52 compared to 90);
2) fine alloy powder blended with about 35% magnesite has a Relative Explosivity equal to 1. This indicates that the explosivity of the fine alloy powder has been reduced by blending with 35% magnesite to a value equivalent to pure unblended coarse alloy powder;
3) by increasing the proportion of magnesite in the blend, the fine alloy powder becomes progressively more inert compared to unblended coarse alloy powder. With 60% magnesite, the mixture is highly inert and at 75% magnesite it is non-explosive.
The above experimental data illustrate the important relationships which must be considered when setting out to reduce the explosiveness of a metallic powder by blending with an inert material. A proper blend can be safely handled, packaged, shipped and stored with a substantially lower risk of explosion than pure metallic powder.
The examples below illustrate a process for producing fine metallic powders with reduced risk of explosion by simultaneously and progressively reducing the size of a blend of metallics and inert material in a suitable milling device such as a ball mill, rod mill, hammer mill, hogging mill and the like.
A rotating ball mill containing 1,683 kg of balls was charged with a 500 kg mixture containing 75% by weight -2,000 microns burnt magnesite and 25% by weight -13 mm (1/2 inch) 50% Al-50% Mg alloy. Prior to charging to the ball mill, the alloy had been prepared by simultaneous melting of magnesium and aluminum metals in the desired proportions in a suitably designed melt pot. The molten alloy was cast as ingots and subsequently crushed to -13 mm in a jaw crusher.
This mixture of magnesite and metallics was simultaneously ground in the mill for 1 hour. A sample the inert material, metallic powder mixture was taken from the mill yielding a blended product of 64% -100 mesh. An analysis of the mixture showed the metallic portion was 72%, -100 mesh with an average particle size of 111.4 microns. The burnt magnesite fraction was 62%, -100 mesh having an average particle size of 136.0 microns.
The material in example 1 was further ball milled for an additional hour (total 2 hours) and sampled. The mixture was now finer measuring 85%, -100 mesh with the metallic portion being 90%, -100 mesh and the magnesite 83%, -100 mesh. Average metallic and magnesite particle sizes were 74.8 microns and 84.9 microns, respectively.
The material in example 2 was further ball milled for an additional hour (total 3 hours) and sampled. After 23 hours, the blend was 91%, -100 mesh with the metallic portion being 93%, -100 mesh and the magnesite being 90%, -100 mesh. The average particle size was 71.0 microns for the metallic fraction and 74.9 microns for the magnesite.
A 400 kg mixture containing 75% by weight fine magnesite (55%, -43 microns) and 25% by weight -13 mm crushed 50% Al-50% Mg alloy was charged to a ball mill containing 983 kg of balls. After 1 hour and 15 minutes of grinding, the blended material inside the mill was sampled. The blend was 92%, -100 mesh with the metallic portion being only 82%, -100 mesh and the magnesite being 96%, -100 mesh. The average particle size in the blend was 99.6 microns for the metallic powder and 68.2 microns for the inert material.
The material in example 4 was ground for an additional 30 minutes (1 hour and 45 minutes total) and sampled. The blend was 95%, -100 mesh with the metallic fraction being 91%, -100 mesh and the magnesite 96%, -100 mesh. The average metallic and magnesite particle sizes were 85.7 microns and 69.5 microns respectively.
Approximately 375 kg of coarse magnesite briquettes -25.4 mm was charged to a ball mill containing 750 kg of balls. After 15 minutes of grinding, the magnesite was reduced in size with 23%, -100 mesh. A further 15 minutes increased the -100 mesh portion to 55%. At this point, 125 kg of precrushed 50% Al-50% Mg alloy was charged to the mill and the mixture was ground simultaneously. The following screen size distribution was obtained at various grinding times:
______________________________________Grinding Time Screen Size of BlendMin. % -100 mesh______________________________________30 68%60 79%90 87%______________________________________
A second similar test produced 90% of the mixture being -100 mesh after a similar grinding time.
FIG. 3 illustrates that the -100 mesh proportion of the blend can be increased by lengthening the grinding time. Conversely, grinding time can be shortened by introducing finer inert material into the mill.
FIG. 4 illustrates that the -100 mesh proportion of the metallic portion of the blend also increases with grinding time. The resulting fineness of the metallics appears relatively unaffected by the initial fineness of the burnt magnesite charged to the mill.
These examples illustrate how the final screen size distribution of both the inert and metallic fractions can be influenced by mill operating parameters such as:
screen size of the respective charge materials to the mill
weight of the grinding media
grinding time
By controlling these operating parameters, it is possible to produce a blended product which is both substantially non-explosive and satisfies the screen size distribution for the materials of refractory manufacture.
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What are the features and benefits of a Regular Salary Account?
- Zero Balance Savings Account
- Free Personal Accidental Death Cover of Rs. 1 lakh*. Know more.
- Free Air Accidental Death Cover of Rs. 5 lakhs*. Know more.
- Free International Debit Card with ATM cash withdrawal limit of Rs. 25,000/- per day and shopping limit of Rs. 1,25,000/- per day
- Free access to other bank ATMs in India – 5 free cash withdrawal and balance enquiry transactions per month
- Free payable at par chequebook – One per quarter
- Free add-on International Debit Card only for first year
- Preferential pricing on loan products*
- Transfer funds online to any bank across the country through NEFT / RTGS
- Anywhere Banking across our extensive Branch and ATM network
- Free e-mail alerts (InstaAlert facility)
- Free BillPay facility
- Free e-mail statements / passbook
- Free Demand Drafts payable at HDFC Bank branch locations
- Free Phonebanking, MobileBanking and NetBanking facilities
* Terms and Conditions apply – Features and Benefits may vary subject to corporate offer
What are the fees and charges of Regular Salary Account ?
Enclosed below are HDFC Bank Regular Salary Account fees and charges
|Description of Charges
|Regular Salary Account
|Minimum Balance (Average Monthly Balance)
|Charges on non maintenance thereof
|PAP Cheque book
|Free 25 cheque leaves per calendar quarter
Additional chequebook of 25 leaves will be charged @ Rs 75/- per chequebook
|PAP Cheque book usage charges
|No Charges
|Issue of duplicate / adhoc statements
|Branch - Rs 100/-
PhoneBanking ( Non IVRInteractive voice response (IVR) is a technology that allows a computer to interact with humans through the use of voice and keypad inputs.) - Rs.75/-
NetBanking, Mobile Banking, PhoneBanking - IVRInteractive voice response (IVR) is a technology that allows a computer to interact with humans through the use of voice and keypad inputs. & ATM - Rs 50/-
|Hold Statement
|Rs. 400 per year
|Passbook issuance*
|Duplicate passbook issuance*
|Rs 100/-
|Managers Cheques / Demand Drafts - Issuance / Re-issuance - On HDFC Bank Locations
|Managers Cheque/Demand Drafts - Cancellation / Revalidation
|Rs 50/- (Nil cancellation / revalidation charges for DD value upto Rs 100/-)
Rs 40/- Senior Citizens (Nil cancellation / revalidation charges for DD value upto Rs 100/-)
|Demand Drafts- Issued - On Non HDFC Bank Locations
|Cheque Collection - Local Clearing Zone
|Collection of outstation cheques - our bank locations
|Collection of outstation cheques - other locations
|Cheque return charges drawn on us - Local
|Cheques deposited returned unpaid
|Charge of Rs 100/- per instance would be levied
|Balance Enquiry - at Branch
|Balance Certificate
Current year - Free,
Previous year - Rs. 50
|Interest Certificate
|Rs. 50
|TDS Certificate
|Account Closure
|Upto 14 days - No Charge
15 days upto 12 months - Rs 500/-
Beyond 12 months - No Charge
|Photo Attestation
|Rs 100/- per instance
NIL (For Senior Citzens)
|Signature Attestation
|Address Confirmation
|Rs 50/- per instance
|Stop Payment Charges
|Particular cheque (through branch) - Rs. 50/- Range of cheques (through branch) - Rs. 100/-
Through Phonebanking and Net banking - Free
|Standing Instructions
|Setting up Charges - NIL
Rs. 25 per transaction plus remittanceRemittance is any form of money transfer or payment done from one's working country to home country. Depending on the difference in currency rates and the amount to be transferred, the charges on remittance are also different. charge
|Unarranged overdraft
|Rs 100 per Occasion + 18% Interest p.a
|Old records/copy of paid cheques
|Upto 1 year - Rs. 50 per record,
Above 1 year - Rs. 100 per record
|Activation of dormant account
|No charges
|Branch transactions (Includes only Cheque deposit/Cheque issuance/Funds Transfer Debit/NEFT/RTGS)
|- In case the AMB in the previous month is equal to or above Rs 50,000/- No charges would be levied
-In case the AMB is below Rs 50,000/- 15 txn free/month would be permitted and charge of Rs 75/txn would be levied from the 16th transaction onwards
|Cash Transactions
|No.of cash transactions (Self at home and non-home branches)
Value Cap will be applicable along with Number Cap on Cash Txns on Non Home branch
|5 free cash transactions per month would be permitted and Rs 100/- per txn would be levied 6th transaction onwards.
|Value of cash transactions through teller counters by Self
|Home Branch - Free with no limit on cash deposit and withdrawal
Non Home Branch (Interbranch) -
Value upto Rs. 50,000/- per day - No charge
Above Rs. 50,000/- Rs 5/- per 1,000/- on the full amount
|Third party cash transactions through teller counters (at home and non-home branches)
|Upto a limit of Rs.50,000 per day - Rs.100 (plus taxes). Above Rs.50,000 - Not allowed
*For Senior Citizen customers, Kids / Minor accounts, while the current limits will be applicable, the accounts will not be charged
|Cash Handling for cash deposit at home branch
|For non-managed customers
- Cash deposit value upto Rs 1 lakh/day - No charge
- Above Rs 1 lakh - Rs 25/- per Rs 50,000 or part thereof.
Charge will be levied for the full amount.
|Local Cheque deposited for outstation accounts
|Phonebanking - IVRInteractive voice response (IVR) is a technology that allows a computer to interact with humans through the use of voice and keypad inputs.
|Phonebanking - Non IVRInteractive voice response (IVR) is a technology that allows a computer to interact with humans through the use of voice and keypad inputs.
|ATM Card
|ATM Card - Replacement charges
|Rs. 200 (plus taxes)
|Debit Card - Annual Fee - Regular
|Debit Card - Annual Fee - Titanium
|Rs. 250 per year (plus taxes)
|Debit Card - Annual Fee - Titanium Royale
|Rs. 400 per year (plus taxes)
|Debit Card - Annual Fee - Gold / Platinum
|Rs. 500 per year (plus taxes)
|Debit Card - Annual Fee - Women's Card
|Debit Card - Renewal Fee - Regular
|Debit Card - Renewal Fee - Titanium
|Rs. 250 per year (plus taxes)
|Debit Card - Renewal Fee - Titanium Royale
|Rs. 400 per year (plus taxes)
|Debit Card - Renewal Fee - Gold / Platinum
|Rs. 500 per year (plus taxes)
|Debit Card - Renewal Fee - Women's Card
|Debit Card - Replacement charges
|Replacement of a damaged card - No charges & Replacement of a lost card - Rs. 200 (plus taxes) (for all card types)
|ATM / Debit Card Card - Transaction Charge
|Debit Card - Transaction Charge - Non HDFC Bank International ATMs
|Rs. 15 per balance enquiry & Rs. 110 per cash withdrawal (plus taxes)
|The Bank will charge cross-currency mark-up of 3.5% on foreign currency transactions carried out on Debit Cards. The exchange rate used will be the VISA/Master Card wholesale exchange rate prevailing at the time of transaction
|PIN regeneration charge
|Rs. 50 (plus taxes)
|Decline charge for insufficient balance
|Transactions declined at other Bank ATMs anywhere in the world or at a Merchant outlet outside India due to insufficient funds will be charged at Rs. 25 per transaction (plus taxes)
|Add-on Debit Card - Regular
Rs 150 per year (plus taxes)-One Add-on card free for the first year
|Add-on Debit Card - Gold Card / Platinum
|Rs. 500 per year (plus taxes)
|Add-on Debit Card - Women's Card
Rs 150 per year (plus taxes)-One Add-on card free for the first year
|Add-on Debit Card - Titanium
|Rs. 250 per year (plus taxes)
|Add-on Debit Card - Titanium Royale
|Rs. 400 per year (plus taxes)
|Rs. 10 (plus taxes) per transaction
|Email - Free
SMS - Rs. 15/- per quarter
|Visa Money Transfer
|Rs. 5 (plus taxes) per transaction
|NEFT Charges - Inward
|NEFT Charges- outward
|NEFT Charges for Indo Nepal transactions
|Customers having NSBL*A/c - Rs 20/-
Customers having non-NSBL* A/c:
Upto Rs 5,000 - Rs 70/-
Above Rs 5,000 - Rs 95/-
* Nepal State Bank Ltd
|RTGS - Outward
|RTGS - Inward
|IMPS (Immediate Payment Service) - Outward
Charges effective 10th May-14
|IMPS (Immediate Payment Service) - Inward
|ECS (Debit) Return Charges
|- Rs 350/- in a quarter
- Rs 750/- would be levied, second instance onwards in the same quarter.
|Any Deliverable returned by courier due to negative reasons (no such consignee/ consignee shifted and no such address)
|Rs 50/- per instance
|TIN/IPIN Regeneration (requests received at the branch for physical dispatch)
|Rs 50/- per instance
|SI rejects
|Rs 200/- per instance
*at home branch for account holders (individuals)
Effective 1st April 2012, all fees and charges, mentioned in the Tariff of charges, will attract Service Tax @12% and Education Cess @3% of the Service Tax amount.
Have questions?
What are the eligibility criteria for Personal Accident Death Cover?
The following are the broad Terms & Conditions of the captioned cover on salary account and Titanium Royale Debit card
- Accidental Death resulting from bodily injury due accident only (for Defence: under civilian condition (off duty) )
- Accidental Death resulting from bodily injury which directly and independently of all other causes results in Death within twelve (12) months of the event date
- On the event date, the account holder
- Is a bonafide employees (aged less than 70 years ) of the organization to whom the specific offer has been extended
- Is holding a Salary Account under the Corporate Salary Account Program with HDFC Bank and has received salary credit in the month or month prior
- Should have carried out at least one purchase transaction using the Debit Card, within 6 months prior to the date of loss.
- In case of Air Accidental Death claim ticket should have been purchased using Debit Card linked to Salary Account
- Cover provided only to the primary account holder
What are the documents required to open a Salary Account with HDFC Bank?
- Employment Confirmation from your company
- Photo ID
- Address Proof (If communication address is not office address)
Can I use my existing Salary Account if I have changed employers ?
Yes, In case an arrangement exists, we request you to visit the nearest branch along with a letter or an e-mail received from the official Corporate email ID. The letter / e-mail should have your complete name and account number and state that you have joined the corporate.
Is employment confirmation mandatory for me to open a Regular Salary Account?
Yes, employment confirmation is required to ensure that you are an employee of the company.
Is address proof a mandatory requirement ?
Address proof is mandatory, if communication address in not office address.
Expand All


text:
TOKYO FUTURES MARKET: MISTER HOLLYWOOD SHINES BRIGHTLYSubmitted by Wayne on Mon, 2008-12-22 00:23.
CURRENT LISTENING: THE CRYING LIGHT: ANTONY AND THE JOHNSONSSubmitted by Wayne on Mon, 2008-12-22 00:11.
SCOOP DU JOUR: VOGUE ITALIA'S UNCONVENTIONAL BEAUTYSubmitted by Wayne on Sun, 2008-12-21 11:12.
CURRENT VIEWING:Mika Ninagawa: Earthly Flowers, Heavenly Colors: Tokyo Opera City Art Gallery ExhibitionSubmitted by Wayne on Sun, 2008-12-21 10:54.
TI IS MAD FOR: VASSANT WALLETSSubmitted by Wayne on Sun, 2008-12-21 10:30.
EYE CANDY DU JOUR: JOEY KIRCHNER BY FRILLRSubmitted by Wayne on Sat, 2008-12-20 00:35.
Frillr's take on underwear advertsing gets maximum points from TI for the layering of Magnetic Field's hilarious "Underwear" track over the looped image of Major's hottie Joey Kirchner. Thorough!
CURRENT READING:Modernism on Paper: Japanese Graphic Design of the 1920s and 30s: Naomichi Kawabata :Submitted by Wayne on Sat, 2008-12-20 00:28.
TOKYO FUTURES MARKETSubmitted by Wayne on Fri, 2008-12-19 00:55.
Beige is a challenging color to use, it's difficult to use well in the right shade and style to get the beauty out of the clothes. Black has a more immediate effect. This show was a real challenge.
Yoshio Kubo on his Spring Collection
DANIEL YOUNG & CHRISTIAN GIROUX: Boole + Wargame, Diaz Contemporary, TorontoSubmitted by Wayne on Fri, 2008-12-19 00:12.
Brad Hensler's Caged BeautySubmitted by Wayne on Thu, 2008-12-18 23:29.


text:
Meet people, get fit and have fun learning the original swing dances of the 1920s, 30s and 40s! Drop in to one of our weekly beginner's classes! No experience or partner needed, and no need to book. Just show up on the night! Read More...
Swing Zing News:
- Congratulations to the amazing Russell Campbell and Nikita Wyllie who won the Swing Zing Jill and Jack competition during our last Late Night.
- New Level 3 class starts on the 12th of March. This will be a monthly class, added to our Thursday night classes at Mount Hawthorn. After level 1 and 2 classes (7-8 and 8-9 respectively) Mel and Jethro will invite all level 2 students to attend this level 3 class.
- Our next Late Night will be held the weekend after Easter, on the 10th of April. We are also extremely excited to announce that we have a special guest teacher coming in for the slow swing and blues class, the ridiculously talented and absolutely lovely, Jessie James Gordon!
Beginners' Classes
Join in any beginners class at any venue any week!
Classes are 7-8pm at the following venues.
Tuesdays in Applecross.
Tivoli Theatre, 2 Kintail Rd
Thursdays in Mt Hawthorn.
Mt Hawthorn Community Hall, 197 Scarborough Beach Rd
Stay in the loop, get all swing zing news about classes and events hot off the press by joining out Facebook group.
Book our Performance Troupe!
Add fun and excitement to your next event or function with some Lindy Hop entertainment! Click here for details! more..
If you are looking for something a bit more fun and exciting for your wedding dance, we are always happy to have a chat and see if we may be able to help make your special day even more memorable. more...


text:
- Home
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- About WWAY
- Contact Us
Fifth Quarter Football
WWAY's 5th Quarter - October 3Submitted by John Rendleman on Fri, 10/03/2014 - 11:58pm.READ MORE:
WWAY's 5th Quarter from the first Friday in October is complete, as is week 7 of the high school football season. We featured Hoggard's win over New Hanover, along with victories from Laney, Topsail, Whiteville, East Bladen and Wallace-Rose Hill. Full story...»
WWAY's 5th Quarter - September 26Submitted by John Rendleman on Fri, 09/26/2014 - 11:55pm.READ MORE:
Week 6 of the high school football season is complete. Once again we had an action packed 5th Quarter. In fact Friday marked the first night of conference play for most of the teams in our region. Full story...»


text:
Any idea what these flowers are made from?
I was looking at craft fair displays on Flickr and saw this cool jewelry booth set up. Any idea what the larger flowers on the trunk are and what they are made out of? I like them a lot. I guess its unlikely they are garden safe. Probably brooches.
Here is a link that might be useful: Craft fair flowers
In the roofing section, they have rolls of metal.
usually it comes in copper, 'silver', and a brown.
I think the brown would hold the spray paint best.
If you wanted to cut metal, I think that would be
the way to go.
Some of those look like metal to me.
I wrote a message to the person whose booth it is. And she said they are enameled metal brooches. I love the idea of using roofing metal to make flowers. I am just totally flower oriented lately. I noticed that HD has round metal switchplates. They might be good centers for metal flowers.


text:
Next time, install GreenChess with 1-click
Learn how MacUpdate Desktop can install apps on MacUpdate with the simple click of the icon. Plus, keep all your apps updated.
GreenChess is a chess game software and PGN Viewer.
Play a game of chess against the built-in GreenChess engine, load a UCI chess engine to play against, or view a collection of games in PGN format to analyze.
What's New
Version 4.1.9:
- In Preferences, added an option to change the color of the game clock
- In Preferences, added an option to run a UCI engine on multiple threads, depending on the number of processor cores available
- OS X 10.7 or later
Similar SoftwareOpen Comparison
Suggest Other Similar Software


text:
Is anyone else having the same problem? or am i too early?
I have neither. no sales with new items nor old ones.
LuisFaus said
I have neither. no sales with new items nor old ones.
i think old items made a process, new files didn't. depends on the lifetime of your items, but i think old items are featured in different blogs and websites, so they have a bigger audience i guess.
I think people are looking on the amount of sales too, that's why older files are being bought more often.
definitely true, new items do not get exposure… now it's just a flood
Helpful Information
- Please read our community guidelines. Self promotion and discussion of piracy is not allowed.
- Open a support ticket if you would like specific help with your account, deposits or purchases.
- Item Support by authors is optional and may vary. Please see the Support tab on each item page.
Most of all, enjoy your time here. Thank you for being a valued Envato community member.


text:
The growth of the financial sector correlates roughly with the loose monetary policies of the Fed over the same period. This makes sense in Austrian econ because new money created by the Feds isn't evenly spread across the economy. It enters at specific points. As Hayek once wrote, new money is like pouring honey onto a plate. After the honey hits the plate it spreads out, but a mound appears at the spot where the honey hits the plate as long as the pouring continues.
Austrians point out that as the Feds create new money, those who receive the new money first can buy assets before prices rise. Once prices rise, they can sell those assets for a profit. Since most new money enters the US economy through business loans, those who get the loans first will benefit at the expense of everyone else. It's no secret that financial companies were highly leveraged and used those funds to purchase various assets before the prices of those assets rose. As a result, they made huge profits for a while and paid huge salaries.


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Keeneland has cataloged a record 5,555 yearlings for its 2008 September yearling sale, which is scheduled for Sept. 8-23.
The 2008 September sale catalog is the largest ever offered by Keeneland, eclipsing the 5,553 yearlings cataloged last year. Of the total cataloged, 2,827 are colts, 2,727 are fillies, and one is a gelding.
"Keeneland September sale graduates dominate racing, from the classics to the regional markets; making this sale the one place to find a 'Saturday' horse," Keeneland director of sales Geoffrey Russell said in a statement.
On-line catalogs for the sale will be available on Keeneland's Web-site (ww2.keeneland.com/default.aspx) beginning Aug. 5. Print catalogs will be mailed the week of Aug. 18.
No sale will be conducted Friday, Sept. 12. Sessions begin at 10 a.m. ET daily. Keeneland will provide live coverage of the entire 15-day auction on its Web-site.
The Keeneland September sale counts among its recent graduates reigning Horse of the Year Curlin, and national champions Rags to Riches, War Pass, Wait a While, Midnight Lute, English Channel and Maryfield; Good Ba Ba, Horse of the Year and champion miler in Hong Kong; and Canadian Horse of the Year Arravale.
The 2007 September sale produced total sales of more than $385 million, the second-highest grossing September sale in Keeneland history. An industry record 3,799 yearlings were sold, including 32 for $1 million or more. Demi O'Byrne, on behalf of John Magnier and Coolmore Stud, purchased the sale topper, bidding $3.7 million for a colt by Unbridled's Song out of Kentucky Oaks (gr.I) winner Secret Status, from the consignment of Lane's End, agent.
Keeneland September Sale: Record Catalog
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- Ashland Stakes: Olly Stevens on Peace and War
- Roberta 'Bobbie' Croll Dies at Age 94


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Top Definition
Noun: ( Fuh*neuter) The sweet penetratable chocolate love tunnel commonly used for insertion of the squirt stick of the male species(homoERECTUS). Often the cause of many ruined tighty whities via excessive stretching leading to the anal leakage known as skid marks (aka doodoo stripes).
Holy sweet mother of gaylords, I wish i could shove that whole cucumber in your fuhnooter, you ass monkey.
by Antis(+)cial September 04, 2006


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Planting tomatoes ON TOP of the soil outdoors - yay or nay?
As most of us know, backfilling into the soil by adding ammendments like garden compost into the planting hole does not really work and can be counterproductive. However, a while ago I bought special bottomless pots for tomatoes that are meant to be planted on the soil surface itself and results in the roots emerging from the bottom of the compost (such as the 511 mix which is what I'll be using). I'm not sure if these pots have a special name, but can you experts out there tell me whether this practice is okay?
Or should I get smaller pots (like a small 5" pot) filled with the 511 mix and just plant this into the well cultivated soil?
Am I okay to add organic matter like compost, peat moss (if the soil pH is too high) or well rotted manure as a mulch, as long as it's distributed over as large an area as possible? The plan is to allow the earthworm population to drag the mulch below.
Finally, if I wanted to improve the soil drainage could I dig out a trench by my raised bed and place a large PVC pipe with holes in it, which is covered in secure permeable landscaping fabric, and fill underneath, on the sides and ontop of the pipe with gravel? The idea would be that the water would seep into the pipe away from the plant, and I could possibly place an electric sump pump in there to remove the water if need be.
Lots of growers turn their containers into raised beds and thus get away with growing in soils that are too water-retentive to be used in containers in the conventional way. Your idea of planting in a pot & letting roots run (into the ground) is fine & will work well if the (ground) soil, moisture levels and nutrition are favorable, and by all means - mulch as you described.
The drain you described would also be a VERY effective way to keep the soil drained. It appears you understand that you can't make clay soils drain by adding OM unless they have somewhere to drain TOO. ;o)
Excellent. Thanks Tapla.
Just one thing, if you don't mind though - can you recommend a rough size of PVC pipe to use (I suppose the exact size doesn't really matter that much)? I was thinking of using a four inch diameter PVC pipe. Would that work? Does it need to be as close the the plant roots in the native soil as possible?
Oh yes, and if I am growing tomatoes in containers and am potting up using the 511 mix medium in each pot, what final size pot would you recommend for a) determinate tomatoes and b)indeterminate tomatoes? I assume potting up is necessary when using he 511 mix like in almost any other medium?
I was going to go from a Root Riot cube or a peat pellet to a 5" pot (which is approximately one litre I think?) and then to a 3L pot and finally a 6L pot until the end. Does this sound okay?
Hey, Organic, I'll let Al answer, of course, but I wanted to say that 4 inch is fine.
Also, I grow tomatoes (indeterminate) in a container on my backdeck - for easy pickin' ;-)
I put my tomato directly into its final destination - which is a 15-20 gallon pot.
4" pipe is fine, I would dig a trench so the pipe ends up about 12-18" deep, because it will only drain the soil above. I'm assuming you're low or growing in heavy clay?
I also put tomatoes from cell packs or 4" containers directly into 18 gallon containers of 5:1:1 with no problems. Remember to tear off the bottom of the roots and the lower leaves and plant DEEP - with only the upper leaves poking up through the soil. New roots will form along the stem & you'll wind up with a MUCH stronger root system, faster.
^ you mean there will be adventitious roots that form along the stem at the bottom?
Yes I am growing in clay, as you said.
How many leaves to I actually remove? Do you mean literally all the leaves up the stem except for the ones at the very top? Isn't that most of the foliage on the plant?
If I use this method do I need to do any other pruning? I'm not familiar with this technique so forgive my ignorance.
... you mean there will be adventitious roots that form along the stem at the bottom?
The advantage of a large container is that it doesn't inhibit growth due to root congestion as quickly. Generally, the growth of plants in containers remains unrestricted until about the point that roots and the soil mass can be lifted from the container intact. Using a larger container increases the amount of o/a growth that can occur before growth rate slows. The problem usually is that with heavy bagged soils, you can't pot in the large containers w/o risking root rot or other effects related to excess water retention and poor aeration, where you can, and with little concern for ill effects, when using a well-aerated, fast-draining soil.
You can start with a lesser volume of soil, however, if you know your roots are going to run to ground. Additionally, if your containers are ON the ground, it turns them into mini raised beds & you CAN grow in a heavier soil than you could get away with w/o problems growing conventionally.
Thanks, the photo and explanation was very helpful tapla. I did wonder how you could pot up straight into a large pot without the whole thing becoming anaerobic but if you're using a medium like the 511 mix that drains well and is aerated then that makes sense that it would work.
I never heard of the trick where you remove leaves and bury so that roots form on the stem. I'll definitely be trying that.
I just wish I had found this forum sooner.
Tomatoes can be pretty picky about container size and plant spacing. They have huge root systems and use lots of water and nutrients. If they are too close together they have lots of trouble with disease and fungus. In the garden (at least in OK) we space them 4 feet apart. I plan to water my tomatoes in large containers every day during the summer. But of course we have highs over 100F through much of the summer.
It also depends on what type of tomato you grow. The bush and patio types can handle a 5 gallon bucket if you water and fertilize well. But if you want a large indeterminate tomato in a pot you'll have to look into giant rubbermaid tubs.
OW, I sense you have a tendency similar to mine--you want to do everything as thoroughly as possible. :) Not necessarily a bad thing, but you can spend a fortune on a relatively small return, then have to do it over differently next year.
My own favorite tomato growing technique, either in the ground or above, is to simply make sure that there is a suitable area (no container? Just prep an entire section of ground about 2' deep and introduce worms to the soil as well) and stick that 'mater plant in as far as it will go--in a container, I would not put the root ball on the bottom (trust me--ask me how I know), but rather about 2/3 of the way down at most.
I'm very fond of my soil here--it has high concentrations of vermicompost (it's not just worm castings, it's also partially decomposed organic material) and small porous volcanic rock called DryStall, so it remains nicely aerated and relatively loose (although it can be packed). It grows ANYTHING.
Tomatoes are 'hungy' plants; they feed and drink heavily, so make sure that you are giving them plenty to work with no matter what soil you have.
It's not really as hard as you seem to be making it, is what I'm saying. Nice big containers, good soil and plenty of water/nutrients and all will be well. Or jam them in the ground if you have the drainage and same thing.
I'm kind of wondering where you are that you think you might need a sump pump for runoff... :) I just took the hose and engaged in a little hydro excavation leading to where I wanted my extra water, and you know what? I didn't even need it. You might try that first to test the idea...
KISS is your friend here, I think...but that's just me. :)
^ Are you saying you sink containers into the soil? If so with respect, I'm not sure that's the best way to go about things, since it will act as a sump, drawing in water and making drainage problems 10x worse.
But I agree, a KISS approach is desirable. I know it sounds like I'm making it more complicated than it needs to be, but don't worry, I've got it all under control I think. And more importantly, it satisfies my desire to improve my gardening skills. If we didn't push the envelope and try new things then we might still be making the same old mistakes people have been making for years. That's my take on all this anyway.
I do appreciate your advice though, thanks.
..... unless you sink the pots in heavy clay - THEN you could have an issue due to slow percolation and the accompanying 'bathtub effect'; but in soils with reasonable drainage, the earth does act as a wick & quickly removes any perched water from the container.
Lol - thank YOU. I really do try to make people think about things when I post. It helps everyone when they can connect ALL the dots instead of just understanding certain aspects of container culture. I don't necessarily want a say in how you decide to apply information, though I will try to guide someone to a degree, if I think they're headed down a path that doesn't lead to the biggest bang for the effort. Still, the primary focus is on making sure you get reliable information to help with your decisions, then play cheerleader & hope they're all good ones. ;-)
It's been alotta fun talking with you, Pam. I hope you stick around, or at least remember where to find us.
thank you, al and others ! this thread has answered a lot of questions for me. luckily my soil is very sandy, but the voles have forced me into containers for my sweet potatoes and other root crops. i used sticks to plug up the big holes and sink the 12" high pots into the ground about 3". i didn't use wicks but did try to imitate al's mix, with about 50% of my garden soil, with no problems.
now i'm using 30 gallon food-grade drums cut in half(55 gallon are too big to dump for harvest). i drill 1\4" holes in the bottom and 2-3" up the sides, about 30 in all. if i sink them to cover the side holes, i believe the roots will go out and down, and no wicks will be needed. al, do you see any problem with this so far ? i've read that surface roots get different nutrients than roots that go very deep, so i'm trying to accomodate them all. i will try to find the .edu (library) webpage that shows root development. tomatoes and sweet potatoes can go 4 feet deep, parsnips 9 feet !
oops, this isn't a .edu, and i hope it is still true, since it from 1927 !!!


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Program coordinators for the Ohio Resident Educator program, can choose from one of two upcoming day-long meetings for an opportunity to learn from the Ohio Department of Education staff and other coordinators about implementing the program. The department will host one meeting on Wednesday, May 7 at the Mid-Ohio Educational Service Center in Mansfield and another on Wednesday, May 14 in Dublin at the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC). Register in STARS through your SAFE account. To find the events in STARS, search by keywords: PC network.
Due to the great response to its general Resident Educator Summative Assessment (RESA) webinar series, Teachscape has added two task-specific webinars in the coming weeks. The webinars will review the requirements and technical aspects of RESA Task 3 on April 15 and Task 4 on April 22. Teachscape and the Ohio Department of Education encourage all RESA parties to attend both of the task-specific webinars. Details and registration information are inside.
The FAQ for the Resident Educator Summative Assessment (RESA) now features answers to common questions asked during recent webinars. See inside for resources to help RESA candidates complete their tasks on time.
Timeline, Overview, and Action Plans have been posted for Year 4 of the Resident Educator Program
Due to scheduling conflicts, the second of three webinars for the Resident Educator Summative Assessment (RESA) will be on Wednesday, March 26 (previously it was scheduled for March 27). The time remains noon to 1 p.m. (EST). Space is limited, so reserve your webinar seat for March 26 by clicking here.


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America's Next Top Model 2006 | TV Show Watchlist
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Aspiring models compete for a chance to break into the business in this runaway hit. Created and executive-produced by supermodel Tyra Banks, its formula of beautiful women plus unappealing behavior make it enormously popular and one of the more intriguing (more…)
Premiered: September 20, 2006
Rating: TV-PG
Season 18, Episode 9 Barney Cheng
First Aired: May 2, 2012
The final six models travel to Macau, where they get a reading from an astrologer and are challenged to re-create their auras through fashion. At the photo shoot, the ladies pose in silk gowns while silkworms crawl on their bodies. Designer Barney Cheng is a guest judge.
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text: Asset International to launch 'Philanthropy Management' magazine By Sean Callahan. Published on February 23, 2012. 0 Reprints Reprints Ad Age Reports Resource Guide B-to-B Marketing Fact Pack From spending trends to the biggest marketers and agencies, this handy guide gives you the lay of the b-to-b land. Learn more New York—Asset International, a b-to-b financial publisher, plans to launch a new quarterly print publication, Philanthropy Management, next month. The magazine, which will have an initial circulation of about 11,000, will cover investment opportunities and strategies for foundations, organizations and individuals engaged in philanthropy. In addition to the magazine, the Philanthropy Management brand will also include a website at www.philanthropy-management.com, an email newsletter and an event slated for the second half of the year. In an interview, John Lee, managing director at Asset International, who is overseeing the launch, said he expects the first issue of Philanthropy Management to have eight ad pages. He also anticipates that the brand will be profitable in its first year. With this new brand, Asset International will expand its advertising base to include wealth managers, Lee said. The launch is also a slight departure for Asset International, which has focused on acquisitions and on "cloning" regional products for introduction in different parts of the world. With Philanthropy Management, Asset International debuts a global brand from the start covering the U.S., Asia and the U.K. Jim Casella, Asset International's chairman-CEO, said the company grew its revenue about 15% in 2011 over 2010—excluding acquisitions. Casella also emphasized that Asset International is still in the market for acquisitions in the financial arena. In this article: BtoB Advertisement Read These Next Lowe's Gives Away Glow-in-the-Dark Cat Hats During March Madness Ashley Rodriguez on 03.27.2015 73 0 Why Dodge Paired a Gearhead With a Monkey in 'Dodge Law' Campaign Vince Bond Jr. on 03.27.2015 45 0 Pepsi Passes Diet Coke in Market Share as Artificial Sweeteners Fall Out of Favor E.J. Schultz on 03.26.2015 488 1 Comments (0)


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This cheap and cheerful hotel has some great onsite facilities and boasts its very own stretch of private beach. Perfect for the budget conscious who want to experience the delights that Sharm has to offer.
How far is the nearest beach?
This hotel overlooks the beach.
Distance from Airport
The airport is situated 5Km from the hotel.
All rooms include an en suite bathroom with a hairdryer, individually adjustable air conditioning, satellite TV (with a hotel information channel), a safe, a lounge, a minibar/fridge and an international direct dial phone.
Food & Drink
You have a number of options if you choose to stay at the Hauza Beach Resort. Many people choose to go all inclusive, which means the price of all meals is included in the room rate. If you'd rather not go all inclusive, there are several restaurants within easy walking distance. The Hauza's main restaurant with live cooking demonstrations that are sure to entertain you and your whole family. The Al-Jazeerah restaurant serves Indian inspired dishes and the new pizzeria serves pizzas and pies right onto the beach until late at night.
If you do choose to go all inclusive, your package includes the following meals:
Nubian Restaurant: Main restaurant with open buffet with 7 changing theme nights to transfers guests around the word (no reservation required)
Breakfast buffet 06:00-09:30
Lunch buffet 13:00-15:00
Dinner buffet 19:00-22:00
Theme nights include: Far-east, Egyptian, BBQ, Mexican, Seafood, International and Hauza night .
Mattarello Restaurant: Is an open door Italian cuisine restaurant/pizzeria designed with a casual atmosphere, serves a daily a la carte menu from 19:30-22:00. Pre reservation is required, one visit per stay.
Al'Jazerrah Restaurant: serves Indian dishes in private and special atmosphere from 19:30-22:00. Pre reservation is required, one visit per stay.
Tirana restaurant overlooks the Tiran Island where guests can enjoy Mongolian cuisine from 19:30-22:00. Pre reservation is required, one visit per stay.
Beach Pizzeria serves freshly made mini pizzas on the beach from 10:00-16:00.
The pool snack bar offers a sandwich station with fresh ingredients from 12:00-14:00, a late lunch buffets from 15:00-17:00 and a spaghetti midnight buffet from 12:00-01:00.
There is also a lobby bar, pool bar, coral beach bar, a shisha corner, splash fresh bar, go crepe bar and mad dogs pub.
Sports & Entertainment
The Hauza Beach Resort has something for everyone. Whether you fancy a romantic evening under the stars, a day of surf and sun, a trip away with the girls, or fun for the whole family, you're guaranteed to find what you're looking for. It is almost impossible to visit this amazing beach without strapping on the scuba gear and going diving. There are even night time camel rides to see some of the exotic wildlife that call the neighboring sand dunes home. Scuba diving, Camel rides, Swimming pools, Kids pools, Playground, Seawater lagoon with private beach, Tennis courts, Volleyball courts, Billiards, Shopping centre, Full Moon disco, Entertainment (four times a week).
I stayed in Hauza for 14 night and i really enjoy it and had lots of fun is one of the best sea view in sharm the room was good and the food too and the staff are excellent and friendly and the...
I stayed in Hauza for 14 night and i really enjoy it and had lots of fun is one of the best sea view in sharm the room was good and the food too and the staff are excellent and friendly and the Animation team was very good and fun too
My new wife and I travelled to Hauza on the 15th of March 2015 following our wedding a couple of days earlier. We were greeted with a drink each, a cold wet wipe and a necklace. It was 9:45pm so we...
My new wife and I travelled to Hauza on the 15th of March 2015 following our wedding a couple of days earlier. We were greeted with a drink each, a cold wet wipe and a necklace. It was 9:45pm so we couldn't really see much. The bellboy was more than helpful and wouldn't let me carry a thing to our room. We arrived at the room and there were a few very minor issues such as the safe was locked and the door wouldn't lock fully but we complained and they fixed it the same night. The next day we went down and were surprised at the view, cleanliness and size of the resort. Immediately the staff were very helpful with relatively good English and polite. The pool area was large and clean and once again surrounded with friendly staff at the bar, the life guards and the animation team. Katie the English member of the animation team was very quick to welcome us and make us feel at home. She was eager to answer any questions we had and she was a big help. The rest of the animation team were also good apart from Nadia but because she didn't speak English so I can't criticise her as she was interacting with the Russian guests. The other members Loay, who was the DJ was also extremely friendly and welcoming. Pico put his all into the dances and activities although he was on the beach mainly so we didn't see as much of him. Nikita, the other Russian member had fairly good English and was always talking to people and asking to learn more. The entertainment was quiet the first week which we decided was due to it being out of season but in the second week when the new member, Lito, joined as the chief of animation it immediately changed for the better. The pool area was very friendly and we met some brilliant people who we hope will be friends for life (Dale, Wayne, Rosie, Emma, Anwar, Ian, Gemma, Gail, Tanya). Jackie who worked as guest relations was one of the highlights for us as she was extremely helpful and very prompt in all of our requests. We went out a couple of times at night to the English bar the Union Jack and Soho Square which were both enjoyable. The pool bar ran out of some alcohol once or twice but was never empty for long. The food got better and better every day and Friday nights were amazing when they through an authentic Egyptian night with full Egyptian buffet and entertainment all outside of the restaurant. There was a few problems with the slide pools which my wife reported to management and it was sorted within the week as it was a fairly big job. All in all we had a very enjoyable experience. Part of the Egyptian experience we were looking for was authentic food and entertainment and things like shisha pipes which luckily we didn't have to look very far for. The best person for us, and most guests, was the shisha man (Chico) by the pool bar at night. Chico was truly the kindest, funniest, most genuine person we met in Egypt and we can't say enough good things about him. He knew more about football than most English men so we had a lot in common and the respect and courtesy he showed my wife was beyond anything we expected. We were disappointed with the shop arrangement inside the resort as we thought it would be one supermarket with all your needs but instead there was 4 separate shops which were rented by people outside of the hotels employment. From day one we were pestered by the people in the clothes shop and perfume shop despite telling them numerous times we didn't want to purchase anything they didn't let up. They were rude to other guests and they were offering a service to people which we complained about and have been reassured by high management this will be rectified immediately. Overall we would rate out complete experience 4.5/5 with the hotel being a solid 4/5 although not everything was all inclusive. The English bar which shows football you have to pay for and the cocktail bar in the pool. They are the same price as English pubs so If you can afford it here you can afford it there, we were just disappointed that it wasn't all included. We will be visiting again hopefully this year but out of season as it is extremely hot! We hope to see everyone again soon! Especially Chico!
I've recently arrived home after a ive just arrived home after a weeks stay at The Hauza. All in all we enjoyed our stay, there is room for improvement and the hotel has great potential but there are...
I've recently arrived home after a ive just arrived home after a weeks stay at The Hauza. All in all we enjoyed our stay, there is room for improvement and the hotel has great potential but there are little things that let the resort down Such as the gardens could use a bit more TLC and the rooms could do with a lick of paint, our bathroom wasn't amazing And the lighting in the room wasn't great. One day we had to ring reception as no toilet roll was left And had to ask for a extra bed. it also took about a day for someone to eventually come and sort our safe out. Room wise it's very basic. The food is ok I stuck to the pasta bar majority of the time which was very tasty. There's lots to choose from though, it was near enough a mirical to get hold of butter though. some staff in the restaurant did come across rude at time's but most were friendly Enough. Although it did anger me the fact that one of the staff dropped a glass and left it there, there was young children about which I thought was bad, in the end someone I was with got up and picked up large pieces of glass. The animation team were all very friendly but a lot of people there felt they didn't do enough especially when it come to childrens entertainment, in the brochure it states kids club? Also currency exchange, honestly though you're better of finding a bank! Near reception there's a few shops on sight, the men that work in them are rude and you would think being in the resort they wouldn't be allowed to harass guests but they do! one of the got verbally abusive to another guests we met for not looking in his shop. The resort is in a nice location, the beach is lovely and the views are good. Its just minor things that need improvement it's good value for money if you're looking for a cheap get away. I wouldn't not recommend Hauza Beach resort but just keep in mind you pay for what you get.
We have just returned after our 2nd stay at Hauza Beach in 3 years and once again we thoroughly enjoyed our holiday. This hotel has to be the best value hotel in Sharm. The staff are excellent...
We have just returned after our 2nd stay at Hauza Beach in 3 years and once again we thoroughly enjoyed our holiday. This hotel has to be the best value hotel in Sharm. The staff are excellent, they are friendly, they are very helpful and make sure your stay is one to enjoy and remember. I had the unfortunate misfortune to have to spend my whole holiday on crutches after an operation in the UK, the staff and management made sure I was looked after and on many an occasion they went above and beyond what I would have expected to make sure I was looked after. The food was excellent quality, even better than we experienced and enjoyed last year. So thank you to everyone at the hotel and look forwards to seeing you all again in October - minus my crutches this time I hope!
As UK, Courses or boosters usually advised: diphtheria; tetanus; poliomyelitis; hepatitis A; typhoid. Vaccines sometimes advised: tuberculosis; rabies; hepatitis B.
Round 2-Pin Sockets, 220V
British nationals travelling to Sharm el Sheikh, Dahab, Nuweiba and Taba resorts for up to 15 days receive a free entry permission stamp upon arrival. If you intend to travel out of these areas or stay longer than 15 days, you must get a visa.