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Indoor Photography Lighting Tips & Tricks
Interested in learning how to take indoor pictures like a professional? If you have yet to purchase an indoor photography lighting kit, have no fear. You can still take amazing photos with some simple home furnishings. Consider using the adjustable table lamp sitting on your bedside table or office desk for adding light to your set. Below are a few additional indoor photography lighting tips you can use to help get the most out of your indoor photos and take pictures like a pro.
Determining the type of color temperature you want your pictures to have will help you choose the right light bulbs to implement in your photo shoot. Have you ever noticed that the light your adjustable floor lamp produces is a soft, warm white? If so, it's most likely a result of the color temperature of the light bulb. The color temperature of light is measured on a scale of Kelvin that ranges from 2700K to 6500K. Using the Kelvin scale will help you determine the hue a specific light source emits, and understanding the Kelvin scale will help you customize the look and feel of your photo shoot.
10 Fire Safety Tips for Kids & Adults
According the Electrical Safety Foundation International (ESFI), residential electrical fires account for an estimated 51,000 fires each year, nearly 500 deaths, more than 1,400 injuries, and $1.3 billion in property damage. The numbers nearly double during the busy holiday season. Being well-informed about electrical fires can help you and your family prevent any injuries and damages. Examples of electrical fires include: faulty wires chandeliers, overloaded outlets, frayed wires, and more.
Nearly half of all home electrical fires are caused by electrical failures or malfunctions such as:
- Faulty electrical outlets and outdated appliances
- Light bulbs that exceed the recommended fixture wattage
- Damaged or misused extension cords
- Dirty or poorly positioned space heaters
- Outdated wiring
Twenty percent of home structure fires include lighting equipment such as lamps, flush mount lights, and light bulbs while six percent include ceiling fans.
How to Size a Chandelier: 3 Easy Steps
A chandelier adds ambiance, style and of course, general lighting to a room, but selecting the right chandelier can be tricky. A small chandelier can easily get lost in a large space and fail to deliver a strong design element, while a large chandelier can overwhelm a small space. The right chandelier is proportional to the height and width of the room.
3 Steps to Size a Chandelier
First, determine the diameter (width) of the chandelier using the following steps:
- Measure the length and the width of the room
- Add the two measurements
- Convert the measurement unit from feet to inches
The converted sum is the ideal diameter of your chandelier. For example, if your dining room is 10' x 18', a chandelier with a 28" diameter is the best fit for your space.
8 Tips for Selecting the Best Outdoor Lighting
Outdoor lighting is an easy, cost-effective way to add beauty, safety, and security to your home. Understanding which outdoor lights work best with your home's exterior and landscape will help you choose the right light fixtures for your garden, deck and yard. Here are our top eight tips for choosing outdoor lighting fixtures for your home.
Giving Back on National Ceiling Fan Day
September 18th is National Ceiling Fan Day (NCFD), a day dedicated to reducing energy consumption by turning off your central cooling system and turning on your ceiling, desk or floor fan instead. Initiated by the Fanimation Fan Company, the campaign aims to save billions of kilowatt hours of energy. This year's theme also encourages you to swap your old fan for a new, energy-efficient ceiling fan.
In support of NCFD, we at Del Mar Fans & Lighting wanted to raise awareness of the event while also giving back to our local community. We paired up with Grace Academy, a small private school in Ormond Beach, FL, in dire need of new ceiling fans. The school's existing fans were dusty, rundown and in some case, unsafe to operate. We donated and installed four, brand new Hunter ceiling fans.
Out with Old Fans, In With the New Fans
We replaced the ceiling fans in the following classrooms: Ms. Overlay's kindergarten classroom, Ms. Reiser's first grade classroom, Ms. Larson's third grade classroom, and Ms. Haney's fourth grade classroom.
The ceiling fans, some of which were 40 years old, were in such bad condition they were literally falling apart. One rogue fan blade went airborne while Chalo, our installation expert, uninstalled the fan. While another ceiling fan plummeted to the ground before being full disassembled.


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Want to meet HER today?
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|is a Woman interested in a Man for: Fetish, Online flirting, Other, Meet in person
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about me
I'm originaly from New York and currently living in Killeen, Texas. I'm a very hard working woman and sometimes I think is to a fault. I just like giving all that I can to whatever I'm committed to. I've never been married and don't have any kids, however I still dream of one day having my own children. I used to be a mortician for years and now I work with children, who would have thought?. I guess my life changed course and I'm just sailing right now.I'm not into games I'm just a normal seine person looking for someone to share life with. Someone you can be yourself with and to be someone that is also there for someone else. Just looking for genuine and truthful good man. A guy that is considerate and has no problem admitting when his wrong, and doesn't back up when he is right!!! A passionate guy with a awesome sense of humor because sometimes is okay to laugh at yourself!!. If you want to know more just send me a message I won't bite.:)
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See other Nadi properties
Bamboo Beach
Real Reviews
Real reviews from fellow travellers
These are trusted reviews from guests who have actually stayed here. We hope you find them helpful.
Note: we only give a property a rating once it has received a minimum of 3 reviews.
- Page:1/1
- " I stayed here for two night and three days. It exceeded my expectations completely. I paid 50$ USD TOTAL for two nights in a private room. It was great. Just the basics. Obviously it's not a resort but it was better than I could've imagined. Queen sized bed with massive shower sink and toilet attached. I also did two day trips through the guys at the desk at the hostel. I did a trip to cloud nine which was unbelievable (Google it) amd a surf trip 60USD OR 120 fiji$ each "
- 24 Jan 2015 Anonymous USA
- " Fantastic atmosphere and staff were almost all awesome. Unfortunately, our bed was absolutely full of bed bugs. We had to wait 3 hours for reception to get there (at 6am) and then after we talked to them we waited another 3 hours to find out that she still hadn't looked for another room for us in their sister hotel, or cleaned out a new room for us in the meantime. We ended up just switching hotels, and were supposed to get a refund, but 4 days after not getting it, found out they had forgotten. "
- 02 Dec 2014 Kory Canada
- " Comfortable bed, great staff which helped with island tour, wifi was slow because too many people were on it. Location is peaceful. Easy cab ride to nasty downtown area, lol. Also easy ride to the pier. No towels and location is right on the beach. "
- 21 Aug 2014 Anonymous USA
- " Very Nice staff !!! "
- 18 Apr 2014 Anonymous France
- " Asked for a key to the room and was told there wasn't one, but if i had any valuables i could keep them at reception. Didn't bother me too much but was a bit unexpected. Otherwise good stay. "
- 06 Apr 2014 Anonymous England


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HAVE: Free - 2 Kimberly Queen Ferns - Indy Pickup or Postage
ademink(z5a-5b Indianapolis)May 7, 2006
I'm in Zone 5 and tried to overwinter my KQ ferns. Since I cut them back and their root systems are so huge, it's going to take until the end of the summer for them to make any kind of impact in my planters...not so exciting. LOL
Anyway, there is new growth coming up and anyone who wants them can have them! They are big ol' suckers so I'm not sure of what postage would cost offhand. Either for pickup in Indy or surrounding area or I'll mail them.
Email me and let me know if you'd like them! :)


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The Radio Club of America, Inc.
[ Hits: 207 | Votes: 1 | Rating: 10.00 ]
About The Radio Club of America, Inc.This resource is listed in dxzone.com under 1 categories. Its main category is Antique radio clubs (Antique radio clubs and organizations). "The Radio Club of America, Inc." is listed in our web site index since Thursday Feb 8 2007 and till now received a total of 207 hits.
- Antique Radios/Clubs - Antique radio clubs and organizations
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Is there a group for us military moms with SKs? I found a group about military general home life questions but not one for blended families.
"The bond that links your true family is not one of blood, but of respect and joy in each other's life."
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Cookin with The Columns: A tasty breakfast
As you might guess, I am always on the lookout for new breakfast ideas, since we have many repeat guests at our bed and breakfast and I don't want to serve them the same things over and over. I got this new recipe out of a magazine recently and it is really quick, easy and delicious. It's also fairly nutritious with the bananas and oatmeal in it. I think your kids will really like them too because they don't look a lot different than the usual pancake.
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2 cups COMPLETE pancake mix (the kind that only needs water added)
1 1/3 cups water
1/2 cup uncooked quick oatmeal
1 ripe banana, mashed
1/4 cup chopped pecans
Stir pancake mix with water until smooth. Add oatmeal, banana, and pecans. Cook pancakes on a greased, heated griddle until golden brown on both sides. Serve hot with syrup and butter.
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Thousands graduate from UTEP
POSTED: Saturday, May 18, 2013 - 8:53pm
UPDATED: Saturday, May 18, 2013 - 8:54pm
El Paso, TX (KTSM) — Thousands of students are celebrating their graduation from UTEP.
UTEP celebrated its 130th commencement as students crossed the stage at the Don Haskins center to receive their diplomas.
Proud family members and friends joined the ceremonies to celebrate the students' academic achievement.
While the day was for students sharing a common achievement, some had different journeys to get to their goals.
"I raised my children. I take care of my family, my husband. Which I thank them today because I wouldn't be here without them. It's closing a cycle in my life, a dream come true and I expect to go on and become a teacher and touch many lives," said UTEP graduate Erika Castaño.
The college of Liberal Arts graduated at 9am, followed by the Colleges of Education and Business Administration at 2 p.m.
. for The School of Nursing and the Colleges of Science, Engineering, and Health Sciences graduated at 7 p.m.


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Our special coverage of the closest race for years
Explore the personal stories of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
Laura Kasinof | 09 Jun 2010 15:11 GMT | Politics, Egypt, Israel
Egypt and Israel are technically at peace - one of the few diplomatic relationships that exist between the Jewish state and an Arab country - but you would not know it from talking to Egyptians.
The word on the Cairo street regarding Israel is anything but amicable, and incidents like last week's attack on the international aid flotilla serve to further ingrain Egyptians' distrust of and anger toward their northern neighbour.
When asked about the relationship between Egypt and Israel, Magdi Ahmed, a hotel employee, quickly spurted out an expletive while pretending to wipe his hands clean of dirt.
Ahmed's friend, Ismad Shahin, chipped in, referring to the flotilla incident: "Every time our relationship moves closer, Israel does something to divide us."'Image problem'
Such sentiment is the norm, and the Egyptian government has to walk a fine line in maintaining peaceful relations with Israel - an implied stipulation of US aid money - and quelling resentment of its disgruntled population by occasionally making seemingly pro-Palestinian gestures like the recent decision to open its border with Gaza at Rafah and to strip Egyptian men who are married to Israelis of their citizenship.
"The opening of the Rafah crossing was a reaction to the tragedies that happened on the Mediterranean, and also to deal with the public relations dynamic of politics," said Gamal Gawad Soltan, a director of the semi-official Al Ahram Center for Political and Strategic Studies.
"... Israel has a major image problem in the Middle East due to its policies, and the Egyptian population is not [an] exception of that."
Egyptians are particularly unhappy that their country is perceived as an extension of US support for Israel at a time when much of the world appears united in condemning the attack on the aid flotilla, Soltan explained.But, he stresses that there is a difference between how Egyptians feel about Israel and how they feel about the peace treaty between the two countries.
"The majority of Egyptians believe that the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty is good for Egypt. Egypt has benefited from peace with Israel ... war is not something that Egyptians want."'One-sided peace'
Mostafa Faruq, who works for the national bank, is not quite so positive.
"The peace treaty between Egypt and Israel? I am sorry, I am sorry," he said, shaking his head while buying flowers in downtown Cairo.
"Yes, it was good, but it only benefited one side.
"If Israel wanted peace, it wouldn't have killed innocent people. It is against humanity, against Christians, against Jews and against Muslims."
There have been apprehensions regarding normalised relations between the two countries ever since Menachem Begin, the then Israeli prime minister, and Anwar al-Sadat, the then Egyptian president, shook hands on the White House lawn in Washington on March 26, 1979 - making Egypt the first Arab state to declare peace with Israel, albeit a precarious one.
The step cost al-Sadat his life - just two years later he was assassinated.
The Egyptian government has since gone to great lengths to limit the capacity for violent anti-Israeli sentiment to grow by clamping down on freedom of speech. According to Moataz Fattah, an associate professor of political science at Cairo University, this clamp down is applied particularly strongly to popular anti-Israeli figures.And while Egyptians are dissatisfied with the status quo vis-à-vis their leadership's relationship with Israel, Fattah says they are too focused upon the concerns of daily life to take any real political action. "Egyptians do not have the capacity to change their reality, so they resign from politics. Of course they fear Israel, and think that the 1973 war will not be the last war, but the problem is they don't know what to do."Two-faced diplomacy
According to Hala Mostafa, the editor of the Arabic-language weekly Democracy, the main dilemma confronting Egypt's relationship with Israel is that it is two-faced.
"The regime manages to keep this relationship on the official level. It's very good at this. The number of officials between the two sides are growing all the time.
"At the same time, for political reasons, the regime is not willing to defend the concept of peace and to admit the fact that we are at peace with Israel. Political discourse, even by the minister of foreign affairs is the same type of speech as if we don't find peace at all."That somewhat schizophrenic approach to relations with Israel appears to have filtered down from the politicians to the general public.
Magdi Ahmed, the hotel employee, told me with a smirk: "I never trust an Israeli. Even if you were Israeli, I wouldn't trust you."But just a few minutes later he explained: "If Israel wants peace, we'll walk with them, straight away."
Source: Al Jazeera
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Liberty, MO, USA < change city >
Photographers (51)
Cakes (31)
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Hyvee West Ames
Mason City, IA, United States
Caterers, Florists, Cakes/C...
6 ratings, 5 reviews, 6 weddings
I worked with Sara on our wedding cake. She's funny and easy to talk to and has ...
Clara's Flowers
827 East 83rd Street
Kansas City, MO, United States
2 ratings, 3 reviews, 4 weddings
We had a great time working with Clara. My bouquet was amazing, and had every fl...
Trapp And Company
4110 Main St
Kansas City, MO, United States
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
Ken and the staff at Trapp and company were exceptional to work with. Their flora...
Hyvee Florist
13550 W 63rd St
Shawnee, KS, United States
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
The daisies were great & lasted a long time - we bought them uncut & wholesale fr...
An Eclectic Stem
Kansas City, MO, USA
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
Paige is the owner and seemed fun and young and bubbly but when it came to the mo...
Craig Sole Designs
Topeka, KS, USA
2 ratings, 1 review, 2 weddings
Craig is more than a florist. He's basically a wedding planner with florist as th...
Flowers By Emily
Leawood, KS, United States
2 ratings, 1 review, 2 weddings
Great ideas... very helpful at accomodating to budget needs... beautiful floral...
Village Gardens
Independence, MO, USA
1 rating, 1 review, 2 weddings
Dana was exceptional to listen to what my daughter wanted and fit it into our bud...
Bergamot And Ivy
1713 Westport Road
Kansas City, MO, United States
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
The flowers were gorgeous! I went into my consultation not really knowing what I...
Bev Wittenborn
Kansas City, MO, USA
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Bev was amazing! I thought I would have to spend thousands of dollars on flowers...


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This post has been updated and expanded here: Classic European Toys. Toys that are well-designed and made with renewable materials are optimal. European toys often fit this description. This durable block set, for example, is made in Germany by Haba using solid, natural, untreated beech wood that is harvested from sustainable forests. Toys like this […][Read More]
Nightclub Illuminated With 100% LED Light
The Barcode nightclub was built in a disused brick Victorian railway arch in Vauxhall, south London. The entire nightclub is illuminated using only LED lights, and the sound system is also energy efficient. The architect, Woods Bagot claims that the system consumes "less electricity than the power used to boil a kettle". If they could […][Read More]
Optimal: Making Manufacturing Processes Transparent: Patagonia
Patagonia is really a leader in effective, green manufacturing. Now the company is making its manufacturing processes as transparent as possible. Patagonia has created a web site called the Footprint Chronicles, where you can track the eco "footprint" of several pieces of Patagonian clothing. Also listed in the amount of waste and CO2 generated as […][Read More]
Merino Wool: Optimal Green Winter Material
Merino wool is an optimal green material for use in winter. In contrast to most other synthetic materials that are commonly used to make winter garb, it is quite sustainable. It's softer than regular wool, resists wind, regulates body temperature, and warms better than synthetic material. Some good maker of natural merino wool clothing are […][Read More]
Efficient: 100% Corn-Based Clothing Hangers
Clothing hangers should not be made out of plastic. These Earthsaver clothing hangers are made from 100% corn grown in the U.S., and they are manufactured in the U.S. by Merrick. However, conventionally grown corn involves the use of many of pesticides and artificial fertilizers. Organically grown corn would be more effective. Better still would […][Read More]
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Which Java is being used.
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Hello Alll,
We have Red hat Linux servers running SAP application. We have IBM and SUN java installed in it. Going further we will be installing SAP java. I am not sure which java is being used of the IBM and SUN.
How can i find which Java is being used i.e. IBM or SUN? Any specific command i can use?
Re: Which Java is being used.
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First, you will need to determine the command and/or environment settings used when starting the Java application.
If the application is started with a script, you will need to check the script: there might be lines that set JAVA_HOME and/or PATH environment variables to point to a particular version of Java.
If the Java version is not determined explicitly at the application start-up script, you will need to look at the environment of the user that normally runs the application. The login scripts for that user might include JAVA_HOME and/or PATH settings that determine which version of Java will be used by default by that user.
If there are no application-specific nor user-specific settings, then you might use "which java" to see the pathname of the default Java interpreter (if there is a default Java interpreter).
Also, "java -version" might be useful to identify the manufacturer of a particular instance of Java.
If you see a "java" process in the process listing and want to know which version of Java it uses, make note of the PID of the process, then run "ls -l /proc/<PID>/exe". That will tell you the exact pathname of the java binary it uses.
Through the proc filesystem you can also take a peek at the environment variables of any running process, with a command like "strings /proc/<PID>/environ | less".


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I live in San Francisco, CA and work as a Consultant in Healthcare. While I enjoy my time experiencing all that the city has to offer, I also love to travel. I have found myself gravitating toward airbnb as a way to find cozy housing for a true "home-away-from-home" experience! I have had great luck finding wonderful places for my recent travels abroad in France. I love to cook, read and explore my surroundings, often by foot through the lens of a camera.
I am a clean, courteous and no-fuss kind of guest. I like meeting new people and getting to know the area through recommendations from locals. Hoping we get to connect and share experiences together.


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Upgrade your geek with Dwight Silverman
Posts filtered on Tag
Linkpost | 5.18.2012
Updated 2:51 p.m. • Facebook's debut is modest, high volumes cause problems – Facebook's stock doesn't catch fire on its first day of trading. Also Facebook IPO Makes Zuckerberg Richer Than Google Founders • Facebook Sued For $15 Billion In Suit Over User Tracking • Zynga's stock drops 13% during Facebook IPO, trading halted (UPDATED) […] [Read More]
Linkpost | 5.16.2012
• Google Changes Tack on Android – Google will begin offering flagship Nexus phones and tablets through multiple hardware partners, starting with the next version of its Android operating system due later this year. It will also sell the devices directly to consumers. • HTC One X and Evo 4G LTE indefinitely delayed at US […] [Read More]
Linkpost | 5.13.2012
• The Education of Mark Zuckerberg – Is Facebook's co-founder and CEO grown up enough to lead a potentially $100 billion company? Also Sizing Up Facebook • Americans Now Spend More Time On Facebook Mobile Than Its Website • Expect a 6 month freeze on Facebook's Instagram acquisition – Due to regulatory scrutiny. • Apple […] [Read More]
Linkpost | 5.1.2012
• Facebook's new 'life-saving' feature: Share that you're an organ donor on your Timeline – It's in your Facebook Timeline under Life Event. • Data Engineer in Google Case Is Identified – The NYTimes believes it has found the person who inserted code into Google's Street View software that collected Wi-Fi information. If it's the […] [Read More]
Linkpost | 4.18.2012
Updated 2 p.m. • Larry Page: Android isn't critical, it's a delivery vehicle for Google services – Larry Page seems to de-emphasize Android on the witness stand in Google's trial with Oracle. • Google's Sergey Brin says coverage of his views on Internet freedom was "distorted" – Brin says secondary coverage of Guardian article he […] [Read More]
Linkpost | 4.16.2012
• Yet another OSX/Java Trojan spotted in the wild – It's possible that this new Mac malware is spread through infected Office documents. And New targeted Mac OS X Trojan requires no user interaction • Web freedom faces greatest threat ever, warns Google's Sergey Brin – Restrictive governments, anti-piracy efforts by the entertainment industry and […] [Read More]
Linkpost | 4.6.2012
Updated 10:04 a.m. • Apple Releases Second Update to Java in Two Days – It's not clear whether this is another shot at the Flashback Trojan, but regardless, Mac users should run Software Update again, and ASAP. • First Google tablet now expected in July due to price cutting effort – Sources tell The Verge […] [Read More]
Linkpost | 4.2.2012
Updated 12:07 p.m. • Microsoft's IE reclaims lost ground in browser battle – It gains a percentage point to end March with a 53.8 percent market share. • Wealthy smartphone users less likely to play games, tweet – They're more interested in apps for news, travel and, of course, finance. • Dell Picks Up Wyse […] [Read More]
Linkpost | 3.22.2012
Updated 12:12 p.m. • Tweetdeck gets a massive update featuring new media previews, interactions, classic RT and more – But it still lacks features stripped out when it went from an AIR application to native clients. • On These Rumors of a 4.6-Inch iPhone Display – John Gruber doesn't buy it. (Me either.) • Lookout […] [Read More]
Linkpost | 3.12.2012
• SXSW 2012 on BitTorrent: 7.51 GB of Free Music – The artists appearing at the music part of SXSW contribute songs, and they're packaged together in two big torrent files. That site also has collections of free music from previous SXSW events going back to 2005. • Can Kinect Make Windows Cool Again? – […] [Read More]
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Little girl blasts Lego 'girl people' in letter to toy company
One little girl's letter to toy company Lego blasting its attitude toward women has caused a stir on social media after a sociology blog shared it on Twitter.
In a hand-written message, 7-year-old Charlotte Benjamin expressed her disappointment that Lego does not have many products that target girls.
"I don't like that there are more Lego boy people and barely any Lego girls," she wrote.
She also criticized the company's portrayal of women via their attire and activities. She noted that all the boy products are blue while girls are pink, and that while boy characters engage in exciting adventures, the Lego "girl people" were limited to traditional gender roles.
"All the girls did was sit at home, go to the beach, and shop … the boys went on adventures, worked, saved people and had jobs, even swam with sharks," she wrote.
In 2012, WABC reported that some customers were upset with Lego's new "Friends" line, which featured female characters dressed in revealing clothing and participating in activities such as baking and shopping.
Representatives at Lego did not respond to ABC News' requests for a comment.
Despite her grievances, Charlotte acknowledged she still "loves" Lego products, and has only a simple request for the company.
"I want you to make more Lego girl people and let them go on adventures and have fun. OK!??"
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Everything about MJM is awesome. From the free shippping over $20, to the 3% off just about everything in the store and the 10% lifetime discount....Read More ->
MJM Magic has amazing service. This was my first ever online purchase! SUPER FAST SHIPPING (3 days) TO CANADA! A++ Service! Will continue to buy from...Read More ->


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"George Smiley - a quintessentially English spook"
I read the book years ago and found this recording gripping
Deepest English reserve mixed with Asian intrigue. A complex plot that will always stand another listen
Well told - handles the complexity well and brings the drama to life.
Listened to in order - Tinker Taylor Soldier Spy - Honourable Schoolboy - Smilies People. I have always been a fan of the story and the characters. Very English in context with the diminishing place of that country in world affairs whilst its legacy echo is still heard far and wide. A brilliant portrait of context in a world of changing priorities but with real characters and a stunning plot.
"Couldn't stop listening"
A great story well told. I couldn't stop listening and didn't bother with the on board entertainment from Auckland to San Francisco - an 11 hour flight (I moved straight on to Catching Fire and then to Mockingjay as I flew across the States). This is a great post apocalyptic world created by Suzanne Collins. On the one hand it has a range of plot lines and a greater goal that becomes clear as the story moves on; on the other a very human story that could almost be set in the darkest days of the twentieth century.I haven't seen the film, but will be pleasantly surprised if it lives up to the books.
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Kevin Cooney, the Head Coach of the FAU Baseball checks in with his monthly diary about college baseball over at the College Baseball Insider. He talks about many different things including Peter Hughes and his headshot on his profile at Va Tech which is pictured above. Check out his full article here.
Category Archives: ACC
Clemson Update
The Clemson Tigers have signed 14 players which will start playing in the 2008 season. There are kids from seven different states which have signed letter of intent's to play for Jack Leggett. I know Jack used to coach at Vermont thus the reason he picked up Casey Harman from Burlington VT. The full list of recruits is available here.
The Clemson Media Relations Department has released a 2007 Season Outlook for the Jack Leggett led squad. The Season outlook is available here.
Diamond Heels succeeding in classroom
North Carolina recently graduated four players who went on to play professional baseball before fulfilling their graduation requirements. All four student-athletes came back to college recently and finished up on their degrees. The four players are Bo Dickerson, Marshall Hubbard, Matt McCay, and Daniel Moore. Coach Mike Fox was quoted saying that "Our players are here first and foremost to receive an education, and these four have made us extremely proud. We have a great track record of graduating our players, even those that leave early to pursue a career in professional baseball."
Full release available here.
Maryland Sign Seven for 2008 Season
I was forwarded this article from Maryland Sports Information staff member Dan Reisig. He is always a big help with getting information on the Terps.
Maryland baseball head coach Terry Rupp announced today seven future Terrapins who joined the team by signing National Letters of Intent this fall. The seven players, four of whom have chosen to play collegiate ball in their home state, are valuable assets who will have the opportunity to contribute when they join the Terps for the 2007-08 school year.
The seven signees are: Kyle Blackwell ( Rockville , Md. /Sherwood HS), Reid Chenworth ( Baltimore , Md. /Calvert Hall HS), Brett Harman ( Baltimore , Md. / Westminster HS), Adam Kolarek ( Catonsville , Md /Catonsville HS), Curtis Lazar ( Stafford , Va. / Mountain View HS), Matthew Quinn (North Penn, Penn./Landsdale HS), and Bill Rice (Sewell, N.J./Washington Township HS),
"With our 2007 recruiting class, we have addressed a lot of our needs to help us down the road as we try to get better in this league," Rupp said. "With the addition of these seven recruits, we have definitely helped our club immensely. We have addressed two key areas – left handed hitting and front-line pitching and added some size and some athleticism to our program. Overall, we are very excited to get these guys on campus."
Blackwell is a slender 6-2, 165 pound right-hander whose live arm gives him tremendous upside as well. According to assistant coach Jim Farr: "We hope to develop his secondary pitches so that he can come into the mix as a freshman."
Chenworth is a big 6-5, 210 pound athletic left-handed hitter who will see time in the outfield. A member of his high school volleyball team, he has good speed and power and projects to play left field, according to Farr.
Harman is a 6-5, 200 pound pitcher who can contribute in various ways. Said Farr: "He is an outstanding, in-state right-handed pitcher. He has exceptional movement to his fastball, and projects to be able to pitch up front in our rotation."
Kolarek is a player who will contribute both from the mound and in the field. The 6-3, 190 pound left-hander will compete for playing time in the outfield as well as out of the bullpen. His fastball is in the upper 80s and the Terps coaching staff will be working on developing his secondary pitches as well.
Lazar is a big, 6-4, 190 pound left-handed first baseman/outfielder who, according to Farr, "is an athletic kid who can run. He can hit with power and is good around the bag."
Quinn is a 6-5, 205 pound right-handed pitcher who, according to coach Farr, has a large upside. "Matt is just starting to come into his own," he said. He throws in the 86-88 mph range with three pitches. He has the ability to pitch at either the front end or the back end of a game."
Rice, a 6-0, 180 pound left-handed hitter will see time at all three positions in the outfield. Said Farr: "He's a good enough runner to play center, and he has the arm strength to play right field. He projects to hit some doubles for us with occasional power."
Among the seven recruits, four hail from the Free State , adding to the 18 Maryland natives on this season's roster. Overall, the Terrapin coaching staff feels that it has assembled a group of recruits who will be valuable members of both the baseball team as well as the campus community.
"We have some quality kids, both athletically and academically," Rupp said. "We feel that all seven players are men of great character."
2007 Maryland Baseball Signees
Name Pos. Ht. Wt. Hometown (High School)
Kyle Blackwell RHP 6-2 165 Rockville , Md./Sherwood HS
Reid Chenworth OF 6-5 210 Baltimore , Md. /Calvert Hall HS
Brett Harman RHP 6-5 200 Baltimore , Md./Westminster HS
Adam Kolarek LHP/OF 6-3 190 Catonsville , Md./Catonsville HS
Curtis Lazar 1B 6-4 190 Stafford, Va. / Mountain View HS
Matthew Quinn RHP 6-5 205 North Penn, Penn. /Landsdale HS
Bill Rice OF 6-0 180 Sewell, N.J./Washington Township HS
Micheal Fisher and his fellow Student-Athletes
The Georgia Tech Media Relations department recently released a very good article on Micheal Fisher and other Georgia Tech athletes on their efforts to raise money for the Hillside Foster Home in Georgia. They raised over $900 in Gift Cards to Target in addition to 75 gifts and toys they had donated through the three toy drives which occurred during the fall semester. It is nice to see Mr. Fisher and his fellow athletes doing a great thing for people that are in a tough situation.
The full release is available here.
Recruiting update for 2007-2008 season
There have been some recent releases on some more recruits for the 2007-2008 school year.
UC Davis
Cal Berkeley
Wisconsin Milwaukee
SeBaseball previews Boston College
SeBaseball.com has posted a recent article on the Boston College Baseball program. They expect BC to compete for a spot in the ACC Tournament this upcoming season and possibly get a bid to the NCAA Tournament. The full article available here.
Warchant checks in with Micheal Hyde
Duke releases Schedule
The Duke Blue Devils have released their 2007 schedule. They will compete in the East Carolina Invitational this year on February 23rd-25th. The ACC portion of the schedule has two highlights on the season with Florida State and Georgia Tech visiting Durham. In addition to FSU and GT, Boston College, Maryland, and Virginia Tech come in for ACC teams. The schedule is extremely challenging for second-year Head Coach Sean McNally but they are headed in the right direction. They have to replace Dan Otero who served as the Number 1 pitcher for the Blue Devils because he transferred to South Florida to join Lelo Prado in building a power.
Full Schedule available here.
Rivals has posted a new Mailbag which talks about issues with Florida State, Ohio State, Georgia, and East Carolina. Kendall Rogers does an excellent job covering college baseball and check out his mailbag here.


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Banana question.
Should I wait until spring to get a couple banana trees or is it ok to get them now and winter them over??..I'd really like to get ones that produce edible bananas.
Silly question, but want to know if it's worth getting any now.
Many varieties of banana's however most are the same. They need bright light, water, and plenty of food to grow. Most people do not have the equipment to grow banana's indoors.
Some do well indoors, while most need to be outside in hot humid ,sunny conditions.
They are plants, to me they are small trees.
In a well lit sunny area of a home, a banana can grow. The results will not compare to growing them outdoors in the ground.
You can buy plants and store them in the home for the winter, and if you have bright light, then you can cheat by letting them grow indoors until spring arrives.
Banana's grow extremely fast, and they take up large amounts of room depending on species. Indoors, they may not grow as fast or as big, then again, if giving the right conditions, they can grow very large indoors.
The cold hardy banana's are called "Musa Basjoo", they are very hardy and are grown all over the world and in every state in US. They are not edible though.
Banana's that produce edible fruit are not hardy in cooler areas. That is why you won't see banana's growing along the road in Ohio, or Wisconsin, but in Florida you will see them.
You can cheat and grow indoors then put them out in the spring, however, the conditions in the North are surprisingly harder to grow a edible banana from start to finish. Not to say it cannot be done or it hasnt been done, its just harder to do.
Edible bananas need sun, room, and time to grow. Living up North does not allow simply because the season is to short.
If you have a large greenhouse, then you can grow all year.
My pick would be to purchase a Basjoo and place it in the ground when spring arrives. Then you can leave it in the ground over the winter by covering it up with chopped leaves. Then every year your Basjoo will get bigger and produce pups that you can separate or let grow along mom.


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"I loved this design from the beginning. It was perfect for our wedding theme; it has a nautical nod, which is what I was looking for. I was so excited for it to come and was even more impressed with it's timely arrival. These invitations, rsvp cards and enclosure cards exceeded my expectations and I am so happy with the final result. Worth every penny!"
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First Published: 2013-01-28
Saudi women work with men... separated by high walls
Authorities order shops employing both men, women to build separation walls to enforce strict segregation laws.
Middle East Online
Strict segregation laws to remain
RIYADH - Saudi authorities have ordered shops employing both men and women to build separation walls to enforce the strict segregation laws of the ultra-conservative kingdom, local press reported Monday.
The order that was issued by labour minister Adel Faqih also had the stamp of Abdullatif al-Sheikh, the head of the Commission for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice, commonly known as Mutawa and religious police, several dailies reported.
It stipulated that a separation barrier, not shorter than 1.6 metres (over five feet), should be erected to divide working men and women.
Authorities in June 2011 told lingerie shops to replace their salesmen, mostly Asian, with Saudi saleswomen. This directive was later extended to cosmetic outlets.
Saudi women have long complained they feel uncomfortable having to buy lingerie from men and would prefer female sales assistants.
In December, the head of the religious police strongly criticised the labour ministry, claiming that saleswomen do not have a proper working environment and that some have been harassed.
The labour ministry had said the decision to employ women at lingerie shops should create some 44,000 jobs for Saudi women, among whom unemployment is more than 30 percent, according to official figures.
Egypt renews calls for creation of joint military force at Arab summit
Torturous Iran talks move into top gear in battle of wills
Qaeda seizes 'majority' of Syria northwestern city of Idlib
Saudi ambassador to return to Sweden after diplomatic spat
Oil prices fall after Yemen-inspired gains
Libya forces 'withdraw' from frontline bases near oil ports
UN Security Council keeps Libya arms embargo in place
Saudi-led airstrikes target arms depots in Yemen capital
Death toll from hotel attack rises as fighting continues in Somalia
Turkish parliament passes security bill after long debate
Turkey army chief of staff visits historic tomb inside Syria
Saudi-led coalition keeps up raids against Yemen rebels
Assad says open to dialogue with US
US backs Saudi-led intervention in Yemen
Heavy Saudi raids force Sanaa residents to flee
Israeli Arab MP walks for Bedouins
Gulf stocks regain ground after early losses over Yemen
Kerry presses Iran on nuclear deal before deadline
Somali pirates seize Iranian fishing vessel
Borse Dubai sells big stake in London Stock Exchange
Can Arabs form joint military force?
Libya rivals discuss UN-backed peace proposals
French President to join 'anti-terror' march in Tunis
Sisi underscores Egypt's rights to tap Nile water
US-led coalition aircraft bomb Tikrit
Saudi warplanes strike Yemen rebels in Sanaa
Netanyahu to form Israel new government after shock victory
Turkey military responds to Kurdish attacks in southeast
Leaders see horror of air crash as investigators step up probe
Fistfight in Iraqi Kurdish parliament
Syria rebels seize ancient town of Busra Sham
UN reveals plethora of abuses against activists in Libya
IS attack kills 5 militia fighters in Libya city of Sirte
Yemen President 'in safety' as rebel forces advance
US considering launching air strikes on Tikrit
Yemen Huthis seizes key airbase near Aden
'Feminist' policy costing dear to Sweden
Obama says row with Netanyahu 'substantive'
Tunisia honours victims of deadly attack on national museum
Roadside bomb kills two Egypt soldiers in restive Sinai
'Islamic State' woos Syria children with money: More than 400 recruited in 2015 alone
Huthi-led militia push on southern Yemen
US envoy to Libya leaves Twitter after barrage of online abuse
US provides 'eye in the sky' to support Iraq Tikrit operation
Turkey prosecutors launch probe as ruling party rift grows


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
36 year old man | York, PA, USA | Seeking women 25-37 within 50 miles
Active within 5 days
I enjoy a wide variety of activities, both...
I enjoy a wide variety of activities, both indoor and outdoor, from staying in and watching a movie or going camping and hiking. I have a magnetic personality and I like to have fun and make others laugh. I get along with just about anybody I meet, both adults and kids. I'm looking to meet someone that's not into playing games and that doesn't lead people on,
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Fishing/Hunting , Gardening/Landscaping , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Billiards / Pool, Football, Other types of exercise, Swimming, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Birds, Cats, Dogs, Exotic Pets, Fish, Horses, Other
Some other viewpoint
Anywhere with a beautiful view: The beach at sunrise/sunset, waterfalls in the wilderness, snow capped mountains, at an overlook looking out over a valley during the changing of the leaves during fall, rooftops looking out over city lights.
Tri-State Business Institute, Erie, PA
I listen to a variety of music: Rock, Country, Dance, Remix, International (like K Maro, 4minute) anything with a good beat. I enjoy watching NCIS and my favorite food is Italian and good ol burger and fries.
The outdoors, playing pool, watching movies, hanging out, I like a variety of different things.
The Alchemist - Paulo Coelho
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'7" (200cms)
|4'0" (121cms) to 6'5" (195cms)
|Body type:
|Slender, Athletic and toned
|Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Light brown
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde
|Yes, but trying to quit
|No Way, Occasionally, Daily, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker, Moderately
|Labor / Construction
|Other profession
Professional Security Specialist/Engineer/Military
|$25,001 to $35,000
|Less Than $25,000, $25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|White / Caucasian
|Asian, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian
|Spiritual but not religious
|Associates degree
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text: Today a few images were released from Stevan Mena's Malevolence: Bereavment, a sequel to 2004′s indie slasher film that centers on the killer Graham Sutter and the kidnapping and systematic torture of his protégé Martin Bristol. Michael Biehn, Brett Rickaby, Martin Bristol, Kathryn Meisle, John Savage, Nolan Funk and Alexandra Daddario all star in the sequel to the fun indie slasher flick that's now available on DVD everywhere. Read on for the stills from what could be another fun ride.


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A method of making a multilayered circuitized substrate in which a continuous process is used to form electrically conductive layers which each will form part of a sub-composite. The sub-composites are then aligned such that openings within the conductive layers are also aligned, the sub-composites are then bonded together, and a plurality of holes are then laser drilled through the entire thickness of the bonded structure. The dielectric layers used in the sub-composites do not include continuous or semi-continuous fibers therein, thus expediting hole formation there-through.
1. A method of making a multilayered circuitized substrate, said method comprising: forming first and second conductive layers using a continuous process including forming first and second pluralities of openings within said first and second conductive layers, respectively; forming first and second sub-composite substrates simultaneously including said first and second conductive layers having equal thickness, respectively, and at least one dielectric layer bonded to each of said first and second conductive layers, respectively, said dielectric layers not including continuous or semi-continuous glass fibers as part thereof; aligning said first and second sub-composites relative to one another such that said first and second pluralities of openings within said first and second conductive layers align relative to one another; bonding said first and second sub-composites together to form a multilayered substrate; laser drilling a plurality of holes through the entire thickness of said multilayered substrate, including through said aligned first and second pluralities of openings within said first and second conductive layers of said first and second sub-composites, respectively; and providing electrically conductive material within said plurality of holes so as to form electrically conductive thru holes through said entire thickness of said multilayered substrate, said multilayered substrate including said first and second conductive layers and said electrically conductive thru holes forming a circuitized substrate.
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In Ser. No. 11/110,919, filed Apr. 21, 2005, there is defined an apparatus and method for making circuitized substrates using a continuous roll format in which layers of conductor and dielectric are fed into the apparatus, bonded, and passed on to other nearby work stations in which various processes such as hole formation, circuitization and, finally, segmentation occur. The resulting substrates can then be individually bonded to other, like substrates to form a larger multi-layered substrate with a plurality of conductive thru-holes, conductive and dielectric layers as part thereof.
In Ser. No. 11/110,920, also filed Apr. 21, 2005, there is also defined an apparatus and method for making circuitized substrates using a continuous roll format. As in Ser. No. 11/110,919, a layer of conductor is fed into the apparatus. In Ser. No. 11/110,920, however, layers of photo-imageable dielectric are applied to opposite sides of the conductor layer, following which thru-holes are formed through the composite, and then metal layers are added over the dielectric. Patterns (e.g., circuit) are formed in the metal layers. Several operations are performed in addition to these to form the final end product, a circuitized substrate (e.g., printed circuit board), all while the conductor layer of the product is retained in a solid format, up to the final separation from the continuous layer.
Both of the above applications are assigned to the same Assignee as the present invention. The present application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 11/110,919 filed Apr. 21, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,293,355.
The present invention relates to the manufacture of multilayered circuitized substrates such as printed circuit boards, chip carriers, and the like. The invention particularly relates to the manufacture of such substrates in which conductive thru-holes are provided therein.
During the known manufacture of circuitized substrates such as printed circuit boards and chip carriers, especially those of the multilayered type, many individual processes such as etching, plating, lamination, drilling, testing, inspection, etc. are required. These processes are usually performed at different locations within the manufacturing facility, requiring shipment of partially completed substrates from one station to another at such different locations. As defined in the two co-pending applications cited above, it is possible to combine many of these processes while producing a substrate in a continuous roll format; that is, a series of rolls are used to continuously move a common part of the eventual substrate along while such processes are then performed thereon. Such continuous processing, defined therein as in a roll-to-roll format, serves to reduce costs and time consumed in the total substrate manufacturing process. Such savings are especially significant if possible when producing relatively complex, multilayered substrates having several conductive and dielectric layers so that the savings may be passed down to the eventual consumer of the products using such substrates. Such products may include computers, computer servers, mainframes, etc. and many others not related directly to computers.
As is known, these boards typically consist of parallel, planar, alternating inner layers of insulating (dielectric) substrate material and conductive metal. The exposed outer sides of the laminated structure are often provided with circuit patterns, as with double-sided boards, and the metal inner layer or layers typically contain circuit patterns, or, in the case of internal power planes, layers that are substantially solid. These latter layers also often include clearance openings or other openings if desired.
In multilayer printed circuit boards and chip carriers, it is often necessary to provide conductive interconnections between the various conductive layers or sides of the substrate. This is commonly achieved by providing metallized, conductive thru holes in the board which communicate with the sides and layers requiring electrical interconnection. For some applications, it is desired that electrical connection be made between all or almost all of the conductive layers. It is often desired to also provide electrical connection between the circuitry on one face of the board and one or more of the inner circuit layers. In those cases, �blind vias�, passing only part way through the board, are provided. In still another case, such multilayered boards often require internal �vias� which are located entirely within the board's structure and covered by external layering, including both dielectric and conductive. Such internal �vias� are typically formed within a sub-part structure of the final board and then combined with other layers during final lamination of the board. The term �conductive thru-hole� as used in the art may thus include thru holes that pass entirely through the board (also referred to in the printed circuit field as plated thru holes or PTHs), �blind vias� which extend from an external surface of the board into a specified conductive layer of the board, as well as an �internal via� which is internally �captured� by the board's outer layers.
To provide the desired circuit pattern on the substrate, a variety of even more manufacturing processes are required, examples being those which fall into the broad categories of �subtractive� or �additive� techniques. Common to subtractive processing is the need to etch away (or subtract) metal to expose substrate surface in areas where no circuitry is desired. Additive processes, on the other hand, begin with exposed substrate surfaces (or thin commoning metallization layers for additive electroplate) and build up thereon of metallization in desired areas, the desired areas being those not masked by a previously-applied pattern of plating resist material (e.g., called photo-resist in the printed circuit board field).
Typically, the dielectric materials used for such multilayered products include some form of supporting material in the form of either fibers or mesh within the dielectric (usually a resin which is cured). Perhaps the most common form of such dielectric material known and used in the industry today is referred to simply as �FR4�, which is comprised of epoxy resin with fiber glass embedded therein. Such fiber glass is typically in the form of continuous or semi-continuous fibers which extend within the cured, hardened resin. Other dielectric materials include polytetrafluoroethylene (e.g., Teflon, a trademark of E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company) and Driclad material (Driclad is a trademark of the Assignee of this invention, Endicott Interconnect Technologies, Inc.), etc. With such other materials, however, it is also often considered necessary to provide fiber or mesh for reinforcement purposes.
The presence of glass fibers, especially woven glass fibers, also substantially impairs the ability to form high quality, very small thru-holes, including when using a laser. This problem is increased significantly when patterns of such thru holes are required to satisfy the high density requirements of many of today's circuitized substrates, especially those in the computer field. Examples of high density patterns may include thru hole patterns as dense as 5,000 thru holes per square inch and perhaps greater, including in some known examples as high as 10,000 thru holes per square inch, of the substrate's area. If used in such an environment, glass cloth will possess drastically different absorption and heat of ablation properties than typical thermo-set or thermo-plastic matrix resins. In a typical woven glass cloth, for example, the density of glass a laser might encounter can vary from approximately 0% in a window area to approximately 50% by volume or even more, especially in an area over a cloth �knuckle�. This wide variation in encountered glass density leads to problems obtaining the proper laser power for each thru-hole and may result in wide variations in thru-hole quality, obviously unacceptable by today's very demanding manufacturing standards.
The presence of glass fibers in a multilayered structure of the types mentioned herein also often contributes to an electrical failure mode known as CAF growth. CAF (cathodic/anodic filament) growth often results in an electrical shorting failure which occurs when dendritic metal filaments grow along an interface (typically a glass fiber/epoxy resin interface), creating an electrical path between two features which should remain electrically isolated. Whether continuous (like woven cloth) or semi-continuous (like chopped fiber mattes), glass fiber lengths are substantial in comparison to the common distances between isolated internal features, and thus glass fibers can be a significant detractor for PCB insulation resistance reliability. While the use of glass mattes composed of random discontinuous chopped fibers (in comparison to the longer fibers found in continuous structures) can largely abate the problem of inadequate laser drilled thru-hole quality, such mattes still contain fibers with substantial length compared to internal board feature spacing and, in some cases, offer virtually no relief from the problem of this highly undesirable type of growth.
Examples of methods of making circuitized substrates, including multilayered boards, and even further including providing same with such thru holes, are shown and described in the following U.S. Letters Patents, as are examples of various types of boards produced by such methods:
As mentioned in the above co-pending applications, attempts have been made to manufacture at least some parts of circuit boards using what might be referred to as a continuous process. Examples of some of these processes are described below. The listing of the patents both above and below is not an admission that any are prior art to the present invention.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,372,800, issued Feb. 8, 1983, there is described a �continuous� process for producing reinforced resin laminates comprising the steps of impregnating a fibrous substrate with a liquid resin (allegedly free of volatile solvent and capable of curing without generating liquid and gaseous by-products), laminating a plurality of the resin-impregnated substrates into a unitary member, sandwiching the laminate between a pair of covering sheets, and curing the laminate between said pair of covering sheets, without applying appreciable pressure. The patent discusses adjusting the final resin content in the resin impregnated substrate at 10 to 90% by weight, based on the total weight of the impregnated substrate.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,784, issued Dec. 10, 1985; there is described a metal clad laminate produced in �continuous� manner by impregnating a plurality of fibrous substrate with a curable liquid resin, combining the plurality of substrates together and simultaneously laminating a metal foil onto at least one side of said substrates, and curing the laminate. This patent discusses the steps of applying an adhesive onto the metal foil to form a film and heating the film in situ continuously prior to step of the laminating of said metal foil.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,579,612, issued Apr. 1, 1986, there is described the formation of an �electro-laminate� made of a core of insulating material webs with a high purity electrolytic copper foil on at least one side of the core, for use as a circuit board in electronic equipment. The web of insulating material and the copper foil are led from supply rolls to a laminating machine in out-of-contact relation. Prior to its introduction into the laminating machine, the copper foil is heated to the temperature of the laminating operation so that it is at its maximum thermally expanded length when it contacts the insulating material webs. Further, dust is removed from the copper foil as it enters the laminating machine. The webs and copper foil are moved at the same speed through the laminating machine. After pressing the electro-laminate in the laminating machine, it is moved through a cooling device. Subsequently, the electro-laminate can be wound in a roll or cut into individual lengths.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,425, issued Apr. 21, 1987, there is described a �continuous� method wherein a coating of a solvent-free thermosetting resin is applied to the surface of a metal foil. This resin-coated foil is advanced into contact with a reinforcing cloth sheet layer to form a foil/cloth assembly. The assembly is continuously conveyed between a pair of endless belts revolving in opposite directions with mutually facing surfaces, the belts being heated to the curing temperature of the resin whereby the belts are pressed against the assembly to continuously compact the assembly and cure the resin to form a composite product which can then be circuitized. This partial process does not include many of the essential steps such as defined above which are necessary for boards of more complex construction, especially those needing conductive thru-holes as part thereof.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,153,986, issued Oct. 13, 1992, there is described a method of fabricating a multilayer electronic circuit package. The multilayer circuit package has at least one layer that is a circuitized, polymer encapsulated metal core. According to the method of the invention a metal foil is provided for the metal core of the layer. This metal core foil may be provided as a single unit or in a roll to roll, process. The thru holes are drilled, etched, or punched through the metal foil. An adhesion promoter is then applied to the perforate metal foil for subsequent adhesion of polymer to the foil. The dielectric polymer is then applied to the perforate metal foil core by vapor depositing, chemical vapor depositing, spraying or electrophoretically depositing, a thermally processable dielectric polymer or precursor thereof onto exposed surfaces of the perforate metal foil including the walls of the thru holes. The dielectric polymer or precursor thereof is then thermally processed to form a conformal dielectric, polymeric coating on surfaces of the perforate metal foil, including the interior surfaces of the thru holes. This dielectric, polymeric coating may then be circuitized, and coated with an adhesive for lamination to the next adjacent layer. After lamination, one or more chips are attached to the completed package.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,500,349, issued Dec. 31, 2002, there is described a �continuous� process for forming multilayer circuit structures which includes applying and curing a film forming polymer onto the matte side of a copper foil. The opposite (shiny) side of the foil is cleaned, and applied with a photo-resist which is then dried. The photo-resist is exposed, and developed to remove the non-image areas, while leaving the image areas. The foil under the removed non-image area is then etched to form a copper pattern, and the remaining photo-resist is removed. The foil is then cut into sections, and then punched with registration holes. The copper pattern is then treated with a bond enhancing treatment, inspected for defects, and laminated onto a substrate to form a multilayered circuit structure.
The present invention represents a new and unique method of forming circuitized substrates having conductive thru holes therein, in comparison to those above and other processes known in the art. Significantly, the method as defined herein involves the making of a circuitized substrate in which a continuous process is used to form one of the key elements of a sub-composite which will eventually form part of the final composite multilayered substrate along with at least one other (and preferably more) sub-composites, these sub-composites being bonded together to form the final structure. Significantly, thru holes may then be formed which extend entirely through the thickness of the formed composite while using laser ablation to form same, thereby omitting the need for mechanical drilling. The dielectric material for the sub-composites assures effective laser drilling without harm to the dielectric because it does not include glass fibers as part thereof. Thru hole patterns of high density are thus possible. It is believed that such a method will represent a significant advancement in the art.
It is, therefore, a primary object of the present invention to enhance the circuitized substrate art by providing a new and unique method of producing such substrates.
It is another object of the invention to provide such a process in which several conductive thru holes are formed, including, if desired, to interconnect various conductive layers of the substrate, and that such thru holes are formed without mechanical drilling.
It is still another object of the invention to provide such a process which can be implemented using, for the most part at least, conventional printed circuit board technologies (including methods and apparatus) without extensive modification thereof.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is defined a method of making a multilayered circuitized substrate comprising forming first and second conductive layers using a continuous process including forming first and second pluralities of openings within these first and second conductive layers, respectively, forming first and second sub-composite substrates including the first and second conductive layers, respectively, with at least one dielectric layer bonded to each of the first and second conductive layers, respectively. Importantly, the sub-composite dielectric layers do not include continuous or semi-continuous fibers as part thereof. The method further involves aligning the first and second sub-composites relative to one another such that the first and second pluralities of openings within these first and second conductive layers align relative to one another, bonding the first and second sub-composites together to form a multilayered substrate, laser drilling a plurality of holes through the entire thickness of the multilayered substrate, including through the aligned first and second pluralities of openings within the first and second conductive layers, providing electrically conductive material within the plurality of holes so as to form electrically conductive thru holes through the entire thickness of the multilayered substrate. The multilayered substrate includes the first and second conductive layers and the formed electrically conductive thru holes, thereby forming a circuitized substrate.
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, advantages and capabilities thereof, reference is made to the following disclosure and appended claims in connection with the above-described drawings. It is understood that like numerals will be used to indicate like elements from FIG. to FIG.
By the term �sub-composite� as used herein to define a substrate construction is meant a substrate including at least one dielectric layer and at least one conductive layer bonded thereto, this �sub-composite� adapted for being bonded to other similar sub-composites to form a larger, multilayered circuitized substrate.
By the term �continuous� as used herein when defining the process to manufacture the conductive layers which will each form an important part of the sub-composites herein is meant that this conductive layer will be in the form of a continuous layer, up to the point of final segmenting thereof to define the layer's final construction (cross-section and outer dimensions). This segmented layer part will then be bonded to at least one (and preferably two) other dielectric layer(s) to form such a sub-composite. That is, all steps to produce this conductive layer are performed while the conductive layer remains as provided from its original source (e.g., a roll), until segmenting occurs.
By the term �continuous� as used herein to define glass fibers for previously known dielectric layers is meant fibers which extend continuously across the entire width or length of the dielectric layer. By the term �semi-continuous� as used in this sense is meant glass fibers of lesser length, sometimes also referred to as �chopped� fibers, which have lengths shorter than the overall width or length of the dielectric layer in which such fibers may exist.
By the term �circuitized substrate� as used herein is meant a multilayered substrate comprised of two or more sub-composites and a plurality of electrically conductive thru holes which extend through the multilayered substrate's thickness, thereby providing multiple circuit paths with the substrate.
In a preferred embodiment, each of the layers 23 and 25 is comprised of a conventional dry film photo-resist, a preferred example being Riston EtchMaster photo-resist, available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, having an office in Research Triangle Park, N.C., USA. Each layer preferably possesses a thickness within the range of from about 0.6 mils to about 2.0 mils. The corresponding interim conductive layer is preferably copper and has a thickness of from about 0.5 mils to about 3 mils. As understood from the foregoing, this conductive layer 33 will remain as a substantially solid (including openings as provided), integral member throughout the entire continuous method defined herein, up to the final severance of selected lengths thereof to define the final length of each of the conductive layers for use in the substrates herein.
After compression (lamination) of the three layers has occurred, a bonded structure now results and is now passed on to the next station 32. At station 32, the bonded structure (with the photo-resist forming the outer layers) is subjected to an exposure step in which the photo-resist material is exposed to define a specific opening pattern therein. These openings are to eventually form the desired pattern of openings in each such conductive layer. In one example, these openings may serve as clearance openings, but may also function in another capacity (e.g., as a power plane to one or more other conductive layers which form part of the sub-composite). It is necessary to define the opening patterns in the outer photo-resist layers to define the copper layer's pattern, as the photo-resist is primarily used for this purpose and will be eventually discarded (stripped away) in subsequent steps of this continuous process. The exposure operation conducted at station 32 is performed using known exposure lamps, shown by the numerals 47, it being understood that various masking structure (not shown) is also required and well within the knowledge of one skilled in the art.
After exposure has occurred, the bonded three-layered structure is moved to station 51 in which development of the photo-resist, etching of the openings within the composite and subsequent removal of the photo-resist is performed. Development is accomplished using a conventional developer known in photolithographic processing, the developer deposited on the external surfaces of the structure and thus serving to remove the corresponding portions of the photo-resist material and expose the desired opening locations thereunder. During the etch procedure, a conventional etchant (preferably cupric chloride) is sprayed onto the composite using spray devices 53 and 55. The structure so formed will thus include these openings 57. The corresponding photo-resist layers 23 and 25, having the developed (removed) holes therein which align relative to openings 57, is also shown. Although etching is defined as the means of providing openings 57, the invention is not limited thereto in that other procedures, including mechanical or laser drilling and punching are possible, these methods not requiring the use of photo-resist layers 23 and 25.
The conductive layer 33, still a single elongated member as shown, is further advanced to an optical test device 61 in which highly precise television cameras inspect the formed apertures, now found only within the common conductive layer 33 remaining following withdrawal from station 51. As stated, the aforementioned develop and etch processes have served to effectively remove the outer photo-resist layers 23 and 25 from the interim copper conductive layer 33 such that only this copper layer is now advanced. Following optical inspection, the conductive layer 33 is continuously advanced to the next station 63 during which the individual conductive layers 65 (one shown in
It is understood that according to the unique teachings of the present invention, it is possible to not only provide several similar conductive layer members 65 each having the same opening pattern, but also to provide such conductive members with different opening patterns. This difference in opening patterns may be accomplished by appropriate software to coordinate the respective exposure operation at station 32 to thereby expose different parts of the photo-resist and thus expose a similar different pattern of metal of the interim copper layer 33. Etching will then occur as it did above, but this time to form this different opening pattern.
One example of a conductive layer 65 is now shown in
Substrate 101 is now ready for having additional elements such as the aforementioned electronic components and/or semiconductor chips mounted thereon and electrically coupled thereto. The invention is thus able to provide many combinations of electrical circuits to connect these, depending on the requirements established for the substrate. As understood, such mounting and coupling may occur on both opposite sides of the substrate. Alternatively, mounting may occur on one surface while the other is adapted for having solder balls positioned thereon to couple the substrate to yet another substrate such as a larger �mother� PCB. Several other combinations of products are possible using the unique teachings of this invention.
Thus there has been shown and described a new and unique method of making a circuitized substrate in which the conductive layers which will form part of the sub-composites which will in turn form part of the final substrate are formed using what is referred to as a continuous process. The sub-composites are bonded together in a precisely aligned manner such that thru holes may be formed through the entire thickness of the substrate in a highly dense pattern. The substrate's dielectric materials are void of glass fibers, either continuous or semi-continuous, to thus eliminate the many problems associated therewith in high density hole pattern configurations.
While there have been shown and described what are at present the preferred embodiments of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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Shelley is living a carefree life until a rival gets her tossed out of the Playboy Mansion. With nowhere to go, fate delivers her to the sorority girls from Zeta Alpha Zeta. Unless they can sign a new pledge class, the seven socially clueless women will lose their house to the scheming girls of Phi Iota Mu. In order to accomplish their goal, they need Shelley to teach them the ways of makeup and men; at the same time, Shelley needs some of what the Zetas have - a sense of individuality. The combination leads all the girls to learn how to stop pretending and start being themselves.
Behind The Scenes Featurette, Deleted Scenes, Music Videos, Subtitles: English, French, Spanish, Korean, Thai and Portuguese.
"'House Bunny' Style"; "The Girls of Zeta"; "Calendar Girls"; "Anna Faris: House Mom"; "The Girls Upstairs"; "Colin Hanks: Mr. Nice Guy"; "'House Bunny' Memories"; "From Tour Bus to Trailer: Tyson Ritter"; "From Song to Set: Katherine McPhee"; "Look Who Dropped By"; "Zetas Transformed"; "Getting Ready for a Party".
|Anna Faris, Colin Hanks, Christopher McDonald, Beverly D'Angelo, Emma Stone, Kat Dennings
|Fred Wolf
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Jordin Sparks (Jan 7th, 2009)
Jordin Sparks' long, textured hairstyle is smooth on top with an array of curls cascading past her shoulders.
Styling Tip
Step 1: Combine a quarter-size amount each of leave-in conditioner and curl-enhancing balm and apply onto damp hair. Blow dry two-inch sections with a paddle brush.
Step 2: Ideally, you should use three different sizes of curling irons. Spritz a one or two-inch wide section with styling spray and then wrap it around one of the curling irons. Hold in place for a few seconds to set the curl, release. Repeat all over, switching up the curling irons.
Step 3: Lightly coat your fingers with shine serum and run through your hair to break up the curl.


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In The News
Monett plans for 911, transportation plan
The preparation of a new long-range transportation plan would be covered by a $40,000 investment with the civil engineering firm, TranSystems.
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MTA's much-delayed bus-tracker beta launch shows real-time arrivals, at least for the buses it can find
TranSystems' Carol Schweiger describes how bus driver attitudes have changed about real-time bus tracking as the Maryland Transit Administration's new online tool is being launched. It allows riders to plug in a bus stop and see the next bus' ETA and location on a map.
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Elgin City Council set to move along parts of four road projects
The Elgin City Council is expected to discuss moving forward a $281,000 engineering services agreement with the Schaumburg office of Kansas City-based TranSystems, Inc. for the Riverside Drive bridge rehabilitation project.
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Blue Springs looking to upgrade sidewalks
The city of Blue Springs has hired TranSystems to evaluate 168 miles of sidewalks in Blue Springs in preparation to repair sidewalks throughout the city and make its pedestrian infrastructure accessible to people with disabilities.
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Pedestrian Overpass for I-95 at Fellsmere
The $3.7 million pedestrian overpass project is expected to be funded sometime in the summer of 2016 and construction could be complete sometime in 2017, according to Ian Biava, of TranSystems, who gave the presentation.
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TranSystems Back with RLL Racing
TranSystems Inc., a global engineering transportation firm, has renewed their role as an official team partner of Rahal Letterman Lanigan Racing for the team's sports car and Indy car programs as well as an associate sponsor of the No. 15 Indy car driven by Graham Rahal in the Verizon IndyCar Series for the 2015 and 2016 seasons.
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New NYC Walkway Prepares to Open
TranSystems' High Bridge project showcased on this video prepared by NBC's New York affiliate.
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CITY STREETS: Handling the Mob
TranSystems is providing Phase III Services for Ohio Street on this important project.
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Though over 100 years old and structurally deficient, Harrisburg, Pa.'s Mulberry Street Bridge is getting a second chance with a two-year, $12.2 million rehabilitation. TranSystems is the design consultant on the project.
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