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Woman Found Dead After House Fire in Bixby
By AP
BIXBY, Okla. (AP) — Authorities say a woman was found dead after a house fire in Bixby.
Tulsa County authorities say the fire broke out Sunday at a home at 171st Street and Memorial Drive. Authorities discovered the woman's body after the fire was under control.
No one else was in the home at the time of the blaze.
The state Fire Marshal's Office will determine the cause of the fire, but authorities say the blaze may have started in the living room near a gas heater.


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|Industry Recognition
|Professional Conduct
Doug Welty was the first attorney in Northern Virginia to be certified as an Estate Planning Law Specialist (EPLS) by the Estate Law Specialist Board, an... more
If you're a current or former client, share your thoughts (anonymously, if you prefer). Would you recommend this lawyer to other clients?Review this lawyer
Mr. Welty is an exceptional attorney. Although I have been practicing law for 24 years as a judge, magistrate, law professor, prosecutor, and private... more


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WANTED: Wanted: Large canna, seeds or rhyzomes
I have two corners of my yard that I'd like to cover with some canna that will grow six feet or taller. I have President rhyzomes to trade or plenty of seed I collected in Hawaii from a plant that was four feet tall with light green leaves and yellow flowers that had a hint of peach.
Thanks for looking.
Thanks. I'd love them. I'm personally of the mind that 1/2 of the canna, and sometimes more, is actually the the plant itself and the nice leaves.
Fact is,,, with canna, the flowers are typically so-so, even in the best of cases. I mean yes, they do provide lots of good color, but I know for a fact that there are many people who grow them and cut the flowers off at the first opportunity.
I can go either way with that.
But I do know one thing, this summer I will have a lot of canna, and it's going to be a real battle keeping the bugs off of them.
But I certainly do enjoy a challenge.
I don't know why I like cannas so much. They can really be sort of ratty, and slummy looking. But they're enthusiastic growers. And that's something I admire.
Take care and thanks again.


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Jaguar E-type Coupe 2+2 V12 1974 in very good condition 1974 Jaguar E-type coupe in very good condition, originally delivered in Europe. The car was... More
Jaguar E-type V12 cabriolet 1974 manual gearbox wire wheels Jaguar E-type V12 convertible in very good condition. It's the version with the manual gearbox. Colour... More
1971 Jaguar XKE OTS – 68,545 miles absolutely beautiful, willow green w/ cinnamon. 6 cylinder engine with 4 speed transmission. Has power steering, one repaint,... More
1972 Jaguar E-Type Series III V12 Roadster A particularly well kept example, ready to drive and enjoy. Chassis No. UC1S20676BW Engine No. 7S6295SA GearBox No. 11343 Body No. 4S2043 Beautiful Early Series III Roadster... More
1974 Jaguar E-Type Cabrio incl HardtopThis British sports car was produced by Jaguar from 1961 to 1974. The combination of the sublime design, high... More
1970 JAGUAR E-TYPE 4.2 LITER SERIES 2 ROADSTER --Primrose Yellow with Black leather interior, Black carpeting and Black convertible top, 4-speed, 2,000 since complete restoration,... More
Jaguar E-type S3 V12 1973 coupe 2+2 very good condition This is a very good condition 1973 Jaguar E-type Coupe 2+2. Automatic gearbox, chrome wire... More
1970 XKE Jaguar Roadster, Silver exterior with Black leather interior and Black top. 4.2L 6 cylinder Jaguar engine, 4 speed manual, 4 Wheel disc... More
It is hard to imagine the E-Type could have ever seemed anything but revolutionary. But in the late 1960s Jaguars svelte beauty was nearly... More
1974 Etype 3 v12 roadster with very low miles. Seabreeze exterior ( silver/gray ) red leather interior with matching floor mats. Black convertible top.... More
Jaguar E-type V12 1972 Cabriolet body off restored As new this 1972 Jaguar E-type V12. Car is completely body off restored in Europe. Full photogallery... More
--Primrose Yellow with Black leather interior, Black carpets and Black convertible top, 39,000 original miles from new, 4-speed manual transmission, Factory air conditioning and... More
It is hard to imagine the E-Type could have ever seemed anything but revolutionary. But in the late 1960s it was nearly a decade... More
1970 Jaguar XKE SII 4.2 Roadster that is presentable as it is. The car is in metallic scarlet red with a black interior, a... More
1972 Jaguar E-type Series III V12 OTS. Good example with proper maintenance and best options are very hard to find. This Jaguar had same owner... More


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"Informative & funny"
Thoroughly enjoyed this book. Not only informative but funny too. A shame something like this wasn't available 30 years ago, lol.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


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Cosmeceutical Peptides
Article first published online: 21 MAR 2006
DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2005.31728
Dermatologic Surgery
Volume 31, Issue Supplement s1, pages 832–836, July 2005
Additional Information
How to Cite
Lupo, M. P. (2005), Cosmeceutical Peptides. Dermatologic Surgery, 31: 832–836. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4725.2005.31728
Publication History
- Issue published online: 21 MAR 2006
- Article first published online: 21 MAR 2006
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
Background. Cosmeceuticals are skin care products that lie in a gray area between cosmetics and drugs. The desire for the improvement of aging skin has resulted in a plethora of products designed to improve the appearance beyond the simple camouflage of cosmetics. Many ingredients have been added to these products based on theoretical benefits discovered from in vitro studies on wound healing and other metabolic processes.
Objective. To help the practicing dermatologist who is often the source of information for patients regarding the benefits of available cosmeceuticals.
Methods and Materials. This article is a compilation of published studies on the effects and the practical applications of peptides as topical agents for skin improvement.
Results. There does seem to be science that shows that these peptide cosmeceuticals have the potential to improve the appearance of aging skin. It is important to remember, however, that for benefit to be realized, the final product must be stable in formula, absorbed into the skin, and biologically active at the target for clinical benefit.
Conclusion. This article will provide dermatologists with more background to answer pressing questions from patients on this subject.


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Terra Indígena Kaiapó
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (May 2008)
Terra Indígena Kaiapó is an Indigenous Territory located in Pará, Brazil. As of 2002[update], it has a population of 3,319 Kaiapo[citation needed] and a total surface area of 32,840.05 km²[citation needed]. There are evidences of uncontacted Indians inside the TI.
|This Pará, Brazil location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Engine: 318ci V8 Transmission: Automatic Mileage: 89376 Actual Miles Exterior Color: Playboy Playmate Pink Interior Color: Black Vinyl... More
Here we have a 4 door 1967 Plymouth Belvedere II Police car replica. In 1965 Plymouth once again made the Fury a full-size car,... More
1965 PLYMOUTH BARRACUDA 273 v-8 power three speed manual transmission on the floor very healthy sounding rumble from the dual exhaust pipes fresh paint... More
1929 Plymouth Model Q 4 Door Sedan Northwest Classic Auto Mall advertises this vehicle for the owner. If you are interested in this vehicle or have... More
In progress...1970 Plymouth Barracuda, 383 ci V8 w/4 bl carb, dual exhaust, automatic.... More
4spd, 273 V8, new int and paint, all orig, laser straight body, nice, runs good... More
1956 Ply Belviedere Sed, 2 owner, all orig, solid car, nice int w/ new seat covers, 85,xxxmi, good running 6cyl, 3spd, well maint, runs good.... More
Cranbrook St Rod, show winner, nice paint and new bucket seat int, 383, 727 AT, ps, pb, S-10 subframe, custom gauges and more, runs... More
1951 Plymouth Belvedere 2dr HT coupe, rare body style, most all orig int, 4 newer www tires, six cyl, 3spd, runs.... More
suicide rear doors, nice paint and chrome, good seats, new brakes, tires, and battery, flathead six, 74,xxx mi, runs good.... More
1968 Plymouth GTX. Please email for details. ... More
Engine: 440 V8 Stroked to 471 11.5 Compression Transmission: 727 Transmission/Racing Clutches/Reverse Valve Body Exterior Color: Black Interior Color: Black Will street run on 93 Octane 3800 Stall 411 Gear Holley 850 Double... More
1958 Plymouth Savoy four door sedan,an original car,that runs and drives well,equipped with the original 318 cu.in. V8, and Powerflite push button automatic... More
For sale in our Fort Lauderdale showroom is a hot rod 1999 Plymouth Prowler. With just 3921 produced this sexy little feline is one... More
Richard Petty Tribute, stock car looks honoring "The King". Looks like a Richard Petty race car , but with street car manners. This car is... More


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Taken From Me: The Tiffany Rubin Story TV Show Watchlist
A Queens schoolteacher (Taraji P. Henson) travels to South Korea, where she carries out a daring plan to rescue her 7-year-old son, who has been abducted by his father. Based on a true story.
Rating: TV-PG
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Taken from Me: The Tiffany Rubin Story is based on the dramatic true story of Tiffany Rubin's (Taraji P. Henson, Academy Award-nominated for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button) daring 2008 rescue of her six-year-old son, Kobe, after he was abducted by his biological father and taken from his home in Queens, New York, all the way to Seoul, South Korea. At the urging of her mother Belzora (Beverly Todd, The Bucket List), Tiffany seeks the counsel of Mark Miller (Terry O'Quinn, Lost) and his charitable organization, the American Association for Lost Children. With Mark's help, Tiffany is able to travel to Korea to execute a high-stakes plan to bring her son home.
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View black Singles in Temple Bar Marina
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Primary Research Article
The ebb and flow of antimicrobial skin peptides defends northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) against chytridiomycosis
Article first published online: 9 JAN 2012
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02622.x
© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Global Change Biology
Volume 18, Issue 4, pages 1231–1238, April 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Pask, J. D., Woodhams, D. C. and Rollins-Smith, L. A. (2012), The ebb and flow of antimicrobial skin peptides defends northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) against chytridiomycosis. Global Change Biology, 18: 1231–1238. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02622.x
Publication History
- Issue published online: 15 MAR 2012
- Article first published online: 9 JAN 2012
- Accepted manuscript online: 3 DEC 2011 02:23AM EST
- Manuscript Accepted: 19 NOV 2011
- Manuscript Received: 9 SEP 2011
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- amphibian;
- antimicrobial peptides;
- Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis;
- brevinin;
- chytridiomycosis;
- Rana pipiens;
- ranatuerin;
- skin defenses
Many amphibian species are threatened with extinction by the emerging infectious disease, chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This unprecedented global crisis threatens to reduce the biodiversity of the entire amphibian class. The fungus invades the skin and impairs the uptake and retention of essential ions leading to cardiac arrest. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) secreted into the mucus of some amphibians are thought to be an important defense against chytridiomycosis. However, little is known about the quantities of AMPs secreted under natural conditions, whether they are sufficient to protect against this pathogen, and how they interact with commensal microbes. To understand how defensive peptides and skin microbes may interact, it is essential to know the precise quantities of AMPs present under natural conditions. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry and growth inhibition assays, we show that northern leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) at rest constitutively release low amounts of AMPs that inhibit B. dendrobatidis in vitro, and AMP defenses are elevated following a simulated predator attack. Using a synthetic peptide analogue of brevinin-1Pb as an external control, we quantified the amounts of four previously described AMPs (brevinin 1Pa, brevinin-1Pb, brevinin-1Pd, and ranatuerin-2P) at several time points after secretion. Once secreted onto the skin, the peptides are most active for 15 min, and small quantities persist for at least 2 h. Taken together, our data suggest that small amounts of AMPs are rapidly available and quite stable on the skin of R. pipiens. They are effective inhibitors of B. dendrobatidis at these low constitutive concentrations but degrade within 2 h, protecting the integrity of the skin and commensal bacteria.


text: Cision launches content marketing suite Published on June 25, 2013. 0 Reprints Reprints Ad Age LookBook Weekly Feature Why Taco Bell's Social Media Blackout Was a Brilliant Campaign Learn more Chicago—Media and public relations intelligence company Cision has introduced a suite of marketing tools to help companies create and distribute branded content. Cision's suite enables the creation and publishing of such content as blog posts, white papers and infographics on various social channels. The suite also can be used to distribute content on a publisher network that includes the BBC, Reuters and The Wall Street Journal. The tools include an analytics function that assesses how content was accessed, the number of impressions and clicks it received, and which content drives the highest engagement, Cision said. In this article: BtoB Advertisement Read These Next L'Oreal USA Launches Review of $2.3 Billion Media Account Jack Neff on 04.01.2015 34 0 McDonald's Plans to Boost Employee Pay, Offer Vacation Time on 04.01.2015 57 1 AT&T Names Lori Lee From Video Entertainment and Broadband Unit Its New CMO Mark Bergen on 04.01.2015 18 0 Comments (0)


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Jim Souhan analyzes the local sports scene and advises you to never take his betting advice. He likes old guitars and old music, never eats press box hot dogs, and can be heard on 1500ESPN at 2:05 p.m. weekdays, and Sundays from 10 a.m.-noon.
Find him on Twitter
If the United States does indeed open the gateway to Cuba, the sports world could change dramatically and for the better.
Cuba produces tremendous baseball players, and would become a new, open, hotbed for talent.
Cuba possesses more than 11 million people, almost all of them baseball fans. If baseball can expand to Canada, surely it can expand to Cuba ,which would probably offer more support to a big-league baseball team than Miami does.
The NFL is eyeing London as a franchise destination, hoping to carve a niche in a market dominated by soccer and even cricket. Cuba offers 11 million people who don't have a lot of other entertainment options.
Cuba could work for basketball. Hockey wouldn't seem to be a likely export, but if you can put a team in South Florida, you might be silly enough to put one in Latin America.
I've traveled extensively in Latin America and the Caribbean. I've always been told that if Cuba were open and economically vibrant noone would ever bother going to Hawaii. Cuba is supposed to be that beautiful.
I hope that in my lifetime, we see American professional sports, even if only baseball, taking residence in Cuba.
Today I asked Vikings quarterback Teddy Bridgewater what quarterback he wanted to emulate when he was young. ``Brett Favre,'' he said.
He loved Favre's toughness and production.
Now we just need to get Bridgewater to give Favrian press conferences.
I'll be at The Local in Minneapolis tonight at 5 for a podcast with Twins great Roy Smalley, who is a great storyteller. Come by, or listen live or later at SouhanUnfiltered.com.
I've been rather bullish on the Vikings, considering they're 6-7 and out of the playoff race. Or maybe because they're 6-7 despite all that has befallen them as a franchise in the last few months.
That doesn't mean I think they'll win on Sunday at Detroit. Quite the contrary. I think this is the worst possible matchup for this team.
The Vikings' flimsy offensive line? Up against the Lions' fearsome front, playing at home, with crowd noise. Advantage: Lions.
The Vikings' rookie quarterback? See above.
The Vikings' running game? Using its third and fourth and fifth options of the season against the best run-stopping unit in the NFL, by far.
The Vikings' rush defense? It's been less than stellar lately, and now has to face a surging Joique Bell and a finally-healthy Reggie Bush.
The Vikings' secondary? Xavier Rhodes has been exceptional of late, but he'll either have to cover Calvin Johnson on every down (unlikely) or he'll be leaving Josh Robinson to cover Johnson. Robinson has gotten torched by bigger receivers (the Bears') and by those with excellent body control and ball awareness (Percy Harvin.) Johnson is a combination of both.
The Vikings' special teams? This might be an area of strength for Minnesota. You've got to like Blair Walsh kicking in a Dome.
Coaching? The Vikings have usually had the advantage in this category throughout the history of this rivalry. And they may this year. I'd take Mike Zimmer over Jim Caldwell as a strategist. But Caldwell has done what a Lions head coach needs to do - provide solid leadership to a remarkably talented squad. Caldwell not being one of his predecessors is good enough to get the Lions into the playoffs.
I like a lot of what's happening at Winter Park these days. I think Zimmer is positioning this team to succeed in the future.
The Lions, though, may provide a reminder of just how far the Vikings still have to travel to be a playoff team.
My don't-bet-on-it-even-with-your-brother's-money pick: Lions 31, Vikings 17.
New podcasts up at SouhanUnfiltered.com: Jarius Wright on his childhood, his biggest play and vomiting; Jayhawks frontman and great all-around artist Gary Louris on music, sports and life on the road; Strib hockey writer Michael Russo; Chad Greenway; Glen Perkins; Craig Leipold; Strib football writer Mark Craig; ESPN.com writer Kevin Seifert; Mike Grant; Paul Molitor; Ross Bernstein.
I'm in Detroit this weekend to write Vikings-Lions.
Thanks for reading.
Chicago _
Before I head to Soldier Field,here's my view of today's game between the Vikings and Bears.
Jay Cutler is just enough to a contrarian to play well today. Remember, earlier this season he led a stunning comeback victory at San Francisco.
But I can't pick that way. It's not so much that Cutler throws silly interceptions .It's that Cutler looked like he didn't want to be playing football in his last game, at Green Bay. He refused to set his feet and throw accurately even on swing passes and screens. Your franchise player not only has to play well, your franchise player has to set a standard of intensity and commitment. Cutler doesn't cmoe close in either way.
I like Mike Zimmer's defense to keep Cutler confused enough that he'll fold. Zimmer has done his best work with the front seven, creating pressure, and that should be the deciding factor today.
When the Vikings have teh ball, I look at the fact that most offenses have moved the ball very easily against the Bears this year. I think Jerick McKinnon has his best game of the season, and Teddy Bridgewater is made comfortable enough to move the offense. The return of Kyle Rudolphi - the guy I thought would be the key to the passing game this season - should be very important. Rudolph can be both the safe option for Bridgewater when he's facing pressure, and perhaps the Vikings' best deep threat.
So, my pick is Vikings 26, Bears 20.
Please don't bet the kids' college fund on that.
I've joined the @aliveandsocial podcast network, the same one that employs my old friend Jeff Dubay. Sean Barnard is my new boss.
My first podcast featured Paul Molitor and local author Ross Bernstein, who is close with Marc Trestman and has done a book with him. Ross was great on Marc's mindset.
My second was with Strib NFL writer Mark Craig, who told some great stories and offered perspective on the changing nature of the league and how we cover it.
Moving forward, I'll continue to feature my favorite writers, and peopole like Matt Birk, Craig Leipold and Roy Smalley have agreed to come on.
The podcast can be found at http://souhanunfiltered.com or via subscription on itunes at http://tinyurl.com/l7wp96m .
I'm a newbie at this, and hope to get better at is as I adapt to the format. My hope is to have conversations that will be different than what you can hear anywhere else, or at least to have some fun with some great people.
The cool thing about the @aliveandsocial network is that we also want to promote great local music. Wednesday I was at Shamrocks, and got to listen to The Last Ride and Nathan Anderson, and they are remarkably talented people.
At some point, we hope to be able to put together full nights of music.
Anyway, thanks for any support you can lend the network and my new venture.
The Vikings had 10 days to prepare for a home game against an injury-depleted divisional opponent.
They looked like they needed 100.
All that time, and their game plan included one interesting wrinkle – rookie running back Jerick McKinnon making his first NFL start.
They didn't find a way to make Cordarrelle Patterson a bigger part of the offense. They didn't fix their offensive line, which was dominated by Detroit's strong front seven. And offered little support for rookie quarterback Teddy Bridgewater, who found himself under pressure all day.
The result was a 17-3 loss that was easily explainable, given Detroit's strong defense, but unsightly nontheless. The result was another horrid offensive performance and another division loss.
The Vikings are 2-4 after the toughest six-game stretch of their schedule. Had they emerged from this stretch with Adrian Peterson, Kyle Rudolph and a confidence-boosting offensive line, the record would not be worrisome.
The way they're playing is.
The only bright spot on the offense was McKinnon, who looked explosive with the ball and even handled most of his pass-blocking duties well.
But on a windy day that made passes flutter, the Vikings couldn't run the ball or throw it downfield, and Bridgewater often looked like a man painfully aware of his circumstances.
A lot of bad ideas met up on Thursday night at Lambeau Field, their confluence producing the Vikings' 42-10 loss to the Packers.
Bad idea: Playing on the road on Thursday night. So far this season, road teams on Thursday night are 1-4, with the closest of those margins being 20 points.
Bad idea: Playing Christian Ponder in a football game. He wasn't just bad. He was unprofessional and embarrassing to the sport.
Bad idea: Playing the revitalized Packers offense without much preparation time. The Vikings' defense, impressive in three of the first four weeks, looked lost while trying to reach Aaron Rodgers, cover Jordy Nelson or tackle the previously ineffective Eddie Lacy.
The result was an unsightly addition to the annals of a usually fascinating rivalry.
It also offered evidence that the quarterback position is the most important in sports. With Teddy Bridgewater running the same offense last week, Jarius Wright played like a star, and Matt Asiata and Jerick McKinnon were highly effective.
With Ponder at the helm, even playing against what has been a mediocre defense, the Vikings couldn't function.
Now the Vikings have to hope that Bridgewater's ankle injury isn't a harbinger of future injury problems.
The guy suddenly seems very important.
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text:
The Buzz: Business news
Business, media, technology and more in the Capital Region and beyond
SI Group names new president
Stephen J. Large, formerly with HB Fuller Co. and described as a vetern of the chemical industry, will assume his new post as president and chief operating officer at the Schenectady-based company on June 1. He will be SI Group's seventh president in its 100-year history. "We are very pleased with the results of our […] [Read More]
WXXA has new general manager
Sally Stamp has been appointed vice president and general manager of the Fox television station in Albany, owned and operated by Clear Channel Television. She comes to Ch. 23 from the ABC affiliate in Syracuse, WSYR, where she most recently was director of sales. Stamp grew up in Malta, graduated from Ballston Spa High School and attended […] [Read More]
Small Business Information Expo in Saratoga Springs
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suggestions needed for temp,, adjustable-length sink drain
I'm hoping for some suggestions about how to do this:
We're moving our kitchen sink and I want to use this opportunity to experiment with a variety of non-standard heights to make a better match between our sizes, the depth of the basin and optimal physical comfort during longish dishwashing sessions. (We're a sink-washing, not dishwasher-using family.)
My kitchen reno plans make it possible to eventually have the sink (and adjacent flat space) any height we like, but I want choose based on actual usage rather than guestimates or the "standard height" dimensions.
I have worked out a way in my head to support the sink (one of those ceramic apron sinks) in a way to allow raising and lowering as many times as necessary. And of course the water supply lines are no problem since I can just use slightly overlength flexible ones, but I'm stumped at how to connect the drain line in a way that allows flexibilty. The only way I can imagine is using a temporary section(s) of black rubbery pipe material (held on with worm clamps at both ends) that we cut, or install longer lengths, as we proceed with raising and lowering to try and hit the sweet spot. Since this has to happen over days to weeks, of course it also has to be a viable, working set-up to last that long. The under sink works would be entirely exposed during the trial period, so access would not be a prob. (Also for what it's worth, this is a DIY project so contractor, and permit/code, issues are not a factor at this stage.)
Can anyone make any other suggestions for this short-term, adjustable-length drain arrangement?
Thanks in advance!
Kitchen drains are 1 1/2". Set up your sink drain with a slip-fit type P trap, and an extra tailpiece between the P-trap and the vertical tailpiece connecting to the underside of the sink. You will only have a certain amount of vertical movement, but plastic ones are not expensive so you can buy an extra tailpiece and cut if needed.
The pic on this page has two extra tailpieces in line, but it illustrates the point:
Oh, thank you .. two excellent suggestions to try! I really appreciate the help. I will try and take a pic with this wacky set-up in place - my husband has taken to referring to it as the Franken-drain. I'll be happy if this lets us test the sink height over a few days or weeks, and still allows satisfactory draining while doing the dishes during the tests.
Thanks again!


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text:
A magnetron sputtering apparatus has a controller for selectively releasing the spread of plasma on a substrate on a support. The controller can also contain the plasma when the substrate is to be coated with the target material. This enables cleaning of the target surface during intervals between deposition of target material onto a desired substrate, such as a wafer, and ensures that layers or flakes of back-scattered deposited target material do not build up on the target itself. A platen coil is located between the magnetron and the support to increase both uniformity and density of target material arriving nearly normal to the substrate surface.
1. A magnetron sputtering apparatus comprising:
a target having a target surface at which the target is to be eroded;
a vacuum chamber in which the target surface is exposed;
a magnetron assembly for the target, the magnetron assembly including a magnet moveable relative to the target to produce uniform erosion of the target across the target surface;
a support for holding a substrate onto which a film comprising material from the target is to be deposited;
a closed loop magnet assembly including a coil whose loops are located outside the vacuum chamber and extend around the perimeter of the target, for magnetically containing or restricting a plasma adjacent to the target surface to alter the pattern of the erosion of the target produced by the magnetron assembly; and
a control operatively connected to the magnet assembly and configured to control the magnet assembly to selectively cause the plasma to spread over substantially the entire target surface such that substantially the entire target surface may be eroded and cause the plasma to be confined adjacent to the target surface within an area smaller than that occupied by the plasma when the plasma is spread over substantially the entire target surface.
2. Apparatus as claimed in
3. Apparatus as claimed in
4. Apparatus as claimed in
5. Apparatus as claimed in
6. Apparatus as claimed in
7. Apparatus as claimed in
8. Apparatus as claimed in
9. Apparatus as claimed in
10. Apparatus as claimed in
11. Apparatus as claimed in
12. A magnetron sputtering apparatus including: a target having a target surface at which the target is to be eroded; a magnetron assembly for the target, the magnetron assembly including a magnet moveable relative to the target to produce uniform erosion of the target across the target surface;
a support for holding a substrate onto which a film comprising material from the target is to be deposited;
a closed loop magnet assembly including a coil, for magnetically containing or restricting a plasma adjacent to the target surface to alter the pattern of the erosion of the target produced by the magnetron assembly, and wherein the coil is circumjacent the target surface; and
a control operatively connected to the magnet assembly and configured to control the magnet assembly to selectively cause the plasma to spread over substantially the entire target surface such that substantially the entire target surface may be eroded and cause the plasma to be confined adjacent to the target surface within an area smaller than that occupied by the plasma when the plasma is spread over substantially the entire target surface.
13. Apparatus as claimed in
14. A method of controlling a magnetron sputtering apparatus including a target having a sputter surface, a vacuum chamber in which the sputter surface is exposed, a magnetron assembly including a magnet moveable with respect to the target, a support for a substrate to be coated using material from the target, a plasma generator and a plasma containment arrangement, said method comprising:
operating the plasma containment arrangement in a first, cleaning mode wherein the plasma extends across substantially the whole sputter surface and a second, deposition mode wherein the plasma is confined adjacent the sputter surface to an area smaller than that when the plasma containment arrangement is operating in the first, cleaning mode, and
creating a magnetic containment field in a region around a space located above the support.
15. A method as claimed in
16. A method as claimed in
17. A method as claimed in
18. A method as claimed in
19. A method of sputter deposition on a substrate, the method comprising:
carrying out a sputter deposition process in which a substrate disposed on a support is coated, wherein the sputter deposition process comprises generating plasma, eroding a surface of the target using the plasma in the presence of a magnetic field generated by a magnetron assembly, and directing material eroded from the target onto the substrate without the use of a collimation filter; and
during the sputter deposition process, restricting the plasma to a central area of the target by creating a magnetic field using a coil circumjacent a surface of the target, and creating a magnetic containment field in a region around a space located above the support.
20. A method as claimed in
21. A method as claimed in
22. A method as claimed in
23. A method as claimed in
controlling the power, the magnetic field used to restrict the plasma to the central area of the target, and the magnetic containment field to at least partially ionize material eroded from the target during the sputtering process.
24. A method as claimed in
25. A method as claimed in
26. A method as claimed in
27. A method as claimed in
This invention relates to apparatus and methods for magnetron sputtering.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,551 issued to Lai, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, there is described an apparatus and method for magnetron sputtering in which a first closed-loop magnet means is positioned adjacent to a dish-shaped sputter target back surface for creating a closed-loop magnetic tunnel to the front surface of the sputter target, the magnet means being in the form of a plurality of magnets surrounding a central axis of a dish-shaped sputter target for containing and guiding a plasma relative to a substrate. The improvement is a second closed-loop magnet means positioned around the sputter target perimeter and being comprised of a number of bucking magnets, which may be permanent magnets or electro magnets, which collectively provide a fixed field around the sputter target to thereby reduce or inhibit the spreading of the discharge track of the plasma beyond the edge of the target as the operating pressure of the sputtering system is reduced.
The second closed-loop magnet means solves the problem in that the voltage at which a magnetron operates is primarily a function of the ease of ionisation. It is, in turn, a function of the gas, its pressure, the applied voltage, the strength of the magnetic field and the ionisation losses from the plasma. As pressure is dropped so operating voltages rise until practical limits are reached e.g. the power supply or electrical connections to the target.
Extremely high voltages are undesirable as they cause the plasma to emit higher energy electromagnetic waves that are potentially dangerous. Therefore, work has concentrated upon reduction of losses from the plasma by e.g. operating the plasma in an enclosed area bounded by a bucking arrangement, as in the '551 patent. This allows magnetron operation at pressures of 0.1 mT to 1 mT. This low pressure operation is beneficial as a means of improving step coverage.
However, the design of this system and method of sputtering has the disadvantage that due to the confinement of the primary magnetic field by the secondary magnetic field, there is little or zero erosion of the target material around the periphery of the target. As a consequence, the periphery thereof can thereafter be contaminated by back scattered deposits of eroded material, such as atoms or molecules. This re-deposited material generally does not adhere well to the otherwise clean periphery of the target and can thereafter flake off to contaminate the substrate to which a thin film of the material is being applied or is to be applied.
The present invention is derived from the realisation that by replacing the permanent bucking arrangement of the prior art, which essentially provides a fixed magnetic field normal to the erosion region, with controllable DC coils located adjacent but outside of the periphery of the target assembly, it is then possible to vary the magnetic field, through the use of suitable switching and control circuits, to mitigate the foregoing disadvantages and to �clean� the whole of the target surface before a new thin film process is begun.
According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a magnetron sputtering apparatus including:
Prior art magnetron devices have been developed to provide good uniform erosion of the target but embodiments of the present invention allow preferential erosion during deposition whilst further allowing the apparatus to operate in the normal mode for cleaning. With this arrangement, sputtering apparatus according to the invention enables cleaning of the target surface during intervals between deposition of target material onto a desired substrate, such as a wafer. This ensures that layers or flakes of back scattered deposited target material do not build up on the target itself to thereafter e.g. flake off and contaminate the wafer.
According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method of magnetron sputtering a target by using apparatus in accordance with the first aspect of the invention, which method includes the steps of selectively varying or eliminating the magnetic field provided by the coils to allow thereby the plasma to erode the entire surface of the target material when a substrate material to be coated is not being exposed to the sputtered particles, to thereby prevent build up of unwanted layers or flakes of the target material around the periphery thereof.
According to another aspect, the invention provides a method of sputter deposition on a substrate without collimation filter including, during sputter deposition, restricting the plasma to a central area of a target by means of a circumjacent coil, and
According to a further aspect there is provided a method of controlling a magnetron sputtering assembly having a target having a sputter surface, the magnet of the magnetron assembly being moveable with respect to the target and having a plasma generator and a plasma containment arrangement including operating the plasma containment arrangement in a first, cleaning, mode wherein the plasma extends across substantially the whole sputter surface and a second, deposition mode, when the plasma is contained within the periphery of the sputter surface, and
The inventors have noted that the ability to confine the plasma adjacent a restricted area of target, reduces the angular distribution of the sputter material and, particularly in long throw chambers, can remove the need for collimators even with high aspect ratio holes.
The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Referring firstly to
The target 2 and substrate 3 are each contained within a vacuum low pressure vessel in the form of a chamber 4 through which a stream of noble gas such as argon may pass at low pressure via an inlet valve 5 and an outlet valve 6 from a respective gas source reservoir 7 and a vacuum pump 8, typically a cryogenic pump.
An access door 9 is shown schematically in a side wall of the chamber 4, in order to allow access to the interior of the chamber and in particular for removing at regular intervals a substrate 3 onto which a thin film of the material from the target 2 has condensed following sputtering of the latter via ionic bombardment, in a conventional manner.
Continuously wound DC coils 10 surround the magnetron assembly 1 and lie essentially coplanar with the major plane of the target 2. As will be appreciated, the DC coils 10 can effectively act as a solenoid when excited by a DC current to thereby generate an additional magnetic field, shown in dotted outline, surrounding the magnetron assembly 1 to thereby, when so excited, constitute a bucking arrangement of inwardly facing identical poles.
A control 10 a is provided for selective varying the strength of the magnetic field produced by the coils 10 by selectively varying suitable switching and associated software within the control 10, in contrast to the essentially fixed field arrangement shown in the '551 patent. This has a significant advantage in that, prior to the introduction of a substrate into the chamber 3, excitation of the DC coils 10 can be varied to create a wider containment of the surrounding the plasma such that the whole of the lower surface 2 a of the target 2 may be sputter etched and thereby cleaned, whereafter the substrate 3 can be introduced into the chamber, the door 9 closed and a smaller containment �bucket� used to contain the plasma by a suitable adjustment to the power supplied to the DC coils 10.
The field intensity produced by the coils 10 may be varied or eliminate altogether, by simply reducing the current thereto in the interval between thin film deposition on a desired substrate 3. This may be demonstrated with reference to
when they are producing their maximum magnetic field. It will be seen that, an annular perimeter 2 b comprised of a layer of re-deposited target material in the form of flakes may therefore build up, as in the apparatus described with reference to the '551 patent.
In contrast, and as can be seen in
Variation of the magnetic-field by-the DC coils 10 may also be achieved by reversing the current flow, thereby providing a reversed field.
The cleaning made possible by the present invention is preferably performed at a higher pressure, typically of 1 mT to 10 mT since there are problems with operating the magnetron at low pressure, for the reasons set out in the preamble hereto.
An example of the advantage of the apparatus and method of the invention is found where titanium and titanium nitride is required to be deposited on a substrate as a barrier layer. Economically, it is advantageous to deposit both the titanium and the titanium nitride in the same process chamber and a common practice is to deposit the titanium by sputtering in an inert ambient atmosphere, such as in argon, and for the titanium nitride in a reactive ambient atmosphere, including nitrogen. This technique requires the target to be cleaned after every titanium nitride deposition in order to remove nitrogen contamination from the surface. Using the apparatus and method of the invention there is therefore a very convenient opportunity to clean, additionally, the edge of the target by reducing, removing or reversing the magnetic field generated by the external DC coils 10. A typical sequence would consist of the steps of:
It will, however, be understood that the same sequence described above can be used to deposit these or other metal/metal nitride combinations without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention.
The above results show that the �target� coil improves base coverage results and it has also been discovered that this can be improved further by the addition of another coil as shown in
Before discussing this arrangement in detail, it may be helpful to provide some background explanation. Sputtering so-called �step coverage� is better than thermal evaporation because of the higher energy level of the arriving material and the possibility of large area sources close to the substrate giving rise to a wide angular distribution of arriving target material. Heating the substrate increases this further. Ideally a conformal surface covering is desired, but the holes present a problem as all material to coat the insides and base must pass through their mouths.
For barrier deposition the only surfaces of interest are within the holes. Ideally none would arrive on the field (an impossibility). For contact barriers, as the contact is at the base of the hole, only the base of the hole requires coating and as contact holes get smaller and aspect ratios increase ideally only the base would be coated, leaving a larger volume of the hole for the principal conductor material having a lower resistance than the barrier material.
So techniques to increase the directionality of the sputtering are employed which attempt to have sputtered material with a flight path normal to the substrate surface thus improving the probability of material deposition at the base of high aspect ratio contact holes.
Two principal techniques are employed: ionisation and collimation. These are not mutually exclusive and ionisation of the sputtered material has been used in combination with �collimating filters� (being high aspect ratio holes through which sputtered material must pass before arriving at the substrate) and collimation whereby the source to substrate distance is increased e.g. to about 250 mm or about 500 mm (c.f. approximately 25 mm for normal magnetron sputtering). This increased distance allows low angle sputtered material to be lost to the side walls, with only that material arriving approximate normal to the substrate surface to arrive thus increasing the proportion of material deposited at the bottom of holes (which are, in essence, collimation filters themselves).
In the present invention, it could be said that collimation is being achieved, without using an actual collimator, by controlling the source of the sputtered material. The �target� coil confines the plasma and thus reduces the angular distribution of sputtered material. One surprising result from the experiments shown below is that optical spectroscopy suggests that metal ionisation takes place and thus this arrangement achieves much of that using ionising coils but without the ionising coil. In any event base coverage using this system is significantly affected by the bias voltage on the support.
A further set of experiments investigated the influence of additional electromagnetic coils on the hole base coverage of sputtered titanium films in a �long throw� magnetron sputter chamber arrangement with an approximate 240 mm source to substrate spacing. �Long throw� generally indicates a source substrate separation of over about 200 mm.
The set up is indicated in
Additionally, a second set of electromagnetic coils (�platen coils�) 11 was positioned around the lower part of the sputter chamber, close to the support 12. The two sets of coils were operated independently using different power supplies. Experiments were run with the coils energised to present different magnetic poles into the sputtering chamber. In general significantly better base coverage was achieved when both the target and platen coil magnetic polarity was opposed to the outer pole of the target magnetron (in a �bucking� configuration) as shown in experiment 3. So, for the sake of clarity, if the magnetron presented a North pole to its outer periphery, then the coils were generally energised so as to present a North pole on their inner surface. Reversing the magnetic field of the platen coil(s) 11, see experiment 4, (such that they present an opposing magnetic field to the outer field of the magnetron) was found to improve symmetry of base coverage across the wafer; however base coverage thickness was reduced.
Cathode power, sputter gas pressure and deposition temperature were kept constant, whilst the platen bias power and coil currents were varied. The film properties investigated are base coverage (at the center and edge of the wafer) and the asymmetry of the base coverage (across on wafer and within one contact hole).
1. Experimental Process Parameters:
The base coverage achieved is shown in the electron micrographs shown in
The base coverage achieved is shown in the electron micrographs shown in
The base coverage achieved in experiment 3 is shown in the electron micrographs shown in
The reversed magnetic field experiment 4, in which only the field in the platen coils is reversed, is not entirely comparable. The system has power control for substrate bias, yet sputtering is voltage not current driven.
Anything over 100V is likely to cause significant resputtering, perhaps resputtering material on the base of holes onto the sidewalls. (No micrographs for reverse magnetic field shown here).
Again these experiments and in particular the reversed magnetic field experiment is not entirely comparable. The system has power control for substrate bias, yet sputtering is voltage not current driven. Anything over −100 V is likely to cause significant resputtering, perhaps resputtering material on the base of holes onto the sidewalls. No micrographs for this experiment shown here. Further experiments are required keeping bias to a =/<−100 v threshold.
When comparing
A drawback, however is the 3 to 4-fold increase in asymmetry of the base coverage, across the wafer as well as within a contact hole. This increase in asymmetry can however be significantly reduced by addition of platen coils 11 (
It is also noted that sputtering efficiency falls when the �target� magnetic coils are used. This is a measure of the average material thickness upon the wafer per target kilowatts of power per minute. It may be that confinement of target plasma (of comparable power) to a smaller area increases plasma density sufficiently to significantly increase ionisation of sputtered material, but at the cost of a reduced sputtering rate due to the reduction in target area erosion due to reduced area of target exposed to plasma. Thus less material is being sputtered, but at a higher energy level.
As has been mentioned before it is believed that metal ionisation is taking place as a result of this new configuration. Whilst it appears desirable to ionise an amount of the sputter material, complete ionisation will not usually be appropriate.
The evidence for this is as follows:
This improvement in base coverage is gas pressure insensitive. See attached
It would appear that by confining the plasma and applying high levels of power to the magnetron at the �right� pressure regime, metal ionisation is caused in the absence of a separate ionizing source. The addition of a further coil between the �target� coil and the substrate further improves base coverage and symmetry of base coverage across a wafer. Whilst these have been identified as two discrete D.C. coil assemblies in this disclosure, they may be one assembly with varied winding densities to provide a graded magnetic field strength between the target area and the substrate area of the chamber. The experiments appear to show that metal ionization occurs at high magnetron power levels only. At lower magnetron power levels, base coverage is poorer, see
The magnetron target considered throughout these experiments is of 330 mm diameter, a conventional size for 200 mm wafers and of conventional moving magnet design meaning that there is an erosion path adjacent the magnetic racetrack giving a non-uniform plasma density over the target surface.
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NVCC is committed to meeting the needs of all its students. In an effort to become a Certified...
The NVCC Child Development Center Laboratory School is enrolling now for the 2015-2016 school year....
The Danbury Campus of Naugatuck Valley Community College is growing in enrollment and social...
The Black Student Union (BSU) hosted a series of events throughout the month to honor Black History....
President Daisy Cocco De Filippis, Ph.D. meets successful alumni everywhere she goes; a brief stop...
President Daisy Cocco De Filippis, Ph.D., opened the Spring Semester All-College Meeting with...
Thousands of successful students have passed through the halls of Waterbury State Technical College,...
Throughout the NVCC campus signs read "February 24, 2015- State Budget Appropriations Public...
Three dozen junior and senior students from Bethel High School attended a five-hour workshop at Naugatuck Valley Community College on Friday, March 27. The workshop was sponsored by the Bethel High School Counseling Department and Naugatuck Valley Community College and focused on providing students with inspiration and educational opportunities after high school.
Naugatuck Valley Community College's Confluencia, a multicultural literary gathering in its seventh year, was held on the big stage at the Danbury Palace on Wednesday, March 25. Area residents and lovers of literature and poetry were invited to attend the free event, take part in the "open mic," listen to published poets, and enjoy music and refreshments.
Forty students from Naugatuck Valley Community College were initiated into the Alpha Beta Gamma International Business Honor Society on March 9. In ceremonies held at the College's Mainstage Theater, the inductees became members of the Tau Chapter of the society, pledging "in the conduct of our activities, truth shall be our quest, diligence our staff, and achievement our purpose."
Naugatuck Valley Community College students received a first-hand look at the dangers of distracted and impaired driving when the "Save-a-Life Tour" stopped on campus on Wednesday, March 4.
NVCC is committed to meeting the needs of all its students. In an effort to become a Certified "Veteran Friendly Institution," NVCC has created a welcoming environment for our veterans that includes Vet-to-Vet Mentoring, Services for Veterans with Disabilities, and veteran-focused events in the Oasis Center, a campus lounge dedicated exclusively to veterans. NVCC strives to provide a positive environment to help all veterans obtain a degree from NVCC.
The NVCC Child Development Center Laboratory School is enrolling now for the 2015-2016 school year. The Center offers high-quality early care and education programs serving toddlers aged 18 months to 3 years and preschool children from 3 to 5 years. Special programs for Waterbury residents offer a sliding fee scale. Kindergarten students must be 5 years old on or before January 1, 2015.
The Danbury Campus of Naugatuck Valley Community College is growing in enrollment and social opportunities for its students. The first club on the Danbury Campus was the Multi-Cultural Club who recently hosted a Student Reading & Open Mic, December 12, 2014. The event was held at the historical Marian Anderson Recital Hall, and was sponsored by the Urban Scholars Writing Program. Students and friends made time during busy end-of-semester schedules to share multi-cultural gifts, talents, and support.
The Black Student Union (BSU) hosted a series of events throughout the month to honor Black History. They shared the culture of their food, music, dance, and their untold history. On February 5, 2015, the BSU shared the culture of African heritage with an ethnic food tasting. Students sampled food from Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and the Southern United States. The club also hired a professional African drummer to perform and teach those in attendance. Faculty and students participated along with the daycare students from the Childhood Development Center.
President Daisy Cocco De Filippis, Ph.D. meets successful alumni everywhere she goes; a brief stop at the West Farms Mall for lunch is no exception. BRIO, Tuscan Grille is a lively, upscale restaurant where NVCC Alumnus, Michael Spinella is a sous chef who is in line to train for the next position. Michael is a 2013 graduate of the Hospitality Management program with degrees in Food Service and Hotel Management, and a Certificate in Culinary Arts at Naugatuck Valley Community College where he learned the professional skills that help him to succeed at BRIO. The chance lunchtime meeting between President De Filippis and the sous chef, Michael Spinella gave them a chance to remember fondly his days at NVCC.
President Daisy Cocco De Filippis, Ph.D., opened the Spring Semester All-College Meeting with welcoming remarks following a reception in the Leever Atrium of the Fine Arts Center at 9:00 a.m. on Friday, February 6, 2015. President De Filippis introduced NVCC colleagues who had joined the College since the September All-College Meeting and welcomed them to the Naugatuck Valley Community College family.
Thousands of successful students have passed through the halls of Waterbury State Technical College, Mattatuck Community College, and Naugatuck Valley Community College. Today they are all counted among the alumni of the same great institution, NVCC. Three such alumni came by to share their stories this week.
Sandra Simoes, a 1993 graduate of Mattatuck Community College with an A.A.S. in the Early Childhood Special Education, is now the Director of Operations for the Sunnyview Childcare Center and School and a co-owner. Sandra has a B.A. in Psychology from Western CT State University. She has been working in the field of early childhood education for 20 years. She is currently working towards a real estate license and taking the Supervision Administration Course required for Directors of Childcare centers. The class has brought Sandra back to the Waterbury Campus of NVCC, where she set out to connect with the Alumni Association. Sandra believes in "giving back." She is currently a board member of the New Milford Homeless Shelter, and had been a board member and fundraiser for Child Advocacy. Her passion is children and the foundations that support their well-being.
Throughout the NVCC campus signs read "February 24, 2015- State Budget Appropriations Public Hearing- bus leaving 4:30 p.m., Parking lot D- All Students Welcome. Sign up in S-514. "The students at Naugatuck Valley Community College, once again organized themselves to speak out on behalf of their College, and their concerns about the state's higher education budget. On February 24, 2015 students from colleges and universities throughout the state flooded the Legislative Office Building to attend the Appropriations Committee public hearing about the higher education budget. Students came in large numbers to voice their concerns about potential cuts to the 2015-16 budget and its impact on the state's colleges and universities.
In an effort to proactively identify hazards and vulnerabilities and the steps that can be taken to reduce these risks, the Connecticut State Colleges & Universities (ConnSCU) recently began to develop a Multi-Campus Hazard Mitigation Plan. This Plan will include ConnSCU's four state Universities, 12 Community Colleges and Charter Oak State College. The purpose of this Hazard Mitigation Plan is to (1) assist the campuses in identifying and reducing risks from natural hazards; (2) identify actions that can be taken to prevent damage to property and loss of life, (3) and prioritize funding for mitigation efforts. The Hazard Mitigation Plan will describe each campus' vulnerability to the various natural hazards that are typically present, along with an array of actions and projects that can be undertaken to reduce key risks.
At its January 30 meeting, the State Bond Commission approved a $39 million allocation--the largest ever in the history of the college--to bond the renovation of Founders Hall. Founders Hall is the original home of Waterbury State Technical College when it was established in 1964, a building with much history and beloved by many of the college's founding faculty and alumni. President Daisy Cocco De Filippis, Ph.D., described the commission's approval as "a powerful event." The President noted that, "The College's allied health programs are outstanding and deserve more support and better space. The proposed project will have the entrance of our new Center for Health Sciences face the rest of the campus, providing an east campus anchor and a sense of powerful completion." President De Filippis cited the Governor's understanding of the significance that NVCC's Allied Health and Nursing programs have in the region and thanked him for his "vision and continued support."
Thanks to the thoughtful generosity of a supporter from Washington, Connecticut, the NVCC Foundation has launched an initiative to support student jobs on campus. Valerie Friedman, a friend and benefactor to the College led the initiative with a $5,000 contribution to start the campaign, an anonymous donor followed with a matching contribution. The plan will enable students who are not eligible for financial aid to work on campus between and after classes. Students who do not have to leave the campus for employment have greater academic success. Friedman, a close friend of the College who has been involved with student success programs in the past, noted that "Enabling students to stay on campus and earn what they need to complete their educations is a small price with an important payoff."
Twenty-one students from Naugatuck Valley Community College attended the annual Physical Therapist Pinning Ceremony on Sunday, January 25. The annual ceremony, held in the Mainstage Theater of the College, takes place after students finish their Physical Therapist Assistant course work in December.
Naugatuck Valley Community College has announced the expansion of their Certified Nurse Aide (CNA) Training Program to the New Milford Visiting Nurse Association (VNA) & Candlewood Valley Health & Rehabilitation Center. The new location of this program is intended to meet the job-training needs of the communities served by NVCC by making it more convenient for residents of the New Milford, Brookfield and Danbury areas to take the course. NVCC Director of Community and Economic Development, Laurie Hornbecker, noted that "this course is essential to meet the training needs of today's health care professionals."
Naugatuck Valley Community College hosted the Connecticut Association of Schools (CAS) annual Elementary Level School Leadership Conference on Wednesday, January 9. Approximately 300 students from Waterbury Public Schools in grades 4-6 participated in workshops related to communication, productive thinking and decision making.
Naugatuck Valley Community College hosted the annual "College Goal Sunday" on January 25, 2015 from 1:30-4:30 pm. The event has been held for the last three years here at Naugatuck Valley Community College. Dean of Student Services, Sarah Gager commented that, "The College welcomes the opportunity to host College Goal Sunday each year in support of all students looking to continue their academic studies at an institution of higher education. By participating in this event, these students are taking an important initiative towards achieving their academic goals."
Naugatuck Valley Community College has announced the appointment of a new Associate Dean of Danbury to manage the operations of the Danbury Campus. In the summer of 2014, the Danbury location of NVCC was approved to be a campus of the College as opposed to a center. The campus distinction comes as a result of enrollment growth and degree programs. Since it opened in 2008, enrollment in Danbury has grown to over 1,000 students. To accommodate the college's growing enrollment, a move to a larger 20,000 square foot facility located downtown is planned for the summer of 2015.
Bake Sale - ECE
Transfer Fair
SGA-Fundraiser for Autism Awareness
Student Government Meeting
Employment Opportunities
Bid Notices


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Does the universe have a purpose? I am not sure. Anyone who expresses a more definitive response to the question is claiming access to knowledge not based on empirical foundations.... To assert that the universe has a purpose implies the universe has intent. And intent implies a desired outcome. But who would do the desiring? And what would a desired outcome be? That carbon-based life is inevitable? Or that sentient primates are life's neurological pinnacle? Are answers to these questions even … [Read more...]
Why Is There Something Instead of Nothing?
Another World Is Possible: Repealing the Death Penalty
Inconsistency: Since 1978, less than 1% of Maryland's 13,000+ murders resulted in a death sentence. Are those individuals truly the "worst of the worst" or simply those with the worst lawyers, wrong skin color or wrong geographic location? Most capital prosecutions occur in Baltimore County, which is more than 13 times more likely to seek the death penalty than Baltimore City. However, only 6% of Maryland's homicides occur in Baltimore County.Racism: Blacks charged with killing a white victi … [Read more...]
Zero Dark Thirty: Torture, Disavowal, and the Oscars
This is what should be done by those who are skilled in goodness, and who know the path of peace: Let them be able and upright, straightforward and gentle in speech, humble and not conceited, contented and easily satisfied, unburdened with duties and frugal in their ways, peaceful and calm, and wise and skillful, not proud and demanding in nature. Let them not do the slightest thing that the wise would later reprove. Wishing: in gladness and in safety, may all beings be at ease. Whatever living … [Read more...]
Giving Up Lent (for Lent?!)
One of the most interesting parts of my transition from being a pastor in a Progressive Christian church to being the minister of a Unitarian Universalist congregation is the shift from the Christian tradition being the central point of reference to Christianity being one among many sources of authority.Unitarian Universalism explicitly draws from Six Sources:Direct experience of that transcending mystery and wonder, affirmed in all cultures, which moves us to a renewal of the spirit … [Read more...]
A Single Garment of Destiny: MLK and Savoring the Victories for the Dream Act and Marriage Equality
The Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Frederick, Maryland, where I am the minister, recently hosted a celebration for the recent victories in Maryland for Marriage Equality and Immigration Justice. We were grateful that almost 200 people attended, and that the event was covered by both the also fortunate that both the local paper and a local TV station. This post is an annotated version of my remarks for the occasion.As a religious people who affirm human compassion, advocate for human … [Read more...]
The Stories We Choose to Tell Matter: Highlights from Unitarian Universalist History
Unitarian Universalists may not believe, with Henry Ford, that history is bunk, but many probably do believe that history is for historians — not a matter of concern for the average member of a local congregations. We tend to ignore the warning of George Santayana that those who forget their history may be condemned to repeat it, or the admonition of Rebecca Parker (president of the Starr King School for the Ministry, our West Coast seminary), that there is a shallowness that comes from each g … [Read more...]


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It's easy to get stuck in a rut. You don't make it to the gym all week. You feel bad about not going. You devour a pint of Ben & Jerry's. You feel worse. Sound familiar?
The solution? Maybe it's time for a Personal Trainer to give you a swift kick in your lycra workout pants. Just don't fall for any beautiful body with the word TRAINER plastered across their shirt. There is no time for second rate workouts when your wedding WOW moment is on the line. Here are 6 interview questions you need to ask before hiring the perfect Personal Trainer.
1. What is your training style?
If you're a sensitive soul, you don't want a Trainer who yells in your face. If your fitness knowledge is vast, you want a Trainer who doesn't talk down to you.
2. How do you train brides differently from your other clients?
In their answer, listen for key words that speak to you: Stress Relief, Posture Practice, Time limitations, specific training based on your dress style, etc.
3. How do you deal with clients that slack off?
Don't give them hints on how YOUR occasional bouts of lethargy need to be dealt with just yet. Let them reveal their secrets first.
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Be aware of the fine print.
5. What kind of education and certifications do you hold?
Some gyms certify their own "Trainers" in a matter of weeks which means any ol' employee can pose as a professional. What you need is a Trainer that has an accredited certification by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies like ASCM, ACE or NASM.
6. Why are you the best Personal Trainer for me?
This is their opportunity to make you a believer…and remove that pint of Ben & Jerry's from your hands


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Located off of I-4, Residence Inn Orlando at SeaWorld® is ideal for family getaways. A 2012 TripAdvisor Certificate of Excellence recipient, this official SeaWorld® Orlando hotel offers exclusive perks such as dining discounts, seasonal early park entry, free quick queue and complimentary transportation. We're located near Aquatica and Discovery Cove and just minutes from all other major area theme parks. Escape to the nearby Orlando Premium Outlets to enjoy discounts at over 120 stores.
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DO NOT STAY HERE - THIEVES!!! by Coleen - 09/09/2011
I took my family to SeaWorld for our family vacation, stayed 8/19-8/23/11. My children's Nintendo DS and Nintendo DSI-XL, traveling bag, accessories and games were STOLEN from our hotel room. The hotel barely apologized for the "inconvenience", their "investigation" consisted of asking their staff if they "saw anything" or "would admit" to stealing - which is a joke. I've filed a police report and awaiting any resolution from them. Don't stay here, don't even consider it unless of course you want your children to return home without their belongings! What kind of person steals from children and what kind of hotel does nothing about it? Never again.
Serving: Orlando FL, Orlando FL (Metro)
Type: Hotels
Features: Pet Friendly Hotels
Payment Options: Cash, Bank Checks, Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Discover, Diners Club
Language: Spanish Speaking
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DexKnows Mobile profile for Residence Inn Orlando at SeaWorld in Orlando, FL


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Eighth Circuit Other Statutes Cases
Cases filed
Cases 1 - 10 of 41,828
Michael Catlett v. Larry Norris
as 15-1638
Petitioner: Michael Catlett
Respondent: Larry Norris
Clark et al v. Pfizer, Inc. et al
as 4:2015cv00546
Plaintiff: Scotta Clark , Susan Porter , Nearverdia Brown and others
Defendant: Pfizer, Inc. , Greenstone, LLC
Cause Of Action: Diversity-Personal Injury
Allen et al v. Pfizer, Inc.
as 4:2015cv00544
Plaintiff: Brenda Allen , Lucille Anderson , Willie Anderson and others
Defendant: Pfizer, Inc.
Cause Of Action: Diversity-Personal Injury
United States v. James Robert Carlson
as 15-1639
Plaintiff - Appellee: United States of America
Defendant - Appellant: James Robert Carlson
Jerobak Wright v. United States
as 15-1640
Petitioner: Jerobak Wright
Respondent: United States of America
Polk et al v. Pfizer, Inc.
as 4:2015cv00542
Plaintiff: Dorothy Polk , Janice C Helmer , Kathleen Amaro and others
Defendant: Pfizer, Inc.
Cause Of Action: Diversity-Personal Injury
Robert Moten v. Wendy Kelly
as 15-1643
Petitioner: Robert J. Moten
Respondent: Wendy Kelly, Director, Arkansas Department of Correction
Plaintiff v. Defendant
as 3:2015cv00084
Cause Of Action: Fair Debt Collection Act
Martin v. Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Inc. et al
as 0:2015cv01624
Plaintiff: Cynthia Martin
Defendant: Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bayer Oy, Bayer Pharma AG
Cause Of Action: -pip-Diversity-Personal Injury, Product Liability
Preferred Controls Corporation v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc. et al
as 0:2015cv01628
Plaintiff: Preferred Controls Corporation
Defendant: C.H. Robinson Worldwide, Inc., Magnum LTL, Inc.
Cause Of Action: Damaged Goods While Being Transported


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Since I ran out of my Pyramid Hefe, I picked up some of this Pumpkin Ale. I remembered people posting about it, so I thought, why not.
First sip, well, I see why they call it pumpkin ale. Not my fav beer though.
I was disappointed by the beer, I've had better pumpkin ale.
Final thoughts, it was ok. But I wont be buying this again.
tried Smuttynose old brown dog ale last night. It was very nice.
Speaking of Pumpkin Ales - stay away from Buffalo Bill's pumpkin ale. You mught as well mix in a bunch of nutmeg and allspice together and eat a big spoonfull.
hmm. I kinda liked Buffalo Bills Pumpkin Ale
At least it's better than Harvest Moon!
I normally dont say this,except for when its about cheap beer, but I don't know if I want to finish this beer or not.
Buffalo Bills was nothing but carbonated pumpkin pie spices. I haven't been impressed with any commercial offerings, but the best I've had has been from Dogfish Head.
I'm definately planning on making my own.
Make Beer, Not War.


text:
George Zimmerman was found not guilty in the controversial death of Florida teen Trayvon Martin. Here's how the case unfolded.
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(Courtesy of Rich Cordes)
Keeping wild birds healthy is tricky business
Dosing water supplies is not a recommended treatment for dealing with outbreaks of disease among wild birds.
'The Sopranos' Drea De Matteo loses New York home in explosion
'Modern Family' actress Sarah Hyland grew up across the street from buildings that burned and collapsed in accident caused by gas and plumbing work.


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Property tax refunds available for owners and renters
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- Jordan Burgess20/03/2015
Got these has a present good solid shoe but came with only one black bow, box didn't contain the other black and the other two white bows.Size Rated As:
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Perfect for my daughter for school, hard wearing she loves themSize Rated As:
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lovely shoes had alot of comments , no spotty bows though xSize Rated As:
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I love these shoes. Quite heavy to walk in though, they certainly got my calf muscles working! And the bows slip around a bit so I stitched them to tighten them up.Size Rated As:


text:
The human race is going to Mars – that's an amazing statement all to itself. As a matter of fact, it's so cool I'm going to say it again… 350 more words
Tags » Technical Diving
My chat with Pod Diver Radio on diver communications
A really cool dive that happens every day at the New England Aquarium is the 2:30 Diver Communications Dive. Not only do we provide visitors with the unique opportunity to participate in a question and answer session with a diver, but we share what the diver sees, broadcasting it in high definition onto two giant screens at the top of the Giant Ocean Tank. 170 more words
An insider's look at a snow day at the Aquarium
Ever wonder what happens when the weather turns really (really) crappy and your favorite aquarium is forced to close (ahem – which of course you are all thinking, "New England Aquarium!")? 98 more words
A new member of the Hanzl family is on her way...
I am so very excited to announce that a new member of the Hanzl family has just left Brugge, Belgium to begin her arduous journey to the United States. 76 more words
Technical Diver Rescue skill
Παρουσίαση βασικών δεξιοτήτων επιπέδου Technical Diver.
Από τα τέσσερα block όπου και αποτελείται η εκπαίδευση, στο βίντεο αυτό παρουσιάζεται μέρος από δυο χαρακτηρίστηκες δεξιότητες/ασκήσεις. Η πρώτη αφορά το block Rescue (διαχείριση αναίσθητου δύτη και ανάπτυξη SMB) ενώ η δεύτερη παρουσίαση αφορά το block: Team work, ασκήσεις ομάδας όπου παρουσιάζεται η ανάπτυξη του SMB (Surface Marker Buoy).
UDC trimix team in Roatan for freediving World Record
At the beginning of September 2014, Utila Dive Center's trimix team was invited to participate as support divers for Eusebio and Christina Sáenz de Santamaría (a free diving couple and founders of… 401 more words
SSI, Mares and an interesting end to the year.
Can anybody explain to me where the last 4 months have gone as I cant! One minute I am teaching courses in 30 degrees water looking forward to the world cup football to begin and the next thing I know Christmas decorations are up and we need to use the heater at night time! 1,212 more words


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Your original file link
beautiful theme, original wall. love it
great theme bro
awesome work rajlove it
Fantastic theme bro.
good one
Wonderful theme Raja , very well done bro .
Very good theme!
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Its great!
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Myrteric work, well dn mate
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BFP due Feb 15th(192 Posts)
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