text:
Safely Surfing the Web with the FBI
Teachers and students, are you ready for an exciting opportunity to participate in the Safe Online Surfing (SOS), Internet Challenge? The FBI-SOS Internet Challenge is an on-line educational program that teaches kids about internet safety, in a fun way, using interactive games.
While competing with other similar size schools, students in 3rd through 8th grade will learn to recognize online dangers and how to be safe cyber surfers. Students will navigate games and scavenger hunts, which highlight safety tips and resources on topics such as cyberbullying, gaming safety, social networking, and online predators. There are unique on-line activities for each grade level. The challenge portion of the program will be the QUIZ (oh, come on, it will be a fun quiz) which allows your school to have some friendly competition with other schools.
The FBI-SOS is open to all public and private schools, and runs from October through May. Schools with the highest score each month will receive the FBI-SOS national trophy, and a likely visit from a local FBI Special Agent.
Registration is easy and it's free. Teachers or administrators may go to the website to find more information and register your school. No information on students is collected or stored by the FBI. https://sos.fbi.gov
Safely Surfing the Web with the FBI
Related Stories
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text:
Charity Reg No: 1135424
Phil Spencer ( From TV's 'Location Location')
& Jan Fennell ( Author and Dog Trainer)
JSR was started in January 2008 with the aim of rehoming Springer Spaniels to good
approved homes.
To help and advise owners with problems with their Springer Spaniels and especially,
where appropriate, to aid an owner to keep their dog rather than rehome it.
To assess all dogs with their suitability to be rehomed and advise accordingly.
Unfortunately we are only currently able to rehome in Surrey, Sussex and surrounding areas
The seven ages of a Springer Spaniel
Baby Puppy 8 weeks - 3 months
Puppy 3 months - 2 years
Teenager 2 years - 5 years
Young Adult 5 years - 8 years
Adult 8 years - 11 years
Middle Aged 11 years - 13 years
Pensioner 13 years plus
Phil Opening our new kennels during the summer of 2014
Who we are:
Liz Austin - Trustee/Chairman /Committee Member
Tel: 01737 767844
Email: email@example.com
Colin Pugh - Trustee/Treasurer/Committee Member
Tel: 01737 551958
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Helena Herring - Trustee/Committee Member
Tel: 01293 862045
Email: email@example.com
Jenny Joy - Committee Member
Tel: 01342 843953
email: email@example.com
Wendy Laver - Committee Member
Tel: 01293 783457
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Sue Cottingham - Committee Member
Tel: 07714279044
email: email@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Buttercup Summer Garden Camp 2013
If you would like to speak to someone about our summer camps, please call Melissa Hoy, 207-865-3900, Ext 151.
Buttercup Summer Garden Camp
July 8 - 12
9:00 a.m. – 12:00 noon
Summer Camp Afternoon Program Note: If we have interest in an afternoon program for our morning summer camps, we will design a relaxed afternoon for those children who stay. We encourage interested families to contact Melissa Hoy, firstname.lastname@example.com, as soon as possible.
Our Buttercup Summer Garden Camp is led by Kelly Barham with help from Crary Chandler on our beautiful Early Childhood campus in Freeport. Buttercup campers are lovingly held in a gentle, nature-filled environment that immerses them in magical play and discovery. There is lots of time for crafts, water play, digging in the sandbox, walking the woodland paths and playing games.
Kelly Barham is currently a Kindergarten Assistant and the Afternoon Program Teacher at Merriconeag. She has been working with children since she became the oldest of 5 at the age of 12. She went on to work with all ages, from pre-schoolers to at-risk teens.
Kelly discovered Waldorf education 15 years ago and has been fascinated by it ever since. Two of her children attended Waldorf schools from kindergarten through grade 9, and her youngest is now in grade 5 at Merriconeag. Kelly's husband, David, teaches in the high school. Kelly is also currently studying homeopathic medicine and weaving one of a kind clothing for her business, Bound for Glory Textiles.
Crary Chandler is the Afternoon Program Assistant at Merriconeag. She was a student in Kristina Farm-Morrill's kindergarten and Lee Chisholm's grade school class at Merriconeag. After graduating from 8th grade here in 2003, she attended high school at The Governor's Academy (previously Governor Dummer Academy). Crary then attended Hobart & William Smith Colleges where she graduated with a major in Environmental Studies and minors in Asian Studies and Economics. She also rowed on the William Smith Crew Team for four years!
Register Now:
If your child has a medical condition you will also need to download and complete the
Medication Administration Release Form.
Summer Camps at Merriconeag Waldorf School
57 Desert Road
G 2 Parent Evening:
Wed, March 25, 7:00 pm.
Public Talk by Jack Petrash:
The Challenges of Being a Good Dad: What Does It Take and How Is It Different From Being a Good Mom?
A public talk by Jack Petrash
This talk is open to all - moms and dads!
Friday, March 27, 7:00 pm
Community Hall, 57 Desert Rd, Freeport
Donation at the door.
A Fathering Workshop with Jack Petrash:
A Fathering Workshop with Jack Petrash
Saturday, March 28, 9:00 am - 12:00 noon
Community Hall, 57 Desert Rd, Freeport
Cost: $15
For fathers of children of all ages!
To Register:
There is limited space in this workshop. Registration is considered complete when we have received your $15 payment.
"The Mask you Live in" Film:
April 2, 2015, 6:30 - 8:30 p.m.
Yarmouth High School Performing Arts Center.
Merriconeag Waldorf School is co-sponsoring this film, The Mask you Live in, with Maine Boys to Men and Yarmouth High School. The film explores American masculinity and it is from the team behind Miss Representation, a film we previously co-sponsored, . This event is recommended for audience members 17 and older. Admission is free but space is limited so registration is required. Register today by clicking below.
Tour of Grades 1 - 8:
Wed, April 8, 8-10:30 am, 57 Desert Rd, Freeport, Begins in Community Hall.
Tour of Grades 1-8.
An opportunity for adults to experience Waldorf education first-hand by observing our students & teachers in action.
This tour is for adults only. Please call 207-865-3900, ext. 103, to register.
Tea & Play Session:
Fri, April 10, 9 - 10 am.
Early Childhood Center, 60 Desert Rd, Freeport.
Prospective parents: Bring your child, share
a cup of tea with us and learn more about our
programs for young children. Storytime at 9:30.
For more info & to register: 207.865.3900,
Ext 163 or
Variety Show & Silent Auction to Benefit Tiered Tuition:
Saturday, April 11, 6:00 - 9:30 p.m. (Happy Hour 5-6 p.m.), Community Hall, 57 Desert Road, Freeport
Windows into Waldorf Early Childhood:
Tues, April 14, 9:00 -10:00 a.m.
Early Childhood Center, 60 Desert Rd, Freeport
This event is for prospective parents interested in Waldorf early childhood education. After a glimpse into a kindergarten classroom, we will discuss our unique
approach and answer questions. Adults only. Please register by calling 207-865-3900, ext. 103.
Board Meeting:
Tues, April 14, 6:15 pm
Community Hall.
"You Can't Take It With You":
Grade 8 Play
Wed, April 15, 1:00 pm.
Thurs, April 16, 7:00 pm.
Community Hall, 57 Desert Rd, Freeport.
The 8th Graders will present their play, "You Can't Take It With You." Please join us.
Bring A Friend Day:
Fri, April 17, 8:00 am - 3:00 pm.
Register your grade school friend through email@example.com


text:
Small clasp so will only fit on a thin chain
I wear this charm on a necklace everyday and it has not tarnished at all.
The charm is eveerything I expected - very pleased.
My son bought this for his girlfriend who just graduated from nursing school. It's very shiny and pretty, plus it's a very nice size--not too big or too small. All in all, a very good purchase.
Charm was good size and not flimsy. Must have for nurse who loves charms.
Usually leaves our warehouse in 1-2 business days. *
Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment.
More details
Our standard shipping method is ground shipping. We also offer expedited shipping for most items. Your final shipping cost and estimated delivery timeframe will be available at checkout.
Standard shipping details
Expedited shipping details
* For your protection, all orders are screened for security purposes. If your order is selected for review, our Loss Prevention Team may contact you by phone or email. There may be a two business day delay to process your order.
** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


text:
Terms & Conditions.
Price matching does not apply to this or any promotion. Offer is valid through 4/1/15 at 11:59 pm PST. May not be combined with any other offer/discount (unless specified), including invitation credits, promotional gift cards and/or special discount links. Discount applied upon checkout. Log in to your account to see your savings.
Don't keep your funky, worldly style under wraps. The Wrap Bracelet cleverly winds around your wrist and features elegant crystal and sterling silver beads, for a standout look.
Fits up to a 9" wrist. Black silk with crystal and sterling silver beads. Genuine silk.
This product has no reviews yet. Be the first to review this product. Write a review
Sign Up & Enjoy 20% Off*


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Facebook: How to integrate your Facebook marketing with your overall marketing plan and get your Facebook marketing strategy in place.
Via Debra Askanase
You are the content you publish.
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Neil Ferree's curator insight, March 26, 1:50 PM
Sounds like having a mobile friendly website that loads fast will determine if your site shows up on page 1 or page 101 in the SERPs
Jeff Domansky's curator insight, February 9, 12:58 AM
Loyalty programs have been incredibly enduring and here's how mobile is changing the industry.
Tony Guzman's curator insight, January 29, 9:53 AM
How is mobile moving digital growth forward? This infographic sheds some light on that question.
Jeff Domansky's curator insight, December 18, 2014 2:46 AM
Consumers have moved past mobile research to mobile purchase and the trend is accelerating.
Ken Braun's curator insight, December 18, 2014 3:27 PM
Studies show there is a growing trend of all eCommerce coming from mobile at a percent of 30 % with future predictions of up to 50%
Jeff Domansky's curator insight, March 2, 2:05 AM
The majority of online shopping is now coming from mobile. It's a powerful new force for retailers some càll "always buying."
Jeff Domansky's curator insight, February 24, 2:09 AM
Mobile marketing is making a move in most online strategies.
Jeff Domansky's curator insight, January 15, 10:49 AM
Here's a great starting point for small business to introduce mobile marketing into their business promotion. Neha Lad shares excellent tips.
Jeff Domansky's curator insight, December 18, 2014 2:32 AM
Nicole Kohler shows how to do it better on Twitter. A useful overview.
Dean Ryan G. Martin's curator insight, December 18, 2014 4:35 AM
These are simple but extraordinary Twitter strategies, helping you become a rockstar.
Jeff Domansky's curator insight, November 7, 2014 10:22 AM
The mobile impact on consumer buying is huge and marketing is moving quickly in that direction.
Jan Wallen's curator insight, November 7, 2014 11:37 AM
The holidays are almost upon us -- is your marketing ready?


text:
Adjustable Beds Bets Prices ALL SIZES *** DON'T PAY RETAIL! ***
All Mantua bases are BRAND NEW warranty!
Queen CONTEMPO MODEL with mattress $2299(Compare to $4499 at the National Chains)
With Our Adjustable Foundations, Unlimited Comfort Positions Are at Your Fingertips
We Offer a variety of adjustable foundations to fit your ...
Mar 24 -
Need Furniture? Short on Cash $40Dwn NO CREDIT CHECK Your Approved !!
**WE MOVED check our our NEW Address!
Love a great deal?
Go shop around stop by for great deals on Furniture & Mattresses!
We will look forward to your continuing business.
Thank you for Voting Us Best Furniture 2013!
Our Motto ...
Furniture and Mattresses Best Prices
Voted Best Furniture 2013"
Our customers love what we do!
Quality sofa's loveseat & chairs by Serta
We will look forward to your continuing business.
Thank you for Voting Us Best Furniture 2013!
Our Motto since 2009 "Why Pay Retail"
"We have access to a wide variety of ...
Brand New Mattresses Wholesale
Kitchen dining table
Nice table, Sorry no chairs.
Mar 18 -
Palm Bay
Broyhill sofa
Nice Broyhill Sofa. Was a $1000.00 new. Picture does not do it justice.
Jordan Mark Brand 4"x6" Photo Holder
Jordan Mark Brand 4"x6" Photo Holder---$10---This Photo Holder holds over---100 4x6 Photos---and looks Great---on your Coffee Table---holding your Favorite Photos---Never used---New Condition---paid over 50 new---
Mar 11 -
Merritt Island
Brown Curio 76" H X 23" W X 11" D
Brown Curios have scalpture on top and trim around. Size is approximately 76" H x 23" W x 11" D, shelfs and lights, with glass opening on the side of curios. We have 4 identical curios for $90.00 each, in very good condition.
Mar 8 -
Merritt Island
China Cabinet {Wicker/Bamboo Looking}
Wicker/Bamboo looking China Cabinet
China Cabinet has center shelves with mirror background
and has 2 side cupboards with 2 shelves each.
Bottom has 4 small drawers, 3 large drawers and 3 cupboards.
Top also has a small light.
Dimensions are: Overall Height is 72 Inches. ...
Mar 6 -
Like New Bassett Sleeper Sectional Sofa
Excellent condition. Light Beige, smoke free / pet free home.
Mar 5 -
used brown Recliner
Like new well maintained immaculate condition works.won't be available for long.
Feb 25 -
Palm Bay
Round Wood Dining Set - Seats 4 Hand Painted Floral Design
Large, all wood dining table with 4 chairs. Set is used and table top is scuffed and scratched, but it adds to the character of this folksy set, painted in a floral pattern with checked border. Color is a creamy pale yellow. Chairs have been reupholstered in dark brown ...
Feb 24 -
Feb 21 -
New & Beautiful Glass top Dining Table and Four Chairs
Beautiful Glass top table and four chairs.
Must Sell.
Asking $850. Make Offer.
Black Leather Sofa and Love Seat also for Sale.
Glass top Cocktail table and 2 end tables also for sale.
Call REKHA 321 759 4409
Feb 10 -
Brand New "with tags on" Black Leather Sofa & Love seat
Leather Sofa and Love Seat for Sale.
Must Sell. In Perfect Condition. The tags have not even been removed yet.
Asking $1600. Make Offer
Brand New Cocktail and End tables also for sale. $250
Brand New Dining table & Chairs also for sale
Four Brown Identical Curios w/Lights, TV's, Racks
Curios with lights, we have four identical brown curios, tv's, racks and more. Our brown curios asking $125.00 each, a 43" flat screen with stand selling for $125.00. The two gold trim with glass are $350.00 each.
Feb 8 -
Merritt Island


text:
In This Section
Journal Forum
Reflecting on Reflections - June 2014
4 comments
Audibility of a CD-Standard A/DA/A Loop Inserted into High-Resolution Audio Playback - September 2007
10 comments
Quiet Thoughts on a Deafening Problem - May 2014
1 comment
AES Journal Forum
Fractional Delay in the Frequency Domain for Beamforming Applications
Real-time processing of audio signals in microphone and loudspeaker arrays often requires the implementation of fractional delays. The proposed methods are particularly relevant in applications that use windowing and frequency transforms. The short-time spectrum can be modified to obtain the equivalent delay. Various approaches to the problem are discussed and evaluated in the context of beamforming precision resulting from time-alignment errors.
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Philippines hikes interest rates, first time since 2011
August 1, 2014, 12:45 am TWN
MANILA -- Philippine monetary authorities raised key interest rates on Thursday for the first time in more than three years in a "pre-emptive" move to keep inflation under control.
The central bank said it raised its overnight borrowing and lending rates by 25 basis points to 3.75 percent and 5.75 percent respectively, marking the first time it raised the rates since May 2011.
Since then, the bank's monetary board has either lowered key interest rates or kept them steady until its latest decision.
"The monetary board's decision is a pre-emptive response to signs of inflation pressures and elevated inflation expectations," a central bank statement said.
It cited "higher food prices, short-term volatility in international oil prices," and expectations that power and transport rates would go up.
The rise in rates is also "a pre-emptive measure in the context of the eventual normalization of monetary policy in some advanced economies," the bank said.


text:
I am really good at this; hosting that is, as I love people and welcoming you into my home/retreat.
I am fun, kind, positive, patient, vegetarian and I have a real passion for life with Love and Consciousness for our Planet.
I have lived in London for 33 years, mostly in North West London; so I have a good knowledge about the place and about London; where to go and what to do.
I speak Portuguese, have lived in Brazil and I have travelled all over the World. Once I did a around the World Trip in a month and I have hitch-hike from London to Greece. Staying in 5 stars hotels to the most simple B&B; meeting some interesting people and enjoying the most wonderful experiences. So, I know a bit about travelling and staying at unfamiliar places.
I have brought up 3 children, so when it comes to make a house a home, I make it! My aim is to make you feel at home; very welcome and to really enjoy your stay here.
I love to cook, talk, music, meditating, travelling, reading, films, dancing, nature; anything to do with Holistic Healing.
I am also an Alternative Holistic Practitioner; I do Magnified Healing, The Journey, Reiki Master, Holistic Massage & EFT. Please, do ask me about it or try it if so desire! That's why I have called and turned my place into a Retreat; a place for resting and relaxing while you explore London.
I will do what I can to take great care of you and your staying at my place, while all you have to do is to just care about what do to next in Great London!


text:
Candlewood Suites Chicago-Waukegan, Waukegan
Located in Waukegan (Waukegan - Gurnee), Candlewood Suites Chicago-Waukegan is close to James Lovell Federal Health Care Center. Additional area attractions include Six Flags Great America and Naval Base Great Lakes.
Hotel Features.
The hotel offers a snack bar/deli. Complimentary wireless Internet access is available in public areas. There is a 24-hour business center on site. Additional amenities include a 24-hour fitness center, multilingual staff, and barbecue grills. Self parking is complimentary.
The 122 air-conditioned guestrooms at Candlewood Suites Chicago-Waukegan include safes and complimentary newspapers. Complimentary wireless high-speed Internet access is provided. Televisions are equipped with premium satellite channels, DVD players, and pay movies. All accommodations provide desks and phones; free local calls are offered (restrictions may apply). In-room microwaves, refrigerators, and coffee/tea makers are provided. Additional amenities include hair dryers and irons/ironing boards.
If you are coming for Naval Graduation don't give them your business they are not…
I came to Waukegan to visit my boyfriend for his birthday. This hotel was really close to…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 020 3027 9803from £58
- Room, 1 Queen Bed, Accessible, Non Smoking
- Room, 1 Queen Bed, Accessible
- Studio Suite, 1 Queen Bed, Smoking
- 1 BedRoom Suite WC Accessible
- One Queen Bed Suite Sofa Bed Smoking
- Deluxe Room
- Queen Bed Studio Suite
- Studio Suite, 1 Queen Bed, Non Smoking
- Standard Suite
- Suite, 1 Queen Bed with Sofabed, Non Smoking
- Deluxe Suite
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 122 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 3 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is Noon
- Express check-in
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Pets allowed *
- 2 per room (up to 80 lb)
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- Free self parking
- Accessible parking
Nearby Two Star Waukegan hotels
In the hotel
- Snack bar/deli
- Coffee/tea in the lobby
- Barbeque grills
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Golfing nearby
- 24-hour business center
- 24-hour front desk
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Disabled parking
- Accessible path of travel
- Braille or raised signage
- Accessibility equipment for the deaf
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Hair dryer
- Pay movies
- Premium TV channels
- DVD player
- Desk
- Free newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Free local calls
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- In-room safe
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Top Waukegan hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Waukegan
- Residence Inn by Marriott Chicago SchaumburgFrom
"Comfortable place to stay, plenty of space in suites to spread out and work. Close to Woodfield Mall, with plenty of nearby restaurants as well. Access to downtown Chicago and…"Jan 19, 2015
- Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Chicago O'HareFrom
"Excellent choice for our needs Aproximity to airport and other facilities for a traveller"Nov 21, 2014
- Hyatt Place Chicago/ SchaumburgFrom
"We stayed here for one night, before catching our flight from O hare Airport. It was good value for money, had a large room and all in all a present stay. The Hotel is just over…"Nov 20, 2014
- DoubleTree by Hilton Chicago - North Shore Conference CenterFrom
Nearby hotels
Candlewood Suites Chicago-Waukegan, Waukegan's small print
The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of USD 15 per pet, per night (maximum USD 150 per stay)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


text:
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We want to ensure that making a return is as easy and hassle-free as possible! If for any reason you decide that your purchase just isn't for you, simply return the item within 30 days of receipt and we'll cover the cost of return shipping. Learn more about our Return Policy.
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text:
Apartments in Deltona, Florida 32725
Spotlight Apartments
Click here to learn more.
The Lofts At Uptown AltamonteSave
- 1 Bed: $1250 - 1450
- 2 Bed: From $1426
- 3 Bed: $1861 - 2250
- Apartment Features:Air Conditioning, Alarm, Balcony, Cable Ready, Ceiling Fan(s), Dishwasher, Elevator, Garden Tub, Hardwood Flooring, Microwave, Oversized Closets, Vaulted Ceilings, View, Washer & Dryer In Unit, Garbage Disposal, Patio, Refrigerator
- Community Features:Accepts Credit Card Payments, Accepts Electronic Payments, Business Center, Covered Parking, Emergency Maintenance, Extra Storage, Fitness Center, Full Concierge Service, Gated Access, Hot Tub, Swimming Pool, Wireless Internet Access, Conference Room, Controlled Access, On Site Maintenance, On Site Management, Recreation Room, Pet Friendly, Luxury Community
- Additional Features:Extra LargeCondo Style Floorplans, Outstanding Location, Meditation Garden, Solid Concrete Construction, Walking Distance To Shops, Restaurants, Movies An, Private Residents Lounge Showcasing:, Billiards Tables, Elegantly Designed Social Areas, Cyber Caf, Surveillance Cameras, Five Flat Screen TVS, Wi-Fi Hot Spots At Pool And Club Area, Media Room, Recycling, Ceramic Tile, Courtesy Personnel Service, Garden Tubs, Home Office Alcoves, Kitchen Pantries, Walk In Showers, High Ceilings, Hardwood Floors, Carpeting
Click here to learn more.
Pebble CreekSave
- 1 Bed: $825 - 900
- 2 Bed: $945 - 1025
- 3 Bed: $1190
- Lifestyles:
- Pet Friendly
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Farm Aid Funds Projects to Strengthen Sustainable Family Farm Food Production
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – Farm Aid today announced that 60 family farm and rural service organizations working to strengthen family farm agriculture nationwide received $407,300 from its grant program during 2010.
"When Farm Aid started, we knew it was crucial to support the folks in the countryside working to keep family farmers on the land," said Farm Aid President Willie Nelson. "Twenty-five years later, there are more people than ever who recognize the value of family farmers. Thanks to the generosity of so many Americans, Farm Aid supports projects that build a thriving future for family farm agriculture and good food for all in both rural and urban communities."
Farm Aid funds were invested in programs that:
In Wisconsin, where Farm Aid held its 25th anniversary benefit concert in October of this year, $47,500 was granted to expand market opportunities, provide emergency assistance to farmers, support grant-writing workshops for farmers applying to federal farm programs, advocate for farm policies that promote competition and fairness, and assist beginning and transitioning organic farmers. The total amount distributed in the upper Midwest was $94,500.
"At the start of Farm Aid's 25th year, Willie Nelson challenged every American by asking what each of us can do to keep family farmers on the land," said Farm Aid executive director Carolyn Mugar. "We all have a part in this movement. Farm Aid's grant recipients are already doing crucial work so that our family farmers can thrive and we all have access to good food from family farms."
For a complete listing of Farm Aid's 2010 grants, visit www.farmaid.org/grants.
Farm Aid's grant-making is one aspect of its programming to keep family farmers on the land, growing good food for all. In addition, Farm Aid's program work includes public education to increase demand for family farm food and advocating for policies that serve farmers and consumers alike. Farm Aid spent considerable time and effort in 2010 working on specific issues affecting family farmers in the economic downturn, especially the availability and accessibility of credit, corporate concentration in agriculture and the dairy crisis.
Many organizations supported by Farm Aid grants are part of Farm Aid's Farmer Resource Network, which features an online tool to link family farmers with innovative ideas to help them meet the rising consumer demand for food from family farms. The Farmer Resource Network also offers tools to put new farmers on the land. To learn more about the Farmer Resource Network, visit www.farmaid.org/ideas.
Much of the money raised by Farm Aid this year was the result of Farm Aid 25: Growing Hope for America, the 25th anniversary benefit concert, held October 2, 2010, at Miller Park in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The concert was broadcast live on DirecTV and highlights will air on DirecTV's The 101® Network throughout 2011.
Farm Aid welcomes donations at www.farmaid.org.
About Farm Aid
Farm Aid's mission is to build a vibrant, family farm-centered system of agriculture in America. Farm Aid artists and board members Willie Nelson, John Mellencamp, Neil Young and Dave Matthews host an annual concert to raise funds to support Farm Aid's work with family farmers and to inspire people to choose family farm food. Since 1985, Farm Aid, with the support of the artists who contribute their performances each year, has raised more than $37 million to support programs that help farmers thrive, expand the reach of the Good Food Movement, take action to change the dominant system of industrial agriculture and promote food from family farms. Join the Farm Aid conversation on Twitter at www.twitter.com/FarmAid. For more information about Farm Aid, visit www.farmaid.org.


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SMU celebrates 99th Commencement May 17, 2014
SMU will celebrate the academic accomplishments of more than 2,100 students at its 99th annual Commencement ceremony at 9 a.m. Saturday, May 17, in Moody Coliseum. This year's Commencement speaker, Dallas Mayor Mike Rawlings, is noted for his work to improve the quality of life … Continue reading
Posted in Calendar Highlights, News, Save the Date Tagged academic calendar, academic ceremonies, Commencement, Gary Shultz, honorary degree recipients, honorary degrees, Isabel Wilkerson, Joseph W. McKnight, May Commencement, Mike Rawlings, Richard Heitzenrater, SMU News, symposia, webcasts Comments Off
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Sometimes that's a problem in today's market. I'm in long and with dividend reinvest don't much mind floating in the low 30's for now but strongly believe eventually we'll slowly return to pre-crash prices. If I was a new investor in high yield dividends I'd be buying PEG at these levels and looking for some profit taking on T (AT&T)- though the price is still attractive around 32.Back to PEG: One major factor that helped bring down the price and keep the price down - that dang IRS thing. I stopped listening to conference calls because, after a reasonably good earnings, the questions would come and the price would drop (even though the company was overly conservative in preparing for the worst as it went into settlement negotiations. Well it's over - over - over - has been but here's the print:"The improvement in operating earnings is due to the settlement with the Internal Revenue Service of the offshore lease transactions for all tax years, and a settlement of all federal audit issues for tax years 1997 – 2006. A reduction in the effective tax rate improved operating earnings by $38 million, or $0.08 per share. A small reduction in lease earnings in 2012's first quarter was approximately equal to the absence of an asset impairment recognized in 2011's first quarter."
Any new updates with PEG?
X div tomorrow - the gift that keeps on giving.
Looks like the public is returning to a SAFE haven and 4.8 percent.
Nice article in the star ledger about PS and it has 6 new combined cycle units ready to in next month for the summer run.


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Page 1
SHORT REPORTOpen Access
Early results of systematic drug susceptibility
testing in pulmonary tuberculosis retreatment
cases in Cameroon
Jürgen Noeske1*, Natascha Voelz1, Elisabeth Fon2and Jean-Louis Abena Foe3
Background: The number of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients reported with resistance to first-line anti-
tuberculosis drugs after a standardized retreatment regimen in Cameroon is increasing. Hence, the National
Tuberculosis Control Program (NTP) implemented, in one of the ten Regions of the country, a pilot programme
aimed at performing routine drug susceptibility testing (DST) for previously treated PTB cases. The objectives of the
programme were to evaluate the feasibility of monitoring drug resistance among retreatment cases under
programme conditions and to measure the presence and magnitude of anti-TB drug resistance in order to inform
NTP policies.
Findings: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Littoral Region of Cameroon in 2009. It included
all sputum smear positive (SM+) PTB cases registered for retreatment. TB cases were identified and classified
according to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for national TB programs. Bacterial susceptibility
testing to first-line anti-TB drugs was performed using standard culture methods. In 2009, 5,668 TB cases were
reported in the Littoral Region, of which 438 (7.7%) were SM + PTB retreatment cases. DST results were available
for 216 (49.4%) patients. Twenty six patients (12%) harbored multi-drug resistant (MDR) strains. Positive treatment
outcome rates were particularly low in retreatment patients with MDR-TB (46.2%; 95% CI: 27.1-66.3). Thirteen MDR-
TB patients were treated using a standardized MDR treatment regimen. Delivery of laboratory results took on
average 17 (12-26) weeks.
Conclusions: WHO-recommended routine DST in retreatment patients seems feasible in Cameroon. However,
coverage needs to be improved through better management. Moreover, diagnostic delay should be shortened by
introducing more rapid diagnostic tools. The high risk of MDR in standard regimen failure cases virtually rules out
the standard retreatment regimen for such patients without prior DST.
Keywords: Drug resistant tuberculosis, retreatment, surveillance, Cameroon
In 2009, about 30,000 or 11% of estimated overall 500, 000
MDR-TB cases were enrolled for second-line treatment.
Achieving universal access to diagnosis and treatment
of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuber-
culosis (M/XDR-TB) remains a challenge [1,2]. According
to WHO, the surveillance and early diagnosis of drug-
resistance in TB is ideally carried out by routine drug-
susceptibility testing (DST) of all TB patients [3]. Where
the circumstances or means do not permit systematic
assessment of all cases with a new episode of TB, alterna-
tively, at least patients known to be at higher risk of carry-
ing drug-resistant strains such as previously treated
patients should be assessed systematically. The Global Plan
to STOP TB (2006-2015) foresees that by 2015 all coun-
tries should carry out DST for all retreatment TB patients
In Cameroon, in 2009, the estimated TB incidence
rate was 182 cases per 100,000 inhabitants [1]. TB
patients are treated under the National TB Control
* Correspondence: email@example.com
1German Development Cooperation (GIZ), P.O. Box 7814, Yaounde,
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Noeske et al. BMC Research Notes 2012, 5:160
© 2011 Noeske et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Page 2
Programme (NTP) according to the NTP guidelines and
WHO-recommended standard regimens [5]. The total
number of incident MDR-TB cases is estimated to be
440 per year. The cumulative number of MDR-TB
patients put on treatment during the period from Janu-
ary 2005 to December 2008 in either of the two national
MDR-TB treatment centres was 109 [6]. Since 2008,
patients are treated free-of-charge following a standardized
12-month treatment scheme comprising gatifloxacin
(Gfx), clofazimine (Cfz), ethambutol (E), prothionamide
(Pto) and pyrazinamide (Z), administered throughout the
12 months of treatment and supplemented during a mini-
mum four months intensive phase by kanamycin (Km)
and isoniazid (H) (4KmGfxPtoHCfzEZ/8GfxPtoCfzEZ).
Preliminary results of this standardized short-course regi-
men appear to be very promising [7]. Due to the continu-
ous reporting of MDR-TB among previously treated
patients and, in particular, among standard regimen failure
cases, and following the establishment of a supervised
Regional TB Reference Laboratory with culture capacity, a
pilot programme aimed at performing routine DST
among previously treated smear microscopy positive pul-
monary TB (SM + PTB) cases was implemented under
programme conditions in the Littoral Region, one of the
10 Regions of Cameroon. The objectives were to evaluate
the feasibility of monitoring drug resistance among
retreatment cases under programme conditions, measure
the presence and magnitude of drug resistant and particu-
larly MDR-TB in an important subset of retreatment TB
patients in Cameroon and discuss possible implications of
the results for NTP policies.
Materials and methods
Setting and study population
The Littoral Region has about 3.5 million inhabitants, with
some 3 million people living in the economic capital,
Douala. TB cases are reported and virtually treated exclu-
sively within a network of 29 functional government or
private confessional Basic Management Units (BMU). The
number of TB patients treated in the private sector is neg-
ligible as anti-TB drugs are not available, neither in private
pharmacies nor through drug vendors in the informal sec-
tor. Twenty of the BMUs are located in Douala and
receive about 75% of the Littoral Region's annual incident
cases. More than ninety-five per cent of reported cases ori-
ginate from the Littoral Region. One of the two MDR-TB
treatment centres is situated in Douala. Provider initiated
voluntary counselling and testing for HIV with consequent
Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis is offered free-of-charge to all
newly diagnosed TB-cases. HIV + patients are systemati-
cally referred to the nearest HIV/AIDS treatment service
for further evaluation of their infection.
Inclusion criteria
This study included all consecutively registered SM +
PTB retreatment cases with a new episode of TB
admitted any one the 29 BMUs of the Littoral Region in
Cameroon between 1 January and 31 December 2009
for a standardized retreatment regimen according to
NTP guidelines, categorized as "Relapse", "Treatment
failure" or "Return after default" (WHO case defini-
tions), and for whom DST results were available [3].
Exclusion criteria
The study excluded all "Other retreatment" cases, i.e.
cases with unknown previous treatment outcome,
patients returning to treatment with smear-negative
PTB or bacteriologically not confirmed extrapulmonary
TB as well as cases with non-tuberculosis mycobacteria.
Transportation of specimen and bacteriological
TB laboratory technicians in all BMUs had been
instructed to keep one fresh morning sputum specimen
of all consecutively notified SM + PTB retreatment refri-
gerated and to ensure their transportation within 72
hours to the Regional TB Reference Laboratory in
Douala. Here, a new smear was made after decontamina-
tion of the specimens and concentration by centrifuga-
tion. According to routine procedures, two slopes of
Löwenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium per specimen were
inoculated and incubated at 37°C, discarding negative
slopes after ten weeks. Positive cultures were then trans-
ported to the national TB Reference Laboratory, Centre
Pasteur du Cameroun (CPC), for DST using the indirect
proportion method on LJ medium [8]. The following
drugs were tested: rifampicin (R), H, E, streptomycin (S),
Km, and Gfx. - External quality assessment of the Regio-
nal TB Reference Laboratory in Douala is assured
through quarterly supervisions by CPC personnel, and
through continuous feedback on quality of cultures sent
to CPC for DST. The CPC is part of the Supranational
Reference Laboratory Network of the Institute of Tropi-
cal Medicine in Antwerp and is subjected to bi-annual
external quality assessments. - Patients and BMU were
informed about DST test results. A standardized MDR-
TB treatment was proposed to all patients identified with
MDR-TB without clinical improvement under retreat-
ment and still sputum smear positive at their five-month
The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the
competent administrative authorities and the National
Ethics Committee of Cameroon.
Noeske et al. BMC Research Notes 2012, 5:160
Page 2 of 7
Page 3
Statistical analysis
TB and demographic data, as well as HIV status, were
extracted from the NTP standard TB registers. TB cul-
ture and DST results (including delivery dates) were
tracked, respectively, through the Regional and National
TB Reference laboratories. Culture and DST results
were matched with patients registered in the BMUs
using the date of registration and the patient's registra-
tion number. Main outcome measures were the propor-
tion of reported retreatment cases with DST results
available, the proportion of MDR-TB per subcategory of
retreatment cases, and the proportion of retreatment
cases identified with MDR-TB and treatment success
defined as "Cured" or "Treatment completed". Double
data entry with data cleaning and analysis was done in
Epi Info 6.04 d. Per category data was expressed in per-
centages, continuous variables as mean and standard
variation. All proportions were compared using the c2
test statistic and Fisher exact test where appropriate.
In 2009, 5,668 TB-cases were reported in the Littoral
Region, of which 528 retreatment cases (9.3%). Of this
number, 438 (83.0%) were SM + PTB retreatment cases
registered in any of the three sub-categories (relapse,
treatment failure, return after default). Where cultures
were negative, failed to grow, were contaminated or
where data were missing, patients were excluded as TB
could not be confirmed. DST results were available for
216 (49.4%) SM + PTB retreatment cases. The selection
of the study population is shown in Figure 1. - The
majority of patients were males (71.3%). Female patients
were significantly younger than male patients (29.9, [SD
+/- 7.5] vs. 38.5 [SD +/- 12.2], respectively; p < 0.001).
HIV infection rate was 25.9% and slightly higher among
female patients. Table 1 presents the sampling coverage
with positive culture and DST results per retreatment
subcategory. The proportions for sampling coverage,
positive culture results and DST results did not differ
significantly between the three subcategories. Equally,
the population with DST results did not differ propor-
tionally from the source population (total of SM + PTB
retreatment patients of the region) in terms of sex and
age distribution.
Table 2 presents the susceptibility patterns related to
retreatment subcategory. A total of 26 (12%) retreatment
cases with DST harbored MDR strains, with an impor-
tant proportion among failure cases (70%; 95% CI: 38.0-
91.7) and a significant proportion among relapse cases
(12%; 95% CI: 7.5-18.4). The proportion of female
patients with MDR-TB was twice that of male patients
(14/62 and 12/154, respectively); OR: 2.35 (1.01-5.48).
Four (15.4%; 95%CI: 5.1-31.1) among the 26 MDR-TB
retreatment cases were HIV positive, of which three
females. Positive sputum control exam results at month 3
were positively associated with MDR-TB (OR: 6.03, 95%
CI: 1.05-32.04). HIV infection, however, was not signifi-
cantly associated with MDR-TB disease.
Positive treatment outcome rates did not differ signifi-
cantly between pansusceptible, monoresistant, and polyre-
sistant patients. However, only twelve out of 26 MDR-TB
patients (46.2%; 95% CI: 27.1-66.3) had a successful treat-
ment outcome due to a high failure rate (42.3%; 95% CI:
24.0-62.8) (Table 3). No statistically significant association
was observed between HIV co-infection and unfavorable
treatment outcomes (death, failure, unknown outcome).
Delivery of laboratory results to clinicians took on aver-
age 17 (12-26) weeks. Of the 26 diagnosed MDR-TB cases,
13 patients were treated following the standardized MDR
treatment regimen; three patients died before the start of
MDR-treatment; four patients did not accept another
treatment; four patients remained smear-negative up to
one-year follow-up; two patients were lost to follow-up,
one during retreatment, the other after having being
declared cured.
In our retrospective cohort study, 51% of SM + PTB
retreatment patients showed resistance to one or more
anti-TB drugs; those having failed the standard regimen
showed at base-line a high rate of MDR-TB; this rate was
also important in relapse cases. It cannot be excluded that
the relative high failure rate for the retreatment regimen is
partly due to primary MDR-TB with subsequent transmis-
sion. Recently published data from other Regions of
Cameroon suggest an increase in the rate of primary
MDR-TB [9]. As predictable, the proportion of MDR-TB
patients with unfavorable treatment outcome after stan-
dardized chemotherapy, in line with the WHO-recom-
mended retreatment regimen, was unacceptably high.
Finally, the delay between sampling and availability of
laboratory results, 17 weeks on average, was too high for
timely treatment decisions.
The study has several limitations, the most important
of which is possible selection bias with about half of the
cohort excluded due to missing DST results. The incom-
plete coverage of the target population may have dis-
torted the findings. Yet, all BMUs participated in
sampling and the proportion of retreatment subcate-
gories, age and sex distribution, as well as the HIV co-
infection rate in the sampled part of the study population
and the full target population were comparable. - Sec-
ondly, our study was records-based and patients' classifi-
cation was not controlled. In particular, misclassification
of relapse cases as new cases is common under pro-
gramme conditions; it is possible that the proportion of
relapse cases was underestimated. On the other hand, the
proportion of retreatment cases with their different
Noeske et al. BMC Research Notes 2012, 5:160
Page 3 of 7
Page 4
subcategories, as well as drug resistance profiles, confirm
trends observed in the West Region (2004/05, unpub-
lished data), the Littoral Region (2008), and the North-
West Region (2009) [10,11]. - Finally, the exclusion of
DST testing results of smear-negative PTB retreatment
cases in our analysis might have to a certain extent chan-
ged the overall anti-TB drug resistance profile in our
cases with MDR-
(n = 26)
Susceptibilities available
(n = 216)
SM+ PTB RT cases with
(n = 237)
SM+ PTB RT cases
(n = 438)
SM+ PTB RT cases sampled
for culture
(n = 299)
Susceptibilities failed to grow (n = 8)
Susceptibilities missing (n = 6)
Samples for DST lost (n = 7)
RT cases not sampled for culture (n = 139)
Inadequate transfer (n = 8)
Negative culture result (n = 48)
Contaminated (n = 6)
cases pan-
(n = 165)
SM+ PRB RT cases
with resistance other
than HR combination
(n = 25)
All RT cases notified
(n = 528)
SM- PTB RT cases (n = 76)
ETB RT cases (n = 13)
Other RT cases (n = 1)
Figure 1 Flow chart presenting the study population. (SM+/SM- PTB = smear positive/smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis; DST = drug
susceptibility testing; ETB = extra pulmonary tuberculosis; MDR-TB = multidrug resistant tuberculosis; RT = retreatment).
Noeske et al. BMC Research Notes 2012, 5:160
Page 4 of 7
Page 5
As previously described for another Region in the
country, we did not observe any association between
MDR-TB and HIV [12]. This corroborates the findings
of a recent review which did not find any evidence sup-
porting a systematic association between MDR-TB and
HIV infection across time and geographic locations in
Sub-Saharan African countries [13].
Due to very long turn-around times for DST results (> 4
months) with two different laboratories involved and fre-
quent subculturing needed before obtaining DST results,
the time for initiating MDR-TB treatment in practice coin-
cided with the 5-month control period. For patients with
laboratory-proven MDR-TB but having responded favor-
ably to the standardized retreatment regimen, no MDR
treatment was initiated, thus trading off the benefits of a
MDR-TB treatment against the fact that the standard
retreatment scheme may give positive treatment outcomes
and against the possible side effects of the MDR-TB treat-
ment, in particular a prolonged treatment with potentially
ototoxic aminoglycosides. Indeed, in our cohort, four
(15%; 95% CI: 5-38) MDR-TB patients who were cured
presented no recurrent disease (microscopy and culture
negativity) for up to one year after the end of their retreat-
ment. This clinical (and ethical) decision is debatable [14].
For almost two decades, country and multi-country stu-
dies have gathered overwhelming evidence on unfavorable
outcomes in patients failing the standard regimen, mostly
those infected by MDR-TB and treated according to the
standard WHO-recommended retreatment regimen
[15-20]. Two recent follow-up studies evaluating this regi-
men observed, even after cure, very high rates of recur-
rence in TB patients with MDR-TB at base-line [21,22].
Notwithstanding, most TB programmes in low-income
countries in sub-Saharan Africa treat, empirically, every
year 10-20% of their TB patients using this regimen
[2,15,19]. The design of NTP retreatment regimens
depends on the epidemiological context, the program's
performance, and the means available. However, MDR-TB
treatment should no longer be a heavily conditioned
option; it is a must, for public health, as well as human
rights reasons [23]. Extrapolating prudently the results of
our study to the rest of the country, a recommendation
for the diagnosis and treatment strategy for retreatment
patients could presently be formulated as follows: 1. Rapid
scaling-up of a well-managed collection and transportation
system in view of systematic DST for at least all failure and
relapse cases [24]; 2. Initiation of standard retreatment
regimen for defaulters and relapse cases, pending DST
results; if results indicate, change to standardized MDR-
TB regimen; 3. Systematic DST for standard regimen fail-
ure cases before initiating treatment, then standardized
retreatment regimen or MDR-TB treatment; in order to
reduce the 'diagnosis window period', the NTP should set
up, without delay, newer and more rapid tuberculosis
diagnosis technologies (either line probe assays or Xpert®
MTB/RIF) at selected strategic sites to enable early detec-
tion of MDR resistance and prioritize high risk patient
groups such as TB patients having failed the standard regi-
men [25].
Preliminary results of systematic DST for SM + PTB
retreatment patients showed that early detection of
MDR-TB under program conditions in Cameroon might
be feasible if more rapid diagnosis tools required for
initiating adequate treatment timely are put in place.
Table 1 DST coverage of reported SM + PTB RT-cases by subcategory in the Littoral Region, 2009
SM + PTB RT-cases, by subcategoryRelapse
(n = 286)
n (%)
Treatment failure
(n = 23)
n (%)
Return after default
(n = 129)
n (%)
(n = 438)
n (%)
Sampled for
204 (71.3) 19 (82.6) 83 (64.3) 299 (68.3)
Positive culture 157 (54.9)11 (47.8) 69 (53.5)237 (54.1)
DST result 140 (49.0)10 (43.5) 66 (51.1) 216 (49.3)
Table 2 Susceptibility patterns according to retreatment subcategory in the Littoral Region, 2009
(n = 140)
n (%)
Treatment failure
(n = 10)
n (%)
Return after default
(n = 66)
n (%)
(n = 216)
n (%)
Any resistance34 (24.3)8 (80.0)9 (13.6)51 (23.6)*
Monoresistance14 (10.0)06 (9.0)20 (9.3)
other than MDR
1 (0.7)1 (10.0)3 (4.5)5 (2.3)
Noeske et al. BMC Research Notes 2012, 5:160
Page 5 of 7
Page 6
Data also suggests that a standardized retreatment regi-
men is inadequate in Cameroon for failure cases and
that there is a significant proportion of relapse cases.
Systematic DST for retreatment patients should be
implemented country-wide, while improving access to
rapid diagnosis.
BMU: Basic Management Unit; CI: Confidence interval; CPC: Centre Pasteur
de Cameroun; DST: Drug susceptibility testing; E: Ethambutol; Gfx:
Gatifloxacin; H: Isoniazid; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; Km:
Kanamycin; MDR: Multi-drug resistant; NTP: National tuberculosis control
program; OR: Odds ratio; PTB: Pulmonary tuberculosis; Pto: Prothionamide; R:
Rifampicin; S: Streptomycin; SD: Standard deviation; SM+: Sputum smear
positive; TB: Tuberculosis; XDR: Extensively drug resistant; WHO: World health
organization; Z: Pyrazinamide.
Sample collection and bacteriological studies were funded by the German
International Cooperation (GIZ). The authors thank the entire staff of the
local health facility associated with diagnosis, sample collection and
transportation. We also express gratitude to the head of the Regional TB
Reference Laboratory CEBEC in Douala, Mrs Liliane Keugni, the Regional TB
supervisor for the Littoral Region, M. Petrus Nkamsse and the Centre Pasteur
du Cameroun (CPC) staff for their technical assistance. Finally, the authors
thank M. Didier Jiomenek for the English editing of the manuscript.
Author details
1German Development Cooperation (GIZ), P.O. Box 7814, Yaounde,
Cameroon.2Regional Tuberculosis Control Unit, Regional Delegation of
Public Health, P.O. Box 106, Douala, Cameroon.3National Tuberculosis
Control Program, P.O. Box 15656, Yaounde, Cameroon.
Authors' contributions
JN and NV drafted the manuscript; EF and JLA monitored the data
collection, participated in the data analysis, and contributed to the drafting
of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Received: 11 November 2011 Accepted: 21 March 2012
Published: 21 March 2012
1. World Health Organization: Towards universal access to diagnosis and
treatment of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant
tuberculosis by 2015. WHO Progress Report 2011. Geneva: WHO; 2011,
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who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2010/en/index.html], - accessed
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3.World Health Organization: Guidelines for Surveillance of Drug Resistance
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World Health Organization: Global Plan to Stop TB 2006-2015. Geneva:
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21-month standardized regimen for the treatment of multidrug-resistant
tuberculosis in Cameroon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2009, 12:S193, PC-94308-
Kuaban C, Noeske J, Abena JL, Ait-Khaled N, Rieder H, Trébucq A:
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Lung Dis 2011, 15(Suppl3):S192.
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tuberculeux aux drogues antibacillaires par la méthode des proportions.
RevTuberc Pneumol 1963, 27:217-272.
Assam-Assam J-P, Penlap VB, Cho-Ngwa F, Tedom J-C, Ane-Anyangwe I,
Titanji V-P: Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex drug resistance pattern
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Noeske J, Kuaban C, Nkamsse P, Fon E: Identification of MDR-TB in
Retreatment Cases in Cameroon and Benin. A preliminary evaluation
[abstract]. Ouagadougou: Union Conference African Region: A-92252;, 17
Noeske J, Kuaban C, Sander M: MDR-TB surveillance under programme
conditions in Cameroon: feasibility, constraints, and results [abstract].
Abuja: Union Conference African Region: A40-3-3-2011;, 18 2011.
Noeske J, Nguenko PN: Impact of resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs on
treatment outcome using World Health Organization standard regimens.
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Suchindran S, Brouwer ES, Van Rie A: Is HIV Infection a Risk Factor for
Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis? A Systematic Review. PLoS ONE 2009,
Singh JA: The Challenge of Discharging Research Ethics Duties in
Resource-Constrained Settings. PLoS Med 2011, 8:e1000421.
Kritski AL, Rodrigues LSde Jesus, Andrade MK, Werneck-Barroso E, Vieira MA,
Haffner A, Riley LW: Retreatment Tuberculosis Cases: Factors Associated
With Drug Resistance and Adverse Outcomes. Chest 1997, 111:1162-1167.
Espinal MA, Kim SJ, Suarez PG, Kam KM, Khomenko AG, Migliori GB, Baéz J,
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Influence of Multidrug Resistance on Tuberculosis Outcomes with
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resistant tuberculosis. PLoS One 2009, 4:e7954.
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Table 3 Treatment outcomes of SM + PTB retreatment cases by subcategory according to drug susceptibility patterns
in the Littoral Region, 2009
(n = 165)
n (%)n (%)
(n = 20)
(n = 5)
n (%)
(n = 26)
n (%)
(n = 216)
Treatment success*115 (69.7)16 (80.0)3 (66.6)12 (46.2)146 (67.6)
Treatment failure2 (1.2)01 (16.7)11 (42.3)14 (6.4)
Died5 (3.0)0005 (2.3)
Defaulted13 (7.9)2 (10.0)03 (11.5)18 (8.3)
Transferred30 (18.2)2 (10.0)1 (16.7)033 (15.3)
*) Treatment success = cured or treatment completed
Noeske et al. BMC Research Notes 2012, 5:160
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Okwera A, Eisenach KD, McNerney R, Elliott AM, Ellner JJ, Smith PG,
Mugerwa RD: Effectiveness of the Standard WHO Recommended
Retreatment Regimen (Category II) for Tuberculosis in Kampala. Uganda:
A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS Med 2011, 8:e1000427.
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Soolingen D, Raviglione M, Cô NV, Broekmans J: Drug resistance among
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regimen adequate? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003, 7:631-636.
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good and limited vision: multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and global
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Fissette K, Portaels F: Drug resistance monitoring: combined rates may be
the best indicator for programme performance. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis
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Modernizing Surveillance of Antituberculosis Drug Resistance: From
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Cite this article as: Noeske et al.: Early results of systematic drug
susceptibility testing in pulmonary tuberculosis retreatment cases in
Cameroon. BMC Research Notes 2012 5:160.
Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
and take full advantage of:
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• Thorough peer review
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• Immediate publication on acceptance
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text:
WRITING SAMPLE FOR THOMAS CHOW Excerpt From A Motion To Dismiss Involving CERCLA Liabilty I. ARGUMENT The standard of decision on a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is whether the plaintiff can prove any set of facts in support of the complaint that would entitle him to relief. Everest & Jennings v. American Motorists Ins. Co., 23 F.3d 226, 228 (9th Cir. 1994). The court may dismiss a complaint on two grounds: (1) lack of a cognizable legal theory, or (2) pleading of insufficient facts to support a cognizable legal theory. SmileCare Dental Group v. Delta Dental Plan, 88 F.3d 780, 783 (9th Cir. 1996). If it is beyond doubt that plaintiff cannot prove facts that would him entitle him to relief, the court should grant the motion to dismiss. Johnson v. Knowles, 113 F.3d 1114, 1117 (9th Cir. 1997). The court is not required to accept as true allegations that are merely conclusory, unwarranted deductions of fact, or unreasonable inferences. Clegg v. Cult Awareness Network, 18 F.3d 752, 754-55 (9th Cir. 1994). 1. Weasley Cannot Sufficiently Allege That the New Product Defendants Fit Within Any of the Four Classes of Defendants Who May Be Liable Under CERCLA. Weasley's cross-claims allege that the New Product Defendants are liable for response costs under CERCLA and the HSAA. In the Fifth and Ninth cross-claims, Weasley seeks contribution and indemnity for response costs incurred, and in the Tenth cross-claim, Weasley seeks a declaratory judgment for future response costs. To state a claim for cost recovery claims under CERCLA or HSAA, plaintiff must allege facts demonstrating that defendants are "responsible parties" or "liable persons" under CERCLA. Weasley cannot state such a cross-claim against the New Product Defendants because these defendants do not fall within the definition of any possible responsible party under CERCLA. (42 U.S.C. §9607, subd. (a).) CERCLA (and, by adoption, the HSAA) imposes liability on only four specific classes of defendants. Those classes are: (1) current owners and operators of a vessel or facility, (2) past owners or operators of a facility who owned or operated at a time when hazardous substances were disposed, (3) persons who "arranged for disposal or treatment" of "hazardous substances owned or possessed by such person" ("arrangers"), and (4) persons who accept hazardous substances for transport to disposal or treatment facilities ("transporters"). (42 U.S.C. §9607, subds. (a)(1)-(4).) The New Product Defendants do not fit within any of these classes. The New Product Defendants are not responsible parties under CERCLA because: (A) they are not owners or operators of a waste facility, nor does Weasley allege that they are; (B) arranger liability does not attach where defendants did not arrange to dispose of their hazardous waste; and (C) Weasley's conclusory allegation that the New Product Defendants transported PCE (as a useful product) is legally insufficient under Section 9607(a)(4), to plead "transporter" liability, which requires that defendants have accepted hazardous waste for transport to disposal or treatment facilities. As to the New Product Defendants, Weasley alleges only that they supplied (or distributed in the case of Occidental), arranged for the transport of, or transported PCE to the Site. FACC at pp. 4:27-5:1 (¶11), p. 5:2-5 (¶12), p. 5:16-18 (¶16). Weasley does not, and cannot, allege that New Product Defendants are owners or operators of the Site at 1200 Greenacre Road. As to the remaining two classes of responsible parties -- arrangers and transporters -- Weasley's allegations fail to state a claim under CERCLA or HSAA as a matter of law. Defendants merely sold a useful product, which does not give rise to liability under CERCLA. *** B. Arranger Liability Does Not Apply Because Defendants Did Not Arrange for the Disposal of Hazardous Waste, but Manufactured a Useful Chemical Product Weasley alleges that the New Product Defendants "arranged for the transport of . . . PCE to the Site." (FACC, ¶¶ 11, 12, 16.) The alleged arrangement for transportation of PCE to the Site for use or resale does not create arranger liability under CERCLA. Section 9607(a)(3) imposes arranger liability on: any person who by contract, agreement, or otherwise . . . arranged with a transporter for transport for disposal or treatment, of hazardous substances owned or possessed by such person, by any other party or entity, at any facility or incineration vessel owned or operated by another party or entity and containing such hazardous substances 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a)(3) (emphasis added). When a party merely arranges for delivery of a useful product it sells, without additional evidence that "the transaction includes 'arrangement' for the ultimate disposal of a hazardous substance," CERCLA liability cannot be imposed pursuant to section 9607(a)(3). Santa Fe Pacific Realty Corp. v. United States, 780 F. Supp. 687, 697 (E.D. Cal. 1991) (citing Florida Power & Light Co. v. Allis Chalmers Corp., 893 F.2d 1313, 1317 (11th Cir. 1990). The sale and distribution of a product does not impose arranger liability upon a party. Even where a party knows of potential spills that could happen in the process of transporting a useful product, liability is not imposed for arranging transportation. In E S Robbins Corp v. Eastman Chem. Co., 912 F. Supp. 1476 (N.D. Ala. 1995), the defendant sold chemicals to the plaintiff and contracted with third party carriers to transport the chemicals. Id. at 1487. Defendant had knowledge that spills had occurred in the past and took active steps to prevent them. Id. The court concluded that the fact that defendant Eastman "was aware of the risks involved in transporting the chemicals . . . does not lead to the conclusion that Eastman arranged for their disposal." Id. When Eastman "sold Robbins the chemical product and contracted for its delivery," it could not be deemed to have been arranging for the disposal of chemicals. Id. at 1488 (emphasis added). While the court in Transportation Leasing Co. v. California, 861 F. Supp. 931, (C.D. Cal. 1992), found that the defendant cities were liable for arranging transport pursuant to section 9607(a)(3), there each defendant contracted with waste disposal companies to haul waste from within the city. Id. at 941-942. Unlike Transportation Leasing, Weasley cannot allege that the New Product Defendants contracted for the transport of any waste to the Greenacre Road Site. Transportation of new and useful chemical products by the New Product Defendants does not constitute arranging for transportation for the disposal of hazardous materials. C. Transporter Liability Does Not Apply Because Weasley Does Not, and Cannot in Good Faith, Allege That Defendants Accepted Hazardous Waste for Transport to Disposal or Treatment Facilities. Weasley alternatively alleges that the New Product Defendants "transported" PCE. FACC ¶¶ 11, 12, 16. That allegation is legally insufficient to impose liability under Section 9607, subdivision (a)(4). For transporters, the relevant part of CERCLA subjects to liability any person who accepts or accepted any hazardous substances for transport to disposal or treatment facilities, incineration vessels or sites selected by such person, from which there is a release, or a threatened release which causes the incurrence of response costs, of a hazardous substance . . . . 42 U.S.C. § 9607(a)(4). No published decision has held that a transporter of a useful product can be liable under this section. Weasley fails to allege three critical elements for transporter liability: (1) that any PCE the New Product Defendants transported was a waste, (2) that the New Product Defendants "accepted" PCE as waste for transport, or (3) that the New Product Defendants transported PCE as waste to a "disposal or treatment facility" or an "incineration" vessel or site. Each of these allegations is essential to a claim for "transporter" liability. Weasley has not and cannot in good faith state a cause of action against defendants as "transporters" under CERCLA. Furthermore, transporter liability under section 9607(a)(4) is not imposed unless the alleged transporter selects the disposal site. B.F. Goodrich v. Betkoski, 99 F.3d 505. 520-521 (2d Cir. 1996), overruled on other grounds, N.Y. v. Nat'l Servs. Indus., 352 F.3d 682, 683 (2d Cir. 2003); Alcatel Info. Sys., Inc. v. Ariz., 778 F.Supp. 1092, 1096 (D. Ariz. 1996) ("only transporters who selected the deposit site . . . would be liable"). For transporters that have a limited role in the activity surrounding hazardous substances, it makes "little sense in holding the transporter liable for deliveries made to facilities designated by others." United States v. Western Processing Co., Inc., 756 F.Supp. 1416, 1420 (W.D. Wash. 1991). Pursuant to this rationale, in Western Processing, the court granted summary judgment in favor of all transporter defendants who did not select the site in question as the destination for disposal of waste. Western Processing, 756 F.Supp. at 1418-1419; see also Ascon Properties, Inc. v. Mobil Oil Co., 34 Env't Rep. Cas. (BNA) 1176 (C.D. Cal. 1991) (defendants not liable for transporting wastes because there was no evidence that they had "discretion in choosing dumping sites"). Similarly, in Hassayampa Steering Comm. v. State, 32 Env't Rep. Cas. (BNA) 1396 (D. Ariz. 1990), the court held that transporters who pressured the state to open an alternative landfill did not actually select the site, and thus, were not liable under CERCLA. On the other hand, transporters may be found liable only when they select the disposal site. For example, in United States v. Hardage, 750 F. Supp. 1444, 1459 (W.D. Okla. 1990) the court found liability where the transporter proposed the site to its customers as a location for hazardous waste disposal. See also Tippins v. USX Corp., 37 F.3d 87, 92-94 (3d Cir. 1994) (transporter identified landfills that would allow hazardous waste); United States v. Bliss, 667 F. Supp. 1298, 1303 (E.D. Mo. 1987) (defendant contracted to dispose of chemical waste, hauled the waste and placed it in storage tanks at the defendant's facility). Weasley's allegation that the New Product Defendants "transported" PCE to the Greenacre Road Site does not state a claim under CERCLA. Without the necessary allegations that the place of delivery was a "disposal or treatment facility" that defendants selected, Weasley cannot state a cause of action for transporter liability.
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Asus Transformer 2 First to Feature Kal El?
There has been constant speculation about which device will feature the new quad-core processor from Nvidia. The first device was suppose to launch in August although will now be pushed back until possibly early 2012. According to Fudzilla, a group of sources have stated that the quad-core 40nm ...Read More


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Sony 4K Action Cam X100V Hands-On: Giving GoPro a Run for the Money
We take the 4K 240fps extreme-o-cam to Crested Butte, Colorado, for some rigorous testing.
We take the 4K 240fps extreme-o-cam to Crested Butte, Colorado, for some rigorous testing.
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The GoPro leak machine just keeps on leaking: PetaPixel just revealed that GoPro will add a low-spec, budget model to the bottom of its action cam line. Meet the HERO.
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Nitish Kumar unfazed by protests
Top Stories
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- Miraculous escape for Air India plane with 194 on board
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Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar today slammed the contractual teachers' and civil groups' protests on various demands and said, he was unfazed by the criticism from various quarters and doing his best to improve the socio-economic condition of the state.
"I am made of different mettle and unperturbed by ongoing protests by contractual teachers, students and various groups on one demand or another," Kumar said while addressing a function organised by the Central Bihar Chamber of Commerce
On the regularisation of services of contractual teachers, Kumar said, the resource crunch was still an issue with his government and despite impressive development during his tenure, he will consider the demand only when coffers were full.
The chief minister said, he was pressing the Centre to grant special status to Bihar that would ensure adequate funds for the state government, which could be used to give salaries to contractual teachers at par with regular teachers.
Referring to an automobile showroom set up by his arch rival and the RJD supremo Lalu Prasad's son in Aurangabad district, Kumar said, his detractors undertaking 'Parivartan Yatra' have set up shop to sell vehicles.
The chief minister inaugurated a three-day 'Bauddh Mahotsav' in the Kalchakra maidan, Bodh Gaya town and promised to put the state on the country's tourist map


text:
THOUSANDS of pounds of jewellery has been stolen from a house in Coniston.
The items, valued at more than £2,500, were taken during the afternoon of May 14 from premises in the Haws Bank area.
"Items of jewellery which are of a sentimental value to the owners were stolen," said a spokesman for Cumbria Police.
"Home owners are reminded to prevent their home being a target for thieves by locking doors and windows before going out and remove keys from locks and keep out of reach of windows and doors."
Police are now trying to trace two males, aged between 18 and 30, who were seen in the area earlier in the day.
They were wearing grey tracksuit tops and pants.
"Officers are keen to speak to these males for any information that they may be able to provide," added the spokesman.
Anyone with information should contact PC Paul Burke at Windermere Police station on 101 or Crimestoppers anonymously on 0800 555 111.
- Crematorium fate to be decided
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Filmed over 4+ days in December 2009 for Bonaire Rent A Car, Let Us Show You Bonaire is a montage of select footage from across the island. This project could not have been possible without support from the following people: Marijke Wilhelmus, Rob Landman, Gijs Borsten, Monica Van Soto, Wietze Koopman, Jerry Ligon, Dianna Rybak, Waldo Wolffe, James LaFortune.
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CCM Students Advance to Regional Finals of Cyber Defense Competition
Team Next Competes for the Right to Travel to Nationals - Posted 3/11/15
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Randolph Resident Now Fourth on College's All-Time List - Posted 2/6/15
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Phi Theta Kappa Recognizes College at Middle States Convention - Posted 3/30/15
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Tiritiri Matangi Island
Wildlife sanctuary which is being reclaimed through a forest replanting process that has been continuing for a number of years. Areas of native bush have already regenerated sufficiently to allow the release of a number of endangered native birds. Bellbirds, Saddlebacks and Stitchbirds compete with the sometimes over-friendly Takahe for visitors attention.
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My wife and I have been to Players consistently for the last six years. It is our favorite restaurant by far. Love the wine list, the gourmet pizza, the great staff and servers. I could go on and on. We especially like the fact that there are always new specials to try-and we have not been disappointed yet. Its evident to us why Players has been around for over 26 years. Kudos to all involved in this great spot... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag Abuse
Players On Madison
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My fiance took me to Players on Madison for their most recent Wine Dinner. Since, I am the "World's Most Picky Eater" I was very concerned. But, let me tell you, the chef at Players can cook some terrific food. My favorite was the Stuffed Boar Chop. And, the wine was to die for! We had a lot of fun that night.Like this review?Yes|Flag Abuse
I live in Stow and travel to and from Hopkins 1 to 4 times per month. I often find myself at Players with clients visiting from out of town. I have always had great meals and find the staff and owners to be most professional and accommodating. This is the place where you want go on the West side, when you want to make a good impression with clients. Kudos to all of you, especially Chef Tony!Like this review?Yes  (1)|Flag Abuse
seriously this lady came to our table and told me to get off my phone.. She smelled like wine and I was shocked at her tone of voice. I was told by the table next to us, that she is the owners wife and she has been known to do this!! I will NEVER EVER go here again!Like this review?Yes|Flag Abuse
I just ordered a pizza from Player's on Madison it was hot a fresh just out of the oven. I have to say that the selection of toppings is impressive, and they are fresh. They did however skimp on the basil which annoyed me because it was my only topping; considering the hostess didn't hear that I ordered tomato as well. the crust is below par. It is not what I would consider gourmet, my mother makes a similiar dough h... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch
Having lived around Lakewood for over four years I've found that Player's is one of the best local restaurants. Although I've only ever gotten carry-out (generally assorted apps), the food has been fantastic. There's also a very nice patio in the back.\r \r The hosts have always been nice, but there was once a bartender with a very condescending attitude.\r \r Best recommendation: \r Crab and Rock Shrimp Cakes w... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch
Service is Ok, Hostess is pleasant. There is nothing outstanding here. Has a Van Gough atmosphere IMO.\r \r Order to table time is atrocious. Appetizers and salads were served at the time meal should have been. \r \r No idea how mac and cheese deserves $17 with no sides? It didnt appear to be made with any type of above average cheese. \r \r There is nothing ""wrong"" with the restaurant or service, it just... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch
Food is NOT that great and the prices are HIGH. Hostess is ANYTHING BUT FRIENDLY. Been there twice. First time for take-out pizza, which was just OK. I don't know why everyone thinks this is so fantastic. Apparently their pizza tastes aren't high. Second time we ate in, encountered the surly hostess once again and had dinner for two, each with a cocktail. Dinner came to $85. That's a price you don't mind paying at a ... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch
Don't mistake Player's for your typical pizza and pasta joint. Although their pizza is fantastic (I highly recommend the pollo pesto), Player's has quickly become my favorite restaurant for many other reasons. With such a great variety of appetizers, I struggle to make a decision (calamari, stuffed banana peppers, and brie are a few of my favorites). Their entrees are incredible and combine some unique flavors that g... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch
we had terrible service, pizza was undercooked and when we mentioned it, the server acted as if we put them out. Will not go back.Like this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch


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