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Yet another public bf question
Started by Guest_LeChatNinjah_* , Jan 21 2013 09:31 PM
43 replies to this topic
#1 Guest_LeChatNinjah_*
Posted 21 January 2013 - 09:31 PM
I've been reading, as many of us have, the new stories, blog posts etc about the whole Kochie breastfeeding carry on, and it's got me wondering about this lovely word "discreet".
So my question to you is, well, there are a couple of them:
1. How important was being "discreet" to you when bf in public?
2. What do you consider being "discreet"? What specific bits are considered indiscreet in your opinion?
3. Did you use a wrap or blanket to cover up when feeding in public?
4. Any other thoughts on "being discreet" and what it means to you.
I shall start.
1. It was really, really important to me to start with, and only ever got a bit less so with subsequent children. That, however, is MY issue. I have always been very shy about my lack-of-breasts, so have always been very reluctant to "get the girls out", so to speak. It has, however, absolutely NOTHING to do with the delicate sensibilities of others, unless, perhaps the elderly of some types. I think my father, for example, might possibly have fainted if I just whipped one out, lol.
2. For me showing nipple was the ultimate in indiscreet, and by the time the 3rd kid weaned it was the ONLY thing that was indiscreet, lol. I did, however, try and wear tops that would pull up, rather than ones that pulled down where the whole top of the breast would be exposed.
3. Sometimes, yes, but only with very young babies, they ripped it off when they were older. Like, older than about 3 months. I also only used it for either warmth or shade, or if I was wearing the wrong kind of top as said in point #2
4. Am having an interesting discussion with someone on Twitter about his/her "right to an opinion" on this topic, and am reminded of this excellent article https://theconversation.edu.au/no-youre-not...ur-opinion-9978 Is it an opinion when you're simply WRONG?
Posted 21 January 2013 - 09:44 PM
I personally did not feel comfortable breastfeeding in front of others - I only did it in front of DH, my mum, and a couple of friends. I felt a lot more at ease, personally, with a cover. But I've had several girl friends who breastfed in public or in front of me and I don't really care what they do....that just so happens to be my personal preference.
I have slightly mixed feelings on this. No mum should feel like she has to feed her baby in a dirty toilet of a restaurant. But I respect that there are differing views on this, particularly coming from a culture where it is not as common to breastfeed in front of men. If I'm, say, dining at a family friend's house with an elderly couple, I would use a cover. It's like being in somebody's house where they remove their shoes before entering. You might wear shoes indoors all the time and there's nothing wrong with wearing shoes inside the house, but it's polite to respect other people's customs and rules.
Posted 21 January 2013 - 09:45 PM
QUOTE (LeChatNinjah @ 21/01/2013, 10:31 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
1. How important was being "discreet" to you when bf in public?
2. What do you consider being "discreet"? What specific bits are considered indiscreet in your opinion?
3. Did you use a wrap or blanket to cover up when feeding in public?
4. Any other thoughts on "being discreet" and what it means to you.
Being discreet was extremely important to me. Actually, I preferred not to feed in public, because being discreet enough, while being comfortable, was tricky. So I tended to seek out empty rooms and private spaces.
To me, being discreet meant not letting others see my breasts. So, something like, drape wrap over shoulder, adjust clothing, attach baby under wrap, when she's finished, adjust clothing, remove wrap.
I realise not everyone manages wraps and the like, but I do get a bit taken aback when some feeding mothers don't seem to care or try to cover themselves at all.
For me, this is partly about my own modesty (yes, I realise it's a loaded term because it implies that people who are different are immodest, but seriously, what word would you use for the desire not to expose yourself?), and mostly because I think most other people don't want to, and shouldn't have to, see my breasts. It wouldn't be ok in any other context, so it doesn't seem ok while breastfeeding, if I have any other reasonable option.
Posted 21 January 2013 - 09:49 PM
1. I've only had one child, and our breastfeeding relationship only lasted for a couple of months, so I'm not the most experienced of mothers in this regard! I didn't have too much of a chance to breastfeed in public, but the few times I did, I really pushed myself to do it openly. I wanted to feel carefree about it, because I've always believed that it's a natural thing that mothers should be able to do anytime, anywhere. Did I feel self-conscious about it? Totally! But I knew how I felt about bfing, and figured that if I believed it for others, I really needed to live it! I figured I would just follow the adage of, "fake it till you make it", and just did it as quickly and seemingly-confidently as I could, hoping that over time the confidence to not care what other people thought would come.
2. For me, personally, I wasn't worried about nipple any more than I was about boob, or any more than I was about having a baby attached. I definitely don't feel that one part of it is more 'discreet' than others. Or in other words, it's just not about being 'discreet' - that term is irrelevant to breastfeeding. Breastfeeding is just breastfeeding. Either I did it, or I didn't.
3. Only in front of my dad and brothers. Coming from a traditional eastern European household, I knew they wouldn't feel comfortable. I did breastfeed in front of my father-in-law though. I later found out through my DH that my FIL and MIL were so chuffed that i felt comfortable enough to bf openly in front of them. I'm so grateful to have great ILs.
Posted 21 January 2013 - 09:53 PM
I've tried to be as discreet as possible when I've been out feeding. I'm not one to get my boobs out generally (although funnily enough I dress with a bit more cleavage showing now I have big milky DDs ) and breastfeeding hasn't changed that. I'm fortunate that my boobs aren't so enormous that they're hard to manage, DS latches quickly and easily and almost always has, and I could generally always tell when he was about to pop off and prepare myself to cover up.
My line of discretion has generally been nipple, although I'm sure at various points people have seen those too. I go stir crazy sitting at home, and DS spent about six months feeding every two hours, so I got a lot of practice at feeding in public. The speed with which I could attach him got pretty good - DH often commented at how impressed he was at how little I managed to flash.
My attire has generally been BF singlet with a tshirt over the top, so I could pull the shirt up, pop the cup down and put the baby on. By the time his enormous head was in the way you could barely tell there was a boob out. There have been times when I've been wearing something that exposes the top of my breast as well, and it's been a bit odd to me at first but I've gotten used to it pretty quickly. I used a cover once when I went to lunch with old work colleagues when DS was six weeks, and it was a pain in the butt. The only reason I used it then was because there were people I'd only met once or twice and I couldn't be bothered with any weirdness.
General thoughts? The whole concept of discreet is really p*ssing me off the last few days. What I've just described above is, to me, pretty discreet. I know there are some who would read it and think I was being too modest and worrying too much, and others who would think I was showing too much. It feels like in the last few days discreet has become code for "not near me thanks"
ETA - in regards to your comment Ninjah about is it an opinion when you're wrong? No, I don't think it is. I got caught up in some arguments on FB the last few days with people saying "he has a right to his opinion" or "I support breastfeeding, but in my opinion they should cover up". To me, in this situation, it's pretty clear cut. The law says it's ok to feed anywhere, so if you don't like it, it's up to you to avoid the situation. And the "I support breastfeeding but . . ." to me just feels like "I'm not racist, but . . ."
Edited by HollyOllyOxenfree, 21 January 2013 - 09:57 PM.
#6 Guest_LeChatNinjah_*
Posted 21 January 2013 - 09:53 PM
Stopwhiningatme, your confusion is kind of the reason for this post - I'm not sure what it means either, as surely it's totally subjective, and yet all and sundry in the media have been throwing around the word "discreet" willy nilly!
#7 Guest_Sunnycat_*
Posted 21 January 2013 - 09:57 PM
I try to cover up as much as possible but it's not my main priority when feeding. I'd rather expose my boob than my stomach. Usually is wear singlets I could just lift up but some clothes I have require me to flip it out. Now that I'm pregnant though I invested in breastfeeding and nursing dresses so try have special boob hole for me to feed through.
There is no way in hell DS would feed under a cover.
I breastfeed everywhere and do so in front of my dad and FIL. I have no idea if they feel uncomfortable and tbh I don't really care if they are as they will deal with it themselves.
The only place I do not feed is on the train in peek hour. Because it is too crowded and DS is so lon now that he would be hangin into someone else's lap (he only feeds cradle held now still at 15 months).
#8 Guest_LeChatNinjah_*
Posted 21 January 2013 - 09:57 PM
I much prefer "RELEASE THE HOUNDS" a la Mr Burns
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:00 PM
I might add, I think a couple of other things probably influence how people measure their own level of discretion.
1. How big your boobs are. It's much easier to be discreet if they aren't giant boobs of milk-filled doom!
2. What you're wearing. I wasn't able to find much in the way of (affordable, well-fitting) breastfeeding tops, so I tended to want the wrap to cover what the clothes wouldn't. If I'd had good feeding tops which exposed very little, I might have felt the need for other covers less.
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:04 PM
I think I feed pretty discretely. I wear a singlet under my top so I lift up my top, unclip my bra and cup my boob in my hand until I can get DS attention and then allow him to attach straight away. I then mostly cover the top part of my breast still exposed just my adjusting my top. This is how I feel comfortable feeding in public so that is how I do it. I don't use any covers or wraps though.
I don't care how others feed their babies. Every woman I have seen feed in public has shown less or about as much skin than I have seen on girls parading around their bikinis at the beach!
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:05 PM
QUOTE (LeChatNinjah @ 21/01/2013, 10:31 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
I've been reading, as many of us have, the new stories, blog posts etc about the whole Kochie breastfeeding carry on, and it's got me wondering about this lovely word "discreet".
So my question to you is, well, there are a couple of them:
1. How important was being "discreet" to you when bf in public?
2. What do you consider being "discreet"? What specific bits are considered indiscreet in your opinion?
3. Did you use a wrap or blanket to cover up when feeding in public?
4. Any other thoughts on "being discreet" and what it means to you.
Great topic! I too have been discussing the relativism of 'discreet'!!
1. Initially I wouldn't leave the house in fear of needing to feed somewhere uncomfortable, foreign or in public! But once we got the hang of things (she would have been about 9 weeks), I didn't really care. I was feeding my child and that was all there was to it.
2. If I had sat somewhere wearing no top at all, and both of the girls were out to be seen, then that was indiscreet. But as far as I was concerned, if I was wearing a t-shirt (and feeding her tucked under it) or a singlet (and just the once side was slightly pulled down for her to feed), then I was being discreet. I have smalls breasts, so for someone to cop a look, they would really have to be starring at me. I also had a fussy feeder who was on and off all the time. I did try to cover myself if she came off, but that wasn't always feasible, especially when trying to guide her back on. So my nipples have probably been on display inadvertently.
3. I attempted to use a smock and a wrap while feeding, but it was a giant PITA!!! In the early days I couldn't control my let down properly. Coupled with that and the awkwardness that feeding was, a cover got in the way (or wet!). By the time I had it together, she was pulling it down and it would distract her. It was put in the too hard basket pretty early on for me.
4. From discussions I have been involved in, it appears that it boils down to the size of the nursing Mum. Bigger busted women seem to 'offend' others more easily than those with smaller busts. Which I find disgraceful. The size of a woman's breasts should not impact their decision where and when to feed their babies.
From my experiences, the women who are seemingly against it have never breastfed themselves and are generally of a mindset that 'bottle is better'. And I must admit, they are (generalising here, but this is my experience) of an age and era, where formula was the preferred and promoted option in their day. So by contrast, the increase in breastfeeding women today, is seen as women being overtly sexual, rather than accepting that it is what is biologically normal - whether they did it or not, whether they like it or not.
There is a very big misunderstanding surrounding breast feeding. Unless you have breastfed yourself, I believe it is very difficult to fully understand and appreciate. And I am the first person to admit that my views and feelings on it before nursing, were very different to what they are post. I wouldn't hesitate to breast feed any other children I may have and only hope that if I do, I can do so for longer than I was able to with DD.
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:06 PM
I used nipple shields for some of the time, so my 'discreet' was nipping to the loo prefeed, or wrangling it down my top. I wouldn't have felt comfortable exposing my nipple and applying the shield in public. But - this is my preference, and while I've never seen anyone put a shield on in public, it wouldn't bother me (now) if they did.
I didn't use a cover but was otherwise reasonably 'discreet' (or are we calling it classy nowadays?). But that was partly because DD only fed for 3 months, and partly luck that she wasn't a baby who pulled off the nipple frequently.
I can't be bothered replying in the other thread, but it does tick me off when women say "well,I fed 2 babies discreetly..." it doesn't take much imagination to realise that not every baby feeds like yours!!!
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:09 PM
1. How important was being "discreet" to you when bf in public?
When I first started bf, I didn't bf in public (I did use the parent's room, if one was available, but I don't consider that "public"). I needed to use a nipple shield for quite a while (problems getting bubby to latch properly), & I just didn't have enough hands to hold the shield & my squirming baby & not "flash" my entire breast while doing so. I wasn't comfortable baring my breast for all & sundry - I didn't really care what anyone else thought.
Once I became more proficient at bf & no longer needed the shield, I wasn't fazed about bf wherever I needed to. I wear clothing that is easy to feed in (for my own convenience) & a "bonus" of that is that very little of my breast is "on display", even when bubby's not attached.
When at a friend's house/party, I sometimes go to another room - but that is more for my own comfort & perhaps less noise/distractions for bubby.
2. What do you consider being "discreet"? What specific bits are considered indiscreet in your opinion?
For me personally, I prefer not to flash my entire breast. I don't really care what others do (can't say I've really noticed, I'm focussed on my DS & his needs). As has been pointed out in other threads on this debate, one person's "discreet" can be another's "exhibitionist".
3. Did you use a wrap or blanket to cover up when feeding in public?
Sometimes. Particularly when DS was very small - less distractions for him with a bit of a cover (generally a muslin) & warmer in winter. As he got older, he'd just pull the wrap away, so no point using one. In fact, it just made bf more difficult - he'd squirm more, be more distracted & do the whole detach/re-attach thing (& subsequently "flashing" far more than I felt comfortable with). Without a cover, he'd generally just get down to the business of feeding & it would be much more relaxed for us both.
4. Any other thoughts on "being discreet" and what it means to you.
As previously stated, for me, "discreet" means "not flashing my whole breast". That is what I'm comfortable with, for me. I don't think I apply this to others, though. Haven't really had this tested, as I haven't been around that many bf women... or maybe I have & it's just not on my radar...
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:12 PM
No longer use wrap but have with previous babies.i wear BF clothes as much as possible but otherwise I lift my shirt so never show the top of my boob. I feel comfortable if I'm covered like that and babies head hides the rest. I try to be quick to be discreet. I fed in public, at nursing homes, cafes, planes, at work, friends houses and in front of male family members (dad, brother) many times. I prefer to feed at home in first few weeks to be in a really comfortable chair.
If I need to feed in front of a male I don't know well (friends DH or parents friends) I move away to feed though....
Seriously I'm not trying to give anyone an eyeful of boob, I'm just focused on getting nutrition into my baby as soon as possible.
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:13 PM
QUOTE (stopwhiningatme @ 21/01/2013, 10:02 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
I don't mind people measuring their own discretion.
It's when they measure mine that I start to get twitchy.
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:16 PM
I don't think I've ever seen someone feeding that I felt was being "indiscreet", and with 3 children, many ABA meetings, playgroups, swimming lessons etc etc under my belt I've seen quite a few babies being fed!
My children weren't particularly easy feeders, they didn't like blankets or wraps and I was usually at least an E cup while feeding so had to "shape" the nipple for them to latch, I still think people would have been having to look pretty carefully to see anything more than someone unclipping at ugly bra or removing/replacing a breast pad!
I was very jealous of a friend who could manage to walk around the shops while her baby breastfed. She was standing in a queue one day and the guy in front commented on the cute baby and then went bright red and apologised - he'd been standing there chatting to her and hadn't even realised she was feeding her baby! Yet many would say that walking around with a baby attached to your boob was indiscreet!
#17 Guest_LeChatNinjah_*
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:18 PM
One of the people I was "discussing" this with wondered why a breastfeeding mother wouldn't choose to use a parenting room in a cafe or shopping centre. I tried to explain that it can take up to 30 minutes, and why on earth would you want to sit apart from those you're dining with for 30 minutes to do something that could just as easily be done at the table.
Disclaimer - I realise not all breastfeeding mothers can or want to sit at a communal table to feed, some prefer the privacy.
But for those who are at a stage where it's not a big deal, I was trying to get the point across that there is simply no need to go elsewhere.
This person kept pushing the point that they felt they had a "right" to eat out in public and not "cop an eyeful" (an expression I NEVER want to hear again).
Do they have that right? I think a mother doing her utmost to allow as little breast as possible to be copping and eyeing other people has more right to feed her baby than others have to be offended.
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:22 PM
It wasn't that important to me to be discreet. I mean, I didn't try to flash anything just for the sake of flashing it (I'm sure there must be one person out there who does this - seems like there will be that one person for everything - but I think generally mothers are more concerned with getting on with it and accusations of "flashing" are a bit of a stretch to me, especially if applied broadly). I was photographed breastfeeding for the newspaper for breastfeeding week so obviously being discrete wasn't super-important because everyone in the country had a chance to see me!
If I was pulling a top down to expose the top of the breast, sometimes I covered the area with my hand, if one of my hands was free.
If my baby latched off leaving me swinging in the breeze I tried to get them latched back on or I re-dressed myself or covered myself temporarily, but I wasn't in a mad panic to do any of those.
I used a shawl briefly with my first, but as you said it didn't work for long because once he got old enough to throw it off, he did, every time. Otherwise I kind of expected people to not bother about it.
I was less discreet with my second because I had less hands free and was busier doing other things than rearranging shawls or tucking myself away - not really any other reason. Also because my first was highly distractable we were sort of confined to feeding rooms from the time he was four months old just because he wouldn't feed otherwise! So I guess that's pretty discreet, but modesty wasn't my motivation.
The thing is, nobody ever complained to me about anything, at any point. I've heard there's people out there who are offended, but it seems like they're in such a minority they're not really worth worrying too much about?
Edited by beabea, 21 January 2013 - 10:34 PM.
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:23 PM
I was such a novice at being a mum. I was 27 but really no experience at all in children/babies. What I did know was that I wanted to breast feed and I did until my daughter was 18 months.
13 years ago it NEVER occured to me it would not be ok to feed my baby where ever she needed to be fed. Until I saw peoples reactions. At the time, I thought, what's their problem and got on with it, now I realise what a big issue it is.
But WHY?? Babies need food, mum's feed them. I am not the type of person to parade my girls (boobs) out on display. I'm kind of shy that way. If my daughter would have fed with a cover I probably would have in public. But she wouldn't so I just fed her in a discreet way. In fact my husband kind of requsted cover up for a little while, until he realised that wasn't working and he relaxed about breastfeeding. I don't know about other mum's but after a while me and bub got quite good at 'assuming the position' quickly. Any one looking on would have had to look VERY hard to see anything offensive. I was not locking myself away in a room just so I could feed my baby.
Having said that my poor dad nearly had a heart attack the first time I fed my 6 month old in front of him. And my mother breastfed all 3 of us children. Go figure.
Really. I do not understand the issue. It is not a strip show, you are not being rude.
Once upon a time I was told 'When people say nasty things about you, it's mostly because they are jealous". Maybe it's a case of that??? Just saying...
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:28 PM
I fed anywhere and everywhere. I'm not sure I ever gave anyone an eyeful but it never concerned me.
I breastfed on the stairs of Government House in Wellington while chatting to the security guard.
My oldest is nearly 20 now and it amazes me that this is even open to discussion. 20 years ago I didn't feel like a rebel or an outlier, I was simply feeding my child.
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:33 PM
QUOTE (LeChatNinjah @ 21/01/2013, 11:18 PM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
This person kept pushing the point that they felt they had a "right" to eat out in public and not "cop an eyeful" (an expression I NEVER want to hear again).
Do they have that right? I think a mother doing her utmost to allow as little breast as possible to be copping and eyeing other people has more right to feed her baby than others have to be offended.
I agree. I truly think the vast majority of breastfeeding mothers do their utmost to expose as little as possible, more for their own comfort than anything else. My public BF days are basically over as DS only has an early morning feed now, but when I was BFing in public a lot I think it would've been pretty tough for anyone to "cop an eyeful". They would have to be staring intently at my breast and manage to not blink in the few seconds it took for DS to latch on. Frankly, if someone is doing that, they have bigger issues.
I find it particularly amusing (and rage inducing, but trying to remain calm) when people have said they don't want to see breastfeeding in a cafe, or a restaurant, or a food court. Me BFing my child is exactly the same as me handing my child a sandwich - I'm feeding a child. And if you're sitting in the same area, you're feeding yourself.
Posted 21 January 2013 - 10:37 PM
. Me BFing my child is exactly the same as me handing my child a sandwich - I'm feeding a child. And if you're sitting in the same area, you're feeding yourself
Here Here!!
Edited by hopelessromantic, 21 January 2013 - 10:39 PM.
Posted 21 January 2013 - 11:50 PM
1. How important was being "discreet" to you when bf in public?
In an ideal situation I wouldn't be uncovered more than necessary for longer than necessary, but life happens, I wouldn't be losing any sleep if someone did see a lot more than I meant them to.
2. What do you consider being "discreet"? What specific bits are considered indiscreet in your opinion?
I find it indiscreet to leave your breast out for longer than needed eg you've finished feeding and leave it out while burping etc. Or to have both breasts uncovered at a time when only one at a time is necessary.
If I'm visiting you in your own home, okay it's your house do whatever you want. But if we're out in the general public, I think it's just impolite and inconsiderate of others.
3. Did you use a wrap or blanket to cover up when feeding in public?
Nope. I usually wore bfing tops or used the layering system as I personally felt more comfortable with less skin showing. However I bfed Autumn to Spring when it was cooler, if it was summer I may have just worn a regular singlet and pull down.
4. Any other thoughts on "being discreet" and what it means to you.
I feel that being discreet means trying to being respectful of others around you, which I think the majority of bfing mothers are.
I dislike the attitude of a select few that purposely draw attention to their bfing just because they have the right to feed whenever wherever (eg those pulling down their whole boob tube to feed totally topless in a shopping centre and then yelling at anyone who dares to give a look). I suppose I meant the purposely confrontational bfer.
I know some ppl think it will help normalise bfing, but I think it has the opposite effect on the people that are already wary of it when it just appears to be exhibitionism.
Edited by JBaby, 22 January 2013 - 12:06 AM.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 12:19 AM
I just released a boob and stuck my baby on it. My boobs were massive, bigger than my babes' heads. I figured anyone who had an issue didn't need to watch. For me personally it was all about biological function. My baby needed feeding and so I fed the baby. Breastfeeding was hard enough for me without having to worry about blankets and being discreet.
Posted 22 January 2013 - 12:28 AM
1. How important was being "discreet" to you when bf in public?
I tried to latch baby, that was the focus, it wasn't that I wanted to be on display it's that sometimes dd took longer to latch. I would rather it happened quickly. I don't know what discreet is, I wore a bfing bra, that covered some of my breast but I'm not big so not that much to see.
2. What do you consider being "discreet"? What specific bits are considered indiscreet in your opinion?
Just getting breast out for feeding and putting it away when baby had finished. Isn't that enough?
I don't care if it is discreet or not. It's about the baby's mouth hitting a target, it's not a big target but its trickier for women who have larger breasts and may need to handle the breast to help with positioning, easy if you are like me (ie an easy target).
3. Did you use a wrap or blanket to cover up when feeding in public?
Never, but I was wearing clothes each time I ventured out of the house .
I had much more of an issue with me showing my pudgy belly than my breast or nipple, I always wore a singlet and pulled that down and my top up. Easy.
4. Any other thoughts on "being discreet" and what it means to you.
It's a loaded word, too open to interpretation. I think it just loads the whole exerise (ie public bfing) with stress and anxiety
I think as individuals we all bfeed a little differently, I think we need to accept that and if another member of the public has a problem with looking at a womans breast or a baby bfing then that person will have to look somewhere else, keep calm and carry on.
Sometimes I don't care what other people think about what I am doing, bfing is one of those situations. I've got better things to do that worry about others. I haven't got the mental energy to be second guessing all the time. I don't tend to over-expose my flesh with my clothing choices anyway, I didn't approach bfing any differently.
If a man or a woman is more comfortable about showing flesh then so be it, he/she is braver than me, less hung up and it's none of my business. I can look away at any time if I don't like what I see.
I often don't like what I see at my local shopping centre or on the train, that would be my problem though, wouldn't it?
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How to babyproof your job interview
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Win a Ben & Holly's Little Kingdom prize pack
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Super fit model Sarah Stage defends her pregnancy body
Model Sarah Stage has defended her pregnancy body after critics claimed her slim figure at eight-and-a-half months pregnant wasn't "normal".
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Why I post breastfeeding photos online
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This Month at Taboo, Free E-Juice with $30 Vape or E-Cigg Purchase, and Free XXX DVD with $40 Purchase.
Our Online Specials : 25% OFF High Quality E-Cigg and Vape Sets with code "VAPOR", and our Fifty Shades Sale is still going strong with the code "50SHADES".
In-Store Pickup Available!
Thanks for the Mammaries!
The Second Annual Valentine's Day Ice Cream Social was so much fun! Special thanks to our sexy servers, Tammy and Brad!
Even though Valentine's is over, our online special on S&M Toys is still going strong!

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Palm Pre (Sprint)
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Ice My House (00:40:00)
Vanilla Ice is back to tackle his toughest Florida flip ever. The pop icon and knock-out home renovator has taken his biggest risk yet, investing in a high-dollar lakefront dump in need of a top-to-bottom transformation. That means ripping rooms to the studs, adding a new pool, a boat dock with a tiki hut and state-of-the-art technology all around. Will his champagne taste end up costing him a profit? Or can he and his crew flip this tacky mess and still come out on top?
Painting Garage Floors (00:60)
Window and Door Safety Tips (04:32)
Outdoor African Man Cave (00:03:09)
Country Kitchen Countertops 4 (05:15)
Concrete Repairs (02:47)
Grills Get Hotter Than Ever (02:04)
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Digital Laminate Countertops (00:01:24)
Victorian Wallpaper (03:43)
Faux Denim Paint (04:17)
How To Throw a Sprinkles Baby Shower 15 Photos
Homemade Pet Treats and Recipes 5 Photos
How to Install Bifold Closet Doors 10 Photos
Kitchen Impossible Backsplash Gallery 23 Photos
Kitchen Chandeliers, Pendants and Under-Cabinet Lighting 10 Photos
10 Unique Ways to Decorate Your Front Door For the Holidays 10 Photos
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text:
en- -en
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
- Forms transitive verbs denoting an increase in, or intensification of, the quality denoted by the enclosed word.
Related terms[edit]
Derived terms and words derived from related affixes
- Nota bene: Not all of these words listed were etymologically constructed with the en- -en circumfix. Those confirmed to have been so constructed are marked with obeli (†s), those confirmed to have been formed otherwise are marked with asterisks (*s), and those whose origins are uncertain are unmarked.


text: Texas Almanac, 2000-2001 Texas Almanac per Ramos, Mary G. Associate Editor per Plocheck, Robert Cover Designer per Chambers, Steve org Texas A&M University Press Consortium The Dallas Morning News Dallas, Texas 1999 eng The almanac covers general topics about the state of Texas including statistics for individual counties, history, wildlife, science, agriculture, expenditures, and weather, as well as discussions of legal and social issues of the time. A general index is on page 631. 672 p. : col. ill., ports. ; 23 cm. Almanacs, American -- Texas -- Periodicals. Texas -- Politics and government -- Periodicals. Texas -- Description and travel -- Periodicals. Texas -- Directories. Places - United States - Texas Government and Law Agriculture Business, Economics and Finance Education Social Life and Customs Science and Technology almanacs taxes obituaries symbols state flags population elections crime advertisements United States - Texas mex-tex


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Derek Mason reveals the second batch of winners from the season ticket prize draft.
Click here for the original story.
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FAQsDoes the Henrico Citizen publish a print edition?
Yes, the Henrico Citizen newspaper is published 24 times a year – on the first and third Thursdays of each month.
Where can I pick up a copy of the print edition?
The Henrico Citizen is a free publication and is available at more than 120 locations throughout the county and region. For the full list, click here.
How long has the Citizen been in existence?
The Henrico Citizen was founded in 2001 and published its first issue Sept. 20, 2001.
Who owns the paper?
The Henrico Citizen was founded and is owned and operated by T3 Media, LLC.
Do you publish any other newspapers?
No, the Henrico Citizen is the only newspaper published by T3 Media, LLC.
Does the Henrico Citizen have Twitter or Facebook accounts?
Yes, you may friend us on Facebook here and follow us on Twitter here.
How can I submit news items, news tips, article ideas or letters to the editor to you?
You may e-mail these items to us at
How do I submit my event listing to you?
You may e-mail your events to us at
Can I fax information to you?
Yes; our fax number is (804) 577-1230.
How can I place a classified ad?
Can I subscribe to the Henrico Citizen print edition?
How can I learn more about display advertising in the Henrico Citizen or on HenricoCitizen.com?
What forms of payment do you accept?
We accept payment by cash, check, Visa, Mastercard and American Express.
What is your mailing/physical address?
We are located at 6924 Lakeside Avenue, Suite 307, Henrico VA 23228. You may send mail to us at the same address.
How many weeks before an event should I submit it to you?
Because we publish only twice each month, we recommend submitting your events as early as possible to ensure they appear at least once in print. Ideally, we would like to receive submissions 45-60 days prior to the date of the event.
I submitted an event but it didn't appear in print. Why not?
We receive numerous events each month and are unable to publish each one. We attempt to publish a wide variety of event notices from various organizations, giving preference to those that take place in Henrico and have a wide-reaching appeal to our readers. If your event was not included, we may have received it too late or simply lacked available space to include it this time. We do make every effort to include as many events as possible in our online calendar of events, which you may view here.
What other items may I submit to you?
How can I purchase reprints of photos or pages?
We offer a number of published and unpublished photos for sale, as well as page reprints. You may view them and order items by clicking here.
How can I obtain a copy of a back issue?
Do you accept freelance articles or other unsolicited columns?
How can I sign up to receive your twice-weekly e-mail news updates?
Local couple wins wedding at Lewis Ginter
Richmonders Jim Morgan and Dan Stackhouse were married at Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden in Lakeside Mar. 7 month after winning the Say I Do! With OutRVA wedding contest in February. The contest was open to LGBT couples in recognition of Virginia's marriage equality law, which took effect last fall. The wedding included a package valued at $25,000.
Morgan and Stackhouse, who became engaged last fall on the day marriage equality became the law in Virginia, have been together for 16 years. They were selected from among 40 couples who registered for the contest. The winners were announced at the Say I Do! Dessert Soiree at the Renaissance in Richmond in February. > Read more.
Fourth-annual Healy Gala planned
The Fourth Annual Healy Gala will be held Saturday, Apr. 11, at The Cultural Arts Center at Glen Allen from 7 p.m. to 11 p.m.
The event was created to honor Michael Healy, a local businessman and community leader who died suddenly in June 2011, and to endow the Mike Healy Scholarship (through the Glen Allen Ruritan Club), which benefits students of Glen Allen High School.
Healy served as the chairman of Glen Allen Day for several years and helped raise thousands of dollars for local charities and organizations. > Read more.
Ruritan Club holding Brunswick stew sale
The Richmond Battlefield Ruritan Club is holding a Brunswick stew sale, with orders accepted through March 13 and pick-up available March 14. The cost is $8 per quart.
Pick-up will be at noon, March 14, at the Richmond Heights Civic Center, 7440 Wilton Road in Varina.
To place an order, call Mike at (804) 795- 7327 or Jim at (804) 795-9116. > Read more.
Page 1 of 124 pages 1 2 3 > Last ›
Restaurant watch
Find out how your favorite dining establishments fared during their most recent inspections by the Virginia Department of Health. > Read more.
Weekend Top 10
A wide variety of events are taking place within Henrico County this weekend! Whether you're a newcomer or veteran to homeschooling, the 2015 VaHomeschoolers Conference and Resource Fair is the place for you. Theater buffs will enjoy CAT Theatre's production of "Now Then Again" and 5th Wall Theatre's presentation of "The Human Terrain." Other performances include Bolshoi Ballet's "Romeo and Juliet" and Abraham.In.Motion's dual performance of "The Watershed" and "When the Wolves Come In" – all taking place at the University of Richmond. For all our top picks this weekend, click here! > Read more.
Weekend Top 10
The Cultural Arts Center at Glen Allen will celebrate its 16th anniversary this weekend with "A Date with Frank & Marilyn," an evening of fun and entertainment designed to raise funds for the center's three outreach programs. Another celebration, Halligan's Hooligan's Annual St. Paddy's Day Bash, starts tonight and continues for five days! If you're in the mood for some music, Lynne Mackey will give a piano recital at River Road Church Baptist; the Westminster Schola Cantorum will be at St. Michael Catholic Church; and Junior Sisk and Rambler's Choice will perform at the Shady Grove Coffeehouse. For all our top picks this weekend, click here! > Read more.
Freeman students 'Read Aloud'
Legislative session a mixed bag for immigrants
Vegetable gardening workshop planned
ICGR honors CARITAS
Art with a kick
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Print Edition
Mar. 19, 2015Click here to read the print edition.
Restaurant watch
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Weekend Top 10
CAT Theatre's 'Now Then Again' begins March 20
A surprise champion
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Obituary – Roxana Woodman Leiby
Obituary – William E. Durham
Obituary – Thomas G. Roseme
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Local couple wins wedding at Lewis Ginter
Fourth-annual Healy Gala planned
Ruritan Club holding Brunswick stew sale
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Cabin fever cures - and blessings
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ClassifiedsDISH Network. Starting at $19.99/month PLUS 30 Premium Movie Channels FREE for 3 Months! SAVE! & Ask About SAME DAY Installation! CALL - 888-714-7955
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CalendarThe Glendale Ruritan Club will sponsor a rabies clinic from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. at 6188 Charles City Rd. The cost is $10 per animal age four months and… Full text


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Purported kidnappers want apology from Vallejo police
San Francisco 49ers linebacker Chris Borland's sudden retirement shocked fans when the news broke Monday night.
Take a closer look at quarterback Russell Wilson, who has led the Seattle Seahawks to their second straight Super Bowl appearance.
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FDA: Alert to Health Care Providers About Lack of Sterility Assurance »
"The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is alerting health care providers of concerns about a lack of sterility assurance of all sterile drug products made and distributed by NuVision Pharmacy of Dallas, Texas. The FDA recommends that these product"...
Read the FDA: Alert to Health Care Providers About Lack of Sterility Assurance article »
The acute toxicity of CLAFORAN was evaluated in neonatal and adult mice and rats. Significant mortality was seen at parenteral doses in excess of 6000 mg/kg/day in all groups. Common toxic signs in animals that died were a decrease in spontaneous activity, tonic and clonic convulsions, dyspnea, hypothermia, and cyanosis. Cefotaxime sodium overdosage has occurred in patients. Most cases have shown no overt toxicity. The most frequent reactions were elevations of BUN and creatinine. There is a risk of reversible encephalopathy in cases of administration of high doses of beta-lactam antibiotics including cefotaxime. No specific antidote exists. Patients who receive an acute overdosage should be carefully observed and given supportive treatment.
CLAFORAN is contraindicated in patients who have shown hypersensitivity to cefotaxime sodium, or the cephalosporin group of antibiotics.
Last reviewed on RxList: 3/10/2014
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Claforan FDA Prescribing Information
Additional Claforan Information
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
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Dr. Silas Lucas III specializes in orthopedic spine surgery, orthopedic surgery in Greenville, South Carolina.
Dr. Silas Lucas III has been compared 181 times. Details of Dr. Lucas' 26 years experience as an MD, his hospital affiliation and education at Medical University of South Carolina are available on your free doctor report.
Primary Location for Dr. Lucas
Piedmont Orthopaedic Associates
1050 Grove Rd
Greenville, SC 29605
Patient Ratings and Reviews
Dr. Silas Lucas III has an average rating of 1 stars (out of 5) with a rating of Poor based on 3 reviews.
Have you visited Dr. Silas Lucas III? Rate you experience below.
Board Certification, Specialty and Expertise
Dr. Silas Lucas has been identified as specializing in Orthopedic Spine Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery.
He is certified in Orthopedic Surgery.
Hospital Affiliation
A hospital affiliation covers any doctor who has an affiliation, association or admitting privilege with a hospital. A doctor's particular affiliation to a specific hospital can translate to the overall quality of that provider.
Dr. Lucas is affiliated with 1 hospital:
701 Grove Rd
Greenville, South Carolina
Dr. Lucas attended medical school at Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine and graduated in 1989 having 26 years experience.
While there is no proven correlation between the quality of one's educational institution and the quality of one's professional competence, it is often an indicator. Medical schools have various levels of selectivity (some are harder to get into than others), and both the quality of their clinical training and level of research are measured. Additional medical training in both residency and fellowships and the facilities they are conducted at also provide a history of the doctors' level of training and experience.
Patients may also know Dr. Silas Lucas III MD as:
Orthopedic Surgery
Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas 200 Patewood Dr
Suite C100
Greenville, SC 29615
Orthopedic Surgery
Steadman Hawkins Clinic of the Carolinas 200 Patewood Dr
Suite C100
Greenville, SC 29615
Orthopedic Surgery
11402 Anderson Rd
Suite C300
Greenville, SC 29611
Compare Similar Doctors
Top searched Orthopedic Spine Surgeons in Greenville, SC
We found 2 doctors nearby Dr. Lucas who also specialize in Orthopedic Spine Surgery
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Meatloaf with Mushroom Sauce – Gluten-Free
A favorite dinner in my house is gluten-free meatloaf with mushroom sauce. My family asks for it regularly.
This recipe has gone through the conversion to gluten-free with the help of a different source of bread crumbs for the meatloaf, and a different source of sauce for the topping.
Categories: American, Beef, Frugal, Gluten-Free, Nut-free, Refined Sugar-free, Sauces and Seasonings, Wheat-free Tags: gluten-free ground beef recipe, gluten-free meat loaf, gluten-free meatloaf, gluten-free meatloaf with mushroom sauce, gluten-free mushroom sauce, gluten-free recipe, gluten-free recipes, gluten-free sauce, Wheat-free
Gluten-Free Chili with Tomatoes
Chili is a traditional Tex-Mex dish in my home-town of San Antonio. In fact, it's been cooked and served there since at least the 1700s, often by local women selling bowls full of steaming chili con carne from their carts or wagons in the market squares. It's basically a gluten-free dish of chili peppers and meat.
There were many different recipes then, but, just as now, they all depended on the chili pepper to make a good pot of chili con carne, "chili with meat." For someone who is celiac, gluten-intolerant or gluten-sensitive, or for anyone else, there are a multitude of ways to enjoy it. My gluten-free recipe today adds beans, tomatoes and a few other seasonings.
Categories: 30 Minute Meals - Quick and Easy, Beef, Casein-free, Dairy-free, Egg-free, Frugal, Gluten-Free, Lactose-Free, Mexican, Nut-free, Refined Sugar-free, Soy-free, Wheat-free, Whole Foods Tags: chili with tomatoes, gluten-free chili, gluten-free ground beef recipe, gluten-free recipe, gluten-free recipes


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Bunkers at The Old Country Church Nov. 21
Jay and Audrey Bunker of Elk River will minister at The Old Country Church at 10 a.m. on Sunday, Nov. 21. The church is in Leaf River Township at the intersection of Co. Rd. 6 and 145th Avenue. Visitors are welcome.
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Screened Doors
I am building screened doors for my back porch. I used 1x4s for the frame except a 1x6 on the bottom. It was put together using pocket holes and screws. I want to dress it up a bit using a small triangular piece of profiled trim. Should the profile face in or out on the door? Which side of the door should the screen be placed on. I plan to attach the screen on the surface and cover the edges with "screen" trim. Is there a right way to do this or just personal choice? Opinions please. Thanks
The right way to do this is to rabbet the stiles and rails, put the screening in the rabbet, staple it in place and then the moulding on top of the stapled screening. This all is on the exterior of most if not all commercially available screen doors.
Thanks for the response Millworkman. Problem is I have very limited skills and equipment. Can't do a rabbet, don't have a router. The doors are only my 3rd build ever. Ambitious on my part but nothing ventured, nothing gained. The door just has vertical and horizontal cross pieces on the bottom. Want to add some trim to the interior edges to make it look more professional. As usual, it seems sometimes the more simple things hold me up. I'm trying to wing it, so I'm greatful to hear from people that know what they are doing.


text:
My new HG: Deva Volumizing Foam - WOW
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Join Date: Jun 2008
Posts: 10,234
Wednesday, December 5, 2012 at 05:04PM
I have to wait until summer again to try this vs. Curl Keeper - or maybe try them together! I got great hair with each, then the weather turned cold and I can't find anything that works for my hair in cold, windy, dry weather. Right now, I'm just doing roller sets blech.
2/c and some 3A.
Protein sensitive but can use occasionally
Highly porous. Color over grey.
Best 1st day method: Super Soaker
Stylers: Mix Curls in a Bottle into everything for shine. Terrible pj
Sometimes try roller sets - classic glamor but I prefer my curls.
Every day is a gift


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20829 North 83rd Place
North Scottsdale, Scottsdale, 85255
Commute to Downtown Scottsdale
Almost all errands require a car.
It is possible to get on a bus.
Score Details
20829 North 83rd Place has a Walk Score of 19 out of 100. This location is a Car-Dependent neighborhood so almost all errands require a car.
This location is in the North Scottsdale neighborhood in Scottsdale.
Nearby schools include El Dorado Private School, Grayhawk Elementary School and Pinnacle Peak Elementary School.
The closest grocery stores are Choice Pet Market, Hi-Health and Safeway.
Nearby coffee shops include Starbucks and Starbucks. Nearby restaurants include Isabella's Kitchen, Quill Creek Cafe and Phils Grill.
20829 North 83rd Place is near Sonoran Hills Park, Florence Ely Nelson Desert Park and Pinnacle Peak Park.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 20829 North 83rd Place.
View all North Scottsdale apartments on a map.
Popular apartment searches include fireplace, furnished and pool. View all Scottsdale apartments and rentals.
20829 North 83rd Place is in the North Scottsdale neighborhood. North Scottsdale is the 2nd most walkable neighborhood in Scottsdale with a neighborhood Walk Score of 22.


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Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
REFERENEE SEAREE'E WW3? Oct. 28, 1969 H. A. DEANS ET AL 1 3,474,863
SHALE OIL EXTRACTION PROCESS Filed July 28, 1967 HEATER HEAT *2 A EXCHANGE-IR PRODUCED 1 GAS A: SEPARATOR PRODUCED r m 23 on.
FlSCHER ASSAY is F BENZENE,
SUPERCRITICAL w w A A u A 3 l4 TOLUENE, SUBSTANTIALLY 9 SUPERCRITICAL U I0 9-- E 8 TOLUENE, g SUBCRITICAL 6 LIJ 20 so I00 140 I80 TIME lN DAYS INVENTORS:
2 HARRY A. DEANS MICHAEL PRATS THEIR ATTORNEY nited US. Cl. 166-266 6 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Shale oil is produced by circulating a volatile normally liquid oil solvent through a permeable fragmented zone within a subterranean oil shale formation under supercritical conditions of temperature and pressure.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the invention The invention relates to a process for extracting shale oil from a subterranean oil shale formation; more particularly, it relates to a process for recovering oil from a permeable fragmented shale oil formation by circulating an oil solvent under supercritical conditions, through the permeable fractured zone or fnagmented oil shale.
Description of the prior art It has been found that the rate at which the kerogen in oil shale is fluidized by contact with a hot normally liquid oil solvent is much greater when the solvent is under critical conditions of temperature and pressure. It is becoming increasingly evident that this can be an economically attractive process for producing shale oil from an oil shale formation.
Kerogen is a bituminous material occurring in oil shale formations and yielding shale oil when heated. A big drawback to the retorting of oil shale to recover shale oil is the need to remove and dispose a substantial amount of the shale after it has been retorted. In view thereof, in situ retorting has found much favor in recent years as a method of extracting shale oil particularly from subterranean oil shale formations. One such method is to create a large, permeable zone within the oil shale formation by creating a rubbled zone by an explosion within the formation, e.g., by utilizing high energy explosives such as nuclear bombs. One or more access wells are then drilled into the fragmented zone and communication is established between the permeable zone and openings into the wells. Hot fluids are then injected, usually to start an in situ combustion heating process which causes the kerogen to become fluidized. The shale oil is then recovered from a production well by conventional means.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of this invention to produce oil from a subterranean oil shale formation more efliciently than this has been previously accomplished.
The present invention discloses an improved process for producing shale oil from a subterranean oil shale formation. First, a permeable fragmented zone is created within the formation and one or more Wells are drilled into the fragmented zone. Communication is then established between the fragmented zone and at least one opening into a well. A fluid, heated to at least the critical tern perature of a preselected normally liquid, hydrocarbon solvent, is circulated through the permeable fragmented zone. A normally liquid, hydrocarbon solvent is circulated as the hot fluid, along with the hot fluid, or after the hot fluid, and is maintained at a temperature of from approximately its critical temperature to about 900 F.
under a pressure at least approximately as high as its critical pressure. This causes liquid hydrocarbons to be released from the oil shale formation and entrained in the circulating hot solvent. The liquid hydrocarbons can be recovered from the solvent by procedures such as distillation, or the like.
Other objects of the invention will become apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURE 1 shows a partly diagrammatic and partly sectional elevational view of a subterranean oil shale formation; and I FIGURE 2 shows a graphic illustration of the percent weight loss of an oil shale formation over a period of time.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIGURE 1 shows a subterranean oil shale formation 11 and a permeable fragmented zone 12 formed in the formation 11. The term permeable fragmented 'zone refers to a multiply fractured zone in which the number of the fractures and the volumes of the interconnected openings withing the fractures provide a volume of void space in the order of from about five to forty percent of the volume of the zone. Such a zone can be formed by known procedures, such as those disclosed in Patent No. 1,422,204, issued July 11, 1922. Preferably such a zone is formed by fragmenting a relatively large volume of oil shale by the detonation of a high-energy explosive device such as a nuclear bomb, to form a rubble-filled chimney of fragmented oil shale as in FIGURE 1.
Any suitable process can be used to create the perme= able fractured zone. Fluid communication can be established between a pair of points located within the oil shale formation (as, for example, between a pair of well boreholes extending into the formation) by any known means.
Preferably, at least one pair of well boreholes 13 and 14 [are then extended into the permeable fragmented zone 12. Packers 15 and 15' in the casings 16 and 16, respectively, of well boreholes 13 and 14 permit fluid 17 to be circulated through tubings 18 and 18' in casings 16' and 16', respectively, as can be seen in FIGURE 1. Openings 19 in casing 16 permit fluid 17 to horizontally circulate through the tubing 18 of the well borehole 13 through the permeable fragmented zone 12 into the other well borehole 14. In general, the well boreholes 13 and 14 are extended adjacent the bottom of the fragmented zone 12, preferably while the zone 12 is still hot from the nuclear or other explosive energy. Well boreholes 13 and 14 are preferably cased throughout the extent of the fragmented zone 12 and perforated at 19 and 19, respectively, at the depths at which fluid is to be injected and produced.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention, a hot fluid 17 is injected into tubing string 18 and produced through tubing string 18, preferably with packers 15 and 15' set above and below the points of injection and production. The fluid 17 can be a relatively low cost heating fluid such as a fresh, brackish or briny water, which can be softened if necessary by conventional water procedures, or can be the selected normally liquid solvent.
The temperature of the circulating fluid 17 should be increased to the critical temperature of a normally liquid solvent. For example, when water is used as a heating fluid 17 and benzene is used as the solvent, the fluid being circulated is heated in heater 20 to at least 550 F.
The preferred solvents comprise volatile, normally liquid components of shale oil, low molecular weight, predominantly aromatic mixtures of hydrocarbons, such U as relatively low purity refinery by-products of low value, and the like. Such solvents at supercritical conditions have been found to be particularly effective in extracting shale oil hydrocarbons. At substantially supercritical conditions, the pressure of the volatile material exceeds the critical pressure while the temperature is at least approximately as high as the critical temperature. In respect to benzene, these values are 550 F. and 700 p.s.i., and for toluene, they are 600 F. and 615 p.s.i. In respect to mixtures, the values decrease with increases in the average molecular weights of the components.
At the same time the temperature of a circulating hot fluid, such as an aqueous fluid, is being increased to the critical temperature of a selected solvent, such as benzene, the pressure in the permeable zone 12 is preferably in-= creased, if necessary,to provide a pressure at least as high as the critical pressure of the solvent. At this time, the circulating hot fluid 17 is converted, preferably in a gradual manner, from the aqueous fluid to a mixture of aqueous liquid and solvent liquid and then to solvent (i.e., a solvent mixture of the aqueous fluid and the selected solvent) at supercritical conditions. In general, the temperature within the flow path and the pressure within the flow path is increased to a pressure exceeding the critical pressure of the solvent, i.e., exceeding 700 p.s.i. in the case of benzene. Where necessary in order to maintain supercritical conditions within the flow path, the flow of fluid from the production well borehole 14 is throttled and the injection pressure into well borehole 13 is increased to above the critical pressure of the solvent 21 to the extent required to provide an adequate rate of flow at a supercritical pressure.
The hydrocarbon solvent is circulated at supercritical conditions along the same flow path at a given depth in the fragmented zone 12 in oil shale formation 11 until at least a substantial proportion of the oil shale hydrocarbons has been extracted from the rocks within that flow path. The level along which the solvent is circulated is raised or lowered by shortening the tubing strings 18 and 18' and opening perforations 19 and 19 through the casings 16 and 16' at higher or lower levels in order to adjust the level of the points of fluid injection from Well borehole 13 and mixture production from well borehole 14.
Fluid produced from well borehole 14 passes into heat exchanger 22 and then into separator 23 whereby shale oil and gases are separated from the mixture by means well known in the oil extraction art. The remaining fluids, mainly, the selected solvent, are recirculated into heater 20 and production well 13.
In a preferred horizontal displacement operating procedure, as disclosed in FIGURE 1, water can be used to limit the amount of solvent that is to be circulated. In this well arrangement, the permeable zone 12 is filled with water 24 to a depth just below that at which a horizontal flow path is to 'be established. The water 2 4 can be injected at ambient surface temperature. The pressure of the water is then adjusted to attain the supercritical temperature and pressure for the mixture of solvent and water vapor that will be present in the flow path. Where the amount of shale oil hydrocarbon that is released by the explosive energy is sufficient to cause the pressure to be too high when the water level is raised to the selected depth, hydrocarbon should be produced from the permeable zone 12. Where the pressure is too low after the water level 25 of water 24 has the desired elevation, a gas such as air should be injected through well borehole 13 to increase the pressure in the initial stages of the operation. Numeral 26 in the drawing refers to a void space, gas or vapor filled, formed in the upper portion of fragmented zone 12 after the oil. shale formation 11 has been exploded.
The flow path near the top of the permeable zone 12 along which a hot fluid circulates is preferably both heat ed and established as the path of preferred flow for circulating fluid by injecting and producing either heated solvent or steam. The elevation of the flow path can be decreased either incrementally or substantially continuously. Water is produced during the production of the mixture of solvent and aqueous fluid containing entrained oil shale hydrocarbons and the produced water must be replaced, either by recycling and/ or adding makeup water, when the elevation of the circulation path is being kept constant. This replacement of water can be carried out by means well known in the art.
The present process can also be operated by circulating the solvent at supercritical conditions along a generally vertical flow path in the manner disclosed in copending application. Serial No. 632,006, filed April 19, 1967. In that application shale oil is recovered from a subterranean oil shale formation by circulating a fluid heated at a moderate temperature from one point within a permeable zone to another along a generally vertical flow path for a relatively long period of time until a substantial proportion of the organic compounds contained in the oil shale are converted to oil-shale-derived. fluidizable materials.
It has been found that the pyrolysis of oil shale in a fragmented permeable zone within an oil shale formation can be significantly benefited by the presence of hydrogen sulfide, at least at temperatures ranging from about 480 to 710 F. under pressures above 1,000 p.s.i. Accordingly, significant preselected proportions of either hydrogen sulfide alone or a mixture of hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide, can be added to either or both the preselected normally liquid hydrocarbon solvents or the aqueous fluids which are circulated at the substantially supercritical conditions of the instant invention.
FIGURE 2 illustrates graphically the effect of a liquid hydrocarbon solvent, such as benzene, an oil shale at supercritical conditions. The percent weight loss of the oil shale appreciably increases over a relatively short period of time. The dashed-line curve shows the weight loss produced by circulating benzene through a crushed oil shale having a Fischer assay corresponding to a weight loss of about 19.3%. The benzene was circulated at about 550 F. and 700-960 p.s.i.g. (above its critical condition of 552 F. and 700 p.s.i.) for about 45 days. The solidline curves show two toluene extractions of a shale having a Fischer assay corresponding to a 14.2% weight loss. The lower solid-line curve relates to circulating toluene at the subcritical conditions of 550 F. and 350 p.s.i.g. (relative to 600 F. and 615 p.s.i.) for about 108 days after which the conditions were changed to substantially supercritical conditions by increasing the pressure to 800 p.s.i.g. The upper solid-line curve relates to circulating toluene at 550 F. and 800 p.s.i.g. for days.
It can thus be seen that normally liquid hydrocarbon solvent, such as benzene, operating at substantially supercritical conditions, can be very effective in shortening the time required for in situ retorting of a fragmented perme able zone within an oil shale formation. Other solvents with similar characteristics such as toluene, can be used.
We claim:
1. In a process for producing shale oil from a subterranean oil shale formation comprising:
forming a permeable fragmented zone within a subter ranean oil shale formation; extending at least one well borehole into the fragmented zone within said subterranean oil shale formation;
circulating a fluid through said fragmented zone while heating said fluid to at least approximately the critical temperature of a preselected normally liquid hydrocarbon solvent under the critical pressure for said solvent;
circulating said preselected solvent through the per meable zone at a temperature of from approximately its critical temperature to about 900 F,; maintaining said solvent at substantially said supercritical conditions during circulation thereof through said permeable zone;
recovering shale oil hydrocarbons and circulating fluid.
from the underground formation; and
separating the shale oil hydrocarbons from the circu 2. In the process of claim 1 wherein the step of main= taining said normally liquid hydrocarbon solvent at supercritical conditions includes the step of maintaining said solvent at said conditions by throttling the outflow of flow of fluid from said fragmented zone While increasing the injection pressure of the infiowing fluid to above the criti= cal pressure of the said solvent to the extent required to provide an adequate rate of flow of the circulating fluid.
3. In the process of claim 1 wherein at least a pair of xvell boreholes are extended into the fragmented zone and including the step of filling the permeable fragmented zone with water to a depth just below that at which a flow path is to be established between said pair of boreholes thereby limiting the amount of preselected solvent that is required to be circulated,
4'. In the process of claim 3 including the step of injecting a gas into the upper portion of said permeable fragmented zone in order to increase the pressure of said zone in the initial stages of the process,
51 In the process of claim 1 including the step of adding significant proportions of hydrogen sulfide to said nor= mally liquid hydrocarbon solvent which is circulating through said fragmented zone, thereby reducing the over= all time required to entrain a significant portion of the liquid hydrocarbons in the mixture.
6. In the process of claim 1 including the step of adding significant preselected proportions of hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen to said normally liquid hydrocarbon solvent which is circulating through said fragmented zone, thereby reducing the overall time required to entrain a significant portion of the liquid hydrocarbons in the mixture.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,422,204 7/ 1922 Hoover et a1 l6611 3,064,728 11/1962 Gould 166-11 X 3,084,919 4/1963 Slater 166-11 3,241,611 3/1966 Dougan 1661l X 3,284,281 11/1966 Thomas .m 166-11 X 3,285,335 11/1966 Reistle 166-40 X 3,322,194 5/1967 Strubhar -t 1661l 3,342,257 9/1967 Jacobs et al. aaaa 16636 X 3,352,355 11/1967 Putman 16611 3,358,756 12/1967 Vogel a 16611 X STEPHEN J. NOVOSAD, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X R.
Patent Citations
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The 2011 Chevrolet Volt electric car qualifies for a federal tax credit of up to $7,500, effectively reducing the net base price from $41,000 to $33,500. Some states offer additional purchase incentives that can be combined with the federal credit. Other electric vehicle-related perks that vary by city or state include single-occupant access to carpool lanes, free metered parking and significantly reduced vehicle registration fees. Home charging stations, which cut charging times in half compared to standard wall outlets, are also eligible for attractive incentives. You can find more incentive information at fueleconomy.gov and pluginamerica.com.
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Curious about the newer model? Check out the 2015 Chevrolet Volt
By KBB.com Editors
KBB Expert Rating: 6.6
Drawing its name from the unique Voltec propulsion system that combines an electric motor with a gasoline engine/generator, the 2012 Chevrolet Volt electric plug-in hybrid represents a new twist on the hybrid-car theme. Unlike the Toyota Prius hybrid, which uses its gasoline engine to power the car, the Volt runs purely on electric current. Once its battery has depleted (after about 35 to 40 miles), the 2012 Chevrolet Volt's gasoline engine is then used to recharge the batteries and run the generator, extending the Volt's range an additional 344 miles. This system also has its advantages over the all-electric Nissan LEAF, which once it runs out of juice, basically is dead in the water. With its cool and elegant styling, and even more cool and elegant interior, the 2012 Chevy Volt plug-in hybrid not only makes a statement about your environmental consciousness, it also says something about your good taste and strong sense of style.
If you're worried a pure electric car won't be able to satisfy your distance requirements before needing to be recharged, the 2012 Chevrolet Volt hybrid electric sedan will put your worries to rest. Its 35-mile electric range should be all you need to get back and forth to work, and anything beyond the Volt's battery range is handled by the gasoline engine/generator.
Buying a 2012 Chevy Volt is an expensive proposition, even with the federal and state tax breaks. And, due to a limited-production run of 45,000 vehicles, finding a Volt may prove elusive. If you just want long range, good fuel economy and low emissions, a VW Golf TDI or Toyota Prius is cheaper and more readily available.
The 2012 Chevrolet Volt hybrid electric car receives a few new features this year, including GM's MyLink that allows Bluetooth streaming for music, as well as voice activation for certain smart phones. Also new is a passive-entry system for all four doors and liftgate, color-keyed wheel accents for the new 17-inch wheels, and Turn-by-Turn navigation through the OnStar telematics system.
Driving Impressions To ensure the 2012 Chevrolet Volt electric hybrid retained the traditional fun-to-drive Chevy DNA, engineers used the same platform that serves the compact Chevy Cruze. While we wouldn't call the...Volt's driving dynamics spirited, its conventional ride and handling don't offer up any surprises. The Volt's electric motor delivers a big dose of torque right from the get-go, giving the 2012 Chevy Volt the ability to sprint quickly from a standing stop. The absence of engine noise is a bit disconcerting at first, but you'll soon grow used to the deafening silence. The Volt's capable suspension is tuned for a smooth, soft ride and its energy-saving electric power steering is decently weighted for good feedback and response. The brake pedal feels a bit odd when first applying it, a feeling attributed to the super-efficient regenerative circuitry on its 4-wheel disc brakes. Except for the slight engine sound and lighted dash icon that changes from battery to fuel pump, the transition from pure electric to range-extending gasoline mode is almost transparent. Although the EPA estimates that you'll see about 35 miles of electric range, how you drive, interior climate settings and road conditions do make a difference. In fact, trying to keep the car in EV mode is part of the fun of driving the Volt – almost like trying to top your best score at Pac-Man.
Delayed Start and Departure Time Mode
Using information supplied by your local electricity provider, the Volt can be programmed to commence recharging its battery pack when rates are at their lowest to help save money. Tell it when you plan to leave in the morning or evening, and it will automatically schedule the charging process to ensure that the battery is full in time for your commute.
Volt Smartphone App
Have a smart phone? By utilizing the OnStar MyLink app, you can check your Volt's battery level, tire pressure, available electric range, lock/unlock the doors and even start the A/C system so the interior is at a comfortable level when you're ready to leave. You can even control the Volt's charging rate from your phone and get a text or an e-mail when the battery is topped off.
Taking a page from the Apple computer school of design, the 2012 Chevy Volt hybrid electric's interior is covered in bright white and dark accented plastics and touch-sensitive controls for the audio and climate-control functions. Two 7-inch LCD screens replace the traditional analog gauges, with one serving as the instrument cluster (speedometer, fuel, and range gauges) and the other mounted atop the center stack displaying the electric motor/battery operation as well as the available navigation screen. Black cloth seats and white interior accents come standard, but leather seats are available with white, red, green, black or light gold-colored accents. The rear seats are a 2-person setup, with bucket-style seating divided by a center console housing the 5.5-foot, 435-pound lithium-ion battery. Rear-seat passengers have a fairly comfortable perch, although the Volt's sloping roofline requires a reminder to duck your head low before attempting to enter or exit the car.
With the goal of total operating efficiency in mind, the 2012 Chevrolet Volt electric hybrid sedan's design team burned the midnight oil to create a shape that could cheat the wind while delighting the eyes. Up front, the Volt is fitted with a rounded nose, closed grille opening and steeply raked windshield. Sharp edges along the Volt's rear fenders also help slice through the wind, as does the functional rear hatch spoiler. When totaled together, the 2012 Chevy Volt hybrid electric car's parts form one of the most aerodynamic cars in GM's long and storied history. Even the Volt's wheel/tire combo is designed for maximum efficiency, rolling on Goodyear Fuel Max low-rolling-resistance tires and ultra-lightweight wheels, each weighing a mere 17.8 pounds.
In base form, the 2012 Chevrolet Volt plug-in electric hybrid comes with a more comprehensive feature set than just about any other Chevy currently on the market. It's also the recipient of all of Chevy's latest and greatest technology and features, including touch-sensitive climate, audio and drive controls, and an 8-year/100,000-mile warranty on its battery pack and associated electrics. Other standard features include air conditioning, keyless access, power mirror/locks/windows, 110-volt charge cord, color-touch AM/FM/CD radio and 17-inch wheels. Standard safety features include electronic traction and stability control, anti-lock brakes (ABS) and eight airbags. You'll also get standard five years of OnStar and USB connectivity.
It's hard to call an options list a list when there are only two packages on offer: a Premium Trim Package and Rear Camera and Park Assist Package. The Premium Trim Package adds heated front seats, leather seating surfaces and a leather-wrapped steering wheel, while the Rear Camera and Park Assist Package includes – as you'd expect – a rearview camera and front/rear parking sensors. Stand-alone features include an energy-saving Bose sound system (it's 40-percent lighter and uses 50-percent less energy than a conventional sound system), MyLink, and a navigation system with 30 GB hard-drive music storage and Sirius NavTraffic. If you're going to spring for any options on the Volt, we'd recommend the park assist package; the Volt's low-slung and very easily scraped front air dam makes parking sensors particularly helpful when you're not quite sure where the curb starts. Finally, color fans can choose to have their Volt's black wheel inserts replaced with color-keyed inserts.
The 2012 Chevrolet Volt electric's propulsion system consists of an electric drive unit that makes 149 horsepower and 273 lb-ft of torque, a 16kWh liquid-cooled lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery pack and a 1.4-liter/84-horsepower in-line 4-cylinder internal-combustion "range-extender." The latter takes over when battery charge decreases to a certain level – normally after 25-50 miles of driving – and generates on-the-fly electricity for another 344 miles. Replenishing the battery pack takes 10-12 hours using a standard 110V outlet or three to four hours on a 240V dedicated unit. The Volt has three operating modes. Normal is the most efficient, Sport provides more direct accelerator response and Mountain, which requires 10-15 minutes of advance engagement but optimizes the battery to cope with increased energy demands caused by extended steep grades. The Volt has earned a 93 MPGe (miles-per-gallon equivalent) combined city/highway EPA rating in pure EV mode and returns 37 mpg when the range-extender kicks in.
1.4-liter in-line 4 with AC synchronous electric motor/generator and 16kWh lithium-ion battery pack
111kW/149 horsepower @ 4,800 rpm
273 lb-ft of torque @ 0-4,800 rpm
Projected per-charge range: 35 miles (all-electric), 344 miles (gasoline range-extender only)
EPA city/highway fuel economy: 93 MPGe (when in all-electric mode, miles per gallon equivalent),
37 mpg (when the range-extender motor/generator is running)
To compare current market prices, check out KBB.com's car classifieds to view the new and used Chevrolet Volt vehicles for sale near you.
Based on 172 Ratings for the 2011 - 2015 models.Review this car
By Dan on Tuesday, March 24, 2015
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 36,000overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "Makes driving fun again. VERY solid and reliable!"
Cons: "Nothing to really complain about."
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"Tried it out of curiosity and was so impressed we dumped our 1997 Explorer for it when the Alternator died. I was a GM hater until this car. 2.5 years into owning it and I still look forward to driving anywhere in it. We are saving about $300 a month on gas. Now paying only $30 a month for electricity and maybe fill its 9 gallon tank every 5 weeks. Data shows I go 1450 miles on average per 9 gallon tank. That's pretty good considering we drive have driven 3 cross country trips on gas alone with it so that 1450 would be higher with out those trips. Once you drive electric drive, you will hate pure gas cars. This is NO PRIUS! It's more like a sports car. We will replace our Expedition, also a 1997, with a Volt someday and be a two Volt family."
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By Tominftl on Saturday, March 14, 2015
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 29,000overall rating 8 of 10rating details
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 8
"I have a few gripes about my volt. 1. Rear seat legroom is a joke. 2. No a/c vent in backseat. 3. Backup camera not vivid like the Toyota. 4. No power seats or lumbar available Positives are: 1. Doesn't use gas very often 2. Great Bose stereo system 3. Nice styling. Aerodynamic. 4. Gets good gas mileage when using gas."
4 people out of 6 found this review helpful
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By volt lover on Sunday, January 25, 2015
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 25,100overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "fun to drive, fun to own"
Cons: "4 seats biggest and only down fall"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"It is a drivers car. it handles like a sports car, yet easy to drive. I find the seats very comfortable, some find them too firm. The car is responsive and easy to handle. It has cool features of a high end car, yet is affordable. The price is a little high for most, but if you add the gas savings into the monthly payments, it worked out 52.00 better a month for me. I would recommend this car to the energy minded and the complete opposite minded, this is one car that anyone can agree with."
11 people out of 20 found this review helpful
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By iceandsnow on Saturday, December 20, 2014
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 6,600overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "fun to drive, comfortable, versatile, economical"
Cons: "rear seat room, poor marketing of product"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"I've been driving for several decades and I suffer from Goldilocks syndrome, finding a vehicle I look forward to driving daily. I like the ability to solar charge my car at home while none of the range anxiety the pure electrics produce. It is a pleasure to drive, has the perfect blend of form and function. I haven't owned a GM vehicle in nearly 35 years, this brought me back. Amazing car, hope they make an CUV or SUV soon."
13 people out of 18 found this review helpful
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By nutsforcars on Monday, December 01, 2014
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 2,500overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "mileage, technology that works, unique."
Cons: ""A" pillars are a bit wide."
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 10
"I had no intention of buying this car till I drove one. I had seen a few of them but they never really appealed to me so didn't consider them to be "my" type of car, and I've had a lot of new cars. Why Chevy doesn't promote this car more is a mystery to me. I can honestly say after 6 months and 2,500 I am more impressed with it each time I get in and out it. Have Nav with backup camera, Bose, rear park sensors, leather, heated seats and chrome wheels and more. This car has rock solid build quality, good driving/ riding qualities, and is really a technological marvel. I lucked out and bought at a time when they offered no interest for 72 mos. and with the federal and stated tax credits, well that was "icing on the cake". Love the smart phone app which allows status notifications of charging,tire pressures miles driven and other things. Standard remote start is great in the cold weather. I think the people at Chevy thought of just about everything to make this an outstanding vehicle. Still waiting to give the car a test in the fairly heavy snow but talk on the forums is positive."
17 people out of 22 found this review helpful
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By telveer on Monday, November 17, 2014
I own this car - My approximate mileage is 13,500overall rating 10 of 10rating details
Pros: "extended range. smooth electric propulsion. remote"
Cons: "lack of 5th seat"
Likely to recommend this car? (1-10): 9
"When I replaced by 15 year old commuter car with the Chevy Volt, cost saving was not a factor at all. I purchased the Chevy Volt because it was a technology marvel and perfectly suites my requirements. Now, more than a year later, I could not be happier with my purchase. There is absolutely no buyers remorse. How could you - when the car went 13500 miles on just 12.5 gallons of gasoline and about $400 in electricity? And maintenance? I rotated the tires at 7500 miles (free by dealer). I still have 35% oil life remaining. And as per the manual, I don't have to do any other maintenance (except tire rotations) for the next 30,000 or so miles! The car is fun to drive. Its not a sports car (0 to 60 in 8 seconds) but in local traffic, I can be far ahead of other cards because of the silent 150hp + 280 lb-ft instant electric torque. Many people think the battery is expensive and needs to be replaced every 3 years but the car comes with 8 year/a 100K mile traction battery warranty. In fact, all the electric drive components carry the same warranty! And battery technology 8 years (should the need to replace arise - its not like the battery will just die after 8 years!) will be much better to what it is today. And batteries will also be a lot cheaper 8 years from now. The only limitation I see in the volt is the lack of a 5th seat. Otherwise, this is the best electric/hybrid you can get."
22 people out of 33 found this review helpful
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