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Revenge Website Shames Accused Mistresses, Not Cheating Husbands
On ShesAHomewrecker.com, scorned women can anonymously post rants, photos.
FBI Investigates 'Revenge Porn' Website Founder
Hunter Moore, 27, used to run a website called IsAnyoneUp.com.
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Town Square
Sort by: Most recent topic/comment Most viewed Most comments
Navigation tip: Clicking on any category label will display all recent posts in that category
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTONew tool, same quandary in debate over Jay Paul project
Palo Alto officials on Monday unleashed a new tool for appraising the most ambitious development in the city's pipeline --...Original post made on Sep. 17, 2013
Last comment by resident, on Sep 22, 2013 at 8:17 am | 27 comments | 53844 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTO"Shelter in place" alert issued due to fire
Palo Alto police are urging residents to stay indoors and keep windows and doors closed if they smell or see smoke this afternoon...Original post made on Nov. 10, 2013
Last comment by parent, on Dec 18, 2013 at 8:19 pm | 53 comments | 48586 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOPalo Alto man, 85, detained in North Korea
A Palo Alto man was removed from a plane and detained in North Korea, his traveling companion to the country confirmed. Read...Original post made on Nov. 20, 2013
Last comment by Resident, on Nov 23, 2013 at 1:56 pm | 25 comments | 46146 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTONew Documentary: The Great Global Warming Swindle
0...Original post made by Snowman on Mar. 13, 2007
Last comment by Anon, on Dec 11, 2013 at 8:30 pm | 94 comments | 44525 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOWoodside teen dies by suicide on Interstate 280
The California Highway Patrol is reporting the death at about 12:45 p.m. on Tuesday, Oct. 14, of a 17-year-old Woodside girl...Original post made on Oct. 14, 2014
There are no comments yet. 44025 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTODeparting police chief reformed department, but violence persists
As East Palo Alto Police Chief Ron Davis leaves, he does so with only modest regrets — except for one. Read the full...Original post made on Nov. 8, 2013
Last comment by Stewart, on Nov 14, 2013 at 11:15 am | 13 comments | 43906 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOIn praise of tomorrow
<B>"The Art of Procrastination: A Guide to Effective Dawdling, Lollygagging and Postponing," by John Perry, Workman Publishing...Original post made on Jan. 15, 2013
Last comment by musical, on Jan 16, 2013 at 6:25 am | 4 comments | 42827 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOEnd of chapter for Kepler's Books and Magazines
Clark Kepler, current leader of Kepler's Books and Magazines in Menlo Park, is retiring from the store his father founded...Original post made on Jan. 10, 2012
Last comment by too late for this, on Jan 17, 2012 at 6:44 am | 30 comments | 37258 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOJay Paul's pitch for office complex meets skepticism
With tensions running high in Palo Alto over new developments and traffic issues clogging up City Hall agendas, Jay Paul...Original post made on Nov. 21, 2013
Last comment by paly mom, on Nov 25, 2013 at 6:51 am | 29 comments | 36701 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOProject WeHOPE offers shelter, restores dignity
Project WeHOPE has grown in strides since it was founded in the winter of 2009. Read the full story here http://paloaltoonline.com/print/story/2013/11/15/project-wehope-offers-s...Original post made on Nov. 15, 2013
Last comment by member, on Nov 15, 2013 at 3:11 pm | 1 comment | 36328 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOSteve Jobs, Apple's creative genius, dies at 56
Steve Jobs, the co-founder of Apple and the creative force behind the company's transformation into one of the world's most...Original post made on Oct. 5, 2011
Last comment by kjo5, on Oct 15, 2011 at 9:52 pm | 84 comments | 31751 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOFunding challenges cloud high-speed rail's future
With California's high-speed rail system preparing for a groundbreaking in Central Valley, the fate of the $68-billion project...Original post made on Nov. 12, 2013
Last comment by Julian, on Nov 13, 2013 at 7:33 pm | 9 comments | 30961 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOA whole new image for San Antonio corridor
The massive facelift of Mountain View's San Antonio corridor has already begun -- with the first phase of the San Antonio...Original post made on Oct. 15, 2013
Last comment by CrescentParkAnon., on Mar 31, 2014 at 7:46 pm | 95 comments | 29708 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOStanford's Hennessy questions state teacher tenure laws
Stanford University President John Hennessy this week questioned why California grants job tenure to K-12 teachers after...Original post made on Nov. 2, 2013
Last comment by KISS, on Nov 24, 2013 at 1:46 pm | 37 comments | 29108 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOPalo Alto Neighborhoods
Named for an ancient redwood tree that was a living landmark for late-1700s Spanish explorers, Palo Alto today is a diverse...Original post made on Dec. 17, 2010
Last comment by Ralph Hansen, on Dec 2, 2013 at 1:19 pm | 3 comments | 26008 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOEast Palo Alto girls create app to clean up graffiti, trash
Vanessa Tostado, a sophomore at Eastside College Prep in East Palo Alto, remembers watching a video in computer science class...Original post made on May. 10, 2013
Last comment by Michael, on May 21, 2013 at 7:58 am | 24 comments | 24015 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOCongressmen: NASA Ames gave secrets to China
The director of Mountain View's NASA Ames Research Center is embroiled in what is either a scandal or a witch-hunt over accusations...Original post made on Feb. 15, 2013
Last comment by American Values, on Apr 6, 2013 at 11:03 am | 21 comments | 22827 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTONorth Koreans holding American, officials say
There has still been no contact with Merrill Newman, the 85-year-old Palo Altan whose family and friends say has been held...Original post made on Nov. 22, 2013
Last comment by Think!, on Nov 25, 2013 at 6:01 pm | 7 comments | 22736 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOWhat ceiling? Entrepreneurial women claim high-tech turf
Silicon Valley is a beacon of hope to this breed of entrepreneur -- young, energetic, tech-savvy, and brazenly ambitious....Original post made on Jun. 2, 2010
Last comment by Amanda More, on Jun 2, 2010 at 1:02 pm | 2 comments | 22665 Views
ISSUES BEYOND PALO ALTOAnother attempt to limit speech through intimidation
0...Original post made by Perspective on Oct. 18, 2008
Last comment by Perpsective, on Oct 19, 2008 at 9:41 am | 10 comments | 22620 Views
Page 1 of 173
Freebirds Palo Alto shutters, Pieology to move in
By Elena Kadvany | 14 comments | 3,577 views
I blame soccer (teamwork)
By Douglas Moran | 18 comments | 2,793 views
A Glimpse into local HS Suicide
By Chandrama Anderson | 14 comments | 2,712 views
Deny the 429 Univ Ave Project Appeal
By Steve Levy | 11 comments | 1,722 views
Ill have the Kraft Mac n Cheese w/Ketchup, Please
By Max Greenberg | 0 comments | 906 views

subset: commoncrawl


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Bastille is one of the attractions easily accessible from here. From this location you can get to Place des Vosges, as it is situated 1.3 km (0.8 miles) from here. The area is rich in museums: Centre Pompidou and Louvre are popular features in this catergory.
Is a smoking area high on your list of requirements? Bed And Breakfast Republique is probably the right place for you.
Bed And Breakfast Republique rooms have wireless high-speed Internet access (complimentary). A shower/bath combination is one of the many facilities you can find in the bathroom of the rooms here.
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Alternative forms[edit]
Compound of dick + head. Attested since the 1960s, with the jerk sense appearing earliest.
dickhead (plural dickheads)
- (vulgar, colloquial) The glans penis.
- 1970, Clarence Major, All-night Visitors, page 71:
- ...down, down, sinking down faster than she's so far moved, the dick head exploding up into all that wet, warm slime...
- 1970, Clarence Major, All-night Visitors, page 71:
- (vulgar, colloquial, pejorative) A jerk; a mean or rude person.
- 1965, Robin Moore, The Green Berets, page 242:
- I don't want them Special Forces guys left out there when some dickhead is afraid to go get them.
- 1996, Timothy Jay, What to Do When Your Students Talk Dirty page 207:
- ...they have been exchanging insults in writing: "dickhead," "dillweed," "fuzzbutt," "dorkwad," "asswipe," and so forth.
- 1965, Robin Moore, The Green Berets, page 242:
- (vulgar, colloquial, pejorative) A stupid or useless person.
- 1979, E.M. Corder, The Deer Hunter, page 69:
- "Watch it, dickhead!" "Hey, Stan, that's my shirt you just dropped in the snow!"
- 1979, E.M. Corder, The Deer Hunter, page 69:
- bell-end
- cockhead
- knobhead
- See also Wikisaurus:glans; Wikisaurus:jerk.
(slang) glans penis
(slang) stupid person
- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Help:How to check translations.


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Flying Lotus Previews You're Dead! With Audiovisual Sampler
By Evan Minsker on August 13, 2014 at 11:22 a.m. EDT
Bit by bit, Flying Lotus has been revealing details about his new album You're Dead!. Today, he's released a video teaser featuring images from Shintaro Kago that includes audio samples from the upcoming album. At one point, for example, you can prominently hear the voice of Snoop Dogg. Watch it below. That's the album cover up there.
Pharrell's Coachella Set Loaded With Guests: Snoop Dogg, Tyler the Creator, Busta, Diplo, Gwen Stefani
By Evan Minsker on April 13, 2014 at 10:34 a.m. EDT
Hitmaker du jour Pharrell ran through his hits in a 50-minute, star-studded Coachella set. The performance included appearances from Snoop Dogg ("Drop It Like It's Hot"), Busta Rhymes and Diddy ("Pass the Courvoisier Part II"), Tyler the Creator ("Lapdance"), Diplo ("Aerosol Can"), Gwen Stefani ("Hollaback Girl"), and Nelly ("Hot in Herre"). No, Daft Punk didn't show up, but he did perform "Get Lucky" and "Lose Yourself to Dance". Watch below via Mr. World Premiere, and find the setlist via MissInfo.tv.
Watch Damon Albarn Perform Gorillaz Songs With Snoop Dogg, Deltron 3030, De La Soul at SXSW
By Evan Minsker on March 15, 2014 at 10:54 a.m. EDT
Photo by Colin Kerrigan
Damon Albarn has been doing a series of shows at SXSW (including one broadcast on "Jimmy Kimmel Live"). During his set at the Fader Fort, he brought out several special guests to help him perform two Gorillaz tracks. He did "Feel Good Inc." with De La Soul and, for the first time with its original contributors, "Clint Eastwood" with Snoop Dogg, Del the Funky Homosapien, and Dan the Automator.
Bobby Womack Talks Upcoming Collaborations With Rick Ross, Snoop Dogg, Stevie Wonder, More
By Evan Minsker on December 21, 2013 at 11:50 a.m. EST
Bobby Womack is readying the follow up to his 2012 album The Bravest Man in the Universe, and as he told Okayplayer, it'll feature Stevie Wonder, Snoop Dogg, Rod Stewart, and Levert. He also talked about working on a new track with Rick Ross.
Watch: Snoop Dogg and Dâm-Funk Perform "Faden Away" on "Conan"
By Evan Minsker on December 10, 2013 at 8:45 a.m. EST
Dâm-Funk and Snoop Dogg took their 7 Days of Funk collaboration to "Conan" last night. They performed "Faden Away" from their new self-titled collaborative LP. Snoop also sat down for an interview with Conan, and presented him, naturally, with a vaporizer. Happy holidays!
Watch: Snoop Dogg and Dâm-Funk Debut 7 Days of Funk Collaboration on "Kimmel"
By Evan Minsker on October 22, 2013 at 8:25 a.m. EDT
Dâm-Funk and Snoop Dogg (ahem, Snoopzilla) brought their 7 Days of Funk collaboration to "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" last night. They performed "Faden Away" and "Do My Thang" from their upcoming self-titled collaborative LP, which is out December 10 via Stones Throw. Snoop also sat down for an interview with Kimmel.
Snoop Dogg and Dâm-Funk Team Up as 7 Days of Funk, Announce Album, Share "Faden Away"
By Evan Minsker on October 15, 2013 at 11:00 a.m. EDT
Photo by Eric Coleman
Dâm-Funk & Snoopzilla: "Faden Away" (via SoundCloud)
Dâm-Funk and Snoop Dogg (under the name Snoopzilla) have teamed up, and they call themselves 7 Days of Funk. Their self-titled collaborative LP is out December 10 via Stones Throw. That's their first single "Faden Away" above.
Video: Robyn: "U Should Know Better" Featuring Snoop Dogg
By Evan Minsker and Jenn Pelly on June 21, 2013 at 10:22 a.m. EDT
It's been three years since Robyn put out her excellent trilogy Body Talk, but that's not stopping her from putting out a new video for "U Should Know Better", her collaborative track with Snoop Dogg.
On Twitter, Robyn notes of the video, "In a parallel universe Snoop and Robyn ride or die in a Volvo." Indeed, in the silly, bizarre clip, Snoop and Robyn doppelgangers pal around and have fun.
Listen: Snoop Lion (Snoop Dogg) and Drake Collab on "No Guns Allowed", Co-Produced by Diplo
By Jenn Pelly on March 20, 2013 at 12:13 p.m. EDT
Snoop Lion: "No Guns Allowed" [ft. Drake and Cori B] (via SoundCloud)
Here's a new track from the Snoop Dogg reggae album Reincarnated, released under his Snoop Lion alias. "No Guns Allowed," featuring Drake and Snoop's daughter Cori B, is a "non-violence anthem" hoping to "spread the message of non-violence and the importance of unity and peace," according to a press release. The track was produced by Diplo and Ariel Rechtshaid, with additional production by Dre Skull, and finds Drake dropping a verse about friends involved with gun violence. Stewart Copeland from the Police plays percussion.
Snoop Lion Details Album Features, Release Date
By Evan Minsker on March 2, 2013 at 12:13 p.m. EST
Snoop Lion, the reggae alter ego of Snoop Dogg, has shared more details from his forthcoming album Reincarnated. It's out April 23 (yes, the week of 4/20) via Berhane Sound System, Mad Decent, VICE Music, and RCA Records.
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AKRON, Ohio -The W in WGC doesn't stand for Woods. It just seems that way.Tiger Woods sailed a cloud-touching 8-iron to within a foot of the cup on No. 16 while leader Padraig Harrington was imploding with a triple-bogey, ending all the drama Sunday in yet another World Golf Championship win for Woods at the Bridgestone Invitational."When I hit it I knew it was going to be a good one," Woods said after his 70th career win in his 248th career start, a .299 winning percentage. "I thought it was going to be just a little bit ...
WATKINS GLEN, N.Y. (AP) -Smoke loves it when the Glen heats up.Tony Stewart won the rain-delayed NASCAR Sprint Cup race at Watkins Glen International on a steamy Monday, holding off Australian Marcos Ambrose over the final 25 laps for his Cup-record fifth victory at the famed road course."I love it when it gets slick," Stewart said. "I was watching him (Ambrose). I think we were stronger in the parts we needed to be and we never looked at the fuel."It was Stewart's third win in his first season as an owner-driver and the seventh road ...
FLOWERY BRANCH, Ga. - After holding out for the first week of training camp, receiver Roddy White agreed to a contract extension with the Atlanta Falcons on Saturday night.
ATLANTA - Paul Johnson says Georgia Tech players have expectations for 2009 that are no higher than last season.
AKRON, Ohio - Padraig Harrington responded to a late charge by Tiger Woods with one of his own Saturday and shot a 3-under 67 at rain-softened Firestone to build a three-shot lead going into the final round of the Bridgestone Invitational.
ATHENS, Ga. - Mark Richt isn't ready to predict the winner of Georgia's tailback competition. He won't even predict that one winner will emerge in the effort to replace first-round draft pick Knowshon Moreno.
Georgia fans, brace for a tailback-by-committee approach.
AKRON, Ohio - Padraig Harrington broke par for the second straight day, something he hasn't done in four months. Two more days like that and it could lead to something he hasn't done in a year.Without a victory since the PGA Championship, Harrington treaded carefully across Firestone on Friday for a 1-under 69 that gave him a one-shot lead over Tim Clark going into the weekend at the Bridgestone Invitational.Harrington didn't put much stock into his opening round of 64, and he wasn't ready to declare himself the favorite to win his first World Golf ...
WATKINS GLEN, N.Y. (AP) - Jimmie Johnson will never have a better view at Watkins Glen International. He just hopes he can keep it.Johnson captured the first road-course pole of his career in qualifying Friday, turning a lap at 123.633 mph in 71.34 seconds over the 11-turn, 2.45-mile circuit to edge Kurt Busch for the top spot for Sunday."It's going to be nice to have a good view from the front," said the three-time defending Cup champion, who has never won a Cup road race. "It's going to boil down to track position ...
AKRON, Ohio - In Phil Mickelson's return to the links, Padraig Harrington feels good enough about his swing to concentrate on his results, and it finally paid off Thursday in the Bridgestone Invitational with a 6-under 64 for a two-shot lead.Harrington has not won a sanctioned tournament since last year at the PGA Championship, when he became the first European in history to win successive majors in the same season.The Irishman was about the only one not terribly excited."There's no relevance at all," he said. "It's just a round of golf."It was a good ...
FLOWERY BRANCH, Ga. - The Atlanta Falcons' depth chart at wide receiver doesn't look much like coach Mike Smith planned.Smith confirmed Thursday that Harry Douglas will miss the season with a knee injury. Pro Bowl receiver Roddy White is in a contract holdout, and so suddenly the Falcons' three-receiver formation includes Eric Weems, who has one career catch, and Brian Finneran, who hasn't started a game since 2005.Both Weems, who rooms with Douglas at the Falcons' training camp, and Finneran, who missed two seasons with knee injuries, said they felt pain for Douglas when he hurt his ...
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SAN DIEGO - Rookie Tommy Hanson shut down San Diego long enough for his teammates to get a comfortable lead against Chad Gaudin and the Atlanta Braves beat the Padres 6-2 on Wednesday.
Watch this video on your mobile phone!
FLOWERY BRANCH - Mike Peterson finally made peace with himself after last year's meltdown with Jacksonville coach Jack Del Rio.It took Peterson a few restless nights to put the embarrassments and disappointments behind him, but a reunion with Falcons coach Mike Smith has given the 11th-year linebacker a new outlook on football."You're going to go through some phases in your life when you have to learn from it and move on," Peterson said Tuesday. "For some reason, and I might not understand it now, but this season, after we win the Super Bowl, I'll look back ...
DORAL, Fla.- Rory McIlroy rotated his hips, transferred his weight and delivered another moment that golf fans won't soon forget.
ATLANTA- Al Horford scored 19 points and Kyle Korver hit two big 3-pointers in the fourth quarter after struggling much of the night, leading the Atlanta Hawks to a 106-97 victory over the Cleveland Cavaliers on Friday night in a game could be a preview of what's to come in the playoffs.
Golfers from around the area converged on Forest Heights Country Club Thursday afternoon for a fundraiser that netted a donation of $31,750 to the Boys and Girls Club of Bulloch.
FALL RIVER, Mass. - Prosecutors in the Massachusetts murder trial of former New England Patriots player Aaron Hernandez will not be allowed to introduce evidence about the shooting of a Hernandez friend in Florida a few months before the killing, a judge ruled Wednesday.
ENGLEWOOD, Colo. - Hold that gold watch. Peyton Manning is taking one more shot at the silver trophy.
The Minnesota Vikings have made their in-person pitch to Adrian Peterson, the latest step toward resolving the star running back's unclear status.
ATLANTA - North Carolina needed a boost after failing to win consecutive games in a rough February.
FALL RIVER, Mass. - A state police trooper who specializes in fingerprint analysis testified Tuesday in the murder trial of Aaron Hernandez that the fingerprints of the former NFL player and his alleged victim, Odin Lloyd, were found inside a car that was allegedly used to drive Lloyd to his death.
ATLANTA - Jeff Teague scored 25 points, Al Horford added 18 and the NBA-leading Atlanta Hawks rallied from an 18-point deficit to win their fifth straight game, 104-96 over the Houston Rockets on Tuesday night.
BOSTON - There is a defensive end heading for free agency who had 15 sacks in his last full season. The kind of player a team can build a pass rush around, if he were spending more time on the football field and less in the courts fighting domestic abuse charges.
NFL games have begun for 2015.
PALM BEACH GARDENS, Fla. - Whether he was piling up majors or playing so poorly that he lost his PGA Tour card, Padraig Harrington never wavered from one goal in golf. Just get him anywhere near the lead with nine holes to play, and he would happily take his chances.
PALM BEACH GARDENS, Fla. - Ian Poulter didn't realize he had a three-shot lead in the Honda Classic, only that he was playing well enough to feel like he was in control of his game and the tournament.
Grab a cup of coffee and spend some time re-living the Georgia Southern Eagles sweeping the Sun Belt Conference through the eyes of Herald Staff Photographer Scott Bryant.


text: This place is great!! The staff is th first thing you'll notice because they are just so darn sweet. They'll give you all the details you need to know to have a woderul stay. The house is adorable.. Definitely on the older side but full of charm. Our room was great, we stayed in the summer room on th 3rd... More


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The two mystery ships pictured in Newhaven are refrigerated ships. In the forefront is the Soviet Vasiliy Fesenkov, built in 1974 in Gdansk in Poland (6,391gt, 139m length), which was part of the famous and popular B-437 series of 14 reefer ships, many of which were built for USSR shipping companies. The ship traded for Sudoimport (Soviet Union) and was a frequent visitor to Newhaven. In 1991 she was sold at which point she became Vasiliy Fesenkov, and in September 1999 she was scrapped in Alang. The other mystery ship, another reefer, was operated by W. Bruns & Co of Hamburg. She was one of a series of nine ships built by various German shipyards between 1963 and 1965 for the import of bananas from Colombia (4,700gt, 136m length). The photo was probably taken in 1974-75, because most of these ships were sold by Bruns in 1972. Every ship had the prefix 'Bruns' in its name. This ship could be Brunsrode, Brunsbüttel or Brunsland. Most ships were scrapped in the 1980s.
Ulrich Delius, Göttingen, Germany
This month's mystery ship was again supplied by Paul Green, who seeks help in identifying another of his photos taken at Newhaven 40 years ago (see SM, July and below for the other photo). This one shows Lenpa, which looks to be of a similar design and operated by the same company as Leon. Paul says: 'They all have apparent Union Castle characteristics, and I would love to know the ship's original identity. The photos were scanned from original Agfa transparencies'. So can any reader supply more information about this ship?
Cyril Jones, of Seahouses, Northumberland, sent the accompanying photo and said: 'I would like to learn anything I could aboutthis ship, which I photographed in Yokohama in 2007. Can anyone help?' So over to our readers . . . what is the exact identity of the ship? Where and when was she built? Is she still in existence, and, if so, where is she operating?
The submarine pictured is HMS Aurochs, an A class submarine built by Vickers Armstrong at Barrow in Furness. She was launched on 28 July 1945 and commissioned on 7 February 1947, too late for service in World War Ii.
A Class submarines were designed for service in the Pacific, with air conditioning for greater comfort and endurance, although those of us who served on A Class boats might not agree about the level of comfort! Their all-welded hull and pre-fabrication construction allowed speedy build times. They were manned by a crew of about 60.
Apart from HMS Affray, which was lost with all hands in the English Channel in 1951, Aurochs was the only A class not to be modernised during the late 1950s.
While serving in the Far East, Aurochs was attacked, while surfaced, by an unidentified aircraft. There were no casualties on the submarine. HMS Aurochs was decommissioned in 1966.
Steve Buttle, Hythe, Hampshire
The vessel in the centre of the picture is Luymes. She was launched at the Gusto Shipyard in Schiedam, Rotterdam in 1951 as a hydrographic research ship for the Royal Dutch Navy. She arrived at Southampton in November 1973 and was intended for conversion to a yacht at the Willments Shipyard. In April 2005 she was sold to shipbreakers at New Holland. I photographed her there on 3 May 2005. The vessel on the right looks like the dredger Mersey No.41, which would date the photo to pre-April 1989, when she was broken up at Garston.
Simon Smith South Ferriby, Barton Upon Humber, North Lincolnshire
This month's mystery was supplied by Paul Green, who seeks help in identifying the ships in the photo, which was taken at Newhaven about 40 or so years ago and was scanned from original Agfa transparencies. He says: 'I would love to know their original identities. Some look very much ex-Union Castle'. So can any reader supply more information about the exact identity of the ships? Where and when were they built? How long were their careers?
This month's mystery is a submarine, which is pictured at Weymouth in 1947. Or is it Portland? Can any reader supply more information about the exact identity of the boat? Where and when was she built? How long was her service career? Did she serve during World War II and in what capacity? And what was her eventual fate?
Several readers correctly identified the April mystery ship as the motor vessel Photinia. Ray Hedley (3rd Mate Photinia 1969) of Sudbury, Suffolk supplied the following information: Photinia was built by John Readhead & Sons, South Shields for Stag Line Ltd, North Shields, and was delivered in 1961. The 7,665gt vessel measured 480ft by 60ft and had an average speed of 13 knots.
She was a 10,500dwt bulk carrier, with four holds separating the aft and midship accommodation/bridge, and a further two holds forward of the bridge. She was a tramp ship, and was used to carry any type of bulk cargo. Like most of the Stag Line vessels, she often traded in the Great Lakes when they were ice-free.
In 1965 she had a career change when she was converted by Readheads into a cable layer, and Harry Pollitt's photograph was taken while she was loading cable in Manchester, at BICC's (Glovers) submarine cable loading gantry on Trafford Wharf, Manchester Docks, prior to sailing to New Zealand, where the cable was laid in the Cook Strait. The job was completed in May 1965, and for a while she remained on charter to BICC, laying a further cable between the islands of Trinidad and Tobago.
Your Online Maritime Resource
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Page 1
Individual Risk Attitudes:
Measurement, Determinants and Behavioral
April 8, 2009
Thomas Dohmen
ROA, Maastricht University, and IZA
Armin Falk
University of Bonn, IZA, and CEPR
David Huffman
Swarthmore College and IZA
Uwe Sunde
University of St. Gallen, IZA, and CEPR
Jürgen Schupp
DIW Berlin, Berlin University of Technology,
Cornell University and IZA Bonn
Gert G. Wagner
DIW Berlin and IZA Bonn
This paper studies risk attitudes using a large representative survey and a complementary
experiment conducted with a representative subject pool in subjects' homes. Using a question
asking people about their willingness to take risks "in general", we find that gender, age, height,
and parental background have an economically significant impact on willingness to take risks.
The experiment confirms the behavioral validity of this measure, using paid lottery choices.
Turning to other questions about risk attitudes in specific contexts, we find similar results on the
determinants of risk attitudes, and also shed light on the deeper question of stability of risk
attitudes across contexts. We conduct a horse race of the ability of different measures to explain
risky behaviors such as holdings stocks, occupational choice, and smoking. The question about
risk-taking in general generates the best all-around predictor of risky behavior.
JEL codes: D0, D1 D80, D81, C91, C93, J16, J24, I1
Page 2
Individual Risk Attitudes:
Measurement, Determinants and Behavioral
April 8, 2009
This paper studies risk attitudes using a large representative survey and a com-
plementary experiment conducted with a representative subject pool in subjects'
homes. Using a question asking people about their willingness to take risks "in
general", we find that gender, age, height, and parental background have an eco-
nomically significant impact on willingness to take risks. The experiment confirms
the behavioral validity of this measure, using paid lottery choices. Turning to other
questions about risk attitudes in specific contexts, we find similar results on the
determinants of risk attitudes, and also shed light on the deeper question of sta-
bility of risk attitudes across contexts. We conduct a horse race of the ability of
different measures to explain risky behaviors such as holdings stocks, occupational
choice, and smoking. The question about risk-taking in general generates the best
all-around predictor of risky behavior.
(JEL codes: D0, D1 D80, D81, C91, C93, J16, J24, I1)
Risk and uncertainty play a role in almost every important economic decision. As a
consequence, understanding individual attitudes towards risk is intimately linked to the
goal of understanding and predicting economic behavior. A growing literature has made
progress on developing empirical measures of individual risk attitudes, with the aim of
capturing this important component of individual heterogeneity (see, e.g., Bruhin et al.,
2007), but many questions remain unresolved.
One important open question concerns the determinants of individual differences in
risk attitudes. Previous studies have measured risk attitudes using survey questions, and
found mixed evidence on determinants, for example gender.1A second open question,
however, is whether survey questions are really a good method for measuring risk atti-
tudes. Because survey questions are not incentive compatible, economists are skeptical
about whether self-reported personal attitudes and traits are behaviorally meaningful.
Various factors, including self-serving biases, inattention, and strategic motives could
1See, for example, Barsky et al. (1997), Guiso and Paiella (2001) 2005, Donkers et al. (2001), Guiso et
al. (2002), and Diaz-Serrano and O'Neill (2004).
Page 3
cause respondents to distort their reported risk attitudes (for a discussion, see Camerer
and Hogarth, 1999). Experimental studies, which measure risk-taking behavior with real
money at stake, on the other hand, offer an incentive compatible measure of risk atti-
tudes.2However, a drawback of this technique is that it is costly and difficult to perform
with a large, representative sample, preventing studies at a large scale.3A related, but
largely unexplored issue is how context and question format matter for eliciting risk atti-
tudes. Survey studies have almost always used a question framed in one relatively specific
context: a (hypothetical) decision regarding a financial lottery. It is conceivable, however,
that alternative survey instruments, which are easier to understand than fairly compli-
cated hypothetical lotteries, can deliver similarly reliable information on individual risk
In this paper we address these open questions by investigating responses to a survey
item that asks individuals about a judgment of their own willingness to take risks. This
self-assessment complements traditional lottery-type elicitation of risk attitudes, and we
compare the responses to behavior in paid real-stakes lotteries. The results shed light on
the determinants of risk attitudes in a representative sample, as well as the behavioral
validity of the survey instrument. The paper also compares the responses with multiple
alternative questions about risk attitudes that using different contexts and approaches,
which were asked in the same survey. This allows us to assess the robustness of results
such as a gender difference in risk attitudes to the use of different types of risk measures,
and it is also useful for determining the best way to reliably capture an individual's risk
taking tendencies in different contexts.
The analysis makes use of different sources of data. The first data source is the
German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), which measures the risk attitudes of more than
22,000 individuals. The sample is carefully constructed to be representative of the adult
population living in Germany. The representativeness and statistical power afforded by
2See, e.g., Binswanger (1980), Schubert et al. (1999), Holt and Laury (2002), Barr and Packard (2002),
Eckel et al. (2005), Eckel and Grossman (2007) and Choi et al. (2007).
3A notable exception in the literature is the work by Harrison et al. (2007) who conduct risk experiments
among 253 Danes that were carefully sampled to reflect a representative subject pool of the Danish
Page 4
the survey allow us to study the determinants of risk attitudes in detail. The survey is
also attractive in that it incorporates a variety of different approaches to measuring risk
attitudes. For example, one question directly asks individual's to make a global assess-
ment of their willingness to take risks: "How willing are you to take risks, in general?"
Respondents rate their willingness on a scale from 0 to 10. We call this simple, ordinal
measure the "general risk question". Initially, we use this measure to study heterogeneity
and determinants of risk attitudes in the population. Our first set of results includes
evidence of substantial heterogeneity in risk attitudes, and strong evidence that gender,
age, height, and parental background play an important role in explaining individual
differences in risk attitudes.
A crucial concern is whether survey questions can be meaningfully interpreted in
terms of actual risk-taking behavior. In order to address this question, we use a sec-
ond data source: a field experiment conducted with an additional representative sample
of 450 subjects, drawn from the adult population in Germany using exactly the same
methodology as for the SOEP. Participants in our experiment answer the same general
risk question asked to participants in the SOEP. The respondents also make choices in
a real-stakes lottery experiment. We find that responses to the general risk question are
a reliable predictor of actual risky behavior, even controlling for a large number of ob-
servables. This lends confidence to the behavioral validity of our results for the larger
survey data set, based on the validated survey measure.4More generally, the findings
document that a simple, qualitative survey measure can generate a meaningful measure
of risk attitudes, which maps into actual choices in lotteries with real monetary conse-
quences. This is important because it suggests that surveys can collect information on
risk attitudes using instruments that are easy to use and relatively cheap to administer,
and yet deliver a behaviorally valid measure of risk attitudes. While we are aware that
hypothetical questions are not a perfect substitute for elicitation of risk preferences using
paid lottery experiments, we see considerable value added in documenting the relation-
4In focusing on the consistency of survey responses to a new survey instrument with risk behavior in
lotteries, our investigation about the behavioral validity complements earlier work on hypothetical
bias, see, e.g., Holt and Laury (2002) for a central contribution in the context of risk attitudes.
Page 5
ship in responses with experimental elicitation instruments, underscoring the usefulness
(and relative advantage) of these measures for elicitation of risk attitudes in large-scale
With the behavioral validity of the general risk question in terms of predicting
behavior in the experiment in mind, we return to an analysis of the larger SOEP data set,
and exploit additional questions about risk attitudes. In particular, the survey includes
five additional questions that use the same scale as the general risk question, but ask
about risk taking in specific contexts: car driving, financial matters, sports and leisure,
health, and career. We find that the results on determinants are robust to using these
alternative risk measures, e.g., females are less willing to take risks in every context. We
also assess the stability of risk attitudes across contexts. In economics it is common to
think of a single trait as governing risk-taking in all contexts, whereas in psychology there
is more controversy on this point.5Our results suggest that risk attitudes are strongly
but not perfectly correlated across contexts. This suggests the presence of a common
underlying risk trait, but also points to some value-added from asking context-specific
Finally, the survey includes self-reported information on several important risky
behaviors: holding stocks, being self-employed, participating in sports, and smoking.
This allows us to compare the relative ability of the different measures of risk attitudes to
explain these risky behaviors. We find that all measures are significantly related to several
behaviors, providing further evidence on their behavioral validity. The best all-around
explanatory variable, however, is the general risk question, which predicts all behaviors.
On the other hand, although less successful across contexts, the single best risk measure
in any given context is the measure incorporating the corresponding specific context. For
example, the best predictor of smoking is the question about willingness to take risks in
health matters, rather than the general risk question or questions incorporating different
contexts. These findings indicate that asking for a global assessment of willingness to take
risks reflects a useful all-around measure of risk attitudes. Questions focused on specific
5See, e.g., Slovic (1972a).
Page 6
contexts do less well as all-around predictors, but provide strong measures within their
particular domain of risky behavior.
The organization of the paper is as follows. Section 1 describes the SOEP and
the risk measures that we use. Section 2 investigates heterogeneity and determinants
of risk attitudes using the general risk question. Section 3 presents results from the
complementary field experiment. Section 4 assesses the stability of risk attitudes across
different contexts. Section 5 compares the predictive power of the different risk measures
and Section 6 discusses the implications of our results.
1Data Description
The SOEP is a representative panel survey of the resident adult population of Germany
(for a detailed description, see Wagner et al., 1993, and Schupp and Wagner, 2002).
The initial wave of the survey was conducted in 1984. The SOEP surveys the head
of each household in the sample, but also gives the full survey to all other household
members over the age of 17. Respondents are asked for a wide range of personal and
household information, and for their attitudes on assorted topics, including political and
social issues. Our analysis uses the 2004 wave, which includes 22,019 individuals in 11,803
different households.
Much of our analysis focuses on the general risk question in the SOEP, which directly
asks respondents to give a global assessment of their willingness to take risks. The exact
wording of which (translated from German) is as follows: "How do you see yourself: are
you generally a person who is fully prepared to take risks or do you try to avoid taking
risks? Please tick a box on the scale, where the value 0 means: 'not at all willing to
take risks' and the value 10 means: 'very willing to take risks'."6Notably, the measure
is qualitative and does not involve an explicit lottery. Rather, it relies on the subject
6In German, the wording of the question is: "Wie sch¨ atzen Sie sich pers¨ onlich ein: Sind Sie im all-
gemeinen ein risikobereiter Mensch oder versuchen Sie, Risiken zu vermeiden? Bitte kreuzen Sie ein
K¨ astchen auf der Skala an, wobei der Wert 0 bedeutet: "gar nicht risikobereit" und der Wert 10: "Sehr
risikobereit". Mit den Werten dazwischen k¨ onnen Sie Ihre Einsch¨ atzung abstufen." German versions
of all risk questions are available online, at www.diw.de/gsoep/.
Page 7
to give an assessment of willingness to take risks in general, across the various types of
lotteries (some of which may be non-financial) that could be faced in decision making.
This approach is potentially attractive, for the purpose of eliciting a reliable all-around
measure of risk attitudes across contexts, something which we evaluate empirically in our
analysis. Because there are no explicit stakes or probabilities in the question, there is the
potential that factors other than risk preference could lead to variation in responses across
individuals. Specifically, subjective beliefs about the riskiness of the decision environment
could affect someone's stated willingness to take risks. For this reason, it is informative
whether the measure explains risky behavior in our field experiment, where choices involve
paid lotteries with explicit stakes and probabilities, and thus subjective beliefs about risk
are held constant. A positive result from the validation exercise would confirm that the
measure does not just reflect subjective beliefs. Five additional measures use the same
wording as the general risk question, and the same scale, but ask about willingness to
take risks in a specific context: car driving, financial matters, leisure and sports, career,
and health.
Not every respondent answered all questions, but non-response rates are fairly low.
The number of non-responses out of 22,019 for each of the six question is as follows: 72
for general, 1,349 for car driving, 262 for financial matters, 379 for sports and leisure,
2,051 for career, and 85 for health.
Our analysis also incorporates a field experiment, in which the subjects are a random
sample of the population, drawn using exactly the same procedure as for the SOEP
(sampling is done using the targeted random walk method; see Thompson, 2006).7The
experiment involved a separate subject pool, rather than involving participants from the
SOEP panel. In the experiment, subjects answered a questionnaire similar to the SOEP,
which included the general risk question. Subjects then took part in a lottery experiment.
We describe the experiment in detail in the validation section below. The questionnaire
and experiment were conducted by experienced interviewers who were recruited out of the
7For each of 179 randomly chosen primary sampling units (voting districts), one trained interviewer
was given a randomly chosen starting address. Starting at that specific local address, the interviewer
contacted every third household and interviewed one adult person aged 16 or older per household.
Page 8
pool of interviewers who conduct the regular SOEP survey. Interviews took place face-to-
face at the subjects' homes. Both answers to the questionnaire and the decisions in the
lottery experiment were typed into a computer by a professional interviewer (Computer
Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI)). The study was run between June 9th and July 4th,
2005, and a total of 450 participants took part.
2Willingness to Take Risks in General: Heterogene-
ity and Determinants
This section presents the distribution of willingness to take risks in the population, as
measured by the general risk question, and then turns to the investigation of possible
determinants of individual differences in risk attitudes.
The Figure 1 shows the distribution of general risk attitudes in our representative
sample. Each bar indicates the fraction of individuals choosing a given number on the
eleven point risk scale. The figure reveals substantial heterogeneity in risk attitudes
across the population: the modal response is 5, but risk attitudes vary widely over the
entire scale, with mass distributed over the entire support. A relatively small fraction
of respondents chooses a value of 10, indicating that they are very willing to take risks,
while a somewhat larger mass, roughly 7 percent of all individuals, choose 0, indicating
that they are not at all willing to take risks.
Next, we investigate whether some of the heterogeneity in risk attitudes is system-
atic, thus leading to differences in economic decisions across different types of individuals.
We focus on the impact of four personal characteristics: gender, age, height, and parental
background. These characteristics are plausibly exogenous with respect to individual risk
attitudes and behavior, and thus allow us to give a causal interpretation to correlations
and regression results.8There are also important implications if these characteristics have
an impact on risk attitudes. For example, a gender difference in risk attitudes could be
8Note, however, the caveat that age could potentially be endogenous, for example if people who are less
willing to take risks live longer.
Page 9
part of the explanation for gender differences in social behavior and economic outcomes.
A first look at the data shows that the proportion of individuals who are relatively
unwilling to take risks, i.e., choose low values on the scale, is higher for women and
increases strongly with age.9Likewise, family background in terms of parental education
appears to play a role in determining risk attitudes, indicating a positive correlation
between parental education and willingness to take risks. Finally, height appears to be a
relevant determinant of risk attitudes, with taller individuals being willing to take risks
for both genders.
To determine the joint role of these four exogenous characteristics simultaneously,
we estimate regressions where the dependent variable is an individual's response to the
general risk question. Because the dependent variable is measured in intervals, on an 11-
point scale, throughout the analysis we use interval regression techniques.10All estimation
results report robust standard errors, corrected for possible correlation of the error term
across individuals from the same household. The only sample restriction is the omission
of individuals with missing values for the variables in a given regression.
Table 1 summarizes our initial regressions. The baseline specification, presented in
column (1), uses gender, age and height as explanatory variables. The resulting coefficient
estimates show that the unconditional results remain robust. Women are significantly less
willing to take risks in general. Willingness to take risks also decreases significantly with
age. Unreported regressions including age in splines, with knots at 30 and 60 years, reveal
9Willingness to take risks appears to decrease steadily with age for men, whereas for women willingness
to take risks decreases more rapidly from the late teens to age thirty, and then remains flat, until it
begins to decrease again from the mid-fifties onwards. A graphical illustration of this finding as well
as the other unconditional correlations can be found in the discussion paper version of this paper, see
Dohmen et al. (2005). Interestingly, this pattern in early life for women is not solely driven by the
occurrence of childbirth; the pattern is similar for the sub-sample of women who never have a child.
10Rather than interpreting responses as continuous variable, this approach treats each value of the
dependent variable as a left and right censored observation coming from an interval with known bounds
and accounts for censoring. The interval regression procedure maximizes a likelihood function that is
a natural generalization of a Tobit. Error terms are assumed to be normally distributed. Reported
coefficients reflect marginal effects. We also estimated all regressions using Ordered Probit models, OLS
regressions, or using a binary Probit classification with a measure of risk attitudes as the dependent
variable, which takes a value of 1 for individuals who report a value above 5 on the general risk scale
and 0 otherwise. In all instances we found the same qualitative results and similarly significant and
robust coefficients. Results based on any of these alternative estimation methods are available upon
Page 10
that the age effect is particularly strong for young and old ages. The inclusion of splines
leaves the estimates of the other coefficients virtually unchanged.11
Taller people are
more willing to take risks. All of these effects are individually and jointly significant at
the 1-percent level.12Column (2) repeats the same estimation adding indicator variables
for having a mother or father who have completed the Abitur as exogenous characteristic
from the individual point of view.13Having a mother or father with completed Abitur
significantly increases willingness to take risks. Again, this effect is individually and
jointly significant at any conventional level.
Columns (3) to (6) check the robustness of our findings by including other control
variables. Two potentially important controls are income and wealth. High income or
wealth levels may increase the willingness to take risks because they cushion the impact of
bad realizations. A potential problem with adding these variables to the regression is that
they may be endogenous, e.g., a greater willingness to take risks could lead to high wealth
levels. Wealth and income are sufficiently important economic variables, however, that it
is arguably important to know how they affect the baseline results when they are included
in the regression.14
Column (6) is the fullest specification, controlling for household
wealth and income simultaneously, and also adding a large number of other personal
and household characteristics. These additional characteristics, which are all potentially
endogenous, include among others: marital status, socialization in East or West Germany,
nationality, employment status (white collar, blue collar, private or public sector, self-
employed, non-participating), education, subjective health status, and religion.15For the
11Results for spline regressions are available upon request.
12Results from OLS regressions deliver almost identical results. The corresponding R-square measure is
0.12. A likelihood-ratio test reveals that adding interaction terms between all independent variables
improves the fit. The coefficients of interest in the unrestricted specification, however, are very similar
to those from the restricted model, both qualitatively and quantitatively. We prefer the model reported
in column (1) of Table 1 for ease of presentation and interpretation.
13There are two types of high school in Germany, vocational and university-track. The Abitur is an
exam that is completed at the end of university-track high schools and qualifies an individual to attend
university. Thus the Abitur is an indicator of relatively high academic achievement, especially for older
cohorts. Hence, we take whether or not a parent passed the Abitur, an exam that comes at the end of
university-track high school in Germany and is a prerequisite for attending university, as a proxy for
highly-educated parents. In our sample, roughly 7 percent of mothers and 13 percent of fathers have
completed the Abitur.
14For details on the construction of income and wealth measures in the SOEP, see the notes for Table 1.
15Again, OLS results are almost identical, with an R-squared of 0.17 for a specification corresponding to
Page 11
sake of brevity, Table 1 does not report coefficient estimates for all of the additional
controls. The precise specification and all coefficient estimates are shown in Table A.1 in
the Appendix.
A comparison of the results in columns (3) to (6) to results in columns (1) and (2)
shows that the coefficient estimates for gender, age, and height are virtually unchanged,
and remain equally statistically significant when we include the additional income and
wealth controls. Women are less willing to take risks than men.16Increasing age leads to
decreasing willingness to take risks, and increasing height leads to a greater willingness
to take risks. Having a mother who completed the Abitur, and somewhat less strongly
having a father who completed the Abitur, increases an individual's willingness to take
Importantly, the effects of gender, age, height, and parental education on willingness
to take risks are also quantitatively significant. For example, given that one standard
deviation for the general risk question is about 2.4, the gender effect corresponds to a
substantial decrease in willingness to take risks, about one quarter of a standard deviation.
In the last section of the paper, where we relate risk attitudes to different important risky
behaviors, we return to a discussion of the economic significance of the determinants
identified in this section.
Although causal interpretations are inadvisable, it is interesting that the correlation
between wealth or income and risk attitudes goes in the predicted direction, i.e., these
correlations are invariably positive and significant, indicating that wealthier individuals
are more willing to take risks. For example, the unconditional correlation between general
risk attitudes and log household income is 0.20, and the correlation with log household
wealth is 0.06, significant at any conventional level. The positive relationship between
income or wealth and willingness to take risks remains when we control for other observ-
that reported in column (6).
16We also studied the gender difference in risk attitudes using Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition techniques
(see Blinder, 1973, and Oaxaca, 1973), which allow the separation of differences in observable charac-
teristics from differences in regression coefficients. We found that more than 60 percent of the gender
gap is explained by differences in coefficients rather than characteristics, regardless of the specification
or the reference group chosen.
Page 12
ables (see coefficient estimates in column (1) of Table A.1 in the Appendix). There are
also a number of other noteworthy correlations, reported in Table A.1. For example, being
widowed, having a bad subjective health status, and being out of the labor force are all
significantly negatively correlated with willingness to take risks. Willingness to take risks
decreases with number of children. People with high life satisfaction are more willing to
take risks.
3 Experimental Validation of Survey Measures
The previous section identified several exogenous factors that determine individual risk
attitudes. Importantly, these conclusions were drawn from a large and representative
survey. The scope of the results is therefore considerably larger than that of economic
experiments, which typically use a relatively small and often selective sample. A serious
concern with the use of hypothetical questions, however, is that responses are not incentive
compatible. As a result it is unclear to what extent the general risk question is a reliable
indicator for actual risk taking behavior.
In light of this discussion, the researcher who is interested in the measurement of risk
attitudes faces a dilemma. Running an incentive compatible experiment with, say, 22,000
subjects is hardly a feasible option, given the substantial associated administrative and
financial costs. Conducting experiments with affordable but relatively small sample sizes,
on the other hand, leaves the researcher with limited statistical power. In this paper our
solution is to run a large survey including risk measures but also a complementary field
experiment that tests the behavioral validity of the survey measures. This procedure offers
the advantages of both statistical power and confidence in the reliability of the survey
questions.17In order to validate our survey risk measure, we ran a lottery experiment
based on a representative sample of adult individuals living in Germany, and had the same
individuals answer a detailed questionnaire. Of course, it would also be possible to validate
17There is a parallel with the literature on contingent valuation, which has used experiments to explore
the validity of survey questions about preferences for environmental amenities or other goods. See,
e.g., Blackburn, et al. (1994), and Champ and Bishop (2001), among others.
Page 13
the measure in a lab experiment with undergraduates, a relatively easy and potentially
less expensive option. Strictly speaking, however, this would only allow validation of the
survey questions for this special subgroup of the total population, which is why we decided
on our alternative design.18
In our experimental study, subjects first went through a detailed questionnaire, simi-
lar to the standard SOEP questionnaire. As part of the questionnaire we asked the general
risk question analyzed in the previous section. After completion of the questionnaire, par-
ticipants took part in a paid lottery experiment.19In the experiment participants were
shown a table with 20 rows. In each row they had to decide whether they preferred a safe
option or playing a lottery. In the lottery they could win either 300 Euros or 0 Euros with
50 percent probability (1 Euro ∼ $ US 1.2 at the time of the experiment). In each row
the lottery was exactly the same but the safe option increased from row to row. In the
first row the safe option was 0 Euros, in the second it was 10 Euros, and so on up to 190
Euros in row 20. After a participant had made a decision for each row, it was randomly
determined which row became relevant for the participant's payoff. Depending on the
subject's choice in that row, the subject's payoff would either be the safe payment from
that row, or the outcome of the lottery. This procedure guarantees that each decision
was incentive compatible. Once a respondent preferred the safe option to playing the
lottery, the interviewer asked whether the respondent would also prefer the even higher
safe payments to playing the lottery, and all subjects responded in the affirmative. The
switching point is informative about a subject's risk attitude. Since the expected value
of the lottery is 150 Euros, weakly risk averse subjects should start to prefer the safe
18Several recent studies have pointed out that student samples are not representative for a broad popu-
lation, and have therefore run experiments on representative samples, see, e.g., Bellemare and Kr¨ oger
(2007) in the context of trust, and Harrison et al. (2007) in the context of risk experiments.
19The general risk question was asked as question 19 in the questionnaire, and the risk experiment was
conducted after subjects had answered question 104. Thus, a considerable amount of time (more than
20 minutes) passed between answering the general risk question and making choices in the lottery
experiment, during which participants answered 85 different questions, many with several sub-items.
This time delay, together with the fact that the lottery choices involved considerable financial incentives,
helps eliminate any spurious relationship between the general risk question and lottery choices, arising
due to a psychological desire to make choices that are consistent with previous survey responses. In
fact, see Saris and van Meurs (1990) and Saris (2003) for evidence that a time delay of 20 minutes
between measures suffices to eliminate memory effects.
Page 14
option over the lottery for save payments that are less than 150 Euros. They should
also prefer larger safe payments to the lottery. Only risk loving subjects should opt for
the lottery when the offered safe option is 160, 170, 180, or 190 Euros. The increments
in the safe payment, and maximum value of 190, were chosen to allow a relatively fine
grid for categorizing different degrees of risk aversion, risk neutrality, or risk lovingness,
while also keeping the length of the choice table manageable. For example, safe payments
higher than 190 would either require lengthening the table, or using a coarser grid. As
very few individuals are typically extremely risk loving, a maximum of 190 was chosen.
As discussed below, the fact that the table is bounded at 190 is inconsequential for our
In order to ensure incentive compatibility, subjects were informed that after the
experiment a random device would determine whether they would be paid according to
their decision, and that the chance of winning was 1/7 (see Laury, 2006, for evidence that
this delivers very similar results to the alternative procedure of paying each subject with
probability 1). At the end of the experiment subjects learnt the outcome of the chance
move, and in case they won they were paid by check sent to them by mail.20
Ideally, subjects who take part in the experiment should be as similar as possible to
the SOEP respondents, in particular with respect to the exogenous factors that explain
individual risk attitudes. We tried to make the samples as similar as possible by adopting
the exact same sampling methodology, and using the same surveying company as is used
for the SOEP (for detailed documentation see also Schupp and Wagner, 2007). As the
upper panel of Table 2 shows, the two samples are in fact quite similar. The fraction
of females is 52.7 percent in the experiment and 51.9 percent in the SOEP data. Also,
both mean age and median age of the participants are very similar. The same holds for
height. This congruence reflects the representative character of the experimental subject
pool. Table 2 also shows that the mean and median response to the general risk question
is very similar. While the mean (median) value in the experiment is 4.76 (5), it is 4.42 (5)
20Sending checks is a particularly credible procedure in our case because the interviewers came from one
of Germany's leading and most distinguished institutes in the field of social science survey research.
None of the interviewers reported any credibility problems in their interviewer reports.
Page 15
for the people who are interviewed in the SOEP. In addition, the answers to the general
risk question are almost identically distributed.21
Closer investigation of the responses reveals that about 78 percent of the participants
are risk averse. They prefer not to play the lottery, which has an expected value of
150 Euros, when offered a safe payment smaller than 150 Euros.About 13 percent
are arguably risk neutral: 9 percent prefer a safe payment of 150 Euros to the lottery,
but play the lottery at smaller alternative options, and 4 percent play the lottery when
offered a safe payment equal to the expected value of the lottery but do not play the
lottery when the safe payment exceeds the expected value of the lottery. About 9 percent
of the subjects exhibit risk loving behavior, preferring the lottery to safe amounts above
150 Euros. These proportions of risk averse, risk neutral, and risk loving individuals
are closely in line with previous findings.22There is some indication for the commonly
observed tendency for subjects to switch at "prominent" numbers. We verify below that
our results are robust to using smoothed measures of risk aversion that lump together
switching rows into broader categories, and to using various estimation techniques that
correct for potential censoring.
Our main interest in this section is whether survey data can predict actual risk taking
behavior in the lottery experiment. In other words, we want to study whether greater
willingness to take risks in the general risk question maps into a greater willingness to
take risks in the lottery experiment. To test the predictive power of the general risk
question, we ran the regressions reported in the lower panel of Table 2. In the first model,
we simply regress the value of the safe option at the switching point on answers given to
21While a t-test rejects the null hypothesis that the mean response is identical in the two samples, we
cannot reject the null hypothesis that the answers to the survey risk questions in the two samples have
the same distribution on basis of a Kolmogorov-Smirnov-test. Furthermore, an interval regression
using the specification in column (1) of Table 1 shows that determinants of responses to the general
risk question are very similar across the two samples. For example, we cannot reject the null that the
coefficients for gender, age, and height observed in the field experiment are the same as those observed
in the SOEP survey sample.
22For example, in a condition with comparable stakes, Holt and Laury (2002) observe 81 percent risk
averse, 13 percent risk neutral, and 6 percent risk loving. They use a similar choice-table procedure to
obtain incentive compatible measures of risk preference, where switching rows categorize individuals
into different intervals of risk aversion or risk-lovingness, although they vary the probabilities instead
of the safe payment. See also Harrison et al., 2007, who use a similar measure and find a similar
distribution of types in a representative sample of Danes.


text:
Remember how I was telling you that I didn't get into Broad Street this year? Well, as luck would have it, I just won entry into 2015's race courtesy of Dunkin' Donuts's Team Dunkin'!
I am so excited to have been given this second chance at running Broad Street. In all honesty, I was crushed when I received the "you have not been selected" e-mail. Before opening that message, I had taken it for granted that I would get in through the lottery—after all, the race organizers like to promote the (surely outdated) statistic that 80% of lottery entrants win a bib. So to be part of that unfortunate 20% was a big downer.
Now that I'm actually in, I am pumped to continue with my training. Spring may not be getting here/staying here anytime soon (it's supposed to snow flurry tonight, be in the 70s on Friday and rain all of next week), but at least I have the promise of two upcoming races. Hurray!
Increased activity means I have an increased appetite, and as the weather changes, so do my cravings. Currently I am once again infatuated with Nutella and berry waffles, and my go-to easy meal is now a bowl of pierogis, peppers, pearl onions and turkey bacon. Yum.
|I come from Slavic roots, and thus pierogis are way better than pasta in my mind (and belly).
So how did the training go this past week? I ran just under 15 miles: four of those hills, three easy, and over 7 for the long run. I managed to reassure myself of my abilities for my upcoming 10k and 10 miler by reviewing last year's running log: it turns out, I was running the same monthly distance and the same paces (if not slower) in March of last year. Even with a lethargic winter, I may have a shot yet at a PR or two!
Things are looking up in the Philly running circuit as well. There are club runs and events galore coming up in April, including the first ever Nightshift run. New Balance is opening an outpost in Center City tomorrow, and Christopher McDougall of Born to Run fame is leading a fun run and celebration on April 23.
Now, in honor of April Fool's Day, I await the opening of registration for the Philadelphia Marathon. I jest not—I actually planning on signing up for my second marathon. Let's see if I have fast enough fingers to be one of the first 500 participants (read: the early bird gets the discount)!
~Tomato Face


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text:
Day 59
Fantastic prizes up for grabs every day and YOU could win a life changing £100,000!
Lily-Rose Depp channels her stylish mum in this ensemble.
These couples definitely WON'T be looking to get back together!
The nice girls of pop who are proving less is definitely more...
Helen trumps women half her age in the style stakes!
Find out the latest from Heart Breakfast's Justin & Kelly
Fantastic prizes up for grabs every day and YOU could win a life changing £100,000!
With the imminent arrival of the second royal baby, these adorable and stylish picks are fit for your little prince and princesses.
All these couples have chosen to profess love for each other with matching tattoos.
The top stories in the North East updated throughout the day - listen on FM, Online and Digital
A Maths teacher who asked a teenager he met online to send sexual pictures has been sacked
The first advert for the brand new James Bond film has landed and it looks set to be even more dark and menacing than 'Skyfall'!
Fairy Godmother, Helena Bonham Carter tells all about the making of the Cinderella movie and her role as the Fairy Godmother
With lent almost over and Easter right around the corner, it's time for something sweet! Prepare to drool over yummy cakes and cute mini sandwiches. Macaroon anybody?
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Discover this season's unmissable TV like Game of Thrones Series 5, and win Sky TV free for a year
Get a 200% Welcome Bonus. Deposit £10, get £30 to play! T&C's apply.
See this weeks' fantastic deal on your next family holiday. Book NOW!
Find your local four day weather report here.
Make Heart the soundtrack to your day and you could be a winner with great prizes up for grabs throughout the day.


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