text:
BVITV EMEA Ups Maria Kyriacou to Portfolio Development Group VP
Buena Vista International Television (BVITV) EMEA has promoted Maria Kyriacou from exec director to vp, Portfolio Development Group.
Buena Vista International Television (BVITV) EMEA has promoted Maria Kyriacou from exec director to vp, Portfolio Development Group.
Leading longform post-production company Post Logic Studios has hired digital intermediate colorist Doug Delaney, who is best known for his work on the digital intermediate for THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE RETURN OF THE KING. As one of three colorists supervised by Peter Doyle and cinematographer Andrew Lesnie, ASC, Delaney spent more than five months in New Zealand on the meticulous color grading of the effects-laden epic.
On the heels of the recent announcement of the partnership between CBS and DIC Ent. to launch CBSs Secret Saturday Morning Slumber Party, DIC has appointed Kaaren Lee Brown svp of creative affairs. Brown will oversee all aspects of programming for the new branded Saturday morning kids programming block.
Scott Sassa has joined GameFlys board of directors. Sassa's more than two decades of entertainment media and Internet industry experience includes serving as president of NBC West Coast, Friendster and Turner Ent. Group.
Director Justin Klarenbeck has signed with TWC for exclusive representation in commercials as the company continues to add highly accomplished, multi-talented filmmakers to its staff. Klarenbeck, whose expertise ranges from visual effects to directing talent, is probably best known for his automotive work, within credits including virtually every leading automaker. His recent work includes spots for Toyota, Chevy, Lexus, Honda and Mercedes Benz.
Stan Glasgow will succeed Hideki Dick Komiyama as president and coo of Sony Electronics Inc. (SEL), the $11 billion electronics arm of Sony in the U.S., effective April 1.
Komiyama will now serve as SEL's chairman of the board, while continuing as corporate evp and senior general manager for Sony Corp. heading up global sales and marketing.
Chris Robinson digs up It Pains Me to Say This by George Griffin for close inspection in this months Animators Unearthed.
Paul Condolora has been promoted from vp/gm to svp/gm for Cartoon Network New Media with expanded duties that include further developing new Cartoon Network and Adult Swim-branded products and services for burgeoning distribution platforms such as broadband, VOD, wireless and interactive television. Based in Atlanta, Condolora will continue to report to Mark Norman, svp of business operations for Cartoon Network U.S. and Boomerang.
4Kids Ent. Inc. has promoted Carlin West from svp of marketing and licensing to svp of new concept acquisition and development, responsible for the strategic identification and development of new product concepts and non-television properties.
Francis Vose has been upped to creative director of Cosgrove Hall Films while Chris Bowden becomes exec producer. Lee Marriott has also accepted the post of financial and commercial director, according to Cosgrove Hall md Anthony Utley.
Senior colorist Simone Grattarola joins Rushes expanding telecine department following on from the recent announcement of a multi-million pound investment at Rushes for 2006.
Emmy-nominated animation producer Aaron Simpson joins JibJab Media as vp, animation production and development. Simpson will oversee JibJab's animation productions, including projects for the Internet and mobile devices, as well as an animated feature film.
Martin Sklar, a 50-year vet of Disneys Imagineering division, has stepped down as head of the division, reports REUTERS. The 72-year-old will take on a new role as a recruiter and ambassador for the division.
Lori Joseph joins San Franciscobased post-production company, Spy Post, as producer, working closely with svp/exec producer Anastacia Maggioncalda to produce for the telecine, visual effects and finishing departments.
"As we continue to grow our business, it is important to provide our clients with the level of production support needed to meet their expectations," said Eric Hanson, Spy Post ceo. "Lori has a proven track record as a producer in a variety of mediums and brings great focus, energy and professionalism to our team."
Paul McGuire is the new svp, communications, The CW, the new fifth broadcast television network, a joint venture between Warner Bros. Ent. and CBS Corp. scheduled to launch in fall 2006. Dawn Ostroff, who is slated to become The CW's president of entertainment, made the announcement.
The Summit Media Group, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of 4Kids Ent., has named Lee Ravdin as president, replacing Sheldon Hirsch, who recently resigned as ceo of Summit for personal reasons.
Disney Studios chairman Dick Cook announced to studio employees via email that Don Hahn, producer at Walt Disney Feature Animation, will assume the role of interim head of WDFA until the Pixar acquisition is complete.
Animation website CGCHAR (www.cgchar-animation.com) first published the full text of the email which reads:
At this weekend's WonderCon convention in San Francisco, the Comic Book Legal Defense Fund has announced that creator Greg Thompson has been named as the organization's new deputy director.
Veteran feature development exec Julia Pistor has been promoted from svp to evp, Nickelodeon Movies, overseeing the development, production and release of all feature films produced under the Nickelodeon Movies banner, part of the newly formed MTV Networks Kids and Family Group. Pistor had been svp of the division since 2000.
Nickelodeon president Cyma Zarghami, recently named head of the newly formed MTVN Kids and Family Group, has announced key executive promotions to support Nick's growth as a multiplatform kids and family brand.
Disney Channel has recruited Emmy Award-winning animator Mike Moon to further build its animated series business as vp, animated series. This was part of a trio of promotions, which includes moving Adam Bonnett up from vp to svp, original series and Jeff Brustrom has been named vp, live-action series.
Gary Marsh, president, entertainment, Disney Channel Worldwide made the announcements. Bonnett will continue to report to Marsh. Brustrom and Moon will report to Bonnett.
Continuing HIT Ent.s (HIT) internal restructure of its London office, Marie Chappelow has been promoted from head of International TV & Video to vp, Television Distribution EMEA (Europe, Middle East and Africa).
Chappelow, who has been with the HIT for five years, will focus in her new role exclusively on managing the television side of the business in the crucial EMEA region, including sales to all broadcast and new media platforms.
Terry Press moves from head of marketing for DreamWorks SKG for the past 10 years to DreamWorks Animation as worldwide head of marketing.
Press joins the animation company now that DreamWorks SKG has been acquired by Paramount Pictures. Paramount is responsible for the distribution of DreamWorks Animation films. Press will be the DreamWorks Animation senior liaison with the marketing team at Paramount.
Scott Rowe has been promoted from to svp, corporate communications, Warner Bros. Ent. and will assume greater responsibility for the company's internal and external positioning in the business, trade and consumer press.
Rick Sands, most recently the president/coo of DreamWorks SKG and the former coo of Miramax Films, has been named coo of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Inc. (MGM). In this newly created position, Sands takes on the initial responsibilities of leveraging and managing the world's largest modern film and television library across all platforms, including the new media landscape of internet and mobile as well as the traditional channels of distribution television, video and international.


text:
With this men and mixed team tournament, we hope to raise both awareness and funds to benefit the research and treatment of those affected by breast cancer. Located in the heart of a metropolitan area, Augustana College is a great place for both the campus and community to come together and support this great cause.
For more information please contact the organization at firstname.lastname@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Wednesday, July 25, 2012
Wordless Wednesday - 25 July 2012
Posted by Leah Kleylein at 7:58 PM
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A blog about random thoughts that pop into my head. Mostly it will concern my genealogy findings for my family and my brother-in-law's family. Some of my family names are: Mix, Domelle, Akins, Kirby, Rockwell, Royce, Collins, Burnet, Manross and Turner.
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For more information, visit www.ing-usafoundatin.com.
About the ING Georgia Marathon & Half Marathon
The 2009 ING Georgia Marathon & Half Marathon, to be held on Sunday, March 29, is Georgia's picturesque, springtime, neighborhood-based distance combo event. Beginning at Centennial Olympic Park, it will travel through 26.2 miles (and 13.1 miles for the half marathon) of Metro Atlanta area's most interesting and historic areas including the Sweet Auburn District, Inman Park, Midtown, Downtown and the city of Decatur. Along the way it will pass landmarks including the King Center, and Carter Center, before returning to Centennial Olympic Park for the finish. A limit of 15,000 registrations will be accepted for the 2009 ING Georgia Marathon & Half Marathon. The event is managed by US Road Sports of Georgia and owned by its parent company, US Road Sports & Entertainment Group. More information is available at www.inggeorgiamarathon.com.
Available Topic Expert(s): For information on the listed expert(s), click appropriate link.
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Staff Reporter
KANCHEEPURAM: Applications are invited from tourist taxi operators in the district for getting South Zone permit on single point tax basis.
Collector Pradip Yadav, in a release, said that only 166 South Zone permits were available for Tamil Nadu and asked the operators to approach the Office of State Transport Commissioner, Chepauk, Chennai.
The permit, which would enable vehicles to pass through Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh and Union Territories of Puducherry and Daman and Diu would be issued on first-come-first-served basis, he added.
Meanwhile, enquiries revealed that a total of 1,610 State permits had been issued in the district and 968 in Tiruvallur district. Apart from this, national permits had been issued to 669 tourist taxis in the district and 493 in Tiruvallur district.
Single point permit
As per the existing practice, if a State permit vehicle was to enter a neighbouring State, the operator should apply for single point permit fee of Rs.200, which would be valid for seven days.
On the other hand, only an endorsement in the permit book of national permit vehicles would be enough, said some of the tourist taxi operators.


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Page 1
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, VoL 18, No. 3, 1988
Social and Pragmatic Deficits in Autism:
Cognitive or Affective? 1
Simon Baron-Cohen 2
University College, London and St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London.
Autism is characterized by a chronic, severe impairment in social relations.
Recent studies of language in autism also show pervasive deficits in prag-
matics. We assume, uncontroversially, that these two deficits are linked, since
pragmatics is part of social competence. This paper reviews the literature
describing these deficits, and then considers two different psychological the-
ories of these phenomena: the Affective theory and the Cognitive theory.
Although the Affective theory makes better sense of the results from emo-
tional recognition tasks, the Cognitive theory predicts the particular pattern
of impaired and unimpaired social skills in autism, as well as the pragmatic
deficits. These two theories might usefully be integrated in the future.
Autism is characterized by a chronic impairment in social relations (Kanner,
1943). This is a necessary feature in all systems used in the diagnosis of au-
tism (e.g., DSM-III, American Psychiatric Association, 1980; ICD-9, World
Health Organization, 1978), and is widely seen as the primary symptom (Fein,
Pennington, Markowitz, Braverman, & Waterhouse, 1986; Rutter, 1983).
Speaking autistic children are also impaired in the pragmatic aspects of their
language (Cromer, 1981; Tager-Flusberg, 1981, 1985). This feature does not
appear in the diagnostic systems (despite the fact that no cases of speaking
autistic children with normal pragmatic competence have ever been report-
ed). The definition of pragmatics is using speech and gesture in a communica-
1The ideas described in this paper were first presented at the symposium on Semantic and
Pragmatic Disorders at Newcastle University in April 1986, and at the BPS Developmental
Psychology Conference, Exeter, UK, in September 1986. I am grateful to Peter Hobson
and Pat Howlin for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper, and to the reviewers for use-
ful suggestions.
"Address all correspondence, including requests for reprints, to Simon Baron-Cohen,
Psychology Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Decrespigny Park, London, SES 8AF, UF.
0162-3257/88/09000379506.00/0 y 1988 Plenum Publishing Corporation
Page 2
380 Baron-Cohen
tive way, appropriate to the social context (Bates, 1976). In other words,
pragmatic skills are defined as a part of social skills. It is reasonable to as-
sume, then, that whatever underlies the deficit in social skills is also likely
to underly the deficit in pragmatic skills. In this paper we review the litera-
ture concerning the social and pragmatic deficits in autism, and then con-
sider two different theories concerning their underlying psychological basis.
(In reviewing these deficits, social and pragmatic skills are considered
separately, but it follows from our earlier assumption that no theoretical claim
is implied by this separation.)
Reviews of the literature on social deficits in autism have appeared re-
cently (Howlin, 1986; Shah & Wing, 1986; Stone & LaGreca, 1986; Volk-
mar, 1987), so the relevant studies are only summarized here.
Studies of Social Behavior
The earliest descriptions of the social impairment in autism are by Kan-
her (1943) and by Kanner and Eisenberg (1956). These take the form of clin-
ical impressions. Their papers contain references to at least 12 different
aspects of social impairment among the 11 cases described. These include
lack of "apparent affection" (p. 2), withdrawal from people (p. 2), lack of
attention to people (p. 32), noncommunicative use of language (p. 27), lack
of communicative gestures (p. 8), treating parts of people as detached ob-
jects (p. 27), lack of eye contact (p. 26), treating people as inanimate objects
(p. 15), lack of behavior appropriate to cultural norms (p. 30), attention to
the nonsocial aspects of people (p. 31), lack of awareness of the feelings of
to others (p. 95), and lack of savoire-faire (p. 94). (Page numbers refer to
the edition of collected papers, Kanner, 1973.) Most of these observations
have been supported and refined by later studies.
Wing and Gould's (1979) epidemiological survey of handicapped chil-
dren in the London borough of Camberwell revealed that social impairment
is not restricted to autism but is also found among other mentally handicapped
people. They found that 21.2 of every 10,000 children aged under 15 years
in the area showed impairments of reciprocal interaction and, of these, 4.9
had a history of typical autism. Furthermore, they found that the social im-
pairment could be distinguished into three types: social aloofness, passive
interaction, and active-but-odd interaction. This latter description referred
to social behavior that was undertaken mainly to indulge some repetitive,
idiosyncratic preoccupation, showing no interest in the other person's needs.
Page 3
Social and Pragmatic Deficits in Autism
Their study highlighted that not all autistic children show withdrawn, aloof
social behavior (although 70~ of their autistic subjects fell into rids category),
and that many do indeed approach and attempt to interact with others, but
in inappropriate ways. Wing (1978) reported that the full, classic picture of
aloofness and detachment seems much more marked in the younger autistic
child, of less than 5 years old. Many authors make the point that one should
be careful not to interpret any remittance of withdrawal seen in older autis-
tic children as the onset of normal social behavior, since it is possibly only
a sign of shifting between the categories of social impairment (Frith, 1982).
Hopkins and Lord (1981) found Wing and Gould's three categories of
social impairment were useful descriptions for rating autistic children, and
could be measured in terms of the number of initiations and responses to
interactions. They found that the category that any one autistic child fell
into varied according to the age, sex, familiarity, and diagnosis of the play-
mate. They concluded that an autistic child's social impairment thus takes
different forms according to whom they are with, but it nevertheless per-
sists. The impairment also changes developmentally. Lord (1984) proposed
a progression from "aloof" to "passive" in social responsiveness, and from
"aloof" to "passive" to "odd" in rate of initiation of interaction.
Hopkins and Lord's (1981) study showed clearly that autistic children
do take account of other people's behavior. This was also found by Sussman
and Sklar (1969) and Clark and Rutter (1981) who found differential social
responsiveness to varied tone of voice and amount of interpersonal demands,
respectively. These latter two studies measured social behavior in terms of
degree of compliance, and this is obviously only a small part of social skills.
Few papers have given much space to discussion of the definition of social
behavior, and this has led to rather crude measures being used. For exam-
ple, McHale (1983) scored children as part of a group "if they were judged
to be within 5 feet of one another, or were playing on or with the same toy"
(p. 87). Clearly however, neither physical proximity nor action on someone
else's toy necessarily involves social behavior. The definition of what consti-
tutes social behavior requires a separate paper in itself and cannot be dis-
cussed here, but it is worth noting that, in the literature on normal child
development, one way in which social behavior has been discussed more
thoroughly is in terms of "mutually intentional relations" (Damon, 1979; Frye,
1981). This approach has recently been applied to autism by Mundy, Sig-
man, Ungerer, and Sherman (1986), Sigman, Mundy, Sherman, and Un-
gerer (1986), and Loveland and Landry (!986) who found that autistic children
showed significantly less "joint attention" than matched controls, and
"showed" or pointed to toys less often.
Dewey and Everard (1974) reported that social abnormalities such as
nonreciprocal speech are evident even in autistic adolescents of normal in-
telligence. Persisting social difficulties in able autistic adults were also found
Page 4
by Newson, Dawson, and Everard (1984). Dewey and Everard's subjects were
also unaware of such dimensions as social class and social status in others.
These observations merit further experimental investigation. Rutter, Green-
field, and Lockyer (1967), in their follow-up of the social outcome of 63 au-
tistic children, documented a very poor prognosis, and Rumsey, Rapoport,
and Sceery (1985) confirmed this picture. The social impairment thus ap-
pears to be lifelong. Even Gajzago and Prior's (1974) description of two peo-
ple who had "recovered" from autism showed clear and persisting social
It is important to stress, however, that autistic children's social develop-
ment is not impaired in a blanket fashion. For example, Sigman and Un-
gerer (1984) found that autistic children do show some attachment behavior
(e.g., proximity-seeking) after reunion with their care-giver, and Mundy et
al. (1986) and Sigman et al. (1986) found simpler levels of social interaction
(such as eye contact and reaching after tickling) were present in 3- to 6-year
old autistic children. Similarly, Wetherby and Prutting (1984) found autistic
children do exhibit gestural requests for social routines, and Curcio's (1978)
study confirmed that requesting toys using gestures ('protoimperatives') is
also within their ability. Areas of unimpaired social functioning have also
been documented in experimental studies of autistic children's social under-
standing, described in the next section, although these studies indicate se-
vere impairments in specific areas as well.
Experiments in Social Understanding
Hutt and Ounsted (1966) investigated the phenomenon of "eye-gaze
avoidance." They found autistic children looked at people's faces less than
controls, and this has also been found by Richer (1976) and Castell (1970).
This result was refuted, however, by O'Connor and Hermelin (1967) who
found that autistic children simply have shorter, more frequent fixations for
all types of stimuli, and not faces in particular. Their finding was replicated
by Davids (1974) and Langdell (1981). O'Connor and Hermelin also found
that both autistic and normal children spent more time looking at a real face
than at a photographed face, and spent equal amounts of time looking at
a face with its eyes open or shut. On the basis of these results, O'Connor
and Hermelin seriously questioned the very existence of the phenomenon of
eye-gaze avoidance in autism.
Nevertheless, the matter remains controversial, as Richer and Coss
(1976) reported evidence apparently refuting O'Connor and Hermelin's (I 967)
results. All of these studies may, however, be missing the social use of eye
gaze by focusing on the quantitative aspects. Mirenda, Donnellan, and Yo-
der (1983), in a pilot investigation, found qualitative differences between
Page 5
Social and Pragmatic Deficits in Autism
eye gaze use in autistic and normal children: Autistic children tended to look
for longer periods of time and more frequently during monologues than did
normal children. This abnormality may be related to deficits in turn-taking
in dialogue (discussed later), in which eye signals play an important part (Ar-
gyle, 1972).
In tests of face-recognition, Langdell (1978) found autistic children
were able to recognize their peers in photographs, and found they made fewer
errors than their controls when the lower half of the face was shown only.
This suggests they were less dependent on the information contained in the
upper parts of the face, perhaps the eye region, for recognition. In addition,
the older autistic chidren were better than their controls at recognizing the
face when it was inverted, although they too showed the well-known inver-
sion effect. This suggests they may use a qualitatively different strategy in
face-recognition. Goode's (1985) finding that autistic adults are superior to
controls at recognizing faces from achromatic photographic negatives sup-
ports this view. This area clearly merits further investigation.
In testing comprehension of emotions, Hobson (1986a, 1986b) found
that autistic subjects made more errors in choosing schematic faces to match
videotapes showing emotions expressed in gesture, vocalization, or context.
This intermodal matching of different emotional indices appears to be more
difficult for autistic subjects than recognizing emotions in one modality:
Langdell (1981) found that autistic children were able to sort photographs
of different emotional expressions (in faces) significantly above chance, and
Weeks and Hobson (1987) found 6 out of 15 children spontaneously sorted
photographs by facial expression, and 4 others did so when told that this
was the dimension of interest. Jennings (1973) found that autistic children
prefer to sort photographs of faces according to nonaffective stimuli (e.g.,
hats) rather than expressions, unlike matched controls. Weeks and Hobson's
study obtained similar results.
In other experiments, Hobson (1983, 1987) investigated autistic chil-
dren's recognition of age and sex, and found impairment. However Weeks
and Hobson (1987) and Abelson (1981) found no impairment in sex recog-
In tests of visual self-recognition, autistic children are unimpaired, as
shown in their understanding of their own reflection in mirrors (Flannery,
1976; Neuman & Hill, 1978; Ferrari & Matthews, 1983; Spiker & Ricks, 1984;
Dawson & McKissick, 1984; Baron-Cohen, 1985). They thus appear to have
a concept of self, as an object of their own perception. These tasks of course
measure only one aspect of the concept of self (i.e., as a separate physical
object) and impairment may exist at other levels. For example, three of the
mirror studies reported a striking lack of shyness, embarrassment, or coy-
ness in front of the mirror (Baron-Cohen, 1985; Neuman & Hill, 1978; Spiker
& Ricks, 1984), and such self-conscious reactions are found in normal chil-
Page 6
dren (Amsterdam & Greenberg, 1977; Dixon, 1957) and in Down's syndrome
children (Marts, Cicchetti, & Sroufe, 1978).
In another study, Hobson (1984) found that autistic children were unim-
paired in their perceptual role-taking ability in three different tasks. Baron-
Cohen (1985) also found perfect performance by autistic children in know-
ing what another person was looking at. However, significant differences
between autistic and control children were found on tests of conceptual role-
taking (Baron-Cohen, Leslie, & Frith, 1985), in which autistic children were
impaired in their ability to predict where a person would look for an object
if it was moved from its last location in the person's absence. This result was
seen as a failure to attribute different beliefs to others, or to use a "theory
of mind" (Premack & Woodruff, 1978). Similar results have been obtained
using a picture-sequencing paradigm in which autistic children's ability to
sequence social stories depended on whether attribution of mental states to
the characters was required (Baron-Cohen et ai., 1986). A similar picture
has also been obtained using a gift-choosing paradigm (Dawson & Fernald,
A number of authors have investigated autistic children's imitation abil-
ity. DeMyer et al. (1972) found that, in autism, imitation of body move-
ments was at a lower level than imitation of object use. Dawson and Adams
(1984) found that very few of their autistic children showed Stage 6 perfor-
mance of imitation using the Uzgiris and Hunt (1975) scale, but most were
in the retarded IQ range, and the subjects who were at the ceiling on the
imitation scale had a higher verbal mental age. Van Smeerdjik (1981) also
found imitation was related to mental age. Jones and Prior (1985) found
that imitation at lower levels was unimpaired, but was impaired at higher
levels. Curcio (1978) and Hammes and Langdell (1981) have confirmed that
imitation per se is not an autism-specific deficit (as indeed autistic children's
excellent echolalia testifies), but imitation of abstract gestures is difficult for
autistic children. Bartak, Rutter, and Cox (1975) and Ohm (1987) found a simi-
lar picture. The possibility has been raised that this reflects a form of dys-
praxia (Jones & Prior, 1985).
To summarize, studies in autistic children's social behavior document
the chronic nature of the social deficit, and suggest that although it may
change its form both developmentally and across situations, an inability to
participate in two-way reciprocal social interaction persists throughout the
lives of autistic people. The studies of autistic children's social understand-
ing have shown a number of unimpaired areas, such as face recognition, mir-
ror self-recognition, and perceptual role-taking, but severe impairments have
been found in intermodal matching of emotional expressions, in conceptual
role-taking, specifically in attributing different beliefs to others, and in imi-
tation of symbolic gestures. An important task for psychological theories
in this area is to account for why autistic children's social understanding as-
Page 7
Social and Pragmatic Deficits in Autism 385
sumes this particular uneven profile. We return to this question after reviewing
the pragmatic deficits that have been found in autism.
There is no single study that has comprehensively assessed pragmatic
skills in the language of autistic people, but many studies have looked at
isolated aspects of pragmatics in autism. Some of the early studies we review
do not use the term pragmatics but nevertheless describe deficits that would
be covered by that term today. For example, Kanner (1943) spoke of a failure
to use speech for communicating meaning to others, and Rutter et al. (1967)
noted that those autistic children who developed language showed a tenden-
cy towards obsessive questioning. Both of these observations fall into the
domain of pragmatic deficits.
Another early study of autistic children's language (Cunningham, 1968)
divided speech into "egocentric" and "socialized", and found more egocen-
tric remarks in autistic children's speech than in matched controls. Egocen-
tric speech comprised echolalia, self-repetition, thinking aloud, and
apparently purposeless remarks. Cunningham did not find autistic children
asked more questions than control children, but did find their questions relat-
ed more to obsessional interests. He also found autistic children made far
fewer remarks giving spontaneous information. He discussed the excess of
egocentric speech in terms of Piaget's (1932) theory of young normal chU-
dren's egocentrism, and concluded that autism may represent an immaturity
of development. Cunningham wrote:
As Piaget (1932) points out, the exchange of information requires the speaker to place
himself at the point of view of his hearer. This the psychotic lie: autistic] child is
unable to do. He shows a lack of empathy or ability to apprehend his hearer's state
of mind and therefore falls back on non-communicative or demanding speech. (p. 243)
In an early case description of an autistic child's language (Shapiro, Fish,
& Ginsberg, 1972) the noncommunicative use of speech was again stressed,
despite normal language test results. This was particularly seen in terms of
a lack of sharing of information.
The first study to specifically examine pragmatic skills in autism was by
Baltaxe (1977), who compared autistic adolescents' discourse to that of the
normal children studied by Keenan and Klein (1975). She found that that
autistic children frequently failed to shift out of the hearer role to become
a speaker. Baltaxe (1977) quoted one of her autistic subjects: "Well, I asked
my parents. I told my parents I'd be good at home, but I feel you're too
old to be at home, we feel you should be away" (p. 178). Baitaxe also found
the autistic subjects violated "conversational postulates" of acceptability and
politeness (Bates, 1976). Their behavior did not suggest they intended to be
Page 8
rude, but simply that they did not understand the social rules governing what
is acceptable in conversation. A third impairment Baltaxe found was that
the autistic adolescents tended not to "foreground and background" their
utterances. That is, their choice of words did not allow the listener to differen-
tiate between old and new iliformation. For example, they did not use such
devices as definite articles and relative clauses to background old informa-
tion, or use fully specified noun phrases and indefinite articles to introduce
new information. In another study by the same author (Baitaxe & Simmons,
1977) the bedtime soliloquies of an autistic girl were recorded. They found that
the girl tended to make her speech a monologue, whereas normal chil-
dren often act out a two-way conversation (Weir, 1962).
The next study to specifically assess pragmatic abilities in autistic chil-
dren was by Bail (1978). It is unfortunate that this undergraduate disserta-
tion has not appeared in a published form as it contains a number of very
interesting experiments. She found that, compared to matched aphasic chil-
dren, autistic children were more impaired in the range of "speech acts" they
employed (such as relating past experiences, conveying thoughts, commenting
on objects, etc.) and in their understanding of discourse rules (such as
the illegality of nonsequiturs). They were also less likely to use gesture com-
municatively. She concluded that autistic children lack "communicative in-
tent," violate Grice's (1967/1975) Cooperative Principle, and appear not to
understand pragmatic presuppositions.
Langdell (1980) reported that autistic children tend to ask embarrass-
ing questions, such as '~-Iow old are you?" to a stranger in the supermar-
ket, and not recognize that this is not acceptable. Another pragmatic deficit
he noted was the pedantic and formal style of speech frequently heard in
higher-level autistic children, inappropriate to an informal social context.
In addition, autistic children often start to talk to people without first using
boundary markers such as '~Hello" or attempting to engage the listener's at-
tention by trying to establish mutual gaze. He concluded that such examples
reveal autistic children's difficulty in taking another person's point of view.
In an unpublished pilot study, Langdell (1980) found autisti~ children were
impaired in their ability to modify their account of what had happened when
talking to someone who had or had not been present.
Against this picture of communicative deficits in autism it is somewhat
surprising to encounter Needleman, Ritvo, and Freeman's (1980) study, which
found that 24 out of 33 autistic children (73~
municatively. The definition they use of communicative is, however, rather
superficial: "vocally makes requests or unsolicited comments directly to an
individual or responds to questions or comments by more than the minimum
utterance required." (p. 392). It is clear from the studies by Baltaxe (1977)
and Ball (1978) that definitions of considerably more subtlety are required
in order to identify communicative (or pragmatic) competence. The ques-
were using language com-
Page 9
Social and Pragmatic Deficits in Autism 38"/
tion of how to define the term communicative is of fundamental importance,
and we shall return to it later in the article.
In an interesting single case study, Bernard-Opitz (1982) found that an
autistic child's language did vary as a function of the interlocutor (i.e., whether
it was mother, stranger, or clinician), showing some social sensitivity, while
nevertheless revealing pragmatic deficits, such as perseveration on a topic.
Hurting, Ensrud, and Tomblin (1982) manipulated another variable, name-
ly, listener-response to questions. They found that more conversational break-
downs (discontinuations) occurred if the listener did not ask a question back
to the child, suggesting that the autistic children were unable to maintain
the conversation by themselves. In addition, the autistic children appeared
to use questions as their main device to initiate and continue conversation,
but tended to ask questions to which they already knew the answers. They
appeared not to understand the function of questions as requests for infor-
mation. More generally, a number of authors have noted that autistic chil-
dren do not seem to recognize the function of language which serves to inform
others (Ball, 1978; Caparulo & Cohen, 1977; Cunningham, 1968). On these
grounds, their language has been described as being primarily instrumental
(Cunningham, 1968; Schuler, Fletcher, & Davis-Welsh, 1977).
The difficulty with speaker-hearer roles that Baltaxe (1977) found may
be related to what Fay and Schuler (1980) noted as a difficulty in appropri-
ate turn-taking. For example, autistic children are reported to interrupt a
speaker inappropriately (Pacci-Cooper, Curcio, & Sacharko, 1981, cited in
Layton & Stutts, 1985) and to fail to signal turn-taking using eye contact
(Mirenda et al., 1983). The result is that the autistic person remains either
in the speaker role for too long (Bernard-Opitz, 1982; Paul & Feldman, 1984),
violating (]rice's (1967/1975) Maxim of Quantity, or in the respondent role
for too long (McCaleb & Prizant, 1985). It is also manifested in topics re-
maining "unexpanded" (Fay & Schuler, 1980).
Wetherby and Prutting (1984) analyzed the range of speech acts (Austin,
1962) in autistic children's language. They found autistic children requested
objects and actions more often than normal children did, and protested more.
However, there was a complete absence of speech acts used for requests for
information, for acknowledgments of others, for showing off, and for com-
menting. This supports BaU's (1978) findings. Wetherby and Prutting reported
that the autistic children demonstrated the ability to regulate:an adult's be-
havior to obtain objects, or to obtain an environmental end, but lacked the
ability to attract and direct an adult's attention to him or herself or an ob-
ject as an end in itself.
Tager-Flnsberg's (1981) review article concluded that phonological and
syntactic development in autistic children follows the same course as in nor-
real children Out sometimes at a slower rate), while semantic and pragmatic
functioning appears specially deviant. Her later experiments (Tager-Flusberg,
Page 10
388 Baron-Cohen
1985) suggest that representation oi ~ semantic knowledge in autism does not
differ from mental age matched control subjects. Thus the pragmatic deficits
appear to be the main area of deviance in language in autism.
Wetherby (1986) raised the question of whether autistic children are
"noncommunicative." As we remarked in the discussion of Ball's (1978) work,
this naturally begs the question of what is meant by communicative. Wether-
by's (1986) and Prizant's (1983, 1984) definition is using language in an in-
tentional way towards another person to achieve environmental or social ends.
In support of the view that autistic children are communicative, Wetherby
cited Prizant and Duchan (1981) and Prizant and Rydell's (1984) studies
suggest that autistic children's echolalia functions as expressions of inten-
tions to request, protest, affirm, etc. Wetherby and Prutting's (1984) study
also indicated that autistic children use language intentionally (e.g., to ob-
tain objects).
There is no dispute that autistic children can use language intentional-
ly (just as they can use tools intentionally), but is this a full enough defini-
tion to conclude that they are communicative? Speech Act Theory (Austin,
1962; Searle, 1965) defines communication as comprising "complex
intentions"-that is, the speaker's intention to affect the listener's intentions
and beliefs. Under this theory, focusing on the speaker's intentions alone
comprises only half of the definition of communication. We discuss this ques-
tion further in the final part of this paper, when considering a cognitive the-
ory of the social and pragmatic deficits in autism.
It is worth noting that pragmatic impairments are not restricted to
spoken language. Use of gesture is also impaired (Bartak et al., 1975; Cur-
cio, 1978; Attwood, 1984; Wetherby & Prutting, 1984; Ohta, 1987) as is the
comprehension and production of communicative facial expression (Lang-
dell, 1981).
To summarize, the literature on pragmatic skills in autism presents a
strikingly consistent picture of severely impaired functioning on almost all
aspects that have been tested. This has led to the view from a number of
authors that autistic children use language instrumentally but not communica-
tively. The non-speech-specific nature of the pragmatic impairment supports
the notion that its basis is more than a surface linguistic phenomenon.
In contrast to this picture of pragmatic deficitis, the literature on nor-
mal children's language shows pragmatic competence at a surprisingly early
age. For example, 2-year-olds can adapt their message to what the listener
knows or does not know, and respond to listener feedback (Wellman & Lem-
pers, 1977; Mueller, Bleier, Krakow, Hegedus, & Carnoyer, 1977; Furrow,
1984). Another contrast is with other handicapped groups: Language-delayed
children (Rom & Bliss, 1981; van Kleeck & Frankel, 1981; Ball, 1978) and
Down's syndrome children (Coggins, Carpenter, & Owings, 1983) show the
normal range of speech acts, as do mentally handicapped adolescents (Price-
Williams & Sabsay, 1979; Longhurst, 1974; Bedrosian & Prutting, 1978).
Page 11
Social and Pragmatic Deficits in Autism 389
Mentally handicapped adults can also comprehend indirect requests, whereas
autistic people cannot (Paul & Cohen, 1985). Nonautistic developmentally
delayed clinical groups thus appear to possess pragmatic competence, in com-
parison to their autistic counterparts.
The above review makes plain the severity of the impairment in social
and pragmatic skills in autism. Moreover, the research suggests a particular
profile: the impairment affects specific social skills (but not others), and af-
fects almost all pragmatic skills. What underlying psychological mechanism
might be responsible for such a picture? In the final part of this paper we
consider two possible theories that have addressed this question.
The Affective Theory
On a number of levels, autism should be counted a disorder of affective and social
relations-and irreducibly so. (Hobson, in press)
One theory proposes that the social and communication deficits in
autism are primarily affective. This view should not be confused with the
notion that autism is an emotional response to trauma (Bettelheim, 1967;
Tinbergen & Tinbergen, 1983). Rather, the Affective theory states that in
autism there is an innate inability to enter into emotional touch with other
people. This theory was originally proposed by Kanner (1943), as his title
"Autistic Disturbances of Affective Contact" makes clear. The most detailed
version of this view, however, has come from Hobson (1983, 1986a, 1986b,
in press; Weeks & Hobson, 1987), whose work we touched on earlier. We
consider his theory here. Unless otherwise stated, references to him are based
on his most recent work, Hobson (in press).
Hobson summarized his theory in terms of four major axioms. These
(1) that Autistic children lack the constitutional components of action and reaction
as are necessary for the development of reciprocal personal relations with other peo-
ple, relations which involve feelings. (2) Such personal relations are necessary for the
'constitution of an own and common world' with others (Bosch, 1970, p. 115); (3)
Autistic children's lack of participation in intersubjective social experience has two
results which are especially important, namely (a) a relative failure to recognize other
people as people with their own feelings, thoughts, wishes, intentions, and so on,
and (b) a severe impairment in the capacity to abstract and to feel and think sym-
bolically. (4) The greater part of autistic children's cognitive and language disability
may be seen to reflect either lower-order deficits that have a specially intimate rela-
tionship with affeetive and social development, and/or impairments in the social-
dependent capacity to symbolize. (p. 3 original Manuscript).
Page 12
Lack of innate abiliW to interact
emotionally with others
people's mental states
Impaired ability to abstract
and symbolize
Pretend Play
Fig. 1. The affective theory.
This position is expressed diagrammatically as in Figure 1.
Hobson's starting point is that normal infants are prewired to be sensi-
tive to and comprehend another person's emotions. This assumption is drawn
from studies on mother-infant interaction such as that by Murray and Trevar-
then (1985). Their ability to do this, Hobson argued, is "beyond cognition."
Butterworth (1986), referring to Hobson's theory, emphasized this by say-
ing '~he mind is transparent" (p. 20), that is, that other people's mental states
such as their emotions are "naturally" available to us. Biological prewiring
is the solution some philosophers have proposed to the problem of how we
know other people have minds (Hamlyn, 1974). This led Hobson to ar-
gue that other people's mental states do not need to be inferred, but can be
perceived "directly" in their bodily expressions. He calls this "non-inferential
empathy" (p. 12). In autism, Hobson proposed, this biological, noncogni-
tive prewiring for understanding emotional states in others is nonfunctional.
Hobson goes on to propose that the development of a symbolic capac-
ity and of a conceptual role-taking ability are both directly derived from the
infant's affective relationships with others. In such relations, he argues, the
infant comes to appreciate another person's way of conceiving and seeing
an object, and it is this that provides the infant with the notion of symbolic
interpretation and other people's conceptual viewpoints.
How wen does this account make sense of the social and pragmatic
deficits in autism reviewed earlier? Hobson's own studies (1986a, 1986b) which
Page 13
Social and Pragmatic Deficits in Autism.
investigated autistic children's understanding of emotional expressions are
some support for his theory, although his tasks required intermodal recog-
nition of emotions (gestures, vocalizations, contexts, and facial expressions),
and it is unclear which component in all this may have caused their failure.
Langdeil's (1981) results suggested that when only one modality (facial ex-
pressions) is tested, their performance is still impaired, but is above chance.
Similarly, 17 of the 23 autistic children in Hobson's (1986a) experiment could
match schematic facial expressions with videotaped facial expressions, after
some teaching, and Hobson (1986b) found they could match drawings of
gestures with films of gestures. This suggests that the difficulty was in match-
ing facial, vocal, and gestural emotional expressions. Weeks and Hobson's
(19~7) result suggested autistic children can recognize facial expressions but
do not do so preferentially.
Axiom 3(a) of Hobson's model predicts that conceptual role-taking
should be impaired in autism, as has been found (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985,
1986). However, it is not clear why his model should make this prediction,
as difficulty in understanding emotions does not necessarily imply difficulty
in understanding beliefs. Nor does his model account for unimpaired func-
tioning in perceptual role-taking (Baron-Cohen, 1985; Hobson, 1984) or in
self-recognition (Flannery, 1976; Neuman & Hill, 1978; Ferrari & Mathews,
1983; Spiker & Ricks, 1984; Dawson & McKissick, 1984; Baron-Cohen, 1985).
In addition the Affective theory does not account for why attachment in au-
tism may to some degree be unaffected (Sigman & Ungerer, 1984), or why
the social smile at 6 weeks of age may be present in autism (Park, 1983) nor
why autistic children may enjoy rough-and-tumble play (Damasio & Maur-
er, 1978). 3
Asiom 3(b) suggests that one direct consequence of a nonfunctional
innate ability to perceive people's emotional states is an inability to abstract
and symbolize. 4 Hobson used this claim to account for autistic children's
deficits in pretend play (Baron-Cohen, 1987a; Ungerer & Sigman, 1981), in
3Unpublished data we have collected from parental reports of 22 autistic children in Britain
reveals that 81070 smiled at 6 weeks of age, and 50% played "peek-a-boo" games, enjoyed
cuddling in infancy, and became upset when a parent left. Volkmar (1987) also reported
that 50~ of their sample (N = 50) of autistic children smiled socially in infancy, and enjoyed
cuddling. Delong (1978) reported that only 3 of 17 autistic children (18070) had a social smile,
as parents recalled. Clearly, more reliable methods of assessing these early social skills are
needed, but such findings, if confirmed, pose a problem for the Affective theory.
4Hobson (personal communication), commenting on Fig. 1, suggested the arrow from the Wailure
to recognize other people's mental states" box to the UImpaired ability to abstract and symbolize"
box, as he sees the latter as the developmental oUtcome Of il/e former as well as of the
top box. I am grateful to him for this improvement in the accuracy of the figure.
Page 14
392 Baron-Cohen
abstract imitation (Curcio, 1978; Hammes & Langdell, 1981), and in lan-
guage. However, the mechanism by which the development of a symbolic
capacity necessarily "depends upon the infant's experience of a world of
shared feelings and patterns of activity with others" (p. 14) and is "essential-
ly affective-conative and/or social in origin" (p. 20) requires much more
clarification and empirical evidence than is presently available.
The Meta-Representation Theory
In contrast to the Affective theory, we have proposed a primarily cog-
nitive explanation for the social impairment in autism (Baron-Cohen et al.,
1985). This is not the only cognitive theory of autism that has been formu-
lated (e.g., see Hermelin & O'Connor, 1970; Boucher, 1981; Rutter, 1983),
but it is referred to as the Cognitive theory in order to distinguish it from
the Affective theory. We discuss its assumptions here; for purposes of quick
comparison with the Affective theory we then summarize the Cognitive the-
ory as five axioms and as a diagram (Fig. 2).
Like the previous theory, the Cognitive theory also considers as cen-
tral the autistic child's difficulty in understanding other people's mental states.
However, unlike the Affective theory, this view starts from the premise that
mental states are not directly observable but have to be inferred, an infer-
ence that requires a complex cognitive mechanism which is described later.
The Cognitive theory also places more emphasis on the ability to infer men-
tal states such as beliefs, rather than emotions, for the following reasons:
Beliefs and desires are held to be the most important mental states in mak-
ing sense of the social world, because they have a causal relationship to ac-
tion (Dennett, 1978), and they have this by virtue of their content; beliefs
and desires are always about something (i.e., I believe that x, and I believe
you believe that y). This "aboutness" of mental states is termed its Inten-
tionality (Brentano, 1874). Unlike such mental states as beliefs and desires,
emotional states (such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger) do not necessarily
have content, and as such may be of less use in predicting and making sense
of social behavior.
The ability to attribute mental states with content to others has been
called a '~heory of mind" (Premack & Woodruff, 1978), because it involves
the person postulating the existence of mental states and then using these
to explain and predict another person's behavior. Dennett (1978) and others
argued that we use such a folk psychology all the time to make sense of the
social world (e.g., "He won't talk to me because he believes I don't like him,"
Wimmer and Pemer (1983) and Hogrefe, Wimmer, and Perner (1986)
found that normal children of 4 years of age can attribute a false (and there-
Page 15
Social and Pragmatic Deficits in Autism
fore different) belief to another person (e.g., the chocolate is in the cupboard)
and can use this to predict the person's behavior (she will look in the cup-
board), as can Down's syndrome children (Baron-Cohen et al., 1985). In con-
trast, autistic children of normal intelligence failed to demonstrate that they
could distinguish their own belief from someone else's (Baron-Cohen et al.,
1985; 1986). This is seen as an autism-specific deficit, and has been confirmed
by others (Dawson & Fernald, 1987).
As mentioned earlier, the inferential operation involved in attributing
mental states such as beliefs is held to require complex cognitive structures.
Their basis can be summarized as follows: Our beliefs about or concepts of
the physical world may be called "primary representations." However, our
beliefs about other people's mental states (such as their beliefs and desires)
are representations of other representations. These may be called "second-
order representations" (Dennett, 1978; Johnson-Laird, 1983) or "meta-
representations" (Leslie, 1987; Pylyshyn, 1978). 5 Primary and metarepresen-
tations have very different logical properties (Leslie, 1978). The Cognitive
theory posits that in autism the capacity for meta-representation is impaired.
Leslie (19_87) outlines the way in which such meta-representations
may operate to allow not only attribution of different beliefs and desires to
another person but also pretend play. In the latter, the cognitive system must
simultaneously represent an object as real and unreal. Pretend play is not
immediately relevant to this article but is discussed more fully elsewhere
(Baron-Cohen, 1987a).
At what age would one normally expect a capacity for meta-
representation to develop? Neither the ability to attribute different
beliefs to another person nor the ability to pretend play (or symbolize) have
been convincingly shown to be within the repertoire of infants until at least
the end of the first year of life. Current evidence suggests that in normal
children the ability to pretend precedes the ability to attribute beliefs to others
(for a review of this, see Leslie, 1987).
What sense does this theory make of the literature on social deficits
in autism? The theory predicts that only those social skills requiring a meta-
representational capacity should be impaired, such as conceptual role-taking.
Our earlier studies support this prediction (Baron-Cohen et. al., 1985, 1986).
In addition, the lack of any self-conscious reaction in the mirror self-
recognition studies in autism is explained in terms of an inability to con-
ceive of oneself as the object of another person's thoughts. Indeed, this ex-
planation can be extended to the lack of embarrassment in autism ingeneral
(Baron-Cohen, 1985). Mundy et al. (1986) used the theory-of-mind explana-
5Elsewhexe we have used the term second-order representation (Baron-Cohen, 1987a). Here we use
its synonym meta-representation because it is marginally less cumbersome, and is consistent
with other authors (Leslie, 1987).


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I dont have really big hands even for a big man, im just going to let my brother get that one. I did hold an old army issue Colt 1911 that felt awesome in my hand. and then another one not sure what it was, just know it was converted to .22lr. it also felt comfortable, but that kimber just felt huge. I can compare it to me holding a sundrop bottle. thats what it felt like to me.
"There's not too many things, a man can't fix, with a couple hundred rounds, and his 30-06."
Wow... This doesn't surprise me at all. You're young, and don't know quality yet. After all of your comments about Benelli, and now Kimber...WTF?
I own a Kimber Pro Carry II and it feels great in my hand. I also own a Springfield Armory 1911A1 Government model and it feels a little better in my hand. I have hands that are more on the small side of medium sized hands and I absolutely love how my XD feels. I ended up putting on some adhesive sandpaper grips on it to keep it more stable ini my hands when shooting.
"When in doubt [use] C4." -Jamie Hyneman (Mythbusters)
Go to a gun store and hold all the 1911's one at a time. Get a feel for them. I personally own three Colt 1911's and I too have never fired a 1911. Funny huh? They are just too pretty. I need to pick up a Rock Island oneday just to shoot a bunch through!
one step ahead of you. there is a taurus and a S&W at bass pro and both of them feel much better than that kimber.
They probably like the countoured backstrap of the A1 better than the straight back of the Kimber. To each his own.


text:
Author Archives: collegecouncil
Long Range Development Plan – Komohana Campus
Last week Chancellor Yamane, along with the developers for the proposed Komohana Campus, shared with the HawCC Faculty/Staff and local community members the proposed plans for a new campus to be located off of Komohana St. Although there are still … Continue reading
UH System Strategic Plan Announced
The UH System Strategic Plan is now posted online at: http://hawaii.edu/strategicdirections/ Our Admin team will be meeting over the summer to discuss HawCC's goals and strategies in alignment with this new plan. Sessions in the Fall will be planned to dialogue … Continue reading
Congrats to HawCC!!
In a recent letter received by the College, the ACCJC has indicated that we have addressed all of the concerns (except one that is still lingering throughout the UH system) through our follow-up report on accreditation. Congrats everyone, for a … Continue reading
College Hour Schedule 2015-16
At today's College Council meeting, the College Hour schedule for 2015-16 was approved. To view the schedule: College Hour 2015-16 Mahalo!
Looking for volunteers!
Are you interested in getting involved? We're looking for volunteers to assist with the planning of the upcoming HawCC 75th Anniversary Celebration and planning for the End of the Year Breakfast! If you're interesting in lending your time and skills, please … Continue reading
The First College Council Mtg
Welcome to the 2014-15 Academic Year! The first College Council meeting will be held at 12:00 p.m. on Friday, Aug. 29th in Conf Room 6A (Hilo)/Conf Room B5 (WH). Everyone is welcome to attend!
2013-2014 College Council Chair
Congratulations to Instructor Manai Kalua elected as College Council Chair for 2013-2014.
Posted in College Council, Miscellaneous Comments Off
No Pet Policy
The Council has recommended that we adopt a No Pet Policy, which states no pets except service animals are allowed on campus. This policy was unanimously recommended on May 3, 2013.
Assessment Committee
The Council has approved the Assessment Committee as a permanent standing committee on May 3, 2013. The purpose of the Assessment Committee is to advance student learning through activities, experiences and results discovered through the assessment process. For more information … Continue reading
Amendments to the College Council Charter
The Council finalized amendments to the Charter on April 12, 2013. The terms of membership for representatives has changed from one-year to two-years. The Chair will continue to receive three credits of reassign time with the exception for employees … Continue reading


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Christmas Benefit Concert to feature Handel's Messiah combined with visual arts feast
First Presbyterian Church to present benefit concert for St. Petersburg Free Clinic featuring Handel's Messiah and timeless art in a "symphony of the senses"
The public is invited to a Tuesday, December 7 sales tax oversight committee meeting to be held at the school district administrative office, 1915 South Floral Avenue, Bartow. The meeting begins at 5:30 p.m. in the facilities department conference room.
Thursday, November 18 was the Tampa Bay Association of Black Journalist's Awards ceremony and our locally produced University Beat took home two awards.
Ride to Defeat ALS is a one-day fully-supported cycling event designed for everyone... from the occasional rider to the experienced enthusiast. Routes include coastal roads, scenic areas, and paved trails.
This Holiday Shopping Extravaganza will provide a special shopping opportunity for you in the Northdale/Carrollwood area.
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Z Mornings with Tiffany & Tyler
Z Mornings
Sunday, October 19, 201410/19/2014
VIDEO: Foo Fighters Perform "Something From Nothing" Live on Letterman
Also did a Top Ten List
Friday, October 17, 201410/17/2014
In This Moment Detail "Black Widow"
Upcoming Album "Black Widow" Track List and Video
Friday, October 17, 201410/17/2014
VIDEO: Alice Cooper Plays Surprise Set At Nashville Bar
After Wednesday's show Alice wasn't done rocking!!
Thursday, October 16, 201410/16/2014
PREMIERE: Foo Fighters "Something From Nothing"
The first song from Sonic Highways. Album Out Worldwide Nov. 10th.
Thursday, October 16, 201410/16/2014
What Would You Change On Your Husband's Body?
it was NOT one of the answers on the board
Thursday, October 16, 201410/16/2014
Marine Survives Taliban Headshot
Shot occurs at the :45 mark
Wednesday, October 15, 201410/15/2014
7 Year Old Rocks A7X Song on Drums
This kid rocks!!
Tuesday, October 14, 201410/14/2014
FAIL: Paintball Is NOT For Everyone!
This is why you don't freeze your paintballs!
Tuesday, October 14, 201410/14/2014
Is This the Scariest Halloween Decoration Ever?
Put this in the front yard!!
Monday, October 13, 201410/13/2014
NEW SONG: Slipknot – Custer (Audio)
Oh Dear………….


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How to Organize Your Craft Room: 15 Room Tours and DIY Organization Ideas
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Chores Magnet Board
By: Imaginisce
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
The project was added to your Craft Projects.
Click here to view your Craft Projects.
Get the family on task with this decorative and functional Chores magnet board from Imaginisce. Create a photo magnet for every member of the family. This craft is also great for classroom assignments.
- 6 1/2 x 8 1/2" Good Morning Sunshine (aqua side) paper #001897
- Lucy Bird Bath Rub-ons #001909
- i-top Brad Maker Tool #001309
- 5-6 Medium Magnet Daddies
- 22" Sheer Brown 2" Ribbon
- 1" Chipboard Letters (source unknown)
- Printed Text on White Cardstock
- 8 x 10" Metal Sheet
- Family Photos printed on regular paper*
- Chestnut Roan chalk, Clearsnap
- Mod Podge (optional)
- Crystal Lacquer, Judikins (optional)
- The best place to find metal sheets cut to the size you'd like, is call around to your local heating/cooling places or sheet metal shops. Our shop even drilled the holes we needed at the top of the metal sheet for us and it cost about $1.80.
- Ink edges of all trimmed paper using the chestnut roan chalk ink.
- Adhere paper to center of metal sheet using
- Create photo magnets with printouts on regular paper. Photopaper is very thick and difficult to mold around the edge of the magnet shell. But if you'd like your magnets to shine like a photograph, consider coating them with Crystal Laquer from Judikins.
- Print out your desired "chores" onto white cardstock. Trim around words and ink with Chestnut Roan ink.
- Adhere text to board and place rub-ons (scalloped circle and bird) on metal sheet as shown or as desired.
- Adhere chipboard letters to top of board. If using mod podge, we would suggest coating entire sheet with mod podge once you have placed your text, rub-ons and chipboard letters on the metal sheet.
- Tie sheer ribbon through holes and hang where you'd like.
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Adorable! I love this idea. I've been looking for something new and fun for our family's chore charts!
sweetlyscrapped 1171372
Jun 16, 2011
Me encanto la idea, muchas gracias. Besitos.
Member 3750563
May 03, 2010
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I was folding something and realized I was folding Owesen's star tessellation (version 1, anyway).
I like the "weave" pattern it makes on the back.
isa13, Sergio A. Delgado, bdawson, and 2 other people added this photo to their favorites.
Wonderful, wonderful ! I love the tones of this particular piece.
thank you. I appreciate your kind comments.
I see you are from Switzerland- we have another creator of tessellation artwork from Switzerland, who's work you can see here:
I am horribly bad with colors, so it is pleasing to hear that someone likes the colors in this photo :)


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The Loudoun County Volunteer Rescue Squad
Spring Forward This Saturday Night
Don't forget to change the batteries in your smoke detectors this weekend as we move our clocks to Daylight Savings Time. On Sunday Morning (March 8, 2015) at 2am, clocks will move forward 1 hour. Yes we lose an hour of sleep, but just think, it means that spring and summer is fast approaching.
Our New Facebook Page
Check out our New Facebook page. You can also check out the Auxiliary's Facebook page as well.
Working Fire Alarms Save Lives!
National Fire Prevention Week was celebrated at the Leesburg Volunteer Fire Company Open House on Saturday October 4, 2014. Firetruck rides were the highlight for "junior" firefighters. It was a great opportunity for the community to see equipment demonstrations and the protective gear utilized by volunteer and career firefighters in emergency situations. The Leesburg Police [...]
LCSO Child Safety Day
The Loudoun County Sheriff's Office conducted a Child Safety Day at the Village of Leesburg on Saturday August 2. Children were introduced to the bomb squad robot, the SWAT team, and Underwater Search and Rescue which helped then learn the many ways that the LCSO keeps our community safe. The Loudoun County Volunteer Rescue Squad [...]
Public Safety Day
The Loudoun County Volunteer Rescue Squad, Company 13, celebrated their first Public Safety Day on Saturday June 7 at the Village of Leesburg. The kid-friendly outing featured demonstrations by the Heavy Rescue Squad Truck, Ambulance, and Splinting & Moulage stations. The Loudoun County Sheriffs Office Auxiliary and K-9 Unit "Buddy" showed off his bomb-sniffing and [...]


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San Francisco Foursquare Church
Hosanna! Celebration Center
2 San Gabriel Ave
San Francisco, CA, 94112-1905
Contact Information:
Phone: 415.585.9838
Fax: 415.585.9705
Visit this church!
We'd love to have you stop by and say hello. And to show it, we have a special packet for you to download that tells you more about The Foursquare Church and includes a special welcome.
Download Welcome Packet (PDF)
MINISTERSNoah Coombs
Rachele Coombs
Rick Trimble
CHURCH SIZELess than 100 people attend this church, on average.
LANGUAGESEnglish (Primary)
Noah Coombs, Sr. PastorNoah Coombs is a Sr. Pastor and has served Foursquare for 13 years. Noah primarily speaks English.
Rachele Coombs, Co-PastorRachele Coombs is a Co-Pastor and has served Foursquare for 11 years. Rachele primarily speaks English.
Rick Trimble, Assisting MinisterRick Trimble is an Assisting Minister and has served Foursquare for 29 years. Rick primarily speaks English.
Gone to Be With the Lord Report (March 2015)
An updated list of Foursquare credentialed ministers who have recently passed away
Read More
Gone to Be With the Lord Report (December 2014)
An updated list of Foursquare credentialed ministers who have recently passed away
Read More
Foursquare's Hispanic Movement Gains Altitude
One out of eight Foursquare churches considers themselves to be Hispanic, and that number is on the rise, proving it is a new day for Foursquare's Hispanic movement.
Read More
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Need to update your church's information? Do it online via Ezra!


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Front USB Port (Clear)
1 - 16 out of 19 results for Front USB Port Computer Cases (About)
Shopping > Computers > Components > Computer Cases > Front USB Port
Go to WIREDZONE.COM
More Front USB Port Computer Cases:
Find, Compare, Read Reviews & Buy Find, Compare, Read Reviews & Buy Front USB Port Computer Cases Online @ Yahoo Shopping Want to see your products in Yahoo Shopping? Advertise with us. Sitemap All Brands
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August 2014, TruckingInfo.com - WebXclusive
By Becky May
Mark Smith, the Department of Energy's Clean Cities program's vehicles technologies deployment manager, will be kick starting the 2014 Green Fleet Conference as its opening keynote speaker. We talked to him about he program, fleet challenges and more.
Tags: Clean Cities, Green Fleet Conference, DOE, Alternative Fuels
June 2013, TruckingInfo.com - Feature
By Kate Harlow
There aren't many things less aerodynamic than a box. And a dry van trailer is basically a 53-foot box on wheels. The drag caused by that box and its effect on fuel economy is a challenge that has been taken up by the SuperTruck program.
Tags: Volvo, Fuel Savings, DTNA, Trailers, DOE, SuperTruck, Strick
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
The expert, Mark Betner from CITGO, will answer your questions
The expert, Rence Oliphant from Hendrickson, will answer your questions
Drones And the Future of Package Delivery
How Will 3D Printing Affect Trucking?
Ultimate Test Drive Video: Brain and Brawn
Ultimate Test Drive Video: Small Block, Big Load
Dynasys SL Auxiliary Power Unit
Webasto Releases Advanced Heater Controls
V-Flap II is An Aerodynamic Mud Flap
Cloud-Based In-Cab Video System Launched


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I have some questions about jQuery and the
load() function.
I have a form which sends 3 params that are needed for a query. I wanted to load the data to a specified
div without reloading a page so I tried with
load function in jQuery. It seems ok but there are some questions that I need to ask.
I made a
div with id "response" that I will use to load data. I've done something like this:
$(document).ready(function() {
And it works fine. But I have tried to do it in a function
function search() {
and then use it when dom tree is ready. The query returned what I wanted it to, but on the new page. Well, during writing that I tried using
return false which should block the page and keep it from reloading (Am I wrong here ?).
When the
return false statment is in the search function and the function is used
$(document).ready(function() {
it doesn't work. But when I place a return statement after the
search() call, it works the way it should. Can someone tell me why?
After that, I was wondering if there is a chance to do the same thing using the
ajax function in jQuery.


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IĀwas quite exited thinking about "valentineday".ĀI withdrew 12000|- from bank just to spendĀon the surprisegift & party for my sweet heart valentine…" my wife".IĀ kept the budget like this.
small diamond pendant or ring –6000\-
saree or dress—4000/-
flower & cake & dinner- 2000/-
After reaching home i told her that iĀ haveĀgo to market for some work. But after coming from the bathroom i was horrified to see my shirt & pant in the washing machine..All my money would have soaked..I shouted at her..'have you gone mad ?you should have cheked my pocket; all my money had gone'
"Donot worry, i have kept the money; but why you have brought so much money ?
IĀhave no other way than to tell her the truth( secrets were opened before start). It was her turn to give me the surprise
"Donot tell me lie.never before you have celebrated valentine day. Why this year ?or it was for somebody else ?( These ladies will never believe hubby).Anyhow small diamonds areĀalwaysĀ go unnoticable. hotel food is not good nowdaysĀ.i have plenty dress & sarees.ĀĀso don't be crazy.i shall give some money to papa & mummy( my parents) for Āpilgrimage,drawing room has to be painted,upholstery for sofa also have to be bought.i shall manage in this.
Seeing my facial expression she came near me & whishpered "Darling you are my everlasting valentine…you needĀ need not show it by purchasing some useless gift .You are my uncut diamond"
i could not believe my ear .Are these filmy wordsĀ the result of the unexpected money she has got ?ĀReally it is difficult Āto understand a wife .Now money was with her, so she is the BOSS.ĀI could only watch.She has brought me into reality .
IĀwas really mesmorised by my practial wife or should i call her "ON LINE VALENTINE' ?


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Mercure Paris Terminus Nord
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
- Suites
- Room service
- Bar/lounge
- Pets allowed
Photos of Mercure Paris Terminus Nord
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TripAdvisor Reviews Mercure Paris Terminus Nord
Travel Blogs from Paris
... that we went to the Eiffel Tower and brought a huge picnic for Gabby's Birthday.
We had:
Chocolate (Dark and White)
Red Wine
Roasted capsicums
Ahhhhh so delicious!!!!
Perfect way to spend a 19th birthday and the sun was shining! we then headed up the Eiffel Tower!! Bit of a leg workout!
The view was awesome!! Afterwards Gabby and I watched it light up ...
Tour de France
... to cruise, we crashed. We were in a zombie state. Finally we got off the boat and back on the bikes to head back to headquarters. Up until this point I had been amazed at how comfortable the bike ride had been, it hurt getting back on! Slowly but surely we made it back to headquarters and then walked back to our hotels where we finally got to sleep at 1am. What an exhausting day. Tomorrow we pick up the car and head out to where the wedding is in a town called Montfort ...
Ah, the never-ending day
... 45 minutes at the tabac (where I felt safer) then decided I had to find wi-fi somewhere. I felt absolutely awful because I knew Joris was looking for me and probably worried that something had gone wrong. The gentleman told me that just outside of the station there was a McDonald's (thank you America!) that has wi-fi. I left and thanked him for his help. Eventually found the McDonald's and saw the messages from Joris, who was ...
Gorgeous day in the Luxembourg
... full-blossom, and the grass was greener and more lush than we'd ever seen, and the ideal weather conditions only enhanced the experience. Many Parisians were enjoying the gardens today, including groups of school children on field trips. We strolled through the western side of the park until reaching the l'Orangerie, which houses and nurtures over two hundred plant tubs containing oleanders, orange, pomegranate and palm trees. Most of ...
Goodbye Inea
Unfortunately today was Inea's last day of being with us, and she had to leave early. So what I'll say is that I was sad to see her leave, and so was everyone else. She came to the Chinese church to say goodbye before her train. We all got to pray for ...


text: Townley Pool & Spa, a local hot tub retailer based in Little Rock, was recently recognized as a 2014 North American Territory Dealer of the Year by Hot Spring Spas, the world's number one-selling brand of hot tubs. Townley was honored at the 2015 Hot Spring Kick-Off meetings, which were held in January. This exceptional retailer was recognized from among all Hot Spring dealers in their region.


text: We had arranged to meet friends for lunch and the Riverside Cafe was not only central for both couples but was the 1st choice for all parties. Excellent food, great location, friendly-efficient service and reasonably priced. Watch boats travel the waterway and enjoy your meal at the same time. Vero... read more


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Analyst Downgrades AMC Networks Stock Rating to 'Neutral,' Citing Content Costs
MoffettNathanson analyst Michael Nathanson on Wednesday downgraded his stock rating on AMC Networks from "buy" to "neutral," citing higher content costs in the company's latest earnings report.
He cut his price target on the cable networks operator by $5 to $67.
The company, led by CEO Josh Sapan and home of The Walking Dead, Mad Men and Breaking Bad home AMC, saw its stock drop after its first-quarter earnings report.
PHOTOS: MIPTV - The Hottest New Fiction Shows
"Despite our best attempts to analyze their cost drivers, we are concerned that the first quarter's $43 million increase in national network programming expenses remains inexplicable," he wrote in a report. "We worry that the continued shift of AMC networks' schedules from licensed to owned originals will pressure cash flow conversion as upfront program investments cycle through and hits becomes increasingly harder to come by."
Added Nathanson: "Given the looming ramp in original scripted hours and the company's unwillingness to provide greater cost detail, we have limited confidence that 2014 national network margins will improve...We fear that any future failures, especially on lower-rated WeTV and Sundance Channels, will lead to writedowns."
Nathanson also cited difficult earnings comparisons due to such hit shows as Breaking Bad. "As so often happens in Hollywood, success breeds imitation…and tough compares," he wrote.
Twitter: @georgszalai
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
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From Christian Bale to Benedict Cumberbatch: Why British Actors Nab So Many American Roles
The Uncensored, Epic, Never-Told Story Behind 'Mad Men'


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1 person found this helpful
"Right Direction, but needs tweaks. "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at Biogen Idec full-time (more than 5 years)
Company mission is about improving life for neurology and hemophilia patients.
Compensation is good. Insurance is good.
Spending money for buildings and upgrades.
Let you have the tools (software,training etc.) to be successful.
Some good leaders, but... (see cons)
CEO who does not grandstand, but transparently states the facts and the vision.
Drama, heroics, and chest thumping are values.
Culture requires blowing sunshine at all times.
Frowned upon to ask about factual data underlying a pretty PowerPoint slide.
A good individual contributor does not always make a good manager or director.
Thank you for the internal surveys. Some have acted on the results. Some have not. Pay attention to the weak spots and shuffle leadership. A little change is always good for the org. Challenge more happy news with probing questions. Require all associates to see patient advocate presentations. Some focus has been lost celebrating the stock growth.
- Any Location
- Any Job Title
2 people found this helpful
"Diversify Management "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at Biogen Idec full-time (more than 8 years)Pros
Benefits, pay (competitive), work life balance (improving with some departments offering greater flexibility than others)Cons
Lack of diversity in management (mid-level & senior). Promotions are far between ((avg 3-5 years) and based more on time served vs consistent high performance and demonstrated performance at the next level.Advice to ManagementAdvice
Diversify management by tapping into key internal high performing talent that have demonstrated leadership capabilities.RecommendsPositive OutlookNo opinion of CEO
"(Generally) Positive Internship Experience "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Culture & Values
- Career Opportunities
I worked at Biogen Idec as an intern (less than a year)Pros
-Great flexibility with project selection/progression and involvement with different scientists.
-My co-mentors were always supportive, helpful and wanted me to learn new techniques and experiments
-Since Cambridge is the company's main R&D site, there were lots of fellow interns (~30) and therefore many intern-specific events and fun activitiesCons
-A major R&D reorganization that resulted in firing of 1/3 of a department. Projects and people were getting shifted around a lot after that.Advice to ManagementAdvice


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Polyacetylene Exposed
In the first issue of ACS's new open-access journal, the authors show how Raman spectroscopy reveals important information about polyacetylene.
ACS Central Science
From a Problem to a Tool
Lateral inhomogeneity can be a problem in pulsed laser deposition, but there is now a way to use it as a tool in combinatorial material science.
ACS Combinatorial Science
Graphene: A new tool for fighting cavities and gum disease?
Dental diseases is among the most common health problems in the world.
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
Following the Hydrogels
Injectable hydrogels are increasingly used in medicine. Chemical exchange saturation transfer NMR imaging is a nice way to visualize them in vivo.
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
Improving Bacterial Biosynthesis
Re-engineering improves the biosynthesis of hydroxyphenylglycine, a building block for a bacterium-derived antibiotic
ACS Synthetic Biology
Uncovering the effects of cooking, digestion on gluten and wheat allergens in pasta
New clues to how the grain's proteins change when cooked and digested.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry


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Prep football Week 10: Neumann loses to Lynch, Evangelical in shootout
FORT MYERS - St. John Neumann dominated the ballgame Friday night at Evangelical Christian. But the Celtics just didn't have Colton Lynch.
The Sentinels senior quarterback was responsible for all six touchdowns and a 2-point conversion as ECS won 43-35.
"Our kids really did everything they needed to to hang in there," Celtics coach Steve Howey said. "Yeah, (Lynch) scores fast. In the second half it kind of turned into a shootout and it's tough to beat them like that."
Neumann finished the season 2-7, 1-4 District 1B-6 with the loss. The game also was the first between the rivals to feature the new Cross County Cup.
But the Celtics controlled the tempo from start to finish with 21 first downs and 439 yards of total offense. While they only allowed eight first downs defensively, that was enough for Lynch.
The Sentinels signal caller scored on runs of 7, 1, 65, 24 and 26 yards. He also connected with his younger brother Colby on a 71-yard scoring pass. Colton finished with 235 yards rushing on 16 carries with another 175 yards on 6-of-12 passing.
"He was a one-man wrecking show tonight," ECS head coach Brian Lynch said.
The loss was particularly tough for the 10 Neumann seniors.
"We came out strong," senior running back Will Affleck said. "We didn't want to go out losing as seniors … we all grew up together."
Affleck shouldered much of the load for the Celtics. The senior rushed for 164 yards and three touchdowns with a 2-point conversion on 29 carries.
"Offense, defense, special teams ... he hardly came off the field tonight," Howey said. "And he's a leader. He's going to be missed."
The Celtics set the tone on the opening drive, when they marched 67 yards on 16 plays. James Maher capped the drive with a 9-yard touchdown reception from Dylan Woods.
The mammoth drive was a sign of things to come as Neumann dominated possession behind the play of Affleck, who finished the half with 118 yards, two touchdowns and a 2-point conversion on 18 carries.
The Celtics finished the half with 240 yards on 38 plays. Yet the games was tied 21-21 at halftime thanks a couple big plays from the Sentinels.
Evangelical scored on runs of 7 and 12 yards then added a 71-yard pass in the finals seconds of the second quarter. Colton Lynch helped set up the first score with a 34-yard scramble on third-and-1, then set up the second with a 60-yard pass.
First quarter
SJN: Maher 9 pass from Woods (Wittenberg kick), 3:57
ECS: Colton Lynch 7 run (Albright kick), 1:55
Second quarter
ECS: Lynch 1 run (Albright kick), 9:00
SJN: Affleck 12 run (kick failed), 4:52
SJN: Affleck 7 run (Affleck run), 0:40
ECS: Colby Lynch 71 pass from Colton Lynch (Albright kick), 0:16
Third quarter
ECS: Colton Lynch 65 run (Albright kick), 4:10
Fourth quarter
SJN: Affleck 2 run (Affleck run), 11:55
ECS: Colton Lynch 24 run (Jeret Foshee pass from Colton Lynch), 7:57
ECS: Colton Lynch 26 run (Albright kick), 4:16
SJN: Braun 70 pass from Woods (run failed), 3:53
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text:
Cookware Primus"
I used this on four trips so far, totalling 6 nights. Dude. It took three tries with Brunton/Primus customer service to get a burner that actually lit, didn't leak gas when at…
- Amanda, 01/13/15
I love the rubber grip handles. I bought the 3.0 because I was getting a really good deal on it, but I think it's too big for what I need, probably gonna keep it because it's…
Little Rock
I hate to skimp on a pot size, as I can always stuff it with other gear. The added fuel efficiency, integrated strainer and comfortable handles make meal time that much easie…
- Mark, 04/09/14
Brecksville oh
The piezo electric ignition failed after the first use. Maybe I'm an idiot, or maybe the spark is just too weak. I'll challenge you to find a YouTube review where they're NOT…
- Jon, 08/25/14
So I got this because I like to go back country camping and inadvertently it rains or snows or is just plain bad weather at least once during the week and it makes it hard to…
- Ian, 09/24/14
Write Review
Write Review
Great set and stack well. Pretty lite for what you're carrying and seem to be pretty durable. Haven't taken them on a trip yet but cooking at home with them seems to work re…
- Ryan, 09/17/14
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text:
Mel Cruickshank, Lida
campaignlive.co.uk, Thursday, 29 September 2011 08:00AM
Lida's chief executive reveals that advertising was a fall-back career after she failed to make it as the next Gwyneth Paltrow.
Name: Mel Cruickshank
Job: Chief executive, Lida
The reason I got into advertising was ... as a child, I was certain my destiny lay in Hollywood. Oddly enough, my university careers advisor didn't spot my potential as the next Gwyneth Paltrow, suggesting I should try being a librarian, a teacher or a social worker. I think I probably saw advertising as a halfway house.
The campaign I'm most proud of working on is ... the launch for the Mini Cooper. This essentially involved haring around Italy in a Mini, in the style of Michael Caine.
And the campaign I pretend I wasn't responsible for is ... it involved carpets, a shoot using the client's poodle and spending hour after hour in a mobile home full of people chain-smoking B&H.
My favourite campaign created by someone else is ... the "Ray Gardner" Blackcurrant Tango campaign. Absolutely on-brand and, even now, still edgy and irreverent.
The best moment of my career so far was ... the time at Lida has been pretty special.
While the most embarrassing moment was ... let's just say it involved a lot of alcohol, a client and a police line-up.
The best celebrity I've worked with on a campaign is ... Jonny Wilkinson on Travelex. The man is a god and I made sure my presence on that shoot was essential.
The person I'd most like to work with in the industry is ... not exactly in our industry, but I'd love to work with Steve Jobs. Anyone behind a brand that can simply do no wrong must be worth learning from.
The person who's had the biggest influence on my career is ... undoubtedly Lisa Thomas, the chief executive of M&C Saatchi Group.
The best piece of advice I've received during my career is ... go with your instinct.
If I wasn't working in advertising, I'd be ... married to Chris Martin. Or a librarian.
In ten years' time, I'll be ... on the cover of Vanity Fair, with my Oscar, for my role in Shallow Hal 3.
This article was first published on campaignlive.co.uk
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Campaign Jobs
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Minnesota Remodeling Solutions is a licensed general contractor headquartered in St Michael, MN and serving the Twin Cities, Greater Minnesota & Wisconsin. We are devoted to providing quality workmanship and professional claim management, along with quality property restoration services. We offer a wide variety of services from roofing, siding, bathroom remodeling, basement remodeling, disaster restoration, and more.
With our own experience, we know and appreciate how important your home is; it is one of the biggest investments you will ever make.
And while so many factors continue to change in our lives; whether it be the extreme weather of winter and summer, the destructive damage that hail can do to your home, or maybe you just want a new look, you can be rest assured that our obligation to you remains the same.
Our Pledge…
Our mission is to exceed industry standards and provide our customers with outstanding workmanship, quality materials, and excellent project management at reasonable prices.
We pledge to keep our company up-to-date and involved in the industry's latest training on product knowledge and customer care programs that will only enhance our relationship with our customers.
Our customers are guaranteed personalized attention and unparalleled client satisfaction that only a professional business can provide.