text:
The claims of the present application recite a method and system for accessing information in an otherwise inaccessible application database of a DBMS using view definitions that implement a security protocol.
1. A computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for creating secured views for a database comprising:
creating a database comprising at least one database table and at least one database view, wherein the database table has a row ID, a row business unit, and a row owner;
allowing a user to access and execute the database view while preventing the user from viewing and directly accessing the database table, wherein the user has an associated user ID, an associated user business unit, an associated user business group, and an associated privilege depth; and
selecting a set of rows of the database table for the database view based on at least one parameter from the set of parameters comprising the user ID, the user business unit, the user business group, and the privilege depth, and at least one parameter from the set of parameters comprising the row ID, the row business unit, and the row owner.
2. The computer-readable medium of
3. The computer-readable medium of
4. The computer-readable medium of
whether the user is the row owner;
whether the row business unit is the user business unit and whether the privilege depth is local;
whether the row business unit is contained in a set of business units associated with the user business unit and whether the privilege depth is deep;
whether the row business unit is among a set of business units associated with the user business group and whether the privilege depth is global; and
whether the row ID is associated with the user ID.
5. The computer-readable medium of
6. The computer-readable medium of
7. The computer-readable medium of
8. The computer-readable medium of
9. The computer-readable medium of
10. The computer-readable medium of
11. The computer-readable medium of
12. The computer-readable medium of
13. The computer-readable medium of
14. The computer-readable medium of
15. The computer-readable medium of
16. The computer-readable medium of
17. A computer system comprising:
an operating system providing a user authentication service;
a database management system for managing a set of databases, the database management system using the user authentication service to authenticate a user connecting to the database management system;
a customer relationship management system;
a customer database accessed by the customer relationship management system through the database management system, wherein the customer database comprises a customer database table;
a view definition stored at the customer database for exposing rows of the customer database table, wherein the database management system enables a user logged onto the database management system to view a listing of the view definition and to execute the view, while preventing the user from viewing and accessing the customer database table;
and further wherein the view exposes a row of the customer database table based on at least one parameter from the set of parameters comprising: a user ID, a user business unit, a user business group, and a privilege depth, and at least one parameter from the set of parameters comprising a row ID, a row business unit, and a row owner.
18. The system of
19. The system of
a user executing the view definition is a row owner;
the row business unit is the user business unit and when the privilege depth is local;
when the row business unit is among a set of business units associated with the user business unit and when the privilege depth is deep;
when the row business unit is among a set of business units associated with the user business group and when the privilege depth is global; and
when the row ID is associated with the user ID.
20. A computing apparatus comprising:
a display unit that is capable of generating video images;
an input device;
a processing apparatus operatively coupled to said display unit and said input device, said processing apparatus comprising a processor and a memory operatively coupled to said processor;
a network interface connected to a network and to the processing apparatus;
said processing apparatus being programmed to:
manage a database comprising a table and a view, wherein the processing apparatus prevents a user from accessing and viewing the table while the processing apparatus allows the user to access and execute the view;
and further wherein the view selects a set of rows of the table based on at least one parameter from the set of parameters comprising a user ID, a user business unit, a user business group, and a user privilege depth, and at least one parameter from the set of parameters comprising a row ID, a row business unit, and a row owner.
The present invention generally relates to methods of providing secure access to database tables in a database management system.
In a database management system (DBMS), data is stored in one or more data containers. Each container contains records and the data within each record is organized into one or more fields. In a relational database system, the data containers are referred to as tables, the records are referred to as rows, and the fields are referred to as columns. In object oriented databases, the data containers are referred to as object classes, the records are referred to as objects, and the fields are referred to as attributes. Other database architectures may use different terminology. The claims of the present application are not limited to any particular type of data container or database architecture.
Many applications having extensive data handling requirements often rely on an independent DBMS to help manage application data. Such applications may include business applications, including customer relationship management (�CRM�) systems and enterprise resource planning (�ERP�) systems. Using a separate, independent DBMS allows application designers to rely on the DBMS to handle complicated bulk data storage functions, while freeing designers to focus on creating application specific functions. In addition to the division of labor benefit, such a dual system model provides a simple and commonly used security framework where security functionality is localized to the application system. For example, many proprietary business applications, including CRM systems using a DBMS, provide access to CRM data only through the CRM system, thereby ensuring that data access and data security are managed through security functions provided by the CRM application. In this model, it is common for the CRM system to implement a closed, private database instance that can only be accessed from the CRM application or by a system administrator for maintenance purposes.
The security model used in prior art systems is shown in
One reason that security is channeled away from the DBMS and localized within the business application is that the security functionality of a typical DBMS is often unsuited to handle application specific security requirements. For example, Microsoft SQL Server, a DBMS, provides protection of data to the table level only. Many business applications, such as Microsoft CRM, may require specific row-level protection. In row-level security, result sets are returned with hidden or withheld data rows based on a user's role and privileges. CRM systems such as Microsoft CRM commonly perform this row-level security through the application software either using a general software executable or programmatically through application programming interfaces (�APIs�).
Another reason that many independent software vendors do not want to utilize DBMS level security is that this may require vendor specific design considerations and support for a particular DBMS. This would make cross-compatibility of the software more difficult to implement. In a system in which database security is channeled through the application software itself, there would be much less consideration for the specific DBMS being used with an application.
While this common security system makes it convenient for CRM system designers to implement localized security, there is often a desire or need to perform analysis on the data stored in an application database that the application itself is not suited, or designed, to perform. In the example of a CRM system, such as Microsoft CRM, there may be a desire to analyze customer data for trends, marketing patterns, demand statistics, budgeting considerations, operating considerations, etc., that the CRM system is not designed to perform. Moreover, there is also no convenient way of sharing Microsoft CRM data with other related business applications, such as enterprise resource planning (�ERP�) applications.
Under the existing security model, one option for providing access to the CRM data is to design an interface to the CRM system for extracting necessary data through the CRM system. This can be done by providing APIs to a user to retrieve the data via the CRM system. However, depending on the CRM system, this procedure can be excruciatingly time consuming and complex, as one would need to be adept at programming code to communicate through the application interface. This approach is not a process many data analysts would be suited to perform.
Many applications, including the Microsoft suite of office products, e.g. Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint, etc., are able to access any DBMS supporting SQL and ODBC. Thus, another more convenient option for providing access to a Microsoft CRM database is to open the database for access to a group of users via the DBMS. However, as mentioned above, a DBMS usually only allows protection down to the table level and does not allow for micro-level protection of row specific information in the tables. A particular business may not want data analysts to see all the row data but only a subset of the rows. If this option were to be implemented, additional business process changes may need to be made in terms of changing employee business roles and creating new business roles, something that many independent software vendors (�ISVs�) would not like to burden consumers with. Moreover allowing an open database connection would increase the risk of corruption of application data which could greatly harm a business. While opening the database to a system administrator would be reasonable, opening a database for full access to a group of data analysts creates problems in security that would make a database such as a CRM database susceptible to compromise.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved method and system of accessing data in a secured application database via the DBMS without compromising the security intentions of the secured application.
The claims of the present application recite a method and system for accessing information in an otherwise inaccessible application database of a DBMS using view definitions that implement a security protocol. While the specific method and system will be described to apply to a CRM system embodiment, specifically, Microsoft CRM, it is emphasized that this system may be applied to other secure application databases as well.
The claimed method and system may be a tiered security access model in which the DBMS is set to allow discrete access to a CRM database. Users may log on to a DBMS using, for example, an integrated DBMS-operating system authentication protocol and obtain access to an instance of an application database. However, further access to objects contained in the database is restricted to database views. Moreover, this model may only allow for accessing the views to obtain a listing of view identifiers, to obtain a listing of view attributes, and to execute the views.
The view acts as a secured proxy to a particular table of the database for which it corresponds. Furthermore, security is enabled in a relatively easy way by attaching to the view, simple query conditions that match user role and user privilege to table-row associations and privileges. Additionally, because access is being performed via the DBMS, no further interface methods need to be coded to provide interoperability with secondary applications used to process the CRM data. In this way, efficient data base extraction and query filtering may be performed without the need for code savvy data analysts.
Although the following text sets forth a detailed description of numerous different embodiments, it should be understood that the legal scope of the description is defined by the words of the claims set forth at the end of this patent. The detailed description is to be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possible embodiment since describing every possible embodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. Numerous alternative embodiments could be implemented, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims.
It should also be understood that, unless a term is expressly defined in this patent using the sentence �As used herein, the term �_� is hereby defined to mean . . . � or a similar sentence, there is no intent to limit the meaning of that term, either expressly or by implication, beyond its plain or ordinary meaning, and such term should not be interpreted to be limited in scope based on any statement made in any section of this patent (other than the language of the claims). To the extent that any term recited in the claims at the end of this patent is referred to in this patent in a manner consistent with a single meaning, that is done for sake of clarity only so as to not confuse the reader, and it is not intended that such claim term be limited, by implication or otherwise, to that single meaning. Finally, unless a claim element is defined by reciting the word �means� and a function without the recital of any structure, it is not intended that the scope of any claim element be interpreted based on the application of 35 U.S.C. � 112, sixth paragraph.
The blocks of the claimed method and apparatus are operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with the methods or apparatus of the claims include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
The blocks of the claimed method and apparatus may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The methods and apparatus may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices.
With reference to
Computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by computer 110. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term �modulated data signal� means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
The computer 110 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer 110, although only a memory storage device 181 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer 110, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
An embodiment of a business process of the claims may be illustrated in
CRM systems may integrate a business hierarchy into its security implementation and often include fields in their data entities that correspond to an owner and a business unit. An operating system, such as Microsoft Windows, may also contain a hierarchical structure affiliating user roles with groups, where the roles have a set of privileges. In an embodiment of claims, the secured views may be designed to return rows based on a hierarchical ownership structure that leverages an existing CRM application and operating system environment. This potential security checking model is illustrated in
The privilege depth illustrated in
A SQL statement that may be used to implement the security process of
Unlike existing security models that use a security descriptor field to provide bulk instructions for API-based security processing, the present claims may rely on a security model that only references discrete ownership attributes of each database object, attributes that are often already part of the general attribute structure of the object. As described above, security privileges may be processed in sets that are based on ownership affiliations. In this way, processing may be faster. Furthermore, because the security model of the claimed method and system processes the rows completely in a DBMS, rather than relying on an API, processing may be faster because a dedicated DBMS processing internal instructions will most often be faster than an API retrieving a set of rows over a communication channel and interpreting a large security descriptor.
In addition, users of a CRM-DBMS system may now interface with database tables via virtual tables provided by the secured views. Users may perform data analysis with a host of other analysis tools that are compatible with SQL-ODBC drivers using a security system integrated with the operating system. It provides seamless integration for application suites like Microsoft Office because a user can now use a tool like a query wizard to open views, similar to opening a database table, without the user needing to be aware of the underlying implementation.
As an example, a user could use secured views to import CRM related data into a spreadsheet program such as Excel where numerous statistical operations may be performed on the data. This may be accomplished without knowing any computer coding language because a simple pop-up query wizard type tool may be used. In addition, the importation may be accomplished without having to proceed through a separate security procedure to access the database because the security is localized to the DBMS. Finally, the importation and analysis may be accomplished without modifying the underlying data in the database by operating on a view of the data rather than the actual data.
Although the forgoing text sets forth a detailed description of numerous different embodiments, it should be understood that the scope of the patent is defined by the words of the claims set forth at the end of this patent. The detailed description is to be construed as exemplary only and does not describe every possible embodiment because describing every possible embodiment would be impractical, if not impossible. Numerous alternative embodiments may be implemented, using either current technology or technology developed after the filing date of this patent, which would still fall within the scope of the claims.
Thus, many modifications and variations may be made in the techniques and structures described and illustrated herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present claims. Accordingly, it should be understood that the methods and apparatus described herein are illustrative only and are not limiting upon the scope of the claims.
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MENAHGA, Minn. – Strong starting pitching has been a key for the New York Mills baseball team and it was again Friday as the Eagles clinched their fourth consecutive Minnesota Class A Section 6 championship with a 4-1 victory over Frazee.
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The ioSafe Rugged Portable isn't the smallest, lightest, fastest or most affordable external hard drive, but it performs well enough and is extremely rugged. If you really need to protect your data on the road, look no further.
Drobo B1200i review
Network storage doesn't come much easier than this, with very little expertise needed to manage the 12-bay Drobo B1200i. It's also fast, with three iSCSI ports, lots of redundancy and data-aware tiering — just like enterprise products costing a great deal more.
Synology RackStation RS3412xs
A scalable network storage appliance best suited to datacentres in mid-sized companies, the RackStation RS3412xs lacks enterprise-class features — but that's reflected in the price.
D-Link ShareCenter Pro 1100
D-Link's no-frills approach to NAS will be attractive to businesses who need the storage basics without unnecessary complications. But those looking for a 'do-anything' system should look elsewhere.
Netgear ReadyNAS NV+ v2
The ReadyNAS NV+ v2 is nicely designed and built, and Netgear's X-RAID2 technology does a good job of managing the 4-bay array discreetly. The web-based management tool's redesigned UI is an improvement, but we'd like to see more more add-ons for the new ARM-based platform.
QNAP Turbo NAS TS-419P II
The QNAP TS-419P II holds its own on features in the competitive NAS market, although it's let down in some of the smaller details such as locking drive bays.
Thecus N4200PRO
The N4200PRO is a flexible four-bay NAS enclosure with some good extras. It's fairly easy to manage, has a wide range of modular applications and performs well. The integrated mini-UPS is a great idea, giving added peace of mind in critical environments.
Synology DiskStation DS3611xs
A highly scalable and very flexible NAS/iSCSI appliance, Synology's DS3611xs has performance and capacity to spare. It will appeal to mid-sized companies requiring fast and reliable access to large amounts of data.
Drobo B800i
It's hard to fault the Drobo B800i, which combines good looks, performance and functionality with ease of use. It's not cheap, but for the money it's one of the best small-business iSCSI appliances you can buy.
Synology RackStation RS2211+
A very scalable NAS appliance, the RS2211+ benefits from the add-on extras found on other Synology storage devices, which should appeal to small businesses. However, it lacks some storage-specific features that enterprise customers may be looking for.


text:
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text:
Page 1
Acta Physiologiae Plantarum
Volume 33
Number 6
Acta Physiol Plant (2011) 33:2321-2328
DOI 10.1007/s11738-011-0772-2
Alteration in nitrogen metabolism
and plant growth during different
developmental stages of green gram (Vigna
radiata L.) in response to chlorpyrifos
Talat Parween, Sumira Jan,
Mahmooduzzafar & Tasneem Fatma
Page 2
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all rights are held exclusively by Franciszek
Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish
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You may further deposit the accepted author's
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available until 12 months after publication.
Page 3
Alteration in nitrogen metabolism and plant growth
during different developmental stages of green gram
(Vigna radiata L.) in response to chlorpyrifos
Talat Parween•Sumira Jan•Mahmooduzzafar•
Tasneem Fatma
Received: 3 January 2011/Revised: 11 March 2011/Accepted: 11 April 2011/Published online: 27 April 2011
? Franciszek Go ´rski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krako ´w 2011
organophosphate insecticide in the agricultural practice.
However, extensive use of this insecticide may lead to its
accumulation in ecosystem, thus inducing the toxicity to
crops and vegetables. To assess chlorpyrifos-induced tox-
icity in plants, we performed the experiment focusing on
the growth and nitrogen metabolism of green gram plant
(Vigna radiata L.). 20-days-old plants were subjected to
chlorpyrifos at concentrations ranging from 0 to 1.5 mM
through foliar spray in the field condition. Variation in root
and shoot length, activities of nitrate reductase (NR) and
content of nitrate, sugar, soluble amino acid and soluble
protein were studied at preflowering (5 day after treatment,
DAT), flowering (10 DAT) and postflowering (20 DAT)
stages of plant development. Of the various concentrations
of chlorpyrifos, 0.6 and 1.5 mM showed comparatively
more severe toxicity to green gram plants by decreasing
root and shoot length, nitrate, NR, soluble sugar and pro-
tein content where as at low concentration (0.3 mM) of
chlorpyrifos proved stimulant for same parameter. Increase
in soluble amino acid was observed in age and dose
dependent manner. These results reflect strong parallelism
between growth and biochemical activities of the model
plant. Further lower dose of chlorpyrifos proved as
Chlorpyrifos is a widely used broad-spectrum
stimulant where as at higher concentration proved detri-
mental for growth and nitrogen metabolism.
Chlorpyrifos ? Mungbean
Growth ? Nitrogen metabolism ?
Pesticides were introduced to agriculture to fulfill the
increased food needs of the growing global population. Use
of pesticides has become a necessary evil although this
practice is playing chaos with human and other life forms.
Indiscriminate use of various pesticides in modern age has
led to a serious environmental hazard (Mishra et al. 2008).
Although the application of various insecticides is foliar,
however, insecticides may reach to water and accumulate
in soil through run-off from treated plants, dead grazing
animals fed by polluted grasses and irrigation water pre-
viously treated by pesticides. Due to long persistence,
bioaccumulation and potential toxicity towards non-target
organism, organochlorine pesticide has been replaced by a
relatively less persistent
phosphorothioate), is one such organophosphate insecticide
effective against a broad spectrum of insect pests of eco-
nomically important crops. The absorption and transloca-
tion of chlorpyrifos residue by wheat and oil seed rape root
has been studied by Wang et al. (2007) and concluded that
the uptake rate of chlorpyrifos residue by these two plants
increased with an increase in the amount of chlorpyrifos
residue in soil. The toxic effect of other insecticide
dimethoate on growth, photosynthetic pigments and pho-
tosynthetic activity of Glycine max L. (Panduranga et al.
2005) and Vigna unguiculata L. (Mishra et al. 2008)
Communicated by B. Barna.
T. Parween ? T. Fatma (&)
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia
(A central university), New Delhi 110025, India
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
S. Jan ? Mahmooduzzafar
Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard,
New Delhi 110062, India
Acta Physiol Plant (2011) 33:2321–2328
DOI 10.1007/s11738-011-0772-2
Author's personal copy
Page 4
seedlings has already been assessed. Continuous exposure
to imidacloprid at higher dose significantly impaired the
germination and growth of rice seeds and seedlings
(Stevens et al. 2008). Whereas adverse effect of mancozeb
on morphological and anatomical traits of Lens culinaris
L. at different developmental stages has been investigated
by Bashir et al. (2007).
Green gram (Vigna radiata L.) is the third most
important pulse crop of India in terms of area under cul-
tivation and production. Its seeds contain 24.2% protein,
1.3% fat and 60.4% carbohydrates (Considine 1982). To
understand the plant's performance and productivity, plant
growth analysis is a necessary step, which reveals different
strategies that a plant follows to survive in conditions
where certain factors are limiting. There are a number of
factors which influence plant growth, among them nitrogen
is regarded as one of the most essential elements and its
availability in the soil is one of the key factors determining
plant growth and productivity. Nitrogen containing com-
pound and other primary metabolites of plants, which
function as nutritive substances for herbivores, may also
contribute to plant resistance (Haukioja et al. 1991; Ber-
enbaum 1995). Any significant alteration in the nitrogen
uptake and the activity of key nitrogen assimilatory
enzymes would severely affect the growth and productivity
of the crops. In this study, chlorpyrifos was preferred
because information on its effect on higher plants is very
limited, especially on nitrogen metabolism in plants. In this
context, present study will explain and elucidate the effect
of chlorpyrifos on growth and nitrogen metabolism in three
developmental stages of green gram seedlings in order to
probe into a possible relationship between nitrogen
metabolism inhibition and plant growth impact under the
treatment of chlorpyrifos.
Materials and methods
All the chemicals used were of analytical reagent (AR) or
guaranteed reagent (GR) quality. Most of the chemicals
were the products of SRL, E. Merck, Aldrich-sigma, S.D.
fines. Chlorpyrifos (20% EC) was supplied by Bharat
Insecticides Limited, New Delhi (India).
Experimental setup and treatment
The seeds of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz. were procured
from division of genetics, pulse research centre, Indian
Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi. Field
experiments were conducted in the month of April
2008–2009.Theindividualplotsizewas6 m2(4 m 9 1.5 m)
having 4 rows with a row-to-row distance of 15 cm and
plant to plant distance of 10 cm. The number of plants per
m2was 15. The field was ploughed and leveled prior to
sowing. The plots were made with proper bunds along with
necessary irrigation channels. Irrigation was done as and
when required. The crop was kept free from weeds by
manual weeding operation regularly. 20-days-old seedlings
were subjected to foliar application of three different
concentrations of chlorpyrifos (20% E.C.) viz., 0 (control),
0.3, 0.6 and 1.5 mM/100 ml prepared by dissolving the
required amount of chlorpyrifos in double distilled water.
Each experiment was repeated three times with five repli-
cates. Seedlings were collected at 5 (preflowering), 10
(flowering) and 20 DAT (postflowering) to analyze the
effect of chlorpyrifos treatment on root and shoot length,
nitrate content, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, soluble
sugar, amino acids and protein content.
Growth parameters
The root and shoot length was measured in centimeters at
three developmental stages of plant growth, i.e. 5, 10 and
20 DAT. For root length, the main tap-root was measured
from base to apex. The shoot length indicates length of the
plant axis from the ground level to the upper most growing
tip of the main axis.
Nitrate content measurement
Nitrate content of leaves was estimated using the method
given by Grover et al. (1978). 0.5 g fresh leaves were taken
in conical flask, 50 mg charcoal and 10 ml distilled water
were added and boiled for 4–5 min. After filteration, the
volume was made up to 50 ml by adding double distilled
water. 1 ml of this aliquot was taken and 0.5 ml of 2 mM
CuSO4 solution, 0.25 ml of 0.01 M hydrazine sulfate,
0.25 ml of 0.1 N NaOH were added. The vials were kept in
water bath incubator for 10 min at 33?C and then trans-
ferred to ice and 0.5 ml chilled acetone and 1.0 ml of 1%
sulphanilamide and 0.02% NEDD [N(1-napthyl) ethylene
diamine dihydrochloride] were added. The volume was
made to 6 ml by adding 1.5 ml double distilled water and
the vials were kept for 20 min for colour development.
Absorbance was recorded at 540 nm on UV-vis spectro-
photometer (model DU 640 Beckman, USA). The nitrate
content was expressed as m mole/g fr.wt. The concentra-
tion of nitrate was determined against the standard curve
prepared by using KNO3(potassium nitrate) solution.
Nitrate reductase (EC 220.127.116.11) activity assay
Nitrate reductase activity was estimated using the method
given by Klepper et al. (1971). 0.5 g fresh leaves with
2322Acta Physiol Plant (2011) 33:2321–2328
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Page 5
3.0 ml phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) were kept in vials with
3.0 ml of 0.4 M KNO3. The vials were kept in vacuum
desiccators and vacuum infiltration was done for 30 s
interval till the leaves settled down. The vials were kept in
water bath incubator for 1 h at 33?C under dark condition.
After incubation, the vials were kept in hot water for 5 min
to stop the reaction then after 0.2 ml aliquot was taken and
1.0 ml of 1% sulphanilamide and 1.0 ml of 0.02% NEDD
[N(1-napthyl) ethylene diamine dihydrochloride] was
added. The final volume was made up to 6.0 ml by double
distilled water. The vials were kept in dark for 20 min for
color development. Absorbance was recorded at 540 nm on
UV-vis spectrophotometer (model DU 640 Beckman,
USA). The corresponding concentration of nitrate was
determined against the standard curve of nitrate prepared
by NaNO2(Sodium nitrate) solution. The nitrate reductase
activity was expressed as l mole/g fr. wt./h.
Soluble sugar content determination
The soluble sugar was estimated by the method of Dey
(1990). 0.5 g fresh leaf material was kept in 10 ml of 90%
ethanol for 1 h at 60?C in incubator. The extract was then
decanted into a 25 ml volumetric flask and the residue was
re-extracted. Final volume was made upto 25 ml by adding
90% ethanol. 1 ml aliquot was then transferred to a thick
walled test tube and 1.0 ml of 5% phenol was added and
mixed thoroughly and 5 ml of analytical grade sulphuric
acid (97–99%) was then added and mixed thoroughly by
vertical agitation with a glass rod. For exothermic reaction,
the test tube was cooled in the air. Absorbance was
recorded at 485 nm on UV-vis spectrophotometer (model
DU 640 Beckman, USA). The corresponding concentration
was determined against a standard curve prepared by using
a glucose solution. The amount of sugar was expressed as
mg/g fr. wt.
Soluble amino acids content determination
Lee and Takahashi's method (1966) was used for the
estimation of soluble amino acids. 0.5 g of fresh leaf
material was ground in 5 ml of absolute ethanol with the
help of mortar and pestle and transferred to a centrifuge
tube. It was then centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 min at
4?C. After that supernatant was taken in a test tube and
alcohol was evaporated by incubating the tubes at 80?C for
1 h in the water bath. Pellets were dissolved in 10 ml of
0.5 M citrate buffer (pH 5.5) using vortex vigorously.
0.5 ml of aliquot was taken from this and 1.5 ml of 55%
glycerol and 0.5 ml of 1% ninhydrin solution was added.
The vials were kept in water bath for 20 min at 100?C and
observe the development of a purple blue color. The
volume in each vials were made up to 6 ml by adding
0.5 M citrate buffer (pH 5.5). Absorbance was recorded at
570 nm on UV-vis Spectrophotometer (Model DU 640 B,
Beckman, USA). Calibration curve was prepared from
glycine (Sigma) of different concentrations to calculate the
amino acid content in different samples. The concentration
was expressed in mg/g fr. wt.
Soluble protein content determination
The soluble protein content of different samples was esti-
mated following the method of Bradford (1976). 0.5 g of
chopped fresh leaf material was homogenized in 1.5 ml of
0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 (extraction buffer) at/below
4?C with the help of a pre cooled mortar and pestle and then
kept in ice during the process of homogenization. The
homogenate was transferred to a 2 ml eppendorf tube and
centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 20 min at 4?C. An equal
amount of chilled 10% TCA was added to 0.5 ml of the
supernatant, which was again centrifuged at 3,300 rpm for
30 min. The supernatant was discarded and the pellet left
was washed with acetone. It was then dissolved in 1 ml of
0.1 N NaOH. To 0.2 ml aliquot, 1 ml of Bradford's reagent
was added and vortexed. The tubes were kept for 10 min for
optimal color development. The absorbance was then
recorded at 595 nm on a Beckman spectrophotometer (DU
640, Fullerton, USA). The soluble protein concentrations
were quantified with the help of a standard curve prepared
from the standard of bovine albumin serum (BSA) from
sigma, USA. The protein content was expressed in mg/g fw.
Statistical analyses
The data are expressed as mean ± SE (n = 5). For dif-
ferences between several mean values of the control and
exposed seedlings, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was
performed. Duncan's multiple range test (DMRT) test was
used to determine whether the values were significantly
different from the control.
The potential of low dosage of chlorpyrifos in modulating
the plant growth and nitrogen metabolism at three devel-
opmental stages is evident in Fig. 1 and Tables 1, 2, 3, 4
and 5. Foliarly applied chlorpyrifos with lower dose
(0.3 mM) reflected a significant (P\0.05) stimulatory
effect as compared to control. However, higher dosage (0.6
and 1.5 mM) leads to significant decrease in growth and
plant metabolism.
Acta Physiol Plant (2011) 33:2321–23282323
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Page 6
Growth parameters
Root and shoot length showed significant (P\0.05)
increase with plant age in control as well as treated plants
(Fig. 1a, b). With increasing in chlorpyrifos concentration,
the plant showed linear increase upto 0.3 mM, reflected a
stimulatory effect of chlorpyrifos exposure on growth as
compared with control and thereafter decreased with
increase in chlorpyrifos dosage. Maximum variation
(30.08%) in root was recorded at preflowering stages,
followed by flowering (17.55%) and postflowering stages
(12.48%) where as in shoot length maximum variation
Fig. 1 Variation in growth
attributes (cm plant-1) at
various growth stages of Vigna
radiata L. treated with different
concentration of chlorpyrifos.
a Root length, b Shoot length.
Value represents mean ± SE
(n = 5). Values with different
superscripts are significantly
(P\0.05) different from each
other (Duncan's multiple range
Table 1 Variation in nitrate content (m mol/g fr. wt.) at various growth stages of Vigna radiata L. treated with different concentration of
Treatments (mM)5 DAT 10 DAT20 DAT
053.92 ± 1.07b
56.53 ± 0.89a(4.84)
52.09 ± 0.91b(3.39)
48.31 ± 0.89c(10.40)
63.58 ± 1.10b
66.89 ± 1.10a(5.20)
62.00 ± 1.17bc(2.48)
59.4 ± 1.17c(6.57)
44.34 ± 1.04b
47.46 ± 0.75a(7.03)
42.37 ± 1.05c(4.44)
38.2 ± 0.85d(13.84)
LSD at 5% 2.563.111.54
Values in parenthesis indicates percent variation with reference to respective controls. Mean ± SE (n = 5). Values with different superscripts
are significantly (P\0.05) different from each other (Duncan's multiple range test)
2324Acta Physiol Plant (2011) 33:2321–2328
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Page 7
Table 2 Variation in nitrate reductase (NR) activity (lmol/g fr. wt./h) at various growth stages of Vigna radiata L. treated with different
concentration of chlorpyrifos
Treatments (mM) 5 DAT10 DAT20 DAT
0 1.30 ± 0.02b
1.34 ± 0.02a(3.07)
1.26 ± 0.01c(3.07)
1.22 ± 0.02d(6.15)
2.33 ± 0.01b
2.39 ± 0.01a(2.57)
2.29 ± 0.01c(1.71)
2.24 ± 0.01d(3.86)
0.75 ± 0.01a
0.78 ± 0.01a(4)
0.70 ± 0.02b(6.66)
0.66 ± 0.02b(12)
LSD at 5%0.02 0.030.05
Values in parenthesis indicates percent variation with reference to respective controls. Mean ± SE (n = 5). Values with different superscripts
are significantly (P\0.05) different from each other (Duncan's multiple range test)
Table 3 Variation in soluble sugar content (mg/g fr. wt.) at various growth stages of Vigna radiata L. treated with different concentration of
Treatments (mM)5 DAT 10 DAT20 DAT
037.64 ± 0.41b
40.41 ± 0.85a(7.35)
35.24 ± 0.69b(6.37)
31.14 ± 0.76c(17.26)
40.07 ± 0.63b
42.45 ± 0.68a(5.93)
37.62 ± 0.77c(6.11)
35.39 ± 1.10d(11.67)
32.16 ± 1.03b
36.3 ± 0.87a(12.87)
29.59 ± 1.25c(7.99)
26.07 ± 1.34d(18.93)
LSD at 5%2.65 1.801.09
Values in parenthesis indicates percent variation with reference to respective controls. Mean ± SE (n = 5). Values with different superscripts
are significantly (P\0.05) different from each other (Duncan's multiple range test)
Table 4 Variation in soluble amino acid content (mg/g fr. wt.) at various growth stages of Vigna radiata L. treated with different concentration
of chlorpyrifos
Treatments (mM) 5 DAT 10 DAT20 DAT
0 0.72 ± 0.01b
0.76 ± 0.02b(5.5)
0.87 ± 0.01a(20.83)
0.92 ± 0.01a(27.77)
0.92 ± 0.008c
0.96 ± 0.01c(4.37)
1.09 ± 0.03b(18.47)
1.2 ± 0.01a(30.42)
1.17 ± 0.02d
1.29 ± 0.02c(10.25)
1.44 ± 0.02b(23.02)
1.53 ± 0.02a(30.76)
LSD at 5%0.090.07 0.07
Values in parenthesis indicates percent variation with reference to respective controls. Mean ± SE (n = 5). Values with different superscripts
are significantly (P\0.05) different from each other (Duncan's multiple range test)
Table 5 Variation in soluble protein content (mg/g fr. wt.) at various growth stages of Vigna radiata L. treated with different concentration of
Treatments (mM) 5 DAT10 DAT20 DAT
021.21 ± 0.80b
24.61 ± 0.69a(16.03)
19.00 ± 0.68c(10.41)
16.84 ± 1.02c(20.60)
26.81 ± 0.54b
29.31 ± 0.78a(9.32)
23.95 ± 0.22c(10.66)
21.35 ± 0.43d(20.36)
19.38 ± 0.66b
21.81 ± 1.14a(12.53)
18.53 ± 1.10b(4.38)
17.79 ± 0.58b(8.20)
LSD at 5%2.04 2.191.81
Values in parenthesis indicates percent variation with reference to respective controls. Mean ± SE (n = 5). Values with different superscripts
are significantly (P\0.05) different from each other (Duncan's multiple range test)
Acta Physiol Plant (2011) 33:2321–2328 2325
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Page 8
(17.84%) was recorded at 5 DAT, followed by 20 DAT
(15.90%) and 10 DAT (7.97%) than their respective
Nitrate content
Lower dose of chlorpyrifos has significant (P\0.05)
effect on nitrate content of Vigna radiata L. showed an
increase in both control and treated plant (Table 1). The
maximum enhancement was observed with 0.3 mM con-
centration of chlorpyrifos at 10 DAT while as significant
decrease in nitrate content was observed with increasing
chlorpyrifos treatment in a dose dependent manner upto
10.40, 6.57 and 13.84% under the highest chlorpyrifos
concentration used (1.5 mM) at 5, 10 and 20 DAT,
Nitrate reductase activity
The nitrate reductase (NR) activity showed a significant
(P\0.05) increased at 10 DAT under lower chlorpyrifos
concentration (0.3 mM). Chlorpyrifos treatment further
decreased the NR activity in a dose dependent manner up
to 6.15, 3.86, and 12% at 5, 10 and 20 DAT, respectively
(Table 2).
Soluble sugar content
The sugar content showed a similar variation trend as did
nitrate content and NR activity with respect to dose and age
of the plant, thus having its maxima in the flowering stage
(10 DAT) at low dosage. Further, chlorpyrifos treatment
decreased the sugar content in a dose dependent manner
upto 17.26, 11.67, and 18.93% at 5, 10, and 20 DAT than
respective controls (Table 3).
Soluble amino acids content
a significant (P\0.05) increase with age and dose depen-
dent manner. The maximum enhancement (30.76%) took
place with 1.5 mM treatment during the 20 DAT (Table 4).
Soluble protein content
The soluble protein content in the leaves of Vigna radiata
L. showed a significant (P\0.05) increase at low dosage
(0.3 mM) of chlorpyrifos and found maximum during the
10 DAT. Further increase in chlorpyrifos treatment
decreased the protein content in a dose dependent manner
upto 20.60, 20.36 and 8.20% under 1.5 mM treatment than
their respective controls at 5, 10, and 20 DAT, respectively
(Table 5).
A possible relationship between nitrogen metabolism
inhibition and plant growth impact under the higher dosage
of chlorpyrifos has been found by investigating the alter-
ation in growth and nitrogen metabolism at three different
developmental stages of green gram (Vigna radiata L.).
The present study showed that lower concentration of
organophosphorous insecticide chlorpyrifos (0.3 mM) sig-
nificantly proved very effective, non-phytotoxic and
seemed to elevate the growth parameters up to certain
limit. Nevertheless, at higher concentration the growth
parameters viz. root length and shoot length (Fig. 1a, b)
were remarkably reduced in all the growth phases under
study. Our results are in consistent with the result of Tiyagi
et al. (2004) in chickpea and Mishra et al. (2008, 2009) in
Vigna unguiculata L. and Momordica charantia, respec-
tively. Reduction in plant growth at higher concentration of
chlorpyrifos could be due to the inhibition of activity of
4-hydroxyl phenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) which in
needed for growth and development of meristematic tissue
which is confirmed with the result of Luscombe et al.
(1995) while treated maize and sugarcane with isoxaflutole.
In our present study, maximum biochemical activities
was observed during the flowering stage (10 DAT) of the
plant and later declined sharply. This phenomenon is
mainly because ageing leaf contains lower metabolic
activities than younger leaf (Haddad et al. 2009) as ageing
is a period of catabolism of macromolecules, which may
cause decreased biochemical activity. The possible reason
for accelerating plant growth and metabolism at 0.3 mM of
chlorpyrifos which may be due to the cellular degradation
of organophosphorous insecticide chlorpyrifos might have
increased phosphate content at this dose of tested insecti-
cide. In addition, low dose of chlorpyrifos probably
increased the cell membrane permeability thus; enhanced
nutrient influx to the root cells and their subsequent
transportation to leaf and shoot may be another reason for
accelerating plant performance.
Nitrogen uptake and assimilation are severely affected
by different types of environmental stress (Hernandez et al.
1997). Nitrate content in mungbean leaves decreased sig-
nificantly with increasing concentration of insecticide in all
developmental stages except at a lower dose (0.3 mM).
Similar results were achieved upon the combined or single
effect of herbicide and cadmium exposure to rice seedlings
(Huang and Xiong 2009) and copper exposure to Brassica
(Xiong et al. 2006). The initial uptake of nitrate occurs
across the plasma membrane of epidermal and cortical cells
of the root (Larson and Ingemarsson 1989). Subsequent
transport can occur across the tonoplast membranes
(Granstedt and Hutfaker 1982; Blumwald and Poole 1985;
Miller and Smith 1992) and the plasma membranes of cells
2326Acta Physiol Plant (2011) 33:2321–2328
Author's personal copy
Page 9
in the vascular system and leaf (Jackson et al. 1973).
Nitrate uptake depends on the efficiency of roots in
absorbing NO3. The energy that drives nitrate uptake
comes from the proton gradient maintained across the
plasma membrane by the H?ATPase. In our previous
experiment, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased
when seedlings were exposed to an organophosphate
insecticide (unpublished results, data not shown), which
was normally caused by damage to the plant's plasma
membrane integrity. So the decreasing absorption of nitrate
might be explained by the damage to plasma membrane.
The activities of nitrate reductase also affected the
absorption of nitrate through the assimilation of nitrogen
inside the plant body. The decreased NR activity led to
reduced reduction of nitrate content. Therefore, the pattern
of nitrate content shown in Table 1 might be a result of
chlorpyrifos inhibition of nitrate uptake in Vigna radiata L.
seedling. Nitrate reductase (NR) is an induced enzyme that
regulates the first step of nitrogen metabolism (Abrol et al.
1976). Decline in NR activity due to stress might be a
result of a reduced uptake of nitrogen or adverse effect to
NR enzyme structure itself (Tukendorf and Rauser 1990).
In the present investigation, the NR activity (Table 2)
decreased upon the exposure to higher concentrations of an
organophosphate insecticide, which might be due to
decomposition of the enzyme molecule.
Sugars are essential for normal NR function (Campbell
1999). In the present study, the leaf sugar content showed a
significant increase in control as well as treated samples of
Vigna radiata L. at lower concentrations of insecticides,
i.e. 0.3 mM chlorpyrifos (Table 3) and after that showed
decreasing trend with increasing concentrations of insec-
ticides applied foliarly. Such decline in sugar content is
correlated with suppression in pigment concentration. In
our previous experiment, the chlorophyll and carotenoid
content decreased at high concentration (unpublished
result, data not shown). This suggests that the plants'
photosynthesis could have been damaged and thus supports
the possibility of an indirect effect of insecticide exposure,
which is, damage to photosynthesis and sugar supply and
its influence on the NR activity. The activity of this nitrate
reductase is directly correlated to nitrate concentration
which plays an important role in protein synthesis. The
decrease in the enzyme activity could be attributed to
reduction in the amount of protein content.
Plants respond to a variety of stresses by accumulating
certain specific metabolites like amino acids (Jaleel et al.
2007a). It may perhaps provide extra protection to plants
against oxygen radical damage arising from abiotic stresses
(Jaleel et al. 2007b, c). The present study showed signifi-
cant linear increase in soluble amino acid content with
increasing concentration of insecticides, maximum being at
1.5 mM treatment of chlorpyrifos during 20 DAT followed
by 10 DAT and 5 DAT (Table 4). Increased amino acid
content was reported by other workers under herbicide (Jia
et al. 2001; Huang and Xiong 2009), and fungicide stress
(Mackey et al. 1990; Radice and Pesci 1991; Gopi et al.
2007; Jaleel et al. 2007a). Amino acid could act as a
mechanism to give stress tolerance by accumulating in the
cytoplasm and protecting the cells from deleterious effects
of stresses.
In the same experiment, it was shown that the soluble
protein content in Vigna seedling is significantly decreased
under the higher concentration of insecticide, while the
soluble amino acid content showed a significant increase
(Table 5). Lin and Kao (2001) also observed that protein
content decreased and soluble amino acids increased in
NH4Cl treated rice leaves. Therefore, it can be concluded
that hydrolysis of proteins might be responsible for the
accumulation of amino acids in insecticide treated Vigna
Our results demonstrated that the chlorpyrifos exposure to
Vigna radiata L. seedlings might have caused the decrease
in growth and increased the inhibitory activities of nitrogen
assimilation enzyme, NR. The adverse effect of the
insecticide was also shown by a decline in the nitrate,
sugar, and soluble protein along with an increase in soluble
amino acid content in Vigna seedlings. Therefore, these
results suggested that the toxicity of an chlorpyrifos at
higher dosage (0.6 and 1.5 mM) to the green gram seed-
lings took place partly by the influence on nitrogen
metabolism. However, low concentration (0.3 mM) of
chlorpyrifos showed stimulation in growth and nitrogen
Grant Commission (UGC), Government of India for providing fel-
lowship during this study. We thank Grzegorz Marszalkowski, Balazs
Barna and two anonymous referees for their comments on the earlier
version of this manuscript.
First author is highly thankful to University
Abrol YP, Kaim MS, Nair TVR (1976) Nitrogen assimilation, its
mobilization and accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
grains. Cereal Res Comm 4:431–440
Bashir F, Siddiqi TO, Mahmooduzzafar, Iqbal M (2007) Effect of
different concentrations of mancozeb on the morphology and
anatomy of Lens culinaris L. Ind J Environ Sci 11:71–74
Berenbaum MR (1995) Turnabout is fair play: secondary roles for
primary compounds. J Chem Ecol 21:925–940
Blumwald E, Poole RJ (1985) Nitrate storage and retrieval in Beta
vulgaris: effects of nitrate and chloride on proton gradients in
tonoplast vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:3683–3687
Acta Physiol Plant (2011) 33:2321–2328 2327
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Page 10
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the
quantification of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the
principle of protein-dye-binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–259
Campbell WH (1999) Nitrate reductase structure, function and
regulation: bridging the gap between biochemistry and physiol-
ogy. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Boil 50:277–303
Considine M (1982) Food and food production encyclopedia. Van
Nostard Reinhold, New York, pp 173
Dey PM (1990) Methods in plant biochemistry, vol 2. Carbohydrates.
Academic Press, London
Gopi R, Jaleel CA, Sairam R, Lakshmanan GMA, Gomithinayagam
M, Pannerselvem R (2007) Differential effects of hexaconazole
and paclobutrazol on biomass, electrolyte leakage, lipid perox-
idation and antioxidant potential of Daucus carota L. Colloid
Surf B Biointerfaces 60:180–186
Granstedt RC, Hutfaker RC (1982) Identification of the leaf vacuole
as a major nitrate storage pool. Plant Physiol 70:410–413
Grover HI, Nair TVR, Abrol YB (1978) Nitrogen metabolism of
upper three leaf blades of wheat at different soil nitrogen levels,
NR activity and contents of various nitrogenous constituents.
Plant Physiol 42:287–292
Haddad R, Morris K, Buchanan-Wollaston V (2009) Molecular
characterization of free radicals decomposing genes on plant
developmental stages. In: Proceedings of world academy of
science, engineering and technology, p 37
Haukioja E, Ruohomaki K, Suomela J, Vuorisalo T (1991) Nutritional
quality as a defense against herbivores. For Ecol Manage
Hernandez LE, Garate A, Carpena-Ruiz R (1997) Effects of cadmium
on the uptake, distribution and assimilation of nitrate in Pisum
sativum. Plant soil 189:97–106
Huang H, Xiong ZT (2009) Toxic effects of cadmium, acetochlor and
bensulfuron-methyl on nitrogen metabolism and plant growth in
rice seedlings. Pestic Biochem Physiol 94:64–67
Jackson WA, Flesher D, Hageman RH (1973) Nitrate uptake by dark-
grown maize seedlings. Plant Physiol 51:120–127
Jaleel CA, Gopi R, Pannerselvam R (2007a) Alterations in lipid
peroxidation electrolyte leakage, and proline metabolism in
Catharanthus roseus under treatment with triadimefon, a
systemic fungicide. C R Biol 330:905–912
Jaleel CA, Manivannan P, Kishorekumar A, Sankar B, Gopi R,
Somasundaram R, Pannerselvam R (2007b) Alteration in
osmoregulation, antioxidant enzymes and indole alkaloid levels
in Catharanthus roseus exposed to water deficit. Colloids Surf B
Biointerface 59:150–157
Jaleel CA, Manivannan P, Sankar B, Kishorekumar A, Gopi R,
Somasundaram R, Pannerselvam R (2007c) Water deficit stress
mitigation by calcium chloride in Catharanthus roseus L.:
effects on oxidative stress, proline metabolism, and indole
alkaloid accumulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerface 60:110–116
Jia M, Keutgen N, Matsuhashi S, Mitzuniwa C, Ito T, Fujimura T,
Hashimota S (2001) Ion chromatographic analysis of selected
free amino acids and cation to investigate the change in nitrogen
metabolism by herbicide stress in soybean (Glycine max).
J Agric Food Chem 49:276–280
Klepper L, Flesher D, Hageman RH (1971) Generation of reduced
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for nitrate reduction in green
leaves. Plant physiol 48:580–590
Larson CM, Ingemarsson B (1989) Molecular aspects of nitrate
uptake in higher plants. In: Wray JL, Kinghorn JR (eds)
Molecular and genetic aspects of nitrate assimilation. Oxford
Science Publication, pp 3–14
Lee YP, Takahashi T (1966) An improved calorimetric method for
determination of amino acids with the use of ninhydrin. Anal
Biochem 14:71–77
Lin CC, Kao CH (2001) Regulation of ammonium-induced proline
accumulation in detached rice leaves. Plant Growth Regul
Luscombe BM, Pallett KE, Loubiere P, Millet J, Melgorejo J, Vrabel
TE (1995) RPA 201772 a novel herbicide for broad leaf and
grass weed control in maize and sugarcane. In: Proceedings of
the Brighton crop protect, Conference weeds, vol 2, pp 35–42
Mackey CE, Hall JC, Hofstra G, Fletcher RA (1990) Uniconazole
induced changes in abscissic acid, total amino acid and proline in
Phaseolus vulgaris. Pest Biochem Physiol 37:71–82
Miller AJ, Smith SJ (1992) The mechanism of nitrate transport across
the tonoplast of barley root cells. Planta 187:554–557
Mishra V, Srivastava G, Prasad SM, Abraham G (2008) Growth,
photosynthetic pigment and photosynthetic activity during
seedling stage of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) in response to
UV-B and dimethoate. Pestic Biochem Physiol 92:30–37
Mishra V, Srivastava G, Prasad SM (2009) Antioxidant response of
bittergourd (Momordica charantia L.) seedlings to interactive
effectofdimethoate and
Panduranga MG, Mahadeva PG, Sudarshana MS (2005) Toxicity of
different imbibitions periods of dimethoate on germination,
chlorophyll a/b, and dry matter of Glycine max (L) Merrill. Cv.
KHSB-2, during early seedlings growth. J Physiol Res
Radice M, Pesci P (1991) Effect of triazole fungicides on the
membrane permeability and on FC-induced H?extrusion in
higher plants. Plant Sci 74:81–88
Stevens M, Reined RF, Combs NE, Helliwell S, Mo Jianhua (2008)
Influence of imidacloprid seed treatments on rice germination
and early seedling growth. Pest Manag Sci 64:215–222
Tiyagi SA, Ajaz S, Azam MF (2004) Effect of some pesticides on
plant growth, root nodulation and chlorophyll content of
chickpea. Arch Agron Soil Sci 50:529–533
Tukendorf A, Rauser WE (1990) Changes in glutathione and
phytochelatins in roots of maize seedlings exposed to cadmium.
Plant Sci 70:155–166
Wang L, Jiang X, Yan D, Wu J, Bian Y, Wang F (2007) Behaviour
and fate of chlorpyrifos introduced into soil crop systems by
irrigation. Chemosphere 66:391–396
Xiong ZT, Liu C, Geng B (2006) Phytotoxic effects of copper on
nitrogen metabolism and plant growth in Brassica pekinensis
Rupr. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 64:273–280
UV-B irradiation. SciHortic
2328 Acta Physiol Plant (2011) 33:2321–2328
Author's personal copy


text: I'd compare the Lucerna to a Hilton or Marriott in the States. A step nicer than a solid business hotel. Pleasant setting, nice pool area, pretty grounds. The rooms are nice-basic. Just hotel rooms. Nice bar. Location is away from the tourist impact zone, in a good way, and convenient to some very good restaurants. The basic rooms seem to... More


text:
Whereas most of us are satisfied with Cheerios and milk, Stu Cat simply has to have Diamonds for Breakfast. Released along with its Nicholas Heller-directed video, the lead single off the Boston/Miami dual repper's forthcoming mixtape finds him dreaming about the future rewards of his hustle over a head-nodding beat by Falside. Still hungry? Then keep it locked for more fresh tunes leading up to the April 24, arrival of Beware of the Cat.
Click "Listen Now" above to watch the Diamonds for Breakfast video.
Written by richard on 04/9/12
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By KapiScrap & Art
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- Download Size: 80.9 MB (approximate)
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- Monograms Characters: 38
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Daddy, dad, father, pop, papa... any way you say it, they are super heroes especially to us! Show your super dad how much you look up to him and love him on his special day. The perfect blend of masculine embellishments for any layout to precisely depict your superhero and the little one that wants to be just like him!
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IW6MKI Uba I6YOT Mimma
A surf between radio history, home made and the sea.
By Ubaldo [ Hits: 311 | Votes: 127 | Rating: 8.59 ]
About IW6MKI Uba I6YOT MimmaThis resource is listed in dxzone.com under 1 categories. Its main category is Ham Radio personal pages in italy (Ham Radio pages in italy). "IW6MKI Uba I6YOT Mimma" is listed in our web site index since Wednesday Aug 22 2001 and till now received a total of 311 hits.
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text:
Hi: 11° Lo:6°
By Jamie Arrowsmith Wednesday 21 November 2012 Updated: 26/11 12:56
Solihull Barons 5 Coventry NL Blaze 4
Challenge Cup
BARONS saw off the challenge of Division One outfit Coventry NL Blaze on Sunday evening in front of over 600 fans at Hobs Moat Road.
Blaze's Josh Nicklin opened the scoring on nine minutes before being pegged back by the Barons' Neil Adams who chipped a shot into the roof of the net.
Coventry regained the lead just before the end of the first period when Dale Buckland, recently released by Barons, fired a speculative shot from the blue line beyond Solihull netminder Hayden Laverick.
The second period saw goals for Neil Adams for Barons and Coventry's Josh Nicklin, while Phil Lee, a month shy of his 47th birthday, but playing his best hockey for years, brought Barons back into contention with a short handed goal.
A minute from the end of the period, Adams raced the puck up the right wing and released a crisp pass to give Dave Rogers the chance to fire home and put the hosts ahead for the first time on the night.
Blaze looked to have earned a draw when Rhys Gillat netted five minutes from the end, only for Rich Slater to fire the winner a minute later.
Speaking after the game, man of the match Adams said: "The crowd was big again and that always helps us out on the ice. Our offence did well and I think we probably have some of the strongest forward lines in the league.
"We have to look forward though. We've got some tough games over the next few weeks and will need to be on it every time if we want to stay in the running for the league."
Barons hit the road for the next two weeks with trips to Fylde and Hull. They return to Hobs Moat Road on December 9 against current league leaders Nottingham Lions.
1 Moazzam Begg denies Jihadi John link claims
2 Solar Eclipse plunged Solihull into morning twilight
3 Lunar Festival returns to Tanworth in Arden
4 Gateway project works set to start in March
5 Teaching assistant four times over limit when she crashed
Fylde Flyers 5 Solihull Barons 8 National Ice
Hampton in Arden 5 Stratford 0 MRHA West
Edwardians 34 Cleobury Mortimer 6 Midlands Three West
THERE was double delight for Blythe Barracudas this
SKY Blues skipper Jim O'Brien believes his side deserved something ...
REDDITCH United manager Liam McDonald hailed the club's supporters for ...
OLD LEAMINGTONIANS produced some of the best rugby they have ...
CHARLOTTE Leedham inspired Stratford-upon-Avon School's U16 girls' team as they ...


text:
Free Sample Krispy Kreme Doughnut with E-Club Sign Up
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The first person to invent a diet that consists of entirely Krispy Kreme doughnuts will probably be a billionaire. Billionaires aside, if you enjoy Krispy Kreme on many occasions perhaps you might want to join their "Friends of Krispy Kreme" e-club. Joining will snag you a coupon redeemable for a free sample doughnut and other deals throughout the year.
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Here's a few words from our satisfied customers:
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Is it possible to specify the frequency used by the reader? I have a project that needs to be able to read on 3 different frequencies and it would be awesome to be able to set the freq programatically.
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To Say Nothing of the Dog, Or, How We Found the Bishop's Bird Stump at Last
How we found the bishop's bird stump at last
From the critics
Community Activity
CommentAdd a Comment
Readers who enjoy a retake on a classic, and love humour and imaginative settings will likely enjoy this novel. Inspired by Jerome K. Jerome's Three Men in a Boat, Willis takes our time-travelling characters on a wild ride from the future, back into the Victorian Age, on a search for a rare object, the Bishop's Bird Stump.
A delight from start to finish, I'm not sure I've ever enjoyed a time travel novel more. With fantastic comedic moments, excellent historical descriptions of both England during the Blitz and the Victorian era, and a complex mystery that sits at the core of the novel, the novel never lulls. While loosely connected to Willis' previous novel, Doomsday, it isn't necessary to read the first to truly enjoy this novel and those who have are in for a surprise at the massive shift in tone. If you like time travel stories or even if you just want a good historical read, this book shouldn't be missed.
fascinating time travel
Thoroughly enjoyable time-travel novel, witty, at times hilarious, incredibly well-researched, believable, well-written. The ending was a trifle predictable in Victorian fashion, but I think that it was fitting, given the subject matter.
Short summary: lots of people are travelling in time to help an eccentric and powerful rich lady restore Coventry Cathedral to the state it was in before the Second World War, romance follows, as do silly and laugh-provoking coincidences.
This book seems to move very slowly in the beginning, but after the first fifty pages, I couldn't put it down. It is a very interesting idea, and is a good science fiction that will leave you wondering about its implications in the real world.
The author is entirely devoted to recreating the world of Three Men in a Boat and does a reasonable job of it. There is humor and place/time, but the overarching time travel plot is tedious and jumbled. Perhaps I'd say that about any time travel since I'm not fond of the genre.
Fun and funny. Time travel, spoiled heiresses, butlers, and dotty Oxford professors.
It's years since I read this but I remember loving it and recommending it at the time. Funny and delightful.
Took a little to get into the story, but once I did, I was hooked. A good way to learn a little about history without realizing it. The story is a thoroughly entertaining caper with quantum physics, Victorian clothing difficulties, boating mishaps, cat burglars (literally), romance, séances, time travel confusion, butlers, 'little grey cells', Grand Designs, and a dog named Cyril. What more could you ask for?
Ned, an historian in the future is sent back to Victorian times to retrieve a mysterious object, a "Bishop's Bird Stump", in order to keep appease a wealthy university benefactor (Lady Shrapnel) and along the way keep history from going completely out of whack. Written with a fine sense of character and wit, Willis richly portrays the foibles of both the past and the future. This is something of a sequel to The Doomsday Book and is perhaps slighly better paced and certainly a lot funnier.
SummaryAdd a Summary
One of the most pleasantly surprising reads I've ever come across. Don't be put off by the Sci Fi designations. This is a fun, suspenseful book with something that few books ever seem to have...a terrific ending.
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