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Assessing K-12 Service-Learning Impacts and Quality Shelley H. Billig RMC Research Corporation John Spence TX Center for Service-Learning Overview • Logic Models and Theory of Change • Measuring Impact – Academic impact – Civic impact – Personal/social impacts – Others • Measuring Quality Logic Models • Shows how and why the program will work; • Connects program activities to program outcomes through outputs: – e.g., activity (input) Increased student engagement in schools (output) Increased student academic achievement (outcome). TX K-12 Learn and Serve Logic Model Context (e.g., student, K-12 campus, and community characteristics, support for service-learning, accountability pressures) Partner Contributions Service-Learning Student Outcomes LEA and campus investment Experience Academic performance Contributions by community Civic knowledge, skills, dispositions, partners Frequency and type and behavior of project, S.T.A.R.S. outcomes (e.g., implementation leadership skills, ethic of service, quality, linkage to value of lifelong citizenship) subject matter, School engagement, school and effectiveness of community attachment partnerships Support for Service- Number and type of Learning students Training/technical assistance participating, Partner/Community Outcomes Recognition of service-learning intensity and duration of Benefits for K-12 campuses, LEAs, as improvement strategy community partners Teacher buy-in participation Social capital/Community capacity Efforts to Promote, Sustain, and Institutionalize Service-Learning Programming Try It! • Start with your activities – what will you do? • Specify your goals – what will you accomplish? • Identify those factors that will influence results, both positively and negatively. Include demographics, context, implementation issues Logic Model Use • Once the logic model has been created with stakeholders, review it. • Use the logic model to design or revamp the evaluation. • Use the constructs identified in the logic model to guide the development of measures (instrumentation). Logic Model Resources • University of Wisconsin-Extension Program Development and Evaluation, www.uwex.edu/ces/pdande • W.K. Kellogg Foundation, www.wkkf.org – Evaluation Handbook, 1998 – Logic Model Development Guide, 2001 Assessing Academic Impact – Where is service-learning likely to have the greatest academic impact? • Knowledge areas (general and specific) • Types of skills (general and specific) • Moderators – What measures are available? Academic Skills • Areas of likely impact – Higher order thinking skills such as problem solving, analysis, transfer of learning – Specific knowledge related to service activities, e.g., measurement, writing, synthesizing materials, research • What are the available measures? – Rubrics – Test scores – Writing scores – Problem solving essays – Measures of academic engagement – Absenteeism – Surveys – More! Sample Measures • Examine the samples • What is the best use of each? By whom and for what purpose? • What do you like and dislike about each? Assessing Civic Impacts • Where is service-learning likely to have the greatest civic impact? – Knowledge? – Skills? – Dispositions? – Attachment to community? • Moderators • What measures are available? Civic Impacts • Areas of likely impact – Knowledge of community needs – Skills for planning and implementing projects – Taking responsibility – Ethic of service • Available measures – Surveys – Focus groups/interviews – Hours of service – Actual changes Sample Measures • Examine the samples • What is the best use of each? By whom and for what purpose? • What do you like and dislike about each? Assessing Social/Personal Impacts – Where is service-learning likely to have the greatest impact on social/personal areas? • Knowledge areas (general and specific) • Types of skills (general and specific) • Moderators – What measures are available? Social/Personal Outcomes • Areas of Likely Impact – Development of character traits such as responsibility, trust, and caring – Respect for diversity – More bonds with adults – More protective factors such as resilience – Greater self-efficacy • Measures – Surveys – Focus groups/interviews – Rubrics – Self-assessments Sample Measures • Examine the samples • What is the best use of each? By whom and for what purpose? • What do you like and dislike about each? Measuring Quality Quality counts! Higher quality service-learning activities have stronger impacts. Which are the critical factors of quality? Quality Indicators That Predicted Outcomes • Direct contact with those being served • Linkage with standards • Character of reflection activities • Intentionality Sample Measures • Examine the samples • What do you like and dislike about each? • How are these best used?? Characteristics of Good Assessments • Valid • Reliable • Objective • Useful • Items measure only one construct at a time (not double barrelled…) • Related to the logic model or assessment questions Open Discussion • Questions and Answers Resources • National Service-Learning Clearinghouse www.servicelearning.org • Billig, S. H., & Waterman, A. S., eds. (2003). Studying service-learning: Innovations in education research methodology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Available at www.erlbaum.com • Bringle, R. G., Phillips, M. A., & Hudson, M. (2004). The measure of service learning: Research scales to assess student experiences. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Available at www.apa.org/books
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Date: 1900 ca.
Description: Outdoor family portrait of the Backhaus family posed in the yard of a house. Four men stand in the back row while four women sit on chairs in the front row...
Date: 1910 ca.
Description: Tille Faulkman, standing, and Sarah Krueger, seated behind a spinning wheel and a yarn winder in the open doorway of a barn. Both women are wearing traditi...
Date: 1904-07-24
Description: Edgar Krueger standing in a lime kiln pond playing with a toy sailboat. An American flag is placed atop the mast of the sailboat. Florentina and Jennie Kru...
Date: 1995-08
Description: "Theresa Lions 14th Annual Tractor Pull."
Date: 2003-08
Description: Dorothy Krueger and Richard and Sandy Yehl review historic photographs.
Date: 1987-05
Description: "Runners turned the corner at the intersection of McArthur Road & Bancroft Road."
Date: 1911-01-03
Description: Alexander Krueger sitting in the open doorway to a blacksmith shop smoking a pipe.
Date: 2004
Description: Lois Benter's parents, Ervin and Alice Giese, and grandparent, Albert Giese, were the previous owners. The last cows to be milked were in August of 2000.
Description: "Karen Schmidt poses next to a self-portrait."
Date: 1903 ca.
Description: View across field with patches of snow towards a farmstead behind a row of trees.
Date: 1908 ca.
Description: Alexander and August Krueger spreading manure with a Litchfield spreader pulled by a three horse team. August sits on top of the spreader with the family d...
Description: This very old structure is on the Art Steinbach farm at W1991 Zion Church Rd (Section 30). Art's son, Tom, is in the photo.
Date: 1953-06
Description: Col. Robert K. Haskell (left) receiving the one millionth shell manufactured by the Malleable Iron Range Co. of Beaver Dam in a ceremony at the manufacturi...
Description: Four workers gather around the malleable iron furnace and fill their ladles. Caption on stereoview reads, "No. 5 Moulders filling their ladles at the malle...
Description: A woman kneels down next to Max, the family dog. Another woman stands on the sidewalk holding a hat, and a car can be seen in the background parked on the...
Date: 1997-09-22
Description: "Looking north along this section of track, one can see the overturned car's wheels, and debris after the derailment. The visible bend in the tracks was ca...
Date: 1978-02-14
Description: "Mrs. Ona Johnson's second and third graders — Theresa Public School."
Description: Ronald E. and Alice Justman, and son, Jeff, were photographed at N9341 Hwy 175 (Section 3).
Description: This ancient Pomeranian-style building, made of bricks and stone, still stands on the Gebhard property.
Description: Arnold and Bernice Lifke were married 59 years ago, when Arnie returned from serving in the Marine Corp in the SW Pacific. They have lived on the farm most...
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SSL Exhibits Range of Broadcast Audio Products at 2012 CCW Expo C10 HD Compact Broadcast Console Featured
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Ketamine Hydrochloride
Antibiotics Aren't Always the Answer »
"Antibiotics do not fight infections caused by viruses like colds, flu, most sore throats, bronchitis, and many sinus and ear infections. Instead, symptom relief might be the best treatment option for viral infections.
Get smart about when a"...
Ketamine Hydrochloride
Respiratory depression may occur with overdosage or too rapid a rate of administration of ketamine, in which case supportive ventilation should be employed. Mechanical support of respiration is preferred to administration of analeptics.
Ketamine is contraindicated in those in whom a significant elevation of blood pressure would constitute a serious hazard and in those who have shown hypersensitivity to the drug.
Last reviewed on RxList: 5/23/2008
This monograph has been modified to include the generic and brand name in many instances.
Ketamine Hydrochloride FDA Prescribing Information
Additional Ketamine Hydrochloride Information
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration
You are encouraged to report negative side effects of prescription drugs to the FDA. Visit the FDA MedWatch website or call 1-800-FDA-1088.
Women's Health
Find out what women really need.


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Dean Ryan returns to Bristol
ESPN Staff
July 2, 2012
Former England No. 8 Dean Ryan will work as a consultant at Bristol for one day a week © Getty Images
Former Bristol head coach and No. 8 Dean Ryan is to return to the Championship club in a consultancy role.
Ryan played 45 times for the Memorial Stadium side and coached the team to the 2001-02 Premiership final before he left the club to coach Gloucester. He will work with Bristol for one day a week, primarily with the board of directors and head coach Liam Middleton.
"I am delighted to be renewing my relationship with Bristol Rugby, who gave me the opportunity to take my first steps into coaching," Ryan said. "I hope the experience that I've gained in a number of different environments will now be of assistance to the Club in its quest to return to the top flight."
Bristol was Ryan's final club in a playing career that also included stints at Saracens, London Wasps and Newcastle. He won four caps for England but has been working in the media since he left Gloucester in June 2009.
"I believe the appointment of Dean as a Consultant to the Club will be a great asset for us," said Bristol chairman Chris Booy. "I'm confident Dean's vast experience and knowledge of Rugby will provide a real benefit throughout the 2012/13 RFU Championship season."
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
|Live Scores
'Concussion is not worth the risk'
Concussion, relegation and the mother of all surprises - it's the Monday Maul.
Jones key to Wales World Cup plans
Huw Richards assesses where Wales are after a mixed Six Nations, with front row seats still very much available for the World Cup
Attacking revolution will be fleeting
John Mitchell lapped up the action on 'Sensational Saturday' - but warns not to expect a repeat come Rugby World Cup time later this year
Ireland, England are dangers if ...
Craig Dowd warns England, Ireland and Wales they should play to their strengths rather than those of the All Blacks and the Wallabies


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Locked-out union workers consider Crystal contract
Workers in Minnesota received news recently that unemployment benefits scheduled to run out Sunday will likely be extended for another 14 weeks. But unlike Minnesota and Iowa, there's no unemployment insurance in North Dakota.
"I'm very proud of the way people have hung in there," said John Riskey, president of one of the labor unions that represents the workers. "We're still moving ahead and giving it the best we can."
Should the union approve the contract Saturday, Ingulsrud said the two sides would need to iron out a "back to work" agreement, which he describes as "relatively straightforward."
If it is rejected, Ingulsrud said the company would continue to train replacement workers, which is happening in advance of the next processing season. The plants will likely start up in the middle of August, which is earlier than normal because of a large sugar beet crop.
Riskey and Froemke declined to offer predictions about Saturday's union vote.
"I'm not going down the road. Let the people decide," Riskey said.
Froemke instead spoke to the character of his fellow union members.
"Their courage and their dedication to their beliefs should never be pooh-poohed or considered a foolish cause," he said.
The Associated Press


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The room is a non-smoking room equipped with AC, RF and private bathroom.
The room features free Wi-Fi, coin-operated washing machines and motorbike rental services. Your room at Chana Place (email hidden), a refrigerator and a seating area.
In the building, free or for a fee
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
In the building, free or for a fee
Continuous access in the listing
Breakfast is provided.
The listing can accommodate a gathering of 25 or more attendees
Easy access to the building and listing for guests in wheelchairs
Private or Shared
Free, in the building or nearby
Posted emergency information and resources
The Space
Your room includes:
Comfortable king size bed and lines
Private bathroom
Private Balcony
Free Internet service
Free Wifi
Mini RF
24 Hours Security guard service
Laundry service (coins)
Getting around
Chana Place is a 10-minute walk to Sunday Walking Street area, a 10-minute drive to Chiang Mai Railway station, Chiang Mai Airport and Chiang Mai Bus Terminal.
Other Things to Note
Free toiletries and shower facilities are included in an en suite bathroom.
For your convenience, we also provide luggage storage and laundry services.
A chargeable airport shuttle can be arranged upon request.
Free private parking is possible on site.
I really enjoyed my stay at Chana House. Everyone there couldn't have been nicer or more helpful. Choona, Mia and Ma were delightful and made my stay a delight.
The room was very clean and comfortable and the housekeeping staff efficient and courteous and wonderfully polite and friendly as Thai people are known to be. If I ever go to Chiang Mai again I will stay with them again for sure.
Had a great stay. Good set up with easy scooter hire and friendly staff. Pretty central but not too crazy and 24hr reception/security.
good location and service. the room is very clean, staff are helpful for our trip in chiangmai, thanks!
It was awesome to stay in channa, the staff were super nice to help us book the ticket. The room was clean and complete, also the location was very great so that we could go everywhere with continent. :) Special thanks to Miss Ked :) Love u
Great place to stay! Staff was very helpful any time assistance was needed and helped me rent a taxi for the day to go to an elephant conservatory. Location is a very close walk to Wat Phra Singh and other things to do. WiFi and air conditioning worked well. Would stay there again! Thanks.
This host has 41 reviews for other properties.View Other Reviews
Hello Everyone!
Thank you for visiting our listings and welcome to Chiang Mai.
I am an entrepreneur and know very well about Chiang Mai area.
Our listing is located in Chiang Mai's old city and it close to many temples.
Please feel free to contact us regarding our listings.
Thank you.
Aonaree and Chana place team.


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DoD and Social Media
By UltimaRatioReg
There has been some interesting discussion on the possibility that DoD will institute a ban on social media such as Twitter and Facebook.
It was asserted by some that DoD didn't really understand social media, which may be true in part, and there were some very good arguments for and against having such programs available to our service members. Others saw the announcement as a grave threat to the rights of every American to screw off at work. (Okay, that was me.)
The DoD, for their part, mentioned serious security concerns in their late-July message. This was interpreted in a variety of ways, including possible OPSEC considerations.
However, the concern about social media is shared by all of government and much of private industry. And here, in large part, is why.
From an online article at Financial Times (www.ft.com):
Law enforcement warnings, recent reports from private security experts and lawsuits are focusing attention on the issue. Some professionals, citing the ongoing boom in virus infections through such social networks as Facebook and Twitter, fear the trends could combine in 2010.
Targets have fallen victim to "spear phishing" and other tricks. In spear phishing, a misleading e-mail, instant message or social networking communication is aimed at one company or even a single person within that company, frequently a top executive. The message can be tailored convincingly with details of interest to that individual.
As with many generic phishing attacks that go to millions of users, the point is often to get the recipient to click on a link that installs software for surreptitiously logging keystrokes, so that passwords and account numbers can be recorded and transmitted over the internet to the hacker.
Aiming at small groups means that security programs that look for copies of previously reported attacks are less likely to recognize the software.
My experience with such issues is that these cyber security concerns have been expressed behind closed doors for some time, and an affordable and implementable technical solution is unfeasible for now. And the threat is serious enough that an out-and-out ban is being considered. For such analysis to be stated publicly means that several verified occurrences of successful cyberhacking via these means have taken place already, and cyber security experts are at a loss as to how to stop them.
So, regardless of where one's opinion falls on the usefulness of social media in DoD, security concerns indeed appear to be at the center of considerations to ban Twitter and/or Facebook.
Recent Posts
- On Midrats 29 March 15 – Episode 273: Partnership, Influence, Presence and the role of the MSC
- The Pen and the Sword: An Interview with Professor Timothy Demy on Reading Fiction and Studying War
- On Midrats 22 March 2015 – Episode 272: Naval Professionalism; up, down, and back again – with Will Beasley
- Missile Defense and Budget Issues
- On Midrats 3/15/15 – Episode 271: "Red Flag and the Development USAF Fighter "


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Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry
Editor-in-Chief: Schulz, Axel
Editorial Board Member: Aldridge, Simon / Burford, Neil / Cronin, Leroy / Dunbar, Kim / Holthausen, Max / Huppertz, Hubert / Liu, Xiaoming / Rosenthal, Uwe / Schiller, Alexander / Schulz, Stephan / Senker, Jürgen / Hänisch, Carsten / Yoon, Kyung / Zhang, Xian-Ming
4 Issues per year
IMPACT FACTOR increased in 2013: 2.923
SCImago Journal Rank (SJR): 0.633
Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP): 1.326
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Most Downloaded Articles
- Preparation of graphene adsorbents and their applications in water purification by Xu, Jing/ Lv, Hongda/ Yang, Sheng-Tao and Luo, Jianbin
- Zeolite-encapsulated transition metal chelates: synthesis and characterization by Ahmed, Ayman H.
- Recent advances in the chemistry of nitrosyl complexes of chromium by Døssing, Anders
- (Guanidine)copper complexes: structural variety and application in bioinorganic chemistry and catalysis by Bienemann, Olga/ Hoffmann, Alexander and Herres-Pawlis, Sonja
- Editorial by Schulz, Axel
(Guanidine)copper complexes: structural variety and application in bioinorganic chemistry and catalysis
1Anorganische Chemie II, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
Citation Information: Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry. Volume 31, Issue 1, Pages 83–108, ISSN (Online) 2191-0227, ISSN (Print) 0193-4929, DOI: 10.1515/revic.2011.003, June 2011
Publication History
- Published Online:
- 2011-06-27
In this paper, guanidine copper compounds are reviewed with an emphasis on structural characteristics and their application in bioinorganic chemistry and catalysis. The literature survey includes the copper coordination chemistry of biological guanidine derivatives, peralkylated guanidines including bicyclic ones and of further nitrogen-rich guanidine-type systems such as azoimidazoles, triazolopyrimidines and triaminoguanidines. From a sporadic interest dating back to the 1960s, research on this ligand class and its use in copper coordination chemistry has gained new impetus since 2000. With the synthesis of examples with sophisticated substitution at the characteristic CN3 framework, complex problems can be addressed in several fields of chemistry. This paper analyses the different types of guanidines for their special donor properties and highlights the specific advantages of guanidines as neutral donor ligands in copper coordination chemistry where a great variety of coordination modes was found. These compounds offer the ability to distribute the formal positive charge of the metal throughout the guanidine unit and represent more than simple σ-donating ligands.
Keywords: azoimidazoles; copper; guanidines; imidazolin-2-imines; triazolopyrimidines


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In U.S. Philips Corp. v. Samsung Electronics Co., C.A. No. 09-692 GMS (D. Del. Mar. 25, 2011), Chief Judge Sleet recently decided plaintiff's motions to dismiss several counterclaims and affirmative defenses and to strike defendant's inequitable conduct defense. Judge Sleet granted plaintiff's motion to dismiss defendant's time-barred fraud and negligent misrepresentation counterclaims. Id. at 1-2. Although defendant attempted to avoid the statute of limitations by limiting damages to "litigation expenses incurred in connection with defending this action[,]" Judge Sleet held that defendant cannot "circumvent the usual rules governing litigation expenses by recasting those expenses as the sole basis for damages in its fraud and negligent misrepresentation counterclaims." Id. at 2-3. However, Judge Sleet denied plaintiff's motion to strike or dismiss defendant's affirmative defenses in light of "the well-established rule that affirmative defenses are not ordinarily subject to the statute of limitations so long as they are properly pled and arise from the same transaction as the claims in the original complaint." Id. at 3. Finally, Judge Sleet denied plaintiff's motion to strike defendant's inequitable conduct allegations as insufficiently pled, declining to rule, "[a]t this early stage in the proceedings," "on whether specific documents are prior art or otherwise make determinations as to the materiality or relevance of particular documents." Id. at 5.
Sue L. Robinson: The Overlapping Worlds of Science and Litigation
In a recent opinion, District Judge Sue L. Robinson commented on the nature of expert testimony in patent cases. In particular, the Court highlighted the important distinction between scientific "truth" and the role of the judiciary in the decidedly non-scientific legal system:
"[Expert] Matzger's testimony is, of course, only reliable to the extent [Expert] Bates's data (and Bates's testimony thereupon) is also reliable. That two scientists at the top of their field could disagree on their reading of 'hard' data is, unfortunately, neither surprising nor a rare occurrence in this court. The court is not tasked with determining the scientific 'truth' with respect to infringement, to the extent one exists, only weighing the parties' evidence and resolving their business dispute according to established burdens of proof. Consequently, the court does not deem Bates's evidence more or less credible insofar as Matzger also relied upon it but ultimately disagreed as to its import."
For those of you interested in the Court's findings in the companion infringement action, click here.
Cephalon Inc. v. Watson Pharma. Inc., C.A. No. 09-724-SLR (D. Del. Mar. 24, 2011) (Robinson, J.).
Judge Robinson: Medtronic v. Boston Bench Decision
Judge Robinson recently issued an opinion following a bench trial in Medtronic v. Boston Scientific Corp., C.A. No. 07-823-SLR (Mar. 30, 2011). This was a declaratory judgment action by plaintiff Medtronic, Inc.
One interesting aspect of the case was the way that the parties treated the burden of proof regarding infringement. The parties each argued that the other side bore the burden due to the procedural nature of the case (a declaratory judgment action). The patentee (defendant) argued that the alleged infringer (plaintiff) had the burden of proof on non-infringement because "the plaintiff usually has the burden of proof," and because prior agreements between the parties overrode caselaw that says that the patentee always bears the burden of proof. Id. at 16-17. Judge Robinson, however, held that "'[t]he burden is always on the patentee to show infringement,'" and the burden never shifts to the other party. Id. at 17. Thus, the patentee defendants bore the burden of proving non-infringement.
The patentee's expert, however, had focused only on rebutting the plaintiff's expert's allegations of non-infringement, rather than setting forth his own allegations of infringement. Judge Robinson held that the plaintiff had therefore failed to offer affirmative evidence that all limitations of the patents at issue were met by the accused products, either literally or through the doctrine of equivalents, and found that the defendant had failed to show infringement.
Judge Stark: Claim Construction Opinion
In BigBand Networks, Inc. v. Imagine Communications, Inc., C.A. No. 07-351-LPS (D. Del. Mar. 24, 2011), Judge Stark recently issued a claim construction opinion for the four patents at issue relating to video technology. Judge Stark construed the following terms:
"selecting basic media data units to be modified, in response to the modification priority of each basic media unit"
"selecting basic media data units to be modified, in response to the modification priority"
"basic media data blocks"
Judge Leonard P. Stark: Claim Construction
Judge Stark recently construed the following terms in the Wyeth, LLC v. Intervet, Inc., et al. matter:
-"Porcine circovirus type B," "PCVB," "type B porcine circovirus," "porcine circovirus-B," and "PCV-B"
-"amplifying said nucleic acid"
Wyeth, LLC v. Intervet, Inc., et al., C.A. No. 09-161-LPS, Opinion (D. Del. Mar. 22, 2011).
Judge Robinson: Defendant's motion for summary judgment of noninfringment GRANTED and motion for summary judgment of invalidity GRANTED-IN-PART
In Automated Transactions LLC v. 7-Eleven, Inc. et al., C.A. No. 06-043-SLR (D. Del. March 9, 2011), Judge Robinson recently decided defendants and plaintiff's cross motions for summary judgment. Judge Robinson granted defendants' summary judgment motion because she construed the terms "internet" and "an internet interface" to require connection to a public network. Id. at 9-15. Because the accused products utilized a private network and did not connect to the internet, defendants did not infringe the patents in suit. Id. Judge Robinson found that defendants could not infringe literally or under the doctrine of equivalents because "construing 'Internet' to mean any network [public or private] would read the limitation out of the patent." Id. at 12 (emphasis in original). Moreover, a finding that the private network was the equivalent of the Internet would read on prior art thereby violating the ensnarement doctrine. Id. at 13. Judge Robinson also granted-in-part defendants' summary judgment motion on invalidity because the term "an Internet interface" in the mean's plus function claims "d[id] not provide sufficient structure for performing the function of providing the customer with access to the Internet in order to complete the retail transaction." Id. at 20.
Judge Robinson: Defendants' Motions to Dismiss GRANTED (Limiting Plaintiff's Damages)
Two days ago, in Minkus Electronic Display Systems Inc. v. Adaptive Micro Systems LLC, Civ. No. 10-666-SLR (D. Del. Mar. 16, 2011), Judge Robinson granted Defendants' motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim, limiting Plaintiff's damages as to each Defendant unless Plaintiff amends its complaint to allege facts lacking in its original complaint. Id. at 7.
Plaintiff alleged that Defendants had directly infringed, contributorily infringed, and actively induced infringement of its patent disclosing a remotely-controlled electronic display system. Id. at 2-3. Defendants argued that Plaintiff had failed to satisfy the pleading requirements for indirect infringement because, inter alia, Plaintiff failed to allege facts sufficient to establish Defendants' knowledge and intent to indirectly infringe. Id. at 4. The court agreed, finding that Plantiff's pleading "resorts to a mere recitation of the elements for indirect infringement, which is insufficient." Id. at 7 (quoting Xpoint Techs. v. Microsoft Corp., 730 F. Supp. 2d 349, 357 (D. Del. 2010)).
Judge Robinson noted that, because Defendants "will be deemed to have knowledge of [Plaintiff's] patent as of the date the complaint was filed," and because "the only consequence (I believe) of this decision is limiting plaintiff's damages to the period dating from a defendant's first knowledge of [Plaintiff's] patent, the court will so limit plaintiff's damages as to each defendant unless plaintiff chooses to amend its complaint to allege sufficient facts as to an individual defendant's knowledge." Id. at 7.
Sue L. Robinson: Summary Judgment Practice on Equitable Issues
In a recent decision, District Judge Sue L. Robinson explained her practice on adjudicating post-trial equitable claims. The Court noted that it "does not entertain motions for summary judgment on equitable issues, instead holding bench trials on such issues." In the underlying action, Defendant Pylon had filed its summary judgment motion on inequitable conduct following a jury trial on infringement and invalidity. According to the Court, "although Pylon styles its post-trial paper as a 'motion,' in reality Pylon has simply filed its post-trial brief in support of its claim of unenforceability." D. Del. practitioners take note.
Robert Bosch LLC v. Pylon Manufacturing Corp., C.A. No. 08-542-SLR (D. Del. Mar. 9, 2011) (Robinson, J.).
Judge Robinson: Keurig's Motion for Preliminary Injunction DENIED
On March 10, 2011, in Keurig Inc. v. Sturm Foods, Inc., Civ. No. 10-841-SLR (D. Del. Mar. 10, 2011), Judge Robinson issued a memorandum opinion denying Keurig's motion for a preliminary injunction and Sturm Foods's partial motion to dismiss.
Keurig had moved for a preliminary injunction based on its trademark infringement claims, trade dress infringement claims, and false advertising and unfair competition claims. Id. at 7.
Regarding the trademark infringement claims, Judge Robinson determined, based on the current record, the likelihood of confusion in the market by applying a multi-factor test previously adopted by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (modified for cases involving a nominative fair use defense), finding that the balance of factors favored Sturm Foods. Id. at 14.
Regarding the trade dress infringement claims, Judge Robinson found, based on the current record, that Keurig did not show that the overall look of its products was consistent, which is required for a finding of trade dress infringement. Id. at 17.
Regarding the false advertising and unfair competition claims, Judge Robinson found, based on the current record, that Sturm Foods's statements did not necessarily imply that Sturm Foods's products were of equal quality to Keurig's products, especially given the lower price of Sturm Foods's products. Id. at 19-20. For this and other reasons, Keurig was unable to show a likelihood of success on the merits proving the literal falsity of Sturm Foods's statements. Id. at 20.
Special Master Redfearn: Application for Amendment to Stipulated Protective Order DENIED
Earlier this month, in Spansion, LLC v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., C.A. No. 1:08-CV-00855-SLR (D. Del. Mar. 2, 2011), Special Master Redfearn denied Spansion's application for an amendment to a Stipulated Protective Order withholding confidential business information from both parties' in-house counsel.
Spansion argued that its in-house counsel needed access to confidential business information so that its in-house counsel could provide informed direction to trial counsel. Id. at 3. Applying a balancing test set forth by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Special Master Redfearn balanced the risk of injury to Samsung due to inadvertent disclosure of confidential business information against the risk that withholding information would impede Spansion's prosecution of Samsung's claims. Id. at 4-5. Because the risk of injury to Samsung outweighed Spansion's need for in-house legal advice, Special Master Redfearn denied Spansion's application to amend the Stipulated Protective Order. Id. at 5.


text:
Odor reduction for products such as disposable diapers and training pants, sanitary napkins and tampons, incontinent products, and medical dressings is obtained by the use of an internal additive for synthetic polymers or an external additive for natural polymers. Results are further enhanced by the use of a surfactant especially in the case of synthetic polymers. Webs, fibers and films find uses as components of the described products and are effective in absorbing odors such as ammonia, triethylamine, indole and skatole, for example, which are commonly found in body fluids like sweat, menses, urine and fecal matter.
1. A personal care device adapted to receive bodily exudates and control malodors associated therewith comprising,
a substrate having malodor absorption properties and comprising a film or web containing a chitosan or alginate or a surfactant treated synthetic fiber web; and
contained on or in said substrate, an amount of a triglyceride and/or a polyglycoside composition effective to increase the malodor absorption properties of said personal care device by at least about 50% when compared with said personal care device without said triglyceride and/or polyglycoside using a malodor selected from the group consisting of indole, skatole, isovaleric acid, dimethyldisulfide, dimethyltrisulfide, triethylamine and ammonia.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein said substrate is selected from the group consisting of chitosans and alginates and said composition comprises an alkyl polyglycoside.
3. The device of claim 2 wherein said substrate comprises a chitosan.
4. The device of claim 2 wherein said substrate comprises an alginate.
5. The device of claim 1 wherein said substrate is in the form of a surfactant treated synthetic fiber web.
6. The device of claim 1 wherein said improvement is in the range of at least about 100%.
7. The device of claim 6 wherein said improvement is in the range of at least about 500%.
8. The device of claim 1 wherein said substrate is selected from the group consisting of chitosans and alginates, and said composition comprises a triglyceride.
9. The device of claim 8 wherein said substrate comprises a chitosan.
10. The device of claim 8 wherein said substrate comprises an alginate.
11. The device of claim 2 wherein said substrate is in the form of a surfactant treated synthetic fiber web.
12. The device of claim 6 wherein said substrate is in the form of a surfactant treated synthetic fiber web.
13. The device of claim 8 wherein said improvement is in the range of at least about 100%.
14. The device of claim 13 wherein said improvement is in the range of at least about 500%.
15. The device of claim 1 wherein said malodor is selected from the group consisting of dimethytrisulfide and dimethyldisulfide and said improvement exceeds 100%.
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/994,828 entitled "Method and Composition for Treating Substrates for Wettability" and filed in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office on Dec. 19, 1997, pending, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/898,188 entitled "Method and Composition for Treating Substrates for Wettability", pending, and claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/025,621 entitled "Method and composition for Treating Substrates for Wettability" filed on Sep. 4, 1996. The entirety of each of these referenced applications is hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to devices, compositions and structures that are exposed to odoriferous conditions and enhancement of the ability of such compositions and structures to absorb malodors. Examples include nonwoven webs or components of products such as disposable diapers, sanitary napkins, incontinent products, underarm pads and the like that are used to absorb sweat, urine, feces or other bodily exudates.
2. Background
Considerable success has been achieved in the design of products intended to absorb and retain human and animal waste materials. The construction of articles such as disposable diapers and training pants, sanitary napkins and tampons, incontinent products and hospital dressings, for example has become sophisticated with the addition of elastics, barrier cuffs, and the like to retain the waste and prevent leakage. Reference may be had to US Pat. Nos. 4,846,823 to Enloe and 4,846,825 to Enloe et al. for examples of these products as disposable diapers. The control of odor, on the other hand, remains a challenge that is exacerbated by the design success mentioned above which has led to larger quantities of waste being contained in products designed to require changing less frequently. Moreover, the desire for breathability in such products for increased comfort has added to the odor control challenge.
Most odors from body fluids contain bacterial derived components and degradation products associated with biological functions. The most common fluids have been found to contain as major components reduced sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, dimethyldisulfide, and dimethyltrisulfide as well as other odor sources, for example, isovaleric acid. Other components are amines such as ammonia, triethylamine, indole, and skatole.
Attempts to prevent such odors from forming or to absorb those formed have often involved antimicrobial treatments. The use of additives such as activated carbon, zeolites, metals such as copper, metal oxides, alumina hydrate, minerals such as holmite, laconite, kaolin and modifications of molecular sieves have been suggested as well as the use of acid/base interactions to neutralize the various odor forming components. In spite of these efforts, there remains a need to control such odors without relying on complex structures or modifications of materials to achieve the desired effect.
The present invention is directed to discovery of the ability of certain compounds, for example, triglycerides and polyglycosides, to enhance malodor absorption properties of compositions and substrates such as naturally occurring polymers like chitosan or alginates and synthetic polymers treated with surfactants. The resulting devices, compositions and materials are much more effective in absorbing odors, particularly those related to biological waste. In applications subject to exposure to bodily exudates such as disposable diapers and training pants, sanitary napkins and tampons, incontinent products and medical dressings, the present invention in the form of treated nonwovens and other structures is particularly effective. Examples include treatment of chitosan with an alkyl polyglycoside and addition of an alkyl polyglycoside to a synthetic polymer melt providing odor absorption plus wettability. In accordance with the invention substrates having an initial absorption for at least one of hydrogen sulfide, dimethyidisulfide, dimethyltrisulfide, isovaleric acid, ammonia, triethylamine, indole and skatole of at least about 1%, particularly at least about 34%, more particularly at least about 44% is provided with an increase in its ability to absorb at least one of the odors by at least about 50%, particularly at least about 100% and more particularly at least about 500%.
As used herein the term "nonwoven fabric or web" means a web having a structure of individual fibers or threads which are interlaid, but not in a regular or identifiable manner as in a knitted or woven fabric. Nonwoven fabrics or webs have been formed from many processes such as for example, meltblowing processes, spunbonding processes, and bonded carded web processes. The basis weight of nonwoven fabrics is usually expressed in ounces of material per square yard (osy) or grams per square meter (gsm) and the fiber diameters useful are usually expressed in microns. (Note that to convert from osy to gsm, multiply osy by 33.91). As used herein the term "microfibers" means small diameter fibers having an average diameter not greater than about 75 microns, for example, having an average diameter of from about 0.5 microns to about 50 microns, or more particularly, microfibers may have an average diameter of from about 2 microns to about 40 microns. Another frequently used expression of fiber diameter is denier, which is defined as grams per 9000 meters of a fiber and may be calculated as fiber diameter in microns squared, multiplied by the density in grams/cc, multiplied by 0.00707. A lower denier indicates a finer fiber and a higher denier indicates a thicker or heavier fiber. For example, the diameter of a polypropylene fiber given as 15 microns may be converted to denier by squaring, multiplying the result by 0.89 g/cc and multiplying by .00707. Thus, a 15 micron polypropylene fiber has a denier of about 1.42 (152 �0.89�0.00707=1.415). Outside the United States the unit of measurement is more commonly the "tex", which is defined as the grams per kilometer of fiber. Tex may be calculated as denier/9.
As used herein the term "spunbonded fibers" refers to small diameter fibers which are formed by extruding molten thermoplastic material as filaments from a plurality of fine, usually circular, capillaries of a spinneret with the diameter of the extruded filaments then being rapidly reduced as by methods described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,340,563 to Appel et al., 3,692,618 to Dorschner et al., 3,802,817 to Matsuki et al., 3,338,992 and 3,341,394 to Kinney, 3,502,763 to Hartmann, 3,502,538 to Levy, and 3,542,615 to Dobo et al., each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. Spunbond fibers are generally not tacky when they are deposited onto a collecting surface and undergo a separate bonding step for integrity such as thermal point bonding defined below. Spunbond fibers are quenched and generally continuous and usually have average diameters larger than about 7 microns, more particularly, between about 10 and 20 microns.
As used herein the term "polymer" generally includes but is not limited to, homopolymers, copolymers, such as for example, block, graft, random and alternating copolymers, terpolymers, etc. and blends and modifications thereof. Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term "polymer" includes all possible geometrical configurations of the material. These configurations include, but are not limited to isotactic, syndiotactic and random symmetries.
As used herein the term "monocomponent" fiber refers to a fiber formed from one or more extruders using only one polymer. This is not meant to exclude fibers formed from one polymer to which small amounts of additives have been added for color, anti-static properties, lubrication, hydrophilicity, etc. These additives, e.g. titanium dioxide for color, are generally present in an amount less than 5 weight percent and more typically about 2 weight percent.
As used herein the term "conjugate fibers" refers to fibers which have been formed from at least two polymers extruded from separate extruders but spun together to form one fiber. Conjugate fibers are also sometimes referred to as multicomponent or bicomponent fibers. The polymers are usually different from each other though conjugate fibers may be monocomponent fibers. The polymers are arranged in substantially constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross-section of the conjugate fibers and extend continuously along the length of the conjugate fibers. The configuration of such a conjugate fiber may be, for example, a sheath/core arrangement wherein one polymer is surrounded by another or may be a side by side arrangement or an "islands-in-the-sea" arrangement. Conjugate fibers are taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,820 to Kaneko et al., 5,336,552 to Strack et al., and 5,382,400 to Pike et al., each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. For two component fibers, the polymers may be present in ratios of 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 or any other desired ratios.
As used herein the term "biconstituent fibers" refers to fibers which have been formed from at least two polymers extruded from the same extruder as a blend. The term "blend" is defined below. Biconstituent fibers do not have the various polymer components arranged in relatively constantly positioned distinct zones across the cross-sectional area of the fiber and the various polymers are usually not continuous along the entire length of the fiber, instead usually forming fibrils or protofibrils which start and end at random. Biconstituent fibers are sometimes also referred to as multiconstituent fibers. Fibers of this general type are discussed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,827 to Gessner. Bicomponent and biconstituent fibers are also discussed in the textbook Polymer Blends and Composites by John A. Manson and Leslie H. Sperling, copyright 1976 by Plenum Press, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation of New York, IBSN 0-306-30831-2, at pages 273 through 277.
As used herein the term "blend" as applied to polymers, means a mixture of two or more polymers while the term "alloy" means a sub-class of blends wherein the components are immiscible but have been compatibilized. "Miscibility" and "immiscibility" are defined as blends having negative and positive values, respectively, for the free energy of mixing. Further, "compatibilization" is defined as the process of modifying the interfacial properties of an immiscible polymer blend in order to make an alloy.
As used herein "thermal point bonding" involves passing a fabric or web of fibers to be bonded between a heated calender roll and an anvil roll. The calender roll is usually, though not always, patterned in some way so that the entire fabric is not bonded across its entire surface. As a result, various patterns for calender rolls have been developed for functional as well as aesthetic reasons. One example of a pattern has points and is the Hansen Pennings or "H&P" pattern with about a 30% bond area with about 200 bonds/square inch as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,855,046 to Hansen and Pennings which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference. The H&P pattern has square point or pin bonding areas wherein each pin has a side dimension of 0.038 inches (0.965 mm), a spacing of 0.070 inches (1.778 mm) between pins, and a depth of bonding of 0.023 inches (0.584 mm). The resulting pattern has a bonded area of about 29.5%. Another typical point bonding pattern is the expanded Hansen and Pennings or "EHP" bond pattern which produces a 15% bond area with a square pin having a side dimension of 0.037 inches (0.94 mm), a pin spacing of 0.097 inches (2.464 mm) and a depth of 0.039 inches (0.991 mm). Another typical point bonding pattern designated "714" has square pin bonding areas wherein each pin has a side dimension of 0.023 inches, a spacing of 0.062 inches (1.575 mm) between pins, and a depth of bonding of 0.033 inches (0.838 mm). The resulting pattern has a bonded area of about 15%. Yet another common pattern is the C-Star pattern which has a bond area of about 16.9%. The C-Star pattern has a cross-directional bar or "corduroy" design interrupted by shooting stars. Other common patterns include a diamond pattern with repeating and slightly offset diamonds and a wire weave pattern looking as the name suggests, e.g. like a window screen. Typically, the percent bonding area varies from around 10% to around 30% of the area of the fabric laminate web. As is well known in the art, the spot bonding holds the laminate layers together as well as imparts integrity to each individual layer by bonding filaments and/or fibers within each layer.
As used herein, the term "personal care product" means diapers, training pants, absorbent underpants, adult incontinence products, and feminine hygiene products.
As used herein the term "indole" refers to a common fecal odor that is usually associated with the breakdown of tryptophan derived from amino acids. It is a pyrrole (2,3 benzopyrrole) with a molecular formula of C8 H7 N, a molecular weight of 117.14 g., and a melting point of 52� C. It is soluble in hot water, hot alcohol, ether and benzene.
As used herein the term "skatole" refers to another common fecal odor, and it has origins similar to that of indole. Skatole is actually a methylated version of indole, and it is also referred to as "3-methylindole". The molecular formula is C9 H9 N9 with a molecular weight of 131.17 g., and it has a melting point of 95� C. It is soluble in hot water, alcohol, benzene, chloroform, and ether.
As used herein "isovaleric acid", (IVA) also called "3-methylbutanoic acid" is a compound with a rancid cheese odor that is commonly associated with vomit. It has a molecular formula of C5 H10 O2, and it has a molecular weight of 102.13 g. It is soluble in low concentrations in water, and soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether.
As used herein both "dimethyldisulfide" (DMDS) and "dimethyltrisulfide" (DMTS) refer to reduced sulfur compounds that are associated with the amino acid metabolism.
Dimethyidisulfide has a molecular formula and weight of C3 H6 S2 and 94.20 g. respectively. Dimethyltrisulfide, on the other hand, is more difficult to describe. It is believed to have a formula of C3 H6 S3 and a molecular weight of 126.2 g.
As used herein "triethylamine" (TEA) refers to a compound that is usually a consequence of alkylation of ammonia in the vapor phase. It smells strongly of ammonia and is alternatively referred to as N,N-Diethylethananamine with a molecular formula of C6 H5 N and a molecular weight of 101.19 g. It is slightly soluble in water at 25� C. and is miscible with alcohol, ether, and water below 18.7� C. "Ammonia" has a molecular formula of H3 N and is usually associated with bacterial decomposition of urea to ammonia:
Urea (in urine)+Urease (in bacteria) >>>>>Ammonia
It is soluble in water, ethanol, methanol, chloroform and ether. The human nose can sense very low concentrations of ammonia.
As used herein a given range is intended to include any and all lesser included ranges.
For example, a range of from 50-100 would also include 60-90, 55 to 80, and the like.
As used herein the term "consisting essentially of" does not exclude the presence of additional materials which do not significantly affect the desired characteristics of a given composition. Examples include, without limitation, pigments, fillers, flow promoters, and the like. As used herein and in the claims, the term "comprising" is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional unrecited elements, compositional components, or method steps.
Test Procedures
Analysis of the odor reducing capabilities of each of the polymeric examples was performed using standard Headspace Gas Chromatography techniques as follows.
A flame ionization detector (FID) was used to analyze all the malodors except ammonia. An FID responds to compounds that produce ions when burned in a hydrogen-air flame. Ammonia is an inorganic compound and does not readily produce ions when burned. Therefore a thermal conductivity detector (TCD) was needed to do the analysis with ammonia. A TCD, has two channels (one a reference (carrier gas) and the other has the effluent from the analytical column) to transfer heat to a thermister. The different thermal conductivities cause a difference in temperature which is proportional to the amount of analyte.
Two different GC columns were used. The column used in conjunction with the FID is described below:
DB-210 capillary column
30 m in length
0.25 mm internal diameter
0.5 micron film thickness
The column used for ammonia and the TCD is described below:
DB-1 capillary column
60 m in length
0.32 mm internal diameter
0.5 micron film thickness
When using the GCHS, pressures and gas flows affect the retention times and peak shapes of the test components. The variables that were held constant for each detector are column head pressure, carrier gas pressure, carrier gas, split vent flow, purge vent flow, detector temperature, and injector temperature. Different column temperature programs were used for each different malodor in order to obtain optimal results. Listed below are the constants and the temperature programs for each malodor.
FID conditions:
Injector Temp: 105� C.
Detector Temp: 300� C.
TCD conditions:
Injector Temp: 105� C.
Detector Temp: 150� C.
Temperature programs used to analyze:
1) TEA, DMDS, and DMTS
50� C. for 2 minutes, then increase at 20� C./minute up to 160� C.
2) Indole and Skatole
50� C. for 1 minute, then increase at 20� C./ minute up to 240� C. remain at 240� C. for 2 minutes
Begin at 50� C. and increase at 20 C./ minute up to 190� C.
Remain at 190� C. for 1 minute
4) Ammonia
Begin at 40� C. and increase at 10� C./ minute up to 100� C.
The general procedure used for the analysis involved the steps set out below after the necessary materials were obtained:
20 cc sample vials
2 cc screw cap sample vials with rubber septa
vial caps
Teflon coated septum
5 μL syringe
Step 1--A specific amount of material was weighed in a 20 cc vial.
Step 2--The Teflon septum was placed into the cap with the Teflon facing downward.
Step 3--A specific amount of malodor was drawn from the 2 cc vial into the syringe.
Step 4--The malodor was injected into the vial with the tip of the needle touching the side of the vial so that none of the liquid stayed on the tip of the needle.
Step 5--The vial was quickly capped and crimped closed.
Step 6--The vial was placed into headspace sampler to incubate at 37� C. for at least 15 minutes.
Step 7--The GC test was run on the sequence of vials.
Malodor Preparation
For each vial tested a very specific amount of the malodors was injected. Care was taken to exactly repeat the procedure of injecting. To save time some of the malodors were grouped together into one stock solution. Stock solutions of each chemical were kept in 2 cc screw cap vials that had a rubber septum.
The stock solutions of DMDS, DMTS, and TEA were taken directly from the bottles containing the chemicals. All three were in the liquid state to begin with, therefore it was not necessary to make any alterations before injecting. The DMDS was 98% pure and 0.5 μL of this undiluted liquid was used for each test. The DMTS was 98+% pure and 0.5 μL of this undiluted liquid was also used for each test. The TEA used was 99+% pure and again 0.5 μL of the undiluted liquid was used. Each chemical (DMDS, DMTS, and TEA) was separately introduced in the same vial. Each chemical was injected into the test vials in an amount of 0.5 μL.
Because indole and skatole were also tested simultaneously, together the stock solution of indole and skatole was made up to be 20% indole and 20% skatole in methylene chloride. Both compounds are solid in their natural states. The indole used was 99+% pure and the skatole used was 98% pure. This stock solution was injected in an amount of 1 μL into each vial for testing. In this case the vial was not immediately capped and crimped. The vial was allowed to air out for 1.5-2 minutes to let some of the solvent MeCl2 evaporate out since during GC analysis a solvent can compete with the actual components of interest.
IVA was tested alone. The stock solution was taken directly from the bottle containing the chemical. It is in the liquid state to begin with, and, therefore, it was not necessary to make any alterations before injecting. This undiluted 99% pure chemical was injected in an amount of 0.5 μL into each testing vial.
Ammonia was also tested alone, but it was actually ammonium hydroxide that was injected into the sample vials. The ammonium hydroxide is in the liquid form and was 30% pure. It undergoes a reaction which produces ammonia and water. To ensure that ammonia was present in the test vial, a sample was tested in a mass spectrometer. The amount used for testing was 2μL of the ammonium hydroxide solution.
The control data were obtained by running vials in the GC with only the specific amount of the stock solutions present. Those data were compared later to the vials with an absorbent present to find the percent difference.
The invention will be illustrated by several examples. As will be understood by those skilled in this art, the invention is not limited to the presented examples and is broadly applicable within the scope of the appended claims.
The examples demonstrate classes of polymers and absorbents including both synthetic polymers, e.g. polyolefins, and natural polymers, e.g. chitosan, chitin, cellulose, and alginates. Classes of surfactants include alkyl polyglycosides and mixtures of castor oil derivatives (e.g. ethoxylated castor oil) and sorbitan alkyl esters (e.g. sorbitan monooleate). As the examples demonstrate, the odors are absorbed without a surfactant, and these results are improved with the addition of a surfactant. In the case of chitosan, for example, the ability to absorb isovaleric acid, dimethyidisulfide and dimethyltrisulfide is increased dramatically above the untreated control.
This will serve as a basis for all other examples that follow.
In this example activated carbon commercially referred to as Sorb-A-Odor was weighed and presented in a 20 ml test vial for GC analysis. After weighing the activated carbon, a known concentration of volatile was also introduced and the vial was closed immediately upon introduction of the volatile. The vials were introduced in the headspace and maintained at 37 degrees C. After incubating for about 15 minutes, the space above the sample was injected into the GC to analyze for the remaining volatile.
Samples of activated carbon weighed an average of 10.5 mg and were subjected to exposure to various volatile compounds. The amount of volatile absorbed on a % basis relative to their initial concentration was determined in each case. The initial amounts of the volatiles added to the 20 ml vials were as follows: 0.4685 mg isovaleric acid, 0.52 mg dimethyl disulfide, 0.5 mg dimethyl trisulfide, 0.7 mg triethylamine,1 mg indole, and 1 mg skatole. The results of the absorption of the volatiles on a minimum of triplicate samples, given in % absorbed was as follows: 99.8% for isovaleric acid, 99.4% for dimethyl disulfide, 100% for dimethyl trisulfide, 100% for triethylamine, 71% indole and 18.5% skatole.
Under conditions specified in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1, Absents�, a commercially available molecular sieve obtained from UOP Industries and distributed by Gordon Laboratories, Upper Darby, Pa. was subjected to all of the volatiles listed above and was introduced at various weights with the following results: 15 mg absorbed 99.8% isovaleric acid; 40 mg absorbed 99.7 % dimethyldisulfide and 99.9 % dimetyltrisulfide, and 100% triethylamine; and 15 mg absorbed 68% indole and 32% skatole.
Also under conditions described in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1, Arm and Hammer� Baking Soda (purchased off the shelf) introduced at 50 mg absorbed 98.2% isovaleric acid; and 150 mg absorbed 8% dimethyidisulfide, 10% dimethyltrisulfide, 0% triethylamine,1 % indole, and 1 % skatole.
Chitin (VNS-647) obtained directly from Vanson Industries, Redmond, WA provided as a flaky material was subjected to the same volatiles with the following results: 10 mg absorbed 92.5% isovaleric acid, 0% dimethyidisulfide, 45% dimethyltrisulfide, 24% triethylamine, 77% indole and 60% skatole.
Chitosan, the deacetylated form of chitin was studied as a natural material to help abate odors. Chitosan (version RNS-022 from Vanson) films were prepared by dissolving the polymer in 2% acetic acid and casting a film using a doctor's blade. Ten mg of chitosan acetate was able to absorb an average of 60% isovaleric acid, 1% dimethyidisulfide, 8% dimethyltrisulfide, 44% triethylamine, 90% indole and 67% skatole.
Chitosan treated with 0.5% Glucopon 220UP alkyl polyglycoside from Henkel Corporation by weight was also fashioned into a film similar to the method described in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5. Ten mg of that film was able to absorb an average of 97% of isovaleric acid, 18% dimethyldisulfide, 36% dimethyltrisulfide, 34% triethylamine, 84% indole and 58% skatole.
Comparing EXAMPLE 5A to COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5 demonstrates the ability of an alkyl polyglycoside to increase the ability of chitosan to absorb isovaleric acid by 61%, dimethyldisulfide by 1800%, and dimethyltrisulfide by 450%
Chitosan treated by adding 1% Glucopon by weight was also fashioned into a film similar to the method described in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5. Ten mg of that film was able to absorb an average of 99% of isovaleric acid, 6% dimethyldisulfide, 46% dimethyltrisulfide, 54% triethylamine, 92% indole and 74% skatole.
Comparing EXAMPLE 6 to COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5 demonstrates the ability of an alkyl polyglycoside to increase the ability of chitosan to increase the ability of the polymer to absorb isovaleric acid by 65%, dimethyidisulfide by 600%, and dimethyltrisulfide by 575%.
Calcium alginate fiber tows with and without additives were prepared by wet spinning sodium alginate in a C4 Cl2 solution, heat treating the resulting fibers. These were also subjected to odor absorption studies. Samples of the tows were cut into 10 mg sample quantities and subjected to the same volatiles described in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1. The samples of calcium alginate fiber tows that were tested are designated at Samples A, B, C, and D below:
Sample A: calcium alginate (no additives), control
Sample B: calcium alginate with 8% Absents� (the Absents described in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 2)
Sample C: calcium alginate with 4% activated carbon (the same activated carbon as in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1)
Sample D: calcium alginate with 2% chitosan (the same chitosan used in COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5)
The following Table shows the absorption characteristics of the calcium alginate fibers.
TABLE______________________________________% Volatile AbsorbedSample IVA TEA DMDS DMTS Indole Skatole Ammonia______________________________________A 95 65 13 26 82 25 100B 97 83 7 45 84 46 96C 98 38 0 0 87 40 94D 99 80 28 44 86 43 98______________________________________ where IVA = isovaleric acid TEA = triethylamine DMDS = dimethyldisulfide DMTS = dimethyltrisulfide
IVA=isovaleric acid
It is believed that the above calcium alginate embodiments will also benefit from combination with alkyl polyglycosides. As has been shown, the effective amount of alkyl polyglycoside varies widely depending on the other odor absorbing components as well as the nature of the odor being absorbed. Useful amounts will often be in the range of from trace to 50% based on the total weight of odor absorbing components with higher amounts than 50% also useful but less cost effective. In many cases an amount up to about 10% will be more cost effective. As shown by COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 7, the other odor absorbing component may comprise essentially 100% of the structure in which case lower percent values of the alkyl polyglycoside may be used. Other substrates such as monocomponent, multicomponent and multiconstituent nonwovens may be treated as well with varying degrees of success depending on polymers, treatments and odors being absorbed.
As has been demonstrated, the invention significantly improves odor reduction by absorption of malodors. It will be apparent that the invention is applicable to many variations and alternatives and is useful in a wide variety of products, including those for containment of bodily exudates, for example. Other alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. It is intended to embrace within the appended claims all such alternatives, modifications and variations and equivalents thereof. In this regard it is intended that such equivalents include functional as well as structural and compositional equivalents. For example, a screw and a nail are functional equivalents for attaching materials even though they may not have the same structure.
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NOTE: The Box Office will be closed on Friday, 9 August from 3 - 5.30pm. "This is not your world. But it could be."Anna's parents have bought her a chance at the school on the hill. But the people here are tribal, ready to slap a label on you quicker than you can chug a drink down at The Fox. As political pranks by the village boys against the town's privileged residents escalate, Anna is torn between two sides—and the choice she makes will ultimately govern her future.Warning: this show contains Google-stalking, guerrilla gardening and a stuffed fox. A microwave mentality may also feature.
Watch the CommonWealth trailer here:
Please note: this show contains strobe lighting.
The Young Friends of the Almeida performance has been supported by the Noël Coward Foundation
Watch the CommonWealth trailer here:
LAB director Caitlin McLeod gives the inside scoop on what CommonWealth is all about:
LAB director Caitlin McLeod gives five words to describe CommonWealth:
LAB playwright Roz Wyllie and director Caitlin McLeod reflect on the first read-through for CommonWealth in January:
Meet the Young Friends of LAB who will perform in CommonWealth at the 2013 Festival:
And check out this rehearsal footage from ICU, the Young Friends' curtain raiser for The Turn of the Screw:
Roz WyllieWriterTheatre includes: Green Beans (Customs House); Smoke & Mirrors (NTC); Watershed; Going Loco; Twin Telepathy; Dream a Little (Live Theatre); You Didn't Stop; Free; Polaroids (Theatre 503); The Stone in My Shoe; Future Regrets (Royal Shakespeare Company / Live Theatre); Trust (Bare Bones / Old Red Lion); Blood & Money (Prague Fringe Festival); Been Up All Night (PLAYlist / Latitude Festival); Don't Let Me Get Me (PLAYlist); Conflict Tourism (Rogue Writers); Paper Fortunes (Rogue Writers / Canal Cafe Theatre); I'm Sorry (Nabakov Present:Tense). Roz is the winner of the Ovation Theatre Award for Best New Writing 2010 and author of the novel Everything You Ever Wanted (Tonto Books)."Roz Wyllie is an emerging writer who knows how to avoid cliches. Inventive and witty." J.P. Watson, on Paper Fortunes "Handles complexity of form and content with a growing skill - establishing herself as one of the best playwrights to emerge in the region in the last ten years"British Theatre Guide, on Future Regrets
Caitlin McLeodDirectorAs a Director: And I And Silence; Northern Star; FACTS (Finborough Theatre); The Children's Hour (RWCMD); And I And Silence (Public Theater, New York - rehearsed reading); Mahua (Royal Court - rehearsed reading); Love, Love, Love (Mousson d'ete Festival, France); Slaughter City (Royal Shakespeare Company - rehearsed reading); One Short Sleepe (South Bank Literary Festival); The Lady's Not for Burning; Elephant's Graveyard (Warwick Arts Centre); Seven Jewish Children (Capital Centre). As an Assistant Director: Strange Interlude (National Theatre); Haunted Child; In Basildon; Love, Love, Love; Love and Information (Royal Court); Hamlet (Shakespeare's Globe); By the Bog of Cats (Warwick Arts Centre); The Talented Mr Ripley (Royal and Derngate Theatre, Northampton); Touched (North Wall Theatre, Oxford). As a Dramaturg: By the Bog of Cats (Warwick Arts Centre).
Caitlin received the Buzz Goodbody Best Director Award for Elephant's Graveyard. She studied Theatre and Performance at the University of Warwick and was Trainee Director at the Royal Court Theatre from 2011-12.
Georgia LoweDesign
Theatre includes: The Ruling Class (English Theatre Frankfurt); Say It With Flowers (Sherman Cymru); Facts ; Fog (Finborough Theatre); Lift (Soho Theatre); Ignorance (Hampstead); Pericles; Song of Songs (Royal Shakespeare Company); After The Rainfall (Curious Directive); The Dark Side Of Love (Roundhouse); Amphibians (Bridewell Theatre);
Opera includes: Acis and Galatea; Susanna (Iford Opera)
Georgia trained on the Motley Theatre Design course and was a Linbury Prize Finalist 2011. She was previously a Trainee Designer for the Royal Shakespeare Company.
Elliot GriggsLighting
Theatre includes: The Boy Who Kicked Pigs (The Lowry); Over The Bridge, FACTS, Somersaults, The Soft of Her Palm, And I and Silence, Northern Star (Finborough Theatre); Belleville Rendez-vous (Greenwich Theatre); MEAT (Theatre 503); Lagan (Oval House Theatre); Bitter Pleasures (Soho Theatre); Folk Contraption (Southbank Centre); Much Ado About Nothing (Belgrade Theatre, Coventry); Big Sean, Mikey and Me (Tristan Bates Theatre); Blues In The Night, Joe/Boy (The Last Refuge); Dealing With Clair, Nocturnal, dirty butterfly, Our Town (Royal Academy of Dramatic Art); The Lady's Not For Burning,West Side Story, By The Bog of Cats, Elephant's Graveyard (Warwick Arts Centre).
Elliot received the Francis Reid Award for Lighting Design from the Association of Lighting Designers for his design portfolio and the ShowLight Award for his design of Elephant's Graveyard. He trained in Lighting Design at Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.
Max PappenheimSound
Theatre includes: Being Tommy Cooper (Yvonne Arnaud, Guildford and National Tour); Facts, The Hospital at the Time of the Revolution, Somersaults, The Soft of Her Palm, The Fear of Breathing, Hindle Wakes (Finborough Theatre); Trojan Women, Kafka v Kafka (Brockley Jack Studio Theatre); Word:Play NWxSW (Bolton Octagon and National Tour); Freefall (New Theatre, Wimbledon).
Max is Director of Music at St Matthew's Church, Bayswater; he was nominated for an Off West End Award 2012 for Best Sound Designer, for Kafka v Kafka.
YFA Creative PathwaysJemima WilsonDirecting Pathway
Jemima has been on the Creative Board for Young Friends of the Almeida Theatre for a year as Projects Officer and has been working as an assistant facilitator for Almeida Academy as well as on residencies at two schools in the area. She was part of the Year Out Drama Company in Stratford-upon-Avon before studying Criticism, Communication and Curation at Central Saint Martins.
YFA Creative Pathways
Tara OkekeWriting Pathway, Peripheral Vision
Tara joined the YFA in September 2012, and as a keen writer, artist and drama enthusiast, couldn't wait to hone her skills in these realms and develop new ones too.
Tara has had roles in several school productions, from the main part in her house's entry in the Inter-House Drama competition to Claudio in Shakespeare's Measure for Measure, but is equally comfortable working offstage as a writer, director or designer.
Tara has found her time as a Young Friend highly enjoyable, and the advice she has been given in order to adapt and improve her work has been invaluable.
Peripheral Vision, the curtain-raiser for CommonWealth, will be Tara's first play to be performed on a stage.
Alice Brazil-Burns Abi
Alice is on the Young Friends Creative Board as a Project Manager and this year has co-produced ICU for the Almeida. For the Young Friends of the Almeida Alice has been in The YFA Mini Dream and The Young Friends Touring Company. Other credits include The House of Bernarda Alba (Almeida Theatre); 1984; Dick Whittington and His Cat (Lyric Hammersmith).
As an actor, the YFA is second to none in the opportunities it provides for young people and LAB has played a significant part in my development and learning as an actor and understanding of theatre. The witty humour in Roz Wyllie's writing has kept the cast on our toes in rehearsals and we can't wait for the audience to enjoy it.
Ivan DrovninAdam
Ivan joined the Almeida in September 2012 as part of the LAB company and selected for the performance pathway. This is Ivan's first production with the Almeida and working as a part of the YFA. Ivan's passion for acting began when he chose to study drama at A level. In his final year performance he was cast as the lead role of Joseph Kay in Stephen Berkoff's adaptation of Kafka's The Trial. Having completed his A Levels, he was sponsored to attend a summer school at LAMDA where he trained with various directors and teachers at the school. That same summer he performed in BABEL, a project with World Stages London. Ivan's enthusiasm has grown throughout being a part of The Lyric Young Company, where he performed in multiple showcases including the 2012 Christmas pantomime Cinderella and the recently held Fresh Faced Film Fest in association with BFI. Ivan is currently auditioning for various drama schools in pursuit of his ambition to become an actor.
Mae-Li EvansAnna
Mae-Li has been with YFA with just under two years, and has been part of MiniLab, ScriptLAB and is on this year's Creative Board as Marketing Officer. She is also keen on production, and has directed, filmed and edited trailers for other YFA projects including Monologue Showdown and last year's LAB performance, Parallax.
Although only studying Drama up to GCSE, Mae-Li has since been involved in theatre through volunteering for other productions such as Headlong's Decade, You Me Bum Bum Train, and Future Cinema. She hopes to begin studying Drama: Theatre, Film and Television at the University of Bristol later this year.
Ciaran FordeMarcusCiaran has previously taken part in LAB, performing in last year's show Parallax. Ciaran is currently studying Drama & Theatre in college in which he has co-produced many student-run projects.
Mohsen GhaffariSpuds
Mohsen joined the Almeida Theatre in 2011 as a Young Friend. He has done many projects with them and participated in many different workshops. He was part of the Mini Lab project in 2012 during the Almeida Festival. The Project was a shortened version of A Midsummer Night's Dream by Shakespeare and Mohsen was playing the character of Bottom.
In August 2012 he became a member of the Creative Board of the Almeida Theatre and took on a role as fundraiser and helped the Almeida to raise money in order to give opportunities to other young people. Mohsen has done many projects including One Act play Festival, Mini Dream (Mini LAB Summer 2012), Life Is Good (Mini LAB Winter 2012), Comedy Stand Up Workshop, Gala Project Flashmob, Lost Dog Dance Theatre Workshop, The Dark Room (YFTC Program 2013) and LAB 2012 -2013.
He has participated in the one week Introduction to PG cert in Applied Theatre With Young People course, where he's been trained to be a workshop leader.
Charlotte HallKellyCharlotte has previously worked with the Lyric Theatre performing in Aladdin (panto), Eugene O'Neill's Desire Under the Elms, a musical for National Theatre Connections Alice by Heart and occasional open mic nights to scratch new work. This is Charlotte's debut performance at the Almeida.
Kieron ManningJoe
This is Kieron's second project with the Almeida after participating in Mini Dream in July 2012. Kieron has been studying a diploma at Central School of Speech & Drama and has previously taken acting classes at Sylvia Young and Studied Meisner technique with The Actors Temple.
Luke ReillySpineless
This is my first project for the Almeida. I've done a load of school plays including Lord of The Flies, Wind in the Willows, Brideshead Revisited and The Importance of Being Earnest. I'm a member of the Young Actors Theatre Agency in the Angel and have had auditions for professional TV and Film credits which has resulted in several recalls for auditions although no actual parts. I did star in a Short film called Writ in Water, and acted as Baron Hardup in Cinderella with the Young Actors Theatre Pantomime.
I also participated in a project for Blueprint theatre who were making a docudrama and archive exhibition of Islington in the 1980s. I contributed to the exhibition and wrote a section of the script for the docudrama called Don't You Forget About Me.
Stephanie Sowaha Daisy
This is Stephanie's first project with the Almeida; she is extremely excited and happy to be collaborating with such a vibrant and supportive Group.
Stephanie graduated last year from the One Year Advance Acting Diploma Course at LSDA (London School Of Dramatic Arts). Months after graduating she was in the production at the Lyric Theatre Desire Under the Elms directed by Sean Holmes. She was one of the six ensemble girls to appear in the play. In March Stephanie and the 5 other girls from the production were given the opportunity to produce the Lyric Lounge Event called 32 Boroughs.
Stephanie is an aspiring actress with a lot of passion and love of the arts. When she is not acting you will find her at the theatre, galleries and cinema. As she is a fluent Spanish speaker she has taken on the task of learning French because it's an interesting and a beautiful Language.
Dane StephensDoughnut
This is Dane's first project for the Almeida. Dane has been very active since 2010, performing in various plays and performances, mostly in and around the borough of Greenwich and Lewisham. Performances consisted of outdoor theatre in various parks and communities during the summer breaks and being a part of the One Million performance for the Greenwich & Docklands International Festival.
Toby Trussler-RowlandSimpsonToby attended the WAC Performing Arts & Media College in Hampstead, from the age of 9-13. He then moved to the Stagecoach Theatre Arts School in Primrose Hill, to study acting, singing and dance techniques. While with Stagecoach, he performed at several London venues, including the Shaw Theatre and Her Majesty's Theatre, Haymarket.
In 2011, Toby joined the Lyric Young Company in Hammersmith, where he has worked with theatre companies including Tangled Feet and Knee High, and with playwright Simon Stephens and director Sean Holmes. He played the part of Big Brother in the Lyric's adaptation of 1984 in 2011, and appeared in Wildworks production of Babel during WORLDSTAGES 2012. More recently he worked on a series of short films with the TEA Film Company, which were screened at the FATFACE short film festival, in conjunction with the BFI.
Toby is a highly skilled musician, and plays saxophone, clarinet, drums, ukulele and djembe. He will begin at Liverpool Institute of Performing Arts (LIPA) in September 2013, studying Acting and Musical Theatre.
Performances 7, 8 & 9 August at 7.30pm Click here to see the full schedule for the FestivalPlease note: this show contains strobe lighting. Tickets
*Concessions are available to full-time students, over 60s, those claiming Job Seekers Allowance, and Deaf and disabled patrons. Proof of eligibility may be requested.


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Michael Lopushinsky (1917 - 2010)
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We hope to see you soon at the 1898 Waverly Inn!
Congratulations to our most recent Free Night winners!
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UCLA Panhellenic will be hosting Spring Recruitment 2015. The following chapters will be hosting events:
- Alpha Chi Omega
- Alpha Gamma Delta
- Delta Delta Delta
GO GREEK Schedule of Events:
Thursday, April 2:
- Panhel Open House Round Event:
- 6:30 pm: Alpha Gamma Delta
- 7:30 pm: Alpha Chi Omega
- 8:30 pm: Delta Delta Delta
- Potential Members will have the opportunity to visit each chapter before individual recruitment events start. Here Potential New Members will get to know sorority women and see a little more about what sorority life is like. Register through the link below to participate in this exciting Thursday event.
- Join in the fun.
Week 1 - Spring Quarter:
Flyering on Bruin Walk:
Tuesday (3/31) - Thursday (4/2):
- 10:00 pm - 2:00 pm
Mandatory Information Sessions (only need to attend one):
Wednesday, 4/1:
- Informational session, hosted by Panhel Exec at 6:00 pm
- Location: 105 Kerckhoff in the Fraternity & Sorority Relations Office.
Wednesday, 4/1:
- Informational session, hosted by Panhel Exec at 8:00 pm
- Location: 105 Kerckhoff in the Fraternity & Sorority Relations Office.
Thursday, 4/2: Open House Round
- Meet at the Inverted Fountain at 6:00 pm for check-in and to meet Panhel Exec
- Events run from 6:30 pm - 9:30 pm. Here, you will spend 45 minutes with each chapter.
- Visit all 3 chapters; 45 minute events with 15 minute breaks
Friday, 4/3 - 4/7:
- Individual Chapter Events
- Click here to see Alpha Gamma Delta's Recruitment Flyer
- Click here to see Alpha Chi Omega's Recruitment Flyer
- Click here to see Delta Delta Delta's Recruitment Flyer
- You may visit all 3 chapters or just 1. Its up to you.
Wednesday, 4/8: Bid Day:
- Bid Night Activities: 6-10 pm
Deadline to Register is Wednesday of Week 1 at 10:00 pm.
Registration Fee is $10


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Tribeca: Inside the Festival's Incredibly Busy Offices (Video)
Genna Terranova gives THR the grand tour, revealing every nook and cranny (even the kitchen!) is crammed with staffers working furiously as the fest gears up.
Just how busy is the staff behind this year's Tribeca Film Festival?
Tribeca director of programming Genna Terranova recently took The Hollywood Reporter on a tour of its New York offices – where even the kitchen was being used as a work space.
"There's a lot of bodies doing a lot of different things, and that's generally what happens as we get closer to the festival every year," Terranova said.
FULL COVERAGE: Tribeca Film Festival
During THR's visit, Terranova shared some of the innovations the festival has adopted this year, including allowing indie film aficionados who can't make it to New York to stream four festival entries online for free. People have also been invited to create six-second videos via Vine.
See a racy example of one of the Vine projects above, and also learn what hackers have to do with the future of film and why a pair of ladies' drawer's ended up in the Tribeca kitchen.
Stay tuned to THR.com for the latest Tribeca news and reviews.
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
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