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A novel system for introducing a combustible liquid fuel into a gasoline combustion engine to obtain substantially perfect combustion and thereby prevent pollution, which system comprises heating means for elevating the temperature of the liquid gasoline fuel above its critical temperature, thereby converting it to its gaseous state; pressure means for providing a positive pressure as the liquid fuel is transported to the heating means; and means for discharging and rapidly expanding the gaseous fuel into the mixing chamber of the engine where it is admixed with air to provide a combustible mixture for burning and operation of the engine, the pressure means providing a pressure sufficient to maintain the fuel in its gaseous state immediately after it is discharged from the heating means into the mixing chamber.
1. A combination of a gasoline internal combustion engine powered by a flammable gasoline fuel and having mixing chamber means wherein said fuel is admixed with air to form a combustible mixture for burning and operation of said engine; and means for introducing said air and fuel into said mixing chamber means to provide said combustible mixture, said means for introducing said fuel comprising:
(1) a source of flammable gasoline fuel and an air supply source;
(2) a pressure pump;
(3) conduit means for transporting said fuel in a liquid state from said fuel source to said pump;
(4) a heat exchanger adapted to heat said liquid fuel above its critical temperature, thereby converting said fuel to a gaseous state;
(5) conduit means for transporting at least a portion of the fuel from said pressure pump under pressure to said heat exchanger; and
(6) expansion valve means through which said fuel in said gaseous state is discharged, said expansion valve means being adapted to regulate the rate of discharge of said fuel in said gaseous state into said mixing chamber means, said pressure from said pump being maintained until said fuel in said gaseous state is discharged from said heat exchanger and rapidly expands into said mixing chamber means for admixture with said air to form said combustible mixture.
2. A combination as defined in claim 1 including air valve means for introducing air from said air supply source into said mixing chamber means, said air valve means being adapted to regulate the rate of airflow therethrough.
3. A combination as defined in claim 1 wherein hot combustion gases formed by burning of said combustible mixture comprises the source of heat for said heat exchanger, said combination further including means for transporting said hot combustion gases to said heat exchanger for heating said fuel; and means for discharging said combustion gases from said heat exchanger to the ambient air.
4. A process for introducing a gasoline fuel into the mixing chamber of a combustion engine where it is admixed with air to provide an essentially completely combustible air-fuel mixture for burning and operation of said engine, thereby in turn providing an exhaust product of said combustion which is essentially free of pollutants caused by the incomplete combustion of said fuel, said process comprising the steps of:
(1) transporting liquid gasoline fuel under pressure from a source for said liquid fuel;
(2) heating said transported fuel above its critical temperature to convert said liquid fuel to a gaseous state while maintaining said pressure; and
(3) introducing while rapidly expanding said gaseous fuel directly into said mixing chamber through control valve means for admixture with air where said gaseous fuel rapidly expands to provide said essentially completely combustible mixture.
5. A process as defined in claim 4 wherein said pressure is at least substantially 80 pounds per squre inch.
6. A process as defined in claim 4 wherein said pressure is at least substantially 65 pounds per square inch.
7. A process as defined in claim 6 wherein said fuel is heated above about 675� F.
8. A process as defined in claim 4 wherein said exhaust product consists essentially of hot pollutant-free gases and said hot exhaust gases are circulated in heat exchange relationship with said liquid fuel, whereby to heat said fuel above its critical temperature.
9. A process as defined in claim 8 including the further step of discharging said pollutant-free exhaust gases to the atmosphere.
10. A combination of a gasoline internal combustion engine powered by a flammable gasoline fuel, including mixing chamber means wherein said fuel is admixed with air to form a combustible mixture for burning and operation of said engine; and means for introducing said fuel into said mixing chamber means and for providing for said combustible mixture, said means for introducing said fuel comprising:
(1) a source of flammable liquid gasoline fuel;
(2) heating means for heating said liquid fuel above its critical temperature, thereby converting said liquid fuel to a gaseous state;
(3) means for transporting said fuel in a liquid state under pressure from said fuel source to said heating means; and
(4) metering valve means interposed between said heating means and said mixing chamber means;
said fuel in said gaseous state passing through said metering valve means from said heating means into said mixing chamber means where said fuel in said gaseous state rapidly expands to form said combustible mixture.
11. A combination as defined in claim 10 wherein said heating means is adapted to heat said fuel above substantially 675� F.
12. A combination as defined in claim 10 wherein said heating means is adapted for raising the temperature of said fuel to at least substantially 700� F.
13. A combination as defined in claim 10 wherein said metering valve means has a small orifice through which said fuel in said gaseous state passes and rapidly expands into said mixing chamber means.
14. A combination as defined in claim 13 wherein said metering valve means comprises a needle expansion valve.
15. A combination as defined in claim 10 wherein said air is introduced into said mixing chamber means through air valve means adapted for regulating the rate of flow of said air therethrough.
16. A combination as defined in claim 15 wherein said air valve means comprises a butterfly valve.
17. A combination as defined in claim 10 wherein said heating means comprises a heat exchanger.
18. A combination as defined in claim 17 wherein hot combustion gases formed by burning of said combustible mixture comprises the source of heat for said heat exchanger, said combination further including means for transporting said hot combustion gases to said heat exchanger.
19. A combination as defined in claim 18 including means for discharging said combustion gases from said heat exchanger to the ambient air.
20. A combination as defined in claim 10 wherein said means for transporting said fuel under pressure comprises a high pressure fuel pump to which said fuel is transported through conduit means from said source; and means for transporting said fuel from said fuel pump to said heating means while maintaining said pressure.
21. A combination as defined in claim 20 wherein said means for transporting said fuel from said pump to said heating means comprises pressure regulator means for maintaining said pressure; conduit means for transporting said fuel from said pump to said pressure regulator means; and conduit means for transporting said fuel from said pressure regulator means to said heating means.
22. A combination as defined in claim 21 wherein said fuel pump and pressure regulator means are adapted for providing a pressure of at least substantially 65 pounds per sqaure inch.
23. A combination as defined in claim 22 wherein said fuel pump and said pressure regulator means are adapted for providing a pressure of at least substantially 80 pounds per square inch.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to fuel powered engines and, more particularly, to the prevention of air pollution in gasoline internal combustion engines such as those generally employed in motor vehicles. Since the problem to which the invention is particularly directed is most acute and best understood in the operation of gasoline-powered motor vehicles, the invention will hereinafter be described in detail by reference thereto.
2. Background of the Prior Art
Great effort has been focused on the problem of air pollution from combustion engines, notably automobiles. Generally speaking, these efforts have been directed towards one of the following two solutions: (1) devices located in the exhaust portion of the automotive engine in order to filter or decompose the exhaust gases; or (2) the use of so-called catalytic converters to upgrade or crack the low octane motive fluids to the point where only light hydrocarbon gases are introduced for generation of power in the engine. As illustrative of the latter approach as well as brief mention of the former, mention may be made of U.S. Pat. No. 3,855,980 issued to Weisz et al.
According to this patent, fuel of a relatively low octane number is passed through a hydrocarbon catalytic converter operated at temperatures above 600� F., the catalytic converter containing a crystalline aluminosilicate catalyst having a specified pore structure and alpha value wherein the relatively low octane number fuel is said to be converted into relatively high octane fuel for operation of the engine.
Over the years research has also been directed towards various systems for improving the efficiency of internal combustion engines by vaporization of the fuel to achieve more complete combustion.
For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 1,138,575 issued to Knaak is directed to a system wherein a heavy oil may be used and thorough vaporization thereof obtained. According to this patent, the oil is heated under pressure up to substantially its cracking point at atmospheric pressure. The pressure is maintained up to the time of its admission into the cylinder. As soon as it is admitted, a large portion consisting of the more volatile matter immediately vaporizes by reason of the pressure being released. In the patented procedure it is said that the volatile constituents of the oil by their expansion assist the vaporization of the heavier constituents, while the entire oil charge is further assisted in vaporization by a charge of hot air admitted adjacent to the oil spray and adapted to mix intimately therewith.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,218,922 issued to Newbury discloses a system for providing a fuel mixture having the proper proportions of gas and air, including a vaporizing chamber connected to the intake manifold and into which a liquid fuel is introduced, an inlet chamber into which exhaust gases are introduced and an outlet chamber into which the exhaust gases are discharged. Vapors produced in the vaporizing chamber are conducted into a mixing chamber where air is introduced to provide the desired mixture.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,982,528 issued to Shelton discloses a carburetor for use in a vapor fuel system including a heater for vaporizing fuel in the carburetor.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,294,381 issued to Schwartz relates to a carburetor in which the fuel is treated by hot exhaust fumes before it is combined with air and fed to the internal combustion engine, in order to increase its efficiency. The fumes-laden fuel is circulated in a manner to free it of inordinately large globules of fuel, thereby insuring that only finely divided and pre-heated fuel of mist-like consistency is directed to the engine intake manifold.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,496,919 issued to Gerrard is directed to the problem that carburetors presently in use deliver much of the fuel and particularly that of the heavier fraction boiling point into the cylinder in an unvaporized condition and during the heat of combustion there is insufficient oxygen present to burn the fuel to release all of the energy stored in the fuel. As a result, a large portion of the energy contained in the fuel is not used and is passed out the exhaust pipe and wasted and the surrounding air is contaminated with these products of combustion. According to the patent, both the lighter and heavier fractions of the fuel are vaporized by first passing them in heat exchange relation to an available heat supply before delivery to the combustion chamber.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,630,698 issued to Baldwin discloses a fuel system for feeding gasoline vapor directly into the intake manifold wherein the liquid gasoline is vaporized into a highly combustible vapor which is then mixed with the necessary amount of air in a venturi section, and this mixture is ultimately fed directly into the manifold. The patented system, which eliminates the carburetor and fuel pump, includes a closed evaporating chamber and delivery tube means communicating between the evaporating chamber and intake manifold for effecting a vacuum in the chamber and for vaporizing the fuel contained therein.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,653,643 issued to Tucker is concerned with providing for the complete combustion of liquid fuel in an internal combustion engine with a corresponding decrease of air pollutant in the exhaust. This is said to be achieved by supplying a completely vaporized or dry gas to the combustion chamber. The primary air for the mixture is initially filtered and then passed through a vaporizing filter immersed in the liquid fuel which breaks the primary air up into small bubbles to increase the surface area available for evaporation of the liquid fuel. Secondary air is then added to the enriched fuel-air mixture prior to admission into the combustion chamber.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,796,855 issued to Schumacher relates to the problem of a small portion of the fuel condensing and accumulating in the form of fine droplets or as a film on the interior surface of the inlet manifold of the engine and thereby adversely affecting the combustibility of the fuel and air mixture. This problem is said to be solved by heating the fuel and maintaining it in a liquid state at a comparatively high temperature and pressure prior to its introduction into the combustion chamber. As the heated liquid fuel flows into the combustion chamber, the pressure upon the liquid is completely released and the liquid fuel immediately vaporizes and issues in the form of a jet.
Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 4,083,340 issued to Furr et al is directed to the concept of heating gasoline under pressure to a temperature higher than its normal boiling point while maintaining it liquid by means of pressure. According to the patent, when the pressure is released, every particle of the gasoline becomes instantly gaseous and mixes thoroughly and evenly with the air rather than forming a mixture of gaseous gasoline, air and droplets of liquid gasoline. Although it is stated in Col. 6 that the patented system was favorably tested on two different automobiles, it is not explained how the patentees solved the problem of vapor lock which applicants find will occur when the fuel heated above its boiling point but maintained in the liquid state is introduced into the conventional carburetor of an automobile.
While the foregoing survey is not intended to be a complete one of the prior art patents, it is believed to be illustrative of the state of the art with respect to the subject matter of the present invention.
Although it can be said that the prior efforts have achieved some success in improving the efficiency of combustion engines and in reducing hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide pollution, it nevertheless remains an acute problem, particularly in areas of dense vehicular population. Recognizing the inability of the prior approaches to provide a satisfactory solution, existing legislation which has been enacted to reduce pollution is in the form of a compromise permitting certain maximum levels of pollutants to be discharged from the exhaust system. However, since the amount of pollution is the sum total of emission of pollutants from all of the vehicles in a given area, it is clear that merely limiting the degree of pollution from a single vehicle is not a satisfactory solution to the problem. Accordingly, a very great need still exists for a better system to control pollution from combustion engines.
The present invention is directed to this great need.
As was heretofore described in the discussion of the prior art, while various proposals have been suggested, the thrust of the efforts to reduce or inhibit air pollution have been directed to employing devices in the exhaust system to filter or decompose the exhaust products of incomplete combustion. This approach can be likened to the medical treatment of a disease after it occurs. Much like preventative medicine is instead directed towards preventing the disease from occurring, the present invention, on the other hand, is directed to the source of the problem and has for its primary objective to obtain perfect combustion so that there are no pollutants to be transmitted to the exhaust system.
According to the present invention, this objective is accomplished by the simple and elegant expedient of introducing the fuel into the intake manifold in a true gaseous state, as distinguished from a vapor, as is disclosed in certain of the aforementioned patents.
The present invention can be said to be predicated upon the theory that a fuel in its gaseous state will combine with oxygen much more fully and with greater ease than the same fuel in its liquid state. At lower temperatures, collisions between liquid molecules are of low energy and individual molecules may be unaffected. However, it has been established that at elevated temperatures, the thermally activated molecules are involved in high-energy collisions causing fragmentation or dissociation into atomic constituents or free radicals. These fragments react with oxygen with great rapidity, and combustion usually proceeds by a chain reaction involving these fragments.
The conventional carbureted engine emloyed in automobiles uses a combination of vacuum and low heat to vaporize fuel prior to its introduction into the combustion chambers. Since there is incomplete combustion resulting in exhaust emissions, namely hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide, it is therefore postulated that by converting liquid fuel to its gaseous state, efficiency can be fully reached so that emission of pollutants is effectively eliminated.
In accordance with the present invention, these objectives are accomplished simply and efficiently by introducing the liquid gasoline under pressure into a heat exchanger or other heating means, where the temperature of the fuel is raised above its critical temperature, i.e. the temperature at which liquefication cannot occur regardless of the pressure. The gasoline thus heated to its gaseous state and above its critical temperature is maintained under pressure, e.g. on the order of 80 psi and introduced through appropriate valve means into the mixing chamber where it is to be admixed with air to provide the combustible mixture for burning and operation of the engine. The rapid expansion undergone as the gaseous fuel components are discharged under pressure from the heating means compensates for the heat lost as the fuel is discharged into the mixing chamber. The gaseous fuel is then thoroughly admixed with the proportionate amount of air as it passes into the partial vacuum of the intake manifold or other mixing chamber. The resultant homogeneous, liquid-free mixture then combusts with complete efficiency.
The invention will be more fully understood by reference to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the illustrative drawing.
The FIGURE is a diagrammatic view illustrating a typical combustion engine having the novel fuel introducing system of this invention.
As was mentioned previously, while much effort has been made to abate the problem of air pollution from combustion engines, notably motive engines, the problem, though lessened, still remains. The amount of effort which has been exerted in research to solve the pollution problem may be forcefully demonstrated by reference to the "LEXPAT" data base of Mead Data Central which indicates that from its reporting base in 1975 to July of 1984, some 1,194 U.S. patents disclose or relate in some way to air pollution from combustion engines.
While the present invention also relates to this problem, as will be demonstrated hereinafter by reference to analytical test data, it is not merely another unsatisfactory or incomplete proposed solution. Instead, it has been found to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide pollutants in the exhaust to zero.
The essence of the invention can be described as a system for introducing the liquid fuel involving two critical elements: (1) the gasoline is heated not just to the temperature where it vaporizes, but beyond that and above its critical temperature to its gaseous phase; and (2) the liquid fuel is fed into the system from its fuel source under a pressure which is maintained until the gaseous fuel is discharged from the heat source and rapidly expands into the mixing chamber for admixture with air, the pressure as initiated and maintained being sufficient not merely to prevent backflow, but to create a pressure such that the gaseous fuel is expelled from the heat source under pressure and rapidly expands into the mixture chamber. In this manner it maintains its gaseous state.
The essence of the invention may accordingly be defined as means for introducing a liquid fuel into the mixing chamber of a gasoline combustion engine where it is admixed with air to provide a combustible mixture for burning and operation of the engine, which means comprises heating means for elevating the temperature of the liquid fuel above its critical temperature, thereby converting it to a gas; means for transporting the liquid fuel from the gas tank or other fuel source to this heating means; pressure means for providing a positive pressure in the system as the liquid fuel is transported to the heating means; and means for releasing the fuel as a gas into the mixing chamber, the pressure means providing a pressure sufficient to cause the fuel to expand rapidly.
As used herein and in the appended claims, the term "critical temperature" is given its ordinary meaning, namely the temperature above which a substance can exist only in the gaseous state regardless of the pressure applied. The critical temperature for the typical gasoline fuel employed in automotive engines is on the order of about 675� F. [about 357� C.]. However, to be on the safe side, the fuel is preferably heated beyond this point, e.g. to at least 700� F. [about 371� C.]. The heat source is not critical and may vary according to individual whim or design. However, a conventional heat exchanger utilizing the heat from exhaust gases to achieve the desired temperature is simple and efficient and hence preferred.
The pressure to be initiated and maintained may vary and can be readily ascertained by routine experimentation by the skilled worker. Applicants have found pressures on the order of 80 pounds per square inch (psi) to be fully operative and readily obtainable with commercially available equipment. However, it is to be understood that the invention is not restricted to such precise pressures and lower pressures, e.g. on the order of 65 psi may also be employed.
The pressure source is also not critical and various means for initiating and maintaining the required pressure will be readily suggested to the skilled worker in the light of this disclosure. The preferred pressure source is the simplest and the one that should be most apparent, namely a pressure pump. The conventional fuel pump as typically used in automobiles today only provides a pressure on the order of five psi and is therefore totally inadequate for use in the present invention. However, commercially available electric high pressure fuel pumps, such as would be employed in fuel injection systems, and which produce a pressure as heretofore mentioned, may be employed in the practice of this invention.
Suitable means for maintaining the pressure, e.g. conventional pressure regulators, will also be readily suggested and per se comprise no part of this invention.
From what has been described, it will be appreciated that the present invention is, in essence, a system utilizing an arrangement of commercial or readily obtainable components to accomplish the stated fuel induction, as distinguished from inventions which rely for patentable novelty upon a new element or a patentably different variation or modification in shape, structure or design to accomplish a given purpose or objective. For this reason, the invention will be easily understood from the accompanying diagrammatic sketch and a detailed showing of the structure of the individual elements is accordingly unnecessary. It will of course be appreciated that elements of the combustion engine not shown, e.g. pistons, cylinders and the like, are quite conventional and their construction and arrangement with respect to the other elements shown in the drawing will be well understood by those skilled in the art.
As shown in the illustrative view of a typical internal combustion engine embodying this invention, liquid fuel from tank 10 is conveyed by a suitable line or conduit 12 to fuel pump 14, a conventional electric high pressure fuel pump of the type employed in fuel injection systems to provide a pressure as heretofore described, e.g. on the order of 80 psi. The liquid fuel under pressure from pump 14 is then transported through line 16 through a one way flapper valve or ball check valve 18 of known structure and then through a pressure regulator 20 whose function is to maintain the pressure at or near the level initiated by pump 14 or in any event at the necessary level. Pressure regulator 20 has a two-way valve means by which a substantial portion of the liquid fuel, e.g. as much as 90%, is recirculated by line 22 back to fuel tank 10, the remaining portion being transported by line 24 to heat exchanger 26 under constant pressure generated by the fuel pump and maintained by the pressure regulator. Heat exchanger 26, which may for example, be a simple oxygen-free heat exchanger having stainless steel coils 26a over which the exhaust [or other heating] gases pass, serves to convert the liquid fuel in coils 26a to its gaseous state by elevating the temperature above the critical temperature, e.g. to at least 700� F., as heretofore discussed. The gas then passes from coils 26a through expansion or metering valve 28 having a small orifice into intake manifold 30 where it is to be admixed with air to provide the combustible mixture.
Expansion valve 28 is of a per se known needle valve construction adjustable for regulating or metering the rate of gas discharge to achieve the desired gas-air ratio in the mixing chamber. (It will be appreciated that, to avoid undue replacement, valve 28 should preferably be adapted to withstand the elevated pressure and heat employed in accordance with this invention.)
Air from a source (not shown) flows into the intake manifold, as shown by the arrow, through butterfly valve 32 to provide the combustible gas-air mixture in the intake manifold 30. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, valve 32 is also adjustable and valves 32 and 28 are regulated to achieve the prescribed mixture for operation of the particular engine. For automobiles, this typically may be on the order of 15:1 air to gas, but this will of course vary for the particular engine and/or for the desired mixture, whether "lean" or not.
The gas-air combustible mixture then passes through the respective cylinder intake valves (not shown) and ignition and operation of engine 34 proceeds in per se known manner. The clean, pollutant-free exhaust gases then are discharged from the respective cylinders through exhaust valves (not shown) into exhaust manifold 36. The exhaust gases then proceed through heat exchanger 26 to heat fuel in coils 26a, as described, and are finally released into the ambient air through exhaust pipe 38, only a section of which is shown in the drawing.
In the illustrative drawing, the gas-air mixture has been shown to take place in the intake manifold. However, the invention is not restricted thereto and other elements may be employed as the mixing chamber as recited above and in the appended claims. For example, it is visualized that the mixture may take place in the cylinders themselves.
In the foregoing desription, it has been stressed that it is critical that the liquid fuel be heated above its critical temperature, namely the temperature above which a substance can exist only in the gaseous state, regardless of the pressure applied.
It is equally imperative for a clear understanding of the invention in turn to understand the distinction between a gas and a vapor, as disclosed, for example, in certain of the aforementioned patents. As the temperature of the liquid fuel is raised, it is first converted from the initial liquid state to a temperature at which it vaporizes. A vapor is defined as a substance in its gaseous state, but below its critical temperature. A body of vapor is not subject to all of the laws of gases. For instance, if the space occupied by it is diminished with out change of temperature, there is no increase in pressure, but instead part of the vapor condenses. Applicants have found that when the fuel to be admixed with air is introduced through the metering valve into the mixing chamber below its critical temperature, there will be incomplete combustion which in turn will result in the presence of pollutants in the exhaust, as heretofore discussed.
However, when the temperature is raised still further beyond the temperature where vaporization will occur and, further, above the critical temperature, as contemplated by the present invention, the liquid fuel enters the gaseous state where perfect combustion is obtained.
To illustrate the efficacy of their invention, applicants, all residents of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, tested their concept in a 250 cubic inch 6 cyl. Pontiac with the Sun Electric computerized exhaust analyzer in use in Massachusetts by the Division of Motor Vehicles for the state inspection of vehicles. [Under current law, all motor vehicles in the Commonwealth are required to pass this inspection once a year in order to be registered for operation in the state.] The computerized analyzer issues the following information: (1) permissible levels of unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust for the particular make and year of the vehicle tested; (2) actual levels of these hydrocarbons present in the exhaust; (3) permissible levels of carbon monoxide for the particular vehicle; (4) actual levels of carbon monoxide found in the exhaust; (5) uncombined oxygen in the exhaust; (6) carbon dioxide in the exhaust; and (7) engine speed during the test. The last three are not material for purposes of this application: carbon dioxide along with water are harmless byproducts of combustion; uncombined oxygen refers to excess oxygen that the engine draws in but is not needed for combustion; and the engine speed requires no further explanation.
For the particular vehicle tested, the analyzer reported the acceptable levels of pollutants which would pass inspection to be: 800 parts per million (ppm) of unburned hydrocarbons and 7.00% carbon monoxide. The actual levels found with the novel system of this invention were 0.00 parts per million of unburned hydrocarbons and 0.00% carbon monoxide, thereby indicating perfect or 100% combustion with no pollutants in the exhaust.
While not relevant, for the sake of full reporting of the results of this test, it also indicated 13.46% of the harmless carbon dioxide; 8.3% uncombined oxygen; and 628 revolutions per minute (RPM) engine speed.
As was mentioned previously, considerable progress has in fact been made in reducing automobile pollution. For example, in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, acceptable levels of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide for purposes of passing state inspection for pre-1970 vehicles were 1200 ppm. and 9%, respectively; for 1970-1974 vehicles, these levels were reduced to 800 ppm. and 7%, respectively, for 1975-1979 vehicles, 400 ppm. and 4%, respectively; for 1980, 300 ppm. and 2.7% respectively; and, finally, for 1981 to date [1984], 220 ppm. and 1.2%, respectively.
To accomplish this significant but yet not entirely satisfactory reduction from, say, prior to 1970 to date, motor vehicles currently include the following components for providing the combustible mixture and for inhibiting pollution from the resulting exhaust gases:
(1) catalytic converter
(2) exhaust gas recirculator (EGR)
(3) air injection reactor (AIR)
(4) carburetor
(5) preheat tube
(6) Vapor canister
(7) heat riser
(8) pump
With all of these elements, some pollution still occurs, which pollution, within prescribed limits, is in fact tolerated for purposes of state inspection and the right to operation on state highways.
The present invention, on the other hand, employs only three essential elements: (1) pump; (2) pressure regulator; and (3) heat exchanger. No carburetor, catalytic converter, etc. are required.
Even assuming for the moment that the present invention provided no greater results than those obtainable with today's vehicles containing the above equipment, the reduction in number of essential components provides a very substantial cost savings in manufacture. Moreover, there is a reduction in total weight inherent with the use of fewer components.
It will thus be seen that the present invention will provide very substantial savings in manufacture, even if the pollution control were no better. However, as stated previously, pollution control in accordance with this invention is in fact superior to that obtainable previously, perfect or substantially perfect combustion being obtainable. Accordingly, it will be seen that the present invention in fact provides better results with less parts and cost for production.
Axiomatic with the reduction in parts is the subsequent reduction in cost and aggravation of repair or replacement of parts during the life of the engine.
In view of the clean combustion obtained by the present invention, certain other important advantages are also obtained. The engine is cleaner and both the engine and spark plugs will have longer life. More horsepower and more rapid acceleration are obtainable. There is no adverse affect on mileage (miles per gallon). In fact, slightly but not significantly higher mileage has been observed on the aforementioned test vehicle. Finally, it will be noted that the present invention permits the use of lower octane fuels which are less costly to produce.
Since certain changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention herein involved, it is intended that all matter shown in the accompanying drawing and described in the foregoing specification shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
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Has anyone hunted in GMU 22 and 32? How about done an Eastern Plains Elk hunt?
I drew a license for GMU 22 and Eastern Plains Elk. This is only my second year hunting. Last year, I went dove hunting and got one dove, and the same for this year.
I bought all the GMU maps, printed off the DOW maps on a grand scale. However, when a friend of mine called up there to get his license changed from area 25 to area 22 he was told there are is only private land in area 22. The maps do not idicate this, but I have never hunted before.
I am considering buying a tag for my mom for area 32, since it is close to area 22. What is the Elk hunting like there?
These license are for 3rd season hunts.
Help if you can!

subset: commoncrawl


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Farm Start-Up — Farm Aid Resource Guide
You need the land to get the money. But if you don't have the money, how do you get the land? Starting a farm is more like a juggling act than a straight path. Check out the resources below for guidance on the essentials in farm start-up.
The Business Plan
A solid business plan is fundamental to starting a farm. Not only is it essential for talking with potential lenders, it will guide you through thinking about your operation from the initial visioning to production plans to marketing and profits.
Building a Sustainable Business: A Guide for Developing a Business Plan for Farms and Rural Businesses, a comprehensive guidebook for developing your business plan, is available from SARE online for free. [PDF link]
Check out the collection of Farm Business Planning resources from around the country that have been compiled on the beginningfarmer.org website.
Specifically for organic producers, but applicable to any future farmer, Richard Wiswall has 30 years of farming experience to back up his approach in The Organic Farmer's Business Handbook. The book includes a CD with financial spreadsheet templates.
The Money
Accessing affordable credit and capital to start a farm is the biggest hurdle for beginning farmers. Develop your financial literacy for farm businesses and find loan options available specifically for beginning farmers with these resources.
Check out Affording OURLAND: Financial Literacy for Young Farmers [PDF link] from Agrarian Trust and The Greenhorns to learn about land access, traditional and creative ways of acquiring land, and a variety of approaches for financing.
Get familiar with the fundamentals of financing via ATTRA's Financing Your Farm: Guidance for Beginning Farmers
Fearless Farm Finances, published by the Midwest Organic and Sustainable Education Service (MOSES), provides easy-to-use financial management tools for new and beginning sustainable farmers.
Navigate beginning farmer financing options with the Center for Rural Affairs' funding sources site.
The Center for Rural Affairs' Guide to USDA Farm Service Agency Beginning Farmer Loan Programs offers excellent guidance for FSA programs targeted to the new generation of family farmers.
The Practical Farmers of Iowa have much to offer beginning farmers, including financing resources [PDF link] and business planning [PDF link] lists that cater to new operations as well as established farms looking to expand.
After you have reviewed some of the above resources, contact your local Farm Service Agency for information about low-interest loans available through the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
The Land
Finding the right land to build your farm business is critical to success. The following resources will help you search for land, understand land tenure issues, and assess what land features are appropriate for different types of agriculture.
The Greenhorns offer a comprehensive Access to Land guide that includes links to organizations and guides to lease agreements, conservation easements, and other resources for beginning farmers looking for land.
Beginning farmers can apply for the Center for Rural Affair's Land Link program, which offers matching and consulting services, retirement planning, beginning farmer financing, farm business, and environmental assessment in order to transitions farms between generations.
The International Farm Transition Network has a directory of land link programs organized by state. Check it out to find programs matching you with farmers and landowners looking for the next generation to work their land.
The Midwest Farm Connection offers online matching for beginning farmers interested in sustainable agriculture to continue agricultural production and protect farmland in the Midwest.
Land for Good helps new farmers secure farmland in New England. Check out their guide, Where do I Start? Acquiring Land to Farm [PDF link] and their resources page for helpful tools, including their online manual for their FarmLASTS Project with the University of Vermont.
The Farm Service Agency's Transition Incentives Program (TIP) Net is a tool that connects retiring landowners and beginning—including underserved—farmers and ranchers.
Once you have found potential farmland, you will want to assess what crops, livestock and infrastructure the land can support. Visit the USGS's Web Soil Survey for information on soil types. Contact your local Natural Resource Conservation Service center for help in identifying what natural resources are available and what stewardship activities you should incorporate.
The Production Plan
There are some great tools available to help you determine what to grow, where, and which markets to take your farm-fresh products. Most of these tools are tailored to diverse vegetable operations, but can also provide a template for managing other types of cropping operations.
Clayton Carter's open source crop planning software is available for free.
Dan Kaplan of Brookfield Farm in western Massachusetts has a series of spreadsheets for developing CSA production plans from greenhouse to harvest that are very affordable and widely used.
Sunseed Farm also shares their crop production planning spreadsheets.
Roxbury Farm CSA in Kinderhook, NY, shares their greenhouse, field planting, and harvest schedules. Also check out their fantastic crop and harvest manuals as well.
Georgia Organics offers some terrific resources for farmers, including crop and rotation planning,
AgSquared is a cost-effective record-keeping system that was created specifically for small farms.
ATTRA presents a wealth of information in its long list of user-friendly fact sheets, including numerous publications in Spanish.
For a variety of free downloadable and low-cost print materials, SARE offers a wide range of practical books about crop rotation, cover crops and much more.
The Markets
Deciding what to produce is rooted in what you enjoy doing and what you are good at growing. But, it is also necessary to have an honest and thorough understanding of your markets. The following resources can help you determine what crops yield, both in weight and profit, and will help to create a solid marketing plan.
The USDA Agricultural Marketing Service provides daily reports on the price and sales information of farm products. Select from five program areas and choose the report most suitable to your needs.
If you are interested in comparing organic to conventional prices, check out the Organic Price Report from the Rodale Institute.
Enterprise budgets help you determine exactly how much time, resources, inputs and equipment are needed to produce a single crop. These are very effective for determining what you can grow based on your capacity. Vern Grubinger's book, Sustainable Vegetable Production from Start-Up to Market, offers an excellent, practical approach.
Also, the Beginning Farmers website has a collection of resources available for enterprise budgeting (scroll down to the 2nd half of the page).
The Infrastructure
Capital investments are some of the most important decisions beginning farmers will make during the farm start-up phase. It is highly recommended to talk to farmers in your network to learn about the choices they have made and why. In addition, they can inform you about suppliers and dealers they know and trust, and may be part of an equipment-sharing cooperative that you could join.
Check out Roxbury Farm CSA's article, How to Purchase Equipment, for a great overview of what equipment you might need and how to determine what to purchase.
SARE's publication, Steel in the Field, is a practical, concise, easy-to-read guide to tillage and cultivation tools for cropping systems. Download the free PDF version from the website.
Looking for more information about resources in your area?
The Farmer Resource Network Resource Finder links beginning and established farmers to Farm Aid's directory of trusted resource organizations for the services, tools, and opportunities you need. Check it out today and sign up for updates from the Resource Spotlight blog to receive the latest news and information.


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StartUpHire is the place to find Partner Support Manager jobs. Review the list of Partner Support Manager career opportunities to the left. These Partner Support Manager jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
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Position Type: Full time Salary: Compensation will be commensurate with experience Location: Scribe Software, Manchester, NH (on-site) Position Description The Partner Marketing Manager is a key player on Scribe Software?s global marketing team and will play a prominent role in3/30/2015 Manchester, NH Save This Job
More information about this job: Overview: The Strategic Channel Partner Team Manager is responsible for developing strategy and executable plans to achieve sales objectives by managing a corporate reseller team and relationships with our Distributors and our National Resellers.2/16/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
POSITION SUMMARY The Partner Marketing Manager role is focused on channel marketing strategy and execution. This individual will effectively manage marketing programs throughout project lifecycle by collaborating with internal and external sources. Primary responsibility is to1/26/2015 Minneapolis, MN Save This Job
Location: Minneapolis Department: Product Management Reports to: Director of Product Management Who is RedBrick Health? RedBrick Health is inspired by a singular purpose: to help people be healthy. We are a consumer health engagement company that delivers real behavior change.3/13/2015 Minneapolis, MN Save This Job
You are rock-star Partner Marketing Manager strong technical understanding of the data center technologies in the server, storage, and networking areas as well as in cloud management platforms and in Linux operating systems. You can roll up your sleeves to install and configure2/9/2015 Mountain View, CA Save This Job
Customer Service & Support Seattle, United States Providing the highest level of technical support to customers and partners An incredible opportunity to work on next-gen SaaS and Enterprise Application systems at a fast-growing market leader, delivering Products that are3/23/2015 Seattle, WA Save This Job
The Partner Marketing Manager is responsible for supporting Twilio?s efforts to build and support a world-class ecosystem of partners. Your efforts will be focused on our Independent Software Vendors (ISVs) and Systems Integrators (SIs). You?ll work collaboratively with the3/23/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
At ZoomInfo our employees are our most valuable asset and we treat them as such. We provide extensive opportunities for professional growth in a fun, fast-paced and high-energy environment. ZoomInfo's culture encourages individual responsibility and team success. If you are1/27/2015 Waltham, MA Save This Job
Own the recruitment function, including employer branding, marketing, and most importantly delivery of services. Recruit a full requisition load for North America, and support hiring in China and Finland. Apply your keen eye for candidate experience and a3/6/2015 Vancouver, WA Save This Job
The Channel Account Manager at Silver Peak is responsible for all channel sales for the defined region which includes building relationships and driving channel sales activities to generate leads and sales pipeline with Strategic Partners and Value A3/31/2015 Santa Clara, CA Save This Job
The Privacy Manager position at AppNexus is a unique opportunity to combine policy and operations and work at the cutting edge of online privacy. In this role, you will work cross-functionally between Legal, Policy, Product, Engineering, People, Sal3/29/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
The Manager, Global Compensation and Rewards will leverage the large data resource behind Quantcast's greatest asset, our talented employees, to ensure that we continually foster a high performance, open culture. We are evolving our compensation pro2/27/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Quantcast is seeking a dynamic Office Manager to provide a broad range of operational support for our quickly expanding New York office located on Park Avenue South, in the heart of New York's new media world. We are looking for3/28/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
HubSpot is looking for an individual to join our People Operations Team. As part of the team you will be help coach and guide managers and employees. The role of Employee Relations Manager will provide People Operations support across the company on3/18/2015 Cambridge, MA Save This Job
The AppNexus UI team is hiring a UI Manager to build out its leadership team. Reporting to the Director of UI Engineering, this person will lead and mentor five UI engineers, one of three UI Engineering teams, as part of a cross-functional team.3/15/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
As a Product Manager on the Shipping & Order Management Team, you'll develop and launch successful, meaningful products that help Etsy sellers seamlessly ship their one-of-a-kind items to buyers around the globe.3/12/2015 Brooklyn, NY Save This Job
In order to support our rapid growth and reach the next level of scale, we are currently seeking exceptionally talented consulting professionals who can drive successful customer deployments and continuously enhance our services portfolio and engagement b3/18/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
In order to support our rapid growth and reach the next level of scale, we are currently seeking exceptionally talented consulting professionals who can drive successful customer deployments and continuously enhance our services portfolio and engagement b3/18/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
In order to support our rapid growth and reach the next level of scale, we are currently seeking exceptionally talented consulting professionals who can drive successful customer deployments and continuously enhance our services portfolio and engagement b3/18/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
The CRM Database Marketing Manager will be responsible for developing integrated marketing campaigns and lifecycle marketing strategies to increase member lifetime value among buyers.3/11/2015 Brooklyn, NY Save This Job


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Winnipeg Free Press - ONLINE EDITION
Crusaders beat Gophers 32-0 in AA football championship
Even swirling snow couldn't chill the St. Paul's Crusaders AA team on Friday night, as they rolled over the Garden City Fighting Gophers 32-0 en route to winning the Winnipeg High School Football League's Free Press Bowl.
It marked the first time the Crusaders' second squad has won the Kas Vidruk division championship since 2009. The Gophers and the Crusaders didn't meet during the regular season — both teams were 6-2 heading into the playoffs — but when they finally did on Friday the Gophers weren't able to put up much of a fight. The Crusaders took control of the game early, and took advantage of a slick ball and a smart game plan to keep the Gophers holed up.
When kickoff came on Friday night, the St. Paul's team took control early, and never looked back: They opened the scoring in the first quarter, when pivot Tommy Semchyshyn found Cole Zadro for a 37-yard touchdown pass.
They got their second score off an unusual play in the second frame, when kicker Matias Bueno (named offensive player of the game) recovered his own missed field goal in the Gophers' end zone for the score. After the half, the Crusaders continued to pull away, as running back Trevor Wright, who won the game's most outstanding player honour, busted out a huge 73-yard touchdown scamper.
In the final frame, the Crusaders would add one last major, with a five-yard hustle from running back Heath Chalmers.
The WHSFL championship week wraps up on Friday night, when the St. Paul's AAA squad will look to defend their championship against the Murdoch McKay Clansmen in the John Potter division final, which was slated to kick off at 7:30 p.m. at IGF.
Updated on Friday, November 8, 2013 at 8:22 PM CST: added photo
8:58 PM: Adds slide show.
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Posts Tagged 'asus rog orion pro review'
ASUS RoG Orion Pro Gaming Headset Review2 CommentsPosted by Henry Butt on December 10, 2012 under Headphones, HighlightsToday we are going to look at the latest gaming headset from Asus, the Orion Pro. Like the models we've seen previously, this falls under the 'Republic of Gamers' brand. As a result, we ... more.
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I just completed this Audiobook and was saddened to see it end. Very few books have kept me as intrigued as this one. I couldn't put my Ipod down and enjoyed every moment of this fascinating story. The plot was suspensful, the pace perfect, and the characters believable. While portions of the story were difficult to listen to, especially the treatment of the Camp prisoners, it was a realistic portrayal of the cruelty suffered by many. Dick Hill did an amazing job a narrator -- his accents varied and perfect. I wholehearted recommend this audiobook and give it 5 stars!
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Btown Attends Zoya Akhtar's Party!
Elli Avram celebrates Valentines Day at Zoya store
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Innovative E- commerce fashion portals
Badmashiyan star cast on E24
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Korean crisis: Could tension spark off a war?
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SHALIMAR Bollywood Super Hit Movie
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GG Gatsby Over The Top Root Lift Spray
We know you want the goods as soon as possible, which is why orders received by 3pm ET leave our warehouse the very same day. We'll send you an email that day to confirm shipment and the email will include your tracking information.
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How to recover a lost or stolen iPad
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OP Junior Member
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Join Date:Joined: Dec 2008
But I don't get it.
I want to install the German Version, since the english one is a lil to big for my Sd Card.
Would be happy about any help or hint.
Ps. My problem is, I download the file ( xml) and try to convert it with taxi converter but it says error ^^ heeelp!!!!!!


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In just a couple of hours I'll be heading off to the Michigan Summer Beer Festival in Ypsilanti, Michigan. This will be the first beer festival I've attended and don't really know what to expect. I've checked out the beer list and have kind of sort of picked a few of the beers I'd like to try.
Do people bring homebrew/craft brew and hang out before/afterwards? What's the deal?
There's supposed to be some rain on the way but the beer will flow regardless and I'm geeked. I hope to take lots of pictures and possibly keep my facebook/twitter updated throughout the day.
Anyone else going?
yup i'll be there ....gray tee jean shorts and a light green rapala ball hat
primary1 :UTOPIA BABY(still searching for it)
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kegged:simcoe blonde, crystal pale ale, yellow jacket golden ale, lemon shandy blondeDRINKIN DAWG BREWERY LET'S GO RED WINGSjoin michigan mashers here
extraction calculator
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I live in Ypsi and will be headed that way myself in a couple of hours.
Home safe, going to go out and grab some food. Had a really good time! Great beer and good times!
Would love to hear more about it! I'm hoping maybe we'll go next year.


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Hotel Kris Domenico
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TravelPod Member ReviewsHotel Kris Domenico Toledo
This is our second time to stay here. We first stayed here back in 2004. The hotel is on a hill overlooking the town of Toledo, beautiful views. The rooms are very clean and loved the large bathroom. They offered a delicious European breakfast with meats, cheeses and plenty more! Our triple room was 81 euros, which we found very reasonable for the luxury of the hotel.
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
TripAdvisor Reviews Hotel Kris Domenico Toledo
Travel Blogs from Toledo
Holy Toledo
... into town to have dessert and coffee. This wasn't even offered at the restuarant we had just left.
On on our last morning in Toledo, we toured the Santa Cruz Musuem in town where there was an exhibit of El Greco artwork. It was a very impressive exhibit and complemented the work that we has seen previously in the house where the artist had lived. At midday, we left the hotel in light rain, caught the bus to the train station ...
... then went out again. The homestay has been great, thought not the experience I was expecting. Because they are being paid, it feels like I am just a border. I haven't been included in anything that Marisol was doing, I was just there for the bed. Marisol was lovely and I had no problems, just don't feel that I actually experienced family life. I had booked a tour from Madrid to Todelo, but after going today, I cancelled it. Saw everything I wanted to see so need to go ...
Week One Complete
... myself in a different way. It was
bout 10:30 by the time I got back to I stopped at starbucks and grabbed a late
and sandwich for lunch. Its so nice to be living in the middle of everything
where a cup of coffee is just a block away. When I got back me and Tamar talked
about the day and our plans for tomorrows epic soccer game. Its hard to believe
that it has been a week since we left Edmonton, I want time to stop and this
experience to last a life time. Spain is incredible.
An afternoon in Toledo
On our way home from Madrid we stopped in Toledo. So far, I think that this has been my favorite city. It is so beautiful and charming. The bridge, and the river, and the castle, everything is so perfect. Toledo was the capitol before Madrid, so it has even more history, but is not as famous.
There are a lot ...
Holllyyy Toledo....going ta Toledo
... managed to dig enough dirt away that I could move the rock enough to get me foot free.....whaaaa hooooooo.
So I hopped up....shook it off....tried to get the adrenalin down. Now I had to get the bike back up...its in an ackward position on this hill....So I debagged it..and commence to lift...it slides a bit further down into the rocks....frig....scratched up the pannier. Well put me back into it and
got it back up with some grunting
Sat ...


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Where To Buy Gold
The U.S. Money Reserve was founded by gold market veterans who recognized a need to combine top-notch customer service, expert market knowledge and the type of trustworthy guidance that is absolutely necessary when purchasing precious metals. Today, as one of the nation's largest distributors of U.S. Government issued Gold, Silver, and Platinum Coins, we have had the pleasure of working with hundreds of thousands of clients who have taken advantage of the many financial benefits of owning precious metals.
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Woman Hands Out 'Fat Letters' to Overweight Trick-or-Treaters [PHOTO/VIDEO]
Most children expect to get candy when they go trick-or-treating. But, if they stop by one woman's house, they might get an unexpected "fat letter."
Most children expect to get candy when they go trick-or-treating. But, if they stop by one woman's house, they might get an unexpected "fat letter."
The Mental Health Association of Monmouth County (MHA) continues to help people FOR FREE with their emotional recovery since Sandy struck a year ago. They have also set up Sandy Wellness Counseling Centers in Keansbury, Manasquan and Red Bank.
Food poisoning is not limited to summer and you might be surprised by the foods more likely to cause food poisoning.
Amid too many complaints to ignore, the FDA is investigating illnesses in dogs and some cats that may have been caused by them eating jerky pet treats.
Two weeks after a heart attack, I'm still getting used to actually eating healthy, and after eating as badly as I was, getting excited about heart healthy foods has been a pretty big challenge.
Help make a difference by joining the American Heart Association Shoreline Walk on Sunday November 3rd at Monmouth Battlefield State Park in Manalapan.
Two weeks ago today was a normal Tuesday until I had a weird pain in my chest while I was on the treadmill.
It's safe to say most of us have battled with our weight at some point in our lives, and one mom is calling out those of us who aren't as toned as we could be, leading to tons of backlash online.
With Halloween just around the corner and Halloween candy on every shelf, it may be a good time to review the best and worst candies for teeth.
I realized after a summer of deciding to eat whatever I wanted, whenever I wanted, it's time to do something about it.
If you're due for a haircut or thinking about a new do, you may want to do it at Profiles Hair and Nail Salon this coming Sunday, October 6th during a very special cut-a-thon.
The Monmouth County Health Department is reminding us that flu season is around the corner and they are encouraging you to get your flu vaccine.


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From polenta and tomato tarte to spicy burgers with sweet potato wedges, going vegan (most recently practised by Jay-Z and Beyonce) doesn't have to be bland, says cook Dunja Gulin
Find out why Bristol is a must-visit this spring and win an overnight stay for two with lots of activities
Find out who is headlining and what is new about this year's festival
A week-long celebration of women and girls
A nation on the road to recovery
From scenic walks to stargazing nights, Northumberland has a hundred and one ways to take your breath away
How seismic mapping unlocks further reserves
Africa Travel has more than 30 years of experience providing every trip imaginable to spectacular destinations
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This fresh and vibrantly flavoured dish was inspired by yellow sprouting broccoli at my farmers' market but it is interchangeable with purple sprouting
I wouldn't normally eat strawberries at this time of year but I shopped specially for them for my version of this funky Greek salad
The idea for this style of mushroom risotto owes a debt to the Masterchef winner Druv Baker.
Continuing our series of key dishes made simple
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Established by Aaron Richmond in 1938, the Series has evolved into New England's major presenting organization with over 100 performance and outreach activities annually.
Habitat for Humanity is a non-profit, non-denominational Christian housing ministry. Habitat welcomes all people—regardless of race, religion, ethnicity or any other difference—to build and repair simple, decent, affordable houses with those who lack adequate shelter.
In an encore episode, Steve D'Agostino interviews Harriett Lebow, executive director of Habitat for Humanity for MetroWest and Greater Worcester, and Mike Wimberly, senior IS portfolio manager for supply chain at Staples, who is also president of the board of Habitat for Humanity. They talk about how the local business community is helping to build affordable housing for people in need.
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Schell, Francis H.
United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865
Stephen A. Schwarzman Building / Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs
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Image ID: 1708807
Siege of Fort Macon, "our outer pickets skirmishing. . ." April 11th, 1862 / by Frank H. Schell.
(April 11, 1862)
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BackgroundIn Paper Airplane Chase, glide and maneuver your virtual paper airplane through an increasingly tricky slalom course. Take it slow in Endless mode looking for the longest survival time, or take it fast through several Time Attack courses gunning for the fastest time completion. The two-player Race mode allows friends to race each other using a single Nintendo DSi system.
blackgbb played Paper Airplane Chase
blackgbb and 2 others own Paper Airplane Chase
PaperAirplaneChase DS
- Genre: Racing (DSiWare)
- Developer: Nintendo
- Publisher: Nintendo
Released North America Apr 27, 2009
- Player Info:
- Offline Multi-player (2-4)


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I was reading a bit of Mutex and semaphore.
I have piece of code
int func()
return i;
i is declared somewhere outside as a global variable. If i create counting semaphore with count as 3 won't it have a race condition? does that mean i should be using a binary semaphore or a Mutex in this case ?
Can somebody give me some practical senarios where Mutex, critical section and semaphores can be used.
probably i read lot. At the end i am a bit confused now. Can somebody clear the thought.
P.S: I have understood that primary diff between mutex and binary semaphore is the ownership. and counting semaphore should be used as a Signaling mechanism.


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Myrtle Beach, South Carolina / USA
278 views as of April 16, 2013, photo taken on February 9, 2013
My moment in time that will never be forgotten,
My childhood friend since 1974 Yvonne Carroll's birthday was February 9, 2013. It would have been her 49th birthday. In 32 days March 12, 2013, will be a year ago she passed away from cancer. I went to the Springmaid Pier to remember Yvonne on her birthday. I was hoping for a beautiful sunrise or even a dolphin or two since they had been spotted there several times in the past week. After about a half hour of taking photos I found 3 bottles with messages in them, all within 10 feet of each other. I thought it was a joke or set up, so I really didn't think much of it. Seriously, who finds 3 bottles with messages in them at one time, it's rare to find 1, and I found 3. I did bring one bottle home with me…what the heck…if it's a joke then the jokes on me. It was actually a plastic bottle and the cork was hard to get out since it was saturated with water, so I cut the top of the bottle off with a knife. The paper was damp and tweezers were damaging the paper, so I used my blow dryer to dry the paper. When I was able to get the paper out all I could do was cry. The message said…I'm praying for you and love you. I felt like Yvonne was watching over me and was there with me on that day…on her birthday. She knew I was there to celebrate her. She will always be in my heart. Best day I had in a long time. I love and miss my friend very much!!
On March 12, 2013, I wrote my story about Yvonne on paper and in a beautiful corked bottle that I had for years as a nick knack, I put the story in it. I hopefully sealed it tightly enough with the cork then I dipped the top in wax several times. The morning of the 12th was rainy and I didn't make it to the pier, but as sunset was coming soon the skies cleared and I went to the end of Springmaid Pier and sent Yvonne's story into the ocean. I made sure to add Yvonne's message…I'm praying for you and love you. I also left my name and contact information. I hope someone finds it and it brings a smile to their face, as it did for me on Yvonne's birthday.
The bottle with the message.
My friend Yvonne and I at our 25 year class reunion in 2007.
Featured in the "Superbly Visual" group
Featured in the "Down By The Sea" group
Featured in the "Meaningful Moment" group
What a wonderful shot!! Love this image, fantastic work!!! :))))))))))))))
Thank you Vicki! The story behind finding this bottle means so much and I'm so glad I found it and captured the moment of it.
– ©Dawne M. Dunton
Lovely Shot;i l always wanted to do that(put a message in a bottle & send it out to sea,that is:-)
Thank you! I hope you get the chance to send a message. You never know who's day you could make just a little better with a wonderful message!! If you read my description on this photo, you'll see this was one of the best things that happened to me!! :)
– ©Dawne M. Dunton
Congratulations! Superb Work!
Thank you so much for the feature!
– ©Dawne M. Dunton
Wonderful! Thank you very much!
– ©Dawne M. Dunton
Thank you aprilann!
– ©Dawne M. Dunton
Your story paired with this beautiful image brought tears to my eyes………. Yvonne is lucky to have had a friend like you. She will forever live in your heart and the memories you have of your time together;
Bine, thank you so much for your comment!! I was so blessed to have Yvonne in my life for so long and thankful she shared her last days with me. She will never be forgotten and always loved. I've already decided on March 12th the day she passed to write my experience on paper and put it in a bottle. I'm going down to the beach where I found the other bottles and toss mine into the ocean. I hope that whoever finds mine and reads the story will experience the same feeling of love and prayer as I did.
– ©Dawne M. Dunton
Thanks for sharing your Meaningful Moment with the group!
You can find all the featured artwork in our Permanent Feature Gallery and on our Home Page.
Click HERE and enter or vote in our current challenge(s).
your host, April
Thank you so much for this April! I know you know what this means to me!! HUGZ
– ©Dawne M. Dunton
Beautiful! Love the compositiion of this.
Thank you so much Keeawe!!
– ©Dawne M. Dunton
Thanks for sharing with us in the Just for you Group…Beautifully captured
Thank you!!
– ©Dawne M. Dunton
Beautiful shot and story and dedication!
Thank you very much!!
– ©Dawne M. Dunton


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I have long bragged about being the best bargain hunter around. And so here I am to prove it. I got $100 dollars from my grandma for Christmas so I decided to go shopping and get myself some clothes yesterday, which I am in desperate need of. I even amazed myself at what I got for the money!
2 spaghetti strap tank tops (for layering)
3 tank tops, also for layering but also for smoothing since they are the seamless kind
5 shirts of various styles
1 pair of way cute jeans (they are in the pic under the boots and other pants)
1 pair of dressy pants
1 pair of black boots with a nice heel
3 scarves, they feel like cashmerre!
2 pairs of gloves to match scarves, I already had black ones and the gray ones aren't pictured
1 belt
What would you expect all that to normally cost? I don't know since I never pay full price for anything!
My total- $88!! I even amazed myself. And I am not kidding! Only one thing was over $10 and only 2 other things were over $5. I love clearance!
And here is the picture of all my loot- it doesn't look cheap, does it?
So, are there any other cheapskates out there like me?


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Sunday March 15th at 11am
This is our special Sunday of the year that w we set apart to honour not just the mothers among us but all mothers. Always a joyous and uplifting occassion. Be there if you can
God bless
Sunday March 15th at 11am
This is our special Sunday of the year that w we set apart to honour not just the mothers among us but all mothers. Always a joyous and uplifting occassion. Be there if you can
God bless
Our Easter programs this year.
Palm Sunday - 29th March, 11am to 1pm
Maundy (Passover) Thursday - April 2nd from 7:30pm to 9pm
Good Friday - April 3rd from 6pm to 8pm
Easter (Resurrection) Sunday. April 5th 11am to 1pm
You'll find 'The House' a very hospitable church indeed - or at least we try to be :) If you need anything while you are visiting please ask anyone wearing a name tag. And please, please, please don't leave without filling out a guest card and collecting your 'GUEST PACK' The pack has quite a few things you'll like; a DVD, a very good and readable small book by Rick Warren titled 'What on Earth Am I Here For', our church brochure and other stuff you might find useful.
Could we also encourage you to wait behind after the service? That's so you can join everyone for after service refreshments in our CAFÉ 3:16 at the back of the church. We have a welcome table set up especially for our first time guests. It would also give you the opportunity to ask us any questions you want. God bless.WHAT TO WEAR?
The nearest train station to us is Prince Regent Lane (DLR) and buses are 147 and 473. We are just next to Custom House Library which itself is next to the local park (coming in from the A13) Our street address is 260 Prince Regent Lane, Custom House, London E16 3JJ and we are right on the corner of Jersey Rd. Bing Maps here
Our main Sunday service starts at 11.00am in the morning and it is usually for two hours. We also have periodic Bible study for adults from 10am.
Several members of our church will describe the church as a family church and this is somewhat true. We do run several courses in church that enhance a godly family life. We have put a few below but there are more. Please do send us an email if you are interested. Not all the courses run all the time but Marriage courses usually run around March and Alpha and Christianity Explored run dependent on demand. Happy reading!MARRIAGE COURSES
The Marriage Course
The Marriage Course is for any couple who wants to invest in their relationship, whether you have been together 1 or 61 years and whether you have a strong relationship or are struggling. You can find out more about the Marriage Course here >>
The Marriage Preparation Course
Most couples spend countless hours preparing for the wedding, but little, if any time preparing for married life. The Marriage Preparation Course can help you develop strong foundations for a lasting marriage. Find out more about the Marriage Preparation course here >>
The Art Of Marriage is a new one and a half day marriage event we are introducing in April 2012. If you are curious and want more information on the event please click here >> Of course we will be adapting a lot of things to fit into our own particular situation but the link gives you a good idea of what the event will look like. Interested? Send us an email so we can keep you in the picture. firstname.lastname@example.com COURSES
The church also runs 'Parenting Children' and Parenting Teenagers' courses any you'll find more information on our Discipleship and Life pages.


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Best Neighborhoods To Go Trick Or Treating In El Paso
Before you know it Halloween will be here and you're going to want to hit the best neighborhoods for trick or treating!
Before you know it Halloween will be here and you're going to want to hit the best neighborhoods for trick or treating!
We've all done it, but this guy has it down cold!
You think your dad embarrasses you in public? Wait'll you see this guy.
After a rough day of emotions, I think we all need to be blessed with a smile!
We know parents love their kids. They want what's best for them. But sometimes, mom and dad can be super annoying, and munchkins have no problem letting 'em know.
Not saying that I am not guilty of posting a boastful pic every once in awhile, but you know those people that brag every 5 seconds? This is for them...
We take for granted the little things in life. Like our heart beating strong every minute. But to 9 year old Matthew Olivas, its a big deal!
The England family in North Carolina went out to dinner one night with their special needs child, Riley, when out of nowhere the waitress informs the family that their bill has been paid for by a complete stranger.
Baby Camilo was diagnosed with a congenital heart defect, also referred to as "half a heart".
The oldest Jonas Brother, Kevin Jonas, and his wife announced they were expecting a baby back in July -- and now, thanks to the wonders of technology, we know it's going to be a little girl.
Congrats, guys!
Here's a helpful guide to teenager lingo. You hear all the kids talking and you just go along with their abbreviations and nonsense. Now you don't have to! It's the Patty Campos Teen Lingo for Dummies.


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Owner Lauri Martineau leads the programs at Joy Fitness Studio in Canton.
- Filed Under
Observer: Tell us about your business, including the products and services you provide.
Joy Fitness: We offer about 100 classes each month, including cases that are designed to be safe for the joints, ideal for the Baby Boomer generation. Cardio classes include Zumba, Zumba Gold and we're the only studio in Wayne County offering BodyCombat by Les Mills. Strength training classes include BodyPump and Pilaxing. Strength/Cardio combos include Intervals, Zumba Toning, Step N Pump, Kettle Core and Cardio Circuit.
Flexibility/Abs: Yoga, Stretch and Relax, Pilates; Small Group Training: Led by a certified personal trainer, small group training is designed to focus on reaching specific goals with increased attention on proper form for maximum effectiveness. We use small and specialized equipment such as weights, kettleballs and TRX Suspension System. Personal Training: Our Certified Personal Trainers work with members to assess their strengths and weaknesses to create a workout plan to best help achieve fitness goals. We provide guidance every step of the way which leads to faster results. Pilates: We have professional Pilates equipment including the Reformer, the Cadillac and Split Level Stability Chair. This equipment can help people continue their recovery following physical therapy or for someone who is looking to increase performance for a sport or marathon. We are trained for thousands of exercise and will design a program specific to the member.
Fitness Challenges: We offer periodic challenges for women to take time to focus on themselves and their health. These eight-week challenges offer members an opportunity to meet others, address many types of fitness issues and have extra accountability in a fun environment.
Observer: How did you first decide to open your business?
Joy Fitness: Research shows that a lot of the old bulky machines aren't helping strengthen muscles in a way that supports regular activities and daily living. We wanted to offer a place that offers more functional exercise and more guidance from certified trainers to ensure members get the best workout experience possible.
Observer: What makes your business unique?
Joy Fitness: Our studio is smaller and more intimate which allows us to provide a personal and friendly atmosphere. Our women-only environment offers a more comfortable environment for most women. Additionally, we focus on members getting the right workout for them. We always include modification options so that women can work safely at their fitness level. We also design our Circuit of the Month program and several classes to be safe for older, active women. (Men can come in for personal training on weekends.)
Observer: How has it changed since you opened?
Joy Fitness: Over the past 10 years, we have listened to all of our members' valuable feedback and applied it to create a studio that fits the needs of women.
Observer: Do you have an anecdoate or a funny tidbit to share?
Joy Fitness: If service or delivery men come in the studio during classes, the women have been known to embarrass themselves, but all in good fun. One time in particular, I remember two nice-looking younger men came in to work on our plumbing and the ladies asked them to take off their shirts. The guys actually blushed and were speechless. We really do have fun around here.
Observer: How has the recent economy affected your business?
Joy Fitness: We help to teach members to make themselves a priority. If you are trying to save money, this isn't the place to make a cut. Without your health, you will have nothing else.
Observer: Any advice for business owners?
Joy Fitness: Whatever time frame you are told for build-out, double it. Whatever amount you think it will cost to run, triple it. Whatever number of customers you think you need to be profitable, quadruple it.
Observer: What's in store for the future of your business?
Joy Fitness: We are always on top of the latest research-based innovations in the fitness industry. We keep things fun and fresh so members can get the results they want and enjoy fitness at the same time.


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Cold, Flu, & Cough Health Center
Prevent Flu: Don't Be Touchy
Resist the urge. Little habits -- touching eyes, putting finger to nose, biting nails -- give the flu virus a welcome mat into your system. A day or two later, when the first signs of flu hit you, you'll wonder -- how did I get the flu? When avoiding the flu, you've got to resist those habits.
"These are bad habits for many people," says Robert Schwartz, MD, chairman of family medicine at the University of Miami School of Medicine. "But they are the main way a virus gets into your system, via the oral and respiratory nasal route."
Recommended Related to Cold & Flu
Ask any doctor if you should take antibiotics for the flu, and you'll get a weary shake of the head and a resounding no. "Viral infections like the flu aren't affected by antibiotics," says William Schaffner, MD, chairman of the department of preventive medicine at Vanderbilt University's School of Medicine in Nashville. "You might as well take a placebo." Instead, antiviral medication can be used to treat the viral infections like the flu. But that is a different type of medicine than antibiotics...
Read the Antibiotics for the Flu? article > >
Making It Work: Nose-Picking Kids and Sticky Notes
Breaking your kids -- and yourself -- of these habits isn't easy, Schwartz notes. "It comes down to personal motivation. People who bring hands to face a lot put themselves more at risk of infection."
If you need reminders, a few tips: Sticky notes on your computer can help. Tape a note to your coffee mug, too. Put notes on your bathroom mirror at home, on the car dashboard, on the kitchen cabinets, the fridge, closet, purse, briefcase. Note to self: PREVENT FLU.
"You can remind kids not to touch their eyes, nose, or mouth -- which is hard because kids like to pick their noses," says Rachel Orscheln, MD, an infectious disease specialist and pediatrician at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis.
To make the message effective, you can't just say it out of context, Orscheln notes. "They have to remember that now is cold and flu season, and eyes and nose are how germs get into the body. Remind them, too, that they need to wash hands often."
How important is this flu prevention tip? It depends on your perspective. Sometimes a little sickness can be healthy in the long run.
Erica Brownfield, MD, a professor of internal medicine at Emory University School of Medicine in Atlanta, says that exposure to germs is actually good for kids. "I'm not as paranoid about germs as some people. I let my kids touch and eat and do whatever they want to do. I think it builds up the immune system."
Today on WebMD
Loaded with tips to help you avoid food allergy triggers.
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Comment: Re:Common sense (Score 1) 493
So, no water, no salt.
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So, no water, no salt.
I highly recommend Good Omens, co-authored with Neil Gaiman.
According to the IAU definition, the north pole for a major planet (or one of its satellites) is the pole on the same side of the ecliptic as the Earth's north pole, the North Celestial Hemisphere. By this definition, Venus and Uranus are retrograde rotators -- they rotate clockwise about their north poles.
For comets and minor planets (including Dwarf planets), the north pole is the pole about which the body rotates counterclockwise. So the north pole of a retrograde-rotating asteroid points into the South Celestial Hemisphere.
This brings us (as do all topics that mention the IAU) to Pluto. Pluto rotates retrograde. It was once considered a major planet, so it's north pole would have been on the same side of the ecliptic as ours. But as a dwarf planet, the opposite definition applies. Even before the 2006 decision, the convention was inconsistently applied. Papers have been published using each definition of the north pole, and they're not always good about stating which convention they used. With New Horizons on the doorstep, we're going to need consistency for mapping and navigation. So I believe the mission has decided to use the current IAU definition consistently to avoid any confusion. There was a huge fight over the coordinate system of Vesta on the Dawn mission, and we don't want that.
I've never found the antipodal argument convincing. Seismic waves converge at the antipode of an impact only if the target is spherically symmetric and isotropic. In the actual Earth, you have reflections off all kinds of laterally varying boundaries. Also, the sound speed differs substantially between continental and oceanic crust, so the path matters quite a bit.
The Chixulub impact is also not that big (as planetary-scale impacts go). The projectile was what, 10 km? Shock heating is only significant within a few times the projectile diameter.
It's not liquid, it's not hot, and it's not magma.
To be fair, this is basically what's happening.
It goes down every day on its own. They just went way out west and built the lab in the spot where the Sun sets.
What's in your wallet?
It's not clear from the summary (or the linked article), but this isn't a mission at this point. This is a concept selected for Phase I study.
From the NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) news release:
"NIAC Phase I awards are approximately $100,000, providing awardees the funding needed to conduct a nine-month initial definition and analysis study of their concepts. If the basic feasibility studies are successful, proposers can apply for Phase II awards, which provide up to $500,000 for two more years of concept development."
This effort is independent of the ongoing Europa mission studies (e.g. the Clipper concept.) The Draper concept may end up getting a mission if the results prove promising. Personally, I have doubts that this will prove credible, but that's the whole point of the NIAC studies.
And for goodness sake, don't let them drive the bus.
Not the whole ring system. Only the A-D rings are within the Roche limit. But the phenomenon discussed here is happening in the A-ring, so this limitation does indeed apply. I don't understand how a moon could accrete here.
Actually, I always had wanted Stewart cast as Denethor. Not only could he have played the character much closer to how he's portrayed in the book, he'd have been a great foil to McKellen's Gandalf.
We certainly will be observing this comet with our Mars spacecraft. http://www.nasa.gov/jpl/mars/c...
In fact, there was a practice run with ISON last year. I think the goal is to point every telescope in the solar system at this thing during the pass.
Well, at least the Canadian pennies should stop being such a problem. They stopped making them a couple years ago. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/...
Somebody's terminal is dropping bits. I found a pile of them over in the corner.