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Wintering Potted Figs in the far north
I have a fig in a pot that I have had for about a year and a half, it was tiny when I purchased it, probably it was from a cutting that was only a few months old. Last year, before I had run across this forum, and educated myself a little, I just wintered it by my sunniest window where it continued to grow all winter long. I put it back outside this spring, and it just keeps growing. No figs, but I didnt really expect any this year.This winter, my plan is to let it go dormant. We have already had a light frost, so some of the leaves have blackened, but most are still alive and healthy.
My question is about temperatures. I have searched on this forum, but I dont see anyone dealing with weather as cold as we get here (occasionally down to -30 F). I will not be able to hold it between 25-45 degrees. My garage will certainly get colder than that when it goes sub zero. I have a workshop area that is a converted attached garage, that I keep the heat at 55-65 most of the winter, and I am sure the concrete slab floor is cooler than that. My question is, should I try to keep it in the garage (colder) as long as the weather is above 20 outside and then pull it into the workshop only when it is colder? or can I keep it in the workshop all winter ? Once it is inside, should it be wrapped to keep it dark? It is big enough that hauling in and out will be a lot of work. It did beautifully inside growing all last winter, but it is huge now and all the advice here says dont do that. I winter over large lantana in pots in the workshop every year, letting them dry out and lose most of their leaves, but they start leaving out again in Feb, next to a window. Any advice is appreciated.
This is what it looked like at the end of last winter.
This is what it looked like a few weeks ago
If I where you I would look into getting a thermastat controled helectric heater. If you get one set it to come on around 19 degrees or somewhat warmer. I picked a nice one up on Craigs list. It could do the whole garage if I let it. I was lucky it does take 220 volt to run it and many years ago I ran a 220 line into my unheated garage to support a through the wall running a A/C unit. I had to make up a heavy duty 25 foot extension cord with the proper plug so I could place the heater closer and facing the trees. Since I have done that I don't cover the trees any more but you might want to consider that for your tree.
I got this heater for 45 dollars. It will run up your electric bill some. You could also make up some sort of small box insulated around the tree. Just make sure it has a hole for ventalation in it. There are many ideas on this forum how one can be constructed.
Good luck
I sorry, but I cannot speak directly to you temp./storage problems, ...but, I can make a suggestion regarding moving this small fig from place to place. The pot doesn't seem too large, so I'd stick the plant on a cheap dolly and roll the tree around. It looks like you're growing this fig next to a cement walkway, so rolling ito your workshop may be the solution.
From what I have read on this forum, Figs should go through some kind of rest period, and maybe if you read about pinching back new growth, - this forum has plenty of information regarding this practice - you may be eating figs next season.
Good luck, and I hope I've helped you.


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Feb 10, 2014
Solidarity, SAAT 'unfair race practices' case progressingBack
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In 2011, Solidarity referred the case of unfair discrimination on the grounds of race to the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA) on behalf of the three members, after which the CCMA referred the case to the Labour Court in 2012.
Groenewald explained that the facts in the SAAT case were virtually identical to those in the Renate Barnard affirmative action lawsuit, in which the Appeal Court found that the mechanical implementation of race targets amounted to an unlawful quota system.
"As in the Barnard case, [at SAAT] posts have been reserved for black candidates despite the fact that white candidates have applied and have been found suitable for the advertised posts.
"Three white men, members of Solidarity and who are acting in the positions, have been overlooked for permanent appointment, simply because of the colour of their skin. Moreover, there haven't been suitable black candidates to fill the positions. The candidates have been openly told that, although they were competent to be appointed in the positions, a decision had been taken to reserve the posts," Solidarity said.
Groenwald said following Monday's proceedings, one of the members would be appointed with retrospective effect, from April 1, 2011, and compensated accordingly by SAAT, while the case of the other two members would proceed on Tuesday.
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The Chamber of Commerce held ribbon cuttings for two new local businesses, including Young Living Essential Oils, part of Optimal Heath LLC., in Riverwalk Square, 127 N. Main and Broz Sports Bar & Grill.
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One woman's legacy brings enduring artistry to River Falls Church
Even death couldn't stop the late Joany Shephard from making a difference at her church. Shephard was a well-known member of the St. Bridget Catholic Church community, and a unique one, according to her friend and fellow St. Bridget member Ann Schwalbach. She said Shephard...
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March 26, 2015 - 4:30pm
Problems with school funding discussed in River Falls
Two former state lawmakers will oversee a presentation about public school funding, the impact of poverty, declining enrollments, and decreased state aid to schools in northwest Wisconsin, particularly rural ones, at 6:45 p.m. Thursday, March 26, at First Congregational United Church...
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March 26, 2015 - 9:30am
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Featured photo: Bear tracks
Cheryl Maplethorpe and her husband Phil Dean had a late-night visitor at about midnight, Wednesday morning. They were asleep in their home about five miles west of River Falls near County Road M when they heard a loud thud on their front deck. "We got up to investigate," Maplethorpe...
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March 25, 2015 - 3:17pm
Coffee with a cop this evening
You might want to grab a decaf tonight for Coffee with a Cop. It has a time change from it's usual morning meeting to 6 p.m. tonight Wednesday, March 25, at the Caribou in Family Fresh, 303 S. Main Street. "We are trying a new time in the evening so we could maybe get more people...
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March 25, 2015 - 10:17am
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March 25, 2015 - 10:02am
Bowls for Hope raises $6,225 for BRIDGE
Local artists, students and restaurants are among those who volunteered to help raise more than $6,000 to support an organization that helps disabled children. UWRF hosted the sixth annual Bowls for Hope event March 10 in the University Center. It brought in $6,225 for BRIDGE for...
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Featured column: A class act: Character of River Falls students shines for all
Competition is great. This winter sports season our high school athletes were very exciting to watch and quite competitive. From swimming to wrestling and basketball to gymnastics, our teams were fierce competitors and respected by opponents. Winning highlights include a third...
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March 20, 2015
Days Gone By
Wildcat head coach Greg Gaulke did a "happy dance" in front the Wildcat bench in the closing seconds of the Cats' win over Wausau East, giving the team a chance at state competition in March of 2005. At left statisticians Sarah Stoffa and Ashley Schorn embrace while behind Gaulke...
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To share your River Falls area events with the Journal, please email reporter Gretta Stark at email@example.com or Deb Eliason at email@example.com. This week in River Falls: Friday: Falls Theatre: Cinderella at 7 p.m. and 9 p.m. See a preview...
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March 19, 2015
Her business vision: Help others live healthy lives
Debra Overbye was looking for handmade soap for a friend when she discovered essential oils. A clerk in the shop she was in told her lavender helped her sleep. So Overbye gave it a shot. She bought lavender, and some peppermint, which she was told would help get rid of mice....
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Planetside 2 PS4 Gameplay Foootage 2014
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This looks cool, is there a release date for it yet?PSN ID: Duffman19864
Twitter ID: Duffman1986
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08-19-2014 #3
08-19-2014 #4Battlelog: MrUltraah | PSN: kipkebab92 | Steam: ultraah
Check out my collection of Special/Limited/Collectors Editions here!
08-19-2014 #5
08-20-2014 #6
I've played this on PC and was surprised at E3 2013 that this was going to be on PS4. Quite the technical marvel to have 2000 people on one server fighting in the same world. It takes some serious CPU power to pull that off. With that said, if they can lock 30 fps, it MIGHT be possible.
With that out of the way, this game is just plain HUGE. Every time I go back and play it, I wish I hadn't. It's scale is massive and so much about it on paper just makes me want to play it. But every time I do I regret even loading it up. It's a game that takes an insane amount of dedication and the learning curve is not for the faint of heart.
Some of you are in for quite the treat while others will be far too overwhelmed to consider it again.Most anticipated 2015: No Man's Sky
Most anticipated 2016: Star Citizen (PC)
Want to frag like it's 1999? Have a look at Toxikk on steam. Early access started 1/22/15. It's incredible..
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Planetside is kinda like Battlefield in that you need a competent commander, and/or platoon leader. I was on a few days ago with an outfit and the platoon commander was ace! Called out where people should be, told people how to get things done, and even orchestrated a conga line of scythes (with myself never having flown before), for a game of follow the leader through the trees.
speaking of trees, Planetside released a new map a few weeks ago:
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Woah. Them graphics.
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Yesterday, we highlighted a Newsmax column by John L. Perry essentially advocating a military coup to resolve the "Obama problem" (while, of course, claiming he was advocating no such thing). It's just the latest example of extreme right-wing rhetoric directed at President Obama.
Now, it appears that Newsmax has removed the column from its website; the link to it defaults to Perry's main column page. Fortunately, we made a copy.
As of this writing, Newsmax has posted no explanation or apology on its website -- arguably par for the course for Newsmax when it gets caught screwing up. But Media Matters has received the following statement from a Newsmax spokesperson:
In a blog posting to Newsmax John Perry wrote about a coup scenario involving the U.S. military. He clearly stated that he was not advocating such a scenario but simply describing one.
After several reader complaints, Newsmax wanted to insure that this article was not misinterpreted. It was removed after a short period after being posted.
Newsmax strongly believes in the principles of Constitutional government and would never advocate or insinuate any suggestion of an activity that would undermine our democracy or democratic institutions.
Mr. Perry served as a political appointee in the Carter administration in HUD and FEMA. He has no official relationship with Newsmax other than as an unpaid blogger.
Interesting that Newsmax makes a point of highlighting that Perry worked in the Carter administration, as if it somehow proves he's not really a right-wing nut. And its dismissal of Perry as nothing more than an "unpaid blogger" is a tad disingenous since Perry has been writing for Newsmax since 1999 and Perry's Newsmax bio touts how he "contributes a regular column to NewsMax.com."
Fox Nation has a thought-provoking question for their readers:
That is a good question. I've got a quick follow-up question of my own: Does Fox Nation not understand the difference between someone who writes a program and someone who uses it, or are they just making things up again?
Fox Nation is clearly implying that an Obama supporter authored this poll. But, as they are wont to do, they helpfully link to an article that completely undercuts that suggestion:
Jesse Farmer, of Bumbalabs in Palo Alto, Calif., has given permission for Facebook to reveal that he was the developer, but, significantly, not the author behind the poll that nauseated many Monday.
Whoops. The article goes on to point out that Farmer is an Obama supporter. However, as Farmer further explained in a diary posted on Daily Kos yesterday, he had nothing to do with authoring the poll itself and removed it as soon as it was brought to his attention:
Polls are created by other Facebook users, not me, anyone affiliated with me, or Facebook.
Thousands of polls are created daily, sometimes as many as 10,000. Each poll has as many as 2MM votes and 200k comments. Of those thousands of polls, most are gibberish and a few are offensive, libelous, or otherwise beyond the pale.
The poll was created Sunday evening and I deleted it first thing Monday morning.
Just to run through this again quickly: Jesse Farmer develops an application that allows Facebook users to create their own polls. The application becomes very popular, leading to thousands of polls created daily. Someone uses the application to create an incendiary, outrageous poll about President Obama. Fox Nation blames Jesse Farmer for posting the poll.
If Fox Nation is suggesting Farmer is at fault because he should have checked each of the several thousand polls first, I would just like to point out that Fox Nation would have had to read only the one article they link to in order to realize it disproves their headline.
I guess "Why Would An Obama Supporter Develop A Program That Someone Could Eventually Use To Post A Crazy Poll About Obama?" doesn't have quite the same ring to it.
From The Hill:
A cycle after the Democrats went all out to stretch the map to new lengths, Republicans are doing their best imitation. The GOP is attempting to go after a number of seats it hasn't pursued in decades, along with others that have gone by the wayside in recent cycles.
The hyper-aggressive strategy stems from "an environment shift" politically. The Hill stresses that, "the magnitude of the change in the environment" means the GOP is now landing better candidate. The "environment" is never defined, but readers can assume it's referring to a downturn for Democrats.
But as John Amato at Crooks & Liars recently noted, while the press seems completely tuned into polling data that might reflect poorly on Obama and Democrats, the same press seems utterly disinterested in GOP polling results that are worse.
Wrote Amato [emphasis added]:
Mitch McConnell is polling at an 18% approval rating. That's eighteen percent. John Boehner is polling at 12% approval rating. Just think about that one. And it doesn't take much to make him cry. Mitch and Boehner are viewed less favorably than Dick Cheney was during the dark days of the Bush administration. Why don't we hear about that on teevee? The overall approval ratings of Congressional Republicans is 17% as a party!
I have no doubt the RNC is expanding its list of targeted Democrats. But in reporting the strategy, news outlets such as The Hill ought to acknowledge that the GOP itself faces a very difficult "environment."
Fox Nation gets back "[a]board the Tea Party Express"
Fox Nation: "35,000 Show Up for July 4th Tea Party in Texas!"
Fox Nation starts "Countdown to Independence Day Tea Party!"
Fox Nation Still Promoting Tea Parties... Are You?
Even after it's over, Fox Nation still promoting Tea Party 2.0
Fox News' Hemmer: "Can't get to a tea party? Fox Nation hosts a virtual tea party.
Last time I checked in with the fringe pub's Matthew Vadum I was having trouble detecting anything even remotely coherent from his supposed blockbuster ("Special Report") about how Obama was going to desecrate the memory of 9/11, or something. It was lots of ranting about how Obama this year was going "to erase the meaning of the Sept. 11, 2001 terrorist attacks from the American psyche." (How'd that scoop pan out, Matthew?)
Vadum is back for another tumble through the looking glass. And after trying my best, and re-reading his efforts many times, I'm still not entirely sure what he's talking about. And a a journalist, I'm not sure that's the take-away you want to constantly leave readers. Just sayin.'
But, as best I can tell, Vadum on Tuesday claimed the White House's Patrick Gaspard used to work for ACORN. Why this matters, Vadum never really spells out. (i.e. He never claims any wrongdoing on Gaspard's part.) Readers are simply supposed to react in shock and anger, I guess, because ACORN's a massive criminal enterprise? Right on cue, the right-wing blogosphere reacted in horror. The ACORN scoop was huge news. Of course, it turns it wasn't true. (Pretty much by definition these days, a right-wing blog scoop has be false. That's just the way the game is played.)
Ben Smith at Politico knocked the story down the way journalists traditionally do (with facts), and then the central source in Vadum's story backtracked and conceded Gaspard never worked for ACORN.
So, with his scoop in shambles, what does Vadum do? Same thing he did in September when his Obama-9/11 story was in shambles. He doubles down with more impossible-to-follow fantasy, borderline sci-fi writing. This time, the gist is that ACORN to the Average Joe is such a mysterious and complex and un-knowing entity, that only Vadum, with his year's worth of dedicated ACORN 'reporting,' can really determine the facts. (Mere mortals like Smith aren't up to the task.) Only Vadum, using some sort of special right-wing, X-ray vision glasses, is able to tell the truth about ACORN. Only Vadum can properly connect the dots. And oh yeah, he has secret evidence that's he's not willing to disclose.
Question: Does Vadum still have secret evidence to prove how Obama was going to "erase the meaning" of Sept. 11? Just curious.
More than 60 advertisers have reportedly dropped their ads from Glenn Beck's Fox News program since he called President Obama a "racist" who has a "deep-seated hatred of white people." Here are his September 29 sponsors, in the order they appeared:
From John L. Perry's September 29 Newsmax column:
There is a remote, although gaining, possibility America's military will intervene as a last resort to resolve the "Obama problem." Don't dismiss it as unrealistic.
America isn't the Third World. If a military coup does occur here it will be civilized. That it has never happened doesn't mean it wont. Describing what may be afoot is not to advocate it.
Will the day come when patriotic general and flag officers sit down with the president, or with those who control him, and work out the national equivalent of a "family intervention," with some form of limited, shared responsibility?
Imagine a bloodless coup to restore and defend the Constitution through an interim administration that would do the serious business of governing and defending the nation. Skilled, military-trained, nation-builders would replace accountability-challenged, radical-left commissars. Having bonded with his twin teleprompters, the president would be detailed for ceremonial speech-making.
Military intervention is what Obama's exponentially accelerating agenda for "fundamental change" toward a Marxist state is inviting upon America. A coup is not an ideal option, but Obama's radical ideal is not acceptable or reversible.
Unthinkable? Then think up an alternative, non-violent solution to the Obama problem. Just don't shrug and say, "We can always worry about that later."
In the 2008 election, that was the wistful, self-indulgent, indifferent reliance on abnegation of personal responsibility that has sunk the nation into this morass.
UPDATE: Newsmax has removed the column. More here. And here's a copy of the column Newsmax removed.
From Rathke's September 29 post to his personal blog:
My "friends" on the right seem to be using me as a source for an attack at yet another new target: Patrick Gaspard, political director at the White House.
I have huge admiration for Patrick and have enjoyed my dealings with him over the years. In almost 1400 blogs I've done, sometimes I don't get it right, call it a senior moment or whatever it might be, but reading the blogsphere with me as a source took me back searching for whether or not I could be causing a problem here inadvertently. Patrick was never on the staff of ACORN. I double checked with people I still know there, and it appears that I dropped a stitch there. Hopefully my misstatement won't lead to the White House throwing him in front of the bus in this rush to neo-McCarthyism that has become so prominent. In this case, my memory tricked me. I'm glad to carry the weight and simply say I made a mistake, and damned if I'm not sorry and hope no damage is done to a good man doing a hard job.
MSNBC airs discredited allegation linking White House to ACORN
See, this is what happens when radical, right-wing partisan try to practice journalism. More times than not, they end up making fools of themselves. Because they have no idea how journalism works, nor do they care. And sure enough, Breitbart.tv became a laughing stock today when, driven by its blind hatred of Obama, the site claimed to have uncovered a video of community organizers praying to Obama.
Obedient right-wing bloggers then piled on, openly mocking a group of mostly African-Americans as they gathered in prayer. That's right, today's GOP Noise Machine, when not attacking school kids, sets aside time to ridicule people in prayer. (One right-wing site accused the organizers of "blasphemy.")
The punch line came when some sane people outside of Breitbart's hate circle actually watched the video and realized that the community organizers who gathered (nine months ago, BTW), weren't saying "Obama," but were saying "Oh God," which is typical when people are in prayer. In other words, Breitbart posted a video mocking a group of activists while they prayed to God and asked for guidance. Breitbart completely smeared the community organizers with an entirely trumped-up charge.
He bungled the audio when the whole point of the gotcha video was the words chanted on the audio. If the community organizers weren't saying "Obama," which they weren't, than the whole smear falls apart. Which it has.
Andrew, please tell us again how you're going to single-handedly re-invent conservative journalism. Because if this is what you have in mind, it's gonna be a laugh riot to watch.
UPDATED: Clueless right-wing bloggers are still touting Breitbart's misguided hatchet job (i.e the "shocking video"), even though Breitbart's site admits it has no idea what people are saying on the video.
UPDATED: Like I said, so much for conservative "journalism."
Here's Washington Post reporter Ezra Klein, on today's statements from Max Baucus and Chuck Schumer that they don't have 60 votes:
There are two questions here. The first is "60 votes for what?" Do they not have 60 votes in favor of a health-care plan that includes a public option? Or do they not have 60 votes against a filibuster of a health-care plan that includes a public option? If it's the former, that's okay: You only need 51. If it's the latter, that's a bigger problem. But I'd be interested to hear which Democrats will publicly commit to filibustering Barack Obama's health-care reform bill. If that's such a popular position back home, why aren't more Democrats voicing it loudly?
Hey, that's a great point!
Actually, it reminds me of something I wrote a month ago:
Would Joe Lieberman really filibuster health insurance reform favored by Obama and the overwhelming majority of Senate Democrats after Obama and those same Senate Democrats did Lieberman the favor of allowing him to continue to chair the Government Affairs Committee after Lieberman ran against the Democratic nominee for his seat, endorsed the Republican presidential candidate, and attacked Obama in a speech at the Republican National Convention? Remember, he didn't even filibuster the "seriously flawed" bankruptcy bill he opposed in 2005.
Would John McCain really filibuster health insurance reform favored by a majority of the U.S. Senate just a year after voters chose Obama's approach to health care over his own?
Maybe. It's certainly possible. But isn't it odd that nobody has asked them? That the news media, which insist over and over that cloture is what matters, don't ask senators who express skepticism about, or opposition to, health care reform whether they will filibuster it?
I suspect there is some universe of senators -- I have no idea how many -- who want to kill health care reform (or at least large parts of it, like the public option) but who aren't willing to have its blood on their hands. So they calibrate their public statements in an effort to scare off advocates of a public option, hoping that, as a result, they never have to cast a vote against it.
Because if it comes to a vote, they'll have an awfully hard time filibustering legislation that would make health care available to all and more affordable for those who already have it. They'll have an awfully hard time casting a vote to deny a floor vote to legislation that enjoys the support of the majority of both houses of Congress and is the top legislative priority of a president elected on a promise of health care reform just last year.
I understand why they would take this approach. They want to avoid taking a definitive position on a contentious issue -- particularly on the question of whether they'd filibuster health care reform. That's completely understandable, if not admirable. And they're trying to shape health care reform through their vague-but-ominous statements. That's understandable, too -- it's a basic element of negotiation.
What is harder to understand is why so many reporters would help politicians avoid taking a stand.
Maybe it's finally time for reporters to start asking Senators if they will filibuster the public option -- not just whether they support it, or think it has enough votes. Will they filibuster it?
Given how much reporters write and say about the need for 60 votes to break a filibuster, it's pretty stunning that they never get around to asking Senators whether they'll vote to sustain or end a filibuster.


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Egg hunts and many other special events are happening all over Virginia this weekend. Don't miss out!
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'Evil Dead' Remake Shows Off Its Book of the DeadDamon Houx October 31, 2012 @ 7:30 PM
To get in the mood for tonight's spooky activities. 'Evil Dead' - the remake of 1981's horror classic 'The Evil Dead' - has shown us its re-imagining of the book and cover of Necronomicon ex Mortis. Though it may not be as well known as Jason's hockey mask, or Freddy's knife-glove, it's definitely one of the most memorable props in horror history.


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In a shallow 2-quart glass baking dish arrange fillets.
In a small bowl mix wine and teriyaki sauce.
Pour over fillets.
Sprinkle with green onions and basil.
Cover loosely with plastic warp.
Microwave on High for 8 to 9 minutes or until fish flakes easily, turning dish 1/2 turn after 4 minutes.


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Richmond- Where can i get free compost/horse manure?
Please let me know, where I can get free compost/horse manure?
I have been able to acquire excellent mulch(free) part of it has been cooking all winter. Henrico service areas have huge quantities of mulch(ground leaves and wood bark. I have had to make several trip accompanied with muscles ache to get these but its worth it. So if anyone's looking for this mulch you know where to find it.
Also, if you know of a place where I can get free wood pallet, wood for raised beds(that someone wants to get rid of) please let me know, i would appreciate it very much.
A new Gardener,
Check the yellow pages phone book under horses and try calling breeders or trainers. Many places are glad for you to take it off their hands if you will pick it up. Others may even deliver for a price.
For pallets, try calling some hardware stores or plumbing supply businesses. Some have them free for the taking.
Also try craigslist.org - I see postings under the "free" tab quite often for people looking to get ride of scrap wood.
Also, I don't know if there is a livestock market near you, but you might check them out for the manure. The livestock market in Orange will load your pickup truck or trailer with all the poop it can hold for only $10. I know it's not free, but it's quite cheap.
Good luck with the gardening!
~ Christine :)
About the wood for raised beds, I'm in the planning stages on my new beds too. A guy on craigslist is selling railroad ties for $8 each. (avg dimensions 9 foot long, 9 inches wide, 7 inches tall) I'm a little iffy on using them for edible plants, since they were treated with creasote, but if he's got some older/weathered ones (so most of the chemicals would have leached out a long time ago), I think that's my plan!
Hanover County dumps also do the free mulch thing.
Anybody know where to get inexpensive wire for putting under my raised beds to keep the moles out?
The trouble with railroad ties is that they're treated with chemicals you don't want leaching into your plants.


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Update to Skype for LinuxFeb 07, 2008
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Skype 2.0 Beta now gives Linux users the video functionality that Windows and Mac users have enjoyed for several months.more »
Lucasfilm Goes for Trolltech's QtOct 16, 2007
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Jacklab Audio Distribution 1.0 for Media ArtistsSep 18, 2007
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Issue 174/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
Microsoft Frees Code for .NET Build Engine
MSBuild is now just another GitHub project as Redmond continues its path to the light.
Researchers Demonstrate Hack by Heat
Malware could pass data and commands between disconnected computers without leaving a trace on the network.
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Old Vulnerabilities Are Kept Alive Through Bad Configuration
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Microsoft Frees CoreCLR
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Zero Day Exploits Target Flash
Adobe scrambles to release patches for vulnerable Flash Player.


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Information Security in Wireless Sensor Networks Prof. Stephan Olariu Sensor Network Research Group Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23529-0162 U.S.A. NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 1 Conquering scale NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 2 How do we conquer scale? Golden Rule: Divide and Conquer! Graft a virtual infrastructure on top of physical network How is this done? special-purpose: protocol driven general purpose: designed without regard to protocol General-purpose infrastructure should be leveraged by many protocols! NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 3 Localized protocols Sensor network topology changes frequently Self-organization must be adaptive to local changes Global protocols require global information for making local decisions: global protocols do not scale! Localized protocols require only local information for sensor decisions Maintenance must also remain local NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 4 Components of the virtual infrastructure Dynamic coordinate system location-based identifiers coarse-grain location awareness Clustering scheme cheap scalability Middleware work model hierarchical specification of work and QoS task-based management model low-level implementation of work model NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 5 Remember polar coordinates? The polar coordinates of a point x in the plane are its polar angle (x), and its polar distance (x) This is nice but does not scale NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 6 The idea Instead of a fine-grain location settle for a coarse- grain approximation NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 7 The dynamic coordinate system Training performed by AFN Mine too! My coordinates are (4,2) Components: coronas wedges Individual sensors acquire corona number wedge number Resulting coordinate system is dynamic and does not require sensor IDs NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 8 The cluster structure Cluster: locus of all sensors having the same coordinates Clustering falls out for free once coordinate system available Accommodates sensors with no IDs Clusters can be further subdivided – color graphs NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 9 Middleware for sensor networks NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 10 Detailed view of sensor network system deployment area Internet/satellite Low- Low-level tasks/queries user Returned high- high-level results Interests (tasks/queries) Sink (mobile/airborne) sensors (connection to outside world) local sink node (in- (in-network data repositories) NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 11 Why middleware? Middleware provides standardized and portable system abstractions Standardizes interface to sensor networks Requirements for middleware: negotiate QoS parameters on behalf on network support and coordinate concurrent applications translate high-level complex goals into low-level tasks coordination among sensors handle heterogeneity of sensors NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 12 The work model Interest Application level Task Network/cluster level Capability Sensor level Primitive operations NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 13 The work model Application layer Interest Interest Result set, status Negotiated QoS (error conditions, etc.) - Middleware Event Micro-task Results, status Sink Communication Capability (P-tasks+QoS) CPL CPL CPL sensor 1 sensor 2 sensor n Clusterr level Sensor Network Layer NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 14 A task-based management scheme NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 15 Developing a task-based management scheme The problem is to develop, based on the work model, a task-based management scheme that supports: Automated mapping of application level units of work to network level units of work subject to the negotiated QoS constraints For a network level unit of work, a scalable recruiting scheme for dynamically assigning sensors to the workforce performing this unit of work, subject to energy constraints Supporting secure group communications among sensors NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 16 Task-based management A task is a tuple T(A,c,S,D,,q) where: A – action to be performed c – color set to be used S – source cluster D – destination cluster – routing path from S to D q – desired QoS level NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 17 Complexity of collaboration Sensor limitations make collaboration imperious Fundamental problems for effective collaboration anonymity scale For example, consensus building protocols such as contention resolution, leader election, synchronization, invariably assume unique identifiers Therefore, classical collaboration schemes are not adequate for sensor networks with anonymous nodes NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 18 Information assurance in sensor networks NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 19 What is information assurance? Information operations that protect and defend information and information systems ensuring their availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality, and non repudiation. This includes providing for restoration of information systems by incorporating protection, detection, and reaction capabilities NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 20 Key components Network survivability: ability of the network to function in the wake of failures by minimizing their impact Information availability (information survivability): need for a user to have uninterrupted and secure access to information on the network Network security: attempts to provide basic security services Information security: an ongoing process that utilizes software and hardware to help secure information flow NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 21 Thus… Information assurance is more inclusive than information security Assurance involves not only protection and detection but also reaction (mainly survivability and dependability of the system that has been subject to successful attack) It also includes proactive (offensive) information operations, termed information warfare, against attackers NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 22 Information security NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 23 What happens in the wired world? In wired communications signal confined in copper or optical fiber Precautions taken to avoid unauthorized access devices are physically protected cabling is protected from eavesdropping firewalls are installed Attacks of interruption and interception of data unlikely (but possible) The main thrust is securing the access point rather than the application! NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 24 What happens in the wireless? It is not possible to avoid unauthorized devices to reach the network area Any device within reach of radio-frequency signals can get access to data being transmitted Thus, attacks of interruption and interception of data are likely What can be done: spread spectrum increases the difficulty for signal interruption eavesdropping It is important to understand that wireless communications affect only the physical, data link and network layers of the OSI stack In particular, all methods of cryptography developed at transport layer and above remain valid: can we afford them?? NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 25 A taxonomy of security-related problems Operational security concerns Application level the main focus is on techniques that guarantee a desired application-level functionality Network level the main concern revolves around techniques that ensure secure communications in sensor networks NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 26 A taxonomy of security-related problems Infrastructure security concerns Goal: protect the infrastructure throughout the network lifetime Problem: develop a scheme to secure infrastructure against an external adversary such that: the scheme will work uniformly during training (construction of the infrastructure), and network operation phases the scheme will work assuming threats to confidentiality, integrity, availability, as well as threats to the physical layer (jamming) NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 27 Major insecurities in sensor networks Problems arising from lack of individual IDs authentication is hard non-repudiation is hard to enforce node impersonation is easy Problems arising from sleep-awake cycles and system longevity trust relationships hard to establish Eavesdropping: may give an adversary access to secret information violating confidentiality Sensors run the risk of being compromised by infiltration by tampering NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 28 Security goals Availability: ensures the survivability of network services despite denial-of-service (DoS) attacks Confidentiality: ensures that information is not disclosed to unauthorized entities Integrity: guarantees that a message being transferred is never corrupted Authentication: enables a node to ensure the identity of the peer node with which it communicates Non-repudiation: ensures that the origin of a message cannot deny having sent the message Anonymity: hide sources, destinations and routes NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 29 A succinct list of attacks Eavesdropping: an attacker that monitors traffic can read the data transmitted and gather information by examining the source of a packet, its destination, size, number, and time of transmission Traffic analysis: allows an attacker to determine that there is activity in the network, the location of base stations, and the type of protocol being used in the transmission Man-in-the-middle: attack establishes a rogue intermediary pretending to be a valid sensor Tampering: involves compromising data stored inside sensor usually by node capturing DoS attacks: can be grouped into three categories disabling of service (e.g., sinkhole, HELLO flood attack), exhaustion, and service degradation (e.g., selective forwarding attack) Can we guard against them? NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 30 Philosophy of our solution "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 31 What do we do? Physical-layer encoding: virtually stamps out infiltration by the adversary Also, leverage the virtual infrastructure! Problems discussed tamper resistance authentication traffic anonymity NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 32 Genetic material Prior to deployment sensors are injected with the following genetic material: a public-domain pseudo-random number generator an initial time -- at this point all the sensors are synchronous to the sink Each sensor can generate pointers into: a random sequence t1, t2, …, ti, …, of time epochs a random sequence n1, n2, …, ni, …, of frequency channels for every ni a random hopping sequence fi1, fi2, …, fip, …, NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 33 Illustrating time epochs, etc NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 34 Synchronization – generalities Synchronization does not scale! Thus, synchronization must be short-lived task-based Just prior to deployment, the sensors are synchronized Due to clock drift re-synchronization is necessary Sensors synchronize by following the master clock running at the sink Idea: determine the epoch and the position of the sink in the hopping sequence corresponding to the epoch NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 35 Synchronization – the details The sink dwells micro-seconds on each frequency in hopping sequence Assume that when a sensor wakes up during its local time epoch ti the master clock is in one of the time epochs ti-1, ti, or ti+1 Each sensor knows the last frequencies i-1, i, and i+1 on which the sink will dwell in the time epochs ti-1, ti, and ti+1 The strategy: tune in, cyclically, to i-1, i, and i+1 spending time /3 units on each of them NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 36 Synchronization – the details (cont'd) Assume the sensor meets the sink on frequency i in some unknown slot s of ti-1, ti, or ti+1 To verify the synchronization, the sensor attempts to meet the sink in slots s+1, s+2 and s+3 according to its own frequency hopping for epoch ti+1 If a match is found, the sensor declares itself synchronized Otherwise, it will return to scanning frequencies NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 37 Making sensors tamper-resistant Philosophy: no additional hardware! Tampering threat model for sensors forcing open in-situ removal from the deployment area Play it safe: if in doubt blank out memory NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 38 Using neighborhood signatures Immediately after deployment each sensor transmits on a specified sets of frequencies, using a special frequency hopping sequence Each sensor collects an array of signal strengths from the sensors in its locale NSA – the Neighborhood Signature Array Removal from deployment area changes in the NSA! NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 39 NSA-based authentication Idea: neighbors exchange NSA information, creating a matrix of signatures A sensor that wishes to communicate with a neighbor identifies itself with its own NSA Upon receiving the NSA the sensor checks its validity Additional twist: store several instances of the matrix of NSAs Authentication dialogue: "what is your second to the last NSA?" NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 40 Handling DoS attacks Our physical-layer encoding + Tamper resistance + Infrastructure anonymity Make DoS attacks next-to-impossible! NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 41 What is anonymity? Think of e-voting: the source of a message must be protected Denial of service: the destination must be anonymous Mutual anonymity: both source and destination of a communication remain anonymous to each other Traffic anonymity is extremely important! Structural anonymity NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 42 Anonymity in SN Goal: prevent DoS attacks data sinks traffic patterns communication paths virtual infrastructure Threat model internal adversary – observes local traffic external adversary – observes the entire network network has not been infiltrated Strategy: hide source, destination and routing paths Tactics: add noise to traffic However, adding noise (spurious traffic) is expensive NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 43 An example NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 44 Our solution Randomize destinations time-dependent destinations task-dependent destinations Randomize traffic stipulating paths in transaction computing time-dependent paths NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 45 Traffic anonymity: centralized solution NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 46 Traffic anonymity: distributed solution Idea: time-dependent routing! Time is rules into epochs t1, t2, … ti … Generic epoch ti has own routing scheme NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 47 Secure group communications in SN SN environments are inherently collaborative Groups of sensors need to communicate securely, e.g. nodes participating in a transaction nodes collocated in a cluster Conventional public key cryptography is infeasible (why?) Group key management and distribution is one way to support secure group communications Group key management challenges in SN include sensor anonymity, massive large scale, resource limitations, etc. NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 48 A key distribution scheme for secure communications This scheme supports group key initialization and subsequent group key management in the trained SN The scheme draws on Exclusion Basis Systems (EBS), a combinatorial formulation of the key distribution problem The scheme leverages the infrastructure in two ways: it leverages the training protocol for the purpose of group key initialization, and it leverages the coordinate system during network operation for mapping a particular node, using its location as hash key, to the set of EBS keys the node currently holds NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 49 Major highlights of EBS In EBS systems, each group member is assigned a unique subset of keys from a key pool Specifically, an EBS is defined as a collection of subsets of the set of members Each subset corresponds to a key and the elements of a subset are the sensors that have that key An EBS is characterized by the triple E(n,k,m), where n is number of members numbered 1 to n k is size of the subset of keys each member holds, and m is the number of re-key messages needed to evict any member (and re-key the system) NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 50 Major highlights of EBS (cont'd) To construct EBS(n,k,m) for feasible n,k, and m, we employ a canonical enumeration of all possible ways of forming k- subsets of objects from a set of k+m objects M0 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 K1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 K2 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 K3 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 K4 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 K5 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 T 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 S 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 U 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Canonical matrix for EBS(10,3,2) Rows correspond to keys in the key pool (not shaded), and session key (shaded) Columns correspond to members NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 51 EBS at work: key initialization Let the EBS system in use be EBS(n,k,m) At pre-deployment each node is loaded with k, m and the set {k1,k2, …,kk+m} that represent the EBS key pool, in addition to the state loaded for training purposes Each node x computes independently the set of keys assigned to it as follows: start do the training protocol (node side) Corona(x), Wedge(x) hash key = Calculate the unique cluster Id(C(x),W(x)) Calculate sub-cluster Id and use that as hash key myK-subset = Hash(Canonical matrix of EBS(n,k,m) hash key) NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 52 stop Key initialization – an example Assume EBS(32,3,4), and a coordinate system with 2 coronas and 8 wedges Also, assume that the population in each cluster is to be divided to 2 sub-clusters the details of the sub-clustering scheme are omitted here: each node places itself in a sub- cluster in its own cluster Suppose Corona(x)= 1 and Wedge(x)=4 Node x computes the set of keys assigned to it NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 53 Key initialization – an example (cont'd) (1,2) (1,1) (0,2) (0,1) (1,3) (0,3) (1,0) (0,0) (0,4) (0,7) 1. Choose at random a sub cluster (say 0) (1,4) (0,5) (0,6) (1,7) 2. Compute the globally unique sub-cluster (1,5) (1,6) ID (24) The coordinate system 3. Derive the hash key (24+1) 4. Hash in to Canonical(32,3,4) [20,21] [18,19] 5. The bit string 0100011 corresponding to keys K2,k6,k7 is returned [22,23] [6,7] [4,5] [2,3] [0,1] [16,17] [8,9] [14,15] [24,25] [10,11][12,13] [30,31] [26,27] [28,29] A map of all sub-clusters NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 54 To sum up Wireless sensor networks – the next paradigm shift Sensors: "smart dust" – like entities Virtual infrastructure – general-purpose Can be leveraged for all sorts of applications Research in its infancy Stay tuned for more… NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 55 Lightweight MAC and data aggregation Idea: use collisions to advantage Use collisions for data aggregation fault tolerance Assume that results of sensed data for task T can be partitioned into 2k disjoint groups Each sensor encodes its data in a string of k bits Since the sensors are synchronous, they transmit data bit-by-bit left-to- right: 0 is not transmitted 1 is transmitted Clearly, the logical OR is received NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 56 Routing – centralized NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 57 Routing – distributed NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 58 A second-generation sensor architecture Location finding system Mobilizer Sensing Unit Processing Unit processor sensor ADC transceiver storage Power generator Power Unit core components optional components NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 59 A few examples… NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 60 Secure routing in SN NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 61 Solutions out there… Hierarchical routing use clusters to aid routing Security can be achieved by having cluster head as key generator Problem: what happens if the cluster head is compromised? Possible solution: multiple cluster heads for each cluster NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 62 Directed diffusion The query is flooded throughout the network or in targeted area Events start from some specific points and move outwards to reach the requesting node A small number of nodes can be reinforced to prevent further flooding This type of data collection does not fully exploit the feature of SN that adjacent nodes have similar data (unless aggregation done at some nodes: which ones?) NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 63 Distributed routing NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 64 Goal: mm3 devices! MICA mote (1st generation sensor node) Specs (2nd generation sensor node) Size 2mm x 2.5mm Processor/Memory AVR-like RISC processor, 3K of memory, 8 bit on-chip ADC, paged memory system, 32 KHz oscillator Radio: FSK radio transmitter, Other: Programming interface, RS232 compatible UART, 4-bit input port, 4-bit output port, encrypted communication hardware support Cost less than $1.00 (in quantity) What can it do? Communicate 40+ feet indoors (walls), 19,200Kbps, frequency separation 180KHz NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 65 Wireless networks 101 Infrastructure-based networks cellular networks satellite networks Rapidly-deployable networks ad-hoc networks sensor networks heterogeneous networks Hybrid networks wireless Internet NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 66 Interfacing SNs sink sink sink NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 67 What are color graphs? Simple way to enrich hierarchy Clusters are further subdivided into p color sets What result are p (global) color graphs NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 68 What's so nice about color graphs? Very robust: each color graph is connected with high probability Thus, can serve for routing! They are (rich) cousins of circular arc graphs: vast body of knowledge to tap into for protocol design! Graceful degradation as energy budget depleted NATO-ARW, Suceava, September 4-8, 2006 69
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Type: Enhancement
Status: Resolved
Priority: Trivial
Resolution: Done
Affects Version/s: None
Fix Version/s: 1.1
Component/s: Camel Editor
Similar Issues:Show 9 results
FUSETOOLS-267 create a full Eclipse + Fuse IDE installation tarball/zip we can put on a CD for easy offline installation FUSETOOLS-106 allow installation with older m2eclipse versions? FUSETOOLS-17 install guide; should we include m2eclipse install for easier creation of projects using archetypes? FUSETOOLS-2 make it easy for folks to add new components / languages to a Rider project so they can be easily used in Rider FUSETOOLS-67 new build does not require the Suggested Software section in the Install Guide - plus m2ecilpse 0.12.1.20110112-1712 must be uninstalled first before installation FUSETOOLS-28 hard to install m2eclipse from instructions FUSETOOLS-44 Tutorial - Link broken for adding fusesource to m2eclipse FUSETOOLS-385 make it easy from the Fabric explorer to open a new Terminal into a running Karaf since we know its host name + port + its SSH (and can reuse the user/pwd maybe?) FUSETOOLS-582 can we make it easier to find the camel XML files in a typical integration project?
Ideally it'd be nice for folks to have 1 update site and it then installed everything required including m2eclipse (maybe other plugins one day).
In addition it'd be nice to automatically add the FuseSource repo & archetype catalog too.
One approach is to create a Nexus Professional update site proxy which mirrors ours + other update sites so folks only have 1 update site to refer to. I wonder if we declare our feature as depending on, say, maven then can that be preconfigured with an update site?
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Obstetrics & Gynecology
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I find the India-US nuclear deal most intriguing. One wonders why Bush chose India as a nuclear power ally at the time when the nuclear group of countries is deadly against the proliferation of nuclear race in countries such as Iran and N Korea. But I am sure that ManMohan is a wise man and he knows how to play his card well. So what is the hidden agenda in Bush's sleeves? Is America using India as a ploy to establish a sizable military base in the name of protecting the nuclear establishments (for peaceful uses) within India? On the face of it, the US-Indian nuclear power collaboration is meant for energy efficiency, but who is to ensure that this mutual underwriting is not abused in the future?
It is amazing that in a country of 1.1 Billion people with 500 elected representatives, the ruling party (that does not by itself have a majority in the parliamnet) can sign a high-impact, long-term, bilateral agreements (123 & the Hyde Act and related IAEA Safeguards Agreement) with the U.S. & IAEA with a push from a handful of ruling ministers, the PM and behind-the-scenes Congress operators (those who pull strings) without ever being fully discussed in the Indian Parliament and subjected to votes.
What is the point of democracy if any small group of people can ram through agreements on behalf of the country without them ever being subjected to votes, amemdments, and debates in the Indian Parliament?
Instead of an hoborable path of debating the contents and merits of each of the points of 123 and Hyde Act; and the IAEA Safeguards Agreement in the Parliament, the ruling party has found it convenient to dump its four-year partnership with the Left and cobble up some make-shift alliance with an old foe SP, purely for the sake of getting its way on the Indian US Nucleaar Deal.
While these agreement texts are publicaly available, few parliamentarians have debated them on the floor of Lok Sabha which is the right forum to debate them rather than in TV or newspaper interviews.
This jouney of US India nuclear deal seems to be a major setback for India's democratic process regardless of merits or demerits of the parts of the above agreements.
The Indian educational institutions have produced excellent researchers an d folks who can do all sorts of things and create anything that they want. If Pakistan can go out ant get things in a clandestine maqnnor why can India do the same? Who gave China all the nuclear help? Why India has to go with the stupid Bush and his proposals?
The US did develop nuclear arsenal on her own. India should get her own programme.
The West, particularly the Westernpress, looks at India and her politics and thinks that the Indian political thinking is similar to what goes on in Europe or USA. This is utterly and totally wrong. Indian society is steeply into religion and caste. The secular idealisms of Ghandian and Nehruvian thinking and hope are some twenty to thirty years away. Look at the Tamils and the folks called as TamBrams. These are one of the most vicious caste oriented people even in nthe USA.
With such caste orientation, anti muslim and antilow caste propaganda it will be very difficult to prod the folks in Indi8a to do what elections do in the west.
Do no anticipate things to get anywhere in electioral politics for another generation. If the lower caste folks get an equal opportunity, education, economic equality, and treated as equakls by others then there is a possibility of a greater and mightier India. In the absence of such, thesubcontinent including Pakistgan anBangladesh will just drag on and will not contribute to the greatwer good of man kind but will just drag on.
It is indeed unfortunate that the Indo-US Nuclear deal has spawned the most divisive and partisan politics India has ever witnessed. This at a time when the country is faced with the possibility of 'financial emergency if inflation and oil crisis facing the economy deteriorates further', to quote Prime Minister Manmohan Singh himself. And inflation and oil crisis are deteriorating by the day.
Both the US Presidential candidates have expressed their support for the 'Deal'. Why then is the media hype, massive disinformation campaign, nail-biting brinkmanship, and tearing hurry to conclude the deal during the tenure of President Bush. Most intriguing!
The main argument given out in favour of the Deal by the Prime Minister, the spin-doctors and die-hard lobbyists was that it would provide 'energy security' to this vast sub-continent!
But neither the numbers nor the views of the scientific community support this contention. First the numbers. As on date nuclear power constitute only about 3% of India's installed capacity of 1,40,000 MW. As per Planning Commission estimates, to deliver a sustained growth rate of 8% through 2031-32 India would need a power generation capacity of nearly 800,000 MW. Even if fully implemented, Indo-US Nuclear deal could only create capacity of about 30,000 MW by that time. Even a higher estimate of 40,000 MW will constitute only 5% of the installed capacity, costing a staggering $ 100 Billion. Can this be called 'energy security' by any stretch of imagination!
Now the scientists. According to them the basic argument of 'energy security' was a "myth" and the additional power generated through imported nuclear reactors would be more expensive. Further, "a combination of extreme secrecy, media hype, parochial interests of organisations and ignorance of the issues among the general public have put the country on a dangerous path." Coming from some of the most eminent nuclear experts in the country it cannot be more damning! Where then is the national interest?
A few words about the 'oil crisis'. When US invaded Iraq in 2003, price per barrel of crude oil was $25. It has now soared 560% to $140. Normal laws of demand and supply would never cause such a surge in five years time. The top three oil producing countries – Saudi Arabia, Iran and Russia – have openly stated that there are no supply shortages. With oil prices skyrocketing due to manipulation, speculation and profiteering, developing countries are being pushed into the 'Nuclear power trap' in the deceptive guise of 'energy security'. Is India falling into this trap?
All these when there is viable alternative. India's Planning Commission has said: "Over the next 25 years, Energy Efficiency and Conservation are the most important virtual energy supply sources that India possesses." (Expert Committee on Power-2006) This is based on the finding of a study that key sectors like agriculture, industry, transport and domestic cum commercial have the energy saving potential of 30%, 25%, 20% and 20% respectively with the average energy saving potential of the economy at 24 %.
In physical terms this works out to 33,500 MW, which is more than the nuclear power capacity sought to be achieved by 2030! Yet, not even a fraction if this potential has been achieved, nay, even attempted. If we consider the estimated capacity of 800, 000 MW by 2031-32, the 'generation through saving' potential even at 10% would be 80,000 MW.
UN Foundation, Washington DC, working on ways to combat global warming and climate change, has put together a compelling document titled "Realizing the Potential of Energy Efficiency". The report strongly advocate that G8 countries should reach out to the 5 countries (Brazil, China, India, Mexico, and South Africa) and commit to a collective goal of doubling the global historic annual rate of Energy Efficiency improvement to 2.5 percent per year from approximately 2012 through 2030. This could resolve the energy crisis in economies that together consume over 70% of global energy. India, being an emerging knowledge power can play an active role in this great initiative.
The massive savings and 'avoided capacity' mentioned earlier is very much possible and feasible if the country substantially reduces the energy intensity of the of the Indian economy, which is among the highest in the world, through demand-side and efficiency initiatives and strict monitoring of energy consumption and intensity of all sectors of the economy. The G8 5 initiative could facilitate this in a big way.
The recently concluded G8 summit should have taken up and endorsed this low-cost, timesaving and demand side initiative to expeditiously resolve the energy crisis and climate change. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh should have articulated this Indian Energy Efficiency Agenda instead of lobbying for the 'alien nuclear agenda' which the G8 bigwigs gladly endorsed in their own business interest.
What a travesty?!
The best guarantee of India's "good nuclear behaviour" for the Western powers, the NSG group and the IAEA is not merely India's tortuous democracy, but also India's cultural feature of "squabbling and bickering".
It is said, "If during the day, an Indian cannot find another Indian to argue with and exchange insults, he will stand in front of a mirror at home to argue with himself, before retiring for the night."!!! Amartya Sen's "Argumentative Indian" may throw more light on this, although I do not agree with many points he makes!! Shuks, that just proves him right.
This in itself is a great guarantee, over and above all the Agreements and Protocols !!!
When India's Constitution of 1950 was enacted by a Constituent Assembly, an old English I.C.S. man remarked, "Well, well, I thought Indians could not agree on a "Railway Time Table" leave alone, this longest Constitution in the world."!! He was pleased, did not mean it in any bad sense. I added that last sentence, because some of my fellow Indians have been going "hammer and tongs" at the Economist for another article on this nuclear deal. The "upwardly mobile" can be very sensitive, I suppose.
Talking of mobiles, the mobile phone business in India is a money-spinning exercise.
I was passing an old handicapped man in rags who regularly begs near a bus-stop. I heard a mobile ring tone, coming from his direction. He reached into his soiled bag, fetched his mobile and talked, giving me a sheepish smile. Since I looked surprised, he said to me, "My mate says they are feeding the poor this evening in such and such Hindu temple."!!! Now, where would you witness such a scene, in this whole wide world?
This agreement had generated hot and uninformed disputations in India among it supporters and dissenters, for reasons unconnected with it. Neither the vociferous Laloo Prasad, the RailwayMinister nor MK Karunanidhi, who, as is his wont in his geriatic staturs, tried to broker peace between the Left and the Congress party, have shown evidence that the devil is in the details. For the Left, it is a mere rallying point; it is more concerned, rightly so, with the dismal performance on the National Minimum Programme, the plank on which the coalition stood.
One problem with us, Indians, is that we lack sensitivity. The whole dogfight is the outcome of the nervousness of those in power that the electorate would shoo them away, if there be fair elections. Though we are not in the same league as that of Robert Mugbe, since deknighted by Her Brittanic Majesty, we also excel in our ingenious electoral malpractices.
The fight over the nuclear deal is shadow-boing, if only you would scratch the skin.
In a way this deal is a double blessing.One the deal itself is good for the country secondly now with the left out of power and an international crisis in our midst manmohan singh and can ram through a large number of much needed reforms.
The Communists in India have always been stooges of China. It is time all other parties show them the door. They do not have the nation's well being at the fore front.
It is strange that the BJP who initiated moves for the deal when in power are aginst it while the Samahwadi Party who opposed the deal are now agreeable to support the UPA government. Just goes to show that none of the political parties really care for what is good for the nation and are more interested in power.
In the event the Man Mohan Singh's goverment does push through the nuclear deal it might just get the approval of the voters who are sitting on the fence to clinch majority in the forthcoming elections.
Vivek Bopiah
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Beginning Algebra (9TH 04 - Old Edition)by Margaret Lial
Synopses & ReviewsPlease note that used books may not include additional media (study guides, CDs, DVDs, solutions manuals, etc.) as described in the publisher comments.
Publisher Comments:
The Lial series has helped thousands of readers succeed in developmental mathematics through its approachable writing style, relevant real-world examples, extensive exercise sets, and complete supplements package.
The Real Number System; Linear Equations and Inequalities in One Variable; Linear Equations and Inequalities in Two Variables: Functions; Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities; Exponents and Polynomials; Factoring and Applications; Rational Expressions and Applications; Roots and Radicals; Quadratic Equations
For all readers interested in Beginning Algebra.
The Lial series has helped thousands of students succeed in developmental mathematics through its friendly writing style, numerous realistic examples, extensive problem sets, and complete supplements package. In keeping with its proven track record, this revision includes a new open design, more exercises and applications, and additional features to help both students and instructors succeed.
Table of Contents
Note: each chapter concludes with a Group Activity, Chapter Summary, Chapter Review Exercises, Chapter Test, and after Chapter 1, a set of Cumulative Review Exercises.
Chapter 1: The Real Number System
1.1 Fractions
1.2 Exponents, Order of Operations, and
1.3 Variables, Expressions, and Equations
1.4 Real Numbers and the Number Line
1.5 Adding and Subtracting Real Numbers
1.6 Multiplying and Dividing Real Numbers
Summary Exercises on Operations with Real Numbers
1.7 Properties of Real Numbers
1.8 Simplifying Expressions
Chapter 2: Linear Equations and Inequalities in One Variable
2.1 The Addition Property of Equality
2.2 The Multiplication Property of Equality
2.3 More on Solving Linear Equations
Summary Exercises on Solving Linear Equations
2.4 An Introduction to Applications of Linear Equations
2.5 Formulas and Applications from Geometry
2.6 Ratios and Proportions
2.7 Further Applications of Linear Equations
2.8 Solving Linear Inequalities
Chapter 3: Linear Equations and Inequalities in Two Variables; Functions
3.1 Reading Graphs; Linear Equations in Two Variables
3.2 Graphing Linear Equations in Two Variables
3.3 The Slope of a Line
3.4 Equations of a Line
Summary Exercises on Linear Equations and Graphs
3.5 Graphing Linear Inequalities in Two Variables
3.6 Introduction to Functions
Chapter 4: Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities
4.1 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Graphing
4.2 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Substitution
4.3 Solving Systems of Linear Equations by Elimination
Summary Exercises on Solving Systems of Linear Equations
4.4 Applications of Linear Systems
4.5 Solving Systems of Linear Inequalities
Chapter 5: Exponents and Polynomials
5.1 The Product Rule and Power Rules for Exponents
5.2 Integer Exponents and the Quotient Rule
Summary Exercises on the Rules for Exponents
5.3 An Application of Exponents: Scientific Notation
5.4 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials; Graphing Simple Polynomials
5.5 Multiplying Polynomials
5.6 Special Products
5.7 Dividing Polynomials
Chapter 6: Factoring and Applications
6.1 The Greatest Common Factor; Factoring by Grouping
6.2 Factoring Trinomials
6.3 More on Factoring Trinomials
6.4 Special Factoring Techniques
Summary Exercises on Factoring
6.5 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring
6.6 Applications of Quadratic Equations
Chapter 7: Rational Expressions and Applications
7.1 The Fundamental Property of Rational Expressions
7.2 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
7.3 Least Common Denominators
7.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
7.5 Complex Fractions
7.6 Solving Equations with Rational Expressions
Summary Exercises on Rational Expressions and Equations
7.7 Applications of Rational Expressions
7.8 Variation
Chapter 8: Roots and Radicals
8.1 Evaluating Roots
8.2 Multiplying, Dividing, and Simplifying Radicals
8.3 Adding and Subtracting Radicals
8.4 Rationalizing the Denominator
8.5 More Simplifying and Operations with Radicals
Summary Exercises on Operations with Radicals
8.6 Solving Equations with Radicals
8.7 Using Rational Numbers as Exponents
Chapter 9: Quadratic Equations
9.1 Solving Quadratic Equations by the Square Root Property
9.2 Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square
9.3 Solving Quadratic Equations by the Quadratic Formula
Summary Exercises on Quadratic Equations
9.4 Complex Numbers
9.5 More on Graphing Quadratic Equations; Quadratic Functions
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- $39 for one infrared body wrap (a $79 value)
- $89 for three infrared body wraps (a $237 value)
- $129 for five infrared body wraps (a $395 value)<p>
To begin the infrared body wrap, an aesthetician surrounds your arms, abdomen, hips, and thighs with wraps that emit infrared energy. Then heat from the wraps induces sweating, accelerates circulation, and temporarily boosts metabolism. Since you'll remain fully clothed throughout the 50-minute session, you may want to bring a fresh set of garments to wear when the session concludes.
Body Beautiful Laser Medi-Spa
For Body Beautiful's team of cosmetic experts, it's not enough to simply treat patients' skin, veins, or cellulite. The med-spa's staff is also focused on helping patients understand the issues they're facing and how they can be treated most effectively, which is why all patients begin their relationship with the spa with a personal consultation. Only then does Body Beautiful draw on its arsenal of high-tech services, including treatments that include diode-laser hair removal, tattoo removal, and fractional skin resurfacing and rejuvenation designed to minimize skin irritation. The team also uses lasers—along with peels, ultrasound facials, microdermabrasion, and other approaches—to combat acne and spider veins, and its laser toenail fungus removal helps prepare feet for warm-weather footwear. To complement its other technological techniques, Body Beautiful also offers body-contouring wraps, which rely on a mixture of radio frequency, infrared light, fillers and Botox, and teeth whitening.
85% of 584 customers recommend
"..great price great job"
"Great people I was a little worried because it was the first time I had Botox. The doctor was great in answering all my questions and made it an enjoyable expiriance. "
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