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INTELLIGENT POWERTRAIN DESIGN The BOND GRAPH Methodology for Modeling of Continuous Dynamic Systems and its Application in Powertrain Design Jimmy C. Mathews Advisors: Dr. Joseph Picone Dr. David Gao Outline • Dynamic Systems and Modeling • Bond Graph Modeling Concepts Introduction and basic elements of bond graphs Causality and state space equations • System Models and Applications using the Bond Graph Approach Electrical Systems Mechanical Systems • The Generic Modeling Environment (GME) and Bond Graph Modeling • Some Future Concepts Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 1 of 42 Dynamic Systems and Modeling • Dynamic Systems Related sets of processes and reservoirs (forms in which matter or energy exists) through which material or energy flows, characterized by continual change. • Common Dynamic Systems electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, thermal among numerous others. • Real-time Examples moving automobiles, miniature electric circuits, satellite positioning systems • Physical systems Interact, store energy, transport or dissipate energy among subsystems • Ideal Physical Model (IPM) The starting point of modeling a physical system is mostly the IPM. • To perform simulations, the IPM must first be transformed into mathematical descriptions, either using Block diagrams or Equation descriptions • Downsides – laborious procedure, complete derivation of the mathematical description has to be repeated in case of any modification to the IPM [3]. Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 2 of 42 Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Dynamic Systems • Basic Concepts Physical STEP 1: Develop an 'engineering model' System STEP 2: Write differential equations STEP 3: Determine a solution Schematic STEP 4: Write a program Model The Big Classical Methods, Block Question?? Diagrams OR Bond Graphs GME + Differential Matlab/Simulink Output Equations Data Tables & Graphs Simulation and Analysis Software Fig 1. Modeling Dynamic Systems [1] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 3 of 42 Bond Graph Methodology • Invented by Henry Paynter in 1961, later elaborated by his students Dean C. Karnopp and Ronald C. Rosenberg • An abstract representation of a system where a collection of components interact with each other through energy ports and are placed in a system where energy is exchanged [2] • A domain-independent graphical description of dynamic behavior of physical systems • Consists of subsystems which can either describe idealized elementary processes or non-idealized processes [3] • System models will be constructed using a uniform notations for all types of physical system based on Fig 2. Subsystems of a bond graph [3] energy flow • Powerful tool for modeling engineering systems, especially when different physical domains are involved • A form of object-oriented physical system modeling Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 4 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism • Bond Graphs • Conserves the physical structural information as well as the nature of sub-systems which are often lost in a block diagram. • When the IPM is changed, only the corresponding parts of a bond graphs have to be changed. Amenable to modification for 'model development' and 'what if?' situations. • Use analogous power and energy variables in all domains, but allow the special features of the separate fields to be represented. • The only physical variables required to represent all energetic systems are power variables [effort (e) & flow (f)] and energy variables [momentum p (t) and displacement q (t)]. • Dynamics of physical systems are derived by the application of instant-by-instant energy conservation. Actual inputs are exposed. • Linear and non-linear elements are represented with the same symbols; non-linear kinematics equations can also be shown. • Provision for active bonds. Physical information involving information transfer, accompanied by negligible amounts of energy transfer are modeled as active bonds. Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 5 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) • A Bond Graph's Reach Mechanical Rotation Mechanical Hydraulic/Pneumatic Translation Thermal Chemical/Process Electrical Engineering Magnetic Figure 3. Multi-Energy Systems Modeling using Bond Graphs Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 6 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) • Introductory Examples • Electrical Domain Power Variables: Electrical Voltage (u) & Electrical Current (i) Power in the system: P=u*i Fig 4. A series RLC circuit [4] Constitutive Laws: uR = i * R uC = 1/C * (∫i dt) uL = L * (di/dt); or i = 1/L * (∫uL dt) Represent different elements with visible ports (figure 5) To these ports, connect power bonds denoting energy exchange The voltage over the elements are different The current through the elements is the same Fig. 5 Electric elements with power ports [4] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 7 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) The R – L - C circuit The common current becomes a "1-junction" in the bond graphs. Note: the current through all connected bonds is the same, the voltages sum to zero 1 Fig 6. The RLC Circuit and its equivalent Bond Graph [4] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 8 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) • Mechanical Domain Mechanical elements like Force, Spring, Mass, Damper are similarly dealt with. Power variables: Force (F) & Linear Velocity (v) Power in the system: P = F * v Constitutive laws: Fd = α * v Fs = KS * (∫v dt) = 1/CS * (∫ v dt) Fm = m * (dv/dt); or v = 1/m * (∫Fm dt); Also, Fa = force Fig 7. The Spring Mass Damper System and its equivalent Bond Graph [4] The common velocity becomes a "1-junction" in the bond graphs. Note: the velocity of all connected bonds is the same, the forces sum to zero) Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 9 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) Analogies! Lets compare! We see the following analogies between the mechanical and electrical elements: • The Damper is analogous to the Resistor. • The Spring is analogous to the Capacitor, the mechanical compliance corresponds with the electrical capacity. • The Mass is analogous to the Inductor. • The Force source is analogous to the Voltage source. • The common Velocity is analogous to the loop Current. Notice that the bond graphs of both the RLC circuit and the Spring-mass-damper system are identical. Still wondering how?? • The bond graph modeling language is domain-independent. • Each of the various physical domains is characterized by a particular conserved quantity. Table 1 illustrates these domains with corresponding flow (f), effort (e), generalized displacement (q), and generalized momentum (p). • Note that power = effort x flow in each case. Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 10 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) Table 1. Domains with corresponding flow, effort, generalized displacement and generalized momentum f e q = ∫f dt p = ∫e dt flow effort generalized generalized displacement momentum Electromagnetic i u q = ∫i dt λ = ∫u dt current voltage charge magnetic flux linkage Mechanical v f x = ∫v dt p = ∫f dt Translation velocity force displacement momentum Mechanical Rotation ω T θ = ∫ω dt b = ∫T dt angular velocity torque angular displacement angular momentum Hydraulic / φ P V = ∫φ dt τ = ∫P dt Pneumatic volume flow pressure volume momentum of a flow tube Thermal T FS S = ∫fS dt temperature entropy flow entropy Chemical μ FN N = ∫fN dt chemical potential molar flow number of moles Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 11 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) • Foundations of Bond Graphs Based on the assumptions that satisfy basic principles of physics; e a. Law of Energy Conservation is applicable A B f b. Positive Entropy production c. Power Continuity (directed bond from A to B) • Closer look at Bonds and Ports Power port or port: The contact point of a sub model where an ideal connection will be connected; location in a system where energy transfer occurs Power bond or bond: The connection between two sub models; drawn by a single line (Fig. 8) Bond denotes ideal energy flow between two sub models; the energy entering the bond on one side immediately leaves the bond at the other side (power continuity). Energy flow along the bond has the physical dimension of power, being the product of two variables effort and flow called power- conjugated variables Power bond viewed as interaction Fig. 8 Energy flow between two sub models represented by of energy and bilateral signal flow ports and bonds [4] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 12 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) • Bond Graph Elements – 9 elements Drawn as letter combinations (mnemonic codes) indicating the type of element. C storage element for a q-type variable, e.g. capacitor (stores charge), spring (stores displacement) L storage element for a p-type variable, e.g. inductor (stores flux linkage), mass (stores momentum) R resistor dissipating free energy, e.g. electric resistor, mechanical friction Se, Sf sources, e.g. electric mains (voltage source), gravity (force source), pump (flow source) TF transformer, e.g. an electric transformer, toothed wheels, lever GY gyrator, e.g. electromotor, centrifugal pump 0, 1 0 and 1 junctions, for ideal connection of two or more sub-models Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 13 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) • Storage Elements Two types; C – elements & I – elements; q–type and p–type variables are conserved quantities and are the result of an accumulation (or integration) process; they are the state variables of the system. C – element (capacitor, spring, etc.) q is the conserved quantity, stored by accumulating the net flow, f to the storage element Resulting balance equation dq/dt = f Fig. 9 Examples of C - elements [4] An element relates effort to the generalized displacement 1-port element that stores and gives up energy without loss Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 14 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) I – element (inductor, mass, etc.) p is the conserved quantity, stored by accumulating the net effort, e to the storage element. Resulting balance equation dp/dt = e Fig. 10 Examples of I - elements [4] For an inductor, L [H] is the inductance and for a mass, m [kg] is the mass. For all other domains, an I – element can be defined. Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 15 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) R – element (electric resistors, dampers, frictions, etc.) R – elements dissipate free energy and energy flow towards the resistor is always positive. Algebraic relation between effort and flow, lies principally in 1st or 3rd quadrant. e = r * (f) Fig. 11 Examples of Resistors [4] If the resistance value can be controlled by an external signal, the resistor is a modulated resistor, with mnemonic MR. E.g. hydraulic tap Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 16 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) Sources (voltage sources, current sources, external forces, ideal motors, etc.) Sources represent the system-interaction with its environment. Depending on the type of the imposed variable, these elements are drawn as Se or Sf. Fig. 12 Examples of Sources [4] When a system part needs to be excited by a known signal form, the source can be modeled by a modulated source driven by some signal form (figure 13). Fig. 13 Example of Modulated Voltage Source [4] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 17 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) Transformers (toothed wheel, electric transformer, etc.) An ideal transformer is represented by TF and is power continuous (i.e. no power is stored or dissipated). The transformations can be within the same domain (toothed wheel, lever) or between different domains (electromotor, winch). e1 = n * e2 & f2 = n * f1 Efforts are transduced to efforts and flows to flows; n is the transformer ratio. Fig. 14 Examples of Transformers [4] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 18 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) Gyrators (electromotor, pump, turbine) An ideal gyrator is represented by GY and is power continuous (i.e. no power is stored or dissipated). Real-life realizations of gyrators are mostly transducers representing a domain- transformation. e1 = r * f2 & e2 = r * f1 r is the gyrator ratio and is the only parameter required to describe both equations. Fig. 15 Examples of Gyrators [4] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 19 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) Junctions Junctions couple two or more elements in a power continuous way; there is no storage or dissipation at a junction. 0 – junction Represents a node at which all efforts of the connecting bonds are equal. E.g. a parallel connection in an electrical circuit. The sum of flows of the connecting bonds is zero, considering the sign. 0 – junction can be interpreted as the generalized Kirchoff's Current Law. Equality of efforts (like electrical voltage) at a parallel connection. Fig. 16 Example of a 0-Junction [4] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 20 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) 1 – junction Is the dual form of the 0-junction (roles of effort and flow are exchanged). Represents a node at which all flows of the connecting bonds are equal. E.g. a series connection in an electrical circuit. The efforts of the connecting bonds sum to zero. 1- junction can be interpreted as the generalized Kirchoff's Voltage Law. In the mechanical domain, 1-junction represents a force-balance, and is a generalization of Newton' third law. Additionally, equality of flows (like electrical current) through a series connection. Fig. 17 Example of a 1-Junction [4] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 21 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) Some Miscellaneous Stuff! Power Direction: The power is positive in the direction of the power bond. If power is negative, it flows in the opposite direction of the half-arrow. Typical Power flow directions R, C, and I elements have an incoming bond (half arrow towards the element) Se, Sf: outgoing bond TF– and GY–elements (transformers and gyrators): one bond incoming and one bond outgoing, to show the 'natural' flow of energy. These are constraints on the model! Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 22 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) • Causal Analysis Causal analysis is the determination of the signal direction of the bonds Establishes the cause and effect relationships between the bonds Indicated in the bond graph by a causal stroke; the causal stroke indicates the direction of the effort signal. The result is a causal bond graph, which can be seen as a compact block diagram. Causal analysis covered by modeling and simulation software packages that support bond graphs; Enport, MS1, CAMP-G, 20 SIM Fig. 18 Causality Assignment [4] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 23 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) Causal Constraints: Four different types of constraints need to be discussed prior to following a systematic procedure for bond graph formation and causal analysis Causality Elements Representation Interpretation Type e Se e Se Se f f Fixed e Sf e Sf Sf f f e1 e2 Constrained TF e1 e2 f1 TF TF f2 n f1 n f2 OR e1 e2 e1 e2 f1 TF TF f2 n n f1 f2 Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 24 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) Causality Elements Representation Type GY e1 e2 e1 e2 f1 GY OR f1 GY f2 f2 r r Constrained 0 Junction OR any other combination where exactly one bond brings in the effort variable 0 1 Junction OR any other combination where exactly one bond has the causal stroke away from the junction 1 C Integral Causality (Preferred) Derivative Causality C C Preferred L Integral Causality (Preferred) Derivative Causality L L Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 25 of 42 The Bond Graph Modeling Formalism (contd..) Causality Elements Representation Type R OR Indifferent R R Some notes on Preferred Causality (C, I) Causality determines whether an integration or differentiation w.r.t time is adopted in storage elements. Integration has a preference over differentiation because: 1. At integrating form, initial condition must be specified. 2. Integration w.r.t. time can be realized physically; Numerical differentiation is not physically realizable, since information at future time points is needed. 3. Another drawback of differentiation: When the input contains a step function, the output will then become infinite. Therefore, integrating causality is the preferred causality. C-element will have effort-out causality and I-element will have flow-out causality Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 26 of 42 Examples • Electrical Circuit # 1 (R-L-C) and its Bond Graph model U2 U1 U3 + - U0 0 0 0 U1 U2 U3 0: U12 0: U23 0 1 0 1 0 Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 27 of 42 Examples (contd..) R:R I:L 0: U12 0: U23 1 0 C:C Se : U 0 1 0 U1 U2 U3 R:R Se : U 1 I:L C:C Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 28 of 42 Examples (contd..) The Causality Assignment Algorithm: 1. R:R 2. R:R Se : U 1 I:L Se : U 1 I:L C:C C:C 3. R:R Se : U 1 I:L C:C Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 29 of 42 Examples (contd..) • Electrical Circuit # 2 and its Bond Graph model R1 L1 C1 C2 C2 L1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 C1 • A DC Motor and its Bond Graph model Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 30 of 42 Examples (contd..) • A Drive Train Schematic and its Bond Graph model SE Transmission Ratio TF ωi τL ω L 1 TF 0 τR ωR Differential Ratio Bond Graph without Drive Shaft Compliance [9] A Drive Train Schematic [9] SF Drive Shaft Compliance TF C τL ω ωi L 1 0 TF 0 τR ωR Bond Graph with Drive Shaft Compliance [9] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 31 of 42 Examples (contd..) • Schematic for Tire and Suspension and their Bond Graph model Schematic of a tire and suspension [9] Suspension model for one wheel and anti-roll bar Bond Graph of a wheel-tire system – Vertical Dynamics [9] Bond Graph of a wheel-tire system – Longitudinal Dynamics [9] Bond Graph of a wheel-tire system – Transverse Dynamics [9] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 32 of 42 Generation of Equations from Bond Graphs R:R • A causal bond graph contains all information to derive the set of state equations. 2 • Either a set of Ordinary first-order Differential Equations (ODE) or a set of Differential and Algebraic Equations 1 (DAE). Se : U 1 I:L 4 • Write the set of mixed differential and algebraic equations. 3 • For a bond graph with n bonds, 2n equations can be formed, n equations each to compute effort and flow or C:C their derivatives. Fig. 19 Bond Graph of a series RLC • Then, the algebraic equations are eliminated, to get final circuit equations in state-variable form. For the given RLC circuit, Se = e1= U; e2 = R * f2; (de3/dt) = (1/C) * f3; (df4/dt) = (1/L) * e4; f1 = f4; f2 = f4; f3 = f4; e4 = e1 - e2 - e3 Hence, e1 - e2 - e3 = U – (R * f2) – e3 = U – (R * f4) – e3 (df4/dt) = (1/L) * (U – (R * f4) – e3) - - - - - - - (i) Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 33 of 42 Generation of Equations from Bond Graphs (contd..) Also, (de3/dt) = (1/C) * f3 = (1/C) * f4 - - - - - - - - (ii) In matrix form, (dx/dt) = Ax + Bu (de3/dt) 0 1/C e3 0 = + U (df4/dt) -1/L -R/L f4 1/L Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 34 of 42 The Bond Graph Metamodeling Environment in GME Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 35 of 42 Applications in GME Metamodeling Environment • RLC Circuit Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 36 of 42 Applications in GME Metamodeling Environment (contd..) • DC Motor Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 37 of 42 Applications in GME Metamodeling Environment (contd..) DC Motor model Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 38 of 42 Future Concepts • Defining the GME Approach for analysis of Bond Graphs [1] Conventional Approach Probable GME / Matlab Approach 1. Determination of Physical System 1. Identify the physical system elements and specifications from the and represent a word Bond Graph. requirements. 2. Represent a bond graph model in 2. Draw a functional Block Diagram. GME. 3. Transform the physical system into a 3. GME interpreters generate equations schematic. in a suitable form (e.g. state-space 4. Use Schematic and obtain a variable matrix form) suitable for mathematical model, a block diagram analysis in Matlab. or a state representation. 4. Use Matlab, to analyze, design and 5. Reduce the block diagram to a close test. loop system. 6. Analyze, design and test. Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 39 of 42 Future Concepts (contd..) • Creating Bond Graph Interpreters Bond Graph Interpreters in GME ?? Fig 20. The Simulation Generation Process [7] Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 40 of 42 Future Concepts (contd..) • Advanced Bond Graph Techniques Expansion of Bond Graphs to Block Diagrams Bond Graph Modeling of Switching Devices Hierarchical modeling using Bond Graphs Use of port-based approach for Co-simulation Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 41 of 42 References 1. Granda J. J, "Computer Aided Design of Dynamic Systems" http://gaia.csus.edu/~grandajj/ 2. Wong Y. K., Rad A. B., "Bond Graph Simulations of Electrical Systems," The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 1998 3. http://www.ce.utwente.nl/bnk/bondgraphs/bond.htm 4. Broenink J. F., "Introduction to Physical Systems Modeling with Bond Graphs," University of Twente, Dept. EE, Netherlands. 5. Granda J. J., Reus J., "New developments in Bond Graph Modeling Software Tools: The Computer Aided Modeling Program CAMP-G and MATLAB," California State University, Sacramento 6. http://www.bondgraphs.com/about2.html 7. Vashishtha D., "Modeling And Simulation of Large Scale Real Time Embedded Systems," M.S. Thesis, Vanderbilt University, May 2004 8. Hogan N. "Bond Graph notation for Physical System models," Integrated Modeling of Physical System Dynamics 9. Karnopp D., "System Dynamics: Modeling and simulation of mechatronic systems" Intelligent Powertrain Design Page 42 of 42
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Welcome to the Classics Department's website. Check here for class information, colloquium announcements, faculty info and more.
To Prospective Students
- Interested in undergraduate study in classics at Columbia? Please check out the Undergraduate section and contact Director of Undergraduate Studies Katharina Volk for more information
- Interested in graduate study in classics at Columbia? Please check out the Graduate section and contact Director of Graduate Studies Carmela Franklin for more information. For the interdepartmental program in Classical Studies visit http://classicalstudies.columbia.edu.
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See upcoming events in Classics at Columbia and in the NYC area here.
Barnard-Columbia Ancient Drama Group Presents Eupripides' Ion April 2nd-4th
- The Barnard-Columbia Ancient Drama Group is pleased to announce that tickets are on sale for our spring production of Euripides' Ion, directed by Rachel Herzog (BC '15) and featuring a cast and crew of Columbia and Barnard graduate and undergraduate students.
- Ion is one of Euripides' most innovative and rarely performed works, and is a dynamic exploration of family, survival, and what it means to maintain faith in a world where even the gods commit atrocities. The play tells the story of Creusa, an Athenian princess raped and abandoned by the god Apollo, and Ion, a foundling raised as a servant in Apollo's sanctuary at Delphi. Their meeting unleashes an exciting plot of mistaken identities, long-kept secrets, and, ultimately, reunion and reconciliation. This production will offer the rare opportunity to see Euripides' masterpiece in the original Greek with English supertitles, complete with all new music and choreography.
Please note that this production contains non-graphic discussion of sexual assault and its aftermath.
- Dates: April 2nd-4th.
Time: 8pm shows Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, as well as a 2pm matinee on Saturday.
Where: Minor Latham Playhouse on Barnard's campus
- Tickets are $10/$5 CUID, and are available through TIC in Lerner Hall and on the Arts Initiative website. This performance is the made possible by the Matthew Alan Kramer Fund.
- Tickets: http://artsinitiative.columbia.edu/events/euripides-ion-0
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Intu Watford is located in central Watford, minutes from the M1 and M25 interchange. SatNav: WD17 2U. The Apple Store is located on the upper mall of the John Lewis wing opposite Swarovski. Parking: Queen's Car Park, accessed from Beechen Grove/A411 ring road. Public Transit: Watford High Street on the London Overground. Also multiple bus lines stop on King Street.
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The $4 billion Alaska USA Federal Credit Union is making good on its West Coast expansion strategy this month with the merger of a small but failed Seattle CU.
The head of a Seattle credit union bypassed in the merger process to take over a failed but small competitor expressed disappointment today at the outcome but said he still supports the final result of protecting members.
As the fall campaign season kicks into high gear, CUNA's political action committee has $1 million in its coffers for upcoming political activities.
The average outstanding credit card balance was $4,951 during the second quarter, a drop of 13.4%, according to a report issued by the credit reporting company TransUnion.
The political action committees of CUNA and NAFCU won some and lost some in yesterday's primary elections.
Because of Florida Gov. Charlie Crist's decision to leave the GOP and become an independent, CUNA has provided financial support to more than one Senate candidate in the Sunshine State.
The serious problems at Arrowhead Credit Union may have been on regulators' radar for months, but the NCUA's June 25 takeover of the $876 million California CU surprised some in the CU community, including the
The sudden NCUA takeover of the $876 million Arrowhead Central Credit Union on Friday was as much a surprise to the $4 billion Alaska USA FCU, now owner or co-owner of four former branches of Arrowhead, as it was to others, Alaska USA management reported.
Home prices fell 2.1% from the fourth quarter of last year to the first quarter of 2010, and average mortgage rates are at their lowest of the year, according to data released by Freddie Mac.
Credit unions received a reprieve on data-reporting requirements but were still waiting on amendments on interchange fees and the agency to regulate consumer financial products as the Senate began to discuss the financial overhaul bill.


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Arizona Cardinals
With fourth place finish, 2013 schedule set for Arizona Cardinals
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Their road games will feature matchups against the Tennessee Titans, Jacksonville Jaguars, New Orleans Saints, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Philadelphia Eagles, Seattle Seahawks, San Francisco 49ers and St. Louis Rams.
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A hub structure for a collapsible frame which comprises a pair of similar members having radiating arms. The hub members are in contact with each other such that the arms are in interdigitated relationship. The arms have pivot attachment points for struts and all of the pivot points lie in the same plane.
1. A hub assembly for collapsible frames which comprises the combination of a pair of similar rigid hub members having radiating arms, said arms being rigidly secured to said hub members in fixed relationship thereto, the hub members being disposed in contact such that the arms thereof are in interdigitated relation, and a strut pivotally attached to each arm member wherein the pivot axes of the struts to the arms are substantially in the same plane.
2. A hub assembly as defined in claim 1 including pivot means for freely pivotally attaching each blade to one of the arms to allow each strut to seek and attain its own angular relation to its arm.
3. A hub assembly for collapsible frames comprising first and second hub members, means for maintaining the hub members in juxtaposition, a first set of arms radiating from the first hub member and a second set of arms radiating from the second hub member, the arms of the first set of arm members being provided with apertures and the arms of the second set of arm members being provided with apertures, the apertures of the first set of arms being disposed in substantially the same plane and the apertures of the second set of arms being disposed in substantially the same plane, and the arms of the first hub member being interdigitated with the arms of the second hub member such that the apertures of the two arms are disposed in substantially the same plane.
4. A hub assembly for collapsible frames, comprising the combination of a pair of hub members each having a main body portion and each main body portion having a central face, a set of arms radiating from each main body portion with respect to a corresponding central face so that each set of arms define gaps therebetween beyond the associated central face, the gaps defined by one set of arms receiving the other set of arms when the central faces of the two main body portions are in contact, each arm having an inwardly extending slot for receiving an apertured end of a strut and each arm having a bore therethrough extending transversely of an associated slot, pivot means extending through each bore and through an aperture of a corresponding strut, the arms of the two set thereof being interdigitated sufficiently to locate the pivot means substantially in the same plane when the central faces are in mating contact, and means for holding the central faces in contact.
5. In a collapsible frame including a plurality of struts movable between a bundled condition and an expanded condition, and hub means interconnecting the struts for permitting the movement between the collapsed and expanded conditions, the hub means comprising first and second hub members each provided with radiating arms to which the struts are pivotally connected, the arms being constructed and arranged to interdigitate the arms of the first hub member with the arms of the second hub member so as to position all of the pivots defined by such arms substantially in the same plane.
6. A hub assembly for collapsible frames which comprises a pair of similar hub halves each having a central body portion of a given thickness and each main body portion defining a flat inner face and a flat outer face, a plurality of arms radiating from each main body portion at uniformly spaced positions, each arm having a root portion joined with its associated main body portion having a width substantially equal to the spacing between adjacent arms and projecting therefrom in a widened portion projecting away from the plane of the inner face of its associated main body portion, each widened portion having a pivot pin aperture centered at a point lying substantially in the plane of the associated inner face, and connector means for retaining the inner faces of the two hub halves in face-to-face engagement so that all of the apertures lie substantially in the same plane.
7. A hub assembly as defined in claim 6 wherein the connector means comprises a bifurcated member snap fitted through the hub halves.
8. A hub assembly as defined in claim 6 wherein the connector means comprises an adhesive connection between the hub halves.
9. In a collapsible/expandable structure, the combination of a hub assembly and a plurality of elongate struts pivotally attached, each at one end thereof, to the hub assembly along a portion of a closed path in encompassing relation to the hub assembly, the hub assembly comprising first and second rigid halves each having arms radiating therefrom, said arms being rigidly secured to the respective halves in fixed relationship thereto, the arms of the first half interdigitating with the arms of the second half, and pivot means pivotally attaching the struts to the interdigitating arms along the path, whereby the one ends of the struts are clustered around the hub assembly and define as acute, solid angle when the structure is in its expanded condition.
10. In a structure as defined in claim 9 wherein the pivot means define pivot axes lying in the path and in substantially uniformly spaced relation to each other.
11. In a collapsible/expandable structure, the combination of a hub assembly, a plurality of elongate struts radiating from the hub assembly and movable relative thereto between collapsed condition and an expanded condition wherein the struts radiate in uniformly spaced relation around and angularly from the hub assembly to define a cone truncated at the hub assembly, and pivot means for pivotally connecting each strut at an end thereof to the hub assembly, the hub assembly comprising first and second rigid portions, said first portion having first spaced arms projecting therefrom, said first arms being rigidly secured to said first portion in fixed relationship thereto, said second portion having second spaced arms projecting therefrom, said second arms being rigidly secured to said second portion in fixed relationship thereto, the arms of the two portions being in interdigitated relation to pass from opposite sides of the hub assembly through a common plane and receiving pivot means to define pivot axes for the struts which lie in circumferentially encompassing relation to the hub assembly.
12. In a structure as defined in claim 11 wherein the pivot axes lie substantially in the common plane.
13. A hub assembly for collapsible frames which comprises the combination of a pair of similar hub members having radiating arms, the hub members being disposed in contact such that the arms thereof are in interdigitated relation, a strut pivotally attached to each arm member wherein the pivot axes of the struts to the arms are substantially in the same plane, each of the arms being provided with an opening and each strut being pivotally attached to an arm at an opening thereof to define a pivot axis between the arm and the strut and passing through the opening.
14. A hub assembly as defined in claim 13 including pivot means received in the openings for freely pivoting the struts to the arms at the pivot axes.
This invention relates to hub structures for collapsible frames and the like and is related to my prior U.S. Pat. No. 4,280,521 of July 28, 1981, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference. Although I am aware of the references cited in my aforesaid patent, which I do not believe are relevant to the subject matter of this invention, I am also not aware of any other references which are pertinent to this invention or which would be material to the subject matter of this invention.
Hub structures according to my above prior patent have been used extensively in commerce and their features have proven to be fully operative for the intended purposes, imparting rugged hub connectors for various types of collapsible structures including those of the types disclosed in my prior U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,808 of July 13, 1976; 4,026,313 of May 31, 1977; 4,290,244 of Sept. 22, 1981; 4,437,275 of March 20, 1984; 4,473,986 of Oct. 2, 1984; 4,512,097 of Apr. 23, 1985; 4,522,008 of June 11, 1985; 4,561,618 of Dec. 31, 1985; and 4,579,066 of Apr. 1, 1986 and in particular for use in structures which are employed as frames for exhibit displays and as frames used for shelter and other purposes.
The hub of my '051 patent, known as the "ring-and-blade" hub connector requires insertion of the ring through the blades of the struts prior to mating the blade halves and securing them together so as to form a unitary assembly of struts and hub. In contrast, the hub assembly of this invention allows pivotal connection of the struts to the individual halves of the hub structure without requiring the hub halves to be mated and secured together to retain the pivot connections for the struts in place. This allows the hub halves to be mated and secured together as a permanent assembly if desired, or to remain as separate entities releasably joined together as is the case with "split hubs" as disclosed in my aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,986.
The invention relates to improvements in hub assemblies for collapsible frames or the like. The hub assembly comprises two hub halves, preferably of identical construction, which are so constructed that when they are mated, they are compelled to register in proper relation and with the pivot connections for all of the struts which are connected thereto lying in substantially the same plane.
The two hub halves are mated in nested relation so that the arms of one hub half interdigitate with the arms of the other hub half and with the respective arms cooperating to effect the proper registry between the halves.
Each hub half is preferably provided with a central face defining a mating surface, so constructed and arranged as to position the radiating arms of the half in such a manner as cooperates with the arms of the other half to achieve the desired registry when the mating surfaces are engaged against each other.
Preferably, the root widths of the arms are dimensioned to equal or substantially equal the root distance between adjacent arms. By "root width" is meant the width of an arm where it radiates from its central face, and by "root distance" is meant the distance between adjacent arms of a hub half where they radiate from the central face. In preferred form, the arms of one half interdigitate with the arms of the other half when the central or contact faces of the two halves of the hub assembly engage in face-to-face contact so that the root distances of one half are filled by the root widths of the other half, thus effecting proper registry between halves.
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a hub assembly according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a plan view of an assembled hub;
FIG. 3 is a sectional view taken along the plane of section line 3--3 in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along the plane of section line 4--4 in FIG. 3; and
FIG. 5 is a plan view of a hub half illustrating details of its construction.
FIG. 1 illustrates the hub structure in exploded perspective and illustrates the hub half 10 and the cooperating hub half 12 as well as a snap-fitting plug member 14 for releasably securing the halves in engagement and one of the pivot pins 16. Each half comprises a main body portion 18 which, on one side, presents an outer face 20 while, on its other side, is provided with a central face 22. As will be evident, the two central faces of the halves are adapted to engage in mating relation (see FIG. 3) when the member 14 holds them in that position. Each half is provided with a plurality of arms which radiate from their main body portions. Thus, the half 10 is provided with the arms 24, 26, 28 and 30 whereas the other half 12 is provided with the arms 32, 34, 36 and 38.
As is seen in FIG. 3, a strut S of the associated collapsible framework with its blade B projecting therefrom and into a slot of the arm 34 is pivotally connected to the arm 34 by means of an associated pivot pin 16. For the sake of clarity, only one strut S is shown in FIG. 3 and only three struts S are illustrated in FIG. 2, it being appreciated that each arm of each half will be provided with an associated strut S.
In FIG. 3, the hub assembly is being employed as a split hub assembly in a framework of the type described in my prior U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,986. For those other hub assemblies of such a framework which are not employed as split hub assemblies, the releasable connector 14 may be dispensed with and the two hub halves secured together in permanent fashion or at least in such a fashion as does not readily permit the releasability afforded by the connectors 14.
At this point, it is well to note that the hub halves may be made from any suitable material such as various metals or from synthetic resinous materials. Preferably, the hub halves are made from aluminum, in which case, those hub assemblies which are not required to separate may be joined by screw thread fastening means or by suitable adhesive techniques at the contacting central faces of the halves. The use of an adhesive technique for joining halves is the method of choice for the ring-and-blade type of hub as in my prior U.S. Pat. No. 4,280,521 wherein the hub members, being made of synthetic resinous material, are most advantageously adhered by applying a solvent for the resinous material at the parting face and clamping the members together for a period of time sufficient to effect an excellent bond which has proven to resist separation between members even under the most severe conditions of use.
FIG. 5 illustrates structural details of a hub half which causes a pair of such halves to orient and register with each other when they are mated. As shown, the four arms 32, 34, 36 and 38 radiate from the main body portion of the hub half at 90� intervals. The central face 22 is flat and is formed as an annulus centered at the point P1 and having a radius which is the same as or substantially the same as the radii of the broken line circles centered at the points P2, P3, P4 and P5. The points P2-P5 are located on orthogonally directed radii projected from the point Pl and at such distances from the point Pl as to assure that the arcs Al, A2, A3 and A4 are substantially equal in length and that the intervening concave arcs A5, A6, A7, and A8 are also substantially equal in length and to the length of the other arcs A1-A4. In this way, the root width of each arm, defined by the distance between the points a and b, will be the same or substantially the same as the root distance between adjacent arms, i.e., defined by the distance between points c and d. When the points P1-P5 are related as shown and described, the arms of the two hub halves will substantially precisely interdigitate when the halves are mated to position not only the arms but also the main body portions in a particularly oriented and registered relation, the root widths of one hub half filling the root distances of the other hub half and the two central faces being in face-to-face contact.
The arms of each hub half are substantially twice as thick as the main body portion from which they radiate so that, when the hub halves are mated, the pivot pin apertures in the two sets of arms may be located to lie substantially in the same plane when the halves are mated. Thus, the apertures A (see FIG. 1) in the set of arms associated with the hub half 10 will be at the same level as the aperture B of the set of arms associated with the other hub half 12 when the halves are mated as aforesaid. This preserves a very desirable feature of the ring-and-blade hub assembly in that the pivot axes for all of the strut ends connected to a hub are in the same plane. This is particularly useful in a split hub assembly because it avoids the "weaving" of struts which otherwise occurs in a framework which employs this type of hub where two ring-and-blade hubs are stacked one upon the other to form the split hub assembly. In order to preserve symmetry of the two hub halves and to assure that they are interchangable, the apertures A and B are centered at points which lie substantially in the planes of their associated central face 22, as is best seen in FIG. 3.
Each arm of each hub half is provided with a radially extending slot 50 defined between the bifurcations 52 and 54 of each arm. Each slot 50 preferably extends from the base circle of the central face of its hub half, i.e., from the associated arc A1-A4 and the bifurcations 52 and 54 are rounded off in those portions which extend away from the plane of the central face 22, i.e., in those portions which interdigitate in circumferentially spaced relation when the hub halves are mated to provide the circularly registering sets of bores B. The bores B may both be internally threaded if production considerations require it for economy or only one of them in each pair of bores may be internally threaded. In any case, each pin 16 is provided with a shank portion 56 having the same external diameter as the threaded portion 58 thereof so that the shank portion 56 fits snugly in one bore B of its associated arm while the threaded portion 58 is threadedly received in the internally threaded bore of the pair of bores B, irrespective of whether one or both bores of the pair is internally threaded. Each pin is also provided with a screw driver slot 60 and each preferably is of a length to be flush with the outer surfaces of the bifurcations 52 and 54 as is illustrated in FIG. 4. The aperture in each blade BLB or strut end is dimensioned pivotally to receive the shank portion of its associated pin 16 with little clearance, as is also shown in FIG. 4.
Each hub half lends itself well to formation by standard production techniques. For example, if the hub halves are made of aluminum, they may easily be made by die casting to the precise dimensions and relations as in FIG. 5 and the only machining required of such parts is a normal deburring operation and internal threading of one or both bores B of each pair thereof.
Each connector 14 is provided with a head portion H and a blind internal bore 60 and diametrically opposed tapered notches 62 and 64. The bifurcations thus formed allow the nose portions 66 and 68 to deform toward each other as a pin 14 is inserted through the central openings 70 and 72 of the hub halves. The bifurcations or more portions 66 and 68 are formed with wedge-shaped cam portions 74 and 76 which define the stop shoulders 80 and 82 which snap behind the outer surface of the inner hub half when the two hub halves are mated as illustrated in FIG. 3. Thus, the length of each pin from the inner side of its head to the shoulders 80 and 82 is substantially equal to twice the thickness of a main body portion of a hub half to assure good face-to-face contact of the central faces of the two hub halves. As noted before, the interdigitation of the two halves when mated assure proper orientation and registry therebetween, the two central openings 70 and 72 being substantially precisely aligned and registered in the process. If the hub halves are to be removably related as in a split hub pair, the connector 14 is retained with the outer hub half when the hub halves are separated by squeezing the ends of the connector bifurcations together to allow separation and entry of the cam portions 66 and 68 into the central opening 72 of the inner hub half 12 as the halves are separated, ultimately allowing the bifurcations to spring back to their normal positions in which the stop shoulders 80 and 82 will now prevent withdrawal of the connector from the outer hub half 10 so that the connector is carried by this outer hub half.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Eagles win 32-13 in Rugby World Cup Qualifier.
Events Schedule
|Date | Time
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|#USAvURU Reddit AMA w/
Todd Clever & Samu Manoa!
|March 29th, 2pm ET
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|March 28th, 6-9pm
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Marietta, GA 30066
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|IRB Rugby World Cup Qualifier
USA Eagles v Uruguay Teros
|March 29th, Kick-Off: 3pm
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Kennesaw, GA
|Press Release
Where to Watch
Universal Sports Network is available on Time Warner Cable, Cox, Verizon FiOS, satellite providers DIRECTV and DISH and numerous regional cable and IPTV operators in markets across the country. To find Universal Sports in your area, click here. If you live outside of the US, the match will also be streamed on RugbyWorldCup.com.
03/25DHL Express, the world's leading express and logistics provider, kicked off The DHL Youth Leadership Scrum contest in the U.S., which offers a once in a lifetime experience to an American child to become a part of Rugby history and deliver the official Match Ball onto the field at Rugby World Cup 2015 in London.
03/06Tickets for the first Pacific Nations Cup match day in the U.S. will go on sale to the public Friday, March 13, at 10 a.m. PT.
02/23Mike Tolkin's Eagles Select XV will prepare for a three-match tour to South America, the Pacific Nations Cup, and the upcoming Rugby World Cup in England and its buildup matches with a spring camp in Sunrise, Fla., Feb. 26 to March 1.
02/19USA Rugby announced the dates and locations for the two World Rugby Pacific Nations Cup double-header match days to be held in the United States in 2015.
01/22Head Coach Mike Tolkin and the Men's Eagles coaching staff will work with 20 Rugby World Cup hopefuls at the United States Olympic Committee Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista, Calif., next week.
01/16Fifty-seven athletes from around the country responded to USA Rugby's National Team Olympic Recruitment Camp last weekend at the Olympic Training Center in Chula Vista, Calif.
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Choose your Easter dinner main dish from hams, savory lamb, and over 150 more recipes.
Bunny cakes, lamb cakes, chocolate eggs, and carrot cakes to nibble on.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
Skewered strawberries, mangoes, papayas, and pineapples all excel on the grill.
See how to make incredibly quick-and-easy, very flavorful grilled shrimp.
The tangy marinade makes the shrimp moist and flavorful.


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The University will make every effort to provide disabled access, where possible, to all of its events. If you have any support requirements due to a disability, please contact the event organiser directly at the earliest opportunity.
This lecture has been cancelled, but will be rescheduled for a later date.Inaugural lecture: The end of the Asylum. How Italy closed down its psychiatric hospitals.


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In the late-'90s, Robyn took the pop charts by storm with her hit singles 'Show Me Love' and 'Do You Know (What It Takes).' Then she disappeared… Continue reading Robyn Opens Up About the Perils of Pop Stardom to Out Magazine
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Images Print Story Published: 5/13 6:35 pm Share Updated: 5/13 6:35 pm . Beyonce insists there's no bad blood between her and her father Mathew … Continue reading Beyonce speaks out about splitting from manager dad
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Surface tension ahead of Bledisloe clash
July 28, 2010
The AFL are considering a move away from Etihad Stadium © Getty Images
The slippery playing surface at Melbourne's Etihad Stadium is overshadowing the build-up to Saturday's Tri-Nations clash, with the possibility that referee Craig Joubert could call off the Bledisloe opener if the ground is deemed unsafe.
New Zealand have been denied the right to train at the venue ahead of their meeting with Australia as ground staff prepare the widely lamented surface for a busy weekend of action.
Etihad is commonly used by the AFL and Aussie Rules games are scheduled for Friday and Sunday this weekend, but that sport is considering its future at the ground because of problems with players constantly losing their footing with the risk of injuries looming.
The Australian media have been debating the topic, with issues ranging from the positioning of the sun over the stadium in winter to the type of studs being used by players being discussed.
Although rugby has less directional changes than AFL, Joubert's verdict on the turf will determine whether the match between trans-Tasman rivals Australia and New Zealand will proceed. He has already expressed concerns to International Rugby Board referees manager Paddy O'Brien after hearing the damning reports on arrival from his native South Africa.
All Blacks and Wallabies management are united in being comfortable with the game taking place. All Blacks coach Graham Henry had no doubt the game would proceed as scheduled, saying both sides would have to "make the best" of conditions.
Wallabies counterpart Robbie Deans insisted the teams would be competing "on a level playing field".
The All Blacks visit the stadium on Thursday to assess what the fuss is about, though they are forbidden to train on it as ground staff try to stabilise the surface ahead of Friday's AFL match between St Kilda and Essendon.
"Obviously it's proven troublesome for the AFL but our game's a little different," said All Blacks assistant coach Steve Hansen. Rugby players wore different footwear and did not change direction the same way as in Aussie Rules, he said. The scrums, however, do pose a potential problem.
"Obviously at scrum time we'll be hoping the surface holds together. At the end of the day we'll have to deal with it. If that means getting a bit closer as two forwards packs and scrummaging slightly different because of the surface that's what we'll do."
O'Brien said uncontested scrums - employed when front row stocks were compromised by injury or foul play - were not an option if the surface could not handle the driving force of the packs.
"At the end of the day, a referee's obligation is to check the playing surface. So it is his responsibility to make sure it is safe and that's what he's doing," O'Brien told The Australian newspaper.
© Scrum.com
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'Concussion is not worth the risk'
Concussion, relegation and the mother of all surprises - it's the Monday Maul.
Jones key to Wales World Cup plans
Huw Richards assesses where Wales are after a mixed Six Nations, with front row seats still very much available for the World Cup
Attacking revolution will be fleeting
John Mitchell lapped up the action on 'Sensational Saturday' - but warns not to expect a repeat come Rugby World Cup time later this year
Ireland, England are dangers if ...
Craig Dowd warns England, Ireland and Wales they should play to their strengths rather than those of the All Blacks and the Wallabies


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Posts filtered on Category
Predicting the champion
Well, some may say be careful what you ask for — the Spurs are taking on the Heat in the NBA Finals, a matchup 51 percent of respondents to a recent Spurs Nation poll desired. Out of 1,372 voters, 697 picked the Heat as the preferred Finals opponent for the Spurs. The most prominent reason? […] [Read More]
James presents far greater challenge than 2007
Fate has brought the Spurs and LeBron James together in the Finals once more, and the circumstances couldn't be any more tantalizing. James, now well-established as the best player in the world, leading his Heat in defense of last year's championship against the Spurs, back in the Finals for the first time in six years. […] [Read More]
Heat strongly favored to topple Spurs in Finals
Miami is strongly favored to defeat the Spurs and defend its NBA title, according to online betting site Bovada.lv. The Heat are -240, meaning a $240 bet would be required to win $100 should they take the series. The Spurs are +200, earning $200 for a $100 bet. The complete list of Bovada's Finals lines: […] [Read More]
Championship flashback: 2007
Spurs 4, Cavaliers 0 Game 1: Spurs 85, Cavaliers 76 Game 2: Spurs 103, Cavaliers 92 Game 3: Spurs 75, Cavaliers 72 Game 4: Spurs 83, Cavaliers 82 From the first championship in 1999 through the transitional early years of the Big Three era, the Spurs had always been unquestionably Tim Duncan's to lead. They […] [Read More]
Scouting the Finals: Heat vs. Spurs
Before the playoffs started, a veteran NBA scribe joked that, among the many teams that had no chance to beat Miami, the Spurs had the best chance. Even that was debatable. While the defending champions were rolling into the postseason on an epic 37-2 hot streak, the Spurs split their final 20. Picking them to […] [Read More]
Finals tickets on sale Thursday
Tickets for Games 3 and 4 of the Spurs' Finals matchup with defending champion Miami will go on sale Thursday at 10 a.m. Tickets can only be purchased online. Fans are encouraged to visit Spurs.com. Finals tickets can also be guaranteed with the purchase of 2013-14 season tickets. Packages can be purchased by calling (210) 444-5050 […] [Read More]
Spurs set to meet defending champion Miami in Finals
It took the full seven games, but defending champion Miami finally finished Indiana off in emphatic fashion Monday in the Eastern Conference finals, 99-76, to set up a mouth-watering Finals matchup with the Spurs. The Heat are in the Finals for the third straight season, while the Spurs are back for the first time in […] [Read More]
Notes on a practice: Duncan anxious to know foe
The Spurs will finally learn the identity of their opponent in the Finals tonight with the completion of Game 7 of the Eastern Conference finals between defending champion Miami and Indiana. Tim Duncan, for one, can't wait. "Finally," he said. "I'm excited to have that information. I've watched every (game). I can't wait to see the […] [Read More]
Duncan remains in Howard's head
Dwight Howard really did go fishing after the Spurs eliminated him and the Lakers in humiliating fashion from the NBA playoffs. He has the Instagram pictures to prove it. One thing Howard didn't do was watch the NBA playoffs, because all it did was remind him of Tim Duncan. "I couldn't watch the playoffs I […] [Read More]
Pop's Air Force Academy yearbook
From the man who gave us this incredible GIF, Rae D. Cabello, we have another entry from the Gregg Popovich vault. Behold, his entry in the 1970 Air Force Academy yearbook, complete with a misspelling of his distinctive first name. (A copy of which recently sold on E-Bay for $65.) In addition to pictures of […] [Read More]
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isn't vacation what you do during a holiday? you crazy brits.
How does one "do" vacation?
"I SAY prɒcess now," my friend said, with what I thought was a hint of pride.
"Really?" I replied. "I'm definitely still on proʊcess."
One of the set-piece conversations that Britons living in America have with each other, besides how cold it is, how hot it is, or how interesting it is that people here don't talk about the weather all the time, is about which British words or pronunciations they have shed in favour of their American equivalents.
For many of us, the first to go are pronunciations so interchangeable that we can't even remember which version is which. For instance, shedule vs skedule, or contROVersy vs CONtroversy.
Next come words used so often that it becomes easier just to adopt local usage, especially if you suspect there'll be confusion otherwise. These include replacing pavement with sidewalk (what Americans call pavement we call tarmac; the Merriam-Webster dictionary doggedly insists that tarmac, or tarmacadam, is "a pavement constructed by pouring or spraying a tar binder..."), holiday with vacation (in America, it seems, the only kind of holiday is a tax holiday), insect with bug (if you want to eradicate bugs in Britain, you have to call in a specialised security firm) and flat with apartment (in America, the only thing small enough to theoretically live in a flat would be an insect—sorry, a bug.)
Then there is intonation. Americans often turn a statement into a question. I went to Harvard? (This always sounds to my ear like false modesty: Harvard? Perhaps you've heard of it?) I work downtown? I took the subway to Brooklyn? But then there was a body on the line? And they had to evacuate us all on like Avenue four hundred? That kind of thing. The extent to which Brits lose their accents varies enormously—I've met some who have spent a decade or more in the States and still sound like they just finished doing a bit-part in Eastenders or Coronation Street—but even if they keep them, they often pick up American intonation without realising it.
Two things seem to be particular milestones in a Brit's Americanisation. One is calling the letter Z zee instead of zed. The other is replacing "I'm well" or "I'm fine" with "I'm good". Many grammar sticklers will insist that "I'm good" is wrong, as "good" is an adjective and should only be used to denote a quality of the person it's describing (ie, good as opposed to evil), while "well" and "fine" are (in this case at least) adverbs and describe the state that a person is in. Grammar Girl demurs. Either way, the sense that "I'm good" is not merely different but actually wrong is no doubt what holds Brits back, which is why it signals a significant level of assimilation when they use it. (Myself, after two and a half years in the United States, I still waver.)
I still ask for water the British way at restaurants, but I often have to repeat myself. An American friend once reprovingly told me that "water" has an "r" at the end; I replied that it doesn't have a "d" in the middle. The conversation went no further.
Other changes will be specific to your environment. I worked for a while with teams making various things for the web, and at every meeting there were repeated references to the beta (ie, preliminary) versions. But beeta or bayda? Surrounded by people saying the latter, I found it impossible to stick to the former; but I also found it impossible to make what felt like a huge leap to the American pronunciation. I wound up adrift somewhere in the middle, with the American vowel (bay) and the British consonant (t instead of d), which just sounds ridiculous to everybody.
The o-as-in-hot prɒcess replacing the o-as-in-gold proʊcess (and likewise with progress) indicates a still deeper assimilation. Here there's no (or very little) risk of confusion, and the dissonance between them is a lot smaller than that between beeta and bayda. A Brit who uses prɒcess, I think, has either absorbed an American identity to a significant degree, or just has fewer hang-ups about maintaining a British one.
At any rate, those are my observations, but I'm interested in how accurate they are. If you're a Brit living in the United States, please take a minute (no longer) to fill out this web form. Just put in how long you've lived in the United States, and mark which Americanisms you use. I'll post the results in a few days.
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isn't vacation what you do during a holiday? you crazy brits.
How does one "do" vacation?
Something I've found amusing is that the American pronunciation of process doesn't carry over to proceed or processional.
Colleague is another marker. If you start the word by sounding like a crow, you've probably picked up the American style.
"Gold" isn't a good example keyword, because in many British accents it's become merged with the vowel of "lot". A word like "goat" would be a better example.
But I'm a Brit, living in Britain, and I say "I'm good". Have I been culturally assimilated via cultural imperialism and Friends?
Rb220 - yes, I'm a brit who has only ever visited America on holiday, and for some of these (Controversy, for example) i have to think for a little to make sure which the British version is, and I suspect I flip-flop on in real life. Of course there are some others (Aluminum, Booee) which I can't ever imagine saying unless as a joke.
Spending time on the internet reveals an increasing number of things that I didn't realise were British-specific. A lot of my American (internet) friends have never heard of Toad in the hole, the poor things.
Your assimilation apparently has some way to go, given a couple of the mistaken claims above. To wit:
Unadorned "holidays" in the US are what would be called "public holidays" in Britain. E.g., "Thanksgiving and New Year's Day are [government] holidays, but Halloween is not". The use of the word "holiday" is certainly not restricted the relatively uncommon phrase "tax holiday". There are also "religious holidays" (Ash Wednesday, Rosh Hashana, Eid El Fitr, etc.) which hew closest to the original meaning of the word "holiday": holy day. Government-recognized holidays are the modern-day secular equivalents of the original religious holy days; Independence Day, Labor Day, Veteran's Day, etc. can be thought of as "holy" to the nation's "civil religion".
And "bug" does not mean "insect" exclusively, though it includes insects. "Bug" is a larger and imprecise category of creepy-crawlies that also includes spiders, centipedes, etc. (Except in its other, much younger, usage, where it refers to a defect of some sort, but that form is also used in Britain.)
In, the U.S., bug (to bug) is also a verb, meaning to annoy, e.g., "he like totally bugs me."
Precisely what I've been taught when it comes to bugs/insects. At least in the Midwest where I'm from.
There is a worldwide consonant shift involving the letter "t".
No there isn'T
I can't get away with the 's' that is missing at the end of math...you don't say 'physic', do you?
And whatever happened to the leading 'h' in 'herbs'?
Have any other expats noticed that 'savings' is always always used in the singular? ("It's like an extra bonus savings", says Flo annoyingly in the car insurance advert whose name escapes me.)
However, I'll concede that it makes sense to abandon 'flat' when there is the distinction between condo and apartment.
whatever happened to the leading 'h' in 'herbs'?
The same thing that happened to it in "hour", "hono(u)r", "heir", etc. Historically, it was never there in pronunciation, only in spelling.
The "h" in "herbs" has only relatively recently begun to be pronounced in Britain, and then because of the spelling.
Been on this side of the pond for 53 years. AnthonyCharlton, just go with the flow, or you may start wondering where the "the" came from in the phrase "He was in the hospital." That way lies madness.
'Erbs, I believe, is an authentic fossil, and British pronuncation with the 'h' is relatively new. In my lifetime 'hotel' and 'historical' have also acquired a previously non-existent leading 'h' in Britain. Language change happens, both temporally and geographically. Just lie back and pretend to enjoy it.
'Math' is short for mathematics. Why preserve the non-plural 's'?
'Math' is short for mathematics. Why preserve the non-plural 's'?
Wars have been fought over less.
goudreau wrote:
"Bug" is a larger and imprecise category of creepy-crawlies that also includes spiders, centipedes, etc."
Your term 'imprecise category' suggests to me that you also meant some humans (like: 'she is bugging me')
Yura2009: no, my comments about the noun "bug" do not apply to the verb "to bug". That's a separate topic entirely. Does the verb form (used colloquially in the US as a synonym for "to bother" or "to annoy") get used in Britain at all?
Another meaning of "to bug" means to wiretap or eavesdrop electronically. AFAIK, that is used on both sides of the pond.
Let us simply accept the fact that the various potential meanings of "bug" provide the potential for humor, at least in the US. Perhaps a "British" insistence that there must be a distinction shows a lack of humor?
(Just kidding, my friends.)
when is someone going to discuss the difference in meaning of the word "scheme?" American scheme = con game.
In Australia, my problem was a combination of your bayda and water problems.
Do you want bada (butter) with your toast mate? With your boddle of wahda (water) that'll be thirdeen dollars mate.
I always struggled with those "d"'s in the middle of words that normally have a hard "t". How should I pronounce them? I used to opt for long roundabout phrases that just didn't mention them.
I'm not british, but one of the first things I notice when I go to the states is the pronunciation of "been". Around here (toronto) it's said as if it rhymed with teen, but in the US (the northeast anyway) it seems to rhyme with tin instead.
And one thing any American going to Canada picks up pretty soon is that the name of the city is really Tarana, not Toronto.
And then there's "Cal-gary" versus "Cal-gree" Alberta.
Nope, not even close - it's Tronna you foreigner you (and that applies to anyone, even a fellow Canadian who thinks you actually pronounce all those letters!
"Where 'ast tha bin sin' ah saw thee" as they say in Ilkley.
So fair play - sometimes the USA gets it right.
"I wound up adrift somewhere in the middle, with the American vowel (bay) and the British consonant (t instead of d), which just sounds ridiculous to everybody."
No it doesn't. It sounds Canadian. That's the way I say it and I am from Toronto. We usually say "bay-ta" and we can distinguish between "t" and "d".
This isn't exactly on topic but I have not really seen anywhere else it would fit precisely.
I'd like to see some discussion of trans-Atlantic editting. I consider myself to be fairly bi-lingual in US and UK English. And when I read something or hear a play or movie I want to see it in the orignal English, not in an editted version where some patronising individual has changed it because he thinks I wouldn't otherwise understand or like it.
This works both ways. I don't want to see a UK edition of a US story in which someone "queues". Nor do I want to read, as I did today, a US edition of Sherlock Holmes which refers to a "check", ie a cheque.
I read for entertainment and for education. It's fun to read, or watch, fiction but one can also, quite painlessly, acquire knowledge. I am sure many people have learned about other forms of English from fiction. If the editors and directors insist upon producing material which always uses the local version of the language, even when it's a foreign work it prevents this.
It is also an interference with the writer's art, like an exhibitor's deciding that he doesn't like the colour Rembrandt used and changing it.
I don't want to see editting for the market in either direction. Please leave the words and spellings chosen by the author.
Here. Here.
There is only one "t" in editing. Or are there three "d"s?
Reading J K Rowling in American is quite unsettling.
Quite right about "editing". Typographical error. I need a proof reader. Do you want a job?
I think that one can accept a cerain amount of slap-dash in a blog. This is neither an academic paper nor a report. If I had to edit it carefully I would have to spend all day at it. And check facts echaustively.
As for Rowling, I agree. I assume that you're referring to the "dumbing down" of changing the "difficult" bits. For example, the little darlings won't know want a "philosopher's stone" is so let's change it to "sorcerer's stone", which is not the same thing at all.
The people who make these changes exhibit huge ego. Why do they think that, even though they know what something is, no one else will?
"Pavement" in the UK does not refer simply to a footpath or sidewalk. Paving is the covering of ground with a sealed or hard surface - stone, concrete, tarmacadam, etc. Pavement is the material with which something is paved. Any paced surface - road, footpath, parking area, runway, etc - is a pavement. This is standard terminology in the UK with roads engineers who use the terms "rigid paving" and "flexible paving", usually, repectively, concrete and asphalt.
The usage to which G.L. refers is common in the UK. But not amongst people who know what they're talking about. Because the man-in-the-street calls a cow a horse doesn't make it so.
And in the USA, insects are called "insects". "Bugs" is slang or informal use. To say that the US word for insect is "bug" is like saying that the UK word for cat is "moggy".
"Vacation" means to vacate or close down. Courts and universities have vacations in this sense. Holidays are public days off. In my company we refer to the annual time allowed off as "annual leave", more descriptive, I think, than "vacation" or "holiday".
I'm a Brit who lived and studied in Texas for 5 years (2001 - 2006) and am now living and working as an English Teacher in China.
I often have discussions about this topic. I aim to teach my Chinese students English with clarity and simplicity as the priority. So, for eexample, I rhyme potato and tomato (easier to learn). I pronounce 'Water' like a Brit would say 'War' followed by an American saying 'tear' (rip), ie using the British T' (it's a 'T', not a 'D') and the American 'R' (it's an 'R', not an 'Ahhh'). Interesting I have found myself speaking with a more stereotypical American accent than many North Easterners. I even corrected a girl from New Hampshire who said 'Cat' in a way that sounded to me like 'Cot'.
PS. Everyone I know in my hometown (Wigan) says 'I'm good' these days.
First, I feel sorry for you that being a Brit, you lived and studied in Texas for 5 years. <<< Totally kidding.:) I meant it must have been a happy challenge picking up the Texan drawl along with the peerless BBQ-ed everything.
Second, it is so good you AIM to teach your Chinese students English with clarity and simplicity as the priority. If I may be so presumptuous, please tell them too by way of an introduction to your teaching exactly what you said at the top of your post: "I am a Brit who lived and studied in Texas...I aim here to teach you English with clarity and simplicity as the priority." That way they get a larger picture of the diversities within the language, that it no longer is the nearly monolithic thing as it was a century ago when their father's father's father attended Cambridge and came home writing about the poetry of Keats and Shelly. That awareness on their part will be a useful teaching tool for you now and learning tool for them later.
If nothing else, with that awareness, when they hear "tomato" spoken by an America they will not get confused about trying to rhyme an American tomato with an American potato.
PS: My young Brit in-laws say I'm good too. They are from Lincoln. I wonder if it is a generational thing rather than a regional thing.
ashbird, further to your advice about 'awareness'...
I once had a student whose (intelligent and educated) mom was constantly quizzing me about the differences between US and British English. In one instance I told her it's better to call the thing at the end of the pencil an 'eraser' rather than a 'rubber' and explained that this was to avoid an embarrassing misunderstanding. She gave me a disapproving look and said she didn't think it was 'better' and told me that when she travels to the US she takes dollars with her and when she travels to the UK she takes pounds with her, but neither pounds nor dollars are intrinsically 'better', and she would prefer if I told her all the variations and differences and the reasons for them.
Native English speakers tend to view the differences in our speech as nothing more than a quirky source of humor, however the smart Chinese realize that this is just extra knowledge that is teachable, learnable and exploitable for academic/career/financial gain.
"So, for eexample, I rhyme potato and tomato (easier to learn)."
Presumably you teach them cough, rough, and plough rhyme for much the same reason ...
As a Brit living in Canada with a (non-Brit, non-Canadian) wife who picks up languages like some dogs pick up fleas, I have a hard time getting her to stop saying lee-sure and tomayto in my hearing. For some reason those words are like nails on a blackboard to me. As a techie chap, I often have to flip between 'rooter' and 'rowter' (for router) to be understood. In Canada, it's a toss-up whether your hear route or 'rout' used for the directions needed to get from A to B. I do indulge freely in local colloquialisms though. They're awesome!
"Presumably you teach them cough, rough, and plough rhyme for much the same reason"
The same reason being that cough, rough, and plough rhyme for the majority of native English speakers, but for a smaller group of native English speakers they don't ?
I think the 'reason fairy' has paid someone a recent visit :-)
Well, I was being facetious, but although the cases for cough (coff) and rough (ruff) are marginal, I've never heard anyone pronouncing plough (US: plow) a 'pluff'. Maybe I've been mixing with the wrong company?
when I'd sail with the british, they'd pronounce a bouy as, boy, instead of booee.
if you pronounce buoyant as (boy-ant) and buoyancy as (boy-ancy), then why would you pronounce bouy as (booee)?
The first time I heard the (booee) pronunciation was during an episode of survivor and it sounded so funny hehe. Just say whatever floats your boat :)
@ Guy Hamilton.
I thought "annual leave" was pretty obvious, until last week, when my colleague told an Belgian customer that I was on annual leave. The Belgian sent me an email wishing me a good time in my year off. I had to explain that sadly, I only got two weeks.
The other flaw in the phrase is that it implies a once-a-year occurrence, but most Europeans enjoy several periods of "annual leave" per year.
I never would have thought that anyone could infer that "annual leave" meant leave for a year. Sometimes people really use their imaginations when they practise to misunderstand.
And, yes it means once-a-year. If I get thirty working days' annual leave I can take thirty days off in a year, every year. But I can go as many times as I like as long as the total days taken in one year do not exceed thirty. I have worked with people who seemed to be on annual leave every Friday and Monday throughout the summer. I think a person really has to try hard to misundertand that.
US "What's your job"
UK "I'm a clerk" (claark)
US "You're a claark? You go tick-tock, tick-tock?"
This Americanisationo of British speech is happening in the UK as well.
Tennagers and children, such as my seven year old, routinely say I'm good in reply to how are you, pronounce water withda d and an r, raise their foice as the end of sentences, and pronounce r very strongly.
Watch children's television such as CBBC (though not CBeebies), the Americanasiaton is happening.
I wonder why. I am 37 and I grew up watching Mickey Mouse and Scooby Doo etc, so there were plenty of American accents on TV.
I suggest the reason is the use of American accents in electronic and computer games, plus the the fact that children's TV channels, including US ones such as Cartoon Network and Nickeldoean, are on all day, not just from 3-5 pm as in the early 80s.
Then there's the Great Trowel Shift, still ongoing, whereby we all move into the garden for some peace & flowerbedding odds&ends...
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text:
Book your room at Margarets Forest
Please enter your travel dates.
Riverwalk hotel in Margaret River with free parking
Located in the heart of Margaret River, this hotel is within 3 mi (5 km) of Gloucester Park, Xanadu Winery, and Amaze'n Margaret River. Margaret River Golf Club and Prevelly Beach are also within 9 mi (15 km).
Hotel Features
This smoke-free hotel features WiFi in public areas, laundry facilities, and tour/ticket assistance. Self parking is free. Additionally, wedding services, a garden, and barbecue grills are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 30 rooms feature kitchens with refrigerators, stovetops, microwaves, and dishwashers. Washers/dryers and patios are standard, as are flat-screen TVs with satellite channels.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Margarets Forest features tour/ticket assistance, barbecue grills, and a garden. High-speed wireless Internet access is available for a surcharge. This Margaret River hotel also offers laundry facilities and a safe deposit box at the front desk. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Margarets Forest is a smoke-free property.
- Barbecue grill(s)
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Total number of rooms - 30
- Laundry facilities
- Garden
- Luggage storage
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Year Built 2000
- Free self parking
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 5
- Wedding services
- Tours/ticket assistance
- WiFi (surcharge)
Family Friendly Amenities
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Kitchen
- Laundry facilities
- Sofa bed
- Washer/dryer
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Microwave
- DVD player
Available in all rooms: Wireless internet access ( 9.95 AUD per hour )
Available in some public areas: WiFi (surcharge)
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- DVD player
- Patio
- Phone
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- Kitchen
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To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
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Check-in time ends at 6 PM
Check-in time starts at 2:30 PM
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No elevators
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National Rating
Official Australia STAR Rating provided by AAA Tourism Pty Ltd
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New Year MMOG News 20
from the mmoging-in-the-snow dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
Yeah.. except that the concept has been around (and publicated online) since Underlight went beta at the end of 1997. It's not an unreasonable evolution
One of the reasons why I play the MMORPG's is because of the size of the userbase. I pay for the ability to play on a server that supports several tens of thousands of connected players. The more players there are, the more chances I have for interaction, the more chances I have for pawning stuff, and I have a better chance of getting good equipment.
I imagine that these "free servers" couldn't handle a tenth of the load that the Blizzard servers do. Instead of really experiencing the game (which, if sing
Increasing costs for running the game? Or dwindling player base? I expect a large number of their players have recently migrated to World of Warcraft.
WoW can be a grind if you want it to. Instead of killing 300 rats to level, you have to grind out quests instead. People enjoy grinding tho, and you know these people by the fact that they hit lvl 60 two weeks after the servers started.
Now, WoW offers a lot to those who want to have fun. Take fishing, for instance. Before Blizzard nerfed it, you could make a tidy dollar off of fishing. Now, you can just spend time idly chatting and fishing. It is relaxing and fun, in my opinion. I space out the que
If a 6600 used paper tape instead of core memory, it would use up tape at about 30 miles/second. -- Grishman, Assembly Language Programming


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Mama to DS R (June/06), DD K (September/07), DS M (October/08), DD R (June/09)... waiting for #5 in late 2013!!
SAHM to 6.5yo DS and 4yo DD. PCOS with two early m/cs. Married 8 yrs. Certified birth doula, writer, editor.
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write@home mama to big boy (04-06) and little boy (10-08)
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