text:
Modulated low-level electromagnetic field effects on EEG visual event-related potentials/Moduleeritud madalatasemelise mikrolaine kiirgusefektid visuaalsetele EEG erutuspotentsiaalidele.
Modulated microwave effects on electroencephalographic event-related potentials (ERP) and cognitive performance has been the subject of extensive discussion during the last decade. Most of the research in this field is carried out because of the massive spread of wireless communication devices and growing public concern about the probable health risk of the electromagnetic radiation, emitted from the devices and networks. For assessing the EMF effects in cognitive functions, different methods have been used [1-19]. The analysis of changes in persons' behavioural and performance characteristics is often carried out [1-6,9-11,17-19]. The changes in cognitive performance are typically accompanied by changes in the frequency and spatial coordination of the rhythmic activity in the neocortex. These changes can be detected by the analysis of EEG ERP responses. In most cases, visual or auditory stimuli are used for creating EEG ERP responses in EMF studies. There are studies that use classical phase-locked methods for time domain averaged EEG response analysis. In this case the amplitudes and latencies of characteristic peaks (N100, P100, etc) of averaged responses relative to stimulus onset are analysed [14-16]. Usually characteristic peaks are named by their polarity (N-negative, P-positive) followed by its approximate latency (100, 200 or 300 ms) [20]. There are also studies that use time-frequency methods for the analysis of EEG ERP responses. In this case the change in the signal power, occuring in a given band, relative to a reference interval is calculated and parameterized as event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event-related synchronization (ERS) [7-8,12,13]. By convention, ERD corresponds to the power decrease and ERS to the power increase [21].
In [1] it was found that during the EMF exposure the choice reaction time decreased in adult subjects; at the same time there were no changes in the word, number or picture recall, or in spatial memory [1]. Similar tendency was found in [2] in the EMF study of children, but the findings did not have statistical significance and were not confirmed in experiments with adults [2]. In [3,4] it was suggested that EMF has a facilitating effect on human attention. Since different measures of attention showed different results, it was also concluded that attention functions may be differentially enhanced after exposing to EMF and the effects may be dose-dependent. In [5] a measurable EMF effect on human cognitive performance was found, especially on attention and working memory. The EMF field, produced by the GSM phone, speeded up response times when the memory load was three items, but no effects of RF were observed with lower loads [5]. The improvement in the speed of processing of the information, held in working memory during the exposure to mobile phone EMF, was also found in a more recent study [6]. This study incorporated 120 volunteers and 8 different neuropsychological tasks. In [7] the effects of EMF, emitted by cellular phones on the ERD/ERS of the 4-6, 6-8, 8-10 and 10-12 Hz EEG frequency bands were studied in normal subjects performing an auditory memory task. The exposure to EMF increased EEG power significantly only in the 8-10 Hz frequency band.
The results suggested that the exposure to EMF does not alter the resting EEG per se but modifies the brain responses significantly during the memory task. In another study [8] the same team investigated the problem with the help of a visual sequential letter task (n-back task) with three different working memory load conditions: zero, one and two items. The conclusion was very similar to their first study - the exposure to EMF modulates the response of EEG oscillatory activity approximately by 8 Hz, specifically during cognitive processes [8]. In two replication studies by Haarala et al. [9,10] the authors could not reiterate their previous results. The improvements of both of the studies included multi-centre testing and a double-blind design. In the cognitive function study the number of tests was reduced. Neither had EMF an effect on the cognitive functions and on the reaction time nor on the accuracy of the subjects answers. The authors concluded that inability to replicate previous findings could be caused by the high sensitivity threshold of the test [9,10]. Similarly Haarala et al. [11] found no effects of 902 MHz mobile phones on children's cognitive functions. At the same time the results of Krause et al. [12] suggest that EMF, emitted by mobile phones, has an effect on brain oscillatory responses during cognitive processing in children. In this study 1-20 Hz event-related brain oscillatory EEG responses in children, performing an auditory memory task (encoding and recognition), was assessed while exposed to a digital 902 MHz mobile phone radiation. The results demonstrated that during memory encoding, the active mobile phone modulated the ERD/ERS responses in approximately 4-8 Hz EEG frequencies. During recognition, the active mobile phone transformed these brain oscillatory responses in approximately 4-8 and 15 Hz frequencies [12]. In [13] the authors investigated further possible effects of electromagnetic fields, emitted by mobile phones on the ERD/ERS during cognitive processing. In line with their previous studies, they observed that the exposure to EMF had modest effects on brain oscillatory responses in the alpha frequency range (approximately 8-12 Hz) and had no effects on the behavioural measures. The effects on the EEG were, however, varying, unsystematic and inconsistent with previous reports. The general conclusion was that the effect of EMF on brain oscillatory responses may be subtle, variable and difficult to replicate for unknown reasons [13].
In [14] the effects of electromagnetic fields, emitted by GSM mobile phones on human EEG event-related potentials and performance during an auditory task with 12 subjects were investigated. Participants of the study performed an auditory oddball task while they were exposed to the electromagnetic field of an active mobile phone during one session and sham-exposed during another. Each test lasted 1 h and the time between the two sessions was one week. For EEG ERP analysis phase-locked methods were used. The analysis showed that the N100 amplitude and latency to non-targets were reduced when exposure and sham exposure conditions were compared. P300 latency to targets was delayed in the exposure condition and also the reaction time increase was observed in expose condition. The results suggested that mobile phone exposure may affect neural activity; however, one should be cautious due to the small sample size.
In the next ERP study by Hamblin et al. [15] the authors increased the sample size to 120 subjects and decreased the EMF exposure time to 30 min. The results of this study showed no significant difference between exposure conditions for any auditory or visual ERP component or RT. As their previous positive findings were not replicated, it was concluded that there is currently no evidence that acute mobile phone exposure affects auditory N100 and P300, visual P100 and P300 amplitudes and latencies RT [15]. In the study [16] it was found that EMF, emitted by the mobile phone, affects the pre-attentive information processing reflected by the P50 auditory evoked potential.
In [17] the results of neurophysiological tasks, associated with attention and short-term memory, indicated that there is a significant increase in variances of errors in the EMF-exposed (450 MHz, modulation 7 Hz) and sham-exposed groups, and in more complicated tasks there was also a significant decrease in errors in the exposed group. In the visual perception study [18] with face masking task it was shown that recognition of stimuli was better under the sham-exposure conditions compared to exposed condition (450 MHz, modulation 7 Hz), but the actual difference was only 5%. It was concluded that early stages of the visual information processing are overwhelmingly robust so that the low-level 7 Hz modulated electromagnetic field effects are extremely weak [18]. In the visual perception study [19] the EMF (450 MHz, modulation 40 Hz) effects were examined with the attention blink phenomenon that can be described as impairment of the identification of the second of two targets if it is presented less than about 500 ms after the first. The results showed that 40 Hz modulated EMF had no immediate effect on attentional blink characteristics of human visual perception. Investigations [17-19] were different from mobile phone experiments described above since the electromagnetic field carrier had lower frequency (450 MHz) and the modulation was simplified compared to the GSM standard. In these studies simple on/off modulation was used with modulation frequencies inside the EEG frequency band (7 or 40 Hz).
The results of the described studies are quite different and contain contradictions when compared to each other. It is a clear indication to the fact that EMF effects on cognitive functions can not be easily detected and the interpretation of the results is extremely complicated. The reasons for that might be that the sensitivity to EMF is individual and it depends also very much on the physiological condition of the individual during the experiment. The aim of the current study was to experimentally investigate the effect of modulated microwave radiation in EEG ERP responses by the method introduced by Polich [20] and to combine it with an original design of the EMF exposure set-up. The idea of the exposure set-up is to keep the experimental conditions for a subject as uniform as possible in order to minimize the fluctuations of the physiological condition and ERP responses by unknown factors. This goal is achieved by recording the reference and exposed responses in a mixed way during the same task and making the exposed and sham-exposed tasks in the same day in short time.
2.1. Subjects
30 adult subjects participated in the current study. The group of volunteers consisted of 12 male and 18 female subjects, aged between 19 and 36 years with a mean age of 25 years. All participants were healthy, without any known medical or psychiatric disorders, and had normal or corrected to normal visual acuity. All subjects gave their informed consent before the start of the experiment.
EEG activity was recorded at the Fz, Cz, and Pz electrode sites, referred to linked earlobes, using forehead ground, with impedances at 5 k[OMEGA] or less. Additional bipolar electrodes were placed at the outer canthus of both eyes, also above and below the left eye to measure the electro-oculographic (EOG) activity. The data were recorded using a sampling rate of 500 Hz, bandbass filtered (0.05-40 Hz). All data were recorded using Compumedics Neuroscan (7850 Paseo Del Norte El Paso, TX 79912, USA) electrode cap, Syn Amps amplifier and amplifier headbox.
2.2. Exposure conditions
Electromagnetic radiation of 450 MHz was generated by a signal generator (model SML02, Rhode & Swartz, Munich, Germany). The radio frequency signal was 100% pulse-modulated using a modulator (SML-B3, Rhode & Swartz, Munich, Germany) at the frequency of 21 Hz (duty cycle 50%). The signal from the generator was amplified by a power amplifier (model MSD-2597601, Dage Corporation, Stamford, CT, USA). The generator and the amplifier were carefully shielded. The output power of 1 W electromagnetic radiation was guided by a coaxial lead to the 13 cm quarter-wave antenna (NMT450 RA3206, Allgon Mobile Communication AB, Stockholm, Sweden), located 10 cm from the skin on the right side of the head. Spatial distribution of the power density of the electromagnetic radiation was measured by a field strength meter (Fieldmeter C.A 43, Chauvin Arnoux, Paris, France). The measurements were made by the Central Physical Laboratory of the Estonian Health Protection Inspection. The dependence of the field power density on the distance from the radiating antenna was obtained from the measurements, performed under real experimental conditions. During the experiments a Digi Field C field strength meter (IC Engineering, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) was used to monitor the stability of the electromagnetic radiation level. The average field power density of the modulated microwave at the skin on the left side of the head was 0.16 mW/[cm.sup.2] as estimated from calibration curves. The specific absorption rate (SAR) was calculated using SEMCAD (Schmid & Partner Engineering AG, Zurich, Switzerland) software. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) computing method with specific anthropomorphic mannequin (SAM), specified in IEEE Standard 1528, was applied. The calculated spatial peak SAR averaged over 1 g was 0.303 W/kg, which is below the thermal level. In the current study every subject performed two identical cognitive tasks, one of which was with exposure and the other one with sham exposure. One task lasted 10 min. During the exposed task the EMF was switched on and off in one-minute intervals, so that the participants performed half of the task with RF exposure (EMF ON) and half of the task as reference (EMF OFF) (Fig. 1). The sham-exposed task was identical to the EMF-exposed task, except that the EMF generator was switched off all the time.
2.3. Description of the visual task
All subjects performed a visual oddball task, where they had to distinguish infrequent target stimuli from frequent standard stimuli by pressing the mouse button. The task consisted of randomly appearing ball-shaped stimuli, of which 25% were targets and 75% were standards. The sequence of the stimuli was generated by the system Compumedics Neuroscan [STIM.sup.2] 4.0. There were two different sequences of stimuli (one for the exposure task and another for the sham task) and the order of the sequences was counterbalanced.
The target stimulus was a blue circle of 2 cm diameter and the standard stimulus a blue circle of 4 cm diameter [20]. Stimuli were presented in the middle of the black computer screen. The duration of every stimulus was 100 ms. The inter-stimulus interval (ISI) was variable during the task in order to minimize habituation. ISI range was 1-2 sec, mean 1.5 sec (Fig. 1). Altogether 400 stimuli were presented on the computer screen during one 10-min task (Fig. 2), of which 100 were targets and 300 standards. The subjects were instructed to respond to the target as quickly as possible by pressing the left mouse button and to refrain from responding to standard stimuli.
2.4. Experimental procedure
During the experiment, the room was dark and the participants were sitting in front of the 17" computer monitor with a viewing distance of approximately 80 cm. The monitor was calibrated at color temperature 6500 K and luminance 200 cd/[m.sup.2]. The subjects were instructed to avoid movements during tasks and to keep the eyes focused at the middle of the screen. During the pauses between the tasks the lights were put on and the subject was asked how he/she was feeling and whether he/she felt tired.
The experimental session started with a preparatory task (3 min) and continued with two successive experimental tasks (10 min both), one of which was the exposure task and the other the sham task. There were 2 min resting time between the preparatory task and the first experimental task, and 10 min resting time between two experimental tasks. The whole session for a subject lasted 35 (3 + 2 + 10 + 10 + 10) min and was carried out on the same day, every subject had only one experimental session. EEG activity was recorded only during the experimental tasks. The order of experimental tasks (exposure versus sham) was counterbalanced as well as the order of stimuli sequences. The subjects were blind to the exposure time and duration, the antenna was located near the right side of the head during all experimental tasks.
2.5. Data processing
Eye moving artifacts were reduced using Compumedics Neuroscan Edit 4.3.3 software. The method employs regression analysis in combination with artifact averaging [22]. After that the signal was low-pass filtered at 30 Hz (48 dB octave/slope) and continuous EEG was offline epoched to 800 ms responses with a 200 ms prestimulus baseline. Every epoch was baseline-corrected using prestimulus interval - 200 to 0 ms. Epochs, where the voltage in VEOG or HEOG channels exceeded [+ or -] 100 [micro]V (in the range - 50 to 400 ms), were removed from the analysis. The epochs were grouped into four different categories taking into account the EMF condition (ON, OFF) and the response type (standard, target). The responses were averaged by categories. After the grouping and averaging process we had four different ERP responses for every experimental task for every subject (target EMF ON, standard EMF ON, target EMF OFF, standard EMF OFF). One averaged ERP standard signal contained approximately 150 epochs and the target signal approximately 50 epochs. The reaction times for target recognition were also recorded, valid mouse clicks had to be between 100-800 ms from the stimulus onset.
The components amplitudes were measured relative to the mean of the prestimulus baseline, with peak latency defined as the time point of the maximum positive (P) or negative (N) voltage within the latency window. Peak amplitudes and latencies were detected from the Pz channel. Sensory evoked potentials (P100, N100, P200, N200) were measured from the standard and P300 from the target stimuli. Peaks latency windows were defined as follows: P100(130-200 ms), N100(170-230 ms), P200(220-280 ms), N200(250-350 ms), P300(300-600 ms). After peak detection, waveforms were inspected manually to ensure that the peaks identified were genuine and proceeded each other in the correct order. Scalp distribution data from Fz and Cz channels were used for correct Pz peak detection. If the P300 wave had two peaks, the second peak was taken for the analysis. In addition to subject-averaged EEG ERP responses, averaged responses over all the subjects were calculated.
2.6. Statistical analysis
The null hypothesis was that the EEG event-related potential component latencies, amplitudes and reaction times of the subjects to the target stimuli are not different in EMF ON and EMF OFF conditions during the same task. The mean values of EMF ON and OFF response parameters were compared pairwise by two-tailed Students t-test (p < 0.01 considered to be significantly different). The exposed and sham tasks were analysed separately.
The only parameter found significantly different when comparing the mean values of the parameters in different EMF categories was N100 (p < 0.00009) amplitude in the exposed task. In the exposed task the group mean N100 amplitude (measured from standard response) was - 3.41 [+ or -] 4.54 [micro]V in EMF ON category and -2.50 [+ or -] 4.71 [micro]V in EMF OFF category. In EMF ON category the N100 amplitude was 1.1 [micro]V (36%) lower compared to EMF OFF during the same task. The P100 amplitude was lower in EMF ON category (3.47 [+ or -] 4.85 [micro]V) compared to EMF OFF category (4.01 [+ or -] 4.55 [micro]V) but the significance was on borderline (p < 0.014). No significant differences were found when sham task categories were compared. All the data is presented in Table 1.
This effect can also be observed on the grand mean response figure (Fig. 3); EMF ON grand mean has a different amplitude at N100 compared to other three grand mean ERP responses on the same figure. Moreover, standard EMF ON grand mean response has noticeably lower amplitude compared to other standard responses from 150 to 300 ms relative to the stimulus onset.
Figure 4 illustrates the grand mean potentials from ERP target responses. In EMF category, the signal amplitude is a little bit lower compared to sham signals. We can see that the same type of responses from different tasks are not as similar as the same type of responses from the same tasks. This is a general indication of slightly shifted experimental or psychological conditions within sham and exposed experimental tasks that were apart no more than 10 min.
In our experiment, mean RT in exposed tasks is somewhat shorter than in sham tasks: 375 ms (EMF ON) and 374 ms (EMF OFF) versus 380 ms (sham 1) and 378 ms (sham 2). However, within the same task the RT differences were not statistically significant.
Our current results are in good agreement with the study by Rodina et al. [18] on visual perception with a method of face masking. The method can be considered as a model of the initial level of visual perception. In the visual sense, practically all kinds of memory are used in face masking: the long-term memory for recognition, the short-term (working) memory for responding, and the sensory memory for immediate representation. In the masking experiment the most important role is probably carried out by the sensory memory, because only two stimulus alternatives of highly overlearned stimulus-type are used, which does not exceed the working memory capacity or pose serious problems for longterm memory processes [18]. In an auditory experiment very similar results were found in [16], where the main effect of EMF was revealed in pre-attentive information processing phase.
All this does not necessarily mean that EMF has no effect to the later stages of information processing but since the effect is very small, it could be that in later stages it may be even more difficult to reveal it in a meaningful way. As described in the Introduction, many studies have shown the effect also in working memory and attention but replication of these effects has been difficult in most cases [1-6,9-11,17-19]. It should also be noticed that our studies may not be directly compared to the studies that used GSM mobile phone radiation and this is mainly because of different modulation properties. It has been shown in [23,24] with resting EEG that different modulation frequencies have different impact, which leaves us a reason to believe that similar effects also exist for cognitive processes and EEG ERP responses. Another reason why we have got an effect where other similar studies have failed, might be the more sensitive protocol used in the current study. The key here is that the EMF ON and EMF OFF experiments were mixed into a single task (one minute exposure on and one minute exposure off) that rules out many artefactual as well as physiological factors that make the dispersion of the results higher when different tasks are carried out in different days. Our experimental procedure during the EMF ON and EMF OFF condition for a particular subject were as uniform as these theoretically can be. Our study also had another advantage, because there was no need to statistically compare exposed and sham-exposed tasks. Sham experiment in our case was made as a separate reference study and had to show that there were no significant changes of the parameters in the sham-sham comparison.
There are also weaknesses in this kind of set-up. For example, the continuous radiation time can not be very long (in our case it was one minute) and if the effects would need longer time of EMF exposure to develop, we might have weakened it by our set-up. When comparing to other similar experiments, many studies use exposure times 30 min and more [14,15], whereas our total exposure time during one task was only 5 min. Because of the short exposure time and alternating EMF ON and EMF OFF conditions during the task, our set-up also reduces the chance of thermal effects. Another problem with our experiment might be related to the adaptation phenomena described in [25]. With short exposure and recovery times in our experiments we might have created the situation where the nervous system is in the constant adaptation phase. This on the one hand might enhance the effect, especially if the effect can only be observed during the adaptation phase, or, on the other hand, decrease the effect if adaptation during EMF ON phase is in the same direction as recovery during the EMF OFF phase. That, in turn, depends on time characteristics of the adaptation and recovery and is a subject for future analysis.
The results confirm that EMF effects on visual cognitive processes are extremely weak and the detection of these effects is difficult. It has been shown that modulated microwaves have rather strong impact on early (sensory) components of visual event related potentials (N100 amplitude) compared to later stages of visual information processing during the oddball task. No evidence was found that low-level 450 MHz EMF, modulated with 21 Hz, could alter EEG ERP response latencies or subject reaction times.
This study has been supported by Estonian Science Foundation (grant No. 6173).
Received 12 February 2008, in revised form 15 April 2008
(1.) Preece, A. W., Iwi, G., Davies-Smith, A., Wesnes, K., Butler, S., Lim, E. and Varey, A. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 1999, 75, 447-456.
(2.) Preece, A. W., Goodfellow, S., Wright, M. G., Butler, S. R., Dunn, E. J., Johnson, Y., Manktelow, T. C. and Wesnes, K. Effect of 902 MHz mobile phone transmission on cognitive function in children. Bioelectromagnetics, 2005, Suppl 7, S138-143.
(3.) Lee, T. M., Ho, S. M., Tsang, L. Y., Yang, S. H., Li, L. S., Chan, C. C. and Yang, S. Y. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Neuroreport, 2001, 12, 729-731.
(4.) Lee, T. M., Lam, P. K., Yee, L. T. and Chan, C. C. The effect of the duration of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Neuroreport, 2003, 14, 1361-1364.
(5.) Koivisto, M., Krause, C. M., Revonsuo, A., Laine, M. and Hamalainen, H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Neuroreport, 2000, 11, 1641-1643.
(6.) Keetley, V., Wood, A. W., Spong, J. and Stough, C. Neuropsychological sequelae of digital mobile phone exposure in humans. Neuropsychologia, 2006, 44, 1843-1848.
(7.) Krause, C. M., Sillanmaki, L., Koivisto, M., Haggqvist, A., Saarela, C., Revonsuo, A., Laine, M. and Hamalainen, H. Effects of electromagnetic field emitted by cellular phones on the EEG during a memory task. Neuroreport, 2000, 11, 761-764.
(8.) Krause, C. M., Sillanmaki, L., Koivisto, M., Haggqvist, A., Saarela, C., Revonsuo, A., Laine, M. and Hamalainen, H. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phones on the electroencephalogram during a visual working memory task. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 2000, 76, 1659-1667.
(9.) Haarala, C., Bjornberg, L., Ek, M., Laine, M., Revonsuo, A., Koivisto, M. and Hamalainen, H. Effect of a 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human cognitive function: A replication study. Bioelectromagnetics, 2003, 24, 283-288.
(10.) Haarala, C., Bjornberg, L., Laine, M., Revonsuo, A., Koivisto, M. and Hamalainen, H. 902 MHz mobile phone does not affect short-term memory in humans. Bioelectromagnetics, 2004, 25, 452-456.
(11.) Haarala, C., Bergman, M., Laine, M., Revonsuo, A., Koivisto, M. and Hamalainen, H. Electromagnetic field emitted by 902 MHz mobile phones shows no effects on children's cognitive function. Bioelectromagnetics, 2005, Suppl 7, S144-150.
(12.) Krause, C. M., Bjornberg, C. H., Pesonen, M., Hulten, A., Liesivuori, T., Koivisto, M., Revonsuo, A., Laine, M. and Hamalainen, H. Mobile phone effects on children's event-related oscillatory EEG during an auditory memory task. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 2006, 82, 443-450.
(13.) Krause, C. M., Pesonen, M., Haarala, C., Bjornberg, L. and Hamalainen, H. Effects of pulsed and continuous wave 902 MHz mobile phone exposure on brain oscillatory activity during cognitive processing. Bioelectromagnetics, 2007, 28, 296-308.
(14.) Hamblin, D. L., Wood, A. W., Croft, R. J. and Stough, C. Examining the effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by GSM mobile phones on human event-related potentials and performance during an auditory task. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2004, 115,171-178.
(15.) Hamblin, D. L., Croft, R. J., Wood, A. W., Stough, C. and Spong, J. The sensitivity of human event-related potentials and reaction time to mobile phone emitted electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics, 2006, 27, 265-273.
(16.) Papageorgiou, C. C., Nanou, E. D., Tsiafakis, V. G., Kapareliotis, E., Kontoangelos, K. A., Capsalis, C. N., Rabavilas, A. D. and Soldatos, C. R. Acute mobile phone effects on preattentive operation. Neurosci. Lett., 2006, 397, 99-103.
(17.) Lass, J., Tuulik, V., Ferenets, R., Riisalo, R. and Hinrikus, H. Effects of 7 Hz-modulated 450 MHz electromagnetic radiation on human performance in visual memory tasks. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 2002, 78, 937-944.
(18.) Rodina, A., Lass, J., Riipulk, J., Bachmann, T. and Hinrikus, H. Study of effects of low level microwave field by method of face masking. Bioelectromagnetics, 2005, 26, 571-577.
(19.) Lass, J., Rodina, A., Riipulk, J., Hinrikus, H. and Bachmann, T. Are there modulated electromagnetic field effects on human conscious perception during attentional blink test? In Proc. 18th International Conference IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2006, 1, 2924-2927.
(20.) Polich, J. Clinical application of the P300 event-related potential. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin., 2004, 15, 133-161.
(21.) Pfurtscheller, G. and Lopes da Silva, F. H. Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: Basic principles. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1999, 110, 1842-1857.
(22.) Semlitsch, H. V., Anderer, P., Schuster, P. and Presslich, O. A solution for reliable and valid reduction of ocular artifacts, applied to the P300 ERP. Psychophysiology, 1986, 23, 695-703.
(23.) Bachmann, M., Lass, J., Kalda, J., Sakki, M., Tomson, R., Tuulik, V. and Hinrikus, H. Integration of differences in EEG analysis reveals changes in human EEG caused by microwave. In Proc. 18th International Conference IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2006, 1, 1597-1600.
(24.) Hinrikus, H., Bachmann, M., Lass, J., Tomson, R. and Tuulik, V. Effect of 7, 14 and 21 Hz modulated 450 MHz microwave radiation on human electroencephalographic rhythms. Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 2008, 84, 69-79.
(25.) Rubljova, J., Bachmann, M., Lass, J., Tomson, R., Tuulik, V. and Hinrikus, H. Adaptation of human brain bioelectrical activity to modulated 450 MHz microwave. In Proc. 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Lyon, 2007, 4747-4750.
Jaanus Lass, Kristjan Kruusing and Hiie Hinrikus
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technomedicum of the Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; email@example.com
Table 1. Measured parameters for all response categories during the exposure (EMF ON, EMF OFF) and sham (Sham 1, Sham 2) tasks. The types of responses from where the particular parameters were measured (standard, target) are also presented Parameter EMF condition Mean, ms SD p RT EMF ON 375.03 43.55 0.651 EMF OFF 373.80 37.43 Sham 1 379.73 41.90 0.422 Sham 2 377.77 41.35 P100 lat. EMF ON 157.33 13.25 0.914 (standard) EMF OFF 157.47 13.08 Sham 1 159.47 12.09 0.585 Sham 2 159.00 14.10 P100 amp. EMF ON 3.47 4.85 0.014 (standard) EMF OFF 4.01 4.55 Sham 1 4.04 5.13 0.981 Sham 2 4.05 5.03 N100 lat. EMF ON 194.73 15.37 0.472 (standard) EMF OFF 196.00 15.49 Sham 1 195.27 13.92 0.936 Sham 2 195.20 13.59 N100 amp. EMF ON -3.41 4.54 9.26E-05 (standard) EMF OFF -2.50 4.71 Sham 1 -2.52 4.79 0.797 Sham 2 -2.60 5.01 P200 lat. EMF ON 249.20 14.3 0.443 (standard) EMF OFF 250.13 15.32 Sham 1 249.07 14.23 0.464 Sham 2 249.67 16.31 P200 amp. EMF ON 8.70 4.90 0.424 (standard) EMF OFF 8.88 4.72 Sham 1 9.38 4.91 0.400 Sham 2 9.19 5.07 N200 lat. EMF ON 288.60 18.81 0.448 (standard) EMF OFF 289.87 19.76 Sham 1 287.87 18.64 0.863 Sham 2 287.67 19.22 N200 amp. EMF ON 2.57 3.56 0.094 (standard) EMF OFF 3.01 3.27 Sham 1 3.61 3.74 0.652 Sham 2 3.48 4.13 P300 lat. EMF ON 410.27 29.32 0.423 (target) EMF OFF 412.33 29.47 Sham 1 415.47 25.79 0.401 Sham 2 413.27 29.60 P300 amp. EMF ON 16.98 5.43 0.622 (target) EMF OFF 16.67 4.86 Sham 1 17.67 4.84 0.786 Sham 2 17.53 5.94
Reader Opinion
|Printer friendly Cite/link Email Feedback
|Lass, Jaanus; Kruusing, Kristjan; Hinrikus, Hiie
|Estonian Journal of Engineering
|Article Type:
|Geographic Code:
|Jun 1, 2008
|Previous Article:
|Use of infrared and visible light radiation as modulator of protein activity/Infrapunase ja nahtava valguse kiirguse kasutamine valkude aktiveerimise...
|Next Article:
|Multiple human electrophysiological responses to extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field exposures: a pilot study/Mitmesed inimese...


text:
I used a longer lens to capture better quality cropped details than I would get with my normal all-purpose lens.
I shot most photos at ISO 6400, but a number of them were also at ISO 3200.
shegum, Dill Pixels (THE ORIGINAL), and 3 other people added this photo to their favorites.
Le coq
Wow, I've never seen this one in real life, so far. You get great results at the high ISO settings.
That's amazing.
Thanks. I might have shot this at 200mm, hand-held. Everything is hand-held at Blackhawk.
I don't know if it's my imagination, but everything seemed to be darker in the museum.
It is a great photo,did you use a 200mm 2.8 lens?,It is so sharp for using a higher ISO,normally there is a price to pay and the shot gets compromised.
Do they not allow tripods in that museum?,it seems a bit unreasonable but I suppose one bafoon and le coq could easily become history in a different sense.
The museum is very dark, and the last thing anyone desires is some "aisle hog" or more appropriately a "baffoon" with a bunch of gear spread out, including tripods. It's also a safety issue.
I am very happy and thankful that the museum allows non-commercial photography, which fits my situation.
Upon my many trips to the museum, I have learned to employ better skills in working in difficult lighting situations. I'll return and try again.
My camera is known to work well at high ISOs, a Nikon D700. ISO 6400 can be "iffy", so I usually bracket my exposures. A bit of underexposure will result in a massive blooming of noise at that ISO.
Yes, I used a 70-200mm 2.8 lens.
Peacock's Head - Tête De Paon
First Introduced 3rd February 1928, no longer in Production

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Latest Headlines
Latest Headlines
South Korea's Green Cross teams with Russia's Nanolek on biologics manufacturing
South Korea's Green Cross said it has signed an agreement with Nanolek, a Russia biopharmaceutical company, to produce its biologics in a three-month-old facility said to be state-of-the-art.
Pleasantries aside, U.S. FDA keeps sharp eye on India pharma manufacturing
The exchange of niceties and promises of softness in recent meetings with India counterparts notwithstanding, the U.S. FDA continues to take harsh action against India drug-production plants. The latest is a ban on imports from two more Ipca Laboratories plants.
Human albumin shortage in India may prompt emergency measures
India regulators are mulling whether to invoke emergency procedures and order drugmakers to produce and distribute more human albumin, which has been in short supply for nearly a year.
India's Gujarat set to train food and drug inspectors in first state effort
India's Gujarat state government has signed a memorandum of understanding with Underwriters Laboratories to train 60 food-and-drug inspectors to work under the Food and Drug Control Authority.
India's Wockhardt faces mass of lawsuits in U.S. over generic Reglan
Wockhardt's U.S. affiliate must face a mass of suits in a state court over its generic version of the acid reflux drug Reglan (metoclopramide), developed by Wyeth before the firm was bought by Pfizer.
India threatens restrictions on China pharma imports
India's government has threatened to place restrictions on imports of nonessential items, including pharmaceuticals, from China if it does not ease some of its "protectionist tendencies" toward India products.
Lee Kuan Yew remembered for focused effort to build Singapore into a pharma, biotech center
Lee Kuan Yew, Singapore's first prime minister, who developed the small city-state into a vibrant manufacturing center for petrochemicals, shipping, electronics and a financial hub also leaves a legacy for the drug and biotech industry in Asia that will play out over decades.
India plans pharma manufacturing clusters to ease costs
India's health ministry said the government plans to spend $27.3 million to establish ten clusters around the country for drug makers to share common production facilities and reduce their costs by 25%.
Indonesia drug industry investment lags despite universal insurance program
Indonesia's new and ambitious healthcare program has done little to infuse new money into the country's pharmaceutical industry, partly because of a long-term weakness in the nation's currency, the rupiah, according a review of company reports.
U.S.-based lawsuits pile up for Japan's Olympus in superbug case
Olympus Medical Systems has received its fifth suit filed by a patient claiming to have been infected with the hospital "superbug" as a result of inadequate sterilization of its duodenoscope.


text:
Biometrics can bridge organizational gaps, experts say
"IDs can be faked, and bad guys can lie," said Army Col. Ted Jennings, biometrics program coordinator at the
Defense Department's Program Executive Office for Enterprise Information
Systems. "You can't rely on [personal appearance] to identify bad guys in the field and protect warfighters."
The Bethesda, Md., chapter of AFCEA International hosted an event at which Jennings spoke Aug. 4.
Jennings said using biometrics gives the military the ability to identify the good guys in the local population of a combat theater so they can work and conduct business. The technology also aids with interrogation, detainee management, base access and identification of persons of interest, he said.
As the science continues to evolve, the demands on the technology increase. Army Biometrics Task Force Deputy Director Lisa Swan said that as her agency develops the next generation of a biometrics database, it will need to coordinate with many DOD sub-organizations involved with biometrics.
To achieve the goal, Swan's office is following an enterprise strategy that spans military operations, business functions, institutionalization and unity of effort.
"Data sharing is the future, and that's where biometrics is going," Swan said. "That's where it will be most useful."
About the Author
Amber Corrin is a former staff writer for FCW and Defense Systems.
E-Mail this page
Printable Format
Advanced Search
Meet 100 women and men who are doing great things in federal IT.
Click here for the full list
Unisys Federal Systems' Venkatapathi Puvvada, this year's Eagle award winner for industry, stresses the importance of community.
Experts tell committee that business models, not technology, are the main obstacle to better sharing across systems.
Protests have delayed SEWP V, but industry experts say the contract vehicle offers agencies service and value that are hard to find.
The power of the individual informs FCW's coverage each and every day, but with the Federal 100, we take time to really spotlight and celebrate it. Get to know each of this year's winners.
The latest version of the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act purportedly protects companies from liability and individuals from government intrusion.
Popular CIO is headed for the private sector.
The Census Bureau hasn't established a time frame for its cloud computing plans, including testing for scalability, security, and privacy protection, as well as determining a budget for cloud services.
President Obama's proposal to boost government coordination with the private sector got a warm welcome in the House Homeland Security Committee.
The spy agency wants to better integrate cybersecurity into its traditional human intelligence operations.
8609 Westwood Center Drive, Suite 500Vienna, VA 22182-2215 703-876-5100
© 1996-2013 1105 Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only.To order presentation-ready copies for distribution to colleagues, clients or customers, visit: www.1105Reprints.com


text:
Dr. Your Name DC
Talk to 123 now to grab this top-3 placement and get the ball rolling on bringing a constant stream of people in need to your chiropractic clinic.
Find Delhi Chiropractors and Delhi Chiropractic Clinics
Need assistance in seeking Delhi chiropractors? We can help to direct you in the right location when looking for a doctor of chiropractic in Delhi NY through our listings of countless Delhi chiropractors and clinics. Finding chiropractors in Delhi NY has never been easier with 123!
Entering information about your city, zip code, state, or viewing our online map will connect you to chiropractors in Delhi NY and their clinics. We will then provide you with phone numbers, addresses, and websites to contact doctors of chiropractic in Delhi NY. Profiles of Delhi chiropractors are available through 123Chiropractors.com, where you can compare Delhi chiropractic treatment options and even make an appointment right on their page.
123Chiropractors.com is led by an Advisory Board comprised of the world's most recognized chiropractic professionals - where Internet users not only locate Delhi chiropractors, but can obtain comprehensive and reliable information regarding the various methodologies of chiropractic in Delhi NY. Since our initial launch, our Delhi chiropractic portal has become a go-to destination focusing on thousands of users each and every day. Our highlighted list of 3 doctors of chiropractic in Delhi NY will assist you in searching for Delhi chiropractors, so you can find the most convenient local care.
At 123Chiropractors.com, all featured chiropractors in Delhi NY have a personal profile page with their Delhi chiropractic practice address, website, phone number, office hours, and much more displayed. Users can also read articles written by Delhi chiropractic doctors, search through videos, and see a listing of techniques practiced in order to make the best choice of Delhi chiropractors. Locating doctors of chiropractic in Delhi NY is so easy with our featured profile pages as we highlight Delhi chiropractors area of expertise, listings of what insurances and payments are accepted, and any specials.
Finding the right Delhi chiropractic care can be quite a challenge, so we have provided the user with as much information as possible with our innovative directory and online content. By maintaining relationships with these esteemed members of the Delhi chiropractic community, we have grown into the world's largest chiropractic portal highlighting chiropractors in Delhi NY. We have a substantial catalogue of chiropractors in the Delhi chiropractic community, which has allowed us to become the largest chiropractic portal of chiropractors in Delhi NY.
Cooperstown Family Chiropractic
4910 State Highway 28, Cooperstown, NY 13326
Swenson Norman R
10 W End Ave, Stamford, NY 12167
Bettiol Chiropractic
31 Harper St, Stamford, NY 12167
Southside Chiropractic & Alt Health Cntr
4966 State Highway 23, Oneonta, NY 13820
Edwards Mark J
294 State Hwy 7, Sidney, NY 13838
Gable Douglas
186 Main St, Cooperstown, NY 13326
Shirley A Rufrano, D.C.
531 Southside Drive Oneonta NY 13820, Oneonta, NY 13820
Bartner Laura DC
Main St, Windham, NY 12496
Chiropractic Family Heleath Care
106 River St, Sidney, NY 13838
Picinich, David A
454 Main Street, Oneonta, NY 13820
Hughes Chiropractic
23 Main St, Stamford, NY 12167
Haney Wellness CTR
32 Main St, Oneonta, NY 13820
George Etzl
41-45 Dietz St., Oneonta, NY 13820
Margaretville Chiropractic Center
672 Main St, Margaretville, NY 12455
Joseph T Tabone
106 River St., Sidney, NY 13838


text:
Make a Difference – Help Save The World From Brian Williams Style Journalism
Get Involved… Voting is a Must, But Not Enough!
The 2014 Mid-Terms were a sign that Americans are ready for a change and 2016 will define the future of America. So get involved! No more recycles... No more Clintons or Bushs! It is time for some new blood in Washington, D.C.
Reaganesque Sarah Palin is the Key for the GOP in 2016 to both beat Hillary and nullify the Dems' 'carrot' of electing the first female U.S. President!
Run Sarah Run... America Needs You!!
- Follow askmarion on WordPress.com
Palin Power 2014 – We Are Here To Save A Country
Run Sarah Run –> Join the Palin-Cruz 2016 Movement
Real Change… Checkout:
Recent Posts
- Watcher's Council Nominations – Temper Tantrum Edition
- Our Weasel of The Week Nominees
- Forum: Is America In Decline? Why Or Why Not?
- Ted Cruz to be first to announce 2016 bid
- Obama and Kerry Seek to Finalize an Iranian Nuclear Deal as Nuclear Conflict Draws Near
- The Council Has Spoken!! Our Watcher's Council Results 03.20.15
- Our Weasel of the Week!! 03.19.15
- Iran & Hezbollah Off Terror List – On The Record
- Nevada Law Would Make 'Pot for Pets' Legal
- Obama calls for mandatory voting in U.S.
- Watcher's Council Nominations – Winners And Losers Edition
- "The Kelly File" Filed FOIA Request Last Week Seeking Information On Hillary's OF-109 Form – The Five
- Our Weasel Of The Week Nominees! 03.17.15
- The Faustian Pact Between Obama And Iran
- Forum: How Would You Improve Race Relations In America?
- The Clintons… Bill: "I did not have sexual relations" and Hillary: " I did not have any classified material"
- Doctors Are Easily Offended…
- Sarah Palin Mocks Hillary Clinton with Awesome Photo
- The Council Has Spoken!! Our Watcher's Council Results 03-13-15
- Our Weasel Of The Week!! 03.12.15
- Hillary Insider: Email Scandal 'Inside Job' by Obama
- Watcher's Council Nominations – 'Delete To The Beat' Edition – 3.11.15
- Lawrence Welk is Wunnerful
- Hillary Discarded 30,000 Emails, her Server will remain Private – Hillary Flashback Two Weeks Ago: I Have Two Phones
- Our Weasel of the Week Nominees – 03.10.15
- America's Drug Story and the Rockefeller Empire
Past Posts
Tag Archives: Dhimmitude
ObamaCare After 3-Days at the SCOTUS…
After 3 days of hearings on the ObamaCare Bill by the Supreme Court… We the People, now sit and wait… The justices met on Friday and now know how they will vote, even though they could change their minds. The … Continue reading
Posted in Economy and Money, Health and wellness, Knowledge Is Power, News and politics, Politics, Wake Up Tagged death panels, debt, Dhimmitude, Dick Morris, Haraam, individual mandate, ObamaCare, ObamaCare lies, read the bills, Repeal and Replace ObamaCare, SCOTUS, smoke and mirrors, Supreme Court Leave a comment
Moving to Montana Soon…?
Creeping Sharia… Moving to Montana Soon? by SHEIKYERMAMI on APRIL 30, 2011 You might not meet a dental floss tycoon, but a bunch of far left loons who are eagerly peddling sharia. One could get the idea that Montana is … Continue reading
Dhimmitude… Part of ObamaCare Bill – What Does It Mean?
New Word For The Day – "Dhimmitude" – What Does It Mean? Obama used it in the health care bill. It was specifically spelled out in one of the original drafts of the ObamaCare bill (page 107) but was taken … Continue reading
Posted in Changing Winds, Economy and Money, Health and wellness, Politics, Wake Up, Watch the Other Hand Tagged control, Dhimmitude, Islamists, multiculturalism, ObamaCare, reigion, Shari'ah, Shariah Law, taxes 94 Comments


text:
- Home
- News
- Sports
- Opinion
- Obituaries
- Features
- Special Sections
- Classifieds
- Public Notices
Forgot Password? | Not a User? Sign up
By NATHANIEL BRYAN
HODGENVILLE — North Hardin Christian School volleyball coach Cassie Holley has wondered how her Lady Falcons would fare when put up against one of the area's seven public schools.
If you currently subscribe or have subscribed in the past to the The News Enterprise, then simply find your account number on your mailing label and enter it below.
Click the question mark below to see where your account ID appears on your mailing label.
|ZIP Code:


text:
Lake City
Details Released About Lake City Shooting Suspect
A medical examiner has identified the man who was found inside a Lake City home after a day-long standoff that started with a police officer shot.
Lake City Officer Shot In Neck ID'd; Body Found In Home
A Lake City, Minn. officer is in critical condition after being shot in the head early Monday morning. After a day-long standoff at the home where the shooting occurred, a man's body has been found.
Life Of A State Fair Pig: From Birth To Judging
Heading to the barns is part of tradition at the Great Minnesota Get-Together. But what does it take to get animals to the fair?
Lake City Man Drowns Trying To Rescue Dog
A 50-year-old Lake City man has drowned in Lake Pepin after he tried to rescue his dog, but was knocked out by an electrical shock.
Memorial Weekend Spurs Traditional Outings
Under a large striped tent, pitched in a parking lot along 34th Avenue is where Mitch Fine spends every Memorial Day weekend.
Ice On Southeast Minn. Lake Still 21 Inches Thick
The ice on a southeast Minnesota lake is thinning, but not by much.


text:
About myself
Marital Status
Work & Living Environment
Top Comments
All Comments
How big is that thing
Hot vids man i can tell you love suckin on a nice fat dick as do I HOT
Thanks, man. Really liked your hot body.
Appreciate the comments man. Loving your profile.
Nice vids and pics
hot vids and pics sexy
we need to get together
Thank you for your friend request, nj2k5nj.
' "You're handsome!" people say. Me: "Thanks, it's no matter b/c you are ok". Encouraged: (C)LEAN, esp. if English is your 1st language. Spend less time on future prediction, more on your future made."
ur welcome...
Thanks for adding me man! good videos and pics
You look great, man! Hot body and beautiful cock
You're a sexy bruh.
Thanks Boss great page
thanks for the friend request
my skype: codymings
my skype: codymings
my skype: codymings
my skype: codymings
my skype: codymings
my skype: codymings
my skype: codymings
thank u
And a woof to you, you hot fucker!
np also from nj
Thanks for the add papi can't wait to meet you
Thanks for the request!
Thanks for the friend reqeust bru; U a sexy ass dude!
Hello thanks for the friend add.
my pleasure sexy
whats up man
what's up? i am up that way to see fam often. hit my inbox
Thanks for the request Beautiful…Welcome to the neighborhood…I am happy to be among your friends! YOU HAVE AN AWESOME PROFILE PHOTO…I'M RATING IT 5 STARS!
Live Chat:login to chat


text:
Driftwood Motel Apartments
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
TripAdvisor Reviews Driftwood Motel Apartments Saint Pete Beach
Travel Blogs from Saint Pete Beach
Nothing is perfect
Spent the day with the realtor in Venice. We now know this drive of an hour down and an hour back, by heart. Saw 6 properties, 3 of which would be great EXCEPT... The little gray house in our realtor's neighborhood. Beautifully redone inside, could be bought with the furniture, has a pool, you can walk/bike to the beach BUT the price is close to $300,000 and the neighborhood is very mixed. Some properties are a little run down, while others have had some updating and it ...
What a difference a day makes
... people, and Bill with the local golf course. I am looking online to find a place in Venice for February. Unless something happens between now and next winter and we buy something. Feb 4. In keeping with the theme of one day making a difference, I got an email from the realtor, Janet. I had asked her to arrange for one more trip thru 3 homes we liked in Plantation. I wanted another look before we left the area. I got a return email with ...
St. Pete's Beach, Fl
... names on the bowl grid for prizes, and Marla's name was called for the final game prize! She won a very cool beach chair and a $25 dinner certificate. Luckily, we stayed in Navarre one more day so we used our gift certificate for lunch the next day.
It's time to start driving west, so we made our way to Baton Rouge, LA, where we spent a couple nights. Another rainy day meant we went to the Mall of Louisiana where Marla shopped ...
Heat Stroke and Sunburns
... painted shells while everyone shops. Jessica purchased a few items and we decided to head back to the house until a little later when the sun wouldn't be directly over us at the beach. By this point not only was Cindy fired, but my entire phone was now searching for unemployment as it wouldn't hold a single charge or receive any signals for service. This would become the least of my problems.
In the south the heat can be so unbearable you ...
Sarasota Area
... yelled roseate spoonbills and whipped the car back found a place to park and ran to the bird. what a treat that was, we have been looking for them since we got to florida.
we got caught up on laundry and stocked up at trader joes! and Randi cleaned the outside of the rig. we are off to north ft.myers where we will be for two whole weeks!!!!! hope you all have a very merry ho ho!!! and a happy new year!!! love from the fab 5 gone ...
Other places to stay in Saint Pete Beach
Blind Pass ResortSt. Pete Beach/South Beaches, Saint Pete Beach | Motelfrom $44
Sundial Beach MotelSt. Pete Beach/South Beaches, Saint Pete Beach | Motelfrom $75
Sabal Palms InnSt. Pete Beach/South Beaches, Saint Pete Beach | Motelfrom $100
Palm Crest Resort MotelSt. Pete Beach/South Beaches, Saint Pete Beach | Motelfrom $59
Beach HavenSt. Pete Beach/South Beaches, Saint Pete Beach | Motel$99 average


text:
Attwood Marshall Lawyers
Serving the Community since 19461B Pearl St
Kingscliff NSW 2487
P: 1800 62 1071 More locations (3)
Servicing All Areas: Coolangatta and Kingscliff. Attwood Marshall Lawyers are the legal team to see on the Tweed and Gold Coast. We are one of the few legal firms to offer an all round legal service to clients. Since 1946, we have been proudly building a relationship of trust with our clients to deliver the service they require.... More info
The closest location of Attwood Marshall Lawyers is 0.4 km from Kingscliff, NSW - Click here for Directions


text:
World War II, a time in history of great upheaval the world over. Found here in are some of the machines used in that time by the men and women who fought the battles, delivered the supplies, and transported the wounded. Look around and enjoy the historical information, the specifications, pictures and videos of the machines of war that were used in World War II.
There were a total of seven Kent class cruisers built. Two of them went to the Australian Navy as Country class ships.
HMS Cumberland at Grand Harbor, Malta:
Imperial War Museum, A-31120
The E class were also intended to go up against reported German cruisers under construction during World War I. Two of the three initially ordered were finished.
HMS Enterprise:
Imperial War Museum, FL-5389
Originally intended to hunt down German comerce raiders in World War I the four Hawkins class that remained were used extensively in the early part of World War II.
HMS Hawkins' crew in the Far East in 1929:
Imperial War Museum, Q-115157
The Danae class was in response to intelligence of German cruisers being constructed curing World War I. They served on and off after World War I upto World War II.
HMS Despatch:
Imperial War Museum, FL-9754
The Carlisle class was almost identical to the Ceres class except it had an improved bow. Though built during World War I they didn't see any combat during that war. Three of the Carlisle class were converted into anti-aircraft cruisers.
HMS Carlisle in Plymouth Sound in 1942:
Imperial War Museum, FL-5448
Adolf Hitler was impressed by the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and ordered the uncompleted heavy cruiser Seydlitz to be converted into a carrier. Work started but it was eventually cancelled.
The Ceres class were to be part of the Caledon class but there were modification made before construction started that made them distinctly different.
HMS Cardiff:
Imperial War Museum, Q-65725
The Caledon class light cruisers were built during World War I. One was lost right after World War I but the rest fought in World War II.
HMS Calypso:
Imperial War Museum, SP-1482
In the early 1920s the Germans were needing to replace some of their pre-World War I battleships but due to the restrictions in the Treat of Versailles they couldn't be over 10,000 tons.
Trying to meet those restrictions was difficult but by creating the "pocket battleship" they created a warship that almost had the punch of a battleship, decent armor, and good speed. Traits which would make the Deutschland class very excellent at long range merchant ship hunters.
KMS Admiral Graf Spee in the English Channel in April 1939:
US Naval Historical Center, NH-104023
Intended to be part of the grandiose and unreachable Z Plan to rebuild Germany's Navy, the M class cruisers were to be able to have a long range to hunt down merchant ships. Though three were started all were cancelled and none finished.
The Hipper class was first being designed while Germany was still restricted from having heavy cruisers by the Treaty of Versailles.
KMS Admiral Hipper:
Imperial War Museum, HU-1009
Similar to the Leipzig the Nürnberg was mostly used for training during World War II.
KMS Nürnberg in 1935:
Bundesarchiv, DVM-10-BILD-23-63-63
The Leipzig was a slightly modified K class cruiser. She was mostly used for training as she was heavily damaged by torpedo in December 1939 and it would have taken too much time and resources to get her back to full speed.
KMS Leipzig:
Imperial War Museum, HU-1020
The K class cruisers were built during the 1920s as replacements under the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles. All went on several world training cruises before World War II.
KMS Karlsruhe:
Imperial War Museum, HU-1017
The Treaty of Versailles heavily restricted what armament Germany could maintain and develop. The first post war warship was the Emden. It followed World War I light cruiser designs as there was no testing facility for new designs.
KMS Emden at Trincomalee, Ceylon:
Imperial War Museum, HU-1055
Laid down right before the outbreak of World War II the De Grasse wasn't completed until well after the war.


text:
Most tutorials for traditional art are above in the general category.
Please sign up
or login to post a critique.
PE: Importance of AnatomyThe importance of anatomy. Understanding anatomy is crucial to many aspects of your art.You'll notice that anatomy is essential for drawing. It becomes difficult to accurately draw a complex pose, or even a simple one, if you don't understand what's under all that skin or fur, or even bark. Knowing how everything fits together is important.Once you notice where that certain muscle is, shading and form become much more accurate and more natural. Knowing why the nose and eyes fall where they do make it much easier to draw from memory, and nail that natural look you were going for.Learning the anatomy of the subject you're going to draw is quite important, and will definitely help you on several levels.It's also easier to drawing sequences of movement. One will know what connects to what, and how they move. What is possible, and what isn't. (Range of motion)Drawing people and other animals can be intimidating. Once you have a solid foundation, it's much easier
PE: Power of PerspectivePE: Power of PerspectivePerspective is the angle and depth of a piece of art. Changing perspective allows for drastic differences. There is more than one kind of perspective, and all of them allow for more dynamic pieces of art if used correctly.There are three common choices, and these are explained later.Usually perspective deals with how close things appear, and correctly rendering perspective adds depth to an image and increases the impact of the composition. One Point PerspectiveOne point perspective is where there is one vanishing point in a piece. . A vanishing point is essentially the in-the-distance-until-you-can't-see anymore point.You see this perspective often, images of roads, or landscape often have one point perspective. Examples of one point perspective:<b>
PE: Step into realismRealismWhat is realism?Realistic art is art that captures so much detail, it looks almost real/photographic. Fantasy art can also be realism if it the level of shading/tones/ details create a photographic appearance. Realistic art is quite mind blowing. In realism, there are is no lineart. Usually, there is a giant range of tones and colors that breathe together. If it is monochrome, the tones are equally as varied, but greyscale instead. Take a look at some breath taking pieces of art:
A Sta.sh TutorialSta.sh can be quite daunting indeed.Inception :icongrinstareplz:I am writing this tutorial in st.ash..Titles + HeadersYou want to create someTitlesSubtitlesHeadersSubheadersSmaller HeadersNormal text?Well, you have options.First, you're going to look at your tool bar that is near the top of your screen. Do you see it? Good.Note: The red circled things are important. Then you are going to click the tT Button there. It will hover this menu: Volia: So that's nice. But you want want emphasis sometimes? Like: This kind of emphasis.EmphasisPretty basic..Since you're so busy shouting at people, you
Groups: DeviantART RelatedGroupsMany Groups exist on dA....This article series aims to feature a selection of groups you may be interested in. You can deviantARTcommunity with your suggestions. DeviantART Related:Official: :iconcommunityrelations: :iconhq: :iconpremiummembers: :icondevbug: :iconfella: :iconcommunityops: :iconui: :iconprintscommunity: :iconarthistoryproject: :iconstockproject: :iconcontests: :icondt: :iconprojecteducate: :iconcreative: CommunitydeviantART- :icondeviantart-related: :iconloveda: :icondevioussuggestions: :iconfreepm: :icondeviant-contests: :iconshikharsportal: :iconnewsportal: :icondaseniors: :icondevnews::iconda-dictionary: :icondeviant-mentor: :iconcommunity-projects: :iconlife-on-da: :iconstaffappreciation: :iconiterators: :icondacipher: :iconseniormentors: :iconsolutions
Groups Directory Update Group Love deviantART is an artist dream come true and caters to artist from all artistic mediums. I know of no otheronline community that is in constant contact with their members andallows members to run their own groups with specific rules andguidelines that you have decided for your group.If you are not interested in becoming a founder or administrator of a group, deviantART has hundreds if not thousandsof groups for you to search and find one or more that is to yourcomfort level and liking. Groups are a fantastic way to find otherartist to discuss techniques, share idea's, collaborate and make newfriends.Question for the Reader; How often do yousearch for a new group to join or to find a group that is centeredaround your interest Discuss in the comments area of this journal Below is a sample collection of groups you will find within deviantART. I hope you enjoy i
PE: Photoshop Brush PrimerPhotoshop: BrushesThere are a plethora of brushes available to you on photoshop. This guide will explain different brush settings, as well as how to install different brush packs here on deviantART. This guide is for pressure sensitive pen tablets. It is going to be much easier to do things with a tablet. Ones by Wacom are good, and you can get a bamboo for under 99$ USD. Basic Brushes in PhotoshopIt's important to stick with default ones to learn all the settings. You can do so many things with the hard round brush. Bring up your brush palette in one of the following ways. (note I am in CS3, so the icons will look much older, but same thing. ) ^ | Click for quicker editing options|
PE: Groups Directory Update Group Love deviantART is an artist dream come true and caters to artist from all artistic mediums. I know of no otheronline community that is in constant contact with their members andallows members to run their own groups with specific rules andguidelines that you have decided for your group.If you are not interested in becoming a founder or administrator of a group, deviantART has hundreds if not thousandsof groups for you to search and find one or more that is to yourcomfort level and liking. Groups are a fantastic way to find otherartist to discuss techniques, share idea's, collaborate and make newfriends.Question for the Reader; How often do yousearch for a new group to join or to find a group that is centeredaround your interest Discuss in the comments area of this journal Below is a sample collection of groups you will find within devian
PE: Giving and Receiving Quality FeedbackGiving and Receiving Feedback One of the most useful things on deviantart is the option to give and receive feedback. There are different kinds of feedback. This article aims to inform you on how to give quality feedback and hopefully receive it. Types of FeedbackCommentsOne of the quickest ways to interact with others. From journals, to forums, to art, to profiles, comments are used everywhere. However, the quality can range from spam, to constructive. CritiquesAny deviant can write them,(~,*,=,`,^ etc.) but only premium members can request them. Constructive comments can substitute for these. Critiques take some time to write, and really provide insight. If used correctly, can be a wonderful way to give/receive constructive criticism.Giving FeedbackThis is important to receiving feedback. If you give, you are l
TUTORIAL - Tips for All ArtistsHello everyone!I have written a tutorial like this before here. But recently I have had more thoughts about it that I decided to share. As you may have noticed, I am not a professional artist, I am a hobbyist and self-taught, and what I will expose here is what I've learnt from my own experience. Even so, I hope this tutorial will be helpful to you!Another note: English is not my first language, so I apologize if I commit any mistakes.Feel free to correct my grammar any time, as well as make suggestions or asking questions!This tutorial is for every kind of artist, but sometimes I will focus more on visual artists (since it's my speciality).I believe that everyone can be an artist, and this tutorial has not only the purpose of providing advices and tips, but also motivation for all.Contents1. Your Image as an Artist on dA2. Your Image as an Artist outside dA3. Your Popularity4. Your Art Process5. Your Artistic Style6. You
The Artist's Toolbox: TypographyFor more info on this week, please refer to The Artists Toolbox - Schedule at projecteducate In this toolbox you will find helpful tips for digital typography. For those of you new to the topic, let's start with a short explanation Typography is the art and technique of arranging type in order to make language visible.Pretty simple, eh? Basically as you are reading this you are "reading typography". What I will refer to in this article is digital artistic typography, though. This is not the everday typography you see on street signs, books or on websites. It can be anything! Which is amazing and scary at the same time Here's a little overview of this article:Read tutorialsGet your hands o
Illumination: The Art of BlendingHello everyone!At TheArtOfManipulation, we have a monthly learning challenge in which we focus on a technique, share information regarding that technique, and then challenge our members to use what they've learned to create a new work. We also interview various artist to get tips and tricks on the chosen technique.Although the challenge has ended, I'm hoping you'll find that the information and interviews we put together to be useful!~IvyThe Art of BlendingWhat exactly do we mean by "blending"? Well, the most basic answer to this question is that blending is when you combine two or more photos into a new work and tinker with various settings/techniques to create one cohesive, flowing image. As always, this is easier said than done.Take one stock photoused by two artists Beginner ScatteredAshe
Daily Deviation Suggestion Drive!Back By Popular Demand!In January of 2012, the community was challenged by thorns to do something about their complaints on dA. Thus was born this very group! But before the group, it was just a fledgling idea on LiliWrites's account that began with a DD Suggestion Contest. The results of that contest were overwhelming. And so, under the prodding of quite a few Community Volunteers, we're going to do it again! UPDATE: Less than 1 week in and we've already got 100 suggested DDs and 2 accepted suggestions!! Keep up the great work guys and gals. Please remember that you need to leave a link to every deviation you suggest in this journa
Free Key Giveaway #28 - CLOSED EDIT: WINNER IS #12! THE KEY WILL GO TO :iconSavageFrog:Thanks everyone! Check back next week for a new contest!Giveaway #28 is now CLOSED, we'll upload a new journal next friday for #29! Free Key Giveaway Each week we will be giving away 1 key for free to say thanks for all the support. Anyone can play. We ship all over the world.So what do you have to do to win one? PLEASE READ EVERYTHING BELOW BEFORE POSTING Just post on this journal. Post anything you want. Say hello, tell us a joke, give us a funny plz account. Anything. From when we post this journal, you'll have 24 hours to put your name here. Please only comment once. If you comment twice, you will be disqualified. Even if it's an ac
Good Intention: PMs and Points Giveaway!:icongood-intention:In celebration of the incredible momentum that this group has gained in just a couple of days, I am holding an Introductory Giveaway!About The Group:Good-Intention is a group dedicated to the kind acts that take place daily around the deviantART community. From users spending their time on free resources, to those who choose to feature the artwork of others. No act is too small or too minor to not have a spotlight shone on it.Prizes: (1) - 1 Year Premium Membership (Or 2,396 ) (3) - 3 Month Premium Memberships (Or 636 ) (5) - 1 Month Premium Memberships (Or 396 ) (10) - 100 Prizes will be selected using: http://jklp.org/public/html/choose.html for impartiality.In the spirit of giving, you may elect to give your prize to another user on deviantART.
PE: Walkthroughs, an alternative way to learn Walkthroughs, alongside tutorials, are always an excellent way to learn. It's really helpful to get educated through a tutorial which tells exactly what to do in a detailed way step by step. However at times what is even more helpful is to actually see the artist in action, there are things you need to see get done by yourself and here is where walkthroughs come into play.There's always something fascinating about seeing the different stages of the creation process of a piece, and you can always learn from the artists and adapt part of said process to your own.Besides showing part of this process through images which show the different stages of a piece, and
CSS Did You Know? - December 4th, 2012
Need brushes?After references, textures and faces, the time comes for brushes. All inspirational, all useful!GIMP BRUSHESGimp Anim. Grass Brushes Set by LJFHutchPHOTOSHOP BRUSHES13 Blending and Texturing Brushes by god-headFree PS Grass Brushes 2 by s10889 Paint Splatter Brushes by Miss-deviantE:thumb335492192:Bark brushes - Photoshop by Autlaw:thumb200310505:Velvetcat's Brush Set_2 by velvetcatOld Paper Brushes III by lailomeielOrnamental Shapes - Brush Pack by SyaReal Media Mini Brush Set by StalcryBrushes Set 01 by ElsouilleBorder Brush 3 by wantingtobreakfreeAntique Lace Brushes by Scully7491My watercolor brushes by muttiyLace brushes by Myruso:thumb276107668:Grunge Corner Brush Pack by midnightstouch
Let The Light In: Art Features:icongood-intention:'Let The Light In (LTLI) is a new tutorial series from the group Good-Intention that will focus on the hows and whys of committing good deeds around the deviantART community.The first edition of this series will focus on how to create an art feature in order to help fellow friends and artists gain some exposure for their work, regardless of the media. This is a fantastic way to brighten someone's day, and promote some positivity.What Is An Art Feature?An Art Feature is a journal (blog / article) that showcases deviations from one, or multiple artists. You may peruse the Art Feature Folder for some examples. Users choose to create art features for a number of reasons, from showcasing artwork they admire, to helping under-appreciated artists gain more views, to promoting art from their friends or watchers. No matter what the motivation, art features are a great way t
PE Getting the Most out of dA: SummaryGetting the Most out of dA - SummaryThis week we set out to find the answer to the question; How to contribute to the community? Here's what we learnt about: Commenting Groups Art Features & Daily Deviations + challenge winners Organising Projects & Contests
Getting the Most out of dA: CommentingUsually, when you read something involving 'Commenting', you think of deviations and the commenting platform that allows other members of the community to voice their thoughts and opinions on the art shown. However, what is pretty evident, and something that most of us may forget, is that deviantART runs on the ability to give and get comments, be it on pieces of artwork, our profile pages, forums, and everywhere else in between.In a sense, without the ability to give and get comments, deviantART wouldn't be much of a website, much less #1 of online art communities around. Comments are not solely the cause of what makes deviantART what it is, but it has a huge impact on a lot of things. By giving and getting comments, not only do we interact with other members to really make this a community, we also have the ability to get our voices heard.It's quite an odd concept with us all facing screens, typing out our thoughts and opinions, but one thing we shouldn't forget is that commen
Resources For Artists: Colour Scheme ToolsColour Scheme ToolsSo I have been thinking of doing a few articles apart from feature articles to link some useful resources for artists and this is the first one of these. While this is a mini one, it's helped me a lot on several occassions.Sometimes it gets confusing to decide which colours to choose. "'Should I go with a turquoise and a gold for the face? What about the room? I was going for a chic cool modern palette which is minimalistic!" Surely, a lot of us have gone through those decisive moments. Below are some colour scheme tools that would help you with your colour scheme choices. Click the titles or the links in asterisk to go to the following sites. COLOURloversA big resource community for colour palettes*, user named
PE: 9 ways to overcome (artistic) Frustration.9 ways to overcome (artistic) FrustrationEveryone has heard of it, everyone fears the very sight of it, but if you are an artist, there is a good chance it creeps at you regularly, more often than a flu, in various forms and intensity; in psychology, Frustration is a common emotional response to opposition / obstacle, is related to anger and disappointment and its strength depends on the size of the established challenge. When Frustration calls you more often than your mother does, it's time to take an action!1. - TAKE A WALKTry to get your feelings straight by walking it out of your system. Is it raining or snowing? Even better, get soaked and dry out.2. - SHIFT YOUR FOCUSSleep on it. Make yourself busy with small repetitive tasks, watch a good movie or comedy, play a game, visit your family or a friend, cook a new recipe, get a haircut, tidy up your room or house, watch a documentary, have a chocolate, take a horse ridi
CSS Did You Know? - October 26th, 2012
How to Plot Like a GrimIn ten simple steps, you too can plot like a Grim. 1. Get an ideaThis can be a brief snippet of dialogue. Or an ending that just seems perfect. Sometimes it's just the concept of what I'd like to see a character go through. I write that down. Usually it doesn't see the cold light of day for at least a couple months, but when I've thought about it long enough and can't seem to get the idea out of my head, that's when I sit down and start plotting things out a bit.2. Work out the basic plotNow that I've got the idea, I need to work out the basic details. But how do I do that? Well, I write it down. Then I think about the different angles to get to that idea. I write those down. If it's dialogue, who's talking? What do they feel? Who are they talking to? If it's a snippet of a scene, who's in the scene? Why are they there? What are they doing? What's going on outside of that scene?From the
CSS Did You Know? - May 16th, 2013Volume 11:iconcss-dyk:WelcomeCSS can be difficult when you're unfamiliar to it. So that's why we're writing these articles! If you have any suggestions or would like to write a section in future CSS Did You Know? articles, please note CSS-DYK. InsideJournals are like Ogres by GillianIvyColor Models and Transparency by jonarific:icongillianivy:Journals are like OgresThey both have layers! And they both can make you cry. The deviantART journals have two different structures. The original 'Old School' layout where everything is named .journalbox, etc. And my preference, the newer gruze structure. I prefer the gruze expressly because it is chockful of layers. Kinda like cake or onions, but ogres makes sense too. You can still make a basic simple journal skin with the gruze structure and it has so man
Top 5 Mistakes (I've made over the years)To many people in comics, I only arrived a few years ago with Joe the Barbarian. Then came Hellblazer (completed in 2008 before I began working on Joe), American Vampire: SOTF, and finally Punk Rock Jesus. Once in a while someone will mention Off Road (an OGN I did with Oni back in 2004), but for the most part it seems like I've been published only these last few years when in fact I've been published professionally for a decade now.This isn't a plea to have everyone go back through my previous work--in fact, I'm glad that a lot of the books I've done over the years aren't on readers' radars. I'm proud of it all, but the books above are a nice, tight group of titles to be associated with. They're all in a similar brand, they're all recent, they all have good creators/publishers associated with them, and the artwork is mostly consistent. Go back further than that, and you'll see artwork that looks nothing like the stuff I'm doing these days. (Although Off Road still holds up to some de
Groups: Tutorial + Resources There are many groups on deviantART. DeviantART Community aims to help you find ones that you are looking for, or introduce you to new ones you have never seen before!General


text:
Avacado, tomato, cucumber, and mozzarella salad with balsamic vinegar and whole seed mustard dressing. Balsamic vinegar mixed with wholeseed mustard. You can add a bit of honey and/or olive oil too. Mustard Dresses, Mozzerella Salad, Avocado Salad, Balsamic Vinegar, Tomatoes And Mozzarella, Mozzarella Salad, Cucumber Salad, Whole Se Mustard, Cucumber Tomatoes
Also on these boards
Related Pins
chicken avocado salad
Pinned with Pinterest App for iPad! Get it at the App Store!
Chicken Bacon Avocado Salad - need to make this! @Pinch of Yum


text:
|Date & Time
Apr 02, 2015
|Austin Spurs vs. Rio Grande Valley Vipers
|Cedar Park, TX
Cedar Park Center
Alert Me
Enter your email address below and we'll alert you as soon as tickets become available in our exchange for Austin Spurs vs. Rio Grande Valley Vipers in Cedar Park, Texas on Apr 02, 2015.
We will NOT share the email address you provide for this Alert Me feature with any third-party vendors.
Basketball is quickly becoming one of the most popular sports internationally, not just on U.S. soil. More and more players from overseas are entering the NBA with tremendous success. From Dirk Nowitzki to Yao Ming, basketball truly is now the world's game. If you are looking to see some great basketball, be sure to get Rio Grande Valley Vipers tickets today.
TicketNetwork will be the best place to find the Rio Grande Valley Vipers tickets that you are looking for. We list the seats that will help you enjoy the game to the fullest, while keeping plenty of money in your wallet. Get up off the couch and buy Rio Grande Valley Vipers tickets while they are still available!
All Dates?
Need help ordering? Call 1-888-456-8499


text:
Top Tips For Easter Finance
Easter represents a period of celebration amongst most people in the UK thanks in addition to the Bank Holiday. In the midst of the celebrations, spending on food, drinks, fashion and gifts increases. With the stagnant economy and high costs of living, it is important you are vigilant on what and how much you spend
Read more


text:
Berne Men's Unlined Washed Duck Bark Bib Overall B1068From: $44.97
The Berne Wash Duck Unlied Bib is made tough to last and comfortable enough to wear all day long!
Product Features:
- Covered knee-length zipper and reinforced knees
- Triple-needle stitched seams for added durability
- Generously sized for maximum comfort
- Brass rivets at front stress points
- Reinforced knees
- Side utility pockets
- Adjustable elasticized bib straps
- Hammer loop
- 12 oz. 100% Cotton Sanded Duck
For over 90 years, Berne® has been providing customers with work clothing known for its rugged quality, maximum comfort and exceptional value. It has been the tradition at Berne® since 1915 and carries on strong to this day. Berne® products feature quality materials, rugged construction, a wide array of functional features and are available for Men, Women and Youth. This is truly workwear that is approved for hard work.Learn More
Old West Boy's Brown Western Boots 1936$44.99
The Old West Boy's Brown Western Boots 1936 are sure to be a show stopper without breaking the bank! These boots feature 6-row fancy stitch, rounded top, pull-on style, J toe with toe rand, and a PVC sole.
- 1936
- Pull-on Style
- All leather foot & shaft
- 6-Row Fancy Stitch
- Round Toe
- Hand corded medallion
- Flexible TPR outsole
- Removable cushion comfort insole
Rigid Industries Adult Hoodie 020A$40.97
Show everyone that you are part of Rigid Nation with this quality hoodie from Rigid Industries. This black cotton hoodie features the Rigid Industries logo on the front and a large logo on the back.Learn More
Under Armour Men's Pierpoint Hoody 1255080$44.99
Product Features:
- 55% Cotton / 34% Polyester / 11% Rayon
- Moisture wicking
- ArmourBlock - neutralizes odor-causing microbes to keep your gear smelling fresher longer
- Charged Cotton - dries faster than ordinary cotton
- HeatGear - the original 'second skin' layer made to keep you comfortable, dry, and light in extreme heat
- Loose Fit - generous cut product, providing full range of motion, and a full, loose fit
Berne Men's Thermal Lined RealTree Xtra Hoodie GZ101From: $44.97
Product Features:
- Shell Fabric: 100% polyester fleece
- Camo: 60% cotton/40% polyester fleece
- Insulation/Liner: 5-oz. 60% cotton/40% polyester thermal lining
- Double layered three-piece hood with drawstring Knit cuffs and waistband
- Nylon front zipper
- Oversized front pockets
Key Industries Men's Deluxe Unlined Long Sleeve Coveralls 995From: $44.99Don't bring your work home! Keep your clothes clean by covering up in Key Industries Deluxe Unlined Long Sleeve Coverall 995.
- Deluxe Unlined Coverall, Long Sleeve
- 100% Cotton 10 oz Fisher Stripe
- 55% Cotton / 45% Polyester 8.5 oz Twill
- Full Relaxed Fit for Superior Comfort
- True Bi-Swing Back for Ease of Movement
- Heavy Duty Leg Zipper to Knee
- Reinforced Front and Rear Pockets
- Two Exterior Front Pockets with Zipper Closures
- Two Piece Sleeves with Pleated Elbows
Full Gusset Y-Bar TechnologyLearn More
Under Armour Men's Iso-Chill Element Vented Short Sleeve Shirt 1253169$44.99
Product Features:
- 100% Nylon
- Moisture wicking mesh under arms for added breathability
- Stain release
- ArmourBlock - neutralizes odor-causing microbes to keep your gear smelling fresher longer
- Hydro Armour - built with water-fighting technologies to protect against the elements; quick dry, UPF protection, chlorine/salt resistant
- Iso-Chill - made from yarns with increased surface area, that help dissipate heat from the body, creating a cooling effect
- HeatGear - the original 'second skin' layer made to keep you comfortable, dry, and light in extreme heat
- Loose Fit - generous cut product, providing full range of motion, and a full, loose fit
Old Toledo Ladies High Visibility 1/4 Zip Soft Shell Jacket UHV667$44.99
The Old Toledo High Visibility 1/4 Zip Soft Shell Jacket is designed for the working woman in mind. This 1/4 zip jacket is designed for a ladies figure and provides extra warmth and safety!
Product Features:
- Nylon shell infused with DuPont™ Teflon® fabric protector.
- ANSI Class 2 Ladies Softshell .
Berne Men's Weekender Softshell Vest GVS200From: $44.97
Product Features:
- Wind resistant
- Water resistant
- Breathable
- Zip-thru collar
- Front angled pockets with zip closure
- Left chest pocket with zip closure
- Elastic waist cord with toggles
- Nylon front zipper
- Extended tail
- Ployester/spandex softshell bonded to 100% polyester micro fleece
5.11 Tactical Embroidered Hoodie 42182AF$44.99
Purpose Built
Built from a tough, durable, and breathable blend of lightweight cotton/polyester fleece, our Embroidered Flag Hoodie features 5.11 imagery at the chest along with a traditional kangaroo-style handwarmer pocket at the front. The lay-back hood includes an integrated draw cord to keep out wind, rain, and weather, while a strengthened waist hem and wrist cuffs ensure a perfect fit. A flexible design provides full freedom of movement without bunching or pinching, and the premium 5.11 Embroidered Flag graphic remains bright and true, wash after wash.
- Lightweight, breathable fabric
- Strengthened hem and cuffs
- Prominent 5.11 imagery
- Lay-back hood with integrated draw cord
- Front kangaroo pocket
- 8.5 oz. cotton/polyester fleece
- Strong colorfast characteristics
- Generous fit
- Premium anti-fade graphics


text:
- Work 1-877-464-7882
- Durham, NC
- 36.038881853642 -78.890016800535
- Work 1-866-407-8237
- Durham, NC
- 36.003238 -78.865852
- Work 1-877-316-8626
- Durham, NC
- 36.009402349591 -78.922094553709
3 Downtown Durham Neighborhood Apartments For Rent
We found 3 apartments for rent in the Downtown Durham neighborhood of Durham, North Carolina. Narrow down your results to find 1, 2 or 3 bedroom apartments for rent in Downtown Durham as well as cheap apartments, pet friendly apartments, apartments with utilities included and more. Use our customizable guide to refine your options for apartments in Downtown Durham and find exactly what you want during your Durham, North Carolina apartment search.
No listings exactly match your search
Please see these nearby communities.
Whetstone ApartmentsExact - 501 Willard Street Durham, NC 2770135.995075 -78.90715
Easy access to the Durham Freeway, Amtrak, Research Triangle Park, the Hospital and Duke University! Whetstone's studio, one and two bedroom apartments are close to everything!
- Luxurious Resort Style Pool
- Gourmet Kitchens with Granite Counter tops
- Garden Courtyard with Grill and Fireplace
- Stainless Steel Appliances
- Spacious Walk In Closets
- Private Patio/Balcony
- Digital Cable with DVR
- Elevator Access to All Floors
- Covered Parking and Controlled Access
- State of the Art Fitness Center
- Walkability to Durham's top restaurants and events
West Village Urban Loft ApartmentsExact - 605 W Main Street, Suite C Durham, NC 2770135.998556 -78.907427
West Village Urban Loft Apartments in Durham, NC have been carefully retrofitted into urban loft apartment homes for rent. At West Village, we offer studio, 1, 2, 3 and 4 bedroom rental apartments convenient to restaurants and shopping.
- 1, 2, 3 and 4 BDR Loft Style Apts
- At Your Service Concierge Service On Site
- 2 Blocks From Duke University
- 24 Hour Fitness & Business Ctr with WIFI
- Tosca Ristorante Italiano On Site
- Evolutions Full Service Salon On Site
- Posh Full Service Salon On Site
- West End Wine Bar On Site
- Corporate Suites Available
- 11 to 30 Feet Ceiling & Over 150 Floorplans
- Beautifully Landscaped Courtyards
- Lease Terms Flexible
300 Swift Durham FlatsExact - 300 SWIFT AVENUE Durham, NC 2770536.002899 -78.922195
300 Swift is a brand new upscale apartment community in the heart of Durham NC. We offer studio, one, and two bedroom luxury apartments. Convenient to NC-147, I-40, & I-85. Downtown location, close to Duke University, Duke Medical Center, restaurants, & shops!
- 24-Hour High Endurance Fitness Center
- Saltwater Pool with Dual Aqua Lounge Shelves
- Personal Training Yoga Space
- Courtyards Featuring Outdoor Games
- Clean Steel Appliance Package
- Granite Countertops in Kitchen & Baths
- Hardwood Cabinets with Stainless Steel Hardware
- Hardwood Style Flooring
- Outdoor Grilling Kitchen
- Grand Two Level Clubhouse
- Private Screening Theater with XBox
- Gaming Lounge featuring Billiards and Poker Tables
Your Search Returned 3 results.
To see more Apartments, try broadening your search.
See 207 more properties in Raleigh Metro (See All)
927 West MorganRaleigh, NC
Creekstone at RTPDurham, NC
The Greens at Centennial CampusRaleigh, NC
The Apartments at Oberlin CourtRaleigh, NC
Bainbridge Six ForksRaleigh, NC
Whetstone ApartmentsDurham, NC
Crescent Ninth StreetDurham, NC
Auston Grove Apartment HomesRaleigh, NC
Estates at Wake ForestWake Forest, NC


text:
Lisa_Mac's Mom Answers Activity
Lisa_Mac is a star in these topics:
Toddler > Toddler Treatments & Healthcare (1 helpful answer)
Recent Activity | Asked | Answered
My husband doesn't seem attracted to me anymore. What should I do?
Most recent answer (12/14/2014):
We promise to love each other for the rest of our lives, we also plan to get married, but suddenly my love broke up with me without sayin...posted by isabella232
Is it safe to shower after your water breaks? I want to be clean before going to the hospital.
Most recent answer (10/10/2012):
Yes, it is perfectly safe to shower, and even best to relax at home and wait for contractions to start even when waters have released. On...posted by fivekidmom
Cramping on my left side??????
Most recent answer (01/01/2011):
I am 33 weeks pregnant and I have recently been getting a pain on my lower left side that comes and goes... Sometimes it stops when I cha...posted by bjon


text:
List of drought tolerant fruits?
I am looking for fruits and nut trees that are drought tolerant... Off the top of my head I could only come up with these; Pomegrante, Olives, Prickely Pear Cactus, Date Palms, and Avocado. Is there any good fruits and nuts I am leaving out?
I think you're better off asking about a specific climate.
Last year, we were in drought conditions where there were some water restrictions and all the lawns turned brown. And even with that happening, I didn't have to water any of my fruit trees (apples, peach, pear, persimmon, etc).
Doing some more research, I found several fruits to add;
Australian Desert Lime (Supposely the best drought tolerant citrus)
Figs (many varieties)
Pineapple Guava
Blackberries (drought tolerant once established)
Here is what you are looking for...
We get an average of fifteen inches of rain a year, with a range of seven to twenty being common. The rain falls from late fall through spring, mostly January through March. On my property the following fruits grow without supplemental water:
oranges (yes, really, and they do bear fruit)
olives (I don't eat these)
The following grow with monthly supplemental water:
My apricot picks up some water from the irrigation of a nearby flower bed, but honestly it would be better off without the water. So, at least, the certified horticultural person at the local nursery tells me.
There are also a variety of cherry plums and nut trees planted some sixty or seventy years ago that are outside my watering zone. I don't harvest them and the wildlife get the fruit and nuts, but they definitely do flower and bear.
Jujubes like it hot and dry - see link below.
I think they are an excellent fruit, unlike some of the other uncommon fruits which have major defects. They are in fact a common fruit in China, it is only the rest of the world where they are uncommon.
Here is a link that might be useful: Jujubes info from TAMU
Carob trees are all over San Jose in the parking strips, surprised they planted them in these places with all the pods they drop. My dogs love to eat them. They smell great I'll probably try and process some later in the year....
Most fruit trees are somewhat drought tolerant once established, provided they are planted with such a plan in mind. Otherwise holding back water can do a lot of harm. BYOC plantings will require much more water as tree spacing is tighter and smaller tree size is maintained.


text:
Feel like home at our free ringtones website, where it's possible to search for killer ringtones for your iPhone. Today we have a ringtone of "Andel" by xindl x as well as 44 other ringtones by xindl x. You can listen to all 3 xindl x – "Andel" ringtone variations available here and download it for free directly to your smart phone. You can also choose from other 1 albums produced by xindl x for all time. "Andel" is referred to , and you may listen to a huge amount of albums absolutely for free. And finally, we have collected lyrics for this track and you can view it here as well. So feel free to browse, listen, download ringtones at Audiko.net. Make your phone sound cool!
xindl x Andel Ringtone
Albums by xindl x
xindl x
10 Oct 2010
Top ringtones by xindl x
New ringtones
- Rihanna And Kanye West And Paul McCartney - tumiltys tune
- 䠀攀渀爀礀 䴀攀渀搀攀稀 - 吀愀渀 䈀漀渀椀琀愀
- Soundtrack - Matt Monro - On Days like thes
- Moreno. Incredibile - Moreno. Incredibile
- One Direction - More than this Español
- the weeknd - Earned It (Fifty Shades of Gr
- Ne-Yo Ft. T.I. - One More
- John BARRY - Journey To Fort Sedgewick
- jose de rico - Mas Que una Amiga ft. Adrian Rodriquez
- Alan,Alan, Alan, Alan, Alan - Alan,Alan, Alan, Alan, Alan


text:
- Home
- News
- Weather
- Sports
- Videos
- Community
- Features
- Programming
- About WWAY
- Contact Us
Archive - Apr 7, 2011
Frog out of jail on $500,000 bond; Teary Soles wishes him wellSubmitted by Ramon Herrera on Thu, 04/07/2011 - 11:57pm.READ MORE:
A judge today set a $500,000 bond for Allen "Frog" Strickland, the Columbus County teen accused of vandalizing the law office and home of Sen. R.C. Soles over the weekend among other offenses. Within 90 minutes of the hearing ending, Strickland was already out of the Columbus County jail, according to a booking officer, who said a local bail bond company posted the bond. Full story...»
ECU football coach meets & greets in WilmingtonSubmitted by John Rendleman on Thu, 04/07/2011 - 11:53pm.READ MORE:
"Pirate Nation" is strong in Wilmington despite the presence of UNCW. In fact Wilmington is one of East Carolina's largest alumni bases. Football coach Ruffin McNeill stopped into town on Thursday to visit members of the Wilmington Pirate Club. Full story...»
Fire chief's son killed on way to emergency in Bladen CountySubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 04/07/2011 - 9:44pm.READ MORE:
Full story...
Tall ship visits Port CitySubmitted by Katie Harden on Thu, 04/07/2011 - 6:22pm.READ MORE:
Full story...»
Diligence welcomes visitors during Azalea FestivalSubmitted by Katie Harden on Thu, 04/07/2011 - 6:18pm.READ MORE:
Full story...»
Pantano claims family being harassed by "liberal activists" over puppy adoption; Rescue president talks only to WWAYSubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 04/07/2011 - 5:47pm.READ MORE:
Ilario Pantano claims the president of a puppy rescue group is harassing him and his family and has thrust his Labradoodle puppies into a political battle. Full story...»
WWAY Blackberry app joins iPhone, Android versionsSubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 04/07/2011 - 5:44pm.READ MORE:
Full story...»
Veterans help celebrate Battleship milestonesSubmitted by Marissa Jasek on Thu, 04/07/2011 - 5:40pm.READ MORE:
Queen Azalea Heather French Henry's grand tour of Wilmington today included a visit to the Battleship North Carolina for the 70th anniversary of its commissioning and 50th anniversary of coming to the Port City. But the real celebrities of the event were the men who served our country aboard the battleship during World War II. Full story...»
Whole Foods coming to WilmingtonSubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 04/07/2011 - 4:58pm.READ MORE:
Full story...»
Whiteville celebrates 200th birthdaySubmitted by Ramon Herrera on Thu, 04/07/2011 - 4:51pm.READ MORE:
Full story...»


text: 500 pts Crime News <Country Club What did a woman steal from a neighbor's motor home? Click here to see the answer. Sign in to Participate Category: Trivia Ends: Monday March 18 at 10:59PM CDT Visit our sponsor: Click here to see the answer. Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! More Ways To Get and Use Points Four-Pack To Eric ChurchWin a Trip to the ACM Awards in Arlington, TXWin $2,500 Cash!5:20 Word of the Day March 201512:20 Word Of the Day March 20158:20 Word of The Day March 2015


text:
North Canton, OH - On Sunday, March 15th, His Grace Bishop Dr Mitrophan celebrated the Holy Hierarchical Divine Liturgy at St George Serbian Orthodox Church on the third week of Lent, dedicated to the Holy Cross.
Richfield, OH - On Sunday, March 15, 2015, the Third Sunday of Lent, the Sunday of the Veneration of the Holy Cross and feast day of St. Theodotus of Cyrenia and the Kolomna Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos, His Grace Bishop Peter of Cleveland (Russian Church Abroad) visited New Marcha Monastery.
North Canton, OH - On Sunday, March 1st, 2015, the Stark County Orthodox Clergy Brotherhood gathered at St George Serbian Orthodox Church in North Canton, Ohio to celebrate the Pan-Orthodox Sunday of Orthodoxy Vespers.
Clearwater, FL - The Kolo Sisters had their Slava on Sunday Feb. 15, 2015 at St. George Church. The Slava is Sretenje Gospodnje ( Presentation of Jesus at the Temple).
Home | Back | Print | Side


text:
Whitehaus Isabella Half-Oval Wall Mount Basin with Integrated Oval Bowl, Overflow, Right Offset Single Faucet Hole and Center Drain, White
Our Price: $187.13
List Price: $275.00, You Save: 32%, No Sales Tax, Except CT
Product Reviews
Product & Installation Videos:
This Whitehaus Isabella Half-Oval Wall Mount Basin has an integrated oval bowl with a single right offset faucet hole and center drain. Finished in white, this basin is perfect for any bathroom area.
(W = side to side) (D = front to back) (H = top to bottom)
10-5/8"W x 17-3/8"D x 5-7/8"H
Ship Method: