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A method of producing a mono- or multilayered prosthesis material for use with a living body, the material showing mechanical compliance vis-a-vis soft body tissue and possessing biocompatibility, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) preparing a polymer solution using a mixed solvent, the solution being near its precipitation point;
(b) coating a substrate and precipitating thereon the polymer to form a physically stable porous structure by evaporating at least part of the solvent fraction of the mixed solvent;
and the multilayered prosthesis material prepared by the method.
1. A method of producing a multilayered prosthesis material for use with a living body, said material showing mechanical compliance vis-a-vis soft body tissue and possessing biocompatibility, said method comprising the steps of
(a) preparing a solution of a biocompatible polymer using a mixed solvent, the mixed solvent including as a first constituent a solvent in which said polymer is substantially dissolvable and as a second constituent a non-solvent in which said polymer is not substantially dissolvable, said solvent and said non-solvent being substantially miscible, and said solution being near the precipitation point of said polymer;
(b) applying said solution to a substrate, thereby forming a coating of said solution on said substrate;
(c) precipitating the polymer in said coating by evaporating only a portion of the solvent, the amount of evaporation being such that said solution reaches the precipitation point of said polymer, the precipitate forming a physically stable porous structure, and
(d) repeating steps (a), (b) and (c) in sequential fashion to form a plurality of coatings on said substrate, thereby forming the multilayered prosthesis material, said material being usable as a prosthesis when removed from said substrate.
2. The method according to claim 1, characterized by using a copolyurethane as the polymer in step (a).
3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the polymer is a segmented copolyurethane.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran, amide solvents and sulfoxide solvents.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the non-solvent is selected from the group consisting of water and lower alkanols.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the concentration of polymer in each of the plurality of solutions prepared according to step (a) is varied, thereby producing a multilayered material wherein the different layers have different average pore sizes.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution prepared in step (a) contains less than about 5% by weight of polymer.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the solution prepared in step (a) contains less than about 3% by weight of polymer.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein said solvent has a higher rate of evaporation than said non-solvent.
10. Prosthesis material prepared by the method of claim 1.
The present invention relates to the provision of a prosthesis material for use with a living body, the material produced showing mechanical compliance vis-a-vis soft body tissue and, furthermore, possessing biocompatibility. The invention includes a method for the manufacture of such material.
In using synthetic polymers as replacement material for various types of human tissue it is not only the biocompatibility properties of the polymer which is of critical importance to the performance of the material when used with a living body. In addition to biocompatibility and blood compatibility the mechanical compliance and porosity features are of basic importance. The available materials are not satisfactory in this respect. In other words, due to mechanical factors the applied material does not possess a mechanical performance which is in line with that of the surrounding natural tissue.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a prosthesis material of a synthetic nature showing mechanical compliance vis-a-vis soft body tissue at the same time possessing biocompatibility or blood compatibility.
Another object of the invention is to provide a prosthesis material for such use, which shows the desirable porosity in combination with mechanical resistance and compliance.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a method for producing such prosthesis material, the method comprising a new feature of using a solvent of a special nature and a new precipitation technique in connection herewith.
Still another object is to provide a porous material of a fibrelike structure. In connection with extensive research and experimentation it has been found that a mono- or multilayered prosthesis material can be prepared starting from a solution of a copolymer in a mixed solvent and coating a substrate with a uniform thickness of such solution. The polymer is precipitated by evaporation and one or several consecutive layer(s) are applied to form a prosthesis material.
The invention is based on an entirely new concept of using a mixed solvent and a specific precipitation technique. The mixed solvent comprises as a first constituent a fluid which is miscible with the solvent but functions as a precipitating non-solvent with respect to polymer. Furthermore, the mixed solvent comprises a second constituent which is solvent for the polymer. In the polymer solution using a mixed solvent two criteria are of importance which will be further explained below.
The first criterion of the polymer mixed solvent solution is the feature that the solvent constituent thereof must have a higher rate of evaporation than the non-solvent constituent. The importance of this feature will be explained in the following.
The second criterion of the polymer mixed solvent solution is the feature that the degree of saturation thereof with regard to the polymer contents must be such that the polymer solution is near its precipitation point. By a saturation which is "near the precipitation point", is meant that the polymer solution used for preparing the mono- or multilayered material contains at least about 60% and preferably at least 80% by weight of the amount of polymer corresponding to a saturated solution of the same polymer in the same mixed solvent. It is preferred that the polymer solution used in the method of the invention contains no less than about 90% of the said amount of polymer.
In addition to these features of the polymer solution used for making the multilayered prosthesis material the invention also provides for a new precipitating technique which in principle resides in precipitating the substrate coating of the polymer solution by evaporating at least part of the solvent constituent or solvent fraction of the mixed solvent to precipitate the polymer to form a layer thereof on the substrate before applying another coating of polymer solution. Evaporation of the solvent constituent of the mixed solvent is facilitated by the fact that the solvent constituent is more voltaile than the non-solvent constituent of the mixed solvent.
Evaporation of the solvent fraction of the mixed solvent can be achieved in any suitable manner. Thus, evaporation can take place merely by autoevaporation into the surrounding air or it can be accelerated by heating, forced circulation, applying vaccum or using other conventional technique.
In accordance with the invention it is preferred to carry the evaporation of the solvent constituent to a point where some solvent constituent is left in each preceding layer when the subsequent layer is applied. It has been found, that if evaporation takes place in such manner repeating the procedure to form another layer of coating results in the formation of inter-phase fibers which form a mechanically strong linkage between the first layer and the subsequent layer. This will prevent progressive delamination of for example a graft wall when implanted in a living body. Such delamination is a disadvantage and generally results in the formation of extensive aneurysms upon implantation.
Although the invention is not limited to any specific theory or mechanism, there are different factors which might explain how the very strong linkage is achieved. It has thus been observed that there are many fibres in the boundary of two subsequent layers, which seem to be interlocked probably due to the fact that many tiny fibres in the outer surface of the first layer are partly dissolved in the mixed solvent system. As soon as the new fibres are precipitated in the subsequent evaporation step, also the partly dissolved fibres produced in the preceding step are reformed, thus giving an interlocking effect of the two subsequent layers. There are also fibres precipitated in the second subsequent layer, which are trapped in the pores of the first layer. At last there may also be a kind of glueing effect between fibres in the outer surface of the first layer and the inner surface of the second layer. This results from the presence of small amounts of solvent left in the precipitated polymer.
There are, of course, alternative procedures for preparing a polymer solution using a mixed solvent which is near its precipitation point. One such alternative which is a simple one for use in actual practice is as follows. A solution of polymer is prepared using a solvent, for example tetrahydrofuran. To this clear polymer solution there is added a precipitating agent or non-solvent, for example water, until a slight cloudiness is obtained. Then tetrahydrofuran is added to the cloudy solution until a clear solution is again obtained and this clear solution is useful for coating a substrate and meets the requirements of this invention in regard to nearness to the precipitation point.
According to the present invention it has been found that by using the technique outlined above a polymer layer when precipitated will be obtained which has a fibre-like structure the pores of which are interconnected. The precipitated fibrelike material consists of fibres of different thickness from tiny fibres to relatively thick ones. Each precipitated layer has a thickness of for example about 0.01 to 1 mm and up to about 100 and even more layers may be applied in subsequent operations to produce a multilayered prosthesis material of the required mechanical strength. Due to the fiberlike porous structure the prosthesis wall is strong, highly compliant and mechanically compatible with the tissue to be replaced.
Although the polymer concentration of the mixed solvent solution is not critical for obtaining useful results it is preferred to use a solution containing less than about 5% by weight of polymer. Sometimes the concentration can be less than about 3% of polymer and in some cases even concentrations as low as about 0.5% or less may be useful.
In connection with or after coating the substrate with the polymer solution the coating applied is precipitated by evaporating at least part of the solvent fraction of the mixed solvent. The procedure is then repeated as desired to form a multilayered product.
It has been found that the pore size is very much dependent on the concentration of the polymer solution. An example of relationship between pore size and polymer concentration for a specific copolyurethane is given below.
______________________________________Concentration Average pore size% by weight micron______________________________________0.20 300-5001.00 100-3001.25 50-1501.45 35-602.00 30-504.00 5-15______________________________________
By using the multilayer precipitating technique according to the invention and described above, it is possible to produce a multilayer prosthesis wall for tissue replacement with different pore size in the different layers. For example in a vascular porsthesis it is possible to produce the inner layers e.g. the layers of the lumen of the prosthesis with a relatively small pore size (5-10 microns) to enhance endothelization but the center and the outer layers with a relatively large pore size (30-100 microns) to ensure a good tissue ingrowth.
In the method of the present invention the polymer used for preparing the solution for coating the substrate can be any polymer useful in the context, but it is preferred to use a copolyurethane, particularly a block or segmented copolyurethane.
The technique of this invention permits easy production of multilayered products with different average pore sizes of the individual layers. This is done by varying the concentration of polymer in the casting solution, i.e. the solution to be applied onto the substrate. This is useful for example for the preparation of a vascular prosthesis, where it is desired to have the lumen face of prosthesis with a much lower pore size, such as within the range about 5 to 15 μm. This is to facilitate endothelization after implantation. On the other hand it is desired that the remaining part of the prosthesis wall has larger pores to allow faster tissue ingrowth.
As a solvent there may be used any solvent having the ability to dissolve the polymer used, but preferred solvents are those selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofurane, amide solvents and sulfoxide solvents. Among such solvents there may be mentioned in addition to tetrahydrofuran (THF) dimethylacetamide (DMAc), dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsolfoxide (DMSO). Particularly preferred is a mixed solvent of THF and DMF.
As a non-solvent there may be used any fluid having the capacity to precipitate the polymer. A preferred solvent is water but also lower alkanols, such as ethanol, may be used, optionally in combination with water.
The polymer used in forming the solution should be biocompatible and elasticity is preferred in some applications, such as use in vascular prosthesis. The polymer can be natural or synthetic. Examples of the former are polyaminoacids (e.g. polyglycin), polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose derivatives, alginates). Examples of synthetic polymers are silicones and polyurethanes. Mixtures of various polymers can also be used.
As previously indicated segmented aliphatic polyurethanes or segmented aromatic polyurethanes may be used in applying the technique of this invention. In order to obtain materials which are non-toxic, non-mutagenic and non-carcinogenic it is preferred to use segmented aliphatic polyurethanes or using another expression aliphatic block copolymers.
The polymeric material for use in the invention may be conventionally prepared from aliphatic polyurethanes based on diisocyanates, e.g. 1,2-diisocyanatoethane, 1,5-diisocyanato pentane, hexamethylene diisocyanate, methane diisocyanato pentane, 1,9-diisocyanato nonane, 1,8-diisocyanato octane, 1,4-diisocyanato butane, 4,4'-methylenebiscyclohexyl diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate, 1,4-transcyclohexane diisocyanate, dimethyldiisocyanato silane, diethyldiisocyanato silane. In addition to such diisocyanates there may be used polyols having average molecular weight within the range of 500 to 10000, e.g. poly(ethylene adipate), poly(tetra-methylene adipate), poly(1,4-cyclohexyldimethylene adipate), poly(hexamethylene oxalate), poly(hexamethylene glutarate), poly(E-aprolactone), poly(tetramethylene oxide), poly(ethylene oxide), poly(1,2-propylene oxide). Chain extenders e.g. 1,4-butandiol, 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol glycerol, 3,6-dioxaoctane 1,8-diol, ethylene diol, diethylene diol, tetramethylene diamine, ethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, propylene diamine.
The copolyurethanes are conventionally formed by e.g. reacting a prepolymer such as a polyether diol, with a diisocyanate, and the product resulting from such reaction may then be chain extended by reacting with a diol or diamine. By such polymerization process copolymers may be produced having preferred molecular weights and preferred viscosity in solution. By varying the molecular weight and thus the viscosity of the polymer in solution the rate of degradation and porosity of the material prepared may be controlled.
The selected polymer material is dissolved in a suitable solvent of the type indicated above and the proportions between polymer and solvent are suitably selected so as to give the desired percentage of solids in the resulting solution. The coating solution is then used to coat a substrate to form an initial coating of uniform thickness. As a substrate there may be used any mechanical means of suitable type, such as a metal plate or a metal mandrel, preferably coated with a resistant plastic, such as polytetrafluoro ethylene. The coating can be provided by spraying, extrusion, immersion or dipping or in some other conventional manner.
The multilayered prosthesis material of the present invention can be used in a multitude of medicinal applications. Thus, it can be used as a vascular graft, as a skin graft or as a wound dressing. Moreover, it can be used as elastic membranes for ear drum replacement, as elements for orthopedic surgery and as anticoagulent tubing for blood transfusion.
For use in a graft or a wound dressing a multilayered composite material can be choosen, where the inner and/or the outer layer consists of a porous degradable polymer, e.g. polyhydroxybutyrate or a polysaccharide to enhance endotheliation and epitheliation respectively.
The invention will now be further described by specific examples which, however, must not be construed to limit the scope of the invention.
Segmented polyurethane was dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 23� C. (2 wt-%) solution and then precipitated with water to remove the oligomeric fractions thereof.
Precipitated polymer was dried to constant weight and then dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The concentration of polymer in solution was in the range of 0.1-4 wt-%, being dependant on the purpose of the use of the solution. In general, more concentrated solutions are required for preparation of reinforced vascular prostheses while more dilute solutions are needed for the preparation of e.g. wound dressings or artificial skins.
The resulting polymer solution was heated to 25� C. and water was then added dropwise while the solution was stirred vigorously.
The amount of water which can be added to the polymer solution at the given temperature without causing the polymer to precipitate is dependant inter alia on the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution of the polyurethane used and the concentration of polymer in the solution.
In general less water (non-solvent) can be added to a solution prepared from a polmer of high molecular weight and broader molecular weight distribution.
The presence of water in the polymer solution affects the propsity of the resulting product. It has been found, that the more water is added to the polymer solution, the larger the pores formed.
From the polyurethane solutions described in this example, various medical goods can be produced e.g. vascular prostheses, wound dressings, microporous patches etc. These products can be produced using commonly used techniques, e.g. dip-coating, spraying, painting, brushing, blade-coating, etc.
The products can be prepared in one operation or in several similar operations, e.g. for the preparation of vascular prostheses composed of several layers of varying porosites.
Applying the polymer solution to the substrate results in fast precipitation of polymer which is due to evaporation of solvent from the polymer-solvent-non-solvent ternary system.
It has been found to be preferred that after depositing the polymer layer on the substrate, excess of solvent is dried or pressed out from the layer, before the subsequent layer is deposited on the previous one. This measure contributes to the formation of strong mechanical binding betwen the layers forming the structure of the product and assists in avoiding separation of the layers upon implantation.
Polyetherurethane prepared according to the procedure outlined in Example I above with a molecular weight of 1.0�105 was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran to prepare a solution with a concentration of about 2 wt-%.
The polymer solution was heated to about 25� C. and then about 20 wt-% of water (based on a total volume of solvent) was added to the solution under stirring.
Stainless steel bars covered with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were dip-coated with the polymer solution, and about 5 minutes later excess of solvent-non-solvent residue was removed from the polymer precipitate by applying to the polymer layer an absorbing paper. The dip-coating procedure was repeated 40 times to produce a composite, mechanically strong and highly elastic vascular prosthesis.
The prostheses on the moulds were soaked for 16 hours in deionized water, were then removed from the mould and soaked again for 5 hours. The prostheses were dried at 40� C. in a vacuum oven before sterilization with ethylene oxide.
Prostheses prepared in this manner when implanted in pigs show satisfactory low thrombogenic activity, fast endothelialization and regular tissue ingrowth.
A polyesterurethane with an average molecular weight of 3.0�105 based on hexamethylene diisocyanate, poly(ethylene adipate) and 14-butadiol was dissolved in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran-dimethyl-formamide (9.8/0.2 vol/vol) to produce a polymer solution with a concentration of polymer of 0.7 wt-%. The polymer solution was stirred, heated to 28� C. and then 20 vol-% of water (calculated on the total amount of solvent) was added dropwise to the solution.
The polymer solution was sprayed against polished PTFG plates. The resulting macroporous patches were finally soaked for 16 hours in deionized water and subsequently dried.
The macroporous patches with a porosity in the range of 100-150 μm were used to cover full thickness skin wounds. It was found that this treatment stimulates the healing process of non-infected wounds.
Polyetherurethane based on hydrolytically stable cycloaliphatic diisocyanate (Texoflex�-80a) was dissolved in a tetrahydrofuran-water mixture (99/1 vol/vol) at 30� C. The concentration of polymer in the mixture was 0.75 wt-%.
The polymer solution was sprayed against the microporous polyurethane patch described in Example III.
As a result of spraying, a bilayer membrane was formed composed of an upper protective layer with a porosity in the range of 0.4-0.9 μm and a sublayer with a porosity in the range of 100-150 μm.
This composite membrane is nontoxic, nonmutagenic and noncarcinogenic.
The bilayer membrane was used to cover donor sites and full-thickness skin wounds of guinea-pigs. It is found that the membrane protects satisfactorily against bacterial invasion and assures proper water and gas transport to and from the wound. The use of the membrane facilitates the healing process of non-infected wounds of guinea-pigs.
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A process for operating a plasma torch having an improved start up and shut down sequence to substantially increase electrode element life. The first shut down mode is controlled such that plasma gas flow through the swirl ring and nozzle prevents the formation of an oxide layer upon the electrode. The shut down method is especially useful for torches which operate at 100 amps or greater. The inclusion of an aluminum jacket surrounding the electrode outer walls has been found to contribute to the ability to avoid formation of oxide layers on the electrode.
1. A process for starting a plasma torch, the plasma torch having a plasma gas chamber supplied with a plasma gas, an electrode supplied with current for generating a plasma cutting arc by ionization of the plasma gas, and a nozzle disposed in front of the electrode through which the plasma cutting arc extends to a workpiece, in an operational cutting mode of the torch the plasma gas within the plasma gas chamber having a swirl component imparted thereto by a swirl ring, said start up process comprising:
increasing an arc current at a first upslope rate for a first time interval (t2 to t4);
introducing an operational nozzle gas flow and pressure at t3;
increasing the upslope rate of the arc current increase during a second time interval (t4 to t5), said upslope rate increase thereby regulating the nozzle flow to prevent the nozzle flow from exceeding an operational flow rate Fo during start up; and,
establishing an operational arc current and an operational nozzle flow rate.
2. A process of adjusting a pressure within a plasma gas chamber of a plasma arc torch comprising:
providing a plasma arc torch having a plasma gas pressure within a plasma gas chamber;
reducing to zero the plasma gas supply source, thereby initiating a pressure decrease within the chamber;
supplying a post-flow pressure source in communication with said plasma gas chamber, said post-flow pressure source having a pressure greater than the atmosphere, but less than a value of said decreasing pressure within the chamber; and,
equilibrating the pressure within said chamber with said pressure of said post-flow pressure source.
3. The process according to
4. The process according to
5. The process according to
6. A process for operating a plasma torch on shut down, the plasma torch having a plasma gas chamber supplied with a plasma gas, an electrode supplied with current for generating a plasma cutting arc, and a nozzle disposed adjacent the electrode through which the plasma cutting arc extends to a workpiece, in an operational cutting mode of the torch the plasma gas within the plasma gas chamber having a swirl component imparted thereto, said process comprising:
decreasing the current to the electrode from Io to a lesser intermediate value during a time interval from t0 to t1, said current being reduced at a first rate;
decreasing proportionately a nozzle flow rate along with said decrease in arc current from t0 to t1;
increasing the rate of current reduction from a time interval t1 to t2;
supplying a post-flow gas source, said post-flow gas source in communication with said plasma gas chamber, said post-flow gas source having a pressure less than an initial pressure within said plasma gas chamber and thereby providing a pressure sink for plasma gas contained within the plasma gas chamber;
establishing an equilibrium between said post-flow pressure and a pressure within said torch chamber; and,
following said equilibrium, said post-flow pressure providing a source for said nozzle flow gas, said post-flow gas continuing past the electrode subsequent to the step of shutting off the current to the electrode.
7. A process for starting a plasma torch, the plasma torch having a plasma gas chamber supplied with a plasma gas, an electrode supplied with current for generating a plasma cutting arc, and a nozzle disposed adjacent the electrode through which the plasma cutting arc extends to a workpiece, in an operational cutting mode of the torch the plasma gas within the plasma gas chamber having a swirl plasma gas within the plasma chamber, said start up process comprising the steps of:
increasing a current at a first upslope rate for a first time interval (t2 to t4);
introducing an operational nozzle flow and pressure at t3;
increasing the upslope rate of the current increase during a second time interval (t4 to t5), said upslope rate increase thereby regulating the nozzle flow to prevent the nozzle flow from exceeding an operational flow rate Fo during start up; and,
establishing an operational arc current and an operational nozzle flow rate.
8. A process of adjusting a pressure within a plasma gas chamber of a plasma arc torch comprising the steps of:
providing a plasma arc torch having a plasma gas pressure within a plasma gas chamber;
reducing to zero the plasma gas supply, thereby initiating a pressure decrease within the chamber;
supplying a post-flow pressure in communication with said plasma gas chamber, said post-flow pressure having a pressure greater than the atmosphere, but less than a value of said decreasing pressure within the chamber; and,
equilibrating the pressure within said chamber with said pressure of said post-flow pressure.
9. The process according to
10. The process according to
11. The process according to
12. The process according to
13. The process according to
This application is a Continuation-in-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/540,077 filed on Mar. 31, 2000 and which is an Continuation-in-Part of application Ser. No. 09/416,304 filed Oct. 12, 1999 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,093,905 and application Ser. No. 09/178,207 filed Oct. 23, 1998 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,163,009 which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The present invention relates generally to a process for operating a plasma arc torch, and more particularly to a start up sequence and a shut down sequence that significantly extends the life of the electrode and nozzle.
The operation of conventional plasma arc torches is well understood by those in the art. The basic components of these torches are a body, an electrode mounted in the body, a nozzle defining an orifice for a plasma arc, a source of ionizable gas, and an electrical supply for producing an arc in the gas. Upon start up, an electrical current is supplied to the electrode (generally a cathode) and the pilot arc is initiated in the ionizable gas typically between the electrode and the nozzle, the nozzle defining an anode. Then, a conductive flow of the ionized gas is generated from the electrode to the work piece, wherein the work piece then defines the anode, and a plasma arc is thus generated from the electrode to the work piece. The ionizable gas can be non-reactive, such as nitrogen, or reactive, such as oxygen or air.
A significant problem with conventional plasma arc torches is wear of the electrodes and nozzles. Typically, the electrodes include a hafnium or a zirconium insert. These materials are desired for their material properties, but are extremely costly and require frequent replacement.
It has been found that a significant percentage of the electrode wear and damage occurs during shut down of the torch. It is believed that on cut off of electrical current to the electrode, wear results from a complicated interaction between molten surfaces of the electrode and the pressurized flow of the plasma gas through the nozzle. The phenomena is also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,070,227 which is incorporated herein by reference.
One form of electrode wear includes the formation of an oxide such as Hafnium oxide or Zirconium oxide. As set forth in the Applicant's prior U.S. Pat. No. 6, 093,905 which is incorporated herein by reference, the oxidation of the electrode is a major contributor to electrode wear and loss. Applicant's prior U.S. Patent describes a shut-down protocol for a plasma arc torch which is varied over the life of the electrode so as to beneficially remove accumulated oxide material from the electrode.
It is also understood that the electrodes, and particularly the inserts, have a limited number of cycles or �pierces�. A �pierce� refers to the starting up and initial cutting or piercing of the arc through a work piece. For each pierce there is obviously a prior shut down of the torch and an associated start up sequence. Plasma torches utilizing conventional shut down methods and operating above 100 amps have an electrode life of generally between about 400 to 800 pierces.
The industry is constantly seeking methods for improving the plasma torches, and particularly for extending the life and improving the wear characteristics of the electrodes. The present invention concerns just such an improved method.
It is, therefore, a principal object of the present invention to provide a process for operating a plasma arc torch, particularly on shut down, that significantly reduces oxidation formation of the electrode element, and loss of molten element material and thereby reduce electrode element erosion and eliminate nozzle damage.
An additional object of the present invention is to provide a process for shutting down conventional plasma arc torches that can be readily practiced by conventional torches with relatively minor modifications.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the following description, or may be apparent from the description, or may be learned through practice of the invention.
In accordance with the objects and purposes of the invention, a process is provided for operating a plasma arc torch on shut down. The process operates on the principles of substantially reducing the oxidation of the electrode and further eliminating loss of molten electrode material during the shut down sequence in order to substantially increase the life of the electrode. It has been found by Applicants that, through practice of the present invention, electrode life of conventional torches can be extended as much as four-fold.
It is another aspect of the present invention to provide a new and useful start up sequence which controls the gas flow relative to the arc current. Applicant's start up method eliminates nozzle damage, reduces electrode erosion, and maintains a stable arc. The improved start up methodology may use conventional gas supply and control means. The start up method has the additional advantage of reducing damage to torch components caused by molten metal during piercing of the work piece during start up. The start up sequence allows a more rapid penetration through material and thus minimizes molten metal blow back that may otherwise damage the torch frontend components.
The invention will be described in greater detail below through use of the appended figures.
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic view of a plasma arc torch having the gas supply means and pathway useful for practicing the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating an embodiment of a start up sequence according to the invention; and,
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating an embodiment of a shut down sequence according to the invention.
Reference will now be made in detail to the presently preferred embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are illustrated in the drawings. Each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention, and not meant as a limitation of the invention. For example, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment, can be used with another embodiment to yield still a further embodiment. It is intended that the present invention include such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic view of a conventional plasma arc torch, similar to the FL 100 plasma arc torch provided by InnerLogic, Inc. of Charleston, S.C. It should be appreciated, however, that the present inventive method is not limited to any particular type of plasma arc torch. Any manner of conventional torches may be modified by the inclusion of an aluminum sleeve which surrounds the cylindrical walls of the electrode element. When combined with the start up and shut down sequences of the present invention, greater electrode element life and operating efficiencies may be obtained. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,070,227 describes a control process applicable to a wide variety of torches, including torches sold by HyperTherm, Inc. of Hanover, N.H. The present control method is applicable to the types of torches described in the '227 patent upon modification of the electrode with the aluminum jacket as described below. The '227 patent is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes.
The operation of conventional torches is well understood by those skilled in the art and a detailed explanation thereof is not necessary for purposes of this disclosure. The following description is for background purposes relating to conventional plasma arc torches in general and provides additional details of a torch apparatus and methods of torch start up and shut down in accordance with the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, plasma arc torch 10 has a basic body, generally indicated as 12. Body 12 includes a torch supply tube 34 defining a supply chamber 36 that is supplied with a source of pressurized ionizable gas from gas supply 24 through gas supply line 26. Remotely actuated valves, such as solenoid valves 28A, 28B and 28C are disposed in-line between supply tube 34 and gas source 24 to vary the supply of various gases to torch 10 upon actuation of the valve.
As is appreciated by those skilled in the art, the plasma gas may be non-reactive, such as nitrogen, or reactive, such as oxygen or air. Torch body 12 includes an electrode body 46, typically formed from copper. An electrode insert or element 50 is fitted into the lower end of electrode body 46. An aluminum sleeve 51 forms a jacket around the cylindrical walls of element 50. Element 50 is typically formed of hafnium or zirconium, particularly when the plasma gas is a reactive gas.
An insulating body 38 generally surrounds the supply tube 34 and electrode body 46. The cathode body 40 is disposed generally surrounding supply tube 34 and an anode body 42 is disposed surrounding insulating body 38.
A nozzle 16 is disposed at the forward end of electrode body 46 and defines an arc passageway 52 aligned with electrode element 50.
A swirl ring 44 is disposed around the electrode body 46 and has holes defined therein to induce a swirling component to plasma gas entering the plasma gas chamber 14, as will be discussed in greater detail below.
A power supply 18 is provided to supply electrical current to electrode body 46 and the electrode element 50. A negative power lead 29 is in electrical communication with supply tube 24 and cathode body 40. In a pilot arc mode, a positive power lead 22 is in electrical communication with anode body 42 through switch 23. Insulating body 38 electrically isolates anode body 42 from cathode body 40. Positive power lead 22 is also connectable to a work piece 54 that is to be cut or pierced by the plasma torch once switch 23 is opened. Power supply 18 may constitute any conventional dc power supply sufficient to provide current to the torch at an appropriate voltage to initiate the pilot arc and then maintain the arc in the operational cutting mode of the torch.
In operation, plasma gas flows from source 24, through valves 28B and 28C, and enters supply line 26, as generally indicated by the arrows in FIG. 1. The plasma gas flows downward in chamber 36 through orifices in swirl ring 44 before entering the lower plasma gas chamber 14. It should be understood that lower plasma gas chamber 14 is in communication with the entirety of the supply chamber 36 of supply tube 34 so that a change in pressure anywhere within the system will affect a change in pressure within lower plasma gas chamber 14.
In the pilot arc mode of torch 10, switch 23 is closed so that the positive lead is connected to anode body 42. Power supply 20 provides current at the appropriate voltage to initiate the pilot arc between electrode element 50 and nozzle 16. A desired plasma gas flow and pressure are set by the operator for initiating the pilot arc. The pilot arc is started by a spark or other means, such as a contact starting technique, all of which are known in the art.
The plasma gas flow during the pilot arc mode is from supply 24, through valves 28A, 28B and 28C, and through supply line 26 into supply chamber 34, through the holes in swirl ring 44, into lower plasma chamber 14, and out through arc passageway 52 of nozzle 16. The swirling flow generated by swirl ring 44 is desired as a means for stabilizing the arc in all operational modes so that the arc does not impinge on and damage the nozzle.
In order to transfer torch 10 to the cutting mode, the torch is brought close to workpiece 54 so that the arc transfers to the workpiece 54 as switch 23 opens. The transferred arc now passes current from the electrode to workpiece 54. The current is increased to a desired level for cutting such that a plasma arc 56 is generated which extends through arc passageway 52 to workpiece 54. The operational current levels depend on the type of torch and application desired, and typically range from about 20 to about 200 amps. As the operational current is increased, the plasma gas within lower plasma chamber 14 heats up and a decrease in plasma gas flow out of nozzle 16 results. In order to sustain sufficient plasma gas flow through nozzle 16 to sustain the plasma arc 56, pressure of the plasma gas being supplied must be increased with the increase of current.
The start up and shut down processes according to the present invention will now be described in greater detail through use of the diagrams of FIGS. 1-3.
As already described, a critical concern with conventional plasma arc torches is the electrode life, and particularly the life of the hafnium or zirconium inserts. It is known that the start up and shut down process results in severe wear of the electrode elements. The present Applicants have discovered that the electrode life can be substantially lengthened by following an improved start up sequence. Additionally, electrode life can be further lengthened by following an improved shut down sequence which substantially eliminates the oxidation of the electrode during a shut down mode. Further, the shut down protocol minimizes loss of the molten electrode insert material.
Although not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, Applicants believe that at least one of the factors contributing to wear on the electrode elements is the build up of an oxide layer on the element. It has been found in accordance with one aspect of the present invention that the shut down mode of the present invention substantially eliminates the formation of an oxide layer.
On tests conducted on a FL 200 plasma arc torch using a conventional start up sequence and a no post-flow first shut down mode, the electrode life was about 300 to 600 pierces. The same model torch was tested according to both the start up and shut down method of the present invention. The electrode life was extended to about 1,500 pierces. It is believed that this substantial increase in the electrode life was due to the chemical combination of aluminum, hafnium, and other element materials which may be present during the current reduction (insert cooling) that substantially eliminates oxide formation. Further, the loss of unsolidified electrode element's components which results from the post-flow of gases past the nozzle is further minimized by the present invention.
It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the particular number of pierces obtained for any one electrode will depend on the particular type of torch, insert material, current levels, etc. The best combination of materials for any given application may be empirically determined or estimated.
FIG. 2 represents a conceptual timing phase of one embodiment of a start up sequence according to the invention. The start up of the plasma arc torch involves the interaction of the plasma arc current, the plasma gas flow rate through the nozzle, and the gas pressure of the plasma gas within plasma gas chamber 14, where chamber 14 is defined generally between the swirl ring 44 and the nozzle 16. The left hand side of the graph of FIG. 2 represents a start up sequence of the present invention. The end values on the far right hand side of the graph of FIG. 2 represents the operational steady state values Io, Fo, and Po of the respective current and gas flow parameters.
In reference to FIG. 2, during the start up sequence beginning at t0, a pre-flow pressure source is provided through valve 28A until time t3. At t3, valve 28B is turned on and immediately blocks the pre-flow gas from 28A. At the t3 point, the operating nozzle flow and torch pressure flows are introduced. The present invention introduces an increase in the arc current upslope rate from t4 to t5. The upslope increase coincides with the increase beginning at t3 in the plasma gas flow rate through the nozzle. The increase in the arc current slope rate from t4 to t5, in conjunction with a similar increase in the plasma gas flow rate through the nozzle, has been found to decrease erosion of the electrode during start up. When gas flow is too low relative to the current, nozzle damage may occur to the nozzle components. When gas flow is too high relative to the current, erosion of the electrode is increased.
In the present invention, the arc current is increasing between interval t2 to t5. The rate (slope) of the arc current is further increased at t4. Increasing the arc current is normally associated with a decrease in the nozzle flow as the arc current reduces the nozzle flow. This increase in the upslope rate of the arc current occurs immediately after the introduction at t3 of the operating nozzle flow and torch pressure. The upslope increase in arc current brings about a concomitant decrease in nozzle flow which would otherwise occur, thereby avoiding a nozzle flow gas overshoot. As a result, the current upslope rate increase is timed in conjunction with the interval during which nozzle gas flow and pressure are also rapidly increasing. As the current increases, the rate of nozzle flow increase is regulated, decreasing damage to the electrode element.
In the example set forth in FIG. 2, the value at interval t4 for the arc current is 87 amps at 182 msec. It has been found in accordance with this invention that the sharp increase in arc current slope from t4 to t5 reduces damage to the torch during start up. The improvement relates in part to the reduction in molten metal blowback during the piercing operation. The sharp current increase as reflected in the rate of rise has been found to more quickly penetrate the substrate and minimize damage of the torch components from the molten substrate.
It has additionally been found that the torch electrode life is prolonged by the further use of an improved torch shut down sequence. The shut down sequence makes use of the gas control components as seen and described in reference to FIG. 1. During the steady state operation of the torch, gas control valve 28A is closed stopping the pre-flow gas and commencing plasma gas flow through valves 28B (ports 1 and 2) and 28C (ports 2 and 3) at a pressure of about 65 psi. A shut down sequence is initiated at interval t0 which coincides with a de-energization of valve 28B and thereby closes the respective port 1. The de-energization of valve 28B thereby ceases the flow of plasma gas to the torch and results in an immediate decrease of pressure and flow rate through the nozzle as seen in reference to FIG. 3.
As further set forth in FIG. 3, between intervals t0 and t1, the arc current is decreased from 200 amps to 115 amps, reducing by about four-fold the heat load on the electrode. Simultaneously, the plasma arc diameter begins to decrease, thereby exposing the molten electrode element material to the plasma gas. In accordance with this invention, it has been found that the inclusion of the aluminum jacket 51 surrounding the electrode has been found to largely eliminate the formation of oxides on the electrode which would otherwise occur. The aluminum jacket can have a wall thickness of between 0.002 and 0.02 inches, and preferably about 0.004 inches.
While not wishing to be limited by theory, it is believed that the aluminum jacket 51 may actually melt and combine with the electrode element during operation of the torch. For instance, a hafnium electrode normally has a uniform, dark gray coloration. Under operating conditions when oxides form, a white marbling effect occurs which is attributed to the formation of an oxide. Upon inclusion of the aluminum jacket in association with the electrode element, the resulting electrode material assumes a grayish color which is distinctive from the initial hafnium material and distinctly different in appearance from previously observed oxides.
The electrode element/aluminum electrode combination is still conductive and retains the useful properties of the hafnium and has the additional attributes of preventing the loss of efficiency associated with oxide formation on the electrode element. It is possible that the aluminum jacket eliminates the formation of oxidation products or, alternatively, the aluminum combines with the oxide to form yet another product which avoids the detrimental effects of the oxide. Irrespective of which, if any, of the above processes is occurring, the combination of the aluminum jacket with the electrode element achieves significant advantages in extending the electrode life.
In accordance with this invention, it is believed than an improved electrode and electrode element may be provided for plasma arc torches. Such an electrode may be provided by an alloy of aluminum and hafnium or an alloy of aluminum and zirconium. To the extent the present invention produces an electrode which comprises a molten mixture of aluminum and hafnium, similar electrodes may be prepared and marketed for use in plasma arc torches. The relative amounts of aluminum or aluminum containing metals in combination with the zirconium or hafnium material may be readily determined by routine experimentation in which the resulting electrode life is monitored for various combinations of material.
At interval t1, valve 28C is also energized which connects the pressurized post-flow, through orifice 53 of a flow restrictor 55 to the plasma torch inlet. The diameter or orifice 53 should be selected in combination with the gas flow equipment and selected pressures so as to provide the desired post-flow pressure value. One having ordinary skill in the art is able to provide an appropriate flow restrictor and orifice therethrough so as to achieve the desired post-flow gas pressure needed for any individual torch.
The post-flow pressure is maintained at a lesser pressure value than the plasma flow pressure. In the example set forth in FIG. 3, a post-flow operating pressure of about 6 pounds per square inch has been found useful. The 6 pounds of pressure is less than the pressure associated with the operating nozzle flow. As a result, the pressurized post-flow serves as a vent-like sink and helps maintain the correspondence between gas flow and arc current during the shut down sequence. By interval t2, the post-flow pressure is sufficiently greater than the plasma gas pressure such that the post-flow direction is now toward the rear of the torch and provides for nozzle flow rate of about 30% of the cutting flow rate at the time the arc current is shut off.
At interval t2, the arc current is shut off. The t2 interval should be selected at a point where the current is still sufficient to maintain a transferred arc. At the same time, the swirl flow should be high enough to maintain a stable arc while the nozzle pressure and post-flow pressures are sufficiently low to avoid a damaging level of gas flow overshoot when the arc is extinguished. It has been found useful to maintain a post-flow gas flow rate at interval t2 which is about 30% of the cutting plasma flow rate. As seen in reference to FIG. 2, the post-flow continues past interval t2 when the arc is extinguished. The resulting decrease in gas flow at the time the arc extinguishes has been found to greatly extend the electrode life.
The gas flow apparatus and process set forth above provides for a smooth transition of gas flow and gas pressures when the arc is extinguished. The gas flow apparatus serves as both a pressurized sink to reduce the torch plasma pressure and also provides a gas supply source prior to interval t2. After the current is reduced to 115 amps, the post-flow valve is actuated and pressure within the torch is allowed to equalize to the post-flow pressure. This results in the rapid decrease in is the swirling and plasma flow gas pressures. After the pressures have equilibrated, the post-flow no longer operates as a sink but becomes a source, providing the swirl and post-flow pressures. The change over from a gas sink to a gas source occurs about mid-way between intervals t1 and t2. The change over eliminates any pressure disturbances normally associated with a valve controlled gas flow.
The above shut down protocol and sequence has been found particularly useful for plasma arc torches operating at currents of 100 amps or greater. In particular, the present invention has been found to maintain a good correspondence between gas flow and arc current during both start up and shut down sequences. As such, the formation of oxides on the electrode is significantly reduced. During the shut down protocols, the erosion of the electrode and the formation of oxides on the electrode are reduced by maintaining an adequate swirling gas flow at the time current is cut off. Further, the post-flow gas characteristics are designed to prevent flow overshoot at current cut off, thereby minimizing damage to the electrode. In addition, the shut down protocol reduces the electrode temperature prior to arc current cut off, again minimizing the electrode erosion and electrode oxidation. Additional improvement is realized by use of the sink-source post-flow characteristics of the invention which minimizes the shut down processing time. By shortening the time required for the shut down protocol, erosion of the electrode element caused by premature arc current loss is eliminated.
The present invention describes a shut down protocol in which the current and the gas flow rate are sloped down in a continuous and corresponding manner. However, it is understood that similar improvements may be obtained by stepping down the current to a lower level such as 20 amps and running the torch for a brief interval while the torch cools down. Following cool down, the arc current may be shut off.
It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that there are a number of variations and modifications that may be made in the shut down process according to the present invention. For example, a number of post flow and no post-flow shutdown methods may be utilized as the first and second shutdown modes according to the invention. It is intended that the present invention include such modifications and variations as come within the scope and spirit of the appended claims and their equivalents.
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GSA launches portal where agencies can buy cloud computing services
The White House has opened an online storefront where federal agencies can purchase cloud computing services. Vivek Kundra, the federal chief information officer, said that the new service -- called Apps.gov -- is designed to reduce redundancy and costs by pooling information technology resources across government organizational boundaries, Kundra said. The General Services Administration assembled an interagency team to build Apps.gov, GSA officials said. Creating a way for agencies to share resources, rather than operating separate and distinct IT systems, was a priority of the team, Kundra said. Initial cloud services available from Apps.gov are simple and straightforward, Kundra said. It will take up to 10 years to fully realize the potential of the program, he said. The store is organized under four categories: business apps, productivity apps, cloud IT services and social media apps. Various vendors offer their services in the appropriate categories. It costs $45.94 a year to purchase access to Google Apps Premier for one user, for example. Under the social media category there are several free offerings. Agencies can acquire UserVoice, a tool that lets communities vote and make comments on ideas, for example.
However, government's move to cloud computing is still a cautious one. It involves making some serious changes in the way agencies have traditionally viewed information technology. Instead of owning applications, agencies pay to use them, while other entities -- in many cases, private companies -- actually host and run them. That saves money for the agencies, but it also creates security issues, said Mark Amtower, an industry consultant.
Amtower also said the store had launched without a lot to offer and needs to add more services fast. "What they are offering here is pretty bare-bones," he said. Apps.gov is managed by the GSA development team, which is led by Casey Coleman, GSA's CIO. "Through Apps.gov, GSA can take on more of the procurement processes upfront, helping agencies to better fulfill their missions by implementing solutions more rapidly," Coleman said. "We will also work with industry to ensure cloud-based solutions are secure and compliant to increase efficiency by reducing duplication of security processes throughout government." Besides encouraging better collaboration among agencies, Kundra said he expects cloud services to reduce energy consumption because agencies will be able to share IT infrastructures.
About the Author
Doug Beizer is a staff writer for Federal Computer Week.
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Unisys Federal Systems' Venkatapathi Puvvada, this year's Eagle award winner for industry, stresses the importance of community.
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The latest version of the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act purportedly protects companies from liability and individuals from government intrusion.
Popular CIO is headed for the private sector.
The Census Bureau hasn't established a time frame for its cloud computing plans, including testing for scalability, security, and privacy protection, as well as determining a budget for cloud services.
President Obama's proposal to boost government coordination with the private sector got a warm welcome in the House Homeland Security Committee.
The spy agency wants to better integrate cybersecurity into its traditional human intelligence operations.
I was excited about it for my office so I looked into it and had the same conclusion as MattH. There is very little description of what the program is or what it does. They need a tutorial page for each different app to go over all of its functions and uses, or at least have a 30 day free trial version!
Very encouraging to see efforts on the part of Government to tap into resources that have tremendous potential! It is a start and the persistence on the part of Government to polish the effort and clean up the deficiencies will greatly determine its success and effectiveness.
How could something like this be released when so few vendors are listed? Google and Salesforec??
I am kind of ambivalent about the whole cloud computing 'paradigm shift'. I think it is mostly fluff. Yes, I realize that you can run apps in your browser, etc, etc. It's just another idea of a 'computing utility' where everything runs on one giant 'thing' out there and all your data is there too. In my own business I would never trust a third party with my applications' data.
This is just another incarnation of 3270 terminals connected to a mainframe. The industry seems to be permanently stuck in the cycle of client server distributed computing. Around and around we go.
Facts are:
- virtualization is slow and I don't want to run all but the most trivial apps on a giant computer utility mainframe
- cloud computing relies on a slow browser on the client, a slower than directly executed programs, and uncertain storage location and security.
Great idea--but have you looked at the website? It starts out pretty, but when you want to consider purchase of an app you have only a hint of what you are buying. The descriptions must have been limited to 140 characters.
For example, as Doug says, you can buy Google Apps Premier for $46 a year (and get it 30 days after you order!). But where is the link to show you what you are getting with Google Apps? What is the value added with a third party reseller?
At the end of the day, it looks like a repackage of tired GSA policies...a good step, but failed in execution.
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Franklin & Ben - Arlington - CribProduct Id: 473083 Phone Code: 7409-4ED7
Regular: $779.00 Sale: $489.60 (You Save 37%)
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Product Description
The Arlington 3-in-1 convertible crib with a toddler rail is sure to take care of your little one's bedding needs. Its minimalist design features clean lines and delicate curves that can blend with any decor setting. This pristine white crib also comes with a toddler conversion rail which helps convert the crib into toddler and day bed as your baby grows older. It is flawlessly hand finished in a non toxic, multi-step staining process. The crib is made from American poplar hardwood and solid birch veneers.
- 3-in-1 convertible crib in white
- Includes toddler bed conversion kit and toddler rail
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- Converts to a toddler bed and daybed
- 4 adjustable mattress positions
- Non-toxic, lead and phthalate safe finish
- Multi-step staining and painting process
- JPMA certified, meets CPSC and ASTM international safety standards
- Overall Dimensions: 37.63"H x 32.13"W x 55.75"D
- Product Weight: 88.5 lbs
- Max Weight (Toddler Bed): 50 lbs


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Motel 6 Del City
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Plucking interesting Oklahoma
... in Oklahoma City by collecting a Chinese takeaway from a nearby restaurant to hopefully enjoy in our room with a bottle of Arkansas wine. The food was unfortunately, just as we remembered from our last foray into US Chinese food about fifteen years ago, gloopy, tastless and maybe the blandest offering of the trip so far. It was so different to the food we get at home and that we had eaten in Asia that it makes you wonder how it can be ...
A stay in OKC
Today we woke up and ate breakfast at my aunts house. we ate biscuits and gravy and it was delicious. Then we all got together as a family and ate lunch then we all had just a great time talking with each other and getting to know each other more and more. Then we ate dinner which consisted of ribs, mashed potatoes and salad then we went to bed.
Somber Day
... act. I have been to Ground Zero and though Oklahoma was in a smaller scale the losses and magnitude of change to their lives are the same.
The Christmas season has always brought on a mixture of emotional feelings but after spending the day in this museum I realized what I want for Christmas.
I will ...
Travel and Day at Oklahoma
- From TCU we traveled 205 miles to the University of Oklahoma
- since it was a short drive we took the tour of the university the same day.
- I really enjoyed the rich history the university had. I love watching the BOZ.
- They provided us lunch as usual and then I sold my socks. it was a rough day.. only made $40.
- For dinner I ate Panda express. I spent $8.22 on some delicious orange chicken and fried ...
Amarillo, TX
... boot that used to be outside the business easily seen from the road. One of the most notable parts of this place is the offer (made public on billboards starting several hundred miles outside of Amarillo) that one can get a free dinner if s/he finishes a 72 ounce steak in an hour. On our way to the restaurant, our driver told us of a famed young mother of four who is known for finishing the 72 ounce steak in 4 minutes, followed by another in ...


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Backup the Registry using the Backup utility before doing anything with it. Follow the instructions given by the link in "Additional Resources," below, headed "How to Back up and Restore the Registry in Windows."
How to Find a Program's Registry Key
The Registry is a database that Windows uses constantly as programs run on the computer. Each piece of software will have Registry keys. There can be multiple keys for any one specific program, sometimes hundreds of keys, spread throughout the five sections of the Registry: HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, HKEY_CURRENT_USER, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, HKEY_USERS and HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG. Finding these keys involves using the regedit.exe program and repeating a search multiple times in each section.
Click on "Start," choose "Run" and type "regedit" in the Run window that opens. If asked for permission to continue, click "Continue." If you are working with specific keys, export them by clicking on "File," selecting "Export" and then choosing a folder and file name that you will be able to easily find later.
Click on "Edit," select "Find" and type in the name of the software. Put a check mark in the box for "Match whole string only" if the program has multiple words.
Click "Find next." To find additional instances of the Registry key, press "F3" and keep this up until you locate all the keys.
Click "File," then choose "Exit" when finished searching the Registry.
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"Nothing but trouble"
Disappointed with ending. No real climax, just "The End" where it seemed more could have been tied together.
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This unique organization is like no other.... results for the children served are immediate. No child should be denied the opportunity to experience life at their fullest potential. Be An Angel is a caring, committed and compassionate support system that not only identifies the needs of special needs children but fulfills them by providing adaptive equipment, special services and programs. An excellent organization!
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Wag-A-Tude Bone Printed Harness Navy
Product Code: P3108
Wag-A-Tude Bone Printed Harness Navy
This classic blue open bone print body harness is a wardrobe must-have for your four-legged friend.
Both functional and fashionable, they will not only look great, but they will feel secure and supported when wearing it on walks.
This is a fashion accessory and should only be worn under supervision.
If your dog appears to be aggitated or distressed do not force them to wear this item.
Approximate Dimensions (Product):
X Small - 22 x 18 x 1.4cm
Small - 24 x 20 x 1.4cm
Medium - 26 x 22 x 1.4cm
Delivery Options
- Standard (up to 4 working days) £4.95
(Free standard delivery for orders over £29)
- Next day AM £9.95
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Pulled Pork BBQ the Easy Way
I posted this in Recipe Exchange. Thought I'd post it here for comments.
Pulled Pork BBQ the Easy Way
Pork shoulder or Boston butt [6-8-10 lbs]
LawryÂs salt
Bullet smoker
Single burner hotplate
old thick bottomed pot
Hardwood sawdust, soaked in water
Remove everything except the top grill from the smoker, set smoker over hotplate with pan of sawdust on burner, put a pork shoulder/picnic roast seasoned with LawryÂs on the grill, put top on smoker. Turn on hotplate, high setting. Smoke for 3 or 4 hours. You make have to open smoker door and replenish sawdust 3 or 4 times. Remove pork from smoker and wrap in heavy duty tinfoil, sealing it good. Put in large pan and into the kitchen over at 250 degrees for 7 to 8 hours. When done remove all fat from pork, pull meat apart into bite size pieces with 2 big forks [with 4 prongs].
Put in bowl, add favorite BBQ sauce. What is not eaten after a couple days, bag up in sandwich baggies, enough for one sandwich, pushing all the air out and twisting baggie to close. Put all the little bags in a gallon zip loc and freeze. BBQ on demand in 5 minutes. Just defrost/heat in microwave and slap on a bun, add some more sauce. I like to put the bun [filled with meat] in a fry pan and heat both sides, mashing the bun down flat.
I use the Cooks' Illustrated way at a higher temp and have also had great results so far (3 butts, each time gets better).
I do not like posting their recipies since they are not really free but if you do a search, maybe you will find it.
The basic differences are that I use a gas grill with lots of smoke chips and try to keep it smoking for about 2 hours at around 275. Then I wrape the meat in foil and into the over at 350 for 2 hours or until it reaches target temp. The meat then it rests for 45-60min.
The result is meat that falls apart just like it should, very succulent and tender. It has a nice bark (from the rub and smoke) and a smoke ring. It is good though a real smoker would probably be even better.


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Party At The Goat House T Shirt
This great custom product in white from our department Men and T-Shirt category can be printed just for you in the size and style you like. The design party_at_the_goat_house_blue was created by ToxicTShirts and uploaded to Spreadshirt for you to have printed on a T-Shirt. Next to a host of other great customized designs, you can find this party_at_the_goat_house_blue design in Spreadshirt's Quotations category. If you are interested in topics like Alex Moran or BMS Shirts, then you'll love party_at_the_goat_house_blue designs by ToxicTShirts. Spreadshirt also offers a huge selection of custom t-shirts, hoodies and accessories for the category Quotations as well as top BMS party clothing. ToxicTShirts's designs have already impressed many of our customers, so we are sure that we've got right stuff for you! Spreadshirt is your destination for great designs of all kinds – whether it's Alex Moran, BMS Shirts or BMS party. We are sure that you will find something nice in our shop, there are many amazing custom Quotations t-shirts, hoodies, or accessories for you to find! Tags: Design ID: 11983040
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The granddaddy of the Spreadshirt Collection, this premium t-shirt is as close to perfect as can be. It's optimized for all types of print and will quickly become your favorite t-shirt. Soft and comfortable, durable and thick, this is a definite must-own and a Spreadshirt recommended product.
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Search Software
BleachBit frees disk space and maintains privacy. Cleans cache, Internet history, temporary files, logs, cookies, and broken shortcuts. Cleans Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, Windows, Linux, and much more.741 weekly downloads
Learning Materials Synchronizing Tool
It is a desktop search (aiming learning materials) tool that provides full text search with a friendly GUI1 weekly downloads
GUNDOG is alias on windows. Just like linux alias, this application can execute the binary in deep directory by setting simple alias. It can also search all the .exe file on machine by keywords, which make a quick location without setting alias.1 weekly downloads


text: Eva Longoria Divorce Rumor Officially denied. bleacherreport Publishing Partner . Eva Longoria Divorce Rumor bleacherreport.com Check out more articles on BuzzFeed.com! More ▾ Facebook Conversations Next On BuzzFeed buzz › The Hardest "The Simpsons" Quiz You'll Ever Take Next On BuzzFeed buzz › Do You Remember These Obscure '00s TV Shows? Next On BuzzFeed videos › Women Respond To The First Mean Thing Someone Said... Next On BuzzFeed videos › Men Respond To The First Mean Thing Someone Said About... Special Reactions Your Reaction? Sorry, but you can only react up to 3 times! Oops! It looks like you've already used that reaction on this post. You are signed in as . Saving... Saving... Saving... Rebuzzed! This post has been added to your Feed I know, right? And there's more where that came from. Totally! And there's plenty more to love! Broken hearted? Maybe you'll like something over here instead? I know, right? Will your friends agree? Share this Link Eva Longoria Divorce Rumor http://www.buzzfeed.com/bleacherreport/eva-long... Officially denied. Your link was successfully shared! 24 People Who Are Really Nailing This Parenting… 41 Camping Hacks That Are Borderline Genius 21 Pictures That Will Restore Your Faith In… Life In Your Early Twenties Vs. Your Late Twenties Facebook Conversations Preview Your Response Add Your Response Text Image Video Link Title Thumbnail (Allowed HTML Tags:     ) Title Video Embed or URL () Hey! This video may have privacy restrictions. Ensure that it is publicly visible to everyone. Description (Allowed HTML Tags:     ) Title Image Link Image To (optional) Description (Allowed HTML Tags:     ) Title Thumbnail Title Link URL Share this on Facebook (Connected as [Disconnect]) Cancel ∨ Create Full Post ∧ Create Simple Post You are signed in as Please Validate Your Email Nice Work! Thanks For Contributing! × Don't forget to share! Want to add another one? Go for it! Contributions Load More Responses... x Please enter the CAT-CHA Catcha question... Promoted Promoted by BuzzFeed Staff I Saw My Admissions Files Before Yale Destroyed Them by Molly Hensley-Clancy Connect With Like Us On Facebook Follow Us On Pinterest Follow Us On Twitter Get Our Daily Newsletter Your Email Address Sign up Great! You'll get your first email soon. Hot Buzz What Are Some Of Netflix's Hidden Gems? Moms, Tell Us Your Most Empowering Stories From Giving Birth Promoted Now Buzzing What Aussies Think Of American Women's Accents Promoted Promoted Marijuana Facts You Probably Don't Know 15 Next-Level Hairstyles That'll Make You Smile More Buzz ›


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Who is the biggest e-commerce player in the world? Who are the e-commerce giants in the US and China? The most common answer to these questions is..Read More
India has come a long way from a country of snake charmers to digital startups or 'mousecharmers,' according to blogger and innovation consultant Anuradha Goyal. Her 334-page..Read More
Indian Retail Industry is currently estimated at US$ 490 billion, in which only 10% of the consumers buys online, and the rest 90% of the consumers spend..Read More
Online grocery and consumer product goods retailer Zopnow has launched its category for vegetables and fruits. At present, it offers over 100 SKUs, including the newly added..Read More
We can order a wide variety of products and services over the web but daily needs like fresh veggies, meat and fruits are still pure-play offline affair..Read More
As Janice Shah & Himanshi Vora would do the rounds of supermarket aisles, the variety of sauces, mixtures and canned foods at the stores gave them the..Read More


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Estabrook is a populated place located in Coos County at latitude 43.044 and longitude -124.135.
The elevation is 46 feet. Estabrook appears on the Myrtle Point U.S. Geological Survey Map. Coos County is in the Pacific Time Zone (UTC -8 hours).
Coos County: Cities & Towns | ZIP Codes | Schools | Features (airports, churches, hospitals, etc.)
BIG Map |
Driving Directions |
Data Source - USGS GNIS FID: 1166651
BOUNDARY MAPS: Myrtle Point Division | Coos County
Estabrook, OR
(< 0.1 mile)
Myrtle Point, OR (1.4 miles N)
Broadbent, OR (2.4 miles SSW)
Norway, OR (4.1 miles NNW)
Arago, OR (4.9 miles NW)
Gravelford, OR
(5.1 miles NE)
Gaylord, OR (6.3 miles SSE)
Bridge, OR (6.6 miles ESE)
Coquille, OR (9.6 miles NNW)
Bancroft, OR (9.7 miles SE)


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Teen charged as adult in attempted armed robbery in Erie
Erie police accuse a teenage boy of using a BB gun in an attempted robbery on Monday night.
Nkurikiye Mariko, 15, was charged as an adult this morning with robbery, simple assault, escape and resisting arrest. He was placed in the Erie County Prison on $50,000 bond after his arraignment by Erie 6th Ward District Judge Dominick DiPaolo.
Police accuse Mariko of forcing his way into an apartment in the 600 block of East 10th Street on Monday at about 11:30 p.m. and pointing a gun in the victim's face while demanding the victim's wallet, according to the criminal complaint filed in the case.
See Wednesday's Erie Times-News and GoErie.com for more coverage.


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Is this Minka Kelly the Actor?
Share your thoughts on this image?
25th March 2015 @ 05:52am
Minka Kelly is in the midst of an impressive string of performances that are showing her as a talented dramatic actress and insiders expect it to contin ...
9th February 2015 @ 04:26am
Minka Kelly seeming avoidance of roles which might put some 'emphasis' on her gorgeous looks has sparked debate among some entertainment observers.
IN THE ARCHIVE Is Minka Kelly Jake Gyllenhaal's go to girl?
18th February 2014 @ 07:52pm
Jake Gyllenhaal has dated some beautiful women in his time but is Minka Kelly his go to girl?


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- Exchange: BSE India
- Sector: Consumer Staples
- Industry: Consumer Products
- Sub-Industry: Packaged Food
Bambino Agro Industries Ltd+ Add to Watchlist
As of 06:00:41 ET on 03/31/2015.
Company Profile for Bambino Agro Industries Ltd (JFD)
Bambino Agro Industries Ltd. produces pasta and other food products. The Company produces vermicelli, macaroni, instant food mixes, soups, blended spices, and ready to eat Indian snacks and sweets.
Contact Information
Bambino Agro Industries Ltd
Key Executives for Bambino Agro Industries Ltd (JFD)
|M Kishan RaoChairman/Managing Director
|M RaghuveerChief Financial Officer
|M SubramanyamExecutive Director
|Ritu TiwarySecretary
Quotes delayed, except where indicated otherwise. All prices in local currency. Time is ET.
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NCAA Tournament South Regional: UCLA vs Gonzaga, Utah vs Duke
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wonderfulsworld.com Wonderfuls World | Latest Updates, News and Information on Korean Girl Group, Wonder Girls
Wonderfuls World - Your no.1 source for all things Wonder Girls, including news, information, photos and videos.
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26 Star Wars: The Clone Wars
find them HERE at galazygraphics
find them HERE at galazygraphics
Hello everyone!
Loved last night's episode, Assassin and posted a few notes about it here. I loved it, so if you hated it, you probably won't find anything to like in my post. ^_^
( Read more...Collapse )( "...Monsters are real, and ghosts too. They live inside us, and sometimes, they win."Collapse )


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Repair & Refurbishment (R&R) at Aloha Loyang Coming Along The Way
Dedicated to providing guests with a comfortable and enjoyable experience, Public Service Division is embarking on a Repair & Redecoration (R&R) works at Aloha Loyang. To Facilitate the R&R...
Repair & Refurbishment (R&R) of Aloha Loyang Swimming Pool
The swimming pool will be closed for upgrading from January to July 2015.
Aloha Resorts now has a new management team! With effect from 01 September 2014, ST Electronics (e-Services) Pte Ltd will operate and manage the Aloha Resorts. We look forward to serving a...
Happy New Year
Arguably the biggest and most popular festival for the Chinese, every Chinese New Year promises to be a fun-filled occasion for the family. Join us at Aloha Resorts to witness the auspicious Lion...
Christmas & New Year
Christmas and New Year is all about surprises and celebrations! This Christmas, guests will receive gifts from Santa Claus if they have been good. Make your Christmas and New Year plans and book early ...
In & Around Our Resort
We understand the importance of taking a break from work. Stay at the Aloha Resorts for a relaxing escape or to get away from the routine. Take the entire family out for some precious bonding time where you catch the sun rise and sun set at the eastern coast of Singapore. Take a bumboat to the nearby island of Pulau Ubin, where you are one with nature, an escape from the busy city.
Aloha News
Aloha Resorts Newsletter
(Jan – Mar 2015)IN THIS ISSUE WE FEATURE:
(Jan – Mar 2015)
- Upcoming Activities
- Events and Activities
- Resort Update


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Honed Marble Fabricator in central NJ
magsnjSeptember 16, 2013
I'm remodeling my kitchen and am very happy with my cabinet makers (who I first heard of on gardenweb), however, I am noticing that some of the people that they recommend seem very pricey. I found a piece of honed carrara marble that is 3 cm thick and just recieved a price from the fabricator they recommended. Installed, it would be $2300 for 20 sq feet of countertop ( $115/sq ft).
I recently saw a 2012 post on gardenweb that made me think this is a very hight price in my area. I'd appreciate any input or recommendations of a fabricator that you've used and been happy with in central nj. Thank you!
Here is a link that might be useful: 2012 post on Gardenweb


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OP Junior Member
Thanks Meter: 0
3 posts
Join Date:Joined: Mar 2014
After a rather steep learning curve with Unity, I decided to coalesce my learning efforts into a simple, but hopefully fun to play and addictive game.
So, meet Poney, the fat unicorn, cursed by evil squirrels to become ever more fat unless he keeps running. Jump on platforms, eat good veggies, avoid traps, birds and the EVIL EVIL sweets.
Everything in the game is hand drawn, a good exercise for me to learn some pixel art and I would appreciate any feedback you all have to offer:
Here's a screenie
Thanks for playing!


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Tyra Banks by Udo Spreitzenbarth for Cosmopolitan South Africa December 2012.
On societal pressures for body image:
"Loving yourself is paramount, no matter what shape, size or color you are. I call it being flawsome: you + your flaws + awesome = flawsome."
On starting out in the modeling business:
"Don't chase the money, chase the passion."
Images: Cosmopolitan.co.za
Go tyra!
Go ahead Miss Banks
why is it that black models can make the covers of the international fashion mags, but the same magazines state side refuse to put them on the cover? and don't give me that, "black models don't sell magazines" crap. tyra looks great!
Alright Tyra!!
Tyra is not even close to being as "in demand" as she used to be in the United States and her popularity has gone down significantly since her Sports Illustrated/Victoria's Secret days. I don't think she can sell a magazine cover like Zoe Saldana or Keri Washington could… However, I agree with you that she's beautiful and love her positive outlook.
Tyra looks good in the red, the cover photo is scary. The girls are sittin' aren't they?
There goes my favorite supermodel!
How old is tyra again ? She is starting to age
amazing! love her!
Am I the only one who hates how she makes words up. Urgh!!!!
@Lerato- No, you are not! It's like she's trying too hard. I'm not trying to be a stickler for grammar but the suffix -some suggests an increased degree of something. I get what she's trying to say but flawsome is just dumb.
Nice! In the red!
Tyra's thighs though…….go on girl! Work it!!
Tyra is such a hot tamale. Who wouldn't want to hire/book her expressive face and gorgeous bod?
I love tyra , always will. She still has it, no doubt abt that !!
Fierce Tyra Banks.
Can we all agree that the Model comments are just silly. Clearly this woman has surpassed that title alone. She is steadily building an empire, so this don't need to be Naomi shots.
@ Lerato
I thought I was the only one. Irks me a tad …
Do not like the pics. She doesn't seem that comfortable with her body from the way she is posing in that swimsuit. She shoud have nixed the swimsuit photos
Great to Tyra in front of the camera for a photoshoot. I jumped ship on ANTM however I've always followed her career and admire how she's turned modeling into a brand for herself. She is really in her own lane and no need to follow anyone.


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Don't let the stage name fool you—when it comes to rocking the mic, Booth newcomer AWKWORD is anything but. As proof, I present the NYC repper's current single, Doctor Doctor; premiered over on RefinedHype, this record finds Malaysian beatsmith MajoR R.E. cooking up a funky, sampled beat to back AWK and guest emcee GuessWho as they demonstrate just how ill (both literally and figuratively) they are. Digging it? Keep it locked for all the latest tunes leading up to the arrival of World View in 2012.
Written by richard on 11/14/11
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Sub-City Productions
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"Metal Music" (2011)
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Reversible Rescue Coat
Reversible Found My Animal rescue coat for your pet. One side is waxed cotton canvas and the other side is plaid wool. Completely weather proof. Limited edition piece! **Special Note: Dog in pictures is wearing a size medium.
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Contact us
Families Forward Resource Center
aka Lowry Family Center
Lowry Family Center (LFC) has changed our name to Families Forward Resource Center (FFRC)! We have been strengthening families in northeast metro Denver since 1995. We believe strong families are the key to strong communities and so have established the following:
Vision: Safe, healthy and prosperous communities in northeast Denver and north Aurora.
Mission: To enrich entire families through partnership and services that create a safe, healthy, and connected community.
• Promoting self-empowerment of individuals, families and communities to achieve self-reliance
• Building a foundation of hope, integrity and community pride within staff and volunteers
• Working with families through relationships based on shared power and mutual respect
• Believing that healthy families nurture successful children and promote thriving communities
Support Families by PAINTING WITH A PURPOSE This Friday http://t.co/kbkkn7Mu28 for tickets and more info! http://t.co/knOfJe1117
Clergy in the audience standing together for closing prayer. http://t.co/4OEOgtgiza
PW : "I am committed to doing whatever I can."
MOC : Next meeting is April 13th at 6pm at United Church of Montbello


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Related quotes
"Men often become what they believe themselves to be. If I believe I cannot do something, it makes me incapable of doing it. But when I believe I can, then I acquire the ability to do it even if I didn't have it in the beginning."
"If people are good only because they fear punishment, and hope for reward, then we are a sorry lot indeed."
"Most of the luxuries and many of the so-called comforts of life, are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind"


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