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Artwork details
William Blake 1757–1827
The Death of the Virgin
Date 1803
Medium Watercolour on paper
Dimensions Support: 378 x 371 mm
Acquisition Presented by the executors of W. Graham Robertson through the Art Fund 1949
On display at Tate Britain
Theme: BP Spotlights
Room: William Blake
Display caption
This is one of many watercolours Blake made for his most important patron, Thomas Butts. It was painted during Blake's stay in Felpham, Sussex when, in his own words, he put himself 'back as if I was a learner' and gave 'two years to the intense study of... light & shade & colour.' By comparing this work with the earlier temperas Blake painted for Butts, some of which are shown in this room, we can get an idea of the improvements Blake was aiming at in his art: a renewed power of design (seen in the symmetrical composition with its energetic, flowing outlines), dark shadows rejected in favour of more uniformity between light and shade, and greater radiance in his colours.
August 2004
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|Material Type:
|Internet resource
|Document Type:
|Book, Internet Resource
|All Authors / Contributors:
Kevin J H Dettmar
|0472102907 9780472102907
|OCLC Number:
|xii, 385 pages ; 24 cm
|Fending off the object: criticism, postcriticism, and the Joycean/ Eloise Knowlton --
Hysteria, dreams, and modernity: a reading of the origins of psychoanalysis in Freud's early corpus / Susan Stanford Friedman --
T.S. Eliot's new critical footnotes to modernism / Michael Edward Kaufmann --
The invention of postmodernism: a critical fable / Morton P. Levitt --
Modernism and the end of beauty / Calvin Bedient --
The ethics of abstraction / Anthony J. Cascardi --
"Entering the modern composition": Gertrude Stein and the patterns of modernism / Jonathan Levin --
Modernism/mass culture/postmodernism: the case of Gertrude Stein / Ellen E. Berry --
A horse is being beaten: modernism and popular fiction / David Trotter --
Postmodernism in The Waste Land: women, mass culture, and others / Gregory S. Jay --
Conrad's "fault" / Tom Cohen --
"Working in accord with obstacles": a postmodern perspective on Joyce's "mythical method" / Kevin J.H. Dettmar --
Virginia Woolf and postmodernism: returning to the lighthouse / Pamela L. Caughie --
(En)gendering modernism: Virginia Woolf and Djuna Barnes / Suzette A. Henke.
|edited by Kevin J.H. Dettmar.
The literary world has in the past two decades celebrated the centenaries of Joyce, Eliot, and Pound, the three pillars of Anglo-American modernism. Only now, Kevin J.H. Dettmar contends, are we starting to appreciate "what was apparent to the Modernists all along - that the monuments of High Modernism already contained within them the seeds of their own de(con)struction." The contributors to Rereading the New: A Backward Glance at Modernism argue that we are in the midst of a critical paradigm shift. First literary critics greeted the birth of modernism with outrage, decrying its anarchy; then the New Critics sought to control it with interpretation. Today, critics are beginning to rediscover modernism's inherent anarchy, this time from the postmodernist perspective. The result is the emergence of a new way of reading - and writing about - modernism. The book collects essays by established scholars as well as fresh new voices that provide a variety of perspectives on modernism. The first section, "Inventing Modernism," shows how modernist writers worked together to craft a coherent identity; the second, "Modernist Aesthetics," critiques Lyotard and other theorists on the assumptions underlying modernist texts. In "Modernism and Mass Culture," we see how Stein, Lawrence, and Eliot reacted to a burgeoning mass culture, while "Rereading the New" provides postmodernist readings of Conrad, Woolf, and Djuna Barnes, as well as Joyce's Ulysses and Finnegans Wake.
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- English literature -- 20th century -- History and criticism -- Theory, etc.
- American literature -- 20th century -- History and criticism -- Theory, etc.
- Modernism (Literature) -- English-speaking countries.
- Postmodernism (Literature)
- Modernisme (cultuur)
- Postmodernisme.
- Letterkunde.
- Engels.
- Amerikaans.
- Literatur.
- Moderne.
- Aufsatzsammlung.
- Postmoderne.
- Englisch.
- Großbritannien.
- American literature -- History and criticism -- Theory, etc -- 20th century
- English literature -- History and criticism -- Theory, etc -- 20th century
- Modernism (Literature) -- English-speaking countries

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After Birth Official Teaser Trailer #1 (2013) - Horror Movie: From director Tara Robinson comes the indie After Birth, described as a filthy, bloody, terrifying journey where a defenseless girl must fight for survival against her hungry, flesh-eating, demonic baby. When the beautiful Bethany finds herself homeless, she takes up residence in an old, condemned building, not knowing it's already occupied by an evil beyond her worst nightmare that wastes no time in impregnating her. But the violent birth she endures is just the beginning of the gruesome battle she must fight against the hungry newborn with a taste for human flesh. After Birth is part creepy ghost story, part bloody monster movie, and all wholesome, disgusting fun! After Birth is a gritty and heartbreaking story of a young homeless woman who births a flesh-eating demonic baby that she must battle for her own survival. The film goes into production early September 2012. Principal photography is taking place in downtown Los Angeles and surrounding areas with an expected release date is in January 2013.
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June 4, 2010
By Danny Mattie
Athletic Media Relations
FORT COLLINS, Colo. – Former Colorado State volleyball player and current video and data coordinator Jenni Hirneisen is headed to Europe with USA Volleyball as part of her internship leading up to the 26th annual Volley Masters tournament in Montreaux, Switzerland.
"Jenni has been an outstanding addition to our staff here at Colorado State," said Head Coach Tom Hilbert. "She is a great person, a hard worker, and her technical knowledge of the Data Volley system used for video and statistical analysis is invaluable to what we do at CSU. It is clear why she was chosen to work with the national team."
Hirneisen, who played under Hilbert for one season and helped the Rams to the 2006 Mountain West Conference tournament championship, will enter 2010, her third season on the Rams staff, with the added experiences gained as part of her internship with the USA Volleyball and the senior national team.
Since late April, Hirneisen has been with the team in Anaheim, Calif., serving as the statistician for all team practices as the squad prepares for next week's tournament in Montreaux, in addition to helping with day-to-day operations.
"This has been an amazing experience," said Hirneisen. "In addition to all of the statistical work, I've been able to learn coaching strategies, techniques, and volleyball in general from a great coaching staff of Hugh McCutcheon, Karch Kiraly and Jamie Morrison."
Hirneisen and USA Volleyball will leave Saturday for Switzerland, where the tournament will run, June 8-13. Other teams competing are Germany, Japan and Russia, which make up Group A along with USA Volleyball. Group B consists of China, Cuba, Netherlands and Poland.
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Speaker: John Campbell, Ralph Bunche Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies, Council on Foreign Relations
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An impoverished and divided country: The setting of Mali's conflict is a desperately poor country regularly facing food shortages and even famine, which has a history of long-standing animosity between the sparsely populated north and the economically dominant south. "Government promises of federalism or increased local autonomy over the past twenty years have regularly been made and broken," Campbell says.
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The invention relates to the production of ganglioside specific antibodies. These antibodies are produced following immunization with lipopolysaccharide antigen of Campylobacter jejuni. The antibodies bind to monosialogangliosides, including GM2 and GM1.
1. A process for making an antibody which binds to monosialoganglioside GM1, comprising:
(i) immunizing a subject animal with an antigen comprising the structure:
Galβ1→3Gal NAcβ1→4Gal (II3 NeuAc)
in an amount sufficient to provoke production of antibody by said animal with the proviso that the antigen is not GM1, and
(ii) isolating the antibodies produced by said animal.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein said antigen is a lipopolysaccharide.
3. The process of claim 2, wherein said lipopolysaccharide is purified lipopolysaccharide from a gram negative bacteria.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein said gram negative bacteria are Campylobacter jejuni.
5. The process of claim 2, wherein said Campylobacter jejuni are of serotype 0:19.
6. The process of claim 2, wherein said lipopolysaccharide is combined with an adjuvant.
7. The process of claim 6, wherein said adjuvant is Complete Freund's Adjuvant or Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant.
8. A method for determining presence of monosialoganglioside GM1 in a sample, comprising contacting said sample with the antibody produced in accordance with the claim 1, and determining binding of said antibody as a determination of GM1 in said sample.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said sample contains transformed cells.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein said transformed cells are melanoma cells, neuroblastoma cells, sarcoma cells, glioma cells, or seminoma cells.
11. A process for making an antibody which binds to monosialoganglioside GM1, comprising:
(i) immunizing a subject animal with a purified lipopolysaccharide obtained from a gram negative bacteria which comprises the structure:
Gal β1-3GalNAcβ1-4Galβ (II3neuAc) in an amount sufficient to provoke production of antibody by said animal, and
(ii) isolating the antibodies produced by said animal.
This application is a divisional of Ser. No. 08/491,310 filed Jun. 16, 1995, now abandoned.
This invention relates to the making of antibodies against glycolipids, and the uses of these antibodies. More particularly, it relates to processes for making antibodies specific to the monosialogangliosides known as "GM2" and "GM1", as well as the uses of these antibodies. The uses include diagnostic and screening applications, as well as therapeutic modalities.
Gangliosides are a class of molecules which are glycolipids. Different gangliosides have been identified as prominent cell surface constituents of various transformed cells, including melanoma, as well as other tumors of neuroectodermal origin. See, e.g., Ritter and Livingston, et al., Sem. Canc. Biol. 2: 401-409 (1991). Oettgen, VCH Verlags Gesellschaft (Weinheim Germany 1989), incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Gangliosides are known as mono-, di-, tri or polysialogangliosides, depending upon the degree of glycosylation with sialic acid residues. Abbreviations employed to identify these molecules include "GM1", "GD3", "GT1", etc., with the "G" standing for ganglioside, "M", "D" or "T", etc. referring to the number of sialic acid residues, and the number or number plus letter (e.g., "GT1a"), referring to the binding pattern observed for the molecule. See Lehninger, Biochemistry, pg. 294-296 (Worth Publishers, 1981); Wiegandt, in Glycolipids: New Comprehensive Biochemistry (Neuberger et al., ed., Elsevier, 1985), pp. 199-260.
The monosialoganglioside GM2 has the structure: ##STR1## while GM1 has structure ##STR2## As noted, supra, the gangliosides are prevalent cell surface markers on transformed cells, such as melanoma. This has made them attractive targets for cancer research. Livingston, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84: 2911-2915 (1987) incorporated by reference supra, describe results of a vaccine based trial, wherein subjects afflicted with melanoma received, as vaccines, either whole cells which present high levels of GM2, pure GM2 or pure GM2 plus bacterial adjuvant. Attention is also drawn to Livingston, et al., J. Clin. Oncol. 12(5): 1036-1044 (1994), and Irie, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,557,931, both of which are incorporated by reference, and deal with the use of GM2 as a vaccine.
There has also been interest in the manufacture and use of antibodies, such as monoclonal antibodies, which bind to gangliosides. Such antibodies share the common characteristics of all antibodies, including antigenic specificity, and are of interest both diagnostically and therapeutically. See, e.g., Kjeldsen, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,289; Nudelmann, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,833; Hakomori, et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,308,614, and Hakomori, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,530. All of these patents are incorporated by reference, and all deal in large part with the generation of ganglioside specific antibodies.
There are difficulties unique to the immunology of gangliosides, which are touched upon briefly here. First, while these molecules are prevalent on transformed cells, they are also common on certain normal cells, such as neural cells. There is a risk, in administering gangliosides to a subject, that the resulting antibody response will damage normal cells. Indeed, certain autoimmune pathologies, such as Guillain-Barre' Syndrome, are characterized by autoimmune antibodies reactive with GM1 or GQ1b. See, e.g., Yuki, et al., J. Exp. Med. 178: 1771-1775 (1993); Aspinall, et al., Infect & Immun. 62(5): 2122-2125 (1994).
There is an additional practical problem in that gangliosides are extremely difficult to secure in amounts sufficient for immunization protocols. No practical synthetic method is presently available. As a result, gangliosides are secured via purification from tissue, such as bovine cranial tissues. Even under optimum conditions, the yields of pure gangliosides are vanishingly small. Further, purification from mammalian tissue carries with it the risk of transmitting contaminants such as viruses, prion particles, and so forth. Alternate methodologies for securing ganglioside specific antibodies are thus highly desirable.
Lipopolysaccharide, or "LPS" molecules are found on the surface of Gram negative bacteria. Many of these molecules are quite toxic, leading to toxic shock syndrome, endotoxemia, and other conditions. There is a great deal of diversity in the LPS molecules of different bacteria. Indeed, even within the confines of a particular type of bacteria, the LPS molecule may differ, between various serotypes/serovars.
The LPS molecules of Campylobacter jejuni ("C. jejuni") have been studied in some detail. Representative, but by no means exhaustive, of the studies on these LPS molecules, are Aspinall, et al., Eur. J. Biochem. 213: 1017-1027 (1993); Aspinall, et al., Biochem. 33: 241-249 (1994); Yuki, et al., Infect. & Immun. 62(5): 2101-2103 (1994); Aspinall, et al., Infect. & Immun. 62(5): 2122-2125 (1994). All of these references are incorporated by reference. The Aspinall 1993 paper is of particular interest in that it presents LPS structures for C. jejuni serovars 0:1, 0:4, 0:23, and 0:36. Aspinall et al., state that OS:1, OS:23 and OS:36 are mutally indistinguishable, and have chain termini identical to those of GM2, while the OS:4 chain terminus is identical to GD1a. Some of these papers discuss certain similarities between portions of the 0:19 LPS molecule and GM1, an idea also discussed by Wirguin, et al., Ann. Neurol. 35(6): 698-703 (1994), incorporated by reference, as well as by Aspinall, et al., Infect. & Immun. 52(5): 2122-2125 (1994); Yuki, et al., Infect. & Immun. 62(5): 2102-2103 (1994); Yuki, et al., J. Exp. Med. 178: 1771-1775 (1993).
C. jejuni bacteria are themselves implicated in gastrointestinal disorders, and there has been some interest and activity in developing diagnostic tests for determining the presence of C. jejuni in samples. See PCT Application WO86/01808 to Wright et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,200,344 to Blaser, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,757, to Yamazaki, et al., and Japanese Patent Application 63-273497 on this point. One notes that in all of these references, the manner in which the antibodies are generated involves the use of whole cells. Blaser, et al., speak of an antigen unique to C. jejnuni, but it is a protein, not a glycolipid.
There has been no linking of C. jejuni LPS antigens are a source for producing antibodies against GM2. Further, there has been no suggestion that the antibodies produced in this way may be used in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to pathological conditions, such as cancer.
These are all features of the invention described herein, in detail, in the disclosure which follows.
FIG. 1 is a dot blot showing results obtained, testing various ganglioside species, with antiserum obtained following immunization of rabbits with LPS prepared from various Campylobacter jejuni serovars. Lanes 1 and 2 used antiserum following immunization with 0:1, lanes 3 and 4 used 0:19, lanes 5 and 6 used 0:23, lanes 7 and 8 used 0:36, and lanes 9 and 10 used bovine brain ganglioside GM2. Odd numbered lanes are tests with pre-immune serum, and even numbers are immune serum.
FIGS. 2A and 2B present data obtained in immune thin layer chromatography tests. FIG. 2A shows results obtained by testing pre-immune serum. The pre-immune serum was from a rabbit prior to immunization, tested with LPS 0:1, diluted 1:100 in PBS. The TLC was developed in two solvents (i.e., CH3 Cl and acetone, at 1:1 ratio is the first solvent, the second solvent is CHCl3, methanol, and 0.2% CaCl2, at 55:45:10 ratio) prior to overlaying with serum. Moving across the lanes, lane 1 shows a test with mixed bovine brain gangliosides (10 ul) lane 2 tested bovine brain ganglioside GM2 (1 ug), lanes 3-5 tested, respectively, human melanoma (5 ul), human neuroblastoma (4 ul), and human renal carcinoma (5 ul) cell lines, while lane 6 tested fresh human melanoma (3 ul).
In FIG. 2B, immune serum from the same subject animal was tested. The serum was taken from the fifth bleed, and diluted 1:500 in PBS, as were the materials tested. Note that the upper bands, in lanes 5 and 6, were also found in these bands when pre-immune serum was tested, and thus are not a result of the immunization. In contrast, the lower bands in lanes 5 and 6 are the result of the immunization, while the upper bands are not.
FIGS. 3A and 3B depict the results obtained in antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity tests. The serum used was obtained following immunization with LPS serotype 0:1. In FIG. 3A, renal cell carcinoma cell line SK-RC-9, which is known to present GM2 on its surface was tested, while in FIG. 3B, colon carcinoma cell line SW 1222, which does not present GM2, was tested. In both figures, the open circles present data points where effector cells, target cells, and immune serum were combined. Filled in circles present data points from tests involving effector cells, target cells, and pre-immune serum, while filled in squares represent the combination of target cells and immune serum without effector cells.
All bacteria used were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Samples of Campylobacter jejuni ("C. jejuni" hereafter) of serotype 0:1, 0:19, 0:23, and 0:36 were used. For each sample, the lipopolysaccharide antigens ("LPS" antigens hereafter) were extracted from heat inactivated bacteria, using the hot phenol-water methodology of Westphal, et all, Z. Naturforschlag. 7b: 148-155 (1952), incorporated by reference herein with minor modifications. Specifically, RNA was removed by digestion with commercially available bovine pancreas RNA, followed by size exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-25 in accordance with Goldman, Meth. Enzymol. 138: 267-275 (1987). The extracted LPS was lyophilized, and stored at -20� C. until ready for use.
The LPS preparations were then used to prepare immunogenic compositions. In each case, the LPS antigen was mixed with adjuvant. For each composition, two rabbits were used as subject animals (female New Zealand white rabbits, 2-2.5 kg in weight). On day 0, the animals were injected, intradermally, with 500 ug of LPS in Complete Freunds Adjuvant. Fourteen days later, the animals received a second injection of 500 ug of LPS, this time in Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant. This was followed up with injections at day 28 and day 42, in each case with 250 ug of LPS in Incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Two animals were injected with pure bovine brain GM2, (200 ug, 200 ug, 100 ug, 100 ug, at the same time points in the experiment). All animals were bled at days 0, 14, 28, 42 and 64, to determine antibody titer and to conduct additional analyses. Some rabbits were also given booster injections of 250 ug LPS in IFA, 13 and 17 weeks after the fourth injection, and were bled two weeks after the last booster injection.
With reference to the immunization protocol described, supra, following each bleed, sera from the immunized rabbits were analyzed, via a standard ELISA, to determine (i) if antibodies against GM2 were present, and (ii), if so, were these of class IgG, or IgM. This was done using commercially available antirabbit IgM or IgG antibodies. Immunization with C. jejuni serovar 0:1 yielded IgG antibodies, and high titer serum (1:3200, and ≧60,000 after booster injections), as well as low titer IgM antibodies (1:100), both of which recognized GM2. The immunization with C. jejuni 0:36 yielded moderate titer IgM antibodies (1:800), and low titer IgG antibodies (1:100). These also recognized GM2. The immunization with 0:19 yielded high titer IgG antibodies (peak: 1:12800), and moderate to high titer IgM antibodies (peak: 1:1200); however, these antibodies recognized ganglioside GM1. The test with pure, bovine brain GM2 yielded low titer IgM (1:200), and IgG (1:200).
The sera obtained as described, supra, was analyzed thoroughly for specificity in dot blot assays. The sera were stained for IgM and IgG antibodies to GM2, and also to a panel of other gangliosides derived from bovine brain material, including GM3, GM1, GD3, GD2, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b, immobilized on nitrocellulose paper. The results follow, in Table 1. The dot blot assay was a standard one, using serum dilutions of 1:100 and commercially available anti-rabbit IgG and IgM antibodies. In table 2, which follows, a grade of "3+" means that there was strong staining, "2+" a medium-strong stain, "1+", a weak stain, and "+/", a trace of staining. FIG. 1, which follows, presents the dot blots.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________IgG reactivity of Immune Sera with Gangliosides and LPS as determinedby Dot Blot Immune Stains GangliosideAnimal Vaccine Serum* GM3 GM2 GM1 GO3 GO2 GO1a GO1b GT1b__________________________________________________________________________1 LPS 0:1 pre-vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --1 " 4. vacc. -- 3+ -- -- -- -- -- --2 " pre-vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --2 " 4. vacc. -- 2+ -- -- -- -- -- --3 LPS0:19 pre-vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --3 " 4. vacc. -- -- 3+ -- -- 1+ 2+ --4 " pre-vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --4 " 4. vacc. -- -- 3+ -- -- -- 3+ --5 LPS0:23 pre-vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --5 " 4. vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --6 " pre-vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --6 " 4. vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --7 LPS0:36 pre-vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --7 " 4. vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --8 " pre-vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --8 " 4. vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --9 GM2 pre-vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --9 " 4. vacc. -- 1+ -- -- -- -- -- --10 " pre-vacc. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --10 " 4. vacc. -- 2+ -- -- -- -- -- --__________________________________________________________________________ *serum dilution 1:100
As will be seen in Table 1, there was strong serum IgG reactivity with GM2 from animals immunized with C. jejuni serovar 0:1LPS, while the other serum samples tested negative. The sera from C. jejuni serovar 0:19 immunized animals showed strong reactivity with GM1, and moderately strong activity with GD1b. Weak reactivity with GD1a was also seen.
In further experiments, the sera were tested, in immune thin layer chromatography, for reactivity with purified bovine brain GM2, and with GM2 extracted from fresh human melanoma, a human renal cell carcinoma cell line, a human melanoma cell line, and from a human neuroblastoma cell line. The immune thin layer chromatography tests were carried out using standard methodologies. The IgG antibodies obtained from sera of animals immunized with C. jejuni serovar 0:1 reacted strongly with all sources of GM2. FIGS. 2A and 2B show these results. The IgG antibodies obtained from sera obtained from C. jejuni serovar 0:19 immunized animals reacted strongly with purified bovine brain GM1.
The ability of the GM2 specific sera to bind to cell surfaces was tested in a standard mixed hemadsorption assay. In this assay, human renal carcinoma cell line SK-RC-9, which expresses high levels of cell surface GM2 on its surface, was combined with the sera obtained from animals immunized with C. jejuni serovar 0:1 LPS. the antibodies in the sera were surface reactive (peak titer 1:600). See following Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________Cell surface reactivity of immune sera with SK-RC-9 as determinedby mixed hemesorption assays Titer*Animal Vaccine Serum IgM IgG______________________________________1 LPS C. jejuni 0:1 pre-vacc. - +/-1 " 2. wks post 1. vacc. +/- 1:1001 " 2. wks post 2. vacc. - 1:3001 " 2. wks post 4. vacc. - 1:6002 " pre-vacc. - +/-2 " 2. wks post 1. vacc. 1:100 +/-2 " 2. wks post 2. vacc. - +/-2 " 2. wks post 4. vacc. +/- 1:1502 " 2. wks post 6. vacc. 1:2000 1:16009 GM2 ganglioside pre-vacc. +/- -9 " 2. wks post 1. vacc. +/- -9 " 2. wks post 2. vacc. +/- +/-9 " 2. wks post 4. vacc. 1:300 1:40010 " pre-vacc. - +/-10 " 2. wks post 1. vacc. +/- +/-10 " 2. wks post 2. vacc. 1:100 +/-10 " 2. wks post 4. vacc. +/- +/-______________________________________ *Starting dilution of serum: 1:100
Further experiments were carried out to test for the presence of antibodies which mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity ("ADCC"). These experiments involved the well known 51 Cr release assay.
In these experiments, serum obtained from rabbits which had received six vaccinations with LPS isolated from C. jejuni serotype 0:1 was combined with various tumor cell lines. The antibodies were cytotoxic to GM2 expressing tumor cell lines, including renal cell carcinoma cell line SK-RC-9 (up to 60% specific killing, at serum dilutions of 1:800), and neuroblastoma cell line 1MR-32 (up to 80% specific killing, at serum dilutions of 1:800); SK-Mel-31 (a melanoma cell line; up to 35% specific lysis), and renal cell carcinoma SK-RC-49 (35% specific lysis, at 1:400 serum dilutions. There was no specific lysis found for those cell lines which did not present GM2 on their surfaces. Normal rabbit serum did not mediate cell lysis either. This will be seen in FIG. 3.
The foregoing examples set forth a process for making antibodies specific for a ganglioside, i.e., GM2 or GM1. The it methodology is surprising in that the immunogen is not a ganglioside. As is seen, supra, immunization with a molecule of structure GalNAcβ1-4Gal(II3 NeuAc)-Hex, generated anti-GM2 specific antibodies, while immunization with an immunogen of structure Galβ1-3GalNAcβ1-4Gal (II3 NeuAc) generated anti-GM1 specific antibodies. These molecules are not gangliosides.
The immunogen used is preferably a lipopolysaccharide molecule, most preferably an LPS molecule secured from C. jejuni. As will be seen from the discussion, supra, different serovars of C. jejuni have different LPS molecules on their surface. It is well within the skill of the artisan to carry out analyses to determine if a molecule, such as an LPS molecule has the desired structure as per Aspinall, et al., 1993, supra, e.g. Thus, the invention is not limited to the use of the specific serovars discussed herein.
It is preferred that the immunogens be administered together with an adjuvant, such as the described Complete and Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant. Other adjuvants, including, e.g., Bortadella pertussis, aluminum hydroxide, QS-21, BCG, Salmonella Minnesota R595, adjuvant, MPL and other adjuvants well known to the art may be used. Similarly, the immunogen may be used "as is", such as described herein, or it may be coupled to materials which enhance its immunogenicity, such as Keyhole limpet hemocyanin, bovine serum albumin, etc.
The subject animal may be any of the standard mammalian hosts used in the art for generating antibodies, including mice, rats, and other rodents; sheep, goats, and other ruminants, and so forth.
The antibodies described herein are polyclonal in nature. It is assumed, however, that one of ordinary skill is fully able to work with materials which generate the disclosed polyclonal antibodies so as to develop hybridomas and monoclonal antibodies. Such methodologies, including the well known Kohler-Milstein method and other ways to "immortalize" antibody producing B cells, need not be set forth here.
While one does not use humans as test animals, the ability to generate antibodies against these LPS structures does provide the artisan with an appropriate way to vaccinate individuals to achieve active, rather than passive immunization. The art is fully familiar with methodologies which eliminate the toxic effect of LPS molecules without significantly modifying their immunogenicity. It has been shown, that mammalian immune systems can, and do react to these LPS molecules to produce antibodies against GM2. It has also been shown that various types of cancer, such as renal carcinoma, neuroblastoma carcinoma, sarcoma, glioma, seminoma and melanoma, are characterized in part by expression of GM2 molecules on their surface. Vaccination with non-toxic forms of LPS, including those used in the examples described herein, should lead to immunological clearance of GM2 presenting cancer cells. Hence one aspect of the invention relates to a method for treating a subject with a pathological condition, such as a cancer, where abnormal cells present GM2 on their surfaces, by administering an effective amount of a non-toxic LPS molecule to the subject, so as to provoke production of anti-GM2 antibodies in said subject.
As is shown in the examples, supra, antibodies produced in the manner described are useful diagnostically, as in the determination of whether or not cells are present in a sample which present gangliosides GM1 or GM2 on their surface. Thus, one is able to screen a sample for irregularities, such as the onset of tumorigenicity, where tumor cells present GM1 or GM2 on their surface, while non-transformed cells do not. Melanoma and renal carcinoma are examples of such transformed cells. Similarly, samples can be analyzed generally, using the antibodies described herein. For example, a bovine brain fraction can be assayed to determine whether or not desired gangliosides GM1 and/or GM2 are present, and if so, whether or not they are present in an amount to warrant further analysis and purification.
The work described supra as it relates to vaccines also provides support for another aspect of the invention, which is a method for treating a pathological condition, such as melanoma, neuroblastoma, sarcoma, glioma, seminoma, and other types of cancer wherein the pathology is characterized by appearance of GM2 or GM1 on abnormal cells. One may administer a therapeutically useful dose of the antibodies of the invention sufficient to provide a therapeutically positive effect to the subject so treated.
Other aspects of the invention will be clear to the skilled artisan and need not be repeated here.
The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention.
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Ingrid Magnussen (Character)
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- White Oleander (2002) Played by Michelle Pfeiffer
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Ingrid: Don't attach yourself to anyone who shows you the least bit of attention because you're lonely. Loneliness is the human condition. No one is ever going to fill that space. The best you can do is know yourself... know what you want. See more »
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From Library Staff
Long dismissed as irrelevant by Communist China, Confucianism is experiencing a new resurgence in China and around the globe. So-called New Confucianists seek to find a unity between their religion and the modern world, rejecting any form of cultural isolationism.
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using w3c validator
I would like to see some discussion about the w3c validator. How important is it to be that perfect? Do you use it, and fix every error? I don't know what "character encoding" or "doc type" is, so I can't very well get a reading. What are your thoughts?
Here's a link to give you the info on doc types etc. W3C insures your page will look the same in every browser, alot of the stuff that seems to little to be bothered with like the
ALT tags...should be added for the handicapped. Also the current html version is 4.01 that to determines how things load into different browsers.
Here is a link that might be useful: W3C Help
Thanks for the link. (I think!) I'm sure you've heard the phrase, "That's too abstract for me to comprehend." But I will try. I've considered HTML Goodies the 'bible' for web site building. Guess I need to get beyond the basics. I put my site through the validator and printed out the results. I will work on fixing the errors, at least the ones I understand. I would like to get it right if I can.
Thanks again.
Yeah its a very detailed link, my web program has a built in checker to point out errors, I also go to a site which validates the code you paste into it and gives you the link on the error and the fix for it. Here's the link
Here is a link that might be useful: Validate
Uh Dale, I'm pretty sure the ALT tags should be added for people who use text only browsers or those who choose to not display images, not for the handicapped.
I use ALT tags for some of my images, if not most. I have lots of images on my site and I think it helps if people have a clue of what they are before they all load, in case they don't want to wait if it's something they don't care to see. I run my sites through the validator, just in case I made some glaring errors, but I also check in both IE and Netscape (and recently Opera) to make sure it displays teh same in those at least.
Blind readers (using e.g a text mode browser fed into a speaking machine, or a purpose-designed speaking WWW browser such as pwWebSpeak)
This is what I was meaning the option in the control panel, one other good thing about ALT tags, they are good for getting your site indexed, the SEngine spiders can't see the images but do see the Alt tags.
I was going to add pretty much what Dale said. I will add this: alt tags are especially important if the image is a link. Also height and width help the site to load faster.
I bookmarked the Validator link and will check it out later this evening.
Thanks for the comments and helps. This is what I was hoping for.
Later versions of browsers may begin to drop support for earlier html and script. IE 6 has already started dropping some support. That's why it's a good reason to write current precise code -- it'll save you grief in the long run. Think about large sites -- 300 or more pages for example -- who wants to go through and revise everything every time a new browser version comes out? Not me !


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By Kevin Unitt 30/04 Updated: 01/05 13:54
A FLOOD alert has now been withdrawn for the River Leam in Leamington town centre.
The Environment Agency had put out the notice yesterday (Monday) and said at risk areas were Mill Gardens, the Pump Rooms Gardens and parts of Dormer Place and Adelaide Road.
It followed torrential rainfall across the area in recent days.
But despite further showers, the agency has withdrawn its flood warning for the area.
1 Man sought in connection with Leamington pub assault
2 Timo just wants a loving home
3 Witnesses sought to Warwick pub fight
4 Man arrested in Leamington rapist hunt
A TEENAGER was robbed of cash and his
POLICE have issued a safety warning after another
THE NEW headteacher of Lillington Nursery and Primary
ROADWORKS causing havoc in the centre of Warwick
WITH the 'Winds of Winter' blowing, Redwings Horse Sanctuary near ...
'SUPERSTAR' Sienna Adderley - the five-year-old Rugby girl who kept ...
COVENTRY is to bid to smash the world record for ...
TWO women had to be cut free from their cars ...


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Sleep Inn
1259 Greenmor Dr.
Bessemer, AL 35023
Phone: (205) 424-0000
Fax: (205) 424-1971
Arts & Museums
Alabama Sports Hall of Fame & Museum
2150 Richard Arrington Jr Boulevard North
Birmingham, AL 35203
+1 205 323 6665
Mo to Fr from 09:00 AM to 05:00 PMAlabama's sons and daughters who made their marks in sports history are honored here. Boxing great Joe Louis, baseball hero Willie Mays, track star Jessie Owens and Crimson Tide coach Paul Bear Bryant are just a few of those featured at the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame. Sports memorabilia and vintage equipment are also on display in the museum. The gleaming modern Hall of Fame structure is adjacent to the Birmingham Jefferson Civic Center.
Earn valuable points toward free nights.


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cabbage patch doll pattern
heymuddaAugust 1, 2008
I made this doll for my daughters back in the 80's too. I have no clue what happened to my pattern. I have a 2 year old granddaughter now and my neighbor has a 7 year old. We would love to make dolls for our girls...can someone please send me a copy of the doll and clothing patterns. My neighbor is a quilter so she has lots of fabric she can use for the clothing. Thanks in advance!


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Todd from Die Danger Die Die Kill is responsible for many of the best reviews on Teleport City, including reviews of two East German science fiction films produced by DEFA. I got a chance to return the favor (a little) by writing about a DEFA science fiction film, Eolomea, for his site.
Category Archives: Film & TV
You know what I like about the world? I like… no, I love… that there are at least two films that vie for the title of "the Turkish Rambo." One of them, Vahsi Kan, stars familiar face Cuneyt Arkin and has a cameo by, of all things, a gang of zombies. The second, Korkusuz, stars a perpetually confused bodybuilder named Serdar as Serdar. Both of them come from the same fertile mind: Turkish director-producer-one man exploitation machine Cetin Inanc. If there are additional claimants to the throne of "Turkish Rambo," I hope they soon make themselves known, because as far as I'm concerned, a proliferation of Turkish Rambo's cannot possibly be anything other than good. Of course, it would be better if we lived in a world where both Korkusuz and Vahsi Kan were readily available on DVD, but then, it'd also be better if we lived in a world where Filiz Tacbas, Olga Kurylenko, and Monica Bellucci all dropped by my apartment one day to tell me they could no longer keep their lust for me under control… oh, and also they didn't mind each other's company. Barring that happening, we at least have Korkusuz on DVD. And Vahsi Kan? Well, you can watch it on YouTube.
The Stabilizer
Compared to the appellations given to the protagonists of other 1980s action films — the Exterminator, the Punisher, the Executioner — the Stabilizer sounds pretty benign. You'd almost think that he was given that name only because all of those others had already been taken. But then you learn that what the Stabilizer is in charge of stabilizing is the very balance between good and evil itself. And that, it turns out, is a job that involves an awful lot of exterminating, punishing, and executing. But if that name was the result of The Stabilizer being late to the game, that might be explained by the fact that The Stabilizer is an Indonesian film, and that Indonesian exploitation filmmakers of its day were generally loathe to jump on any bandwagon until its moneymaking potential had been well proven. There is no word for "art" in Indonesia, after all (I totally just made that up), and if there was one thing that those filmmakers were interested in above all it was a return on investment, especially on the international market. This last caveat explains another trend in Indonesian genre films of the day; the practice of using Caucasian lead actors, which tended to make it easier to sell the movies to distributors outside of Asia.
Rambu: The Intruder
I owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to the titular gentlemen of The Gentlemen's Guide to Midnite Cinema. Without them, it's entirely likely that I would have lived my life without any knowledge of Peter O'Brian. And while that life would have been passable, filled at is with adventure and willing mod girls in mini-dresses and films in which Bruce Lee look-alikes fight Popeye in Hell, it would not have been complete. Lying on my deathbed, the final breath escaping from my gnarled maw, I would suddenly become aware of an emptiness in my soul — an emptiness shaped like a muscular guy with a huge permed mullet. Luckily, that hole has been filled, and I can shuffle off this mortal coil more occupied with my previous deathbed plan — making sure my final words are "avenge me!"
Golden Boy
Funny thing about the James Bond movies is that, while they are models of conspicuous consumption, their basic tropes are so much just that –- basic –- that one could recreate them in a backyard home movie and still have them be easily identifiable. Make your bald headed uncle wear his shirt backwards and put him in a high-backed chair with a cat in his lap and you have your villain. Get the babysitter to dance around in a swimsuit to a Ventures record and you have your credit sequence. Make sure that your hero's suit has at least been recently pressed, and that he can hold a cocktail glass in a somewhat rakish manner, and you're good to go. Then you can have your mom…Well, that got weird awful fast, didn't it? Anyway, you see my point.
For anyone who ever watched Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and was disappointed that, for all its over-the-top absurdities, it didn't feature a scene where Harrison Ford punches a midget and makes him fly across a field, then Naksha is the movie for you. Only it's not Harrison Ford doing the punching; it's action cinema mainstay Sunny Deol. But hell, if anyone in the world is going to punch a guy of any size and make him fly across a field, then it's going to be Sunny. Jackie Chan may have tried it at some point, but he's past the days of being able to do that anymore — although he is an appropriate actor to bring up in our discussion of this movie. Naksha gets compared to Raiders of the Lost Ark (because all adventure films get compared to Raiders), the films it more accurately resembles would be the modern-setting adventure films of the late, great Cannon Studios, like Treasure of the Four Crowns or that thing where Chuck Norris and Lou Gossett, Jr. bicker and hunt for gold or whatever
Black Samurai
In June of 1995, legendary (some would counter with "infamous") b-movie kingpin Al Adamson was murdered by a handyman he'd contracted to complete some work on his ranch. The body was discovered entombed beneath a newly poured concrete slab that occupied the space where Adamson's hot tub once stood. The producer-director's disappearance piqued the curiosity of friends, and one in particular became suspicious of the concrete slab, noting that Al loved his hot tub perhaps more than anything else he owned and never would have had it removed. And indeed that's where they found his body. The handyman, Fred Fulford, was arrested and, in a trial that dragged on until March, 2000, finally convicted and sentenced to 25-to-life. Cult film fans and publications predictably noted how much like one of his movies Al's death ended up being, and I can't really claim not to be among them.
Ninja Killer
In the 1960s and 1970s — at the very least — there was no bigger star in Turkish cinema than Cuneyt Arkin. Whether he was a medieval dude with a steel claw defending Turkey from dastardly Crusaders, or a tough-as-nails cop in a plaid blazer defending Turkey from drugs and ninjas, no one could throw down with as much cool as Cuneyt. He was Bruce Lee (well, Jimmy Wang Yu maybe) and Maurizio Merli all rolled up into one glaring package. Similarly, in the 1970s, there was no bigger star in Hong Kong cinema than Bolo Yeung — and by "bigger" in his case we mean the size of his muscles. This bodybuilder turned kungfu movie whipping boy first rose to prominence when he showed up in Enter the Dragon to stand around with his arms folded, looking impressive until he gets his ass kicked by John Saxon — who kicks Bolo's ass even though he could barely kick. After that role, which actually gave him his stage name, Bolo was in high demand. Pretty much every kungfu star in the world wanted to be filmed beating up the Chinese muscle man, and Bolo was always happy to oblige. The man has been beat up on screen by pretty much every martial arts star you could think of. It was inevitable, perhaps, that Cuneyt would one day cross paths with Bolo — even if it was only in the editing room of notorious hack movie makers Godfrey Ho and Thomas Tang.
Vahsi Kan
The first ten minutes of Vahsi Kan are perhaps the purest and most potent distillation in existence of the Turkish action film as interpreted by exploitation kingpin Cetin Inanc. They are also ten of the seediest, sleaziest, most hilariously lascivious and violent ten minutes you're likely to see this side of the opening montage from Takashi Miike's Dead or Alive. It's made even sleazier by the fact that, due to a crackdown on nudity by Turkish film censors — who had previously tolerated a surprisingly vast amount of perversion and decadence in the 1970s — there's no actual nudity on display. Somehow, the simple honesty of a bit of gratuitous nudity would have made the opening minutes of Vahsi Kan substantially less dirty, which is the glorious blow back that often results from censors mucking up the works.
Roller Blade
You know what I love? I love that "post apocalyptic rollerskating movie" isn't a description of a movie, but instead of an entire genre. Granted it's a genre created almost entirely by a single man, but when the man is dedicated and prolific enough, suddenly you have a whole section in the old time video store with sun-bleached VHS boxes on the shelves dedicated to movies where women on rollerskates gingerly navigate the rubble-strewn parking lots of post-apocalyptic Los Angeles, which is invariably going to be referred to as Lost Angeles, as it has been in so many of the crappy direct to video post-apoc films from the 1980s. It's the DTV post-apocalypse equivalent of the DTV L.A. gang war movies, which inevitably go, "Los Angeles…City of the Angels."


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by NED WAY
Pastor of Chapel 73-Evangel, Taylorsville
Like many gardeners this time of the year, I have been spending cold winter evenings by the fire with a good catalog. The seed catalogues fill the mailbox and I barely make it up the driveway without taking a peak at what's offered for 2015.
Unusual items fascinate me. It's a challenge to find out what they are, where they came from and how old they are.
Claude Brock, Sr., found a heavy, hornshaped "thing" down by the Salt River a few years ago, Dolly brought it down to the Spencer Magnet office for me to examine, but I could shed no light on what it is.
Bethlehem Baptist to host yard sale to benefit missions
Bethlehem Baptist Church, 1286 Briar Ridge Rd., Mt. Eden, is hosting an indoor yard sale to benefit their mission work, March 7, beginning at 8 a.m. The event will last until 1 p.m., with all proceeds going to the church's mission fund. The yard sale will include clothing, household items, handmade items, baked goods and a variety of other items. For more information please contact Terrica Flowers email@example.com or 502-939-2278.
A Reading from 2 Peter 3:8-11
A first step in a new direction can be frightening. Just think about a few of those first steps we take in life. As a child, stepping onto the school bus by ourselves may be exciting, but it can also be terrifying. I can remember a little thrill of concern each year as the new school year would draw close.
A reading from the Gospel of St. Matthew 1:18-25:
Copyright © 2015
The Spencer Magnet is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Spencer County, KY and the surrounding area.


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DEFINITION of 'STOXX'
A series of market indexes that are representative of the European and global markets. These indexes cover a wide range of market segments including the broad market, blue chips, individual sectors and global indexes. While there are global STOXX indexes, the majority of the focus is placed on the European market.
The STOXX indexes were created out of a venture between Dow Jones, Deutsche Boerse AG, and the SWX group. These indexes are tradable on the futures and options market and are also used as benchmarks for funds that trade in the European and global markets. The Dow Jones Industrial Average in the U.S. is similar to the Dow Jones STOXX 50 Index.
Dow Jones Global Titans 50 IndexA market capitalization-weighted index of 50 of the largest multinational ...
IndexA statistical measure of change in an economy or a securities ...
Blue ChipA nationally recognized, well-established and financially sound ...
Index FuturesA futures contract on a stock or financial index. For each index ...
Index OptionA financial derivative that gives the holder the right, but not ...
BenchmarkA standard against which the performance of a security, mutual ...
Who or what is Dow Jones?Dow Jones, or more precisely "Dow Jones & Company", is one of the largest business and financial news companies in the ... Read Full Answer >>
What is the best way to measure the total market?There is a variety of market indices which function as statistical gauges of the market's activities. Many investors look ... Read Full Answer >>
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Homeland Security:
Reforming Federal Grants to Better Meet Outstanding Needs
GAO-03-1146T: Published: Sep 3, 2003. Publicly Released: Sep 3, 2003.
Additional Materials:
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The challenges posed in strengthening homeland security exceed the capacity and authority of any one level of government. Protecting the nation calls for a truly integrated approach bringing together the resources of all levels of government. The Council on Foreign Relations study--Emergency Responders: Drastically Underfunded, Dangerously Unprepared--states that in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the United States must prepare based on the assumption that terrorists will strike again. Although it acknowledges the nation's preparedness has improved, the Council's report highlights gaps in preparedness including shortfalls in personnel, equipment, communications, and other critical capabilities. Given the many needs and high stakes, it is critical that the design of federal grants be geared to fund the highest priority projects with the greatest potential impact for improving homeland security. This testimony discusses possible ways in which the grant system for first responders might be reformed.
The federal grant system for first responders is highly fragmented, which can complicate coordination and integration of services and planning at state and local levels. In light of the events of September 11, 2001 and the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security, the 108th Congress faces the challenge of redesigning the homeland security grant system. In so doing, Congress must balance the needs of our state and local partners in their call for both additional resources and more flexibility with the nation's goals of attaining the highest levels of preparedness. Given scarce federal resources, appropriate accountability and targeting features need to be designed into grants to ensure that the funds provided have the best chance of enhancing preparedness. Addressing the underlying fragmentation of grant programs remains a challenge for our federal system in the homeland security area. Several alternatives might be employed to overcome problems fostered by fragmentation in the federal aid structure, including consolidating grant programs through block grants, establishing performance partnerships, and streamlining planning and administrative requirements. Grant programs might be consolidated using a block grant approach, in which state and local officials bear the primary responsibility for monitoring and overseeing the planning, management, and implementation of activities financed with federal grant funds. While block grants devolve authority for decisions, they can be designed to facilitate accountability for national goals and objectives. Congress could also choose to take a more hybrid approach that would consolidate a number of narrowly focused categorical programs while retaining strong standards and accountability for discrete federal performance goals. One example of this model involves establishing performance partnerships, exemplified by the initiative of the Environmental Protection Agency in which states may voluntarily enter into performance agreements with the agency's regional offices covering the major federal environmental grant programs. Another option would be to simplify and streamline planning and administrative requirements for the grant programs. Whatever approach is chosen, it is important that grants be designed to target funds to states and localities with the greatest need, discourage the replacement of state and local funds with federal funds, and strike the appropriate balance between accountability and flexibility.
Mar 31, 2015
Federal Protective Service:More Effective Management Needed in Delegating Security Authority to AgenciesGAO-15-271: Published: Mar 31, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 31, 2015.
Mar 25, 2015
Aviation Security:TSA's Managed Inclusion Process Expands Passenger Expedited Screening, But TSA Has Not Tested Its Security EffectivenessGAO-15-465T: Published: Mar 25, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 25, 2015.
Mar 24, 2015
Homeland Security:Action Needed to Better Assess Cost-Effectiveness of Security Enhancements at Federal FacilitiesGAO-15-444: Published: Mar 24, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 24, 2015.
Mar 23, 2015
Border Security:Additional Efforts Needed to Address Persistent Challenges in Achieving Radio InteroperabilityGAO-15-201: Published: Mar 23, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 23, 2015.
Mar 16, 2015
Homeland Security Acquisitions:DHS Should Better Define Oversight Roles and Improve Program Reporting to CongressGAO-15-292: Published: Mar 12, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 16, 2015.
Mar 10, 2015
Government Publishing Office:Production of Secure Credentials for the Department of State and U.S. Customs and Border ProtectionGAO-15-326R: Published: Mar 10, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 10, 2015.
Mar 6, 2015
Aviation Security:TSA Should Take Additional Action to Obtain Stakeholder Input when Modifying the Prohibited Items ListGAO-15-261: Published: Feb 4, 2015. Publicly Released: Mar 6, 2015.
Feb 26, 2015
Department of Homeland Security:Progress Made, but More Work Remains in Strengthening Management FunctionsGAO-15-388T: Published: Feb 26, 2015. Publicly Released: Feb 26, 2015.
Jan 27, 2015
Supply Chain Security:CBP Needs to Enhance Its Guidance and Oversight of High-Risk Maritime Cargo ShipmentsGAO-15-294: Published: Jan 27, 2015. Publicly Released: Jan 27, 2015.
Jan 12, 2015
Federal Facility Cybersecurity:DHS and GSA Should Address Cyber Risk to Building and Access Control SystemsGAO-15-6: Published: Dec 12, 2014. Publicly Released: Jan 12, 2015.
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By Mike Hanlon
September 20, 2006
September 21, 2006 It's time to pay homage to super sleuth Dick Tracy who turns 75 next week, or more specifically, it's 75 tears since Dick first appeared in the Detroit Mirror in 1931. The creation of cartoonist, indeed futurist, Chester Gould, Detective Tracy used forensics, futuristic methodology and wireless technology way ahead of its time. Gould's imagination gave us the Closed Circuit TV Police villains line-up in 1953 - real suspect lineups were introduced the following year. Dick was using Electronic Telephone Number Pickup in 1954, 28 years before Caller ID was patented. One we've still to see was the Magnetic Space Coupe which took Tracy to the moon in 1962, seven years before the first actual moon landing, with the prospects of the magnetic car still realistic, having been used in the Lexus Concept from "Minority Report". The most iconic of Dick Tracy's kit though, was his wrist communicator, a device that started countless millions of technological dreams in a young American technology community which went on to create ubiquitous wireless communication. There would not have been one leader in the communications revolution who wasn't touched by Dick Tracy's videoconferencing wrist watch. The device arrived in 1946 with two-way audio, became video in 1964, and a wireless wrist-worn computer in 1987. Gould's imagination deserves credit for helping to fuel the communications boom of the late 20th Century.
The creator of Dick Tracy, Chester Gould, arrived in Chicago with the dream of becoming a published cartoonist. After ten years of submitting ideas to the Chicago Tribune, Dick Tracy was picked up and first published in the Detroit Mirror in 1931, followed by the New York Daily News and finally the Chicago Tribune.
To commemorate the anniversary, Classic Media will release the complete animated series in a 4-disc DVD Box Set Classic Media with a limited edition Dick Tracy comic book on pack. It will be the first time ever that the entire, animated series will be offered on DVD. The Dick Tracy Complete Animated Series DVD set will be available for US$40 for a total 645 minutes of playing time.
The Adventures of Dick Tracy originally aired on TV from 1961 - 1964, with local personalities introducing the cartoons. The voice of Dick Tracy was performed by character actor Everett Sloan, with other notable characters being voiced by the likes of Paul Frees, also known as the voice of Boris Badanov from the Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoons, and Mel Blanc, of Bugs Bunny fame.
Chester Gould continued to draw the strip, which became a globally syndicated newspaper comic section favourite, until 1977.Share
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What are the parameters?
Im a very new grandmother, 2 days! Im very proud and grateful that both my daughter and my beautiful, sweet grandson are healthy. I've raised my 3 children alone, and if I've never done anything else well, I am a good Mom. The mother-in-law thing is a bit tricky. I want to help, but not intrude. I wanted to go over and help out at night so they could sleep for a few nights. My daugher wanted that, I know..but as soon as they were in the room she nicely let me know that I should probably go home. I know what it is like to have a baby, nurse him and be so exhausted. Her husband doesnt. I know he wants to take care of them, and prove he is responsible and capable...etc. For which Im grateful...but how do I help without stepping on their toes?
But out grandma. Sometimes the new parents just want to be parents themselves. It's a good thing for her husband to be the helper for a few days.
I trust you live close....and if so run over on Monday with a meatloaf and some baking potatoes ready to go into the oven. Call your daughter first so she knows to expect it and ask if there is anything else you could pick up on the way.
Sometimes too much help is worse than not enough.
Linda C....grandma of 7
I'm a grandmother for 3 weeks, it's awesome, isn't it.
My daughter was glad to have the help, though I didn't do much. I stayed a coupld of nights, but it was obvious there was nothing to do at night, so I went home late in the evening, and came back the next morning with coffee (for me) and doughnuts, for both of us.
My XH was an intern when my first was born, my mother came and stayed for two weeks, since we lived 5 hours away, I cried when she left. My DD husband works 3 minutes away, and is home by 4:30, so my help wasn't as critical in the evenings. I fixed dinner, something they aren't used to, cleaned up, took out the trash, ran a load of laundry, and then we sat for a while till I went home. I think I was there as much for adult company and advice as for help.
Sorry, I submitted it before I was finished.
I think you can let them decide right now. There's not much to do at night, since you can't nurse the baby. Running errands , cooking, etc, are a big help, but if there's two of them, they probably want to "get on with it" on their own terms - they are so naive, aren't they! LOL
And after a few weeks, when she's so sleep deprived she can hardly stand it, that's when you can go back again!
You offered. You can let them know the offer of help stands -- that you are available *when they ask for help*.
That's worked so far for me. I'm certainly not an expert --our only son and DIL had their baby in March. He arrived as my DH and I were on an airplane, coming home, expecting him to arrive two weeks later.
Our DIL has a large extended family, all living nearby. We are about 30 minutes away by car (more like an hour at some times of the day). Her mom was able to be there for the baby's birth. I hadn't planned to be there unless asked. We came to *see* him, of course, as soon as we got home.
Is that the best thing in life, or what?
Our son is a paramedic, working extended hours three days a week. Our DIL is a teacher. Our son is the caretaker two weekdays; her mom has one day; their next door neighbor takes the other two weekdays. I'm "backup", and have been called in a few times -- fine with me. The "kids" and Baby come up to our home for part of one day about every other weekend. They call to invite themselves; our time is more flexible than theirs and this has worked well.
When the baby was born I suggested to our DIL's mom that we provide funds so the kids could have cleaning help for several months when the baby was new. She thought that was a great idea, and so did the kids (early 30's). Sometimes a stranger's help is easier to accept early on.
It's been a couple weeks now, how about offering to babysit for a couple of hours so they can go out to a movie or go christmas shopping? Gives you some alone time, gives them some alone time. OR ask Mommy if you can come over and babysit so she can take a nice HOT SOAKING bath and nap, and not have to worry about baby for a few hours. Gramma will take care. Not stepping on toes, just offering. She may jump at the chance right now! (then if she says yes, bring her some candles, bath oil, and a book or something so she can relax)
I second the idea of offering to watch the baby for a few hours so she can do some shopping, lunch with friends or see a movie with hubby. Let her know that you are there for her, that it would be a pleasure for you to spend time with the baby, and she can have some free time to do whatever, with out judgement. (That part was real tough for my mom to get past -- she wanted to approve my activities, who and where I went even after I had two children!) The unconditional part is important!
Of course, stopping in with a treat to share between the two of you could help her with some adult time, and make the MIL thing easier.
Good luck and best wishes!


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I love stouts & porters, but have been very disappointed with my attempts for a couple of years. I make great IPAs, saisons etc, but all of my dark beers have a very weird astringent flavor to them. So, the my last attempt I tried something new and added the darker grains (black patent, chocolate etc) only for the last 10 minutes of my 60 minute mash and boom turned out fantastic! No off flavor, still roasty and the best stout I have ever made!
I'm not sure if this is a water chemistry issue and my PH is off or what, but this method seems to work. Anyone else ever try this? Also, any ideas as to what my issue with mashing these dark grains for 60 minutes could be?
Tannin extraction, plain and simple.
Your method is not a new one. Several recipes call for a two part mash, adding roasted grain only during the last part of the mash. In fact, some black IPA recipes call for pulverizing highly roasted grain and adding the resulting powder during the sparge. You can also experiment with cold steeping roasted grain in a separate vessel, and straining the liquid into your mash tun or boil kettle.
The root cause of your problem is very likely high pH. Your water probably has a high pH on its own, and if you are mashing thin or getting overzealous in your sparge technique, the pH could skyrocket and cause the astringent flavors you're experiencing. Additionally, a high temperature mash out could aggravate your issue.
Some acidulated malt or lactic acid would likely help, but without a pH meter, it'd be a bit of a guessing game. If you're up for an experiment, substitute about 5% (by total grain bill weight) acidulated malt for an equal amount of the base malt in your recipe and mash as usual (full grain bill for the full amount of time). That should adjust the pH of your mash by about -0.5 (which is a lot). See if that helps. (Source: http://www.rebelbrewer.com/shoppingc...he-ounce).html)
Here is a blog article describing one brewer's experience with roasted grain techniques:http://ryanbrews.blogspot.com/2010/1...st-flavor.html
Any time I hear "astringent" or "Harsh" I think of water too. The one thing that I find curious though, is that you are complaining about your dark beers, rather than your IPA's. Generally, it is the lighter colored/hoppy beers that have problems because of mash pH, etc. The roasted grains in dark beers offset more alkaline water. I had the opposite problem with my highly alkaline water - great stouts and porters, average to below average/astringent IPA's. I have to adjust my water when I am not using lots of dark grains in my mash. Do you know your water profile?
I do think it may have something to do with your water, sparge techniques, mash/sparge temperatures though.
Also - I have heard of the steeping method, or adding roast grains to the top of your mash during sparge only. I believe Gordon Strong talks about it in his book, and I think I heard him discussing it in one of the brewing podcasts. I know I have heard it in other podcasts too.
If it works for you, keep using it and research it some more.
This doenst make sense to me. Don't dark grains lower Ph (i.e are more acidic)?
Thus if the Ph is too high (not acidic enough) I would think you want to lower your Ph by using the Dark grains from the start.
Tannin extraction sounds like a high Ph, though I wonder if high temperatures at some point in the OPs process may be a cause?
PS - that's a nice article you provided the link to, thank you.
Here is the podcast where they talk about the process you were describing - adding dark grains later:http://beersmith.com/blog/2012/05/31...th-podcast-39/


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Grant available for educators
Venture capitalists for educators – that describes Fund for Teachers. But instead of investing in innovative ideas, Fund for Teachers invests in innovative teachers. And this year, for the first time, this national nonprofit invites Mississippi's educators to propose their ideal learning experience. If selected, teachers receive up to $10,000 to put their plans into action during summer 2012.
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