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1-50 of 176 Mechanical Draughtsman Jobs
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Autocad Mechanical Draughtsman for Ranchi Sashanka Agro Tech Pvt Ltd 2-5 yrs Ranchi
Structure Design, Design, Estimation, BOQ, Analysis, Mechanical Draughtsman...Job Description: Strong background in structural analysis application software. 2-5 Years Structural Design Experience. Should have working knowledge of MS Office(MS Word, MS Excel, MS Project, MS Power Point) Experience in the analysis & ...
Not disclosed
Posted by HR , 1 day ago
Mechanical Draftsman N.D. Enterprises 8-10 yrs Qatar
qatar, commercial building, residential building, industrial building...Job Description: Urgently requirement for Al Alia Trading & Contracting Co.WLL - Building Construction ...
Not disclosed
Posted by H.C. Gera , 5 days ago
Draughtsman Mechanical Precision Machine Auto Components (P) Ltd. 2-3 yrs Chennai
Autocad Drawing, Drafting, Heat Exchangers, pressure vessels...Job Description: Draughtsman Post, Very good knowledge in Auto CAD, Drawing analysis, Pressure Weasels ...
Posted by Christoper , 1 day ago
MEP Draughtsman Sterling And Wilson Pvt. Ltd. 3-6 yrs Mumbai
Fire Fighting System, Plumbing, Hvac, Mep, Electricals, Drainage...Job Description: HVAC: 1. Designing & Detailing of HVAC works. 2. Duct Design as per standards & Refrigerant pipe sizing. 3. Design, Estimation & preparation of BOQs for mechanical works FIRE FIGHTING: 1. Creating Fire Fighting Shop drawings & Taking ...
Posted by Esha Mayekar , 7 days ago
Design Engineers | Mechanical Engineer / Draughtsman | Thane Teksons Limited 2-7 yrs Thane, Mumbai, Mumbai Suburbs
Design Engineer, Design Engineering, Designing Engineer...Job Description: REQUIRED DESIGN ENGINEERS with the following qualifications DME with 2 yrs. experience or Draughtsman certication course with 4 yrs. experience. Should be capable of making drawings in Autocad/ ...
Not disclosed
Posted by HR , 3 days ago
Senior Mechanical Design/draughtsman in Mumbai Amar Equipment Private Limited 3-8 yrs Mumbai
auto cad, Reactor, process equipment, pressure vessel, design, draughtsman,...Job Description: To make drawing in 2D / 3D Expertise in design of SS Stirred high pressure reactor, autoclaves with all accessories Should be expert in overall mechanical design of machines Should be well versed in ASME codes & machine design handbook Knowledge of U ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Narasingh , 4 days ago
Draughtsman Mechanical Tema India Ltd 2-5 yrs Mumbai
Autocad, Mechanical DraughtsmanJob Description: Tema India Ltd is one of the leading Heat Exchanger manufacturers in India with ISO9001:2000 and ASME, U & AMP, U2 Stamp Job Responsibility Perform all Drawing activities covering all ...
Not disclosed
Posted by HR Department , 6 days ago
Mechanical Draughtsman for Thane Location Optech Engineering Private Limited 4-6 yrs Thane
Piping, piping layout, fabrication, piping design engineer, piping engineer...Job Description: Preparation of Fabrication GA Drawings and Bill of Material Independently for Pressure ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Ms. Ankita , 5 days ago
Autocad Draughtsman - Mechanical or Structural, Chennai Gateway Softech Pvt Ltd 5-10 yrs Chennai
Design, Autocad, Tanks, Drafting, Heat Exchangers, Detail Engineering...Job Description: We are looking for AutoCAD draughtsman with detail engineering experience in CAD both mechanical and structural. The responsibilities are as follows: Drafting of fabrication drawings for pressure vehicle, heat exchangers, API tanks etc ...
Mechanical Draftsman Travel Craft 4-8 yrs Saudi Arabia
Draftsman Activities, Mechanical Draughtsman, mechanical data sheet...Job Description: Candidate should have Diploma. Candidate should have Minimum 4 years experience in the ...
Autocad Draughtsman ( Mechanical ) for Dubai K International 2-5 yrs Dubai/ UAE
Design & Drafting, autocad mechanical, cad mechanical, draftsman mechanical...Job Description:  Should have knowledge in CAD Drafting  Should be good in Estimation ...
Posted by Mr. Murali , 13 days ago
Urgent Opening for Mechanical Draughtsman with SRM Technologies. SRM Technologies 2-4 yrs Chennai
Mechanical draughtsman, mechanical draftsmanJob Description: Mechanical Draughtsman: - Mechanical draughtsman with experience in Unigraphics and solid works. - Should have experience in GD&T (Geometric dimension & tolerance). - Good experience in 2D, 3D drawings. - DME with ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Deokant Verma , 11 days ago
Opening for Mechanical Draughtsman for Uttkal, Orissa on Contract. M. M. K. Enterprises 7-12 yrs Bhubaneshwar, Cuttack, Rourkela
Spare Parts, pump impellor, Pump Casing, Valve bodyJob Description: Required Mechanical Draughtsman Having experience in drawing development for pump impellor, pump casing, valve body and various intricate spare parts of Various equipment. Duration - 6 month further extendable Location - Uttkal, Orissa ...
Not disclosed
Posted by SARITA YADAV , 12 days ago
Mechanical Draughtsman Tricone Engineers 2-5 yrs Saudi Arabia , Saudi Arabia
Mechanical Draughtsman with Minimum Experience of 2 yrsJob Description: Require Mechanical Draughtsman with Minimum Experience of 2 yrs for our Saudi ...
Posted by Farida , 13 days ago
Mechanical Draftsman Innovative Cosnultants 0-3 yrs Ernakulam / Kochi/ Cochin, Kozhikode / Calicut
Draftsman Activities, draughtsman activities , draft activities ...Job Description: Urgently need mechanical candidates with knowledge in Autocad for our client in ...
Posted by ratish , 3 days ago
Design Draftsman-mechanical Voltech HR Services Pvt Ltd 7-12 yrs Kuwait , Kuwait
Design, Draftsman, draughtsman, mechanical, oil&gas, chemical...Job Description: -Experience in Piping, Process, Electrical, Instrumentation and civil design drawings ...
Not disclosed
Posted by S.Thirumurugan , 14 days ago
Piping Draughtsmen ( Mechanical Background) Petron Engineering Construction Ltd 4-9 yrs Kanpur
Autocad, Piping, Drafting, GA Drawings, Piping Draughtsman, MTOJob Description: Preparing piping GA drawings, Isometric drawings, piping MTO, platform & ladder ...
Mechanical Draftsman (male) Excellence Reruitment Solution 0-4 yrs Mumbai
auto cad, draftsman, draughtsman, mechanical draughtsman...Job Description: Develop detailed design drawings and specifications for mechanical equipment, dies/tools ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Sachin , 28 days ago
Draftsman - Electrical / Mechanical(hvac& Plumbing) Continental Mercantile Corporation 5-10 yrs Qatar
Draftsman Activities, HVAC Draftsman, Mechanical Draftsman...Job Description: Ideal Candidate should have Min 5 Years Exp in Design / Auto Cad as mentioned Below. ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Mr. Sambath , 20 days ago
Mechanical Draughtsman krom enterprises 3-8 yrs Bengaluru/Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Pune, Hyderabad / Secunderabad, Delhi/NCR(National Capital Region), Kolkata, Nasik, Roorkee
Mechanical EngineeringJob Description: Mechanical Draughtsman with ITI or Diploma in Mechanical engineering having 5 years ...
Posted by Kuldeep kumar , 32 days ago
Urgent Requirement of Design Engineer/ Draughtsman/draftsperson The BIM Group 2-7 yrs Pune, Bengaluru/Bangalore
Autocad, Drafting, Architecture, Civil Engineering, draughting, designing...Job Description: Position Title: Design Engineer/ Junior or Senior Draughtsperson Work Experience: 1.5 to 7 Years and above Salary: Best in Industry Job Location: Pune/Bangalore Mandatory Skills: AutoCAD training and ...
1,25,000 - 6,25,000 P.A. ITI, Draughtsman, Draftsman, D...
Posted by Varsha Shakya , 28 days ago
Auto Cad Draftsman Atul Limited 3-7 yrs Valsad
Auto CAD, Draughtsman, Mechanical Design, machine designJob Description: The incumbent will be responsible for - Preparation of Engineering Drawings- P&ID, MDS, Layout, sections, Elevations, Equipment GA Drawings, Equipment Detail Drawings. - Checking , correcting and updating vendor drawings - Keeping records and ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Mr. Kaustav Banerjee , 3 days ago
Auto Cad / Micro Station Draftsman (On Contract) EISENMANN Surface Finishing Systems Pvt.Ltd 2-5 yrs Mumbai, Thane
Autocad, Microstation, Draftsman Activities, Mechanical draftsman...Job Description: Required Auto cad / Micro station Draftsman. (Mechanical) He should be ready to work on contract basis. Job Location : Thane Working Days : 05 Days Week. Ready to join in 10 Days. ...
Posted by Mr.Mahendra Tiwari , 7 days ago
Walkin on 31-mar-15 for Piping Draftsman/designers Position Rolta India Limited 5-10 yrs Mumbai
Piping Layouts, Isometrics, autocad, microstation, SSPipe, 3D designJob Description: We have an urgent opening for following positions (3 months contract job). If you are interested request you to attend the personal interview on 31-Mar-2015. Interview Time: 10.00 am to 12.30 pm Location : Rolta India Limited, Rolta Tower A, ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Human Resources , 1 day ago
Fresh Cad Operator / Draftsman S N Joshi Consultants Pvt Ltd 0-1 yrs Pune
Drafting, Draftsman Activities, Autocad, draftsman, civil draughtsman...Job Description: ITI or any recognized AutoCad Draftsman Certificate in Civil & Mechanical. Drafting MEP ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Ashwini Sakpal , 4 days ago
Autocad Draftsman Civil STEFAB INDIA LIMITED 1-4 yrs Delhi
Drafting, Autocad, Draftsman Activities, Civil, Structural, ArchitectureJob Description:
Posted by VEENA SAXENA , 15 days ago
Piping Draftsman Fortune Engineering & Energy Services 8-10 yrs Dubai/ UAE
Piping Draftsman, piping draughtsman, piping, draftsman, drafting...Job Description: Responsibilities: Create design documents and PDS model updates related to plant modification projects packages. Capable of working on P& ID, equipment layout, piping layout, Isometric drawings, fabrication drawings and BOM. ...
Autocad Draftsman / Draughtsman - Asian Contec Ltd. - Okhla 1 Delhi Asian Contec Ltd 2-3 yrs Delhi
Draftsman, autocad, surveyor, underground utilities, GeophysicalJob Description: Functional Area : Geophysical mapping / Draftsman Industry: Geophysical Surveys Job Description: Ability to work on Auto CAD in reference to Geophysical mapping covering Land base, Digitization of image, topology, ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Achla Gulati , 14 days ago
Autocad Draftsman- Mechanical ARCHITECTURAL ENERGY SOLUTIONS PVT.LTD. 1-2 yrs Pune
draftsman, Mechanical, Autocad, Plumbing, HVAC, Firefighting...Job Description: Autocad draftsman Job involves drafting of MEP services drawings i.e. electrical, Plumbing, HVAC, Firefighting systems in auto cad. Co ordination with clients architects, site visits and site co ordination. Checking implementation of the services. ...
Not disclosed
Posted by HR , 32 days ago
Mechanical Draughtsman Backer Associates 3-8 yrs Saudi Arabia
Autocad Mechanical, design, drawing, Drafting, autocadJob Description: Should be Diploma in Mechanical Engineering with 5-10 yrs exp., in AUTO CAD ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Mr. Pravin Gamare , 29 days ago
Associate Engineer- Design Sulzer India Ltd 3-7 yrs Pune
solidworks, Autocad, draughtsmanJob Description: To prepare general arrangement, Weld attachment & detailed drawings. Strike outs( Production drawings) for column internals & Trays. To prepare ERP-BOM, Calculation of Raw material sheet weights based on detailed drawings. ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Sr. Executive- HR , 27 days ago
WALK IN- Autocad Draftsman ( ITI/ Diploma, exp 1-2 Yrs) for Noida Vegazva Group 0-2 yrs Noida
autocad, Mechanical Draftsman, Autocad Draftsman, autocad draughtsman...Job Description: Walkin Dates- 16th and 17th March Position: Draftsman-Trainee Qualification:ITI/Diploma in Mechanical/Civil Experience: 1-2 yrs Co Name-Vegazva Technologies Private Ltd ( Vegazva group company is a knowledge process outsourcing company ...
Posted by Anamika , 18 days ago
Mechanical Design Engineer- Machine Manufacturing Company SP Ultraflex Systems Ltd 3-5 yrs Mumbai, Mumbai Suburbs
Design Engineering, Solid Works, Mechanical Design, 3D Modeling...Job Description: Prepare drawings of Machine/ Equipment- G.A. drawings, assembly drawings, detailed component drawings and fabricated parts drawings using 3D modelling in SolidWorks. ...
3,50,000 - 4,00,000 P.A. Commensurate with experience a...
Posted by Biku K , 1 day ago
Draughtsman,draughtsman/3d Visualizer,aluminium Factory Foreman/site F ETRUST TRAVEL & PLACEMENTS PVT. LTD 5-10 yrs Qatar
aluminium, mechanicalJob Description: Qatar National Aluminium Panel Company in Qatar requires the below mentioned category. 1 Draughtsman 2 Draughtsman/3d visualizer 3 Aluminium Factory Foreman 4 Aluminium Site Foreman Candidates must have experience in aluminium field. ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Sharon , Today
Draftsman (AJ - 358) ASIAPOWER OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT SERVICES. 5-10 yrs Saudi Arabia
Draftsman, CAD Drawing, Engineering, Sketches, Drafting, electrical...Job Description: OFFICE TIMING: 10.00 AM TO 5.00 PM (MON TO SAT) DOWNLOAD SHANK APP ON YOUR ANDROID SMART PHONES FOR JOB NOTIFICATIONS. Urgently required for a leading Operation & Maintenance Company for their Seawater / Waste Water / Plant Maintenance Projects ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Mr. Arun Jadhav-Recruitment Manager , 11 days ago
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Mechanical Draughtsman/ Mechanical Design Engineer Kioskea Group Limited 0-3 yrs Mumbai, Chennai, Pune
Autocad, Solid Works, Mechanical Design, Design Engineering, Drawing...Job Description: Well good experience to operate Autocad as well as Solid Works. Design of structural ...
4,00,000 - 9,00,000 P.A. Ta+da+hra+conveyance+other Com...
Posted by Anurag Mehta , 15 days ago
Mechanical Draughtsman Artson Engineering Limited 2-7 yrs Mumbai
Mechanical DraughtsmanJob Description: Required Mechanical ...
MECHANICAL DRAUGHTSMAN Artson Engineering Limited 4-5 yrs Jamshedpur
MECHANICAL DRAUGHTSMANJob Description: required MECHANICAL ...
Cad Operator - Plumbing S N Joshi Consultants Pvt Ltd 1-5 yrs Pune
Drafting, Draftsman Activities, Autocad, draftsman, plumbing cad operator...Job Description: ITI or any recognized AutoCad Draftsman Certificate in Civil & Mechanical. Drafting ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Ashwini Sakpal , 4 days ago
Multiple Opening with EPC O&G Com Engineers/designers in Gurgaon Resource Development International ( India ) Pvt.Ltd. 10-20 yrs Gurgaon
design, designer, designing, draughtsman, drafting, draftsman, FEED...Job Description: We have multiple opening in Following discipline for Gurgaon (Delhi / NCR) location Piping Piping Material Engineers with 06 years + of relevant experience. Piping Stress Engineers with 06 years + of relevant experience. Piping Layout Engineers ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Dileep Kumar Gupta , 33 days ago
Multiple Opening with EPC O&G Com Engineers/designers at Gurgaon Resource Development International ( India ) Pvt.Ltd. 7-12 yrs Gurgaon
design, designer, designing, draughtsman, drafting, draftsman, FEED...Job Description: We have multiple opening in Following discipline for Gurgaon location and interview would be conducted on 28th Feb'2015 in Pune. Piping Piping Material Engineers with 06 years + of relevant experience. Piping Stress Engineers with 06 years + of ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Dileep Kumar Gupta , 41 days ago
Draftsmen ( MEP ) (GS - 290) ASIAPOWER OVERSEAS EMPLOYMENT SERVICES. 5-10 yrs Qatar
Draftsman, MEP, Mechanical, Electrical, Drafting, Drawing, Equipment...Job Description: OFFICE TIMING: 10.00 AM TO 5.00 PM (MON TO SAT) DOWNLOAD SHANK APP ON YOUR ANDROID SMART PHONES FOR JOB NOTIFICATIONS. Urgently required for a leading Engineering & Construction Company involved in Airport / MEP / Hospital Projects at Qatar. ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Mr. Shetty - Recruitment Mgr , 11 days ago
Cad Cam Engineer Eudora Enterprises Ltd. 3-5 yrs Nasik
Cad Cam, 3D, Engineering Drawing, draughtsman, manufacturing drawing...Job Description: 3D Furniture drafting on TopSolid CAD and Solid Edge/ ...
2,25,000 - 4,00,000 P.A. As per qualifications & experi...
Posted by Umesh Desai , 22 days ago
MEP / HVAC Draftsman- Kuwait Jobs Dhillon Associates 5-7 yrs Kuwait , Kuwait
Hvac Engineering, Draftsman Activities, Mep, Drafting, Design, MechanicalJob Description: One of our clients based in Kuwait is currently looking for MEP / HVAC Draftsman who should have experience of 5 - 7 Yrs in designing & drafting of complete HVAC works including Air distribution calculation, Duct sizing, Duct layout, refrigerant piping, ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Dheeraj , 28 days ago
Autocad Plumbing Draftsman Water Supply Sanitation Amit Infrastructure Consultants 1-4 yrs Pune
plumbing, water supply, drainage, design engineer, mep...Job Description: Designing Drawing of Plumbing services like watertank, Rising mains, Terrace ring, ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Ms Dipti , 28 days ago
Mechanical Draftsman (hvac) Continental Mercantile Corporation 5-6 yrs Qatar
MECHANICAL DRAFTSMAN, Mechanical HVAC DraftsmanJob Description: DIPLOMA/AUTOCAD [MECHANICAL] WITH MINIMUM 5 YEARS EXPERIENCE IN DRAFTING/DESIGNING OF ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Mr. Amrendra , 7 days ago
Urgent Opening for Draughtsman Sharp Point HR Consulting 1-4 yrs Pune
DesignJob Description: HI, We have very urgent job opening for post of Draughtsman in one of the manufacturing company. Location-Pune Position-Draughtsman Qualification-ITI (Mechanical) Exp- min 6 months in Solid work Salary-1.44 Lacs P.A Job ...
50,000 - 1,50,000 P.A. 1.44 Lacs P.A
Posted by I. Joseph , 26 days ago
Engineer - Design BE Engineering Services India Pvt. Ltd. 3-6 yrs Hyderabad / Secunderabad
Design, Ug, Sheet Metal, Unigraphics, Drafting, 3D ModelingJob Description: Should able to work on Complex Mechanical assignment Exposure on concept development and Design improvement Good DWG reading and execution skills Good in Unigraphics Candidate with Aerospace experience is an added advantage ...
Posted by Mr. Sabyasachi Goswami , 12 days ago
H V A C Engineer, Supervisor, Auto Cad Draftsman, Saudi Duct. 3-7 yrs Saudi Arabia
H V A C Engineer, Hvac Duct Drawing, Auto Cad Draft manJob Description: responsible for duct job execution at site with knowledge of design and drafting, must have driving license. ...
Not disclosed
Posted by Mr. Bilal , 13 days ago
Urgent Opening for Senior Draughtsman for Kirti Nagar /call Exito HR Solution Pvt. Ltd. 8-13 yrs Delhi/NCR(National Capital Region)
draughtsman, BOQ, Design, mechanical, civilJob Description: Designation: Senior Draughtsman, Experience: 10-15 Years Location: Kirti Nagar ...
Not disclosed
Posted by pratibha , 3 days ago
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- Listen to our Amazon.com interview with Anthony Bourdain.
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The idea of "perfect meal" in this context is to be taken to mean not necessarily the most upscale, chi-chi, three-star dining experience, but the ideal combination of food, atmosphere, and company. This would take in fishing villages in Vietnam, bars in Cambodia, and Tuareg camps in Morocco (roasted sheep's testicle, as it happens); it would stretch to smoked fish and sauna in the frozen Russian countryside and the French Laundry in California's Napa Valley. It would mean exquisitely refined kaiseki rituals in Japan after yakitori with drunken salarymen. Deep-fried Mars Bars in Glasgow and Gordon Ramsay in London. The still-beating heart of a cobra in Saigon. Drink. Danger. Guns. All with a TV crew in tow for the accompanying series--22 episodes of video gold, we are assured, featuring many don't-try-this-at-home shots of the author in gastric distress or crawling into yet another storm drain at four in the morning.
You are unlikely to lay your hands on a more hectically, strenuously entertaining book for some time. Our hero eats and swashbuckles round the globe with perfect-pitch attitude and liberal use of judiciously placed profanities. Bourdain can write. His timing is great. He is very funny and is under no illusions whatsoever about himself or anyone else. But most of all, he is a chef who got himself out of his kitchen and found, all over the world, people who understand that eating well is the foundation of harmonious living. --Robin Davidson, Amazon.co.uk
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This book gave me more then I bargained for!
The premise of this book, and the TV series that it is a companion to, is for Bourdain to travel around the world looking for the perfect meal.
I really enjoyed reading this, and if Tony chooses to put himself in harm's way again, you can be sure I'll be there to read about it.
Love this book.. shipped super fast and not to mention a great deal.Published 1 month ago by sandra olivares
Bourdain pulled it off again! Another 'Must Read' book I'd recommend to anyone.
The concept is pretty basic - he travels the world in search of the perfect meal. Read more
Bourdain before he was really known as a "celebrity chef" Still works and makes for a good read, especially if travelling. Read morePublished 3 months ago by EJ

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Ingrams Camphor Cream Original 500g
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Ingram's Camphor Cream is a non-greasy cream that soothes, nourishes, and protects dry, chapped, sore hands, elbows, legs, cracked heels, and any other dry skin problem area.
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text: 'Hair Of The Dog' Engraved Hip Flask by Men's Society £25$50.98€35.87$40.25 5 customer reviews(5) In stock £6.95$14.17€9.97$11.19 delivery to United States - Receive this item 5-10 working days from dispatch International delivery available quantity by Men's Society Location: Lincolnshire, GB read seller's profile see seller's complete range more items from this seller 'To My Health' Hip Flask Medium £25$50.98€35.87$40.25 'Salut!' Hip Flask £25$50.98€35.87$40.25 'Tick Marks' Hip Flask Large £28$57.10€40.17$45.08 'The Hell With Work' Hip Flask Medium £25$50.98€35.87$40.25 Barber Shop Shower Curtain £36$73.41€51.65$57.97 Letter Opener 'Break the Rules' £25$50.98€35.87$40.25 view all you may also like PRODUCT DETAILS CUSTOMER REVIEWS DELIVERY RETURNS ask seller a question Stainless steel silver coloured hip flask with 'Hair of the Dog' inscribed onto on the front. 90ml capacity. A wonderful humourous gift for a brother, dad or lover. Fill it with his favourite tipple and he'll be even more delighted! It could even be given to a friend off on their travels, they may be searching to find themselves, but they won't need to look far for a good drink. This lovely whimisical present is sure to raise a smile. Its unusual round shape fits perfectly into a pocket. Packaged in a beautiful 100% recycled box. Available in Other Styles. Also available to buy is a 'Dont waste a drop, funnel, a great addition to the hip flask so you dont waste a drop. Free delivery. made from: Packaged in a beautiful 100% recycled box. dimensions: Size: 7.5cm diameter, 90ml capacity product code: 167931 5 customer reviews Wed 22 Jan 2014 Slightly smaller than I'd expected but l lovely all the same :) Fri 10 Jan 2014 No comment supplied. Sun 29 Dec 2013 Wonderful product and incredibly fast delivery! I was very impressed and my friend thought it was a brilliant birthday present. Beautiful quality flask with cute packaging. Thanks! X Sat 12 Jan 2013 Wrong items sent by supplier - we got Beard Oil and no Hip Flasks. As with most things this time of year, it was a Christmas present and we had to go elsewhere to purchase them. That said, the supplier reacted well to our disappointment and made a quick refund. Men's Society's response: Thanks for your feedback and we're sorry to hear that you didn't receive your complete order. We strive to dispatch our orders correctly and regret that this was not your experience on this particular occasion. We have sent you a message with a couple of options through your order enquiry - we want you to be totally happy with your order and we look forward to resolving this issue. Thank you for shopping with us. Thu 10 Jan 2013 10/10,top of the class,thank you. see all customer reviews hide some customer reviews read about our product rating system ratings guide trusted independent customer feedbackforum excellent bad good poor This product is dispatched to you by Men's Society. MAINLAND UK order now and receive this item on or before price Free Delivery Thursday 2 April FREEFREEFREEFREE Express Next Day Thursday 2 April £4.95$10.09€7.10$7.97 Express Next Day 1pm Thursday 2 April £6.95$14.17€9.97$11.19 Saturday Delivery Saturday 4 April £12.95$26.40€18.58$20.85 Standard Courier Delivery Thursday 2 April £3.95$8.05€5.66$6.36 NON-MAINLAND UK estimated delivery price Highlands & Islands of Scotland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £1.75$3.56€2.51$2.81 Northern Ireland 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £1.75$3.56€2.51$2.81 Other UK Islands 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £3.95$8.05€5.66$6.36 INTERNATIONAL DELIVERY estimated delivery price Western Europe 2-5 working daysfrom dispatch £5.00$10.19€7.17$8.05 Rest of Europe 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £5.00$10.19€7.17$8.05 USA & Canada 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £6.95$14.17€9.97$11.19 Far East & Australasia 5-10 working daysfrom dispatch £7.25$14.78€10.40$11.67 Rest of the world 5-14 working daysfrom dispatch £7.25$14.78€10.40$11.67 You have 28 days, from receipt of cancellable goods, to notify the seller if you wish to cancel your order or exchange an item. Please note: goods that are personalised, bespoke or made-to-order to your specific requirements, perishable products and personal items sold with a hygiene seal (cosmetics, underwear) in instances where the seal is broken are non-refundable, unless faulty. Read more about our returns policy.Should you choose to return or exchange your order you will need to deliver the item(s) to the UK, where this seller is based. Men's Society's return policy


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Kingsbridge, devon?(6 Posts)
milkyman Sun 16-Jun-13 10:50:13
jb707 Sun 16-Jun-13 15:33:11
Judyandherdreamofhorses Sun 16-Jun-13 16:31:23
mummatotwo Mon 17-Jun-13 15:00:52
PestoSwimissimos Mon 17-Jun-13 15:30:58
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Replacement windows in SE CT
I have been reading through the forum trying to gather information on replacement windows. After 'extensive' research here, I was leaning towards OKNA vinyl windows.
However, when I asked my brother-in-law, whose opinion I value, what he thought of OKNA, he wrote:
They sell vinyl windows and my preference is to pay just a little more and get fiberglass as the construction quality is so much better. If you had a hurricane the fiberglass has so much of a higher wind speed rating. The vinyl OKNA windows have no structure except foam inside the plastic....There is an association called the NFRC which rates the whole window not just the glass and is the best comparison for heat loss. If it were my project I would stick to Andersen, Pella and Harvey.
I am so confused now. I would appreciate your expert experience. Our home is almost 30 years old, has 23 windows and I wish I could say money is no object...but I can't:-(
Take your brothers advice and look up the data on each for wind speed(DP or PG) and for thermal performancer ( U-value) and lettuce know what you find.Just to spice it up maybe check out there air infiltration numbers to. Keep in mind the U-values for each will vary with what options are chosen. The PG/DP rating can vary as well with options.
At the core, your brother-in-law is correct that you should look up DP and PG (Design Pressure and Performance Grade) and use that as one of your evaluation tools.
He is also correct that comparing lineal inch to lineal inch, the fiberglass should have more structure than vinyl.
That all being said, if I were going to survey the top 100 windows for DP and PG, I would bet that over 85% of them are made of vinyl so that is where his logic starts to be at odds with factual data.
Most of the brands he references have great brand recognition both nationally and locally (in the case of the Harvey) but do not equate that to being the right choice or the best window. Andersen and Pella both make some nice units but you need to make sure your evaluation extends beyond the namesake.
The items that Todd mentioned are exactly those items to look for.
+2. Your brother is right on looking at the ratings, however he is incorrect in his assessment of which units will be superior in that regard. The Okna will rate higher in every thermal and structural test rating than any of the other products mentioned.
The material that the product is made of is really irrelevant. What is important is how the product is designed and constructed, IE: the reinforced chambers inside a vinyl extrusion, composite reinforcement in the meeting rail of the Okna 800 series, etc.
Don't take our word for it though, we are all in agreement here that the numbers are unbiased and will be a great way to compare. Dont stop at the NFRC however as they only do thermal testing, the structural ratings (design pressure, air infiltration, etc) are tested to AAMA standards and are independently done as well.


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This hotel experience was absolutely outstanding. It really can't get better than the St. Regis Monarch Beach. The service was impeccable with every interaction we had with a member of the St. Regis staff. The check in process was easy and the people at the front desk were incredibly polite and gracious. The room was in great condition and very luxe in every sense. The food was really superb and the Sunday Brunch was the best that we've ever had-it was that good. The pool was well heated. The fitness center was great. This hotel had it all- everything was 100% great with not of negative feedback on anything. If you like ultra luxury hotels, you've got to try this hotel.
- Official Description (provided by the hotel):
- Overlooking the Pacific Ocean stands The St. Regis Monarch Beach. Crowned with the Forbes Five-Star, AAA Five-Diamond Award, the resort delivers an experience beyond expectation. ... more less
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text:
- Studio: Film Arcade
- Release Date: Oct 25, 2013
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Joseph Levy's sneakily stirring documentary opens up feelings you would never have expected from the premise — a portrait of three American restaurants.
A love letter to that singular intersection of artistic innovation, cultural legacy, community pride, and family-sustaining (or -straining) commerce known as the restaurant.
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Special Offers
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General Information
- Connected to Bangor Airport via enclosed skywalk
- Free coffee and bottled water
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- 24 hour fitness center
- Indoor pool
- Pet Friendly
- 3pm check-in / 12pm check out
Four Points by Sheraton Bangor Airport
is connected to the Bangor International Airport via an enclosed skywalk. Our Bangor hotel has 111 homestead style guest rooms, comfortable beds, and friendly service. Early flight? With our Bangor parking package you can start your trip rested.
Bangor Hotel Features
Explore Bangor, the Gateway to Maine
Get what you need, when you need it. We've got great rooms, comfortable beds, and free stuff that you'll actually want - like parking per night of your stay, bottled water, and Internet access in your guest room. Come splash around in our indoor pool or work off your stress in our fitness room. Working late? We also have a business center that stays open all night. Traveling with your cat or dog? We are a pet friendly hotel.
Endless attractions, shopping, and recreation are just a few of the many things to do in Bangor located just moments away. We're an hour drive from Acadia National Park, Bar Harbor, Mt. Katahdin, and Baxter State Park. After a long day, stop by our Bangor restaurant, Godfrey's Grille for breakfast, lunch, or dinner. After dinner, stop by Godfrey's Lounge, featuring over 40 wines, and full bar.


text:
Jeopardy-Playing Supercomputer Beats Humans 220
from the only-tell-you-answers dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
The humans also get the question as text, at the exact same moment Watson does. That's the way it's always worked on Jeopardy!. They see the question as text the same you do when you watch the show on TV. The best competitors read well a head of Trebek and have an answer ready the instant they're allowed to buzz in, which as after Trebek finishes reading the question. Watson has the exact same advantages and disadvantages as any contestant, except that he can read the text basically instantly.
"Life sucks, but it's better than the alternative." -- Peter da Silva


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Howard Johnson Inn Jamaica JFK Airport NYC Rooms & Accommodation
Whether you're traveling by road, rail, or air, staying at Howard Johnson Inn Jamaica JFK Airport NYC in Queens makes transportation easy. You'll be less than 10 minutes from JFK International Airport, and the hotel's complimentary airport shuttle will make it feel even closer. The Van Wyck Expressway is within a mile. Jamaica Station, the Long Island Rail Road's largest station, is a 10-minute drive away, putting Penn Station-bound trains within easy reach--and Midtown Manhattan within a 20-minute ride. You'll find a variety of restaurants along Rockaway Boulevard, and many more eateries and shops along Jamaica Avenue, about 3 miles north. If you're visiting during warmer months, stop by Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk, just 20 minutes from the hotel, where you'll find playgrounds, walking trails, and nature preserves.
Whether your day takes you to the airport or into the city, the complimentary continental breakfast will ensure you're well fed and on schedule. You'll find free coffee in the lobby throughout the day. Traveling on business? You'll appreciate access to the business center, which includes computers and a copy and fax machine. If you want to keep up with your workout routine, the fitness center has weight and cardio machines.
In your guestroom, you can connect to complimentary wireless Internet access, available throughout the hotel. You'll find a TV with satellite service and Showtime, a refrigerator, and a coffee/tea maker. The bathroom includes a hair dryer, and complimentary cribs/infant beds are available.
Ideal hotel to stay when flying from JFK. Friendly, helpful staff. Clean, comfortable…
This hotel is well positioned close to JFK and the shuttle service between the hotel and…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 0800 456 081from NZ$167
- Standard Room, 1 King Bed
- Standard Room
- Room, 1 King Bed, Non Smoking, Refrigerator
- Standard Room, 1 King Bed, Jetted Tub
- Room, 2 Double Beds, Smoking
- Room, 1 King Bed, Refrigerator
- Room, 2 Double Beds, Smoking, Refrigerator
- Room, 1 King Bed, Accessible, Non Smoking
- Room, 2 Double Beds, Non Smoking, Refrigerator
- Standard Room, 2 Double Beds, Non Smoking, Refrigerator
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Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 71 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
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Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
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- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Children (17 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Pets allowed *
- Specific rooms only, restrictions apply *
- 1 per room
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
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- No parking
- Accessible parking
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In the hotel
- Free continental breakfast daily
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- Climate control
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Howard Johnson Inn Jamaica JFK Airport NYC Rooms & Accommodation's small print
Pet-friendly rooms can be requested by contacting the property at the number on the booking confirmation.
Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms.
For transfers, guests must contact the property 24 hours prior to arrival at the number on the booking confirmation.
Optional extras
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of USD 50 per pet, per night
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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1 recommendation
quote:21. Through the means described in Paragraphs 4 through 20, respondent has represented, expressly or by implication, that certain of its mechanics tools are made in the United States, i.e., that all, or virtually all, of the component parts of such mechanics tools are made in the United States, and that all, or virtually all, of the labor in manufacturing such mechanics tools is performed in the United States.22. In truth and in fact, a significant portion of the components of certain of respondent's mechanics tools is, or has been, of foreign origin. Therefore, the representation set forth in Paragraph 21 was, and is, false or misleading.»www.ftc.gov/os/1999/06/stanleywo ··· scmp.htm


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Posts Tagged 'Supernatural Ratings'
May 28th, 2011 at 9:45 am
TV Ratings Friday: CBS Tops Repeat Filled Night; 'Friday Night Lights' Dips
CBS topped the nights unimpressive adults 18-49 ratings.[Read-More]
May 23rd, 2011 at 1:48 pm
Friday Final Ratings: 'Kitchen Nightmares' Adjusted Up, No Adjustments To 'Supernatural' Finale
Friday's final broadcast primetime ratings.[Read-More]
May 21st, 2011 at 8:55 am
TV Ratings Friday: 'Kitchen Nightmares' Tops Night; 'Supernatural' Ends Down; Flashpoint Tumbles; Friday Night Lights Edges Up
Fox topped the nights adults 18-49 ratings.[Read-More]
May 19th, 2011 at 6:13 am
CW 2011-12 Primetime Schedule Announced - 'Nikita' Moves to Fridays, '90210' to Tuesdays
'90210' moves to Tuesdays, 'Nikita' to Fridays. 'One Tree Hill' held for midseason.[Read-More]
May 15th, 2011 at 12:16 pm
'Chuck' Moves to Fridays; 'Parks & Rec' to 8:30p; 'Grimm' vs. 'Fringe' and 'Supernatural' Fridays at 9p? + 'The Firm'
Fridays at 9p could be interesting for genre fans.[Read-More]
May 9th, 2011 at 2:34 pm
Friday Final Ratings: 'Supernatural,' 'CSI:NY' Adjusted Up, No Adjustments To 'Fringe'
Friday's final broadcast primetime ratings.[Read-More]
May 7th, 2011 at 8:45 am
Updated TV Ratings Friday: 'Fringe' Down, But Better Than Return of 'Flashpoint;' 'CSI: NY,' 'Blue Bloods' Down; 'Kitchen Nightmares' Up; 'Smallville,' 'Supernatural' Steady'
ABC, CBS and Fox tied in adults 18-49.[Read-More]
May 4th, 2011 at 2:06 pm
Supernatural Fans: Don't Say the CW Never Shows You Any Love!
For some 'Supernatural' Fans seven seasons isn't the right kind of love.[Read-More]


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Method and apparatus for determining the sharpness of a picture through evaluation of the absolute values of the density differences between adjacent points of the image in at least one selected area of the image. The absolute values are measured and compared with at least two threshold values. The absolute difference values obtained as a result of the comparison are then counted when they exceed the threshold values. The counts thus obtained are compared with reference count values to produce a decision output and when a plurality of decision outputs are obtained, these are combined to arrive at a decision as to the sharpness of the image.
1. A method of determining the sharpness of a picture through the detection and evaluation of the absolute values of the density differences between adjoining points of the picture of at least one selected area of the picture, comprising the steps of:
(a) determining the absolute values |ΔD| of the density-differences of a plurality of adjacent image elements within at least one area of a picture;
(b) for these absolute values, selecting at least two different threshold values a1 . . . an ;
(c) comparing the absolute difference values |ΔD| with each of the threshold values a1 . . . an and separately counting those absolute difference values which exceed each of these threshold values to obtain a corresponding number of counts N1 . . . Nn ;
(d) comparing each of the obtained counts N1 . . . Nn with a corresponding reference value b1 . . . bn to produce a decision output for each comparison; and
(e) combining the decision outputs of the comparisons to obtain a decision as to the sharpness of the image.
2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the selected area is determined in isolated point pairs in each case and in that only the density jumps within the individual point pairs are considered.
3. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the center of the picture is chosen as the selected area.
4. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the picture points are selected in such a manner that they form a connected line.
5. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that a picture diagonal is chosen as the selected area.
6. An apparatus for processing electric signals representing picture information, characterized in:
(a) a subtraction circuit (23) for the measuring of the differences (ΔD) between the density signals (D) originating from a plurality of picture point pairs;
(b) an absolute value circuit (24) for calculating the absolute values (|ΔD|) of the differences (ΔD);
(c) at least two first threshold value circuits (25) to determine whether each of the absolute values from circuit (24) (|ΔD|) exceed a variety of threshold values (a1 . . . an);
(d) at least two counter circuits (26) connected with the first threshold value circuits (25) for determining the numbers (N1 . . . Nn) of those absolute difference values which do exhibit a difference (|ΔD|) greater than the given threshold values (a1 . . . an);
(e) at least two second threshold value circuits (27) to determine whether the numbers (N1 . . . Nn) exceed the predetermined reference values (b1 . . . bn) present in the latter threshold value circuits; and
(f) a comparison circuit (28) for the linkage of the signals originating from said second threshold value circuits.
7. An apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that the comparison circuit (28) is set up for a logical AND or OR linkage.
8. An apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that an electro-optical means (17, 21, 22) for pointwise scanning of the picture and for ascertaining the relative density of the scanned points and providing a corresponding output signal is connected before the subtraction circuit (23).
The invention relates to a method of determining the sharpness of a picture and to an apparatus for carrying out this method.
Various arrangements for determining picture sharpness are already known. The oldest of these, the Focatron ("The Focatron", Craig, TAGA Proceedings 1962, p.p 205-211). is intended for use in photographic enlargers. It employs a standard picture, e.g. a bar picture, which is depicted in direct and diffused fashion, respectively on two non-linear photo detectors located in the image plane. By reason of the non-linearity, the mean value of the current of the diffused picture is greater than that of the directly depicted image. The difference is at its greatest when the picture is sharply focused. Other focusing devices based on the same principle but different in construction, are described in the relevant literature ("Die Scharfeinstellung von optischen, insbesondere photographischen Geraten"/The Sharp Focusing of Optical, particularly Photographic Equipment, Atorf, Photo-Technik-Wirtschaft 11/1968, pp. 482-485). Another arrangement intended for the focusing of television cameras ("Automatische Fokussierung von Fernsehkameras"/Automatic Focusing of Television Cameras, Kurz/Spiess, Inst.fur Technische Physik ETH Zurich, Semersterarbeit 7318, 1973), is based on the presence of a maximum signal level in a video signal which has undergone high-pass filtering.
Another known arrangement ("Automatic Focusing of a Computer-Controlled Microscope", Mason/Green, IEEE Trans.Biom.Engineering, July 1975, pp. 312-317) is based on the assumption that in a sharp picture, the sum of the image point densities is at the maximum. Accordingly, an algorithm is used to find the sharpest lens setting. Another type of method "Ueber eine objektive Methode zur Kennzeichnung der Bildscharfe"/On an Objective Method of Identifying Image Sharpness, Nguyen-An-Vinh, Bild und Ton 8/1970, pp. 229-236) are those which seek to derive from contrast transmission function a criterion of sharpness, whereby for example the presence of a determined contrast is assumed to be a measure of sharpness at one or more image frequencies.
Apart from the last-mentioned class of methods, the arrangements known and mentioned have in common the disadvantage that they work on the regulation principle. In order to ascertain the sharpness point, exactly as when determining sharpness manually, they must be regulated beyond the sharpness point and then regulated back. Therefore, they are only capable of functioning if a variation in sharpness can be brought about by the adjustment of an element, e.g. the lens. In the case of already recorded images, e.g. photographic pictures, these methods therefore positively fail. In the case of the last-mentioned class of methods, there is the disadvantage that these methods are based on a Fourier transformation of the image and that this operation is very involved.
The object of the invention is to provide a method and an apparatus with which the degree of sharpness of an image can be directly and easily ascertained.
The invention is explained in greater detail hereinafter with reference to examples of embodiment shown in the attached drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows two neighbouring image points;
FIG. 2 shows the frequency distribution of jumps in density in adjacent pairs of image points;
FIG. 3 shows an integral distribution corresponding to the density distributribution in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 shows a comparison between the integral distribution ascertained and predetermined;
FIGS. 5 to 7 show three different possibilities of selection of adjacent pairs of image points;
FIG. 8 shows an example of embodiment of an apparatus for carrying out the present method;
FIG. 9 shows the numerical example of a degree of sharpness, and
FIG. 10 shows two possible circuits for determining the degree of sharpness from different channel comparison.
As shown in FIG. 1, two adjacent image points 2 and 3 having respective densities Dn -1 and Dn are chosen from the image 1. From this, an absolute density difference value
|Δ D| = Dn -Dn-1 (1)
is formed. If this operation is carried out for a considerable number of pairs of image points, then it is possible to plot from the results a frequency distribution or, in the standard case, a probable density distribution p (FIG. 2). To render this schedule independent of the degree of enlargement of the image 1, it is advisable to standardise the absolute density differences ΔD in respect of the image length l, i.e. to show them as a function of |ΔD|/l. Furthermore, only the absolute density differences should be taken into account. Accordingly, the distribution indicated in FIG. 2 is typical for average pictures. Naturally, pictures with many details have a higher probability density at the greater density jumps. Sharp pictures likewise have a higher probability density at the greater density jumps. The probability density distribution P can therefore not be used to determine the degree of sharpness. On the other hand, if ##EQU1## then there is a probability distribution P (FIG. 3) which is largely independent of the picture subject and which is a measure for the sharpness of the picture itself. If curve 6 is compared with a desired curve 7 (FIG. 4), then it is possible to judge whether the picture is sharp or not. If, in fact, curve 6 is above curve 7, then the picture can be regarded as sharp. If it is below, in the region 8, then the picture must be rejected as being not sharp. The establishment of curve 7 follows from experience and from a mean value of different subjects. In other words, therefore, by means of the method according to the invention in order for a picture to be sharp, a fixed portion of the area must be covered with details which have a predetermined difference in density in respect of the adjacent image points.
As a result of the present invention, it is possible absolutely (therefore without any reference to possibly less sharp pictures), to determine the degree of sharpness of a picture. The invention corresponds therefore to a long-held wish on the part of the picture processing industry, particularly in connection with photo finishing, where, without any knowledge of the original subjects, sharp and non-sharp photographic pictures are encountered.
According to a further development of the invention, not all picture spots are used for determining sharpness, a factor which reduces the cost of equipment. The pairs of image points can (FIG. 5) be taken from those parts of the picture which are important (e.g. pairs 11, 12, 13 or image points). If the pairs of image points to be compared are taken randomly through the picture, then it takes 2 N number of image points to give N number of differences in density. If the image points are chosen from along a continuous line (FIG. 6), then in order to form N number of differences in density, it takes only N+1 image points. In principle, the form of the line can be as desired and in particular it may constitute the main diagonal of the picture (FIG. 7). This arrangement has the advantage that despite the reduced number of image points, the most important points of the picture are all in probability included, and also that determination of sharpness is independent of the horizontal or vertical location of the picture. In the past, nothing was ever said about the spectral composition of the picture data. It is evident that one can if necessary determine the degree of sharpness in the spectral range where the picture appears to be sharpest. This can happen in known manner, e.g. by the attachment of colour filters.
An apparatus constructed by the method according to the invention is shown in FIG. 8. In keeping with the arrangement shown in FIG. 7, only the image points on the diagonal 19 are illuminated by spotwise scanning, consisting of a light source 17, colour filter 33 and photoconductor 21. The transmission signal T obtained is converted into a density signal D in the logarithmic calculator 2. Subsequently, the density difference ΔD between that of signal and the density signal of the preceding image point is calculated in the differentiator 23 in accordance with the formula (1) and the absolute value of the density difference, which value is represented by the symbol |ΔD|, is determined in the network 24. Now, in line with the idea underlying the invention, the frequency distribution of the |ΔD| values and its integral distribution must be calculated. In this preferred embodiment, the |ΔD| values are each compared with n number of desired threshold values a1 . . . an, where n is an integer greater than 1, i.e. 2 or more. In terms of the circuit required, this requires n number of computation channels k1 . . . kn in which in each case by means of threshold value detector 25, the number of |ΔD| values which are greater than a predetermined threshold value an is determined. These differences are then added together in adding mechanism 26 to give a number N1 . . . Nn which corresponds to the integral of all the |ΔD| values determined. Then, the threshold value detector 27 checks whether the value of each number N1 . . . Nn is above or below a determined corresponding threshold value b1 . . . bn. The corresponding logic answer is passed on to evaluator 28. From the logical answer given by the various channels k1 . . . kn, the evaluator 28 calculates in a manner which is still to be explained whether the image is sharp or not. For this purpose, reference is made to FIG. 9. For example, in channel 1, if the value N1 proves to be greater than b1, then accordingly the picture will surely be regarded as sharp even if all the other values pn are above the corresponding b2 . . . bn values. Similarly, if all N2 . . . Nn values are below the corresponding bn values, then the picture would have to be regarded as clearly lacking in sharpness. However, if some of the Nn values are above and others below the curve 7, then an answer is only possible by using evaluator 28. This can be achieved in various ways. The simplest is (FIG. 10) and may take the form of an OR (31) or AND (32) circuit. Correspondingly, only one number Nn or alternatively all such numbers would have to be above curve 7 for the picture to be considered sharp. It goes without saying that other majority decisions are possible, for example if it was required that a minimum number of Nn values be above the curve 7. Numerical data on the preferred embodiment in FIG. 8 are:
-Number of image points on diagonal 19: 1000 points
-Number of channels: k = 2
-Threshold values of channels:
a1 = 0.15(|ΔD| per mm), b1 = 10-2
a2 = 0.30(|ΔD| per mm), b2 = 10-3
-Channel circuit: OR (i.e. network 31)
In conclusion, it must be pointed out once again that where the present method is concerned, evaluation of the radiation emanating due to transmission reflection, from one image point, can be effected through any desired spectral filters. With this in mind, therefore, the term "image point brightness" used here is not restricted to an evaluation according to the spectral brightness sensitivity characteristic of the eye established by international standards but embraces all general evaluations using any desired characteristics of the spectral density of radiation.
In the case of translucent images, transmitted light is ideally used while in the case of opaque images, reflected light is used while for television pictures, an electrical value dependent upon the brightness of the picture elements of the television picture is inherently contained in the video signal which amounts to a train of individual point signals in series.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
Info Session at University of Alabama in Huntsville: Make a Difference Overseas
University Of Alabama - Huntsville
Salmon Library| Rm 111
301 Sparkman Drive
Huntsville, AL 35899
Make a difference in the lives of others and your own. Help a community in need and become a global citizen with Peace Corps service. Attend an information session on your campus to learn about Volunteer experiences, have your questions answered, and gain tips to guide you through the application process. Please pre-register for this event by clicking the below "Register Now" button at the bottom of this page. The event is not open to the public.
Serving in the Peace Corps is a great way to be immersed in a new culture, learn a new language, and have the experience of a lifetime. Regional recruiter and Returned Peace Corps Volunteer Dwan Adams will share firsthand what it is like to serve overseas and discuss the application process.
The best way to know if you qualify for Peace Corps service is to apply. Submit an online application NOW to be considered for programs departing before December 2014!
About the Peace Corps: Read more or watch a video about what it's like to be a Volunteer including what Volunteers do, where they go, and the many benefits of Peace Corps service.
Stay Connected: Sign Up for E-Updates || Facebook || Twitter || YouTube || Flickr || Tumblr || LinkedIn || Southeast Volunteer Blog
For questions about this event contact Dwan Adams
For questions about this event contact Dwan Adams
Last updated Apr 04 2014
Reference #15401


text:
SC hospital opens new children's surgery center
Published: Wednesday, June 24, 2009 at 12:28 p.m.
Last Modified: Wednesday, June 24, 2009 at 12:28 p.m.
COLUMBIA Palmetto Health Children's Hospital is celebrating the opening of a new facility to help South Carolina children who need surgery.
The Columbia hospital is holding a ribbon-cutting ceremony Wednesday to commemorate the opening of its Pediatric Surgery Center.
The center includes 13 outpatient surgery beds and 12 post-anesthesia recovery unit beds.
Officials say the opening of the $5 million addition marks the completion of the hospital, which opened a year ago.
The hospital says the surgery center is expected to provide services for more than 3,400 children each year.
Reader comments posted to this article may be published in our print edition. All rights reserved. This copyrighted material may not be re-published without permission. Links are encouraged.
Comments are currently unavailable on this article


text:
Tree ID -please
I have one small tree that I cannot ID.
Has fine pinnate leaves, and in the fall, forms large clusters of red, pepper-like seeds - not a Pepper tree and not Tree of Heaven.
They are planted in various locations in the nearby University town, I checked the university's Ag site, but it is not listed there.
Bark is smooth and gray.
Small, tree used as an ornamental at local stores and in the parks. Very drought hardy.
Flowers in spring, but cannot recall what they look like - but they were pretty. Sorry. I know that doesn't help.
The seeds grow quickly and easily just by falling to the ground. That is how I got my one tree, but I also got a cluster of the red seeds.
The seeds have no peppery smell - in fact, no smell that I can detect whatsoever.
I know it is blurry, but this is the only picture I can find at the moment of the pepper berry clusters. I put them in a vase on top of my TV cabinet. They were so pretty.
The cluster got knocked off and it broke apart this past fall, so I saved the seeds to plant.
I'll look for the picture of my little tree and post it.
You got it buddy!
That is it!
Thanks everyone for trying to help me with this.
I see that if I want the berries (and I do for my wildlife) that I need a male. I got about 50 seeds left from the cluster I had. I'll sprout them first and then go from there. Surely I can get a happy couple from all those!
See the link below to see how the pepper-like berries look on a grown female tree. They are a gorgeous tree all year long. So happy to find out the name and have all the info about them.
I knew someone on here would know. That's why I came to your forum for answers.
(a tree hugging tree lover)
Here is a link that might be useful: Pistacia chinensis
This post was edited by sweetannie4u on Sat, Mar 16, 13 at 12:39
I see that if I want the berries (and I do for my wildlife) that I need a male.
Having a male tree around so that your female can bear fruit shouldn't be a problem. Because there's concern about these trees becoming invasive, nursery stock used around here (Dallas) have been mostly (all?) male plants for a decade or more. I'm guessing it's similar in other areas as the large growers wouldn't want to be at risk in event of a crack down. So there's likely a pollen donor available if you're close to any recent development or street plantings.
A nice low maintenance tree with decent fall color in north Texas, BTW. Only knock I have again ours is that color only lasts from one to a few days - so short, I've missed it some years. Most of the street trees planted in the 1990s exhibit similar behavior, but may just be something about the region.
Here is a link that might be useful: Chinese pistache is on some invasive lists and not others.
Annie you are very welcome =)
I have two 'Keith Davey' pistaches myself and they grew over 2' their first growing season last year. I really like them, too. There is a row of 4 at a dentist office near where I work that turn the colors of the most beautiful sunset every fall. I can't imagine any tree looking more colorful than they do.
BUT myself getting an ID correct that resin guessed incorrect makes me happier than you were to find out which species it was! Trust me!!!
Here is a link that might be useful: Some victory music
This post was edited by j0nd03 on Sat, Mar 16, 13 at 14:17
Thanks for the heads-up on their being invasive in some areas.
The fall colour - here, it lasts for a few weeks, depending upon how much moisture we get (or not).
We have been in an on-going drought here for the past twenty years (Climate Change). Only one or two years in that twenty had much rain. Many of the Natives died or are dying. Had I not watered my one little tree, it would not have made it.
If native bird don't eat them, wouldn't that be a good thing -no eat; no poop seeds; no seedlings?
Okla. State University planted the ones here (recently in fact), except for the ones at one park which were planted about twenty years ago. I haven't seen any seedling growing anywhere nearby (or I would have 'snitched" one or two. (my bad). The one I got was from a new WalMart where the parent tree is growing in a median. They water them weekly. There were only three seedlings and I got one - there are no seedlings there now. They whacked 'em!
However,..I don't want to add to the ongoing invasion of the environment snatchers.
I will investigate it.
Thanks everyone
Rocky theme song, eh? - Ha Ha Ha!!!


text: The Haven is in a lovely elevated position with beautiful views. The dining room, as with the rest of the hotel is beautiful, a stately mansion from another time. The food is good, honest and hearty, this won't be for everyone but I really enjoyed it. I had the turkey and ham with vegetables on the... read more


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Friday, March 18, 2011, 4:03 p.m.
By Ryan OHalloran
Staff WriterCSNwashington.com
Cincinnati coach Mick Cronin needed a nanosecond to decide if he would prefer to face a non-conference opponent in the third round of the NCAA tournament.
Absolutely, he said after the Bearcats win over Missouri late Thursday nightearly Friday morning at Verizon Center.
But thats what sixth-seeded Cincinnati faces Saturday at 9:40 p.m. when it takes on third-seeded Connecticut seeking its first Sweet 16 appearance in a decade.
The Big East started the tournament representing 11 of the 68 slots, a testament to the size (16 teams) and quality (six in the final regular-season Associated Press Top 25).
The selection committee almost always avoided having conference rivals meet each other until at least the Sweet 16 but changed course this year. In addition to Cincy-UConn, Marquette-Syracuse could also meet depending on Friday nights result.
When we saw the selection and how early we could end up playing a Big East team, we kind of laughed about it, Cincinnati junior forward Yancy Gates said.
Kind of laughed about it mostly because of Cincinnatis luck.
Yes, the Bearcats were a No. 6 seed. And their reward, once they dispatched Missouri, was Connecticut, which won five games in as many days to capture the Big East tournament and routed Bucknell on Thursday.
UConn is hot right now, Gates said. But I figure if we can hold down the young guys, we should be OK.
The young guys helped the Huskies win the teams only meeting, 67-59, in Cincinnati in late February.
Jeremy Lamb scored 17 points and Roscoe Smith and Shabazz Napier 11 apiece. All are freshmen.
They had lost their previous two games and we had won three in a row and coasted in feeling too good about ourselves, overconfident because we swept them the year before, Cronin said. The players didnt understand all the things the freshmen bring to the table.
The Bearcats know Connecticut super guard Kemba Walker is going to get his points it's about containing the complementary players who will help them reach the Sweet 16 for the first time in 10 years.
I figure if we can hold the young guys, we should be OK, Yates said.
Cincinnati-Connecticut is the nightcap of Saturdays third round, and those who attended Thursdays quartet of games deserve more drama. (Butler-Pittsburgh at 7:10 p.m. is the opener.)
Butler and Old Dominion was an average game with a great ending, capped by Matt Howards buzzer-beating tip-in.
From then on, though, it was snoozer time, the fans better off touring Chinatown in search of a St. Patricks Day libation.
Game 2: Pittsburgh 74, UNC-Asheville 51. The Panthers pulled away in the final 15 minutes.
Game 3: Connecticut 81, Bucknell 52. The game was over early.
Game 4: Cincinnati 78, Missouri 63. Cincy rebounded from an early seven-point deficit.
Compare the Washington pods combined 69-point margin of victory (and no lower-seed wins) to the other four sites on Thursday: Tucson 39 (none), Tampa 40 (none) and Denver 27 (three).
D.C. needs some hoops drama Saturday night, and Cincinnati-Connecticut might deliver.
After the bracket was revealed and before the tournament started, Cronin said he spoke with Connecticut coach Jim Calhoun. Yes, its great each team advanced, but ideally, they would face each other later in the month.
The Big East is brutal, Cronin said. Weve already played 20 games. Youd like to avoid it. I understand the tournament committee would like to avoid it, too, but its obviously unavoidable.
Contact O'Halloran at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
An interferometer which provides for the precise figure measure of optical surfaces through the interference of two pencil beams, reflected off the optical surface, comprises a laser for generating a laser beam which is split into two parallel beams by a beam splitter and a mirror, the two pencil beams are reflected off a second beam splitter, through an alignment invariant optical device and onto the optical surface to be measured. The two pencil beams are reflected and back-trace through the alignment invariant optical device, propagate through the second beam splitter and enter an optical lens which is capable of focusing two beams in its back focal plane where the interference of the two pencil beams takes place. This information is then relayed through optical spatial filter and optional micro objective into the readout section.
1. A pencil beam interferometer for measuring optical surfaces, comprises:
a light beam;
a first beam splitter optically oriented to receive and to split said incoming light beam into a first and a second pencil beam;
means for deflecting said second pencil beam, wherein said deflected second pencil beam is displaced from but parallel to said first pencil beam;
means for redirecting and transmitting said parallel pencil beams while concurrently maintaining them in parallel;
an alignment invariant optical device disposed to receive the output of said means for redirecting and transmitting said parallel pencil beams, and wherein said alignment invariant optical device directs said pencil beams to the optical surface to be measured;
an optical lens capable of focusing said two pencil beams in its back focal plane, and wherein said optical lens is disposed to receive the reflected pencil beams from said optical surface after they pass back through said alignment invariant optical device and said means for redirecting and transmitting said parallel pencil beams; and
a readout section optically positioned to detect the interference pattern generated by said focused beams.
2. The interferometer of claim 1 wherein said means for redirecting and transmitting said parallel pencil beams is a second beam splitter.
3. The interferometer of claim 1 wherein said alignment invarient device is a prism.
4. The interferometer of claim 3 wherein said prism is a penta prism.
5. The interferometer of claim 3 wherein said prism is a deflection prism.
6. The interferometer of claim 3 wherein said prism is a rhomb prism.
7. The interferometer of claim 1 further comprising a spatial filter and micro objective optically aligned between said optical lens and said readout to enhance the interference pattern inputted to said readout.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to interferometric metrology of optical surfaces and, more specifically, to the precise measurement of reflective optical surfaces as used in lasers and reflective telescopes.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Three types of interferometers are commonly used as surface measuring instruments: the Twyman-Green Interferometer (F. Twyman, A. Green, British Pat. No. 103,832, 1916); Shearing Interferometer (W. J. Bates, Proc.Phys.Soc.London, 59,940,1947) and Fizeau Interferometer (H. Fizeau, Ann.Chim. Phys., 3, 66, 1962, 429). All three interferometers require high-quality input wavefronts and with the exception of the shearing interferometer, high quality reference surfaces are necessary. By multiple exposure interferograms and three nearly identical reference surfaces the achievable precision in the surface measurement approaches λ/100 (G. D. Dew: The Measurement of Optical Flats, J. Sci. Instr. 1966, Vol. 43).
New electronic readout schemes implemented into these interferometers allow for high speed interpretation of the resulting fringe patterns, e.g., heterodyne interferometry (J. A. Wyant: Use of Heterodyne Interferometry in Optical Testing, JOSA 1974, 1363).
One general constraint of all interferometers is the requirement that the interfering wavefronts must be spherical. Consequently, the testing of aspherical surfaces requires auxiliary optics which converts the aspherical wavefront into a spherical one (A. Offner, A. Null Corrector for Paraboliodal Mirrors, Appl. Optics, February 1963, 153). Recently, holography has been applied successfully to replace the auxiliary optics in interferometry of aspherical optical surfaces (P. M. Emmel et al: Holographic and Shearing Interfer. for Optical Testing Including Aspherics, JOSA 1978, 1416); since the required shape of the aspherics is known, the necessary hologram can be generated by a computer. Unfortunately, the computer generated holograms required to test steep aspherics are also difficult to produce (J. C. Wyant et al, Computer Generated Holograms; Null Lens Test of Aspheric Wavefronts, Appl. Opt. December 1974, 2762).
A high resolution non-interferometric surface measurement scheme has recently been reported (A. E. Ennos: High Accuracy Profile Measurement of Quasi-Conical Mirror Surfaces by Laser Auto-Collimation, Precision Engineering, Vol.4, #1, January 1982). Here the slope of the surface-reflected laser pencil beam is measured with high accuracy via high precision readout electronics. The accuracy of the surface profile measurement is reported to be �2 nm.
The Pencil Beam Interferometer is a variation of the Fan Trace Interferometer (K. von Bieren, Wavefront Investigation of a Fourier Transform Lens which the Fan Trace Interferometer, Appl. Opt. July 1973, 1642) which has been adapted to measure reflective surface profiles to a high degree of accuracy. Unlike the previously-mentioned interferometers, it requires neither a high-quality, large-aperture input wave to measure large aperture optics nor a reference wavefront. Hence, the pencil beam interferometer is suitable for the measurement of surface profiles of spherical as well as aspherical optics.
Accordingly, the pencil beam interferometer provides precision figure information of optical surfaces without the requirement of precision reference surfaces nor a precision large aperture wavefront. Hence, this interferometer seems well suited for the direct figure measurement of aspheric optical surfaces. The figure measurement in this case is accomplished by selecting the scanning geometry such that the pencil beams, reflected off the optical surface to be tested, remain within the principal planes of the optical surface. A spatial filter in the interferometer provides for a well-defined separation of the figure measurement from surface irregularities; for instance, the separation of the effect of the diamond turning grooves from the surface figure. Since the accuracy of the figure measurement is extremely high--surface figure accuracies of 2 nm have been established--this instrument may also be used for the metrology of optical elements designed for the ultra-violet or X-ray spectrum where surface figure accuracy becomes paramount.
The thermal drift problem can be reduced considerably if the scanning and readout features are automated such that the measurement of a scan takes only a few seconds. The pencil beam interferometer can also be extended to provide two-dimensional figure information by scanning three or more non-planar pencil beams over the optical surface under investigation.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a means for measuring optical surfaces.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a means for measuring aspherical optical surfaces.
Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide means for measuring optical surfaces without the need of a reference surface.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic of the Pencil Beam Interferometer for measuring Optical Surfaces.
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of a reflection off Aspheric Surface.
FIG. 3 is a graphical representation of a reflection of a pencil beam off an aspherical surface.
FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of the Surface Figure ofa Test Plate.
Turning now to FIG. 1, there is shown the pencil beam interferometer generally designated 10. Pencil beam interferometer 10 provides figure information on optical surface 12 through interference of two pencil beams 14,16 which sample the optical surface 12. The surface figure information is first transformed into a phase difference of the two sample beams. Upon interference of the two pencil beams 14,16, the phase difference function translates into a fringe position information. The two parallel pencil beams 14,16 are generated from laser 17 and the laser beam 18 by the beam splitter 20 and mirror 22. After reflection off the second beam splitter 24 and alignment invariant optical device 26, the two pencil beams 14,16 impinge onto the optical surface 12 whose figure is to be determined. The two reflected beams back-trace through the alignment invariant optical device 26, propagate through the second beam splitter 24, and enter an optical lens 28 capable of focusing two beams in its back focal plane where the interference of the two beams 14,16 takes place. The optical lens 28 is a Fourier transform lens. This information is relayed through optional spacial filter 30 and optional micro objective 32 into the readout section 34.
It should be noted that although FIG. 1 shows that the alignment invariant optical device 26 is a penta prism, other alignment invariant optical devices 26 include prisms in general, deflection prisms, and rhomb prisms. Each of these alignment invariant optical devices 26 can be used to measure different-type surfaces. The concept of the interferometer may be established by way of the Fourier transform property of optical lens systems (J. W. Goodman, Introduction to Fourier Optics). The amplitude distribution u(xy) in the input plane of lens system 28 may be described by ##EQU1## Hence, the two beams of unit amplitude within the circ function outline of diameter T are separated by the distance M along the x dimension. The optical surface 12 is assumed to be spherical with radius of curvature R and with small deviations from sphericity indicated by the aberration function Δ(ξ). The diameter T of the circ functions is small enough that the phase functions may be considered to be independent of x and y Therefore, the phase function only depends upon the shift parameter ξ (parallel to x) of the optical surface. Also the radius of curvature R is considered large enough for the parabolic approximation to be valid.
By the rules of Fourier transform, the power spectrum U(x1,y1) in the focal plane (with coordinates x1 y1) of the lens 28 with focal length F becomes: ##EQU2## where J1 is a Bessel function of the first kind, order zero.
The fringes which develop in the focal plane of the lens 28 may be analyzed with respect to spatial frequency f and phase shift Φ. ##EQU3## Hence, the phase shift parameter Φ contains the desired information with respect to radius of curvature R as well as with respect to the aberration function Δ(ξ). The interferometric measurement process of the optical surface therefore consists of the recording of Equation (4) with the number of traces determined by the sampling requirement of the optical surface.
A scan across the optical surface provides the fringe phase shift function Δ(ξ). According to Equation (4), the following relation must hold along this trace. ##EQU4## Differentiation of this equation twice with respect to ξ results in ##EQU5## A Fourier transform of Equa. (5) now leads to ##EQU6## where F[ ] indicates the Fourier transform of the function in the square bracket and f designates the coordinate in the Fourier domain. The aberration function Δ(ξ) may now be extracted from Equa. (6) by an inverse Fourier transform, designated by F-1 [ ]. ##EQU7## Hence, the presciption for the recovery of the aberration function Δ(ξ) is first the development of the Fourier transform of the fringe phase shift function φ(ξ) followed by the division of sin π f M and in inverse Fourier transform of the resulting expression. Once the function Δ(ξ) has been established, the radius R may be determined by reference to Equation (4).
The difficulty which arises upon the inverse Fourier transform in Equa.(7) of infinite integrands (other than at f=0) can be avoided by a proper choice of M in relation to the length W of the trace φ(ξ). Since the sampling theorem in the frequency domain (P. M. Woodward: Probability and Information Theory with Applications to Radar, Pergamon Press) provides for the exact representation of the function F[φ(ξ)] through sample values spaced 1/W apart, the requirement for finite integrands through the frequency range of interest can be satisfied if the ratio W/M is selected accordingly.
A typical aspheric optical element used in some high energy laser systems is the non-linear axicon shown in FIG. 2. These elements are rotation symmetric with axis of rotation A--A. The point of incidence of the pencil beam chief ray on the axicon defines the location of the Catesian coordinate system, with the z coordinate coincident with the surface normal and y-z plane containing the axis of rotation.
The properties of the pencil beam after reflection will be determined by way of the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction formula (J. Goodman: Introduction to Fourier Optics): ##EQU8## r10 is the distance between the "object" point P1 and the aperture point P0 and r20 is the distance between the "image" point P2 and the aperture point P0. For very narrow pencil beams, the denominator r20 r10 and the function cos (n1 r20) may be considered to be constant, while the phase function r20 +r10 will be developed up to second order terms in x and y.
Defining the object point (P1) coordinates and the image point (P2) coordinates by
P1 coordinates: x=0, y=s1 sin θ1, z=s1 cos θ1,
P2 coordinates: x=0, y=s2 sin θ2, z=s2 cos θ2
and the radius of curvature at the origin in the plane y=0 by ρ1 and in the plane x=0 by ρ2, the phase function (r20 +r10) developed up to second order terms in x and y becomes: ##EQU9## The solution to the two-dimensional diffraction integral (8) will be provided by the method of stationary phase (Born & Wolf, Principles of Optics, page 753). Therefore, the following partial derivatives are developed: ##EQU10## At the critical point of the first kind, the following conditions must hold: ##EQU11## Equation (10) can only be satisfied if
x=y=0 and θ1 =-θ2.
Hence, a stationery point exists only for the reflected ray with the surface contributions near x=y=0. The value of the integral therefore becomes: ##EQU12## The disturbance u(P2) approaches infinity when one of the bracket expressions in the denominator of Equa. (11) becomes zero. Infinite values of the disturbance in this asymptotic evaluation of the diffraction integral indicates the existence of foci. Hence, there are two foci associated with the diffraction process which may be determined by the conditions when the bracket expressions in Equa. (11) become zero: ##EQU13## Equations (12) and (13) are the Coddington equations for reflecting surfaces (Jenkins and White, Fundamentals of Optics, page 149). Reference to Equa.(9) as well as to its derivatives indicates that Equa.(12) defines the focusing process in the sagittal plane, while Equa.(13) represents the ray distribution in the tangential plane (x=0). Consequently, the tangential focal line is normal to the plane x=0 while the sagittal focal lines is located within the tangential plane x=0. Both focal lines intersect the reflected ray at right angles (A. Gullstrand, Tatsachen and Fiktionen in der Lehre von der optischen Abildung, Archiv fur Optik, Verlag von Veit & Comp. Leipzig, 1908), with the distances along the reflected ray determined by Equa.(12) and (13).
Hence, the diffraction process up to second order may be determined by tracing a chief ray through the optical system and by computing the focal properties of the astigmatic wavefronts after each reflection with the help of Equa. (12) and (13), provided the chief ray remains in the tangential plane. If the chief ray during its propagation through the optical system leaves the tangential plane, a screw ray treatment becomes necessary. The diffraction process up to second order for this case may still be determined by computing the focal properties of the wavefront associated with the (scew) chief ray. However, now the focal lines no longer maintain their orientation during reflection, but rotate around the chief ray. The various focal parameters for this case may be computed with the help of the Sturm equations (J. C. Sturm, Memoire sur L'optique, Liouv. Journ. Vol.3, 1838).
The asymptotic integral derivation in the previous paragraph provides information about the amplitude distribution along the reflected ray only. If we consider a bundle of rays, then the phase function in Equa.(11) indicates a simple optical path length relationship along the reflected rays of the bundle for various values of s1 and s2. The amplitude of selected rays of the ray bundle, however, varies in a complicated fashion. Therefore, taken as a complete ray bundle, the amplitude of the reflected pencil beam in general is not constant. This amplitude disturbance gives rise to diffraction, causing an angular spectrum of plane waves which clearly must exist as soon as the amplitude distribution indicated in Equa. (11) forms upon reflection. The angular spectrum of the reflected pencil beam may be computed by Fourier transform of the amplitude disturbance (J. W. Goodman: Introduction to Fourier Optics).
As an example, we compute the one-dimensional angular spectrum of an extended pencil beam which is reflected off a conic surface, FIG. 3.
The incident pencil beam is parallel to the axis of rotation of the conic surface, with cone apex angle 90�, said impinges on the surface a distance yo from the tip of the cone. If we develop the amplitude contribution of Equa. (11) for these conditions up to the linear term in y, the following expression for the amplitude Ar (y) of the reflected beam in the vicinity of y=yo results: ##EQU14## With the incident beam Ai of diameter T described by the one-dimensional function ##EQU15## the following angular spectrum with α designating the direction cosinus, results: ##EQU16##
Equa. (16) indicates the emergence of additional waves (second and third terms) in the angular spectrum caused by reflection of a narrow pencil beam off a conic surface. The disturbing terms become infinite at α=π/2 where phase jumps of 180� occur. The terms apparently are important for reflection near the tip of the cone (yo →0) where they override the conventional term in Equa. (9) and consequently alter the familiar sinc-function diffraction pattern. On the other hand, for a nearly flat surface (yo →∞), the additional terms become negligible.
By way of Example and not limitation, the following experiment was conducted:
In order to verify the concept of the pencil beam interferometer, the figure and the curvature of a test plate were measured. Design values of the test glass of 11 cm clear aperture were radius of curvature R=243 m and a peak-to-valley irregularity (derivation from a spherical surface) of 0.06 μm.
FIG. 4 shows the result of the measure after the spherical component was extracted. The phase function φ(ξ) was measured along a trace of 50 mm at 40 intermediate locations. The read-out device used in this experiment consisted of two half-plane detectors whose separation line was positioned along the centerline of one of the fringes. The position measurement of this fringe centerline as a function of the shift parameter ξ provides the phase function φ(ξ).
This electronic fringe position measurement can be performed with high accuracy, if special precautions are taken with respect to vibration; by air-cushion support of the optical table, as well as acoustic noise level control, with respect to air drafts by complete enclosure of the experimental setup and with respect to temperature through appropriate temperature control. In addition, intensity variations of the He-Ne laser must be appropriately measured and processed in the fringe position readout electronics to compensate for it. Fortunately, small angular variations of the He-Ne output beam do not affect the relative phase relationship of the two sample beams and thus do not affect the fringe position measurement.
The size of the spatial filter 30 in FIG. 1 was selected in the experiment such that only the zero-order diffracted terms from the two pencil beams were penetrating the spatial filter plane. Hence, surface irregularity terms of spatial wavelengths smaller than the pencil beam diameter do not affect the fringe contrast or the fringe position. This feature of the pencil beam interferometer provides for a well-defined separation of the surface figure from surface fine structure. For instance, with pencil beam diameters of 1 mm each, surface irregularities caused by diamond turning do not affect the surface figure measurement of the pencil beam interferometer, irrespective of the depth of the diamond tuning grooves, provided the groove spacing is smaller than 1 mm.
The linear fringe phase shift on account of the sphericity of the optical surface was measured to be Φo =6.7873�2 π over a measurement interval of ξ=50.8 mm. Hence, in conjunction with Equa. (4) for Δξ=0 and M=10.031�0.04 mm, the radius of curvature computes to ##EQU17## The accuracy of the measurement of the radius of curvature is limited to 0.5 m on account of the uncertainty of M as well as to a lesser extent on account of the phase measurement uncertainty.
The profile measurement in FIG. 4 shows two traces of the same profile; one trace from the abscissa coordinates zero to 50 mm and one reverse trace from 50 mm to zero. The total time required for measurement of the two traces in a non-automated manual mode was two hours; hence, at the abscissa coordinate zero the two measurements are two hours apart. The obvious deflection of the two traces is apparently due to the fact that the mirror, which was supported at three points by gravity only is not in a thermal equilibrium in spite of all customary precautions. Similar observations with regard to the thermal "drift" of optical flats during precision measurements have been reported (G. D. Dew, The Measurement of Optical Flats, J. Sci. Inst. 1977, Vol.43). The uncertainty for a 30 cm flat amounted to 27 nm during the course of a few minutes. In our case, the thermal gradient variations introduced an apparent change of 15 nm on a shorter trace but a longer time interval. The excellent fit of the two traces, especially in the range between the abscissa values 25 and 50 mm provides an indication of the measurement accuracy. This measurement uncertainty is approximately �2 nm. The overall peak-to-valley irregularity of the test plate is 46 nm. Hence, it is well inside the design range of 60 nm.
Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.
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