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Lucknow Things to Do
Proper Travel Services by Yatharth...
Hi mahesh, I would like to thank you for your perfect planning of the tour TO Delhi – Agra – Tajh Mahal – Jaipur. Myself & my family fully enjoyed the days at Delhi , Taj Mahal Agra & Chokhi Dhani, Jaipur. your planning and execution of the trip was excellent!!!!! The driver Mr. Dharshan was very good in his work & he was very punctual and...more
16-Shopping & Eating
Lucknow is a gourmet's delight, especially if you are a non-vegetarian. The choicest of 'kebabs', 18-layered 'parathas', succulent 'naans', mouth-watering 'kachoris', creamy 'kulfis', are all available for the asking. 'Kakori' kebabs are made of tenderized meat whipped to a creamy consistency, just strong enough to cling to the skewers. Once placed...more
15- Lucknow Heritage Walk
The Lucknow Heritage Walk is a fun way to get a feel of the authentic, old Lucknow. You fix the date with them either by calling them on their mobile or through their website, meet the volunteer at the appointed date, time and place and off you go, along with a few other enthusiasts. There are almost 36 places to visit but it is all inside the Old...more
14- Lucknow Charbagh Railway Station
Lucknow Charbagh Railway Station takes its name from the four gardens which existed here during the time of the Nawabs. It was built between 1914 and 1923. The railway station gives the appearance of a palace, complete with a luxurious garden in the front.Even during the day, the appearance of this building, which is a sublime mix of Rajasthani and...more
13-Gomti River Cruise
Just behind the Shahid Smarak is the Gomti River Cruise. Medium-size boats are available, complete with a boatman and oars. He will give you a choice of destination – either upstream or downstream. A half-hour ride is more than enough. It won't cost you more than INR 200.The river originates from Pilibhit town, near Lucknow and flows southwards...more
12-Shaheed Smarak
Erected in the heart of the city by the banks of the river Gomti, the Shaheed Smarak commemorates the First Centenary of India's First War of Independence in 1857. It pays tribute to all those bravehearts who lay down their lives for India's Independence during that brief uprising, courageous men like Shaheed Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev and...more
Lucknow Hotels
Taj Residency Lucknow
Set amidst 22 acres of landscaped gardens, the Taj Residency Lucknow Hotel is located on the banks...more
Homestay Lucknow
110-D Mall Avenue, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226001, India
Satisfaction: Excellent
Good for: Business
La Place Sarovar Portico, Lucknow
work in progress Lucknow Hotel info below: If an emergency you have to dial 011 first before the 91...more
Lucknow Restaurants
An excellent place to savor dhabha food
This is a road side dhabha or eateries which are found on highways. It is an absolutely no frills place. Very spartan and basic. They serve fresh food that is authentically local. You should insist on low spice and less oil if you want it that way. Kadak rotis, jeera alu, dal tadka and salad. There is a small shop outside selling pan/betel leaves,...more
Don't desert the desserts
Even in small shops you will find delectable desserts. Some of them are --Moong dal halwa ( made of moong lentils and plenty of ghee and sugar!!, dry fruits and spices)Carrot Halwa(made with condensed milk, carrots, sugar, ghee and nuts)Gulab jamoon(made with condensed milk, ghee, deep fried and rose essence added to sugar syrup)Mewa(milk sweet)Hot...more
Nothing to rave about! Multi cuisine
I would not say that the food was bad. But it does not have the local flavours. It is however good to eat here, since it is clean and hygienic and has standard menus. They serve both veg and non vegetarian food. We went here since we had to grab a quick lunch before boarding our flight. We had veg. thali or plate meals which had two rotis, one...more
Lip smacking food
This is a no frills place Vegetarian restaurant serving at a super speed local delicacies. You have to mention to them if you do not want too much oil in your food. We had Sarson ka saag (Mustard leaves gravy) makki ki roti (corn bread), dal tadka, dal makhni, jeera rice and also a paneer dish. All were yummy, only the jeera rice was a bit too...more
Yummie Deshi Food
To begin with I kinda liked the location of 7 Spice. Inside a complex and hence its peaceful despite being in an overcrowded Alambagh market. Though a few may tend to disagree with me, but when it comes to dine out I always love to go to restaurants that are peaceful. Also the thing that goes in their favor is they are one of the very few real...more
Kababs, Biryani, Korma....lots of it
The main shop is in Aminabad, 105 yrs. old and is famous for its Galauti kababs, Biryani, Mutton Korma , and all this at very reasonable rates. They have a few franchisees, but try to visit the original. 2 persons can have gr8 meal within INR 300/-. Galauti Kabab and Mutton Korma. It tastes heaven !!more
Lucknow Nightlife
Luchnowi Shaaam (Evening)
The nite life of Lucknow is very different it doesnot involve clubbing e.t.c, but it's fun and a good experience to take a stroll on "Hanuman Sethu Bridge"; the whole of Lucknow is lightened up and it's peaceful and calm.But please be careful.. too late nite walk could be unsafe too.Well! There's a small and calm temple on the bank of river Gomti,...more
has to be the disco under...
has to be the disco under clarks avadh for a bit of lucknow highlife. things may have changed but other than this your only other option is to hook up with the kenyan massive and create your own.BIG UP DAVID K ! !! smartmore
Lucknow Hotels22 Hotels in Lucknow
2 Reviews
Lucknow Transportation
Hire a chauffer driven car
You can hire a car for a day or for a few days. This is also the best way to go to places on the outskirts or surrounding areas such as Varanasi, Allahabad etc. We had organized a car from Holiday makers and had a superb driver who not only drove safe but also knew all the spots so well. He also was a great guide and was very amicable and made huge...more
Inter-city/inter-state travel
Lucknow has good road, rail and air links with the rest of the country.The Amausi International Airport is at a distance from the main city.Several Railway stations have been built at different parts of the city. The available multiple modes of public transport in the city are taxis, city buses, cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws and CNG Buses. The...more
Train station
Charbagh station was built in 1914 and incorporates the best of Rajasthani and Mughal architecture which makes it one of the best looking stations in India. I arrived here from Jhansi and took another train out from here to Allahabad. The journey to Allahabad took 6 hours to do just the 200km (120 miles) not helped by stopping at 2 stations for...more
Lucknow Shopping
Low end Chikan work shopping
Chikan work kurtas, shirts, saris, bedspreads, dress materials -- for men and women and children! You might be advised to bargain, however if you come to understand the number of hours spent on making such embroidery, I think you will gladly give the amount asked. They are in any case not so expensive.more
Cane trays!
All over Lucknow in small shops you will find a variety of baskets. They are used to store vegetables, grains etc. But what I really found fascinating were the cane trays that are used to clean and sort rice and other grains. These are called "soup" in the local language. They make do for novel serving trays. Rs 60 per piecemore
You can wear "chikan"!!
Sewa is an organization that helps self employed women at the same time promotes the local craft. Chikan work is a special kind of embroidery that is done locally on clothes, dresses, fabrics and saris. You can get kurtas, shirts and dresses for men, women and children, You could also get bedspreads, tea cozies, hand bags, table cloth etc. Sewa...more
Lucknow Local Customs
Photo shooting of people
I have never been to any place before where people mostly liked so much to have their picture taken. But still if possible it is best to ask first. In some situations they might object and then you have to respect this.In some cases it is almost impossible to ask, but take pictures as you think would describe best the situation. Our guide often...more
Pouring their heart out for Ganj. That was the heading of the article at Metro page 3 of the Hindustan Times on Lucknow on Monday 10th of January.It was published the day after our arrival and are rather unnoticed strolling along the main street called Ganj. At the same page it said that 3.4 degrees cold wrap continues.Indeed, we just escaped a...more
Stray dogs
I was not suprised to find so many stray dogs in Lucknow: in the parcs, in the street, and near litter containers, in search of food.I think it is wise you don't touch them because they can have flee, but some have a high hug factor.It is unbelievable how quiet and friendly these dogs are... let's say most of them are just afraid and never ever...more
Lucknow Warnings and Dangers
Pushy guides
This happens all over India not just in India. Whilst I was visiting the Hussainabad Imambara, a guide showed me around and I gave a donation but then at the end he asked for more guide money which I refused as I said I didn't ask for a guide and that I had already given a donation. He and another guy got a bit shirty but I stood my ground and told...more
Theft and Eveteasing
It's not a good idea to visit any monuments after sunset and especially if alone.Ladies should avoid short and sexy clothes on the street., because it's a bit conservative city so avoid attracting unnecessary attraction.more
Can be a bit heavy for white...
Can be a bit heavy for white women, you stand out and are a relative rarity. Still on the whole a safe place.take care round the university, there is some fairly heavy folk involved in student life, and kidnappings are not rare.more
Lucknow Tourist Traps
Auto drivers are annoying
From the point you get down in Lucknow station, the auto rickshaw drivers will follow you with promises of cheap and best accomodations, just ignore them. While you travel inside Lucknow, all the auto drivers will try to take you to Chikan shops (they will call them factories), you will have to be firm enough to avoid them.more
Extra Budget for Entrance in Monuments
Think about extra money for the entrance in monuments.On every door, you have to pay some thing. Yah, it is ok, the amount in perhaps not too much but it effects your budget.for example, the entrance ticket for Bara Imambara is 300 Rps on 25/03/2008. it give you the permission to go on 4 places but apart from that you have to pay the guide for...more
Mode of local travel.
If you are a stranger to this place stick to the pre paid modes of travel , You shall be stromed by loads of drivers / agents to take you to places. you might end up at places which you would not know of since this is a place less visited by travellers.This is a safer mode. One can rely on local people for their querise since this is a place shy...more
Lucknow Off The Beaten Path
Imaging... a hundred or more years back in time.... huge caravans with elephants, traveling from city to city. On arrival they needed a place to camp. For that purpose huge squares where constructed with gates so big it could easily let an elephant pass through.On walking criss-cross the city we came across such a place, or at leat the remaining of...more
Visit Janpath Market at Hazrat Ganj
Lucknow is known for it's "Chikankari" means embroidary.When in Lucknow, go to Janpath market and buy some Chikankari clothes. very cheap.At number D-4, Janpath Market , you have "Sugandhco", you can buy some indian perfumes.Excellent quality. Nice advise in the shop for perfumes.Sahara Gunj, another place for shopping. Go on the top floor of...more
Off the beaten track city
The whole city is sort of off the beaten path to western tourists as many would head straight from Delhi to Agra and then on to Varanasi. In fact, I only saw one other western tourist at the Residency and heard another western girl at an internet place. There is plenty to see and do here so if you have time then why not stop off and see.more
Lucknow Favorites
looking for four...
Was in the city for a shoot- channel v `popstars', a reality television show... a talent hunt for a pop band. The Lucknow round of auditions (one of several cities) drew a large and enthusiastic crowd of wannabe popstars...more
Know before you go
If you want to understand the Lucknowi culture, you should rent or buy a classic film of India cinema named "Umrao Jaan". It is the story of a courtisan in 1800's Lucknow.more
Definitely do it or you will regret...
Do some shopping of chikan stuff,soon I will be putting a pic of my beautiful chikan outfit.Defintely eat "chat" at Kapoors, Tundai kabab and paratha and donot miss the royal "Pan".There are many monuments in Lucknow, some on the outskirts too, all hold a story behind them, so try visiting them and knowing their importance.It's a small city, you...more
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Explore Deeper into Lucknow
- 11-The Ruins of the Residency
- Things to Do
- 10-The Last Nawab & the First King's Resting Place
- Things to Do
- 09-Trumpeteers Announce Arrival - Naubat Khana
- Things to Do
- 08-Lakshman Tila or Tila Shah Pir Mohammed
- Things to Do
- 07-Aligang Hanuman Temple
- Things to Do
- 06-One Arm Kebabs – Tundey Kabab
- Things to Do
- 05-Labyrinthine Lucknow – The Bara Imambara
- Things to Do
- 04- Rumi Darwaza
- Things to Do
- 03-The Jama Masjid
- Things to Do
- 02- The Indian Big Ben – The Clock Tower
- Things to Do
- 01-Chhota Imambara
- Things to Do
- Drive around to admire mustard fields!
- Things to Do
- Visit the Railway station
- Things to Do
- Visit the Shahi Bowli
- Things to Do
- Bada Imam Barah... a must visit
- Things to Do
- Choti Imam Barah
- Things to Do
- Marble hair clips!!, earrings and other knic knacs
- Shopping
- A Shoppers paradise
- Shopping
- Gomtinagar
- Things to Do
- Residency
- Things to Do
- Chota Imambara
- Things to Do
- Bara Imambara
- Things to Do
- Traditional Food of Lucknow..Amazing Taste
- Restaurants
- Lucknow Zoo
- Things to Do
- Monuments and "Lucknow Mahotsava(Festival)"
- Things to Do
- See Historical Monuments and Eat Mutton Kebabs
- Things to Do
- Lucknow State museum (man made)
- Things to Do
- Jama Masjid Mosque
- Things to Do
- Botanical Gardens (natural tourist attraction)
- Things to Do
- Things to Do
- Gomti River
- Things to Do
- La Martiniere College
- Things to Do
- Cuisine
- Restaurants
- Sprots
- Things to Do
- Lko ride
- Things to Do
- Chikan fantasies
- Shopping
- Watch colour tv and get lost
- Things to Do
- Cycle rickshaw tour
- Transportation
- Something familiar!
- Restaurants
- Train to Lucknow
- Transportation


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Mar 30, 2015A dual view of Saturn's icy moon Rhea marks the return of NASA's Cassini spacecraft to the realm of the planet's icy satellites.
Mar 11, 2015NASA's Cassini spacecraft has provided scientists the first clear evidence that Saturn's moon Enceladus exhibits signs of present-day hydrothermal activity which may resemble that seen in the deep oceans on Earth.
Mar 5, 2015Data from Huygens probe is revealing how atmosphere of Saturn's moon formed.
Feb 28, 2015A new type of methane-based, oxygen-free life form that can metabolize and reproduce similar to life on Earth has been modeled by a team of researchers.
Feb 13, 2015Views of Saturn's hazy moon Titan now appear much sharper, thanks to a technique that greatly improves radar images taken by NASA's Cassini spacecraft.
Jan 29, 2015Researchers have observed that Saturn's largest moon, Titan, behaves much like Venus, Mars or a comet when exposed to the raw power of the solar wind.
Jan 15, 2015Ten years ago, an explorer from Earth parachuted into the haze of an alien moon toward an uncertain fate.
Jan 11, 2015Signals from NASA's Saturn-orbiting probe and the keen eyes of a continent-spanning telescope array yield greatly improved knowledge of the "true" center of the Saturn system.
Dec 8, 2014New research shows that winds on Titan must blow faster than previously thought to move sand. The discovery may explain how the dunes were formed.
Dec 1, 2014Getting a handle on what rocky worlds in our solar system would look like from afar will give us a basis for comparison as we seek out distant, habitable exoplanets.
Nov 24, 2014Researchers study how metabolism could come about by unbalanced chemical states on icy worlds.
Nov 20, 2014A process causing water electrolysis could give life a substantial jolt.
Nov 11, 2014During a flyby in August, the Cassini spacecraft observed new, bright features in the seas of Titan.
Oct 31, 2014As it soared past Saturn's large moon Titan recently, NASA's Cassini spacecraft caught a glimpse of bright sunlight reflecting off hydrocarbon seas.
Oct 27, 2014NASA scientists have identified an unexpected high-altitude methane ice cloud on Saturn's moon Titan that is similar to exotic clouds found far above Earth's poles.


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Kelly Osbourne Gives Her Braided Bun a Dangerous Edge
Kelly Osbourne Goes Punk Princess With Her Studded Hair
Watch Now! Rebecca Minkoff's Spring 2014 Collection Live
Fringe Benefits: Whose New Bangs Were Best?
See All the Stars at the Young Hollywood Awards!
Do-Gooders Jennifer Hudson and Kelly Osbourne Grab Big Honors


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Happy New Year!!!
Wishing you all the best in the coming year, I can't begin to tell you how much I enjoy this forum, I've learned so much from all of you in the last few years.
I don't know how it happened, it kind of snuck up on me but not only do I now have a full blown bean addiction I have become very interested in the preservation of heirloom varieties especially those that are hard to find or near extinction. I'm continually searching them out and if they won't grow here I pass them on to those that can.
I'd like to thank those that have helped me out in these searches, you really are a great bunch :) Although I've never met you in person I think of you as friends. Here's to a great growing season to all of you.
Hear, hear, Annette! I've spent a couple of hours this morning reading old posts (Show Me Your Trellis, Shelled Black Jungle etc.) and just paid another visit to ask a question. This forum rocks!
Here's wishing good gardening weather in 2013 to all.
Annette, I couldn't agree more. This forum feels like a community, there's a lot of wonderful people here. I too consider many of you to be friends, even if I've only been able thus far to meet one of you (Rodger)... and that only briefly.
I hope to meet a few more of you this year, and to share as generously as others have with me. Maybe this will be the year that I finally make it to the meeting in Berea; but my plans for that always seem to fall through. Crossing fingers.
You know, being a Green Bay Packer fan, I was about to wish everyone a Happy New Year from the "Frozen Tundra", the nickname for Packer Country. Then I noticed that the first two posts were from Canada... I guess you have a better claim to the Frozen Tundra than I do. ;-) I wish all of you good health & good gardening in 2013.
Annette, I agree with you, we have a wonderful group of gardering friends on this site. Picked up quite a few good gardening tips from you all.
Getting the gardening seed catalogs in the mail now and I love looking at all the vegetables planted country wide.
Good health and happy gardening to you all this coming year of 2013.


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HTC had once again delivered a solid device with its recently announced flagship, the HTC One M9. The phone has been pitted against many top devices, and with its improved specs and design, the One M9 proved that it can hold its own against top brands, but how will it do when its pitted against the Google Nexus 6?
Though the Nexus 6 is a few months older than the One M9, both phones run on the Android 5.0 Lollipop, and the Google phone's large screen makes it a favorite all over the world.
Here, we compare the two devices: more >>
LG and Samsung have both come out with new devices this year as Samsung has recently unveiled its latest flagship phone, the Samsung Galaxy S6 and S6 Edge, while LG has launched its most innovative device to date, the G Flex 2. However, older devices from both companies are still getting a lot of interest due to their superb specs, as well as their marked decrease in price.
The Galaxy S5 continues to perform well in the market, given that it was only released a year ago, while the LG G2 continues to be a reliable device which gives users the pure Android experience.
Here, we compare the two phones. more >>
Sony Computer Entertainment and From Software is getting ready to release "Bloodborne," an action role-playing video game exclusively developed for Sony's PlayStation 4 console, starting March 24. Game development was declared to have been finished by March 13 and it is now at a stage where the game is being written onto physical discs.
The game will be released in the US on March 24. Gamers in Europe will get it one day after on March 25. Japanese gamers have to wait until March 26, and UK players will get it on March 27, according to a report in International Business Times.
One of the features that the game's developers are working hard to prepare for is its online play component. Much like its predecessors "Demon's Souls" and "Dark Souls," "Bloodborne" will have a persistent online component inextricably intertwined with the single player component. Gamers will be able to use in-game items to engage in "jolly co-operation" or to invade others' worlds. This interaction between "Bloodborne" players forms the backbone of the gameplay experience." more >>
The much-awaited release of "Grand Theft Auto 5 Online Heists" downloadable content came on March 10. The release however was marred with bugs that prevented players from taking advantage of the new content.
According to Cinema Blend, the game's developer Rockstar Games received complaints that players were not able to the game's online servers. For Microsoft Xbox 360 owners, they also had problems logging in to Xbox Live or had problems finding matches. Rockstar Games and Microsoft were quick to take note of the technical issues that users were experiencing and were also quick to update users that their support teams were dealing with the bugs.
Some users took to Twitter and other social media platforms to voice their complaints. One user even went as far as sharing a screen capture of his experience with the Online Heists DLC. more >>
Microsoft has announced the action game "Goat Simulator" will make its debut on Xbox One and Xbox 360 consoles next month.
Coffee Stain Studio's child-friendly action game, "Goat Simulator" will be launched for Xbox One and Xbox 360 this April. Microsoft originally made the announcement at Gamescom in August last year for fans of the game to prepare for its console debut.
"Goat Simulator," a third person action game initially released on Steam in April 2014, and made available for Mac and Linux two months later, features a realistic player-controlled goat, exploring an open-world map and causing as much damage as possible by jumping, running, licking, dragging, and bashing objects using its horns, hooves, tongue, and other parts of its body. more >>
After the eventful 2015 Mobile World Congress unveiling of Samsung's latest flagship, the Samsung Galaxy S6 and its dual-curved screen device variant Galaxy S6 Edge, tech consumers have been wondering as to when the devices will arrive in the U.S. Here's what we heard:
A report from Phone Arena cited the publication's trusted insider saying that the current-gen smartphone will see its launching into the country on Saturday, April 11 for all the four major U.S. carriers AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, and T-Mobile.
"Our source tells us that Samsung reps are currently on the road, visiting retail locations with demos of the Galaxy S6," the site claimed. more >>


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The optical switch for fast cell-switching networks comprises an optical interconnection network (CM) and an electrical control network (CT). In order to fully exploit optical component capabilities and to overcome the constraints imposed by operating speed limits of electronic components, each input (IN1 . . . INk) of the interconnection network (CM) is associated with units (PAC1 . . . PACk) forming aggregates of cells which are to follow a same path through the interconnection network and time-compressing the aggregates, and each output (OU1 . . . OUk) is associated with units (PAD1 . . . PADk) for the time expansion of the aggregates and separation of the aggregate cells.
1. An optical switch for fast cell switching networks, said switch having switch inputs and outputs, said switch comprising:
an optical interconnection network having inputs and outputs;
an electrical control network connected to the optical interconnection network and including means for managing switching, through the optical interconnection network, of cell aggregates;
respective termination devices assigned and connected to each switch input and each switch output for splitting information to be forwarded to the electrical control network from information to be processed in the interconnection network, and recombining into a cell flow, information coming from the control network and information coming from the interconnection network; and
means for time compression of signals to be switched and time expansion of switched signals,
said means for time compression including means assigned and connected to each input of the interconnection network forming said cell aggregates by associating a plurality of cells which must follow a given path through the interconnection network and performing said time compression by acting on the aggregates, in order to form information units the duration of which is equal to a pre-set fraction of an original duration of an aggregate and an information content of which, as a number of bits, is equal to the sum of information contents of the aggregate cells;
said means connected to each output of the interconnection network for time expansion including means for restoring an original duration to the aggregates outgoing from the interconnection network, and separating individual cells from said aggregates before forwarding them to said switch outputs.
2. An optical switch according to claim 1 wherein the optical interconnection network has a number (k) of inputs/outputs (IN1 . . . INk, OU1 . . . OUk) lower than a number of (n) of switch inputs and outputs (E1 . . . En, U1 . . . Un), each of the means for compression comprising means (MU1 . . . MUk) for multiplexing, on each input line (IN1 . . . INk) of the interconnection network (CM), compressed aggregates of cells of a plurality of said switch inputs (E1 . . . Eh) connected to the same aggregation and compression means (PAC1 . . . PACk); the means for expansion (PED1 . . . PEDk) including means for distributing the compressed aggregates present on the same output of the interconnection network (CM) among a plurality of said switch outputs (U1 . . . Un).
3. An optical switch according to claim 1 wherein the optical switch is an ATM digital cross-connect system and the aggregation and compression means (PAC1 . . . PAk) form aggregates comprising a preset number of cells of a common virtual path in said system.
4. An optical switch according to claim 3 wherein the aggregation and compression means (PAC1 . . . PAk) form cell aggregates by acting on electrical signals and perform compression by acting on optical signals and comprise, for each of said switch inputs (E1 . . . En), a unit (PA1 . . . PAn) for cell aggregation followed by a unit (PC1 . . . PCn) for compression of aggregates, the units for cell aggregation comprising:
a decoding network (DE) having a data input at which it receives the cells to be switched coming from a respective switch input line (E1 . . . En) and a plurality of outputs, each having a different virtual path, the decoding network (DE) forwarding each cell on an output selected according to information taken from said cells and supplied to a control input, which codes the virtual path for the cell;
a plurality of memories (MF1 . . . MFp) respectively connected to outputs of the decoder (DE) and forming a queue of the cells from the decoder to form said aggregates;
a selector (SL) having a plurality of inputs each connected to the output of one of the memories and an output on which the aggregates to be forwarded to a respective compression unit (PC1 . . . PCn) appear;
each of said compression units (PC1 . . . PCn) comprising:
a mode locked laser (LA), which generates a succession of pulses having a duration (Tc) which is much less than that of the bits of the cell aggregates outgoing from the said selector (SL), and a period (To) equal to the period of the said bits;
an electro-optical amplitude modulator (MD), which receives the pulses emitted by the laser (LA) and the bits of the aggregates outgoing from the selector (SL), which amplitude modulates the pulses emitted by the laser (LA), the modulator emitting an optical signal consisting of a succession of bits with duration (Tc) equal to that of the bits of the aggregates; and
a succession of folding elements (RP1 . . . RPc), which receives the signals outgoing from the modulator (MD), and in which each element causes the interleaving between the bits of the first part of an aggregate of the bits in the remaining part or parts of the aggregate itself, so as to reduce the duration of the aggregate to a fraction of the original duration, an output of the succession of folding elements being connected to an input of the means for multiplexing (MU1 . . . MUn).
5. An optical switch according to claim 4 wherein each memory (MF1 . . . MFp) has control units for writing and reading, which cause reading whenever the pre-determined number of cells has been written or after a maximum preset time.
6. An optical switch according to claim 4 wherein each memory (MF1 . . . MFp) is provided with means for joining to each aggregate a local label, generated by said termination devices (TE1 . . . TEn) at said switch inputs and containing service information.
7. An optical switch according to claim 4 wherein each folding element (RP1 . . . RPc) comprises:
an input coupler (A1) which shares power associated with each optical bit among a number of outputs associated with as many different paths and forms on each path a replica of the input aggregate;
an output coupler (A2) which presents as many inputs as the number of said paths, recombines the replicas present on said paths and has a first input directly connected to a first output of the input coupler to form one of said paths; and
delay elements (R) inserted between each of the other outputs of the input coupler (A1) and one input of the output coupler (A2) to form one of the other paths, the delay element (R) which constitutes the x-th path introducing a delay of (x-1) (y-1)To/zi on the signals which run across it, where: y is a number of bits in an aggregate; To is a bit period before compression; E is a number of the paths; i (1≦i≦c) is the serial number of the folding element in the succession.
8. An optical switch according to claims 7 wherein each folding element halves the duration of an aggregate and comprises:
an input coupler (A1) which shares power associated with each optical bit between two outputs associated with two different paths;
an output coupler (A2) which recombines the signals present on the two paths and has a first input directly connected to a first output of the input coupler to form one of the said paths; and
a delay element (R), inserted between the second output of the input coupler (A1) and a second input of the output coupler (A2) to form the second path, and introducing a delay (y-1)To/2i on the signals traversing said delay element (R), where: y is the number of bits in an aggregate; To is the bit period before compression; i (1≦i≦c) is the serial number of the folding element in the succession.
9. An optical switch according to claim 7 wherein each folding element (RP1 . . . RPc) is followed by a switch (SW) which is closed for the time corresponding to the duration of an aggregate outgoing from the element starting from the moment when the first bit of the aggregate exits from the delay element (R), in order to eliminate redundant parts of the replicas of the aggregate.
10. An optical switch according to claim 4 wherein the means for multiplexing (MU1 . . . (MUn) are constructed and arranged to scan cyclically the outputs of the compression means (PC), and said selector (SL) is connected to a control logic network (LC) which causes transfer to output of an aggregate in synchronism with the operation cycle of the multiplexing means (MU1 . . . MUn), so that a compressed aggregate is present at an input of the multiplexing means (MU1 . . . MUn) in the time interval designed for the scanning of such input.
11. An optical switch according to claim 4 wherein the multiplexing means (MU1 . . . (MUn) consist of passive recombining devices, and a control logic (LC) of said selector (SL) is slaved to a time base of the electrical control network (CT) of the switch to cause transfer to output of a compressed aggregate so that it reaches an input of the multiplexing means at a preset instant.
12. An optical switch according to claim 11 wherein the termination devices (TE1 . . . TEn) are slaved to a time base of the control unit so as to supply to said control unit information about the routing of a compressed aggregate in synchronism with the arrival of the aggregate at an interconnection network.
13. An optical switch according to claim 11 wherein the means (PED1 . . . PEDk) for aggregate expansion and the means for cell separation comprise, for each switch output, a unit (PE1 . . . PEn) for time expansion of bits of the aggregates and their conversion into electrical form, followed by a unit (PD1 . . . PDn) for cell separation acting on electrical signals, and in that the expansion and conversion unit (PE1 . . . PEn) comprises:
an expander (ES), which has an output connected to an output of a demultiplexer (DM) and a plurality of outputs, in a number equal to factor (C) by which the duration of the aggregates has been reduced in the compression unit (PC1 . . . PCn), and which presents on all its outputs the bits constituting the received aggregate;
a first group of lines (50-1 . . . 50c), which are connected each to an output of the expander and have lengths that are different and progressively increasing from a first line (50-1) to a last one (50C), so as to introduce a progressively increasing delay on the signals conveyed;
a group of sampling gates (CA1 . . . CAC), each having an input connected to one of the lines of the first group (50-1 . . . 50C), and sampling bit aggregates propagating on said lines with a period equal to the bit time of the non-compressed aggregates, in order to form distinct groups of bits which are consecutive in the original aggregate;
a second group of lines (60-1 . . . 60C), which are connected each to the output of one of said gates and have lengths that are different and progressively decreasing from a first line (60-1) to the last one (60C), so as to introduce on the signals conveyed a progressively decreasing delay such that said signals arrive at the end of the respective lines at such instants as to allow the reconstruction of the succession of the bits in the aggregate received by the expansion and conversion unit (PE1 . . . PEn); and
a detector (IR) which has a plurality of inputs connected to the lines of the second group (60-1 . . . 60C) and which reconstitutes the succession of bits and performs their conversion into electrical form and an integration in the time, reconstituting cell aggregates in which the bits have their original duration.
14. An optical switch according to claim 13 wherein the lines of the first group (50-1 . . . 50C) have such lengths that each of them introduces, on the signals conveyed, a delay exceeding by a quantity equal to the period (Tc) of the compressed bits the delay introduced by the preceding line, and the lines of the second group (60-1 . . . 60C) have such lengths that each of them introduces on the signals conveyed a delay exceeding by a quantity equal to the duration of a compressed aggregate the delay introduced by the successive line.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/069,527 filed on 1 Jun. 1993, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to optical telecommunication systems, and more particularly, to an optical switch for fast cell-switching networks.
The cell (or packet) switching technique, also called ATM from the initials of the designation "Asynchronous Transfer Mode", is becoming increasingly important for switching digital flows at very high rates, such as the flows present in digital broadband integrated service networks. In this technique, the information relevant to the various services is organized into adjacent units with a fixed length (about 400 bits), called "cells", comprising an information field and a header field, carrying the connection identifier together with other service information.
Due to the rate and bandwidth requirements of integrated service networks, the use of optical technologies has increased interest in the realization of both transmission lines and switching function. At the present state of technology, however, optical technologies do not allow high processing capacities, and the optical switching systems require the use of an electrical control part (therefore with a high processing capacity) and of an optical transport part (with a high capacity of information flow throughput). Examples of these networks have been described, for example, in the European Patent Applications EP-A-0 224 244 and EP-A-0 411 562 and in the papers: "A Photonic Knockout Switch For High-Speed Packet Networks", presented by K. Y. Eng at the IEEE/IEICE Global Telecommunications Conference 1987, 15-18 Nov. 1987, Tokyo, Japan; "Optical Technology Application to Fast Packet Switching" presented by P. Cinato and A. de Bosio, at the Topical Meeting on Photonic Switching, 1-3 Mar. 1989, Salt Lake City, USA; "Electro-Optical switching node based on fast packet and frequency switching techniques", presented by A. de Bosio et al. at the International Switching Symposium, May 1990, Stockholm, Sweden.
Electronic control units however have operating speed limits which could prevent full exploitation of the optical part capabilities because they limit the bit rate on the input lines to the node.
The object of the invention is to provide an optical switch allowing full exploitation of the capacity of the optical components, and which utilizes information flows at a very high rate within it, nevertheless utilizing an electronic control part.
According to the invention the switch comprises an interconnection optical network, an electrical control network, termination devices for each switch input and each switch output, splitting information to be forwarded to the electrical control network from the information to be processed in the interconnection network, and recombining into the cell flow the information coming from the control network and from the interconnection network, and means for the time compression of signals to be switched and the time re-expansion of switched signals. According to the invention:
each input of the interconnection network is assigned to means forming cell aggregates by associating a plurality of cells which must follow the same path through the interconnection network, and performing the time compression by acting on the aggregates, so as to form information units whose duration is equal to a predetermined fraction of the original duration of an aggregate and the information content of which, as a number of bits, is equal to the sum of the information contents of the aggregate cells;
the electrical control network manages the switching, through the optical interconnection network, at the cell aggregate level; and
each output of the interconnection network is assigned to means for said time expansion, in order to bring the aggregates outgoing from the interconnection network back to the original duration, and to separate the individual cells before forwarding them on the output lines.
Time compression of packets to be switched through an optical switching network is known from Patent No. 1217130 granted in Italy to the present assignee. In that system individual packets are compressed which are made up of electrical signals, converted into optical form after compression.
The switch is preferably an ATM digital cross-connect system and the aggregation and compression means form cell aggregates relevant to the same virtual path. The application of the invention to a cross-connect system is useful because the traffic to be switched is sufficiently high to allow the formation of cell aggregates without introducing excessive delays.
The above and other objects, features, and advantages will become more readily apparent from the following description, reference being made to the accompanying drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram which shows the general structure of a switch according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram which shows the structure of the cell aggregation and compression units;
FIGS. 3a to 3e are diagrams of the compression operation;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram which shows the structure of the decompression units; and
FIGS. 5a to 5c are diagrams showing the decompression.
The drawing shows an ATM digital cross-connect system comprising an optical switching network and an electronic control network. As it is known an ATM cross-connect system switches ATM flows at a virtual path level. A virtual path is generally comprised of semipermanent cells, so that a cross-connect system does not require very frequent re-configuration; this is a typical application where, after configuring the switching network, throughput of a large quantity of traffic must be guaranteed, and it is therefore important that electronic control units should not create any constraint.
According to the invention, this elimination of constraint is obtained thanks to the presence of cell flow processing units, inserted on one side between the line and exchange termination devices providing re-synchronization, extraction of ATM flows from any transmission carriers, label conversion at a virtual path level, conversion into an electrical form of the signalling information to be supplied to the control units, etc. and the inputs of the switching network, and inserted on the other side between the outputs of the switching network and the termination devices providing the complementary operations required for inserting the cells again on the transmission carriers.
In FIG. 1 the optical connection network is indicated by CM, the electrical control network by CT and the line and exchange termination devices respectively assigned to input optical connections E1 . . . Eh . . . Em . . . En and to the output connections U1 . . . Uh . . . Um . . . Un by TE1 . . . TEh . . . TEm . . . TEn, TU1 . . . TUh . . . TUm . . . TUn. The termination devices TE, TU are well known in the art and they are not part of the invention and will not be described in detail. A possible example of realization is anyhow described in EP-A-0 411 562.
Outputs 1 (1-1 . . . In) of the devices TE are connected to units PAC1 . . . PACk, each of which receives the cells outgoing from one or more devices TE. In the drawing, in particular, the outputs of the devices TE1 . . . TEh are connected to PAC1 and those of the devices TEm . . . TEn to PACk. The number of lines connected to the units PAC is the same for all these units.
The units PAC comprise, for each of their input lines:
means PA (PA1 . . . PAh . . . PAm . . . PAn) forming cell aggregates relevant to the same virtual path, and attaching to each aggregate a label, valid inside the cross-connect system, to allow management of aggregates by the control units CT in the same way as the individual cells are usually managed in an ATM switch; and
means PC (PC1 . . . PCh . . . PCm . . . PCn), performing a time compression of the bits inside the aggregates present on output 2 (2-1 . . . 2h . . . 2m . . . 2n) of the relevant aggregation device, by reducing the duration of each aggregate by a preset factor C.
When the number k of the inputs/outputs IN, OU in the connection network CM is less than the number n of the inputs/outputs E, U of the switch, as shown in the example, each unit PAC includes also a multiplexer MU (MU1 . . . MUk) cyclically scanning the outputs 3 (3-1 . . . 3h . . . 3m . . . 3n) of all the compression means PC and concentrating the compressed aggregates on these outputs onto an input line IN (IN1 . . . INk) to the CM switching network. Control signals for multiplexers MU are supplied by the system time base, which is part of the control units CT, through the proper connection wires 4-1 . . . 4k, representing the entirety of the connections for signal exchange between units PAC and control units CT.
In a typical example, the cross-connect system can have 512 input/output links E/U and use a switching network CM (with 64 inputs/outputs); each input link can convey cells related to 10 virtual paths; the aggregates (having the same dimensions) can comprise from 8 to 16 cells.
As a result of the aggregation and compression information units are obtained with a duration substantially equal to that of a cell but with contents equal to the sum of the contents of all the cells of an aggregate, and they convey therefore a much greater quantity of information in a time unit. The electronic control unit CT processes these information units instead of the individual ATM cells and hence does not have any special speed requirements and will not set any constraints to the optimal exploitation of the optical switching network. The fact that cell aggregates are to be processed instead of individual cells does not imply any modification in this control unit, the structure of which is therefore analogous to that already proposed for ATM switches. As a consequence of aggregation and compression, there will be a proportional increase of the necessary bandwidth, which requires the use of an optical technology for the switching network CM.
Time compression factor C (which can be of the same order of magnitude as the number of cells forming an aggregate) will preferably not be lower than the ratio n/k between cross-connect system inputs and CM connection networks inputs. In this way guard times between aggregates can remain to make connection network operations easier. This becomes specially important if a cell and frequency switching is carried out in the cross-connect system, as described in the mentioned paper by A. de Bosio et al. and in EP-A-O-411 562.
Outputs OU1 . . . OUk of the switching network CM are connected to demultiplexers DM1 . . . DMk, belonging to respective units PED1 . . . PEDk which perform inverse operations of the units PAC. Each demultiplexer DM has one input and as many outputs as the inputs of a multiplexer MU. Outputs 5-1 . . . 5h . . . 5m . . . 5n of demultiplexers DM are connected to respective means PE1 . . . PEn for the time expansion of the aggregates, followed in their turn by means PD1 . . . PDn for the decomposition of the aggregates into individual cells. Means PD receive from means PE the aggregates to be decomposed through the respective connections 6-1 . . . 6n, eliminate the additional label and supply the individual cells on connections 7-1 . . . 7n towards the devices TU1 . . . TUn. As the number and the position of the bits making up the label are known and the cells have a constant length, the person with skill in the art will have no difficulty in realizing a device capable of performing the required functions: e.g. the units PD can be suitably timed registers.
Units PED receive the proper control signals from the control unit CT through connections 8-1 . . . 8k. Units PAC, PED are the processing units for the ATM cell flow which are the subject of the invention.
In the preferred embodiment which will be described hereafter, cell aggregation is carried out on electrical signals, and compression and concentration operations are carried out on optical signals. Similarly, expansion is carried out optically and decomposition of aggregates in electrical form. Since connections E, U are of an optical type, termination devices TE, TU will incorporate the required optical-to-electrical conversion devices and vice versa. This is not an additional complication for the switching system structure since these conversion devices are provided in any case when optical flows on input/output lines are organized as usual according to the standard synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH), because SDH frames are processed in an electrical form. Connections 100, 101 represent the connections between termination devices TE, TU and the control units CT.
FIG. 2 shows a possible embodiment of units PA, PC.
Unit PA mainly consists of a bank of FIFO memories (10 in the example considered) MF1 . . . MFp, each of which organizes a queue of cells relevant to the same virtual path to form aggregates. Considering that memories receive cells at random, the writing/reading control units must be able to recognize the preset number of cells has been written and, once this number is reached, to start reading even if any cell to be inserted in a successive aggregate is still being written. To avoid excessive delays, reading must start in any case after a maximum preset time is out even if the aggregate is not complete. This maximum time will be counted by a suitable counter, provided in the control units of the memory itself and started when the first aggregate cell arrives, by using clock signals supplied by the time base of the electrical control network CT by means of wire 40 belonging to one of the connections 4 in FIG. 1. For drawing simplicity, said control units are incorporated into the blocks MF; memories organized to allow these operating procedures are well known in the art.
A label valid within the cross-connect system (containing service information in general and information about the aggregate characteristics in particular) will also be added at the head of each aggregate; the label is supplied by TE through the relevant connection 10-1 . . . 10p (which is part of line 1 in FIG. 1) and is loaded into the memory when the arrival of the first cell of an aggregate is recognized. This label will generally be used by the decomposition units PD. Service labels of this type are created by the units TE also in the case of conventional ATM cross-connect systems (e.g. that described by A. L. Fox et al. in the paper "RACE BLINT: a technology solution for the broadband local network", presented at IEE Conference on Integrated Broadband Services and Networks, October 1990, London).
Cells to be stored come from TE, through a connection 11 (which is also part of line 1) connected to the input of a decoding network DE presenting p outputs respectively connected to memories MF1 . . . MFp. Through connection 12, DE receives from TE, as control signals, the label bits of each cell arriving to TE (and therefore the bits of the label which has not undergone conversion yet) which identify the virtual path and, according to such label, it routes the cell towards the proper memory MF.
The outputs of memories MF are connected to the inputs of a selector SL the output of which is output 2 of block PA. The selector must act in synchronism with multiplexer MU and, more precisely, it must transfer an aggregate to its output at an instant such that, taking into account the time required for compression, the aggregate is present on output connection 3 of the concerned block PAC at the moment when MU is scanning the connection itself. The aggregate which SL must transfer to the compression units PC will be the or an aggregate ready in one of the memories MF (e.g. the first one completed) or the or an aggregate for which maximum hold time in memory has already expired. The selector will then be associated to a control logic LC receiving from control units of the individual memories MF signals indicating that an aggregate has been formed or that the preset time has expired.
Alternatively the different selector inputs can be cyclically scanned.
It is to be noted that data will be generally written and read in parallel (e.g. on 8 bits) in memories MF. Considering that compression units, as it will later be better examined, must act on one bit at a time, devices for the parallel-to-series conversion of the information flows must be provided. In the drawing, these devices have been incorporated into block SL, which will receive the necessary timing signals from the time base through connection 41. Obviously serialization could be carried out upstream of SL.
The formation of aggregates of 8-16 cells, as supposed by way of example, allows a significant reduction of the number of information units to be processed in CM without increasing remarkably the delay across the cross-connect system.
The necessity of limiting the delay advices to use the invention at the level of a cross-connect system because at this level the traffic concerning a virtual path will be sufficiently high to allow reaching in relatively short times the number of cells desired for an aggregate.
Anyhow, in theory, the invention could be used in any switching node, by forming cell aggregates which have to follow the same path in the connection network CM.
Serialized aggregates, consisting of bit strings where each bit has the same duration and period as the bits of the cells present on connections E, are supplied to the bit time compression unit PC.
The unit PC comprises:
a mode locked laser LA, generating a succession of pulses with a duration much lower than that of the bits present on connection 2 and a period equal to the bit time To of these bits;
an electro-optical amplitude modulator MD, which receives the pulses from laser LA and the signal present on connection 2, and in which each bit of this signal modulates the pulses outgoing from laser LA with an on/off modulation; in this way an optical signal consisting of a succession of bits having a duration which is equal to that of the pulses emitted by LA and a period To is obtained on connection 5;
a succession of c elements RP1 . . . RPc (with 2c =C), each of which effects the folding on itself of the bit string relevant to an aggregate, halving its duration each time. As indicated for RP1, each element RP comprises an input coupler A1, sharing the power associated to each optical bit between two different paths, and an output coupler A2 recombining the signals coming from the two paths. An output of the input coupler A1 and an input of the output coupler A2 are directly connected and form one of the two paths; the second path is obtained by connecting the second output of A1 to the second input of A2 through a delay element R which causes the bits in the second half of the aggregate to be arranged interleaved with the bits of the first half in the output coupler A2. If y is the number of bits in each aggregate, this is obtained if the delay element R in the first folding element RP1 introduces a delay of (y-1)To/2 with respect to the signals sent along the other path, that of the second folding element RP2 introduces a delay of (y-1)To/4, etc. In general, the delay element of the i-th folding element RP1 will introduce a delay (y-1)To/2i.
As a consequence of the forwarding of the bits of an aggregate on two paths and of the successive recombination, at the output of each folding element RP1 . . . RPc each aggregate will be associated to a replica. Hence each element RP will be followed by a unit, schematized by switches SW1 . . . SWc, which will be operated to eliminate this replica, as it will better be seen further on. These switches are controlled by signals supplied by the control units through connections 43-1 . . . 43c, which are part of the proper connection 4 in FIG. 1. Units such as SW1 . . . SWc are well known in the art, and hence further information is unnecessary.
On output 3 of unit PC there is therefore a succession of aggregates with an overall duration yTo/2c and period yTo. From the foregoing description it can be clearly seen that once the compression factor is established, it is immediate to determine the instant of the exit of the aggregates from memories MF in such a manner that the aggregates reach multiplexer MU within the time devoted to that particular line 3. During the interval between two aggregates, multiplexer MU will forward on line IN the compressed aggregates supplied by the other units PC of the same block PAC.
Compressed aggregates on lines IN are then switched inside CM with the procedures required the particular network.
It is to be noted that at the instant when an aggregate is forwarded to the switching network CM, the line exchange and termination devices TE will forward to the control unit CT-the necessary routing information: as a matter of fact these should not undergo compression as the control unit would not be able to read them.
Operation of unit PC is shown in FIGS. 3a-3e considering by way of example the case of an aggregate with y=8 bits to be time compressed by a factor C=4; two foldings are therefore required.
FIG. 3a shows schematically the aggregate to be compressed, formed by bits the duration of which is substantially equal to period To. FIG. 3b shows the aggregate converted into optical form, with bits having a strongly reduced duration and period To, arriving at input of coupler A1 of RP1 and propagating towards A2 without undergoing delays in RP1. The delay element R1 of RP1 introduces a delay 7To/2 by giving the sequence in FIG. 3c. Bit 1 outgoing from R1 occurs at half the interval between bits 4 and 5 of the non delayed sequence (and therefore at the central instant of the duration of the aggregate); bit 2 outgoing from R1 occurs at half the interval separating the arrival of bits 5 and 6 of the non delayed sequence, etc. At the output of RP1 (FIG. 3d), an initial group of bits (bits 1-4 of the non delayed aggregate) is followed by a sequence of bits in which the bits of the second half of the original aggregate are interleaved with those of the first half, and this sequence is still followed by a queue of bits consisting of bits 5-8 of the delayed sequence. Bit time is T1=To/2. The initial group (head) and the queue, indicated as a dashed line in FIG. 3d, must be eliminated and for this purpose switch SW1 must be closed for a time Substantially equal to yTo/2 (duration of compressed aggregate) starting from the instant when the first bit of the aggregate exits from the delay element R of folding element RP1: considering as instant 0 that when the aggregate to be compressed arrives at the input of RP1, the closure of SW1 must substantially take place after a time 7To/2.
In the successive folding element RP (RP2), the delay element introduces a delay equal to 7To/4, i.e. 7/2 of the bit time of the aggregate already compressed by RP1. The first bit of the delayed sequence will reach the input of the output coupler A2 at half the interval separating bits 6 and 3 of the non delayed sequence (and therefore again in correspondence with central instant of the duration of the aggregate). In this way the bits in the second half of the aggregate are interleaved again with those of the first half of the aggregate that is entering into the element. At the output of the second folding device the sequence shown in line 3e is obtained, with a duration equal to 1/4 of the original one. Also in this case it will be necessary to eliminate by means of the switch following RP2 the head (bits 1, 5, 2, 6, of the non delayed sequence) and the queue (bits 3, 7, 4, 8 of the delayed sequence) of the bit flow outgoing from RP2: neglecting the propagation time between the output of SW1 and the input of RP2, SW2 will be closed for a time equal to yTo/4 starting from an instant that follows by 7To/4 the arrival of the first bit of the non delayed sequence. The head and queue are not shown any more in FIG. 3e.
If C>4 (and hence c>2) the operations are repeated identical in the successive folding units and after c folding, the bit period will be Tc=To/2c.
Comparing lines 3b, 3e, it can be seen clearly that the signal present at the output of a unit PC consists of very short sequences of bits which occupy only a fraction 1/2c of the original duration of the aggregate. This explains the use of multiplexer MU (FIG. 1), which inserts into the unused time the compressed aggregates relevant to other input lines of the same unit PAC.
Referring to FIG. 4, cell aggregates present at output 5 of a demultiplexer DM (FIG. 1) are supplied at the input of an expander ES which has C outputs and are transferred simultaneously on C lines 50-1 . . . 50C, which terminate at the inputs of the respective gates CA1 . . . CAC, sampling with period To the bit strings present on the respective line 50. Control signals for gates CA are supplied by the control units CT through a line 80 which is part of one of the connections 8 in FIG. 1. Also the realization of gates such as gates CA is well known in the art, and hence further information is unnecessary. Lines 50 have lengths which are different and progressively increasing from line 50-1 to line 50C and so they introduce a progressively increasing delay on the signals conveyed. For what concerns the invention, the interest lies in the relative delay between one line and the line preceding it, which must be equal to the period Tc of the compressed bits. The minimum delay (line 50-1) can therefore be considered as equal to 0, while the generic line 50j (j=I . . . C) will introduce a delay (j-1)Tc.
Outputs of gates CA1 . . . CAC are connected through the respective lines 60-1 . . . 60C to an integrator-detector IR which effects an integration in the time of the bits received and their conversion into electrical form, so as to reconstruct the cell aggregates corresponding to those outgoing from blocks PA (formed therefore by bits with period and duration To). In practice IR will be made up of a unit reconstituting the bit sequence and of an optical-to-electrical converter. Lines 60 have also different lengths, in order to introduce different delays on the bits that conveyed. The delay introduced by each line is a multiple of the overall duration y�Tc of a compressed aggregate and it is progressively increasing, by steps of y�Tc, from line 60C to line 60-1. More particularly, the delay will vary from 0 (line 60C) to (C-1)�y�Tc (line 60-1) and, for the generic line 60j, it will be (C-j)�y�Tc. The reasons for the choice of the given values for the delay introduced by lines 50, 60 will appear clearly from the description of the operation of unit PE, with reference to FIGS. 5a-5c.
Here the espansion of the 8-bit aggregate compressed by a factor C=4 as shown in FIG. 3 has been shown by way of example. FIG. 5a shows the situation of the aggregates on lines 50-1 . . . 50-4 at the input of the sampling gates CA, FIG. 5b the situation on lines 60-1 . . . 60-4 at the output of the same gates. The first sampling pulse CK0 for the aggregate being examined reaches gates CA at the moment when bit 1 of the aggregate is present at the input of gate CA connected to line 50-4; due to the various delays introduced by lines 50-2 . . . 50-4 with respect to line 50-1, at the same instant bits 7, 5, 3 are present respectively on lines 50-1, 50-2, 50-3, the second sampling pulse CK1, which arrives after time To=4Tc, lets bits 8, 6, 4, 2 pass at the outputs of gates CA1 . . . CA4: on the four lines 60 four distinct pair of bits, each comprising bits that were adjacent in the original aggregate, propagates towards the integrator. The bits of each pair are spaced by the original bit time. Line 60-4 is the one with the least delay and therefore bit 1 is effectively the first bit reaching the input of integrator IR. The immediately preceding line 60-3 introduces a delay of 8Tc (=2To), and therefore, before a bit present on this line reaches integrator IR, this receives bit 2 from line 60-4. After a time 2To passes, IR will receive bit 3 followed by bit 4, and so on. The original sequence of the bits has therefore been reconstituted at the input of IR. Integrator IR will then bring each bit back to its original duration and convert it into electrical form, giving the sequence in FIG. 5c, which reproduces exactly the one present at the input of a unit PC.
It is to be noted that the above described expansion scheme requires the overall length of the aggregates to be a multiple of compression factor C. This does not constitute a limitation because it is sufficient to choose suitably the number of cells in the aggregate, if the length of same does not satisfay this condition.
It is clear that what has been described has been given only by way of non limiting example and that variations and modifications are possible without departing from of the scope of the invention. So, for example, multiplexers MU can be replaced by passive combining devices, receiving in a sequential way the compressed aggregates outgoing from one group of compression units PC. Obviously, the demultiplexers DM will be then replaced by complementary passive distribution units. In this case it will be the time base to establish the reading instant of the various aggregates in memories MF so that they arrive at the inputs of the multiplexing unit with the required sequence.
Moreover, the folding elements RP could be realized so as to form a number of replicas of the aggregate different from 2, e.g. 3, 5, etc . . . , obtained by delaying the input aggregate of multiples of To/3, To/5 . . . . , so that compression ratios will be obtained which are powers of 3, 5, etc. In this case, if z is the number of replicas formed, the delay element R constituting the x-th path inside the i-th element of the succession of folding elements will have to introduce a delay of (x-1)(y-1)To/zi on the signals that run across it.
Patent Citations
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What should I do about Gardenia soil
I have seen alot about soil. And I have been learning alot. But ,can someone make this simple for me for just one plant?
I am buying a 60 dollar Gardenia tommorrow,and I am sure if I leave it in the soil that it came in, it most certainly would probably die although it would probably do fine in it, if left in a greenhouse>> They always seem to do better no matter what soil their in, outdoors or in greenhouses. The soil in that container looks awful to me.Looks like it would stay wet to long if not under right conditions in the winter.
Is anyone having sucess growing a Gardenia in good soil?
I live in New Enland and I guess the soil has to be what's best for my area.
Should I change the soil? And what is the best soil to make for this Gardenia? Does anyone have recepie since gardenia like acid soil. What would your soil consist of if you were to rinse all old soil off and put it in a homemade one. I like the ideas of Als soil for all other trees,but I do not feel comfortable using it for my Gradenia. For some reason I feel there should be some peat. Who knows, maybe I am wrong!!I would like a Lite,Airy,Composty, Acidic mix. Since I am older, I will be carrying to the outdoors and then inside. Al's formula would probably work, but then it would be too heavy for me to lift, with all that crushed granite, turface and stuff. In fact I have been using Al's in my smaller plants and they are heavy!!:-). Soory Al, but great soil though for SO FAR FOR ALL MY OTHER PLANTS!lol
I just want my Gardenia in the lightest soil for the optimum growth!This is a big plant!
Sorry everyone for being a pest. I am so afraid to waste my money, and yet I have already killed 3 of them and I want to be able to suceed with this one!
Your gardenia will be perfectly happy in
5 parts pine bark
1 part perlite
1 part sphagnum peat
The mix will be light, airy, and acidic, yet still much more durable than a peat or compost based soil.
No apologies needed, Sissy. It's your plant & I won't feel bad regardless of what you choose to settle your plant in.
Thankyou so much Al for your ALWAYS quick caring attitude when it comes to helping others. Thankyou. I like the sounds of this soil..:-). I can't wait to buy my plant now.
Maybe this will be the first Gardenia I have ever own without killing it from unhappy feet in to wet of a soil.
The snow is melting fast around here in New England....Even my favorite bird is back from his winter break!
Take care, I hope you are well.
Add a tablespoon per gallon of soil, or 1/3 - 1/2 cup per cu ft. Remember that you'll need to add the Epsom salts when you fertilize - ok? 1/4 - 1/2 tsp per gallon of water mixed with your fertilizer. Check first to be sure your fertilizer does not contain Ca and Mg though. It most likely does not.
I'm not sure how you arrived at that conclusion, but I'll mention that you would be hard pressed to find any difference of significance between the 5:1:1 soil and a peat-based soil from the bag. The 5:1:1 mix would be, in fact, about the same weight when dry & lighter when wet. The decision is yours, of course, and I have no stake in how you go about rearing your plants, but I offered the correction so others wouldn't get the impression that the 5:1:1 soil should be considered a heavy soil.
A potted gardenia in the north is nothing like any other house plants you regularly see. The problem with gardenia is that its roots are extremely prone to root rot, and even worse, once root rot started, it's very hard to reverse it, the rot will proceed to the whole root system. So don't let the root rot in the first place. Once the process starts, it's going to be a long and painful declining. You will see stunned growth, old leaves yellowing but don't fall off, leaves losing shine, new growth wilts even when the pot is still heavy. A jasmine, on the other hand, can have root rot, but once the condition improves, the root rot will normally stop itself.
I have killed many gardenias and also has great success with a couple of them. I have failed a couple times miserably repoting gardenia into Al's gritty mix from peat based old soil. I am still in the process of learning, but here is what I have found so far.
For a gardenia with peat based old soil, it's very hard for the gardenia to grow new roots into the gritty mix if you don't bare root the gardenia first. I don't know the reason, maybe the PH difference plays a factor.
It's very easy for the gardenia to grow new roots into the 5-1-1 even you just gently tease apart the tangling roots.
Even with 5-1-1, dreaded winter cloudy days can be fatal to your indoor gardenia unless the gardenia is very pot bound. The soil can still stay wet for too long. The rule of thumb is that the potting mix has to dry out in about two or three days after watering, otherwise, you run the risk of root rotting. I am trying to see the gritty mix could offer me an answer. Also a growth light may also necessary. In short, it's a high maintenance plant.
I repotted my gardenia from peat based soil into gritty mix about 10 days ago. Now it's still in a shock, it will wilt slightly in the afternoon, but will perk up in the morning. Also there are a handful of old leaves turning yellow, but this gardenia has tons of leaves. I am still have my fingers crossed.
Good luck with your gardenia
One, if your gardenia dies yellowthumb, I can promise you it is not because of the gritty mix in particular, but because of cultural or enviromental problems. Seems to me, everything has to be just right for them to be happy, even if they are in the best kept soiless mixes, especially the gritty mix.
Two, thankgod my gardenias are doing awsome in the gritty mix...They are far less prone to root rot, even in this cruddy everyday cool weather i have had since May!, than any mix I ever used.
If someone is looking for a soiless mix that dries out fast, and is very light weight, very light weight, then use the 5.1.1 mix, and use less peat if you find the mix staying wet to long. It is a lot lighter than the bagged mixes, I can assure you..:-)
I came across this thread today, while in Mt. View, California visiting our kids. We're from Connecticut. Any updates? I'd LOVE to grow a grafted gardenia in our sunroom, but don't want to kill it. I do plan on getting some citrus from Four Winds and growing them in gritty mix. I'll also email yellowthumb to see what he says.


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Files » Morrowind » Quests And Adventures
7 49Broadsheets and Notice BoardsWith this mod you will now find notice boards throughout the world. Here you can find public declarations and notices, requests that begin side quests, and broadsheets containing the latest news, along with many other types of documents.Released: 21/03/2015 - 07:11AMUpdated: 21/03/2015 - 07:11AM
by KJS94
5 204Our Lady's SolaceThis mod is designed to add more depth to Almalexia through the Tribunal main quest.Released: 03/03/2015 - 04:06AMUpdated: 29/03/2015 - 04:53PM
by green_shade
11 184Apotheosis - Become a God An alteration to the main questThis mod alters the end of the main quest so that in your confrontation with Dagoth Ur, you can choose to become a god.Released: 06/01/2015 - 04:08AMUpdated: 07/01/2015 - 10:25PM
by MrFahrenheit247
2 30Tribunal Temple Compassion Quest FixFixes Tuls Valen's dialogue for the Temple quest of compassion.Released: 02/01/2015 - 09:33PMUpdated: 02/01/2015 - 09:33PM
by salaa
20 309Adanumuran ReclaimedClear Adanumuran (North west shore of Lake Amaya) of the smugglers and Nix-Hounds to start your own smuggling operations.Released: 15/11/2014 - 09:01PMUpdated: 23/11/2014 - 11:49AM
by Danae123
24 647Dangerous Roads of MorrowindThis mod takes the clean roads of Morrowind and adds raided carriages, Results of natural events, and overall provide for a better immerse experience when on the roads of MorrowindReleased: 15/11/2014 - 04:56AMUpdated: 03/12/2014 - 11:59PM
by DarklitJupiter
27 466The Merchant FendusA lore accurate, lore intensive and enchantingly original quest involving the best of degenerate activities in the Elder Scrolls: smuggling, treasure, double crossing, and a back-story wrought with mystery and irrevocable consequences.Released: 26/09/2014 - 10:45PMUpdated: 10/01/2015 - 09:48AM
by MauiEyes
5 63TR-Morag Tong IntegrationOut of 12 vanilla Morag Tong quests 7 send the player around Vivec. Now Morag Tong masters will send you to the mainland instead.Released: 30/07/2014 - 12:29PMUpdated: 05/08/2014 - 07:56PM
by ivolga
15 153Smooth MovesDon't you just wish Ahnassi would play for the other team once in a while?Released: 07/06/2014 - 06:31AMUpdated: 07/06/2014 - 06:31AM
by Darkraiguy
12 540Amenophis - Misc Quests TweaksThere are some quests in Morrowind where you can´t close without console commands.Released: 18/04/2014 - 10:12PMUpdated: 20/01/2015 - 03:15AM
by TaxAkla
9 160The Uber WarriorThis mod adds an Ebony Warrior styled quest to Morrowind.Released: 16/03/2014 - 02:31PMUpdated: 30/03/2014 - 07:33PM
by Kalamestari_69
4 79New Quests - Hlaalu Grandmaster WIPAdds new story driven and misc quests to Morrowind.Released: 31/01/2014 - 05:34AMUpdated: 07/02/2014 - 07:55AM
by Overkill55
0 40Ygfar The Hero PLPowerfull warrior in Vivec Arena, with bound daedric armor. Polish version. Do Vivek przybył wielki norski wojownik, Ygfar Bohater. Udał się na Arenę, by spotkać godnego siebie przeciwnika, z którym mógłby stoczyć walkę na śmierć i życie. Jest posiadaczem potężnego Ostrza Zmierzchu oraz Daedrycznej Zbroi Zmierzchu.Released: 17/11/2013 - 12:52PMUpdated: 26/06/2014 - 01:44PM
by ARHIZ
2 45The Patriarch PLBig mod to Polish version - beta. Mod dodaje zadania dla Patriarchy w Świątyniach w Gnisis, Balmorze, Vivek i Kaplicy w Vos. Umożliwia też zdobycie Zbroi i Sejmitara Patriarchy, Szaty Św. Velotha, Pastorału Św. Olmsa i posiadłości Patriarchy. Plugin poprawia też dialogi Viveka.Released: 17/11/2013 - 12:43PMUpdated: 26/06/2014 - 01:50PM
by ARHIZ
5 43The Shinning Temple PLBig mod to Polish version. Plugin dodaje całkiem nową przygodę, aby ją rozpocząć, udaj się do Domu Cechowego Arrille`a i porozmawiaj z Świetlistym Wojownikiem, a zdradzi ci, jak dostać się do Świetlistej Świątyni, starożytnej siedziby Świetlistego Klanu...Released: 17/11/2013 - 12:09PMUpdated: 26/06/2014 - 01:00PM
by ARHIZ
1 48RMNahimanaHolleSucht Nahimana Holle in der Umgebung von Seyda Neen auf. Ich wünsche Euch viel Spaß! Ralf MarquardtReleased: 22/10/2013 - 09:06PMUpdated: 25/11/2013 - 02:45PM
by rmarquardt
5 130Black Beast of BalmoraThe road between Balmora and Caldera is shunned at night. The townspeople whisper rumours of ghostly black beast stalking the wilds. Travellers have been disappearing. Larrius Varro is appealing for someone to investigate...Released: 23/05/2013 - 04:31PMUpdated: 05/11/2014 - 01:23PM
by Sladle
18 359The Mystic Potion - A magicka boost modThis mod adds a quest to find the legendary artifact known only as "The Mystic Potion", with a fun puzzle and some unique enemies to fight. The potion itself gives you a whooping x5 MAX MAGICKA Increase, permanently. Good for the aspiring mage or a warrior delving into the magical arts for the first time.Released: 07/01/2013 - 03:02AMUpdated: 07/01/2013 - 03:13AM
by TheDrunkenMudcrab
8 112Berne QuestsNew quests for Clan Berne.Released: 23/10/2012 - 02:39AMUpdated: 01/11/2012 - 04:05PM
by Sladle
14 272Menace Of The DeepArdimus is being pestered by a large shark invading his fishing grounds. His shack is located southwest of Seyda Neen. This is a short quest mod that might be a bit difficult for beginning players.Released: 28/07/2012 - 01:18PMUpdated: 30/08/2012 - 05:23PM
by bryman1970
0 0Keening - Chapter 1 - Keening CityPart 1 of an independent expansion series inspired by Morrowind Comes Alive and the impending fate of Morrowind as revealed in "The Infernal City." New landmass, city, faction, quests, and storyline.Released: 24/07/2012 - 06:30AMUpdated: 25/07/2012 - 09:06AM
by DanaNovaDarko
1 43Arena challengeits a pretty basic mod.Released: 16/07/2012 - 01:33PMUpdated: 16/07/2012 - 01:47PM
by papiew
5 98Pied PiperLike the Pied Piper of story, summon rats and lead them using a magical pipe. Involves multiple quests, new creatures, and other various new content such as trident and shield.Released: 27/06/2012 - 06:00PMUpdated: 27/06/2012 - 06:32PM
by neildarkstar
1 175The NerevaneA great dungeon known as the Nerevane has appeared due to Nerevarine's return... Will the new Morrowind hero successfully unlock Nerevane's secrets or epicly fail?Released: 19/05/2012 - 07:33PMUpdated: 19/05/2012 - 07:38PM
by Jusey1
27 552The Great Tribe of the BearThis mod add's a Tribe of Barbarians to Solsthiem, along the end of the river NW of Fort Frostmoth. Throughout your time with this tribe, you will meet Kings, escort princesses, slay Ice Giants, forge weapons, hunt dragons, and much more.Released: 27/04/2012 - 01:14AMUpdated: 14/04/2013 - 04:46AM
by SlaaneshTheCorrupter
146 2,191A Strange PlantBrings the Nirnroot to Vvardenfell. A simple, non intrusive and bug free quest mod.Released: 14/04/2012 - 12:17AMUpdated: 29/08/2013 - 12:17PM
by PeterBitt
44 619Muffinwind - Enhanced EditionAn updated version of the classic Morrowind adventure Muffinwind. Remade and redone on every level, this is the definitive version of everyone's favourite epic-level muffin-based quest mod.Released: 01/02/2012 - 01:41PMUpdated: 01/02/2012 - 05:24PM
by CowGuru
34 1,009Rahj IRahj I, it's 39 quests entries, rougly 20h of playing, an island on 100 exterior cells, 1 small village, 43 caverns, 136 NPCs, 2 new races, a new concept with 10 explorable dreams...Released: 01/01/2012 - 06:37PMUpdated: 08/01/2012 - 01:44AM
by InariKettu
21 255Inseparable SiblingsThis mod adds several NPCs, unique dialogue and a side quest to the Morrowind game world.Released: 31/12/2011 - 06:53AMUpdated: 31/12/2011 - 07:05AM
by Reptile
24 335Restoring Rains Hand HallThe manor of Lord Nerevar has been found! New story, quest, NPCs, and dialog for Bjorn's Rain's Hand Hall mod. Rebuild Rain's Hand Hall from the ground up, and restore it to its former glory.Released: 02/11/2011 - 02:58PMUpdated: 16/11/2011 - 07:03PM
by Chesko


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BJP MLA from Garoth assembly seat, Rajesh Yadav passed away on Friday in a private hospital at Gurgaon after a prolonged illness.
BJP MLA from Garoth assembly seat, Rajesh Yadav passed away on Friday in a private hospital at Gurgaon after a prolonged illness.
Gwalior, the birthplace of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee erupted in joy and celebrations on Friday after he was awarded the Bharat Ratna.
Relatives of former prime minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee were overwhelmed with joy after the veteran BJP leader was on Friday conferred the Bharat Ratna.
Failing to get an assurance from the Madhya Pradesh government on the issue of compensation for rain and hailstorm-hit farmers, the Congress MLAs today called off their agitation after staging a three-day protest in the state Assembly.
Failing to get an assurance from the Madhya Pradesh government on the issue of compensation for rain and hailstorm-hit farmers, the Congress MLAs on Friday called off their agitation after staging a three-day protest in the state A.
The Leader of Opposition Satyadev Katare, who is leading a sit-in protest of the Congress MLAs on the premises of the Madhya Pradesh Assembly since Tuesday, was tonight issued a notice to vacate the campus immediately.
The Madhya Pradesh High Court today rejected the anticipatory bail application of IAS officer Arvind Joshi who was dismissed from service for allegedly amassing wealth beyond known sources of his income.
The body of Madhya Pradesh Governor Ram Naresh Yadav's son Shailesh, an accused in the multi-crore Vyapam scam in Madhya Pradesh, was consigned to the flames in the presence of his family members here today.
Senior Congress leader Digvijay Singh today alleged that the BJP government in Madhya Pradesh has "falsely implicated" Governor Ram Naresh Yadav in the multi-crore Vyapam scam, apparently to save Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan.
Three persons, including a new born baby, were killed and five others injured when the jeep in which they were travelling hit a truck near here, police said today.
Hitting out at the NDA government, Congress Chief Whip in Lok Sabha, Jyotiraditya Scindia on Thursday said here that the Narendra Modi government is "betraying" farmers through the Land Acquisition Bill.
The Delhi High Court on Thursday extended by two months the protection it granted to the Vyapam scam "whistleblower" who has alleged that the Madhya Pradesh Police and intelligence department were threatening him.
Intensifying their protest on the issue of compensation for rain and hailstorm-hit farmers, the Congress MLAs Thursday began an indefinite hunger strike in the well of the Madhya Pradesh Assembly.
Amid reports that Shailesh Yadav died after consuming poison, family members of Madhya Pradesh Governor Ram Naresh Yadav's son, an accused in the Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board or Vyapam scam, on Thursday said they don't suspect any foul play.
Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan has expressed profound grief over death of state Governor Ram Naresh Yadav's son in Lucknow on Wednesday.
Congress on Wednesday intensified its protest on the issue of compensating farmers affected by rain and hailstorm as the party MLAs continued to stage a sit-in in the well of Madhya Pradesh Assembly which began last evening.
Congress general secretary Digvijay Singh on Wednesday accused the Shivraj Singh Chauhan-led BJP Government in Madhya Pradesh of indulging in corruption while giving out compensation to farmers, alleging that the state sees every natural disaster as an 'opportunity' to make money.
Shailesh Yadav, the son of Madhya Pradesh Governor Ram Naresh Yadav, was on Wednesday found dead at the Governor's official residence in Lucknow.
Madhya Pradesh Congress leaders, who held an overnight dharna inside the state Assembly, continued their protest on Wednesday to protest against the new Land Acquisition Bill.
Dissatisfied with Madhya Pradesh CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan's reply on providing relief to recent rain and hail hit farmers, Congress members staged an indefinite sit-in today in the well of the house demanding adequate compensation, even after the Speaker adjourned the assembly sine die.
A 25-year-old man who had allegedly killed the wife of a retired IAS officer, has been arrested, police said on Tuesday.
Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan Tuesday directed the Director General of Police (DGP) here to submit a report on assaults on journalists in the state.
Congress general secretary and former chief minister Digvijay Singh was on Tuesday stopped from holding a press conference in Madhya Pradesh Assembly's Press Room by the Speaker, holding that the facility was not available to "outsiders."
The Supreme Court has granted a special task force four months more to conclude its probe into the Vyapam scam in Madhya Pradesh.
The Congress on Monday demanded police action against Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan for allegedly tampering with evidence to absolve himself in the Vyapam scam.
The Supreme Court on Monday granted four months more to the Special Investigation Team (SIT), constituted following a High Court order, to conclude probe into the alleged scam in the Madhya Pradesh Professional Examination Board (MPPEB).
Six members of the Hindu Dharma Sena, who were arrested for attacking Christians at a religious gathering here, were granted bail on Monday.
The 142-year-old cathedral here, which was vandalised allegedly by right-wing activists last week, has been targeted for the second time since 2008.
Six persons have been arrested in connection with an attack on a church and a Cathloic school in Madhya Pradesh's Jabaplpur area.
The opposition Congress might boycott the special one-day session of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly on March 24 if the government does not concede to its demand of extending it for a day.


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