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Although Filipinos are found in 200 countries, the United States remains a land of milk and honey for many of them. Thus, when a news report came out that the State Department announced on Monday of a new policy that could be life changing for Philippine residents, many were happy.
The report said Washington removed the Philippines from the list of nations allowed to enter the U.S. without obtaining a visa. The new policy was supposed to take effect immediately.
The no visa policy, it said, was a reward from Washington because of the flattering results of the 2013 Global Attitudes Project of the Pew Research Center that 85 per cent of Filipinos said they have a favourable view of the U.S.
It said the U.S. would add to the list of 25 countries that do not require a visa from Filipinos, which means they could stay in mainland U.S. for 60 days, thus excluding Alaska.
To prevent the crash of the U.S. embassy phone system, the embassy ask applicants to download a biographical form and submit it to be accompanied by a 2x2 colored selfie photo one week before their scheduled trip to the U.S.
If the story appears to be too good to be true, it's because it is a hoax, a satire made by the satire Philippine news site The Adobo Chronicles whose tagline "The Best Source of Unbelievable News" should be the giveaway not to take seriously what is written on the Web site.
While Filipinos who hope to see snow were dashed, what's real is there's a plan by Japan, which also has snow, to widen its visa-free scheme to citizens of its three neighbours in Asia - Vietnam, Indonesia and the Philippines.
The plan seeks to make the Land of the Rising Sun a tourist destination for Asian travelers. Expected to be implemented in June 2014, the easing of visa restrictions aims to bring 20 million foreign tourists yearly to Japan.
Tokyo initially eased visa restrictions for Thai and Malaysian tourists in July 2013 which boosted by 61 per cent to 630,000 the number of visitors from the two Asian nations in the second half of 2013, increasing the country's tourists to 10 million for the first time.
The 20 million foreign visitors target of Japan is set for 2020 when Tokyo hosts the Olympic Summer Games.
Japan used to be a favourite destination of Filipino entertainers which spawned a lot of half-Japanese, half-Filipino children called Japinoys.


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IVÁN MARTÉN: The U.S. relies on nuclear for approximately 20% of its power. Read More »
Nov 28, 2014
IVÁN MARTÉN: The U.S. relies on nuclear for approximately 20% of its power. Read More »
IVÁN MARTÉN: There is a conversation between Captain Renault and Rick (Humphrey Bogart) in the film "Casablanca" that portrays a major issue the energy sector is facing: misinformation. Read More »
IVAN MARTEN: Unconventional oil production has transformed crude-oil supply networks in North America. Read More »
IVÁN MARTÉN: Many countries are already working on greenhouse-gas (GHG) mitigation strategies. One reason is that they regard climate change as a major risk for our planet. Read More »
IVAN MARTEN: Many still fail to appreciate the huge potential for using energy more efficiently, which is probably the best way to reduce carbon emissions. Read More »
IVAN MARTEN: As much as there is no one cure for every pain, no single energy policy is sufficient for every country. Read More »
IVÁN MARTÉN: Renewable-energy production brings extra costs to the power system that should be managed and subsidized in the most effective way. Read More »
IVAN MARTEN: The key struggle in advancing the frontier on energy efficiency is not a technological one. Reducing energy consumption is a battle that needs to be fought on many fronts, from large industrial facilities to private homes. Read More »
IVAN MARTEN: The U.S. coal industry has faced economic challenges in recent years, and forecasts indicate that price relief will not come in the near future. Read More »
IVAN MARTEN: The shale-gas revolution is bringing a host of benefits to the U.S., including greater energy independence, reduced carbon emissions, and a resurgence of the country's energy intensive sectors—especially petrochemicals. Read More »
Content engaging our readers now, with additional prominence accorded if the story is rapidly gaining attention. Our WSJ algorithm comprises 30% page views, 20% Facebook, 20% Twitter, 20% email shares and 10% comments.

subset: commoncrawl


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I'm trying to learn 3d graphics programming through "Learning Modern 3D Graphics Programming" by Jason L. McKesson.
I have not really looked at other guides, but this guide seems to emphasize the theory and mathematics behind 3d graphics. Right now, I am stuck on this page:
I am not exactly sure what he means by camera space, and why it is necessary to project a 3d world onto a 2d surface. This question is kind of vague, so instead of a full explanation, links that might give me a different way of explaining these concepts would be appreciated as well.


text: When You're Away, They Come Out To Play Luke PlunkettProfileFollowUnfollow Luke PlunkettFiled to: screengrab Art Sweden Kotaku Magu 8/18/10 10:00am 8/18/10 10:00amEditDelete InviteInvite manuallyPromoteXDismissXUndismissBlock for kotakuHideShare to KinjaShare to FacebookShare to PinterestShare to TwitterGo to permalink Adorable. By jnkboy, for the 50th issue of Sweden's classy Level magazine. 167Reply 167Discuss


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Topics :: drag
1 thru 10 of 26 Stories
So You Think You Know...Paige Turner?
She is without a doubt one of New York City's stand-out cabaret personalities, and Showbiz Spitfire Paige Turner is showing no signs of slowing down! The star of the drag scene shares some insight on her longevity!
'Drag Race' Stars Set to Invade NYC for Halloween Events
"RuPaul's Drag Race" stars Sharon Needles, Alaska Thunderf*ck, BenDeLaCreme, Courtney Act, Darienne Lake and more are set to invade Gotham for two back-to-back Halloween events.
Facebook Apologizes to Drag Queens for Name Policy
Facebook is apologizing to drag queens and the transgender community for deleting accounts that used drag names like Lil Miss Hot Mess rather than legal names such as Bob Smith.
Best in Drag Show Raises Funds for AID For AIDS
The Best in Drag Show, the outrageous and long-running annual fundraiser, will be held on October 5 at the Orpheum Theatre in downtown Los Angeles, raising funds for Aid for AIDS.
Betsey Johnson Celebrates Brides, Marriage Freedom
Drag queens and a transgender bride romped down Betsey Johnson's runway Wednesday with same-sex couples, a few "Real Housewives" and the 72-year-old designer's TV dance partner in a fashion show that screamed JUST MARRIED!
Get 'Drenched' at The Life Group LA Fundraiser
As summer turns into fall, The Life Group LA invites you to get "Drenched" one last time at their September 13 first-ever drag water polo game to benefit people living with HIV/AIDS. The event is hosted by DJ eur-O-steve and Stan Smith.
Labor Day Drag Party Seeks to Break World Record
On Saturday August 30, Scaup Walk in The Pines will be transformed into La Isla Bonita and hopefully the site of the Guinness World Record for the Largest Gathering of People Dressed as Madonna.
Miss Firecracker Pageant Raises Funds for AIDS Help
On Tuesday, July 1, drag queens -- and this year, for the first time, biological women -- will don their hottest outfits and vie for the chance to be crowned Miss Firecracker.
RuPaul Calls Out Logo Amid 'Tranny' Debate
RuPaul went on a Twitter tirade after a statement by Logo was published by BuzzFeed where officials "distanced themselves" from the icon drag queen's comments regarding the use of the word "tranny."
GMHC Teams With DragOn for Experimental Drag at The Dollhouse
On Saturday, April 26 at the Maritime Hotel in Chelsea, the drag ball DragOn will bring together friends and community for an outrageously fun night of creative costumes and competition, all to benefit Gay Men's Health Crisis.
1 thru 10 of 26 Stories


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Celebrate Mes Chamorro with plenty of activities this month. Pacific Daily News file photo
Celebrate Mes Chamorro with plenty of activities this month.
• All month: In honor of Chamorro Month, Farm to Table Guam is promoting local agriculture with a hashtag contest. Visit 9th Street Rotary, Mosa's Joint or Pika's Cafe and order anything off the menu that includes local produce, take a photo and use hashtag #FarmToTableGuam to be entered to win a gift basket with local products. For details, visit www.FarmToTableGuam.org.
• All month: Boñelos cooking demonstrations at 4 p.m. Wednesdays and Fridays. Every Friday, enjoy Guma' Fuetsan i Chamoru-ta performances at 5 p.m., with coconut weaving, husking and grating in the Guam Reef & Olive Spa Resort lobby.
• Through March 15: Department of Education poster contest entries will be on display at Agana Shopping Center. This year's theme is "We: Reminiscing about the Wisdom and Knowledge of our Ancestors."
• March 14: DOE weaving competition from 10:30 a.m. to 2 p.m. at Agana Shopping Center.
• March 19: Spam kelaguen competition at 3 p.m. at the Guam Reef & Olive Spa Resort Infinity Beach Club.
• March 21: DOE modan Chamorro, or Chamorro fashion show from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. at Agana Shopping Center. Styles from the Latte, Spanish, Early American and contemporary eras will be worn by DOE students.
• March 21: Battle of the acoustic bands and Chamorrita swimwear fashion show at 6:30 p.m. at the Guam Reef Hotel & Olive Resort Spa Infinity Beach Club.
• March 28: DOE geran kåddon pika, or hot and spicy chicken competition, will kick off at Cost-U-Less in Tamuning. DOE students will prepare, cook and display their best pika dishes.
For more information on DOE events, call the Chamorro Studies Division at 300-5048/5055.
Share your event
How will you be celebrating Chamorro Month? If your organization will be offering a special event, share your information with us by sending in complete information -- time, date, location, price, etc. Send an email to firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Fauji Fertilizer Company Interview Questions
Interview Experience
Interview Experience
Getting an Interview
Getting an Interview
Interview Difficulty
Interviews for Top Jobs at Fauji Fertilizer CompanyMore
Candidate Interview ReviewsSort: Popular Date Difficulty
- Application Details
I applied online. The process took 2+ months – interviewed at Fauji Fertilizer Company in July 2013.Interview Details
Applied through their website. GAT score required got call for 1st technical interview.Interview Questions
No OfferPositive ExperienceAverage Interview
- pure subject related questions. View Answer
- Application Details
I applied through other source. The process took 4+ months – interviewed at Fauji Fertilizer Company.Interview Details
- Test includes professional and IQ evaluation.
- First interview consisting of technical questions.
- Second interview comprises of technical & behavioral evaluation.Interview Questions
Negotiation Details- No negotiation.Accepted OfferAverage Interview
- - None. Answer Question
- Application Details
I applied through an employee referral. The process took 3+ months – interviewed at Fauji Fertilizer Company in October 2011.Interview Details
I was contacted through a ex-employee of the company and called for a 1:1 interview for a position in a newly set up division for overseas services. I was interviewed by the General Manager in a screening interview, which included discussions on all the areas of my expertise and the job requirements. The interview was very comprehensive covering all aspects from primary schooling to post-graduate studies to various job positions. It also included questions from marketing and financial management as the job under discussion required capabilities of both. After the initial screening interview, I was taken through to the Group General Manager (HR) to do a similar screening interview again.
After the screening interviews, I was called for a group/panel interview after almost 45 days. I was interviewed by the most senior personnel even though I was not being considered for a senior level position as I came to know just before the interview through one of the HR representatives, collecting basic information of several candidates called for similar position. The interview took around 20 minutes to complete and consisted of very brief questions about the market of engineering services in Pakistan and Middle East, in general.
Within a couple of days from the interview, I was told verbally that I have been short-listed and will be receiving a formal appointment letter in 10 days time. To my surprise, there was no official discussion on the package and perks being offered to me. I was sent a letter that stated only the position I was offered and referred to company policies for the package and perks.Interview Questions
Negotiation DetailsFormally, I was kept unaware of my final remuneration package up until I joined and spent about 10 days with the company. I was unofficially disclosed the basic salary being offered to me by the General Manager of Division for which I was being hired. Whenever I inquired about the take home salary or taxable income or other perks, I got an answer, "you are joining FFC, so do not worry about such things, you will be taken care off and will be pampered". On my continuous insistence, I was told that I would be paid around PKR 125,000 taxable salary, which to my surprise was quite low as compared to the salary I was drawing while I was being interviewed. So, I refused to join straight away and declined the offer being too low a salary offered with no additional perks. I got another call after one day stating that my gross package has been made PKR 150,000 while the remaining perks will be given as per policy. I requested for the policy, for which I got an answer that I have to join to know the policies.
- Why did not you opt for A Levels and did Intermediate? View Answer
- Do you have relevant contacts in the industry? View Answer
I decided to go through the experience of knowing the policies by joining the company, although a hard one, but financially it paid off as the company's standing in Pakistan's current economic conditions is extremely good. However, I feel that I was unable to negotiate the position for myself as the perks policy of company is highly inclined on rewarding the senior management while giving minimum to the middle management even. Having said that the policies are not even synchronized with the modern day corporate world and require massive structural changes.Accepted OfferNegative ExperienceEasy Interview
- Application Details
I applied online. The process took 3+ months – interviewed at Fauji Fertilizer Company in March 2010.Interview Details
I Apply in fauji fertilizer company through add in new paper. after applying the post of network technician i receive a call later from employer side. And after this i pass iq/skill test and interviewInterview Questions
No OfferPositive ExperienceDifficult Interview
- one of the most difficult question I face from employer side is. how you eligible for this technical job? View Answer
- Application Details
The process took 2 days – interviewed at Fauji Fertilizer Company in December 2009.Interview Details
The process was a thorough and in-depth process. It started with a written test and after passing the test, followed by interview consisting of personality checks. After passing it, final interview was conducted at plant site.Interview Questions
Negotiation DetailsNo negotiations were carried out because package was already very attractiveAccepted OfferPositive ExperienceAverage Interview
- What are your negatie points ? View Answer
- Application Details
I applied online. The process took 3+ months – interviewed at Fauji Fertilizer Company in November 2009.Interview Details
First you apply online and then a test is held. But nowadays they are accepting NTS GAT general test scores. Then candidates are shortlisted based on their test marks and academic percentages (matric to masters) and interviews are held. There are 3 interviews: 1. initial skill related interview, 2. Personality assessment, 3. Panel interview by senior management for final selection.Interview Questions
Negotiation DetailsNo negotiationAccepted OfferPositive ExperienceDifficult Interview
- don't remember Answer Question
Is this helpful? The community relies on everyone sharing – Add Anonymous Interview Review


text:
Boker Rasiermesser Piccadilly Straight Razor Blade 140512 (Buffalo Horn Handle)
- Blade Length:3.00"
- Blade Width:0.75"
- Weight:2.00 oz.
- Color:Yellow
- Brand:Boker
- Model:Piccadilly
- Model Number:140515
- Country of Origin:Germany
- Product Type:Razor
The high quality "Piccadilly" straight razor is a real classic in the long history of the Boker Manufactory. This new edition comes with a 6/8" blade, made out of the best razor steel (high edge retention and not stainless) and with a special hollow grind. A distinctive feature is the rounded blade spine, which shows special notches for an optimal grip. The handle scales are made out of hand selected buffalo horn from France. This straight razor is manufactured by hand in a process of 120 single steps in the Boker Manufactory in Solingen, Germany. Comes serial numbered, with a certificate of authenticity, and in historical packaging.
PLEASE NOTE: Due to the nature of this personal product, NO RETURNS OR EXCHANGES will be permitted if the item has been used.


text:
Someone has beheaded "Wendy Rose."
The large, metal statue, which normally stands about 10 feet tall on the Columbia Waterfront Trail, stands a little shorter now.
"The head, somehow, was stolen," city of Vancouver spokeswoman Barb Ayers said. "I can't fathom how this happened, frankly."
Although the statue doesn't technically have a head, it was originally built with a bandana — red and white polka dotted glass welded between metal — similar to the one worn by the iconic "Rosie the Riveter."
The bandana was taken sometime between May 7 and Saturday, when one of the sculpture's artists noticed the piece of the artwork missing.
The city reported the theft to Vancouver police Monday morning and sent a photo of the statue to patrol officers. Neighbors on Watch volunteers were also told to keep a lookout and police are contacting local recycling and trash companies of the theft, Ayers said.
Ayers said the city has also started filing an insurance claim for the statue, which, along with the James and Joyce Harder Memorial Plaza it stands on, cost the city $140,000. The statue was built by six artists who called themselves the Women Who Weld and was completed in 2005. It was unveiled to residents in 2007.
The 1,000-pound statue stands along the Waterfront Renaissance Trail a mile east of the Interstate 5 Bridge, where it overlooks walkers, joggers and bicyclists.
"Wendy Rose" stands to honor the thousands of women who worked in the Kaiser Shipyards during World War II. The "Wendy Rose" name is a takeoff on "Rosie the Riveter," the enduring symbol of more than 6 million American women who worked in wartime factories. Another fictional character, "Wendy the Welder," never gained the same prominence but more accurately represented women who worked in Vancouver and other West Coast shipyards.
"It's kind of a point of pride," Ayers said. "It's our intention to restore 'Wendy' to her full glory."
Because the statue is so tall and in such a public space, Ayers is certain that somebody saw the theft occur.
She asks anyone with information to contact the Vancouver Police tip line, 360-487-7399, even anonymously.


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Hello, I'm from the Canary Islands in Spain. I can only say that the service of the MJM team is good, cheap and pretty. Congratulations!Read More ->
MJM Magic is no doubt the NUMBER 1 online magic store. I would definitely recommend anyone who is into magic to shop here. Thanks for the super fast...Read More ->


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Visit create.airbnb.com »
Thanks for taking the time to report this user.
Your participation helps keep Airbnb a safe and trusted
community, and it doesn't go unnoticed!
I'm originally from the USA, but currently a masters student in sustainable urban planning and design in Norway. I love exploring new cultures and learning languages, hiking and the great outdoors, and late night culinary experiments in the kitchen.
Megan has completed online and offline ID verification.
Learn more »
Wonderful guest!
Megan was a great guest - very considerate and easy going!
Megan and her friend were great, quiet, polite guests. I'd love to have them back anytime!


text:
All What's New
- Today
- Past 7 Days
- Past Month
- Past Year
- Specific Date Range
- Date
Online Course Helps City Leaders Become Financially Savvy
Structured around 8 modules, the e-course is unique in how it focuses on helping local governments solve municipal problems, connecting urban planning, investment programming and financing so they can... Show More +
Senegal Participates in International Student Assessment to Evaluate Education Quality and Student Performance
Senegal's participation in the international PISA-D assessment, which was officially inaugurated in Dakar on January 16, 2015, signals the country's commitment to ensuring that its youth receive quali... Show More +
Does Microfinance Still Hold Promise for Reaching the Poor?
Cull then considered two greenfield models for expanding financial inclusion in countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: a top-down approach that uses branded retail banking networks and a bottom-up one that ... Show More +
What Does It Take to Grow a Forest?
The creation of forests on contaminated soil has tangible benefits. Fallen leaves and needles create a kind of a barrier that limits the dissemination of radioactive dust. Over the past 13 years, this... Show More +
Education in Kuwait Reflects Advice on How to Reform
A recent evaluation of the new policies and practices shows better planning to lead to better teaching practices, more community involvement, and signs of improvement in students' learning. A national... Show More +
An Oasis for Digital Start-Ups in Jamaica
For Minister Robinson Start Up Jamaica contributes to the realisation of Vision 2030 by linking the youth passion for ICT with entrepreneurship's potential to build the local economy.Since the incepti... Show More +
Bridging the Gap: Improving Communication for Better Health in Rural Communities
"Our institute is training nurses and other health professionals and we believe that the deployment of qualified health personnel to the districts and rural areas is contributing to improving signific... Show More +
Reusing Wastewater for Irrigation in Bolivia – For or Against?
Meanwhile, despite a widespread perception that produce irrigated with wastewater would be harder to sell (54 percent among retailers) or would fetch lower prices (23 percent among retailers), World B... Show More +
Surgery Could Save Millions of Lives in Developing Countries
Essential Surgery identifies 44 procedures as essential to provide in developing countries, including those that treat injuries, obstetric complications, abdominal emergencies, cataracts, and con... Show More +
Music Institute Plays Vital Role in Rebuilding Society
Currently a 12th grader at ANIM, Hamidullah is the only one in his family of seven involved in music but his relatives endorse his career choice and support him. It appears that family and f... Show More +
Woman Entrepreneur Shows How to Run a Business
But Sweeta, now a mother of two, was able to convince her in-laws that she could run a business. "Initially my in-laws were telling me it was against their values that I go out and work. They would te... Show More +
In Poland: Innovate to Invigorate
What do innovative companies really need?If we don't know, let's ask them. The World Bank is conducting in-depth interviews in four regions of Poland to learn from innovative entrepreneurs what their ... Show More +
In Ecuador, Innovation Leads to Significant CO2 Reduction
"Our country is one of the world's most environmentally and biologically diverse sites on the planet. Keeping our air, water and land clean is not just a consideration for us, it is the basis from whi... Show More +
The Story of Gizi, Queen of the Nomads
During the interview she switches between Romanian and Hungarian, depending on how she feels. "I learned Romanian in Cluj. Hungarian and Romany in Sărățeni, a village in the heart of the Secuime regio... Show More +
Infographics: Towards a Middle-Class Society in Malaysia
Click the image for full resolution.
The National Ganga River Basin Project
The Ganga is India's most important and iconic river. It flows down from its glacial source in the high Himalayas to course through five states in the northern plains before draining into the sw... Show More +
A New Online Course to Build Procurement Capacity
For those who would like to gain a deeper understanding of India's public procurement systems, they are able to get a Professional Diploma in Public Procurement from the same website. It is a paid one... Show More +
Access to Credit Transform the Lives of Many Afghans
Fatima and her husband, a 52-year-old driver, live with their family in a mud house built on a hilltop in the Dehmazang neighborhood of Kabul City. It is an informal settlement in the city center wher... Show More +
Village-run enterprises improve the delivery of water-services in Indonesia
Another benefit from the arrival of community-based water organizations: funds to share with the community, and jobs."The Bumdes contributes 10% of its net profit to the village," says Aang Kunaefi, a... Show More +
Latin America: A thirsty region with abundant water sources
On World Water Day we invite you to discover the most important challenges that a region like Latin America faces, through cartoons drawn for the World Bank Group by artists from around the world.&nbs... Show More +


text:
Floor Plans and Pricing
|1 Bathroom
|671 Sq. Ft.
Property in Ft. Lauderdale at Community Acres features swiminig pools, and nicely landscaped BBQ area..
1 Bedroom
|1 Bathroom
|707 Sq. Ft.
Large 1/1 located at Community Acres in Ft. Lauderdale, FL features central air and patio/ window covering.....
2 Bedrooms
|1 Bathroom
|Contact for Sq. Ft.
|2 Bathrooms
|1075 Sq. Ft.
Large 2/2 at Community Acres in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida features a great courtyard area also swimming pools...
Property Features
- Property Overview
- Special Features
- Community Features
- Apartment Amenities
- Local Schools
- Pet Policy
Community Acres in Fort Lauderdale, FL
Community Acres Rental Apartments are located on 12 beautifully landscaped acres. Each building offers a spacious patio for the resident's enjoyment. Located East of I-95 off of Broward Blvd. in Fort Lauderdale, you'll find shopping, dining and beaches located just minutes away. With home-like atmosphere and city convenience, you'll be happy to call Community Acres apartment community home.
Special Features
- Central air conditioning
- Monthly pest control
- Swimming pools
- Barbecue area
- Pets permitted with approval
- On-site Management
- Wi Fi Coming Soon!
Community Features
- Courtyard
- Disability Access
- Freeway Access
- Pool
- Public Transportation
- Studio
Additional Information
Apartments in Community: 133
Apartment Amenities
- Air Conditioning
- Cable or Satellite
- Carpet
- Patio or Balcony
- Washer Dryer Hookup
- Window Covering
Local Schools
- New River Middle School
- North Fork Elementary School
- Stranahan High School
We believe school data to be accurate, but do not guarantee that. Please be sure to verify where your children will attend school before making your housing decision.
Pet Policy
Call-pets permitted with management approval
- Cats Allowed
- Pets Allowed
- Small Dogs Allowed
Contact Community Acres
Community Acres
Office HoursMonday-Friday 9-5 Saturday- 11-4 Sunday closed
From I-95 exit Broward Blvd. East. Right at first light (18th Ave). Right on 4th Court. Office at 1805 S.W. 4th Ct.
As you search for your perfect apartment, please keep in mind that rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability are very fluid in the apartment industry. Based on many factors, the rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability can actually change not just daily, but hourly, if not even more quickly. While our advertisers do take steps to keep their information current, the rental rates or availability you may find here now at ForRent.com may not be the same as when you contact the communities.
Quick Links For Your Apartment Search
- Miami metro
- Downtown Fort Lauderdale area
- Fort Lauderdale
- 33312
- See Also


text:
Todd McShay discusses his latest mock draft, including a move by QB Marcus Mariota.
Use a Facebook account to add a comment, subject to Facebook's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. Your Facebook name, photo & other personal information you make public on Facebook will appear with your comment, and may be used on ESPN's media platforms. Learn more.


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Huge butterfly
Does anyone know how to find the posting from sometimes last year of a huge butterfly for the yard. It was made on a frame and had fabric draped to create the wings that would flutter in the breeze? I thought I clipped it but guess I failed to do so and now can't seem to find it.
Same here...I actually looked through them all last night Plus tried every other search term that crossed my mind. Came up with zilch. Even google was not forthcoming. Bummer. Hoping someone here remembers the post. It's beyond frustrating to be all geared up to start a project and not be able to locate it.
YEP......that's it!!!! Yippee. I could remember it being awsome. So how do I find your old post for directions? Or could you post them again? I knew I'd get help if I asked. Such a great group to be involved with!
THANKS to all and especially Becky.
Hi again,
This butterfly is made from an outdoor fence post purchased at a local lumberyard. I painted it first, and then mosaicked with glass tiles, mirror tile, 1/2 marbles and crash glass. The wings are a flexible tubing (like a hullahoop cut in half) with golf balls on the ends painted purple. The cloth wings took about five yards of fabric using a cardboard template as a pattern. My husband created a base to use so we can move it and bring her indoors when the weather is bad. We put her out when we are having an outdoor party or garden tour.


text: Corporate Taxes Jobs 91 were found based on your criteria Post a job. It's free! Newest Jobs First Oldest Jobs First Most Employer Hours Least Employer Hours Most Dollars Paid Least Dollars Paid Highest Feedback Score Lowest Feedback Score 1 2 3 4 5 … › » Amazon Seller needs Tax advice and Contract help Hourly – Less than 1 month – Less than 10 hrs/week – Posted Feb. 7 2015 My business, was registered as an S corp a few months ago. I only sell through Amazon in the USA and UK. Currently I am in the US but I am not a US citizen. I have several contractors in Turkey and Philippines and Pakistan, none of which are US citizens, who are managing my account for me. I need a tax attorney to help me make sure that I am meeting all the tax requirements in US and drafting ... contract-drafting corporate-tax legal-writing UK company accounts and tax return for a dormant company Fixed-Price – Est. Budget: $60.00 Posted Dec. 14 2014 A dormant company with only 4-6 transactions done per year needs preparation of company accounts and tax return for last year and submission. We need somebody well experienced in UK accounting. Please write great magic in the start of your add so I know you have read through the add. accounting corporate-tax Reconcile Buildium, Setup QuickBooks Online, Tax Preparation, Bank Reconcilation Hourly – More than 6 months – 30+ hrs/week – Posted Dec. 13 2014 First Assignment will be data entry to reconcile Buildium with Bank statements. Second Assignment will be to export Buildium into QuickBooks. Planning and executing day-to-day activities of attest engagements for real estate clients. Identifying and communicating accounting and auditing matters to Managers and Partners. Building relationships with clients and business partners. Ability to apply knowledge of business functions, strategies and processes to provide services, solutions, advice and improvement to clients served. Applying your knowledge and comprehension of professional standards and ... accounting accounts-payable-management accounts-receivable-management bank-reconciliation bookkeeping buildium corporate-tax cost-accounting data-entry financial-accounting financial-analysis financial-management intuit-quickbooks microsoft-excel real-estate-idx more… Reconcile / Label Expenses in Xero Fixed-Price – Est. Budget: $100.00 Posted Oct. 13 2014 My accounting for 2013 is halfway updated. Now I need everything labeled and categorized so I can provide the data to my CPA. I need this job done immediately. Need to submit to my CPA tomorrow. Very easy job for someone who is familiar with Xero. accounting bank-reconciliation bookkeeping corporate-tax tax-preparation xero Seeking U.S. Tax Accountant Hourly – Less than 1 month – 10-30 hrs/week – Posted Sept. 1 2014 Need to: 1) File amended tax returns for 2012, 2013, and perhaps 2013 2) Need advise on matters ranging from payroll taxes to switching accounting method to the creation of 1099-MISCs 3) Quickbooks Online is our accounting program. 4) We have a copy of turbotax 2013 business Thanks and let me know if questions. corporate-tax irs-income-tax-audits tax-preparation Us Company Tax return - CPA needed Hourly – Less than 1 week – 10-30 hrs/week – Posted Aug. 27 2014 We need a US based CPA to help file our corporate tax return for this financial year. It should be pretty simple as we have had very little activity in the company and have no staff etc. accounting corporate-tax tax-preparation Excel sheet with formulas, and word file with templates from the Excel file Fixed-Price – Est. Budget: $10.00 Posted Aug. 23 2014 Need to make an excel sheet made with formula to add the following details: Columns: Dates with Tues, Thurs, Sat, Public holidays Columns with total of these income 65% of total for Tues, Thurs 70% of tatal for Sat, Public hol (extra days) Then adding these for each fortnight, adding total amount. Then this file and another file (we have for Mon, Fri, Sunday) will need to go in one master file. Finally fortnight amount should go to another word ... corporate-tax financial-accounting microsoft-entity-framework microsoft-excel payroll-processing windows-8-app-development Looking for a tax professional with extensive abatement experiance Hourly – Less than 1 week – Less than 10 hrs/week – Posted Aug. 7 2014 We had an issue with our payroll processor and CPA not communicating properly which resulted in an issue with a very old W2 resulting in a civil penalty. We need proper coaching on getting a successful abatement. Please bid your hourly rate on the assumption that it will take 3 hours. One hour to understand the issue, one hour of counseling with our CPA and payroll processor and an hour or flex. We will file the forms and attempt the ... accounting,bookkeeping,corporate-tax,international-tax-law,irs-income-tax-audits,legal-research,tax-preparation Financial Manager Hourly – More than 6 months – 30+ hrs/week – Posted July 14 2014 Our company is looking someone very efficient with corporate financial planning. We are in the process of updating our business plan and need someone who is highly experienced. Must be experienced with creating excel spread sheets, number charts and graphs. accounting accounts-payable-management accounts-receivable-management bank-reconciliation bookkeeping corporate-finance corporate-tax financial-accounting financial-analysis financial-management financial-modeling intuit-quickbooks microsoft-excel I need a USA ONLY CPA or EA to be my enrolled agent to assist me in changing my entity tax classification Fixed-Price – Est. Budget: $250.00 Posted July 8 2014 I need to file my business tax return for 2013 but I have a problem. I filed my LLC with IRS accidentally as an C Corp; I need to change that I filed my LLC with IRS accidentally as an C Corp when I applied for the EIN (Employer Identification Number). I do NOT want to file a C Corp tax return (1120). I want to file a LLC tax return1040 (Schedule C, E, or F) appropriate for single member ... accounting corporate-tax irs-income-tax-audits legal-research tax-preparation


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Elizabeth Marsten | August 15, 2014 | Comments
A look at several of the Google AdWords extensions, ratings, and review services available, including what they do, where they come from, and how they can help your marketing efforts.
You might have noticed in the recent past the number of review and rating services, stars, and evaluation methods growing and displaying not just on Google SERPs but on Google Shopping SERPs as well and in some cases, on both.
So just what are all of these and where do they come from?
Product Ratings are aggregated from multiple sources, like merchants and third-party sources that compile and show on a five-star scale in a product listing ad (PLA) unit what that particular product's rating is and based on how many reviews. Clicking on the rating stars in the PLA ad will open up a product review page that goes over product specs and where the reviews are aggregated from. If you'd like to participate in product ratings, you need to submit a product ratings form until the initial launch in October.
Seller Ratings appear in AdWords ads in the form of a five-star scale as well and are aggregated from "reputable sources" such as Stella Service, Bizrate, PriceGrabber, and Reseller Ratings and reflect the ratings of the site itself, not products.
If while on a Google Shopping SERP you click on the name of a store, you can view ratings for that store, where the ratings were taken from, and in greater detail.
Review Extensions are an exact quote or paraphrased versions of a third-party review that appears underneath your AdWords ad. In order to get these to appear, you'll need to enter them into the AdWords interface like any other extension, as well as provide a URL for where Google can validate the review snippet you provide. There are several rules around these reviews, including that they should be less than a year old, must be taken directly from the original source, and avoid repeating the name of the business in the review itself.
Google Consumer Ratings appear in AdWords ads and if you click on the word "Ratings" in the ad, it opens a pop-up window that shows ratings based on survey responses from Google Consumer Surveys, administered by Google, and includes a time frame from which the surveys were taken. This is not a free service, it's priced by number of questions and completed questions and the question format and types of questions are chosen by the business.
Google Trusted Stores are sites that have undergone a trial with Google to prove that they are "worthy" of the Trusted Store badge, which they can display on their site and may appear on product listing ads units as well as in the compare stores matrix on Google Shopping results pages. The Trusted Store approval isn't easy and requires code placement so that shipping time and speed and customer service monitoring can be tracked, as Google then offers consumers purchase protection, so they understandably won't let just any site in.
I'm sure I forgot an extension, rating, review, or something or other, especially if you were to dissect an e-commerce AdWords ad or product listing ad over the course of 100 queries. Let me know if I left one out in the comments - I'd love to build on this post more!
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Elizabeth Marsten is the Director of PPC at Mercent - A CommerceHub solution in Seattle, Washington. She oversees the PPC advertising practice and is the is the co-author of All in One Web Marketing Reference for Dummies (Wiley Publishing) with Ian Lurie, Marty Dickenson, Michael Becker, and John Arnold, as well as PPC courses on Lynda.com.
See her SlideShare presentations from speaking at MozCon, SMX Advanced, East and West, PPC Hero Con, Searchfest, and State of Search or find her on Twitter.
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CSS3: Introducing HSL Colors
By: Estelle Weyl on Wednesday, May 25, 2011
Reader Level:
CSS3 adds name colors from SVG as well as colors defined by Hue, Saturation and Lighness. In this article we explain the new HSL values, and list the HSL values of all the named colors.
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text: Comments Send Print Share Recommend Tweet Radio M About Jan. 04, 2008 It's a good bet that over the past seven decades, the cantinas of southern Texas had 'La Alondra de la Frontera' blaring from their jukeboxes. Playlist Jan. 4, 2008 Comments Send Print Share Recommend Tweet Previous post in Radio M Playlist Next post in Radio M For more than three decades ... View the discussion thread. Featured Strange Brews: Cooking with beer Interview with Walking Dead's Steven Yeun Nerdette: Live from Adler Planetarium PleasureTown: All kinds of trouble Homemade Stories: Read more Chewing the Fat: Sustainable seafood It's All True: Comedian John Roy


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DEFINITION of 'Delivery Price'
The financial value of the conveyance of the underlying commodities when a futures or forward contract expires. The delivery price is the price at which one party agrees to deliver the underlying commodity and at which the counterparty agrees to accept delivery. Delivery price can also refer to a stock's selling price in options contracts. Delivery prices are set by clearinghouses.
INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'Delivery Price'
In forward contracts, the forward price and the delivery price are identical when the contract begins, but as time passes, the forward price will fluctuate and the delivery price will remain constant. Also, underlying assets typically are not actually delivered, but rather closed out with offsetting contracts. Another possibility is that a delivery instrument representing the underlying asset, such as a warehouse receipt, will be transferred instead of the actual commodity. If the commodity is physically delivered, the cost of delivery will affect the contract's delivery price.
Clearing HouseAn agency or separate corporation of a futures exchange responsible ...
Cash MarketThe marketplace for immediate settlement of transactions involving ...
Approved Delivery FacilityA facility authorized by an exchange to be used as a location ...
FuturesA financial contract obligating the buyer to purchase an asset ...
Carrying ChargeCost associated with storing a physical commodity or holding ...
Cash CommodityIn futures trading, the cash commodity is delivered for payments. ...
Forex Education
Getting Started In Foreign Exchange FuturesLearn how these futures are used for hedging and speculating, and how they are different from traditional futures.
Options & Futures
Interpreting Volume For The Futures MarketLearn how to read the volume reports, look at the relation to liquidity and interpret volume using open interest.
Options & Futures
Options On Futures: A World Of Potential ProfitThere's one simple hurdle in the transition from stock to futures options: learning about product specifications.
Futures FundamentalsFor those who are new to futures but want a solid understanding of them, this tutorial explains what futures contracts are, how they work and why investors use them.
Options & Futures
Examples Of Exchange-Traded DerivativesWe look at some of the most common exchange-traded derivatives.
Options & Futures
Advantages Of Trading Futures Over StocksWe look at the top eight advantages of trading futures over stocks.
Why Low Oil Prices Benefit Saudi Arabia?Saudi Arabia's large currency reserves and dominant position in the oil market allows it to manipulate the current scenario to its favor and provides political leverage against rival countries. ...
Options & Futures
Top Brokers Offering Tools For Covered CallsHere are the brokers that offer the best tools for investors and traders to write covered calls and covered puts.
Effects of OIS Discounting for Derivative TradersThe use of OIS discounting has important implications for derivative valuations and could positively or negatively impact a trader's profit or loss.
Options & Futures
Why Trading Coffee Futures Is A Zero Sum GameCoffee futures trading is as close to a zero-sum game as you might find in investing. We look at the risks and rewards.


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Mariner-Link Chain in 10k Gold 20"
Etched Bangle Bracelet in 18k Yellow Gold Over .925 Sterling Silver 7" Length
10k Two-Tone Gold Religious Crucifix Cross Pendant
Braided Ring in Rose Gold-Plated
Singapore Link Chain in 14k Gold 20"
10k Yellow Gold Hoop Earrings 40mm Diameter
Men's American Eagle Coin Ring in 14k Gold-Plated
Men's Black Rhodium-Plated Curb-Link 10.5 mm Necklace Chain 24"
Superflex Herringbone Chain in Yellow Gold Tone 18"
Dome Band in 10k White Gold
Men's Tiger Head Curb-Link Bracelet in Stainless Steel and Black Leather 8 1/4" Length
Men's Double Skull and Wings Pendant and 24" Chain in Stainless Steel
14k White Gold Unisex Wedding Band Nano Diamond Resin Filled
Wing Earrings in Gold Ion Plated
10k Yellow Gold Diamond-Cut Cross Pendant
Men's Two-Tone Textured Wedding Band 14k Gold-Plated
Sterling Silver 4-Pairs Hoop Earrings Set
Love Knot Earrings in Tri-Tone 10k Gold
2 Piece Black Crystal Necklace and Earrings Set in Yellow Gold Tone
10k Yellow Gold Ball Stud Earrings 6mm
Silvertone Two-Tone Butterfly Pin/Brooch
3 Piece Twisted Curb-Link Necklace, Bracelet and Drop Earrings Set in Yellow Gold Tone
Elephant Ankle Bracelet in Yellow Gold Tone 10"
Figaro-Link Necklace in Yellow Gold Tone 24"
Men's Smiling Skulls Curb-Link Bracelet in Antiqued Stainless Steel 9" Length
Angel Wing Ear Pins in 10k Gold
Men's 7 mm Curb-Link Bracelet in 10k Yellow Gold 8 1/2" Length
Men's Snake Design Curb-Link Bracelet in Stainless Steel 8 1/2" Length
Grooved Wedding in Polished and Brushed Black Ion-Plated Titanium
Men's Stainless Steel Personalized I.D. Interlock-Link Name Bracelet 8 1/2"
Cross Pendant Necklace in Gold Ion-Plated Stainless Steel and Stainless Steel
Men's Serenity Prayer Cross Ring in Black IP Stainless Steel and Stainless Steel
Serpentine-Link Chain in Sterling Silver 24"
Silvertone Multi-Chain Beaded Waterfall Necklace 36"
10k Gold Religious Cross Crucifix Pendant
Twist Hoop Earrings in 10k Gold
Crystal Curb-Link Bracelet in Silvertone
10k Yellow Gold Hoop Earrings 30 mm
10k Gold Double-Heart I.D. Figaro-Link Anklet 10"
Figaro Link Chain in Sterling Silver 22"
Men's Black ION-Plated Stainless Steel "Barbed Wire" Wedding Band and Curb-Link Chain Bracelet 9"
Rope Chain in 18k Gold over Sterling Silver 24"
5 Piece Bangle Bracelet Set in Textured and Polished Yellow Gold Tone
Men's Nautica Chronograph Watch with Brown Leather Strap in Yellow Gold Tone
3 Piece Curb-Link Necklace Bracelet and Earrings Set in White Enamel and Yellow Gold Tone
Il Mio Cuore E Tuo Per Sempre (Italian) My Heart is Yours Forever Ring
Sterling Silver Hammered-Style Band Ring
2 Piece Navy Geometric Necklace and Earrings Set in Yellow Gold Tone


text:
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Grounds, Terrace
Fishing, Pool Table, Water Sports Facilities (on site), Sauna
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Bar, Breakfast in the Room, Restaurant with Dining Menu, Special Diet Meals (upon request)
Room Service, Packed Lunches, Shuttle Service (surcharge), Airport Shuttle (surcharge), 24-Hour Front Desk, Baggage Storage, Laundry, Ironing Service, Meeting/Banquet Facilities, Fax/Photocopying, Souvenir/Gift Shop
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Jump to content
|Last action by
|Bloodborne in Sony Console
|Missing Minnesota student, 22, seen on video plummeting off bridge into river after night out in Real World News
|Windows 10 Technical Preview in Microsoft Beta (Windows 10)
|Pixar giving away RenderMan CGI software for free in Software Discussion & Support
|Has anyone died from a selfie stick? in Jokes & Funny Stuff
Posted 22 February 2012 - 22:11
This OS is going to be amazing on tablets.
Posted 23 February 2012 - 09:20
EULA of this "leaked" iso is: Win7_RC.1_En_NRL.EVL_zh-CN
The content of that EULA doesn't fit too with leaked setup screens earlier.
So fake.
Any confirmations yet? Any links to the Chinese site? (If that is legal I mean!)
Sorry, no link allowed here, anyway it's (most) probably fake.
The OP said it's a "repack" so I still give it 0.1% hope.
EULA of this "leaked" iso is: Win7_RC.1_En_NRL.EVL_zh-CN
The content of that EULA doesn't fit too with leaked setup screens earlier.
So fake.
Posted 23 February 2012 - 09:29
Posted 23 February 2012 - 10:45
Yeah I noticed that too, but the sec text appears on WDP, guess things are changing build-to-build. We'll soon find it out.
RC got some months to go
@FaikKee i have a question.
ive seen some shots and videos where the control panel only has the title text and no secondary text.
But at places there is also a secondary text.
Are these 2 different build options being tested or is there some option in control panel to enable disable the secondary text? Any info on this?
Posted 23 February 2012 - 10:50
Please - it's going to be amazing on more than just tablets.
From what I have seen, the majority of the hate on the Windows 8 UI is because of features added to the Start menu *since XP*; what really has me ROTFL is that the most hated flavor of Windows to date - specifically, Vista - is responsible for most of them.
How is it that someone that doesn't (and has never) owned a portable computer of any sort (namely me) has fewer issues seeing the Start menu get pruned than those that have multiple devices (from desktops to iPads and Android tablets)? What is the advantage of multiple devices with multiple UIs?
Posted 23 February 2012 - 12:17
Posted 23 February 2012 - 13:12


text:
December 12, 2009
Jonathan Fiene and student Steve McGill of the School of Engineering and Applied Science discuss the Penn GRASP Lab's robotic hockey competition.
Article Source: KYW Radio (Philadelphia)
PHILADELPHIA –- Jason Merrin, a freshman in the Digital Media Design program at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Engineering and Applied Science, is a finalist in the 2009 Nickelodeon Animation Festival.
PHILADELPHIA –- A team of engineers from the University of Pennsylvania has transformed simple nanowires into reconfigurable materials and circuits, demonstrating a novel, self-assembling method for chemically creating nanoscale structures that are not possible to grow or obtain otherwise.


text:
President Pranab Mukherjee will be visiting West Bengal for two days beginning Wednesday to attend some programmes including the inauguration of new buildings of a girls' college in North 24-Parganas.
President Pranab Mukherjee will be visiting West Bengal for two days beginning Wednesday to attend some programmes including the inauguration of new buildings of a girls' college in North 24-Parganas.
The Left Front on Monday dismissed the suggestion that BJP would end the "misrule" of the Trinamool Congress, saying that the "saffron party-led Hindutva forces" were only complimenting TMC's "radical fundamentalism".
Ruling Trinamool Congress on Monday released its manifesto for the forthcoming crucial elections to the 144-ward Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) promising to make the city "Green and Clean".
Disapproving of the "sanitary pad" campaign against rape and sexism on campus, the Jadavpur University on Monday set up a three-member fact-finding panel to probe the matter.
Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh, a banned terrorist outfit, was planning to destabilise the democratically-elected government in Bangladesh by establishing a network in India, an official of the National Investigating Agency said on Monday.
The National Investigation Agency on Monday filed a chargesheet in connection with the Burdwan blast case at a special court in Kolkata.
A group of tourists were robbed of cash and other valuables by some dacoits, four of whom were later arrested on Sunday in South 24 Parganas district.
A high-level BJP delegation led by party's national secretary Siddharth Nath Singh, which was on its way to meet financially starved potato farmers, was stopped in Haripal area of Hooghly district by Trinamool Congress workers on Sunday.
After the arrest of two Bangladeshi nationals for their alleged involvement in the nun gangrape case, BJP National Secretary Siddharth Nath Singh on Saturday said the case has corroborated the party's view about the menance of Bangladeshi infiltration in West Bengal.
The state administration on Saturday said that contrary to media reports, an official inquiry has found no farmer suicide in Burdwan district due to distress sale of potatoes or for failing to repay the loan.
West Bengal Governor Keshari Nath Tripathi on Saturday said the central and the state government must jointly look into the issue of cross-border infiltration and take all the necessary measures to stop the illegal immigration of Bangladeshi nationals in the state.
In the backdrop of recent arrest of two Bangladeshi nationals in connection with Ranaghat nun gang-rape case, West Bengal governor KN Tripathi on Saturday said that Centre and the state must work together to curb infiltration.
The state administration on Saturday said that contrary to media reports, an official inquiry has found no farmer suicide in Burdwan district due to distress sale of potatoes or for failing to repay the loan.
The CID on Friday claimed to have got some specific leads from the two persons arrested in connection with the gang rape of a 71-year-old nun in Nadia district and was planning to question the duo together to speed up the probe.
CPI(M) state Secretary Suryakanta Mishra on Friday visited the St Capitaneo Higher Secondary School for Girls at Nagrakata, which had received anonymous threat letters five days back.
The Centre on Friday rejected West Bengal government's request for a CBI probe into the gang rape of a 71-year-old nun at a convent school in Nadia district that caused a nation-wide outrage.
Gopal Sarkar, the second suspect arrested in the gang-rape of a 71-year-old nun at a convent here two weeks ago, was produced before a local court and remanded to 14-day CID custody on Friday.
The local bar association in Ranaghat on Thursday decided against defending the accused in the alleged robbery and rape of nun at Ranaghat in Nadia district.
Suspended Trinamool Congress MP Kunal Ghosh, who is in CBI custody in connection with Saradha chit fund scam case, on Thursday questioned the CBI investigation into the case posing why others are not being arrested.
CBI on Thursday questioned Assam Congress Chief Anjan Dutta in connection with alleged duping of gullible investors by Saradha group of chit fund companies.
Kolkata, Mar 26 (PTI) Four fresh cases of swine flu were reported today in West Bengal taking the total number of people infected across state to 467 since January.
A local court on Thursday remanded Sikander Sheikh alias Salim, the first suspect to have been arrested by CID from Mumbai for the gangrape of a 71-year-old nun at a convent here to 14-day police custody.
West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee on Thursday greeted Bangladesh on its independence day.
West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee on Thursday greeted the people of Bangladesh on their 44th Independence Day.
A distressed farmer in Malda district allegedly committed suicide as he failed to repay the loans he had taken for cultivation, taking the total number of distressed farmers committing suicide in the state to nine.
A missionary school at Nagrakata in Jalapaiguri district has received anonymous threat letters prompting the authorities to beef up the security in the area.
A day after making their first arrest, the West Bengal Police on Thursday nabbed another suspect in connection with the March 14 Ranaghat nun gang-rape case.
The RSS in West Bengal is not happy at the show of indiscipline by state BJP members and infighting, which, it says, is sending out a wrong message.
Enforcement Directorate on Wednesday arrested Chairman of Rose Valley group of companies Gautam Kundu in money laundering and ponzi scheme scam case in Kolkata.
Faced with revolt over distribution of party tickets for upcoming municipal election, BJP West Bengal president Rahul Sinha, who was gheraoed, on Wednesday warned that no dissent and indiscipline would be tolerated and strong action would be taken.


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International Journal of Dermatology, 03/02/2012Huajun J et al.
Solitary subungual neurofibroma appears to be a rare condition, and immunohistochemistry is the key to the diagnosis. Complete surgical excision should be considered as the curative treatment of choice for them.
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Recently, interference rejection combining techniques have been proposed which can significantly increase the performance of the uplink in C/I limited environments. However, as with many signal processing techniques, calculation complexity can be performance issue. Thus, according to exemplary embodiments of the present invention, the noise cross-correlation matrix used in interference rejection combining is reduced by applying beamforming and signal combining techniques. In this way, the benefits of interference rejection combining are obtained while reducing the processing complexity and freeing processor resources for other activities.
1. In a communications system for transmitting information symbols, a base station comprising:
an antenna array for receiving an uplink radio signal, said antenna array including at least two antennas, wherein each antenna generates a received signal from said radio signal;
a beamforming device for defining beams, using said received signals, which cover a cell supported by said base station;
an estimating device for estimating parameters associated with said beams;
a selection device for selecting at least two signal processing branches based on said estimated parameters, wherein the selection device selects a first number of signal processing branches based on one of the estimated parameters, and wherein the signal selection device then selects a smaller number of signal processing branches from the first number of signal processing branches based on another of the estimated parameters;
a receiver for combining information provided by said at least two selected signal processing branches to generate detected information symbols, said receiver including an impairment correlation unit which estimates a correlation between impairment associated with one of said at least two selected signal processing branches and impairment associated with another of said at least two selected signal processing branches and which uses said correlation estimate to combine at least two said received signals; and
a second antenna array for providing diversity reception, wherein said selection device selects a same number of branches associated with said antenna array and said second antenna array.
2. The base station of
3. The base station of
4. The base station of
5. The base station of
6. The base station of
7. In a telecommunications system, a base station comprising:
an antenna array for receiving a radio signal transmitted from a mobile station, wherein said antenna array includes a plurality of antenna elements;
a fixed beamforming device coupled to said antenna array, wherein said fixed beamforming device receives each of a number of antenna signals from a corresponding one of said antenna elements, and wherein said fixed beamforming device combines the antenna signals to form a number of beams covering a cell in which the base station is operating;
a signal quality estimation unit receiving a signal associated with each beam, and deriving therefrom, a plurality of signal quality measurements for each beam signal;
a signal selection unit for selecting one or more of the beam signals based on one or more of the plurality of signal quality measurement associated with all of the beam signals, wherein the signal selection unit selects a first number of beam signals based on one of the signal quality measurements, and wherein the signal selection unit then selects a smaller number of beam signals based on another of the signal quality measurements; and
a symbol detection unit receiving the one or more selected beam signals and detecting a sequence of symbols associated with the radio signal received from the mobile station.
8. The base station of
a second antenna array for receiving the radio signal transmitted from the mobile station, wherein the second antenna array includes a second plurality of antenna elements;
a second beamforming device coupled to said second antenna array, wherein said second fixed beamforming device receives each of a second plurality of antenna signals from a corresponding one of said second plurality of antenna elements, and wherein said second fixed beamforming device combines the second plurality of antenna signals to form a second number of beams covering the cell; and
a signal quality estimation unit receiving a signal associated with each of the second number of beams, and deriving therefrom, at least one signal quality measurement for each of the second number of beam signals, said signal selection unit selecting one or more of the second beam signals based on the signal quality measurement associated with each of the second number of beam signals.
9. The base station of
10. The base station of
11. The base station of
12. The base station of
13. The base station of
a radio receiver for receiving the signals associated with each of the beams formed by said fixed beamforming device and converting the signals from a radio frequency to a baseband frequency, wherein the signals received by the signal quality estimation unit are at a baseband frequency.
14. The base station of
means for deriving at least one signal quality measurement for each beam signal.
15. The base station of
means for locating a training sequence.
16. The base station of
means for estimating a channel impulse response.
17. The base station of
18. The base station of
19. The base station of
20. The base station of
a noise estimator; and
an interference rejection detector.
21. The base station of
means for applying an inverse noise cross-correlation matrix to the sequence of symbols associated with the radio signal received from the mobile station.
22. The base station of
means for deriving a noise cross-correlation matrix.
23. The base station of
means for applying an inverse noise cross-correlation matrix to the sequence of symbols associated with the radio signal received from the mobile station.
24. The base station of
25. In a base station of a telecommunications system, a method for detecting information symbols associated with a received radio signal, said method comprising the steps of:
receiving an uplink radio signal using an antenna array which includes at least two antennas, wherein each antenna generates a received signal from the uplink radio signal;
defining beams using the received signals, wherein the beams cover a cell supported by the base station;
estimating parameters associated with each of the beams;
selecting at least two signal processing branches based on the estimated parameters associated with each of the beams, wherein the selecting step comprises selecting a first number of signal processing branches based on one of the estimated parameters, and selecting a smaller number of the signal processing branches from the first number of signal processing branches based on another of the estimated parameters; and
combining information provided by the at least two selected signal processing branches to generate detected information symbols, wherein said step of combining includes estimating a correlation between impairment associated with one of the at least two selected signal processing branches and impairment associated with another of the at least two selected signal processing branches and using the correlation estimate to combine at least two received signals.
26. The method of
storing information including previous estimated parameters and selections, and
selecting a signal processing branch based on the stored information.
27. The method of
receiving the uplink radio signal by employing diversity reception.
28. The method of
29. The base station of
30. The method of
31. The method of
32. The method of
ordering the beams based on the estimated parameters associated with each of the beams.
33. The method of
ranking the beams based on a signal strength measurement associated with each of the beams.
34. The method of
ranking the beams based on a signal-to-interference ratio measurement associated with each of the beams.
The present invention relates to radio communications in general, and more specifically, to a method of, and apparatus for, providing beam reduction for a signal combining base station in a radio communication system.
In a digital cellular radio communication system, radio signals which are digitally modulated are used to convey information between radio base stations and mobile stations. The radio base stations transmit downlink signals to the mobile stations and receive uplink signals transmitted by the mobile stations. A common problem that occurs in digital cellular radio communication systems is the loss of information in the uplink and downlink signals as a result of multipath fading and interference which may exist in the radio transmission channel.
With regard to multipath fading, there are basically two effects: fading and time dispersion. When the path length between a mobile station and a base station is relatively short, fading arises from the interaction of the transmitted signal, or main ray, and reflections thereof, or echoes, which arrive at the receiver at approximately the same time. When this occurs, the main ray and echoes add either destructively or constructively. If there are a large number of echoes, the pattern of destructive and constructive addition takes on a Rayleigh distribution, which is why this effect is sometimes called "Rayleigh fading". Where destructive addition results in fading "dips", the received signal generally exhibits a relatively low carrier-to-noise (C/N) characteristic.
The effects of fading dips can be mitigated by having multiple receive antennas and by employing some form of diversity combining, such as selective combining, equal gain combining, or maximal ratio combining, wherein signals from each receive antenna are combined to create a single received signal. Diversity techniques take advantage of the fact that the fading on the different antennas is not the same, so that when one antenna receives a fading dip, chances are, another antenna is not. Note Mobile Communications Design Fundamentals by William C. Y. Lee, Howard W. Sams & Co., Ind., USA. In section 3.5.1 of this book, several examples are given describing how signals from two receiver amplifiers with separate antennas can be combined to counteract fading.
For longer path lengths, time dispersion occurs when the echoes are delayed with respect to the main ray. If an echo of sufficient magnitude arrives at the receiver delayed from the main ray by an amount of time on the order of the symbol period, time dispersion gives rise to intersymbol interference (ISI). Time dispersion may be advantageously corrected by using an equalizer. In the case of digital signal modulation, a maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) equalizer such as described in Digital Communications, 2nd Ed., by John G. Proakis, Mc-Graw Hill Book Company, New York, N.Y. USA, 1989 may be used. In section 6.7 of this book, various methods are described for detecting signals corrupted by time dispersion, or inter-symbol interference (ISI), using MLSE equalization.
There may also exist signal sources in the radio environment which are not orthogonal to the desired signal. Non-orthogonal signals, or interference, often come from radios operating on the same frequency (i.e., co-channel interference) or from radios operating on neighboring frequency bands (i.e., adjacent-channel interference). Of course, non-orthogonal signals can have a detrimental affect on the carrier-to-interference ration (C/I) of another channel. When the carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I) of a channel is too low, the quality of voice output at the mobile station is poor. Many techniques have been developed in order to minimize interference to tolerable levels including frequency re-use patterns, frequency hopping and adaptive beamforming, wherein the latter is generally used to steer a null in an antenna pattern in the direction of an interferer.
More recently, methods have been proposed that partially solve the problems of multipath fading and interference. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,191,598 to Bäckström, et al., for example, the problem of accurately detecting signals in the presence of fading and time dispersion is overcome by using a Viterbi-algorithm having a transmission function estimated for each antenna. By reference thereto, U.S. Pat. 5,191,598 is incorporated herein in its entirety. Another method of accurately detecting signals in the presence of fading and interference was presented in the IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 42, No. 4, November 1993, J. H. Winters: "Signal Acquisition and Tracking with Adaptive Arrays in the Digital Mobile Radio System IS-54 with Flat Fading".
Although the above described conventional techniques can be used to improve signal quality, there remains room for improvement. Thus, in one of the related applications, interference rejection combining (IRC) techniques are described which combat interference, for example, using impairment correlations to improve the maximum likelihood sequence estimation. However, the use of impairment correlations in this way may be mathematically complex and may require significant processor resources. Accordingly, it would be desirable to reduce the calculation complexity while preserving the useful qualities of interference rejection combining.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, beamforming and signal combining techniques can be used in conjunction with IRC techniques to reduce the overall complexity of processing received signals. According to one exemplary embodiment of the present invention, signals transmitted from mobile stations are received by an array of antenna elements at a base station. The received signals are combined in a beamforming device, for example a Butler matrix. The outputs of the beamforming device correspond to a plurality of beams which cover an entire cell supported by the base station. The number of beams formed can be smaller than the number of antenna elements, which reduces the complexity of processing within the receiver. Each output of the beamforming device is connected to a radio receiver which converts the RF signal to baseband. Other quality improvement processing functions, including locating the training sequence, estimating the channel impulse response and other quality measures, for example measuring signal strength, noise power and carrier to interference ratio, are then performed. Thereafter, a certain number of received signal branches are selected based upon the estimated quality parameters. This further reduces complexity at the receiver, which performs interference rejection combining on the selected branches.
According to another exemplary embodiment, two or more antenna arrays can be employed to obtain further diversity against fading radio signals. Diversity techniques including, for example, spatial diversity or polarization diversity, can be employed. Like the first described exemplary embodiment, beamforming is also employed to further reduce complexity.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like descriptive labels are used to refer to similar elements:
FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary cellular radio communication system;
FIG. 2 illustrates a base station according to a first exemplary embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 depicts how fixed beams can be arranged to cover a cell; and
FIG. 4 illustrates a base station according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth, such as particular circuits, circuit components, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from these specific details. In other instances, detailed descriptions of well-known methods, devices, and circuits are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the present invention with unnecessary detail.
An exemplary cellular radio communication system 100 is generally illustrated in FIG. 1. A geographic region served by the system 100 may be subdivided into a number, n, of smaller regions of radio coverage known as cells 110 a-n, each cell 110 a-n having associated with it a respective radio base station 170 a-n. Each radio base station 170 a-n has associated with it an antenna system 130 a-n where inter alia the transmit and receive antennas are located. The use of hexagonally-shaped cells 110 a-n is a graphically convenient way of illustrating areas of radio coverage associated with base stations 170 a-n respectively. In actuality, cells 110 a-n may be irregularly shaped, overlapping, and not necessarily contiguous. Sectorization within cells 110 a-n is also possible and contemplated by the present invention.
Distributed within cells 110 a-n are a plurality of mobile stations 120 a-m. Base stations 170 a-n provide two-way radio communication with mobile stations 120 a-m located within corresponding cells 110 a-n respectively. Generally, the number, m, of mobile stations is vastly greater than the number, n, of radio base stations. Radio base stations 170 a-n are coupled to the mobile telephone switching office (MTSO) 150 which provides inter alia a connection to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) 160 which, in turn, provides connections to communication devices 180 a-c. This basic cellular radiocommunication concept is known in the art and will not be described further.
A base station 130 with an array antenna system, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, is illustrated in FIG. 2. Therein, signals transmitted from mobile stations are received by the array of antenna elements 200. The array 200 includes m number of elements. In the example illustrated in FIG. 2, m is five. The received signals are then forwarded to and combined in a fixed beamforming device 202, e.g., a Butler matrix. The outputs of the beamformer 202 correspond to r narrow beams that cover the entire cell supported by base station 130. For example, FIG. 3 illustrates three beams 204, 206 and 208 which provide coverage of cell 210. The principle behind beamforming, as it is used in the context of signal reception, is that transmissions from a particular mobile station will be received in less than all of a base station's beams. For example, a mobile located at point M in FIG. 3 may contribute relevant information received on beams 206 and 208, but not on beam 204. Thus, the processing of the received signals can be simplified vis-a-vis mobile M by disregarding beam 204. The number of formed beams, r, can be smaller than the number of antenna elements, m, which is another way to reduce the complexity of the receiver and to adjust the coverage area associated with the cell 210. Note that although the fixed beamforming is illustrated in FIG. 2 as being performed at RF, it can instead be performed at baseband.
Each beam's output from the beamformer 202 is connected to a radio receiver 220 which converts the RF signal to baseband. The estimation blocks 230 locate the training sequence, estimate the channel impulse response and perform other quality measurements, e.g., measurements of signal strength, noise power and C/I. Thereafter, the selector 240 selects the p best branches with respect to some of the estimated quality measures. The choice of p is a tradeoff between complexity and performance. In this example, p is chosen to be two. The selection of the p best branches can be memoryless or can take into account previous measurements as well.
The symbol detection is then performed with a multidimensional detector, e.g., a multidimensional Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimator, that suppresses the interferers. The suppression process starts with estimation of the noise cross-correlation matrix Q at block 250. The noise includes, for example, thermal noise and co-channel interference. If the cellular system conforms to the GSM standard and the base stations are synchronized, then it is sufficient to estimate the noise cross-correlation matrix during the training sequence. Otherwise, if the base stations are not synchronized or the IS-136 (or PDC) standard is used, the noise cross-correlation matrix Q should be periodically estimated during the time slot.
In GSM, the radio channel will stay nearly constant during one time slot for all normal mobile station velocities. This implies that channel estimates H will be constant during a time slot and that the noise cross-correlation matrix Q will not vary during a time slot. Therefore, H and Q need not be updated during the time slot which leads to a drastic reduction in complexity.
This should be compared with DAMPS in which the radio channels vary considerably during a time slot even for moderate velocities of the mobile station.
The gain from the reduced number of signals will also be greater for GSM systems due to the slower channel variation. In GSM, one can gain from not selecting a branch in which the desired signal is faded out during a whole time slot. This is a rare occurrence in DAMPS systems.
As described above, the selection of p of the r branches consists generally of selecting a number of branches from a first criterion and then selecting a smaller number of branches from the first selection of branches using a second criterion.
Interference rejection detection is then performed at block 260 to whiten the received signals using the inverse of the noise cross-correlation matrix Q. This corresponds conceptually to pointing spectral nulls towards interfering mobile stations as described in more detail below. Instead of updating the noise cross-correlation matrix, it is also possible to directly estimate and track the inverse of the noise cross-correlation matrix.
In another exemplary embodiment of the present invention, shown in FIG. 4, two antenna arrays 400 and 402 are used to achieve diversity for mitigating the effects of radio signal fading. In this figure, similar beamforming, radio receiver, estimation, selection, noise cross-correlation and IRC blocks are again shown. Since the function of these blocks has already been described above with respect to FIG. 2, reference is made to that description. The diversity antenna arrangement used could, e.g., be spatial diversity or polarization diversity which techniques are well known to those skilled in the art. Thus in the example of FIG. 4, m=10, r=6 and p=2. Furthermore, if the beamforming devices associated with the first and the second antenna arrays 400 and 402 are designed to form beams such that one beam from one of the beamforming devices always covers an area next to areas covered by beams from the other beamforming device, i.e., the beams from the two antenna arrays are interleaved, then simulations have shown that it is best to choose the same number of beams from the two antenna arrays.
Having provided a general overview of exemplary base station architectures according to the present invention, a more detailed description of the signal processing according to the present invention will now be provided, wherein the signal transmitted by a mobile station is denoted as y(t), and the radio channel from the mobile station's antenna to an antenna element of the base station antenna array is modeled as a k tap FIR-filter:
Then, let the antenna array have m elements and model the radio channel to the other antenna elements in a similar way as the first, and collect them all in the channel matrix:
The colored noise that the antenna elements sense can be denoted as:
while a vector with time delayed copies of the transmitted signal can be denoted as:
The received signals for all m antenna elements can now be written as follows:
The beamformer matrix of block 202 then constructs r narrow beams, e.g., beams 204, 206 and 208 illustrated in FIG. 3, which can be described with an r×m matrix B. The output signals generated by the beamformer 202 are:
The signals r(t) are the input signals to the radio receiver blocks 220, which signals are converted from RF to baseband. The baseband r(t) signals are then used to estimate the training sequence position and the channel estimate (i.e., the product BH) for each of the r branches at block 230. Some other quantities, like the signal strength, noise power and C/I, are also estimated for each branch using known techniques.
The training sequence position can, e.g., be estimated by performing a sliding correlation between the received signal and the training sequence. The channel Φ=BH can, e.g., be estimated with a least square estimate,
where Ryy is the training sequence correlation matrix and Ryr is the cross-correlation between the received signal and the training sequence.
To further reduce the complexity of the receiver, p of r branches are selected at block 240. The selection is made based on one or more of the estimated values in the previous estimation blocks 230, e.g., the estimated C/I. The selection could also be based in part on previously stored estimation values.
In a first exemplary embodiment, the C/I is used to select the p branches by ordering the r branches according to their estimates of the C/I and to choose the p branches with the highest C/I.
In another exemplary embodiment, the p+a branches with the highest signal strength (from the estimate of C) are selected first and then from the remaining p+a branches, the p branches with the highest C/I are selected. Here, a is a natural number (i.e., 1, 2, . . . n) such that p+a<r.
Letting the p×k matrix G consist of the p selected rows of the BH matrix, and letting the p×I vector n(t) consist of the p selected elements of the Bz(t) vector, the p selected signals can then be described as:
The new channel estimate matrix G contains the p selected row of the previous channel estimate Φ.
The next step is the estimate the noise cross-correlation matrix:
Q=E{n(t)n H(t)}
This can be done by calculating the sample error cross-correlation matrix:
A significant benefit of the present invention can be seen in the foregoing equations. By selecting only p of the r branches, the vector p becomes smaller. This, in turn, reduces the noise cross-correlation matrix Q, e.g., from an 8×8 matrix to a 3×3 or 4×4 matrix. Since Q may need to be updated very frequently, this results in significant processing reduction. If the noise is Gaussian distributed, then the MLSE solution (Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimator) can be described as:
This can be efficiently implemented using the Viterbi algorithm. Those skilled in the art will be familiar with Viterbi implementations which are not described in further detail here. The metric used in this case will be:
Exemplary embodiments with two (or more) antenna arrays, e.g., that are shown in FIG. 4, can be described using the same mathematical framework as above, but with the difference that the beamforming matrix B now is a block matrix. For example, with two antenna arrays the beamforming matrix B may take the form:
where B1 and B2 can be different sizes.
Having provided some additional details regarding the signal processing occurring in, for example, blocks 202, 220, 230, 240 and 250 of FIG. 2, a brief summary of IRC techniques performed at block 260 is provided below. For more information the interested reader is referred to the parent IRC applications. IRC techniques expand conventional diversity combining techniques to exploit the above-described correlation, whereby significant gains in the quality of the received signal are realized. The branch metrics Mh(n) formed according to IRC techniques can be described by the following equation.
n is a time index;
r(n)=[ra(n), rb(n)], are the signal samples received on each antenna;
are the channel tap estimates of the form Cx(τ) where τ is the delay, i.e., τ=0 is the main ray, τ=1 is the first echo, etc.;
sh(n)=[sh(n), sh(n−1) . . . ]T, are the hypothesized signal samples;
z(n)=[za(n), zb(n)]T, are the signal impairments received on each antenna;
A(n)=Rzz(n)−1, or a related quantity, where Rzz is the impairment correlation matrix which equals the expected value E(z(n)zH(n));
eh(n)=r(n)−C(n)sh(n), is an estimate of the impairment for a given hypothesis.
The A(n) matrix (i.e., the A-matrix) is the inverse of the Rzz(n) matrix, or a related quantity such as the adjoint or pseudo-inverse. As will be apparent to a person skilled in the art reading this application, Rzz(n) and A(n) are specific examples of impairment correlation properties of which other forms are known. Throughout the following, the term A-matrix is used generically to refer to any estimate of the impairment correlation properties.
Determination of the A-matrix for use in the present invention can be performed in a number of ways depending upon the specific application and the required performance. The simplest approach is to use a fixed set of values for the A-matrix, stored in memory, that are never updated. These values depend primarily on the configuration of the receive antennas and on the carrier frequencies being employed. An alternative approach is to determine the A-matrix from synchronization information and to keep the A-matrix values constant between synchronization fields, or other known fields. At each new occurrence of the synchronization field, the A-matrix can be recomputed, with or without use of the previous A-matrix values. Another alternative approach is to use synchronization fields to initialize, or improve, the A-matrix values and then to use decisions made on the data field symbols to track the A-matrix values.
Also, consideration is given for the method used to track the A-matrix values. Since the A-matrix comprises information regarding the impairment correlation properties between the antennas in the antenna array, standard estimation methods for estimating correlation or inverse correlation matrices can be applied. Using either known or detected symbol values, impairment values can be obtained by taking the differences between the received signal sample streams and the hypothesized received signal sample streams. At time n, this gives a vector of impairment values, denoted z(n); one value for each antenna. A straightforward way of forming the A-matrix is given by:
K is a scaling constant, typically 1 or {square root over ((1−λ))} Because Rzz(n) is a Hermitian matrix, only a portion of the matrix elements need be computed.
Such a straightforward approach is fairly high in complexity. One way to reduce complexity is to apply the matrix inversion lemma and update the A-matrix directly as:
Because the A-matrix is Hermitian, it is only necessary to compute those elements on the diagonal and either those elements above or below the diagonal.
These techniques for estimating and tracking the A-matrix are given only for purposes of illustration. In general, the A-matrix can be expressed and estimated in a variety of ways, as will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art who is reading this application. The present invention may also be applied to the blind equalization problem in which known synchronization sequences are absent. In this case, the A-matrix is estimated in a manner similar to how the channel is estimated.
While the present invention has been described with respect to a particular embodiment, those skilled in the art will recognize that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described and illustrated herein. Different embodiments and adaptations besides those shown and described as well as many variations, modifications and equivalent arrangements will now be reasonably suggested by the foregoing specification and drawings without departing from the substance or scope of the invention. While the present invention has been described herein in detail in relation to its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that this disclosure is only illustrative and exemplary of the present invention and is merely for the purposes of providing a full and enabling disclosure of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scope of the claims appended hereto.
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This little place is a gem! Visited on a Saturday night, was seated right away. Cute little tables with polka dot table cloths. However it was about 15 mins before we could order. Another 15 to get drinks. Another long gap between ordering food, receiving food...you get the picture. So only dine in if not in a hurry (say before a movie wouldn't work). If not for this I would have given 5 stars. If visiting on a lunch break would definitely call order ahead.
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SYDNEY -- Woodside Petroleum said that early design work on projects that were never built will shave up to $140 million from its first half profit.
BHP Billiton said it expects to book an impairment charge of between $120 and $140 million for the six months to June 30. Last year, Woodside booked a first half profit of $812 million.
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Xbox 360 controller
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# 4
There is a topic on how to set up the keybinds to get the xbox 360 controller to fully work. It is somewhere on the forum ill look for the link. I do use an xbox 360 controller but i just havent bothered to set up the keybinds for it but it does work pretty well for ground. i tried it with space but it is way too crazy and i personally right now prefer using the keyboard and mouse in space in part because everything i read on setting up the xbox 360 controller to use all of your abilities takes at least 3 hours. However some of your abilities are already preset when you plug in the controller all you have to do is try every single button combination.