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Electric cars get free parking
The village board voted 5-2 Monday to give free parking for the next two years to anyone driving an electric vehicle. Officials hope the incentive will encourage people to think green the next time they buy a car.
Oak Park is offering free vehicle stickers and free parking in public lots and garages to anyone driving an electric car. Oak Park will lose little in revenues, and they hope the move will lead to increased investment in the community.
Trustees Ray Johnson and John Hedges voted no. Oak Park has a multi-million dollar deficit in its parking fund, and people who can afford a $40,000 electric car don't need free parking, they said. Plus the feds are already offering a $7,000 tax incentive to buy such vehicles.
The program will start Jan. 1 and end sunset Dec. 31, 2012.
Reader Comments
6 Comments - Add Your Comment
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Tom Scharre
Posted: November 17th, 2010 11:13 AM
Just wondering...if I replace my gas snowblower with an electric model, will the Village give me an extra 24 hours grace period to clear my walkways? Because sometimes I have the temerity to be out of town or ill during a snowfall and the current ordinance has not contemplated that.
john murtagh from Oak Park
Posted: November 17th, 2010 11:01 AM
Couldn't agree more with Ray Johnson and Hedges. We need local government to return to solving local problems and not concentrating on global, national, and not spending time and energy on metropolitan area problems. Let's do great things in OP first.
Elizabeth Rees from Oak Park
Posted: November 17th, 2010 10:27 AM
It seems to me that many villagers who would love to buy an electric car for a cleaner environment cannot afford to do so because of things like extraordinarily high property taxes. So much as we might love to take advantage of free parking for electric cars, we will never be able to afford one as long as we live here!
Ray Fan
Posted: November 17th, 2010 9:56 AM
I guess the electric cars can park on Marion Street next to the mysteriously powered heated blue stone sidewalks. Krazy. Thanks Ray and John, we need more common sense on the Board, not less. BTW, a lot of electricty comes from a coal plant on South Pulaski not windmills and solar panels.
Chris Donovan
Posted: November 17th, 2010 9:52 AM
Sunday's Tribune featured an article on the Tesla electric sports car with a base sticker price of $119,000. I'm sure an owner of one of those will be grateful that he can park for free in Oak Park. Thanks Ray and John!
Lori Malinski
Posted: November 17th, 2010 9:44 AM
Thank you, Ray Johnson and John Hedges, for being voices of reason on this silly, counterproductive initiative!
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NASCAR: Racing Notes
No awkward feelings between Kenseth, Roush Fenway Racing
Matt Kenseth won't return to the No. 17 Ford next year at Roush Fenway Racing, but that won't affect their push to part ways as the Sprint Cup Series champion.
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Welcome to the Home of Laramie Blizzard Soccer Club!
The Laramie Blizzard Soccer Club is a non-profit, 501(c)(3), club sports organization formed to promote and organize competitive youth soccer in Laramie, Wyoming, so that individual players have the opportunity to maximize their potential by developing both an appreciation of the game and their own individual skills to the best of their ability.
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U7 and U8 Boys and GirlsU7 and U8 Boys and Girls now have a NEW option within our club! The new option is to participate in Fort Collins league, which requires 4 weekends (occuring every other weekend) in Fort Collins, CO...
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U7 and U8 Practice Group and Fort Collins League
U7 and U8 Boys and Girls now have a NEW option within our club! The new option is to participate in Fort Collins league, which requires 4 weekends (occuring every other weekend) in Fort Collins, CO for 2 games per game day. This is a total of 8 games per season. This option requires registration for the Fort Collins league ONLY, but participants will practice with the practice players as well as fellow Fort Collins league participants.
U7 and U8 Boys and Girls still have the option to participate as a practice player with their age group. This option allows the child to practice 2 times per week, with an occasional scrimmage in Laramie. Registration for this option is the Practice/Developmental player. Participants will practice with fellow practice players as well as Fort Collins league participants.


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Tough Guy Putin Not Looking So Great
Shortly after the Winter Olympics, back when Vladimir Putin annexed Crimea and was making moves into eastern Ukraine, he seemed to become the darling of some of the administration's harshest foreign policy critics.
After the action in Crimea, former New York Mayor, Rudi Giuliani, seemed to admire how the Russian leader was so decisive, telling Fox News' Neil Cavuto, "[H]e makes a decision and he executes it, quickly. And then everybody reacts. That's what you call a leader," Giuliani said.
In March, Sarah Palin, said this to Sean Hannity:
Well, yes, especially under the commander-in-chief that we have today because Obama's — the perception of him and his potency across the world is one of such weakness. And you know, look, people are looking at Putin as one who wrestles bears and drills for oil. They look at our president as one who wears mom jeans and equivocates and bloviates.
Rush Limbaugh weighed in too:
Well, did you hear that the White House put out a photo of Obama talking on the phone with Vlad, and Obama's sleeves were rolled up? That was done to make it look like Obama was really working hard—I mean, really taking it seriously. His sleeves were rolled up while on the phone with Putin! Putin probably had his shirt off practicing Tai-Chi while he was talking to Obama.
Michigan Congressman, Mike Rogers, head of the House Intelligence Committee:
Putin is playing chess and I think we're playing marbles.
You get the drift.
Regrettably for the man who would wrestle bears and drill for oil, it would appear that the luster is now off the big crush. Being connected to the downing of a civilian airliner has that effect. But now it's getting even worse. Even Europe, deathly afraid of imposing serious sanctions against the Russians for fear of hurting their economies, is beginning to stir. The leaders of Britain, Germany and France had a telephone conference over the weekend and appear to be heading for more substantive actions against Putin.
The Dutch, who suffered more fatalities than any other nation in the downing of the Malaysian airliner, were described at first, as being in a deep state of shock and mourning. But now, after the Russian separatists who control the accident site continue to reportedly restrict access to international investigators; after the disturbingly callous and incompetent handling of the remains of the dead becomes more and more evident- they are described as furious.
Turns out, or so it seems, that Mr. Putin was not playing chess very well. That would require one to look several steps ahead. He doesn't appear to be the "long-view," strategic type, to say the least. In fact, I'd say he's been revealed to be playing a game of one-dimensional checkers all along.
He also strikes me as the type who, when sensing he's on the losing side, will never give in, and instead of losing graciously, is more likely to upend the entire checker board and stalk off, blaming it all on a sudden gust of wind. Very manly, indeed.
Cleveland- The New Epicenter of the Universe: LeBron, the GOP, Johnny Football
They were spurned almost four years ago to the day. It was on ESPN's special program, "The Decision," one of the oddest blends ever of marketing, entertainment and sports "journalism," that LeBron James announced he was leaving Cleveland and taking his talents to Miami and in an instant became one of the most vilified athletes in pro sports, despised not just in Cleveland but especially in Cleveland (and greater Ohio in general).
But the dream of a half dozen straight NBA titles was emphatically silenced by the San Antonio Spurs who demolished the Miami Heat in the finals and now LeBron tells Sports Illustrated- he's going back home. This is a way worst Cleveland team than he left so it's not a bid for immediate glory. It seems to be entirely because it really is home. Home for LeBron (he's a native of Akron). Home for his wife and family.
Is all forgiven? It seems so. Clevelanders who were burning his jersey four years ago will now be greeting him at the airport with flowers. The Cleveland basketball team's owner, Dan Gilbert, has even taken down the letter he wrote four years ago calling LeBron a coward. One Cleveland fan tweeted, "It's pretty amazing how much one man can economically change this city…I just bought a headband for no reason."
Cleveland, if you haven't heard, is a hard luck town. No Cleveland team has won a title in any sport in half a century. They come close a lot, which makes it all the more painful. They've had great athletes, like LeBron and NFL running back, Jim Brown and former slugger Manny Ramirez. But Cleveland teams have a long and tortured history of leaving their fans just short of euphoria.
The decline of the manufacturing economy has not been kind to Cleveland or Ohio either. Granted, it was not an official Chamber of Commerce video, but I remember not that long ago, watching a hilarious promotional film about Cleveland that ended with "And hey, we're not Detroit!"
And didn't they used to be known as "the mistake by the lake?" Or was that Municipal Stadium? I forget. Well, no longer, people. Cleveland is way more now than just the home of the Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame. On Tuesday, the Republicans announced they were holding their 2016 Presidential convention in Cleveland. Earlier in the year the Cleveland Browns signed Texas A&M Quarterback and Heisman Trophy winner, Johnny Manziel. He's currently slotted as the #2 Quarterback though he's quickly established himself as the #1 hardest drinking and partying NFL QB since Joe Namath.
So here's to you Cleveland! Not sure there are any titles in your immediate future, but you sure as hell will be getting a lot of attention. For now, anyway, you are the center of the news universe. Congrats, or something.
The Iraq Muddle
So let's get this straight. Somehow, unbeknown to U.S. intelligence agencies, a major army constitutes out of thin air and in the space of about ten days captures huge Iraqi metropolitan areas and now threatens the Iraqi capital.
In the north, Kurds take over a major city they've been eyeing for about a thousand years. Elsewhere, tens of thousands of Iraqi soldiers also fold like tents leaving millions of dollars of munitions, tanks and helicopters in the hands of an advancing army so extreme in its beliefs of Sharia law and a hardline Islamic state that, they have actually been disowned by Al Qaeda.
The only thing standing in the way of ISIS (Iraq/Syria Islamic State) and Baghdad are volunteers formed after Friday prayers- oh- and our good friends, the Iranians, who have pledged to help defend the capital.
Who's to blame for the possible collapse of Iraq into complete and utter chaos?
Here's a possible list of suspects:
1) The British. They're the ones who sat in some fancy room after the end of World War I and drew up the boundaries of Iraq with apparently zero thought given to the politics of the various ethnic and religious groups in the country; the Kurds to the north, the Sunni and the Shiites.
2) The Bush administration. Not the first one, the second one. The first Bush White House never completed its invasion of Iraq or toppled Saddam Hussein because of the uncertainties of what might occur if a sudden power vacuum were to open up smack in the heart of the Middle East. Plus, we had no interest in accidentally starting and getting involved in a bitter civil war. The second Bush administration did what it did, and praise them or scold them, the fact is the war and its aftermath ended up putting a Shiite leader in place who has spent the last 8 years taking out several centuries worth of anger against the minority Sunni population that had previously lorded over the majority Shiites.
3) Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. Not only has he alienated the Sunnis, but it is reported his government is corrupt as the day is long; so corrupt, in fact, that in Mosul, a city of about 2 million people that just got taken over by ISIS, the violent invaders have actually improved city services by, among other things, ending frequent power outages. Of course, in the decree they made public upon their takeover, women are not allowed to leave their homes and anyone in violation of their strict interpretation of Sharia law will be hung or have their feet or hands cut off. But they do get air conditioning.
4) The Obama administration. Responding to an electorate weary of war, and now the victim of what his defenders call disingenuous and hypocritical attacks from those who started the war- his administration has, nevertheless, presided over a national security and intelligence apparatus that has pretty much missed one of the biggest developments in modern Middle East history.
Nice work everybody!
Students at UC Santa Barbara Bravely Tell Media to Go Home
It is one of the staples of 20th and 21st century life that wherever calamity strikes, the media soon follows with microwave and satellite trucks, camera and audio people, producers and reporters. They take over entire towns or city blocks, create parking headaches and traffic jams and manage to intrude on communities that probably would prefer to suffer, grieve and eventually heal- in silence. All of this is mostly for television and it's all to give the background scene for the all-important TV stand-up reporters need to do to deliver that definitive air of authenticity.
No sireee, this ain't no live shot from the in-studio satellite news desk with a reporter reading from barely edited wire-service copy; no- this is where the Channel 11 Action News Team proves there's no disaster too distant that they cannot intrude on any given community's pain- instantly and live.
By the way, it's the immediate suffering and grieving that provides the money shots. We never actually get to the healing part because by then the micro-wave and satellite trucks have left and no one cares much or even remembers the given tragedy that occurred some six months earlier.
At UC Santa Barbara, the students decided to revolt and good for them. Turns out that before taking his own life, Elliot Rodger, the misogynistic 22-year-old who shot, stabbed and rammed six of the students to death, and wounded 13 others in his bloody rampage, killed his final victim at a little shop called the I.V. Deli Mart. It was the perfect place for the media circus to invade and encamp for the next 4 or 5 days that the story still had legs.
But the students started intruding back. They got in the background of the reporter stand-ups and they waved signs. "Our tragedy is not your commodity," read one. "Stop filming our tears," read another. "Remembrance not Ratings," read a third. "Let us Heal!" and "News Crews Go Home!" rounded out the sudden anti-media protests.
Bravo to the UC Santa Barbara students and community. And the next time it happens and the anchorman/woman asks the reporter what that ruckus is in the background, for once I'd like to hear something like this: "Well, those are residents of the devastated community repulsed by the fact we are exploiting their grief and suffering. Back to you, Jim."
My Son: The College Grad
After damn near two decades of day care, pre-school, private middle school, public high school and then busting his butt at the university level, real life beckons my son, Charlie Garcia, as the child I brought home wrapped in a blanket one cold January day 22 years ago, graduates with an Audio Engineering degree from Middle Tennessee State University this Saturday.
I know the economy still kind of sucks, Charlie. You'd be forgiven if you feel a little trepidation about entering the great American work force. But here's why I know you'll be alright, son.
I think you were 15 when it hit you; when music became not just a fascination but a passion. When it became a direction in life. And like the good, practical Capricorn you are, you dissected every element of what it would take to live your life dedicated to a creative craft. And you have stuck with it with dogged determination. You can count on one hand, my friend, the number of human beings who get a notion of what they want do with their life at that young an age.
That was about the time we met Alex, a real-life audio engineer working in Manhattan, who agreed to meet with us in Greenwich Village one Spring afternoon and who laid out the not-so-glamorous realities of life in the music business. Wrapping up a recording session at 4am and setting up for the next session at 7am. Making good money mixing rap, even if it was classical quartets that were the true love of his creative life. Ah- compromises.
I remember the portable, digital, recording "studio" I had in my apartment that you used to cut your very first mixing teeth, playing a blue telecaster you would later fix up and own as one of your main performance instruments.
I remember the song you wrote called City Lights, inspired by the twinkling beauty of New York City as seen from the 18th floor of a West Side apartment, a song that appropriately enough, was simply about the joy and angst of writing music.
I remember the young man who in his heart of hearts, wanted to be a record producer but fully understood that to get there, you have to know every aspect of music. You need to write and perform. You need to understand music theory and sound waves and acoustic properties. You need to engineer. You need to edit. You need to mix. You need to manage artists. You need people skills and you need the artistic vision to take your projects from inception to fruition.
And then there is the matter of fear- like that you feel none. Who else meets one of the top music producers in the business at a festival, gets his business card and just a few months later, happens to be in Athens, Georgia, rings him up and ends up sharing lunch with the dude who first recorded R.E.M.. Same with the way you are on stage and performing- no fear. Just tenaciousness…and joy.
This is why, in the long term, you will succeed, Charlie. Because the whole time I've known you, if you didn't have the natural skill, then you worked your butt off to get where you needed to go. Whether it was intense physical training so you could be a goalie on your varsity high school soccer team. Or relentlessly practicing guitar, or piano, or drums or banjo or whatever instrument had most recently made its way into your soul.
And if you needed a little extra cash, you never had any qualms doing honest, physical labor, like tearing down walls and floors for a contractor. Success is not something that has ever been handed you. You have achieved it through sweat and effort. You have never lacked in the area of striving and desire.
I suppose there's some aspect of genetics that plays a role in creating a young man with such character. But that doesn't do justice to the effort you put into life every day. I know your incredible mom, Laurie Spencer, who raised you largely by herself while I recovered from one journalistic layoff or another, gets the lion's share of the credit for the kind of man you've become- but even that doesn't do justice to the fact it's you who have learned life's sometimes hard lessons and emerged as a strong, gentle, loving, balanced human being.
I suppose I should get some credit for supporting you emotionally and financially, and, yes, it gives me a measure of pride that you graduate with zero debt to your name. But it has been you who got through the drudgery and the glory of four years of college- growing, challenging yourself, discovering; open to all things professional, spiritual, personal.
So let me let you in on a little secret. Your future is unlimited. Your potential is enormous. But success? You have already earned it. You are already a successful man. And in achieving that, my friend, you have ultimately made me a success as well.
Congratulations, Charlie Garcia.
Hank Aaron Fears Racism is Still Alive- Racists Prove Him Right
Forty years ago, as he was chasing Babe Ruth's all-time homerun record, Henry Aaron was the subject of death threats and vile racial slurs and insults. Now 80 years old, Hammerin' Hank is once again the subject of death threats and vile racial slurs and insults. His offense? He told USA Today reporter, Bob Nightengale, that he thought the nation still had a way to go on the race front and that today's racism is particularly insidious because as he put it:
"The bigger difference is back then they had hoods. Now they have neckties and starched shirts."
I'm not sure what they're actually wearing these days, but they are clearly armed with internet access and computers. Nightengale reports that in response to Aaron, the Atlanta Braves baseball club has received a torrent of the nastiest, racist e-mails you could ever imagine:
"Hank Aaron is a scumbag piece of (expletive) (racial slur)" a man named Edward says in an e-mail to the Braves front office obtained by USA TODAY Sports.
Edward invokes the epithet five times in four sentences, closing with, "My old man instilled in my mind from a young age, the only good (racial slur) is a dead (racial slur)."
And there's more:
Marion calls Aaron a "racist scumbag." Ronald won't attend another Braves game until Aaron is fired. Mark calls Aaron a "classless racist." David says that he will burn Aaron's I Had A Hammer autobiography.
Oh good, book burning- another sign of enlightened tolerance.
As reporter, Nightengale, puts it quite eloquently- the difference between 1974 and 2014 is that back then, Aaron had the gall to pass Babe Ruth as the all-time homerun king, today, he had the audacity to speak his mind.
Mr. Aaron has kept a good sampling of the hate mail he received forty years ago- as a reminder of what he and Jackie Robinson and dozens of other black players had to put up with. It was when he was asked why he still has all those hate-filled attacks filed away, that Aaron responded with the sentence above- the sentence that has proven his point so vividly and so sadly.
Back when I worked at CNN, Hank Aaron ran a BMW dealership in Atlanta and he wanted the CNN Radio newscasts pumped into the showroom for his customers to get the latest news updates every half hour. Hank loved CNN back then. He was close to Ted Turner and then CNN President, Tom Johnson. We gave Hank's dealership access to the CNN Radio feed and he very graciously sent back an autographed baseball that I have proudly on display in the living room of my Pentagon City apartment.
I used to look at that baseball from time to time and think, wow- signed by the legitimate home run king of all time. Today, I look at it and see a baseball signed by a kind and wise man who counters hatred with the sword of truth. And it makes me even prouder to have an artifact that, to me, now also stands for the righteous but elusive goal of social justice and racial tolerance.
Please- keep speaking your mind, Hank. Your words in 2014 are as powerful as all the lumber you ever used to pass the mighty Ruth all those many years ago.
"Cosmos" and Resisting the Temptation of False Equivalence
The National Science Foundation released a survey last month that found nearly 1 out of 4 Americans mistakenly believe the Sun orbits the Earth. This was all cleared up about 500 years ago by Nicolaus Copernicus who correctly theorized that the Earth and all the other planets in our solar system orbit a largely stationary sun. Still, 25% of the country disagrees. So does this mean the media is obligated to present the other "side?"
We know by now that the earth is a spherical object. There are satellite photos that confirm it. There are still-photos from the moon. Get high enough in a jet and you can see the curvature of the earth. Yet, there is an actual Flat Earth Society that contends otherwise. This is, literally, their take on the world:
Do we carve out a few minutes to give the Flat-Earthers their "side" of the argument?
There is something called the "Creation Museum" that opened in Petersburg, Kentucky six years ago, that among other things, shows humans walking around with their friends, the dinosaurs. There is ample evidence, of course, that humans never co-existed with dinosaurs; the creatures had gone extinct by the time relatively new-fangled human beings came along. But let's find the Museum Curator and put him on the air because, surely, this is the other "side" of the Dinosaur story.
And now, Neil deGrass Tyson, hosting a modern-day sequel to Carl Sagan's Cosmos is under attack from some quarters for espousing Darwin's theory of evolution with opposing groups demanding equal TV time from FOX and National Geographic to talk about creationism. That is the very definition of false equivalence.
Science and religion, fact and faith- are too entirely different realms. This does not mean there are no religious or spiritually-inclined scientists or that there are no persons of the cloth who subscribe to scientific discipline and study. It would be great to hear both "sides" on a show that deals with the controversy of creationists versus scientists. But if you're writing a book or producing a TV series on the history of the universe- it's about facts, not opinions.
From a philosophical point of view, I must admit I have never understood the revulsion on the part of fundamentalists toward the theory of evolution. How is it, in any way, an affront to the belief in the existence of a higher power? How amazing is a God that creates a universe that allows for the constant change and improvement of all living things through the process of natural selection?
I would go even further and wonder aloud how anyone who studies the infinite nature of our universe could be without a sense of wonder that eventually lands at a spiritual place that attempts to answer what we can't with pure science. What came before the "big bang" is not knowable. What extends outside the edge of the universe is unfathomable, because theoretically, there is no edge of the universe.
It is in the realm of philosophy where science and spirituality rightfully mingle together. I am grateful to live in a world that considers both. There is little doubt in my mind that all of life as we know it and understand it, spiritually and scientifically, is, in fact, an amazing miracle.
But let's not corrupt scientific fact with religious opinion by putting spiritual beliefs on some kind of equal footing with objective scientific inquiry. Those beliefs are completely legitimate. In a church. Or in a museum dedicated to Creationism. But not on a television series based on the story of our universe as we've come to understand it through long-established methods of scientific research, inquiry and peer review.


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low dose contraceptive pill
Two and half weeks ago all was reasonaable with the low hormones as they are only low, not below the lowest point yet. Then my wee dog got very sick and the stress was too much!!! $2,000 later and another dog has got sick and there is no money and sleepless nights etc which made all my worst symptoms surface (they arn't there if I'm rested, happy and stress free). So, to cope with all this hormonal STRAIN I started taking 5 days ago the low dose pill in the hopes it helps me with all this stress. So far so good, but I feel really disappointed I have gone this route! The stress with my dad's death 3 weeks ago and then all these sick animals is tooooo much!!!!
Stress will make menopause symptoms worse. Try to give yourself a few minutes every day for stress relief. Do something that relaxes you. It may be a bubble bath or taking your self out of the loop in a quiet room by yourself and listen to music or read a book. Even go for a walk.
During the day take a couple of seconds to close your eyes and breathe deeply and try and relax all your muscles. Rotate your shoulders and imagine yourself sinking into the floor. This will take no more than 5 minutes and will help relieve stress so you can get on with your day.
oilpainter, thanks for your kind response. I have been doing deep breathing, and having a nap when I need one each day, but the level of out-side stressors that have come into my life in the last 4 weeks have been too much for anyone to bear, without some sort of side-effects that can't be prevented. All of this stress came out of the blue except the death of my dad from bowel cancer. I am hoping the mini-pill will stabilise my hormone levels that are now taking a bashing! Thanks for your advice, it's all I CAN do. Oh No! Now my boobs are starting to hurt!!!!


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Ryan Miller
Kesler makes Ducks better, but are they good enough?
Jun 27, 2014, 5:12 PM EDT
Question marks remain on the blue line and in goal.
More Canucks goalie drama? Ryan Miller gets a call
Jun 25, 2014, 7:38 PM EDT
He reportedly wouldn't be against playing for Vancouver.
Bruins' Tuukka Rask wins Vezina Trophy
Jun 24, 2014, 8:57 PM EDT
Led all goalies in shutouts.
UFA of the Day: Chad Johnson
Jun 24, 2014, 11:37 AM EDT
"I am looking for a chance to really have an important role with a team."
Jackets give goalie McElhinney one-year extension
Jun 23, 2014, 1:31 PM EDT
Lots of goalies still unsigned. And not many spots for them to take.
Jets' Pavelec not thinking about possible buyout
Jun 18, 2014, 7:29 PM EDT
Despite a disappointing campaign in 2013-14.
Pens unlikely to use compliance buyouts, says Rutherford
Jun 16, 2014, 11:29 AM EDT
Pictured: Marc-Andre Fleury.
Rutherford: Mental game used to be difficult for Fleury, but he's improved
Jun 8, 2014, 2:10 PM EDT
Is that enough to convince the new Penguins GM to re-sign him?
Ex-NHLer Miller ordered to pay $1.6M for career-ending hit
Jun 7, 2014, 6:31 PM EDT
Former Red Wing was involved in an incident in the Swiss league in 2000.
Canucks GM doesn't dismiss possibility of signing veteran goalie
May 30, 2014, 4:26 PM EDT
Right now, Vancouver's got Eddie Lack and Jacob Markstrom.
Sabres' Stewart knows he might be on the move — again
May 30, 2014, 12:47 PM EDT
"Obviously you're subject to all those trade rumors and all the stuff like that."
Blues hire Corsi as goaltending coach
May 27, 2014, 11:12 AM EDT
Comes to St. Louis after 16 years with the Buffalo organization.
What lies ahead for new Caps GM MacLellan?
May 26, 2014, 6:59 PM EDT
Plenty, to say the least.
PHT Extra: Where will Trotz end up? What about Ryan Miller?
May 22, 2014, 5:33 PM EDT
Watch two bloggers speculate via streaming video!
Do the Isles finally have a goalie in Halak?
May 22, 2014, 4:44 PM EDT
Because the position's been kind of a problem for them.
Report: Ducks, Sharks not interested in Ryan Miller
May 21, 2014, 8:22 PM EDT
Update your wall charts accordingly.
Agent: Miller wants to win Cup, will factor into where he signs
May 21, 2014, 12:55 PM EDT
Let's go over the list again.
Welcome back: Benning inks multi-year deal as Vancouver GM
May 21, 2014, 11:56 AM EDT
Former Canucks d-man now back in the fold.
Blues want 'a goalie coach, not a goalie instructor,' says Armstrong
May 20, 2014, 12:35 PM EDT
Interesting times in net for St. Louis.
Report: Canucks to name Benning GM this week
May 20, 2014, 10:52 AM EDT
Set to become the 11th general manager in franchise history.
Discover 'Road to the Cup': Chicago Blackhawks
May 19, 2014, 3:14 PM EDT
Looking to become the first repeat champion since Detroit in 1997-98.
Five options for Ryan Miller, now that St. Louis isn't one
May 19, 2014, 12:42 PM EDT
Plus an honorary mention.
St. Louis signs Brian Elliott to three-year extension
May 19, 2014, 11:29 AM EDT
Looks like Ryan Miller won't be back.
Elliott not sure if he's staying in St. Louis
May 15, 2014, 10:48 PM EDT
He's an unrestricted free agent this summer.
Report: Isles working on deal to land Halak (Update: Done!)
May 1, 2014, 1:57 PM EDT
Washington gets a '14 fourth-round pick in return.
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Tipu Sultan's majestic sword has fetched a record price of £5,05,250 at an auction at Sotheby's, 10 times its estimated price.
The sword was estimated to fetch £50,000 to £70,000. In 2003, the more than 200-year-old sword was bought with much fanfare by liquor baron Vijay Mallya. Sotheby's described the item as: "A very rare sword with tiger-form hilt, from the Palace Armoury of Tipu Sultan, India, circa 1782-99, with 19th Century silver-mounted scabbard."
It said there was a very small number of sword hilts such as Tipu Sultan's auctioned sword that have a pronounced tiger theme that was a mark of his ownership.
Another highlight of the auction was a rare Indian bronze cannon cast at the Mysore King's royal foundry. This artefact from around 1790 AD was bought by an anonymous buyer at £3,13,250.
The collection
The Tipu Sultan collection, comprising seven lots, included weaponry and other rarities captured after the British stormed the erstwhile ruler of Mysore's palace in Srirangapatnam in May 1799. An applique and gilt metal thread-embroidered shamiana, from the cloth of gold suite used by Tipu Sultan in the royal toshkhana, which was estimated to sell for £30,000 to £40,000, went for £21,250.
Keywords: Tipu Sultan's sword auction


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Fort Thompson man gets prison time for assault
A Fort Thompson man will spend nearly two years in prison for assault with a dangerous weapon.
Myron Touche Sr., 44, was sentenced Aug. 26 to 22 months in prison. He will also spend 18 months on supervised release and pay a $100 special assessment to the Federal Crime Victims Fund.
A federal grand jury indicted Touche in February. He pled guilty to the above charge in June.
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The following is an abstract for the selected article. A PDF download of the full text of this article is available here. Members may download full texts at no charge. Non-members may be charged a small fee for certain articles.
Parametric Study of a Low-Pressure Theta-Pinch Discharge in Argon for Preliminary Analytical Optimization
Volume 43, Number 6 (Aug. 1989) Page 991-997
White, Jeffrey S.; Lee, Gae Ho; Scheeline, Alexander
The qualitative dependence of spectrochemical performance of a theta-pinch discharge on a variety of experimental variables including discharge gas pressure, sample positioning, discharge energy, and discharge current waveform is reported.


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Worldwide Locations
China experts Orville Schell, Jeffrey Wasserstrom and Winston Lord say the relationship between China and Hong Kong has been relatively smooth, but not without potential strains going forward.
The U.S. Under Secretary of Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment speaks with Asia Blog in advance of his March 6 appearance at Asia Society in New York.
Deng Xiaoping biographer Ezra Vogel discusses to what extent the Tiananmen Square incident tarnished Deng's record of reform.
Deng Xiaoping once appraised the rule of his predecessor as China's paramount leader, Mao Zedong, as being "70 percent positive and 30 percent negative". How would Deng's own performance in office be assessed? A new biography by the Harvard professor Ezra Vogel attempts to answer this question, through using (fortunately) more sophisticated tools than mere mathematical formulae.
Beijing's Bird Nest playing host to Rodeo China October 3-10, 2011. We get you started with a quick lesson in Chinese rodeo vocabulary.
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This item is coming soon!
Arcteryx Atom LT Jacket for Men is a hybrid midlayer jacket that's windproof and moisture-resistant. This insulated hoody is built with highly durable, top performance Polartec Power Stretch materials with Hardface. The Atom LT Jacket is highly breathable and lightweight, which allows for unbeatable comfort while you're outdoors.
Denali features all the best outdoor gear Denali and Trailblazer stores have to offer. Located in Connecticut and Rhode Island and open 7 days a week, you will find a huge selection of The North Face, Patagonia, Merrell Footwear, UGG Australia, Marmot, New Balance, Asics, Nike and more. Visit our locations page to find the Denali or Trailblazer near you!
Questions? Call: 866-451-3795
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Find us on Google+ | Denali Outdoor is Upfront


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President Barack Obama ordered his administration to do whatever is necessary to respond to and investigate explosions near the finish line on Monday at the Boston Marathon, a US official said.
Obama was told of the incident, which killed three people and injured at least 140 others (Source: CNN), shortly after it occurred and the White House has been in touch with state and local authorities.
"He directed his administration to provide whatever assistance is necessary in the investigation and response," the official said on condition of anonymity.
Officials said Obama was briefed by his top White House Homeland Security advisor Lisa Monaco and other senior aides.
The president called Boston mayor Tom Menino and Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick to express his concern for the injured and to offer support.
Shortly after the Boston blasts, Secret Service officers cordoned off an area adjacent to the fence at the front of the North Lawn of the White House on Pennsylvania Avenue, which would normally be thronged with crowds of tourists.


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see how good you are in id :)
Saw a dormant vine about 15 ft long. I saw dried pods and I took them. :)
Here it is. Can someone please id it?
I think I got it. It's Wisteria. Someone told me that he's seen 2 types of seeds, one from Chinese Wisteria and the other one from American wisteria. Chinese W is flat while the American W is rounded.
I looked for wisteria seeds in google and looks like I really do have wisteria seeds. Please see external link below. It's the Wisteria Seedpod.
Here are pictures I took 5 mins ago. I placed the seedpod I harvested against the picture from the link I found.
Here is a link that might be useful: Wisteria Seedpod
Ok. I was able to talk to the people in the library. Unfortunately, they don't know what vine it is. They only know there's vine there. :(
Looks like I will really have to wait in spring for it to see it. I'm going there this weekend to take a picture of the base and to examine where the runners/suckers go.
I went to the area again today to return the bluray movies I rented from the library. Looks like it is a Chinese Wisteria. It's because the twining is counter clockwise. I also scrutinized the base and the area and I saw suckers about only 1 to 2 ft from the main trunk. So it looks like it's not that aggressive here in our area.
Anyways, Chinese Wisterias doesn't have long racemes. I'm not sure if I still want this vine.
It is likely to be American Wisteria. Wisteria frutescans
Sorry about the link. This should fix it.
Here is a link that might be useful: Compare Seeds on USDA plant site


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Common Hypogonadism Symptoms
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
hypogonadismI've been on combination therapy since the acute phase of my infection. My viral load was quickly reduced to undetectable and my cd4 count is normal. Assuming this remains the case am I at risk for hypogonadism? Should anabolic steroids be...
Response from Keith Henry, M.D.
University of Minnesota, School of Medicine...Although the incidence of hypogonadism appears to be higher in HIV infected men it is not unclear to me what factors directly relate to that problem. There has been Read more »
HypogonadismAbout how long after infection would Hypogonadism become an issue?Thanks for your time! Read more »
hypogonadismDear Dr. Young,Is it possible for hypogonadism to start as soon as 2 months after infection?I have... Read more »
Treatment of Hypogonadism in Men with HIV Infection... Introduction: A number of endocrine abnormalities have been reported in people infected with HIV. Among these, hypogonadism is well described, particularly as men progress to AIDS and in those who are wasting. Testosterone has both anabolic... Read more »
The Prevalence of Hypogonadism in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving HAART... The prevalence of hypogonadism in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART (Poster Presentation TuPeB3180) Authored by M. Desyatnik, A. Baaj, A. Fisher (United Read more »
What Are the Symptoms of HIV and AIDS?When it comes to the symptoms of HIV/AIDS, there are three major points to keep in mind: There's a big difference between the symptoms of HIV and the symptoms of advanced HIV, also known as AIDS. It's what you do that puts you at risk for HIV... Read more »
Fungal InfectionsTable of Contents What Are Fungal Infections? Candidiasis Cryptococcosis Histoplasmosis Aspergillosis Conclusion What Are Fungal Infections? Fungi (singular is fungus) are a kind of germ. Most fungi are harmless to humans,... Read more »
Connect With Others
Upcoming Research Study
Posted by thehennegroup...medical research firm located in San Francisco. We are currently conducting interviews with men who have been diagnosed with Hypogonadism or Low Testosterone, and are hoping to spread the word about our study so we can get anyone who might be... Read more »
Am I Infected
Posted by delhiguy, 3 RepliesI am 30 YO guy. Worried that I may have got infected. I met this friend of mine on 5th of Dec 2010 which was just a causual meeting after 5 years. After having drinks she started touching me and I got aroused and we end up mating. While in act, she... Read more »
Worried after performing oral on multiple partners
Posted by alanwann, 2 RepliesOkay from the Top I am A gay male but have never really been interested in a dating or regular partner.In the past Ive been hooking up on net or rest stops but just giving oral nothing else .I admit I always enjoyed swallowing semen a lot and Over... Read more »
Hey Springer
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply...fatique as one of your miscellenous symtoms. Would you give a brief description on this condition? Have you tested for anemia or hypogonadism? These are medical conditions that can cause fatique. A CBC would tell you whether you are anemic and... Read more »
Resource Centers
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The Henry County Sheriff's Department is investigating the possible theft of up to $40,000 by an employee at a Puryear business. The Paris Post-Intelligencer reports the owner the Puryear Minit Mart told Lance Perry with the Sheriff's Department that he believes an employee stole about $40,000 over the past six months.
A Tennessee man has been charged with running over a woman with his van and killing her in Murray. Calloway County deputies say James Cook of McLemoresville, Tenn., is also charged with driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs and leaving the scene of the accident. The victim was Desiree Moore of Puryear, Tenn. Maj. Clayton Hendricks says Cook and Moore were both in the van, but Moore got out during an argument. Hendricks says Cook ran over her at least twice with the van.


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How to invite your friends to Google+?
As I'm having fun inviting people to the new social networking service Google +, many asked me on how they can invite their friends (since Google has temporarily shut down the invitation mechanism). Here are the steps I'm following to do that:
Create a new empty Circle and name it something like "Gmail contacts"
Add the […]


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I saw Bat for Lashes. There was joy, there was love, there was anger, there was sweat.
First of all, it's hilarious that Staind was playing that same night. There were plenty of things to laugh at.
The crowd was far more diverse than I expected. By diverse I mean there were guys there. I didn't know any male Bat for Lashes fans prior to this.
Other Lives, the opening act, was incredibly amazing. I'm getting their gosh-darn album, dad-gummit. And I want the cellist's number.
In between sets, there was totally a girl fight in front of me. It was awesome. Kudos to you, girl in the white shirt.
But then, Bat for Lashes came on. She opened with Glass, a wise choice. Her vocal delivery is just as strong live as it is on the albums. The song got me pumped.
Watching her live is like watching a shaman or medicine woman trying to both hypnotize and regale the audience with tales of yore. And she's darn good at it.
I haven't found a setlist yet, so I'll just make note of highlights.
Good Love-Always been one of my favorites. It was so pretty and serene.
What's A Girl To Do-Oh man, talk about some phat beats. I liked the song a lot as a recording but it had so much more oomph live. When I say phat beats, I mean they was some PHAT BEATZ.
Two Planets-Lots of force, made me feel like I was participating in some ancient Pagan dance.
Sad Eyes-Didn't care for it much before, but it was so great live. I got it.
Horse and I-I got a shiver as I typed that, realizing I had seen it live and it had been so wonderful. This summed up the entire experience for me; magical, mysterious, and otherworldly.
All in all, Bat for Lashes took me places I had thought I'd been before, but I had not. There is still magic in the world.


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Brrrr! The BEEG Freeze
Temps in southern California headed below freezing tonite; some of us probably got there last night as well. What plants are you protecting, and how?
I covered my succulents last night and will continue until Wed. I used dollar store flannel backed plastic tablecloths with some magnetic chips clips to add weight to the ends. I've also used a few cheap fleece blankets over a 75yo jade plant and another potted plant.
I didn't do anything except close the chicken's window and cut the reblooming irises to bring inside. Now I think I should cut the orchids too. Thanks for the reminder.
I got damage on my tomatoes before I could do anything, but the pot was too heavy/bulky to move easily, and they almost never get damage. I picked the green tomatoes yesterday and will cook them that way.
I brought in all my phalaenopsis orchids, as the leaves can get damaged with temps below 40 degree, and they really prefer for it not to get below 45. Anyway, I got them in yesterday, and so they are all okay now. I want to build a shelf for them to stay permanently inside, but that will be for another season. I have protected enclosures outside for my other orchids, but I'll have to check to see if they made it okay. Most of them are pretty hardy, and the cymbidiums are putting out lots of spikes and flowers now - see pic below of one I brought in.
I had already bought in an oncidium and a zygopetalum with spikes that had flowers about to bloom. It got down to 37 degrees at my house this morning, but not so cold in the protected areas. This is the coldest it's ever been at my house, and I hope this is not a trend.
This post was edited by publickman on Mon, Jan 14, 13 at 18:39
Waaa. The mini hedge I worked so hard on all year that the bees love was hit. It's going to be bare in many places. I think it is called Mexican Heather. It has fine foliage and a tiny med pink flower all spring and summer. Should I cut the whole thing to the ground or just cut away the dead stuff?
Do nothing until all chance of frost is past. New growth produced in response to the pruning will be even more susceptible to frost damage. In addition, damaged leaves on top will protect lower parts.
If you aren't familiar with how it will respond to the damage, you may want to hold off on pruning until new growth resumes, that way you don't unintentionally cut away healthy branches (sometimes there are undamaged dormant buds in spite of the frozen leaves).
Don't do anything til spring!
Lars, love your orchids! I cut mine off and brought them inside, and they look lovely- golden yellow in a silver vase. They smell funky, though. I'm glad it isn't my feet after all :)
My cymbidiums have a sweet smell although my brother cannot smell them. I like their fragrance, but your might smell different.
I had what appears to be frost damage on my banana trees in the back yard, which are near the walls that border the neighbors back yards. One is an ice cream banana, and it is a single tree right in the middle of the back yard at the back wall, where it gets the most sun but is also the least protected. The other is a clump of four trees that I thought were going to make bananas. All I know is that it is some kind of musa banana, which I planted 2-3 years ago, and it has grown well but has not yet flowered. Three of the four trees are now completely brown, but the other has new green foliage at the top. The lowest recorded temperature at my house was 37 degrees, which is the coldest it's been since I moved there, but there was light frost on the grass in my back yard and on my car windshield one morning, parked on the street in front. None of my herbs, such as basil or oregano, were harmed, and the areas where I keep the orchids stayed a bit warmer because they are protected. I'm wondering how much colder the extremes of my yard get compared to the areas right next to the house. The back yard is the highest ground in my immediate neighborhood, although the incline is so minor that you can barely detect it. One of the reasons I bought the house was that I noticed that all water would drain away from it. Now I'm wondering if being on a slight hill is an advantage or not. I'm not far from the Armstrong Nursery on Sepulveda in Westchester, and they had similar temps to mine but didn't have damage, but they covered a lot of their plants.
I covered the marginal plants..and it made a huge difference. My Mango looks good. Its in ground. Ironic that the only night I didn't cover they said mid 30's,it dropped to 34 or a bit less..and THAT singed a couple of leaves. I know that plant was only two old worn out t shirts from being killed or cut to the ground.


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This invention relates to a starch based tablet disintegrant useful at low addition levels and providing equally effective properties in water and physiological fluids. The starches are characterized by their low solubility in cold water, high swelling power and labile birefringence in the dry state, which rapidly disappears upon addition of water. The preferred starches are inhibited then processed to remove a portion of the granular structure.
1. A starch based tablet disintegrant comprising a starch characterized by having cold water solubles of less than 2%, a swelling ratio of at least 2 (hydrated volume/dry volume), a salt swelling ratio of greater than 0.8, birefringence which disappears on addition of water at 50� C. and has an average particle size no greater than the native starch from which it was prepared.
2. The disintegrant of
3. The disintegrant of
4. The disintegrant of
5. The disintegrant of
6. The disintegrant of
7. The disintegrant of
8. A tablet comprising a starch of
9. The tablet of
10. The tablet of
11. The tablet of
12. The tablet of
13. A tablet comprising a disintegrant, wherein the disintegrant consists essentially of the starch of
14. A tablet comprising a disintegrant, wherein the disintegrant consists essentially of the starch of
15. A starch characterized by having hot water solubles of less than 2% at 85� C., a swelling ratio of at least 2 (hydrated volume/dry volume), a salt swelling ratio of greater than 0.8 and birefringence which disappears on addition of water at 50� C. and has an average particle size no greater than the native starch from which it was prepared.
16. A tablet comprising the starch of
17. An inhibited, chemically modified starch characterized by having cold water solubles of less than 2%, a swelling ratio of at least 2 (hydrated volume/dry volume), a salt swelling ratio of greater than 0.8, birefringence which disappears on addition of water at 50� C. and has an average particle size no greater than the native starch from which it was prepared.
The present invention relates to starches capable of undergoing rapid, irreversible swelling on hydration with water or physiological solutions. The starch derivatives of this invention are unique in that at least some crystallinity in the granular structure remains before hydration, yet are able to swell at room temperature when water is added. Additionally, these starches swell to the same relative degree regardless of ionic strength of the water solution. This is critical in predicting the hydration extent in various concentrations of salt such as physiological solutions.
The present invention relates to a starch based super-disintegrant for tablet applications. Disintegrants perform by rapidly swelling and applying force to disrupt the tablet structure and are generally used at about 5 to 10 percent dry basis of the total tablet weight. Super-disintegrants work by the same mechanism, but are more effective and are typically used at or below about 1 percent.
Inhibited starches that have been fully pregelatinized and used for tablet disintegrants are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,369,308 to Trubiano. While these starches provide good disintegration properties, they are used at fairly high levels and have the associated issues with relatively high level of solubles. If during the swelling, the particles become sticky or soluble they will interfere with the release of the active material (e.g. pharmaceutical material). Particles with very limited swelling will not provide sufficient force to cause the tablet to rupture and release it's content.
Carboxymethyl starches (CMS, and other highly charged starch derivatives), described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,034,911 to McKee et al. for use as tablet disintegrants, are effective because of their excellent swelling power. The swelling of these pregelatinized, highly charged starches, like CMS, are highly susceptible to salt concentration and tend to display reduced swelling in salt solution. Ideally, disintegrants should provide similar swelling capacity in all types of media, primarily in water and physiologically fluids (e.g. stomach acids). Additionally, these materials have high levels of solubles, which interfere with their ability to function as disintegrants.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 6,143,423 issued to Michaud et al. the combination of a non-swollen birefringent granules and partially swollen non-birefringent granules provide disintegration in addition to good binding properties. A swollen granule of at least 50% of the original size marks the non-birefringent starches disclosed in this reference. The effectiveness of the disclosed mixture is reduced because the native birefringent granules provide little or no disintegration power.
Non-birefringent granules with residual shell film structure are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,447,601 and 4,383,111, issued to Takeo et al. in which all the crystallinity is lost and the resulting starch is amorphous. Takeo states that low solubility (less than about 10%) is important to the effectiveness of the disintegrant. The starches disclosed in this reference are not chemically or physically modified, therefore their efficiency is limited by the amount of cold water soluble material in native starch. This is of particular importance for charged starches such as potato (a root starch), which would typically exhibit higher levels of cold water soluble components without chemical or physical intervention.
Thus, there is still a need in the current market for a safe, natural and effective disintegrant that will function at low usage levels and provide rapid tablet disintegration in all types of aqueous systems.
The present invention relates to a starch based disintegrant for use in tablets, including direct compression, that will swell forcefully when exposed to water, while at the same time will not become soluble. To accomplish this we have found that starch must be physically processed to remove/destroy a portion of the native granular birefringence.
As used herein, the term starch is intended to include all granular starches and flours obtained from a plant source. Typical sources of starches and flours are cereals, tubers, roots, legumes and fruits. The native source includes, but are not limited to corn, pea, potato, sweet potato, banana, barley, wheat, rice, sago, amaranth, oat, tapioca, arrowroot, canna, sorghum, and waxy or high amylose varieties thereof. As used herein, the term �waxy� is intended to include a starch or flour containing at least about 95% by weight amylopectin and the term �high amylose� is intended to include a starch or flour containing at least about 40% by weight of amylose. While any starch can be useful in the practice of this invention, preferred base starches are those derived from corn, potato, tapioca, rice, sago and wheat with the most suitable being potato.
One preferred embodiment for starches of the current invention is that they are inhibited by methods know in the art. In cases where the processing step to remove/destroy a portion of the crystallinity involves shear (such as jet cooking or spray drying), it is necessary for the starch to be inhibited before processing. In some low shear processes, such as the solvent processes (described infra) inhibition is optional and may even be completely unnecessary.
Typical inhibiting reagents include, but are not limited to, sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP), epichlorohydrin, phosphorous oxychloride, glyoxal and polymeric versions of the above chemistries. Other types of non-chemical inhibition, including but not limited to heat treatment, heat/moisture treatment and physical processing, are also acceptable for use in this invention. Examples of heat/moisture treatments to produce inhibition are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,578,497 (Hjermstad) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,725,676 (Chui et al.). Most suitable inhibitors for use in this invention are epichlorohydrin, phosphorous oxychloride and STMP.
The level of inhibition is important in high shear processes to control the amount of hydration (swelling) in the final product. Typical treatment levels will be chosen below 0.5 percent, most suitably between 0.001 and 0.1 percent based on the weight of starch.
The optimal inhibition chosen for each application will take into account possible interactions with active ingredients in the total formulation. The type and level of inhibition will depend greatly on the nature and parameters of the physical process, described infra, and offer the practitioner a wide range of choices to meet each application requirements.
In situations where inhibition of the starch is necessitated by the physical process, starches suitable for this invention will also be chemically modified.
In starches not requiring inhibition, chemical derivatization is completely optional. The modification can be either etherification or esterification and can be accomplished prior to, during, or after the inhibition step. The preferred modification is etherification using ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, most suitably propylene oxide. Modified starches of these types, and methods for making them, are described in �Starch: Chemistry and Technology�, edited by R. L. Whistler et al, Chapter X, 1984.
One skilled in the art would recognize that the order of reaction would depend on the nature of the linkage and modification conditions. For example, inhibition with an esterifying reagent would preferably be accomplished after an etherifying reaction since the high pH required for the etherification would strip off some of the inhibition.
Once the starch has been inhibited and modified, a processing step is required to alter the crystallinity of the final product, thus making it swellable in cold water, while still maintaining very low solubility. We refer to the altered crystallinity (or birefringence), as being labile since it will disappear on addition of cold water (less than 50� C.).
Microscopic observation of native starch granules under polarized light shows a unique pattern (birefringence also known as Maltese crosses) which is caused by refraction of the light by the crystal structure. The crystals in the native starch granules act to hold the granular structure together. The presence of water at less than about 50� C. has no effect on the birefringence or granular structure. When the granules are heated in the presence of water above their gelatinization temperature the birefringence is irreversibly destroyed during the hydration and the starch molecules will become highly soluble.
The starches of this invention are characterized by an altered crystallinity that also provides birefringence in the dry state. Microscopic observation in the dry state under polarized light shows the Maltese crosses are somewhat irregular and different from the native granules, but still very distinct. Addition of cold water (less than 50� C.) to the granules of the present invention will cause rapid hydration and loss of the birefringence. Since the altered crystal state is now lost the hydration is accompanied by a forceful swelling without solubilizing the starch molecules. Starches without birefringence in the dry state have already begun to swell and will have diminished disintegrating power.
The processing step needed to alter the crystallinity can be accomplished under many conditions and in aqueous and non-aqueous media, but must afford a dry solid powder. Typically the process will involve heating a mixture of granular starch and water under conditions of time, temperature and pressure to facilitate partial reduction of the native granule's crystallinity. One skilled in the art would of course recognize that compounds such as solvents, sugars and salts could be used to manipulate the above parameters to accomplish the desired transformation.
One preferred method of preparing starches for this invention is the use of a solvent system with limited amounts of water present (low shear process). Typical solvents for this system would be C-1 to C-4 simple alcohols. Common examples of these materials are methanol, ethanol or isopropanol. The process involves suspending the starch (which could be native, modified, inhibited or modified and inhibited starch) in a water/alcohol mixture and heating to around the boiling point. Upon cooling the starch can be recovered by filtration and air-dried. Addition of a small amount of a suitable basic material can facilitate the process. Typically one percent or less of an alkaline earth or alkaline metal hydroxide (e.g. sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) will be utilized in the solvent process.
An alternative method for preparing the starches containing labile crystalline structure of this invention is to utilize an aqueous salt solution in place of the solvent system described above. Examples of suitable salts are, but not limited to, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium sulfate and the like.
A preferred embodiment of this invention is utilizing spray drying to simultaneously remove some of the granular crystallinity and dry the product. It is preferred that the granular starches be inhibited when spray drying is used to make the processing more controllable. Spray drying of this type generally involves contacting the aqueous inhibited starch slurry with live steam for a very controlled period of time. This can be accomplished in special two fluid nozzles with various chamber designs that will allow for exact control of how much of the crystallinity is removed. For a thorough review of this technology see U.S. Pat. No. 4,600,472 (Pitchon et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 4,610,760 (Kirkpatrick et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,799 (Rubens). Additionally, spray drying can be coupled with jet-cooking to afford a separate method for partially removing the granular crystallinity. The process for coupling the jet cooking and spray drying is detailed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,674 (Kasica et al.).
Spray drying can also be utilized in the more traditional sense to simply dry a product that has been previously treated to remove some of the crystallinity. Processes such as the solvent process, described above, or other aqueous processes for removing some of the crystallinity could be accomplished in a separate step and the dry powder recovered utilizing spray drying or other drying processes know in the art.
For the products of this invention to be useful as tablet disintegrants, a number of other criteria are necessary. First is low solubility in cold water. This parameter can be used as an indicator of whether the particles will become sticky when swollen in water. Highly soluble, sticky materials will not allow the tablet to readily fall apart. As used herein, low solubles is defined as less than about 5%, more suitably less than about 2% of the total starch dissolved in deionized (DI) water at 25� C.
For applications in which hot water (85� C.) is utilized, such as laundry detergents, suitable starches will have a solubility of less than 2% dissolved starch In DI water at 85� C.
Another advantage of the starches is their ability to rapidly swell from their original size on addition of water or aqueous salt solution. It is this swelling of the starch particles that is responsible for causing the tablet to rupture and disintegrate. To be effective as a super-disintegrant (used at 1% or less) it has been found that these products must swell at least about 200 percent on addition of water. Alternatively stated the starches of this invention must have a swelling ratio of at least 2.0 (hydrated volume/dry volume).
Additionally, the starch-based disintegrants suitable for use in this invention are characterized in that they have the same or smaller size and shape as the native starch from which they were derived. Preferably the average particle size will be no greater than the native granules from which it was derived. It is believed that the smaller size provides more uniform distribution of disintegrant particles throughout the tablet. Therefore, proper and uniform expansion forces needed for effective tablet disintegration are obtained at usage levels of equal to or less than one percent.
Yet another embodiment of the present invention is that these starch-based disintegrants swell to about the same extent in both water and physiological fluids. For the purposes of this application physiological fluids are defined as 0.1 N NaCl solution. To gauge the swelling effectiveness of starches in physiological fluids, a salt swelling ratio was defined as the swelling volume of a starch in 0.1 N NaCl divided by the swelling volume of the same starch in DI water. A suitable ratio for starch based disintegrants of this invention is defined as being equal to or greater than about 0.8.
Another property considered important for the starch based disintegrant in many applications is the disintegration time (time for a tablet to fall apart on contacted with water). While not all applications will require a rapid disintegration, typically a suitable disintegration time of less than about 300, most suitably 100 seconds is desired.
The disintegrants of this application are suitable for any tablet made by direct compression, dry compression, or wet granulation in which water is in a limited amount (such as a solvent system) so as not to hydrate the labile birefringence. Examples of such suitable tablets can be, but are not limited to, pharmaceuticals, vitamins, supplements, herbals, detergents, dishwasher detergents, agricultural and food type materials such as bouillon cubes and confections.
The following examples are offered to further illustrate the invention. They are not meant to limit the scope or spirit of the invention in any way. One skilled in the art will realize the wide latitude in starch types, cross-linkers and processing conditions available to practice this invention.
All percentages used herein are on a weight/weight basis unless otherwise noted. The following test procedures were used throughout the examples. For all the examples the control was carboxymethyl starch (sodium starch glycolate also known as EXPLOTAB�).
Analytical Procedures:
Swelling volume was evaluated using a sedimentation volume test (SVT). The samples were added at 1% solids into a 75 ml of solvating media, deionized (DI) water or 0.1N NaCl and mixed vigorously in the graduated cylinder. Any powder was rinsed off the walls of the cylinder with the appropriate solvating medium to the final volume of 100 ml. The sedimentation volume (ml/g) was determined after 24 h.
Solubility was determined using gravimetric method and a 2% dispersion of the test starch suspended in DI water. For low temperature testing, the solutions were prepared at 25� C. and for high temperature testing the solutions were prepared at 85� C. The sample was filtered or centrifuged to remove insoluble materials. The supernatant was mixed with a known amount of pre-dried sand and dried in an oven at 105� C. to the constant weight. This final weight minus the weight of the initial dry sand represented the total weight of the solubles.
Granule integrity and birefringence were evaluated using microscopy and polarized light microscopy, respectively. Samples were suspended in DI water or mineral oil at 1% solids. About 0.05 ml was placed on the microscopic slide. Evaluation in mineral oil served to evaluate powders in their anhydrous form to detect birefringence and granular structure. Samples were placed in water and then observed under the microscope using polarized light to see if the birefringence was lost and how much swelling (hydration) occurred.
Tablet Composition
All tablets were prepared using dicalcium phosphate as a filler, UNI-PURE� LD starch (National Starch and Chemical Company, Bridgewater N.J.) as an extragranular binder and magnesium stearate as a lubricant. Filler was mixed with starch samples, extragranular binder and samples were mixed for 20 min, then lubricant was added and samples were mixed for additional 30 s. Initially, super-disintegrants were evaluated at 4% or 1% of the total formulation, as stated.
All tablets were prepared using 500 mg of powder on the single station tablet press, model MTCM-I (Globe Pharma, Inc.) at 13.7 MPa compression force. The tablet press was fitted with 1.27 cm diameter punch die. Tablet crushing strength was measured on a Dr. Scheuniger Pharmatron Model 6D Tablet Tester.
Disintegration Time
The tablets were tested in DI water at 37� C. using disintegration apparatus (Erweka Model ZT1) for a maximum time of 3600 s. The time required to achieve complete tablet disintegration was measured.
Chemical Modification of Potato Starch:
Potato starch was added into 25% sodium sulfate solution to achieve 40% (w/w) slurry. The temperature of the slurry was increased to 40� C., pH was adjusted to 11-11.5, and chemical modification reagent 2, 4, 6, or 8% propylene oxide, was added. The reaction was carried for 18 h at 40� C. The starch was then neutralized to pH of 5.5-6.0 with 3N HCl, filtered, washed, and recovered by air drying.
Chemical Inhibition of Potato Starch:
The potato starch from above was added into 0.003% sodium chloride solution to achieve 40% (w/w) slurry. The pH of the slurry was adjusted to 11-11.5 and an appropriate amount of inhibiting reagent, 0.085, 0.093, 0.1 or 0.24% phosphorus oxychloride was added. The reaction was carried out for 30 min at room temperature, then pH was adjusted to neutral with 3N HCl. The starch was filtered, washed, and recovered by air drying. The results of substitution and inhibition are shown in Tables 1 and 2, below, and all experimental samples were prepared by spray drying using the procedure described in example 3a.
100 g of the potato starch from above is suspended into 200 ml of an aqueous methanol (70/30 alcohol/water) solution and brought to a boil by heating in a steam bath. The product was boiled for 30 minutes and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The starch was recovered by filtration and then allowed to air dry.
One Step Process
Spray drying was performed on a Niro Spray Dryer with a two fluid nozzle. The starch as prepared in Example 1 was slurried at 20-30% (w/w) solids in water and was introduced directly into the nozzle with the feed pressure of 20.6-24.0 MPa. In the nozzle, the slurry was coming in contact with steam at 0.8-1.2 MPa. Slurry solids, pumping rate, length of the nozzle, steam pressure, and back pressure in the nozzle were manipulated to accomplish desired degree of starch pregelatinization while maintaining granule integrity and partial birefringence. Results are shown in table 3 and 4, below.
The coupled jet-cooking and spray-drying was performed as described in the patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,131,953. The process was accomplished at 20-30% starch solids (obtained from Example 1, above) and low steam pressure. The conditions were designed to generate high solids and low shear environment to achieve partial starch cooking and labile/residual birefringence. The starch slurry was subjected to 80-85� C. cooking temperature. The steam pressure to the cooking chamber and line pressure to the spray drier were maintained at 0.7 MPa.
A sample of NOVATION� 1600 starch (a thermally inhibited potato starch available from National Starch and Chemical Co., Bridgewater, N.J.) is slurried at 20-30% (w/w) solids in water and is introduced directly into the nozzle with the feed pressure of 20.6-24.0 MPa. In the nozzle, the slurry is coming in contact with steam at 0.6-0.8 MPa. Slurry solids, pumping rate, length of the nozzle, steam pressure, and back pressure in the nozzle are manipulated to accomplish desired degree of starch pregelatinization while maintaining granule integrity and partial birefringence.
Two Step Process
A slurry of starch is prepared by adding 2500 g of starch to 7500 g of water and mixing until uniform. The slurry is then heated to at or below the gelatinization temperature and held for 2-30 minutes. The slurry is then cooled to stop gelatinization and then pumped into a Niro spray drier with a single fluid nozzle fed at 20.6-24.0 MPa. The chamber temperature is held between 75 and 125� C. to dry the product without destroying the residual crystalline structure.
A slurry of starch is prepared by adding 2500 g of starch to 7500 g of water and mixing until uniform. The slurry is then heated to about the gelatinization temperature and held for 2-30 minutes. The slurry is then cooled to stop gelatinization and then water is removed by flash drying.
A total of 40 grams of sodium sulfate is dissolved in 200 ml of water. To this solution 100 grams of potato starch is mixed until uniform. The slurry is then heated in a water bath at 80� C. for 20 minutes. The slurry is then cooled to room temperature and filtered. The starch cake is washed with 70/30 ethanol/water mix to remove the residual salt. The starch is air dried to less than 10% moisture.
Evaluation of particle size was performed using two methods: sieving and optical microscopy. In the sieving method, sieves with the U.S. mesh numbers of 120, 170, and 400 were used. 100 g of each powder was placed on the top sieve and tapped for 30 min. The weight retained on each sieve and a pan was determined. Additionally, the samples were evaluated in a non-aqueous medium under the microscope, and particle size was measured directly. Results are shown in table 5, below.
The results from the above examples show the utility and versatility of starches that are inhibited and processed to remove a portion of their native crystallinity. The effective utilization of starch type, inhibition type and level and processing conditions in the preparation of a highly efficient starch based tablet disintegrant is what this application offers the practitioner.
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