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Beginner Basics: Natural Light Portrait Photography By Matt Kloskowski
Creating portraits under natural light gives you the flexibility to shoot at almost any time of day with a minimal amount of gear. In this class Matt teaches everything you need to know to take your natural light portraits to the next level. You'll learn what to consider when choosing a camera body and lens for portraits, a formula for dialing in the right camera settings, how to work with bright sun and deep shade, and a ton of tips and tricks aimed at helping you get killer results every time.
Video transcripts available with a subscription.
Matt was the former full-time Director of Education for Kelby Media Group and a Tampa-based photographer. He's the Editor-in-Chief of Lightroom Magazine, the lead instructor on the Adobe Photoshop Lightroom LIVE Seminar Tour and author of several best-selling Photoshop books. Matt also hosts the world's top Lightroom blog, LightroomKiller...


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Potash twins making waves in jazz
Identical twin brothers from Jewish suburbia, Ezra and Adeev Potash, are Omaha's unlikely gift to the jazz world. Their soul and funk-infused horn playing has everyone from Big Sam Williams to Wynton Marsalis singing their praises.
Ezra plays trombone, tuba and sousaphone. Adeev plays trumpet. The Westside High School grads recorded their 2012 debut album, "Twintuition," in Omaha as a New York City calling card....
Pick: Renoir to Chagall: Paris and the Allure of Color
June 8
Renoir to Chagall: Paris and the Allure of Color
Members Opening Saturday, 6-8 pm
Joslyn Art Museum
If the "City of Light" is not on your radar this summer either in place or in time, the Joslyn Art Museum offers the next best thing with its new exhibit, Renoir to Chagall: Paris and the Allure of Color. Featuring nearly 50, 19th century Impressionistic paintings, the exhibit is part...
Cosmic Forecast, May 30-June 5
Sorry about last week's repeat of the previous week's article. My record with the "Reader" so far — in 16 1/2 glorious years, encompassing 858 issues — is 7 mistakes for the "Reader" and 5 for myself. Now, to speak on behalf of our current "Reader" crew, 3 of their tally dated from the short-lived (oh my GOD, forgive me for my pun!) Alan Baer buyout (oh, by the way, Timothy S., still think I'm a "homophobe"?). Not...
Pick: Edward Sharpe & the Magnetic Zeros
June 4th
Edward Sharpe & the Magnetic Zeros
Stir Cove, 1 Harrah's Boulevard in Council Bluffs
7:30 p.m., $27, stircove.com
Behind the seemingly-simple Americana folk pop played by Edward Sharpe & the Magnetic Zeros is a conceptual backstory of the fictional Edward Sharpe, a messianic figure dreamed up by bandleader Alex Ebert. In the band's backstory, Sharpe came to save mankind but got significantly...
Pick: Baths
June 2
Baths w/ Houses and D33J
The Waiting Room Lounge, 6212 Maple St.
9 p.m., $10 in advance/$12 day-of-show, onepercentproductions.com
Will Wiesenfeld created the first Baths album, 2010's Cerulean, in his bedroom in a matter of weeks, though the short creation of the album belied its obviously detailed composition. Baths quickly garnered a host of chillwave and bedroom electronica comparisons, though his...
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subset: commoncrawl


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CM Arvind Kejriwal scraps Ambedkar Nagar BRT
Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal has directed the transport department to dismantle controversial Bus Rapid Transit corridor between Ambedkar Nagar and Moolchand. The city government has also sought
Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal has directed the transport department to dismantle controversial Bus Rapid Transit corridor between Ambedkar Nagar and Moolchand. The city government has also sought
It took a government with a huge majority to finally wind up the controversial BRT corridor.The debate over utility of the stretch in south Delhi has remained mostly stuck to "rich car owner versus poor
MANY EXPERTS STILL THINK SCRAPPING BRT IS A BAD IDEA, BUT MOST USERS ARE HAPPY TO SEE IT GO Throwing his weight behind the controversial BRT project, IIT-Delhi professor Dinesh Mohan argues that for
With Kochi city increasingly depending on work force commuting from suburbs and neighbouring districts, there is crying need to discourage private vehicles, while making available adequate number of commuter-friendly
The Delhi Dialogue Commission, an advisory body of the AAP government, today stressed the need for an integrated public transport system to address transport -related problems being faced by the residents
The Delhi Dialogue Commission on Monday held a meeting with the Centre for Science and Environment and transport officials to come up with a roadmap for checking vehicular emission. Advocacy organisation
A meeting on transport-related issues facing the Capital's citizens was organised by the Delhi Dialogue Commission (DDC) chaired by Transport Minister Gopal Rai, and co-chaired by DDC vice-chairman Ashish
The industrial sector has been taking the flak for emitting high levels of hazardous gases over the years but it might ultimately be our homes that are responsible for the highest emission of greenhouse
PARIS will restrict car use on Monday as a measure to fight against surging air pollution, the city's Police Department announced on Saturday. According to a statement published on the department's
Paris authorities have requested emergency traffic-limiting measures to be put in place on Friday, as the city of light and much of northern France suffers from a choking smog. City mayor Anne Hidalgo


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Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
Very interesting hiv questionI will donate - Sorry that I originally posted to the wrong forum.I have a very intersting hiv question for you. Is it possible for someone to have 9 months of symptoms following a recent hiv infection? Since March 2010, I have had the following...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...is and is not HIV infected. Persistent symptoms for nine months is not consistent with HIV acute retroviral syndrome (ARS).A negative HIV-antibody test at 6.5 weeks is encouraging, but not definitive. HIV-antibody tests taken before the... Read more »
Risks of unprotected anal sex (HIV TRANSMISSION BETWEEN TWO HIV NEGATIVES, 2009)With a negative testing couple, are there any risks of unprotected anal sex? For example, the semen... Read more »
Truth about oral sex and hiv - mixed messages received from a test counselor (TRANSMISSION VIA ORAL SEX, 2010)I have been tested at 3 months, 6 months and a year all negative. I was told that I should test up... Read more »
Myths About HIV...take. Myths About HIV Tests The myth: "The 'AIDS test' can't be trusted." The reality : The 'AIDS test' measures HIV antibodies. If you are infected, your immune system will make antibodies against HIV. The HIV antibody test (called... Read more »
HIV Testing... Why Should You Get Tested for HIV? What Are HIV Antibody Tests? ELISA Western Blot (WB) Assay Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) Read more »
What Is HIV?...been infected, your immune system will make antibodies against HIV. The most common HIV tests look for these antibodies. The HIV antibody test (called ELISA or EIA) is one of the most reliable medical tests. It can be done on blood, mouth swab,... Read more »
The Stages of HIV Disease...(i.e., in only a few cases ever ), a person may take six months to produce antibodies. To be certain of your HIV status, take an HIV antibody test three months or longer after you were exposed to the virus. For even greater certainty, get tested... Read more »
Connect With Others
initial screening positive but no antibodies?
Posted by dmvcc99, 1 Reply...was through my general physician. From what my Dr. told me, the initial screening showed "reaction" and was positive but no HIV antibodies were found in my blood. I am aware of the "window" period and that this can happen. However, my Dr.... Read more »
Unprotected oral is not risk-free!
Posted by SuperAnxious, 4 Replies...he did not ejaculate in my mouth. 2. 2nd exposure on 5/22/09 I performed oral sex on male with unknown status (he was tested negative in 01/2009 and have primarily engage in insertive oral sex) - no ejaculation in my mouth but I did let him go... Read more »
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply...care provider usually can diagnose it by testing your blood for the presence of antibodies (disease-fighting proteins) to HIV. HIV antibodies generally do not reach noticeable levels in the blood for 1 to 3 months following infection. It may take... Read more »
connection onset ARS-symptoms and HIV-antibodies
Posted by Dutchman, 2 Replies...someone (who's skilled) can tell if there is indeed a connection between the moment of onset of ARS-symptoms and the moment that HIV antibodies can be detected by a rapid HIV antigen test (Abbott Determine rapid test in my case.) I've heard that... Read more »
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Battling Waterford earn a second chance against Clare
- Gaelic Football
- June 9, 2014, 01:00
CLARE 2-8 WATERFORD 2-8 Waterford and Clare played out a draw in front of 1,768 spectators at Cusack Park, Ennis on Saturday evening. Cla(...)
Cautious Clare remain focused on Antrim ahead of under-21 All-Ireland final
- Sport
- September 14, 2013, 01:00
Whatever slight glimmer of hope or remote outside chance Antrim might somehow take out Clare in this under-21 showdown probably ended in Croke Park ar(...)
Tipperary cruise to victory as Cork challenge fails to keep pace after half-time
- Hurling
- July 17, 2013, 21:50
Tipperary 5-19 Cork 2-13: Ken Hogan's Tipperary cruised into the Bord Gáis Energy Munster U21 hurling championship final with a comprehensive 15-point(...)
Lehane can lead Cork U-21s to victory over Tipperary
- Sport
- July 17, 2013, 01:00
Hurling in Tipperary will go into hibernation if they lose here. The seniors' season is already over and, while the intermediates are back at Semple t(...)
Clare's time looks to be at hand
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Tomorrow in Thurles the Munster hurling championship gets under way with a fixture that also marked the counties' first league assignment this year ba(...)


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Kickball gains a toe-hold in GF
Recess, with beer.
In a nutshell, that's adult co-ed kickball, the latest craze -- OK, mini-craze -- in Grand Forks. About 80 grownups are reliving their favorite schoolyard recess activity.
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Argentina's goalkeeper Sergio Romero saves the third penalty shot from Wesley Sneijder of the Netherlands during a penalty shootout in their 2014 World Cup semi-finals at the Corinthians arena in Sao Paulo July 9, 2014. REUTERS/Michael Dalder (BRAZIL – Tags: SOCCER SPORT WORLD CUP TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY) ORG XMIT: PSQ32
Aaron Rodgers lashes out at questions about whether he should have been on the court with Wisconsin
Aaron Rodgers has been a documented fan of Wisconsin throughout their run in the NCAA tournament, along with girlfriend Olivia Munn. On (…)
Connor Michalek's father and Daniel Bryan give touching, emotional WWE Hall of Fame speeches
Connor "The Crusher" Michalek became the first fan to be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Saturday night, and Connor's (…)
Kentucky vs. Notre Dame was sports perfection
It was a classic we'll be talking about for years.
Kentucky escaped the upset of the season and Ashley Judd was ecstatic
Notre Dame nearly knocked off undefeated Kentucky Saturday night in Cleveland, but Karl-Anthony Towns took over in the final 10 minutes, (…)
Why Wisconsin should be worried after Andrew Harrison's clutch final minute
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Kentucky survived Notre Dame, but would have lost to Wisconsin
Notre Dame showed how vulnerable the Wildcats can be.
Notre Dame's Zach Auguste slammed down an unbelievable dunk against Kentucky
Zach Auguste! https://t.co/0YMkvctdF8 — David Gardner (@byDavidGardner) March 29, 2015 Notre Dame's Zach Auguste (…)


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An eclectic collection of flow blue, pottery, porcelain, stained glass & art from around the world.
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Ok thanks for clearing that up and helping me get the info.The page it was taken to shows i have a 7071/574 kbits/sec. So im guessing thats saying about 12 kbps.
And sorry for my lack of internet knowledge, but how can i check for torrent? Is it as simple as a virus scan or is it more complicated?
The thing that doesn't make sense is why the internet speed will be great or a few months then just go bad until we have some really long tech support sessions to get it fixed. I know centurylink can be this annoying, just like any other company, but i haven't seen anything like this.


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Agencies line up for PokerStars ad brief
By Ian Darby, campaignlive.co.uk, Thursday, 07 February 2013 08:00AM
PokerStars is talking to UK agencies about an advertising brief to promote the online poker site.
Agency sources said that the campaign will promote the PokerStars brand through social media and digital campaigns.
The UK review follows an international ad campaign, featuring the tennis star Rafael Nadal, that broke last year.
PokerStars is thought to want to use social and digital activity to stand out in the crowded online gaming market.
Competitors including Sky Vegas, 32Red and William Hill Vegas currently outspend PokerStars on traditional UK advertising.
Last year, PokerStars acquired its rival Full Tilt Poker in a $731 million deal.
This article was first published on campaignlive.co.uk
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Where is all this content taking us....?
The idea of educating customers as a way to market to them has been around for decades. But whether you do it with words, images, or sounds, the principles remain while the process continues to change. If you want to see what the future of content marketing looks like, we need to look at where it started, and how it has changed (or not) over the last 120 years.
Erik Deckers is a professional content marketer and the co-author of three books on social media marketing. He'll share several predictions of what the future will look like for professional marketers, by looking at where the industry originally came from.
Leave the session knowing more about:
Erik has been blogging since 1997, and has been a published writer for more than 27 years. He has been a newspaper humor columnist for 19 years, and is published in 10 newspapers around Indiana. He is also an award-winning playwright, both for stage and radio theatre.
Erik co-authored Branding Yourself: How to Use Social Media to Invent or Reinvent Yourself (Pearson, 2nd. ed. 2012), No Bullshit Social Media: The All-Business, No-Hype Guide to Social Media Marketing (Pearson, 2011), and The Owned Media Doctrine (Archway Publishing, 2013). He also helped write Twitter Marketing For Dummies. Erik is currently writing a fifth book.
Erik frequently speaks about blogging and social media, especially as it relates to personal branding, small business marketing, crisis communication, and citizen journalism.
Erik is a graduate of Ball State University with a B.S. in Philosophy and an M.A. in College Student Personnel Administration. He is married with three children, and lives in Fishers, Indiana.
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© 2015 American Marketing Association - Madison


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Beekman 1802Website URL
Sharon Springs, ny
In the recession of 2008, we lost our jobs.
Like many, we took the time to re-evaluate our lives.
We became goat farmers.
For 5 years we struggled to grow the business and keep up with mortgage payments on the farm.
Last year, we were given the opportunity to run The Amazing Race on CBS---and against all odds, we won.
The winnings paid off our mortgage, and to "pay it forward" we launched a line of foods inspired by the farm called "Mortgage Lifter".
25% of the profits go to help other small farms pay off their mortgages.
Our business is powered by Intuit.


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Why are some plumerias so expensive?
I understand supply and demand... but what I don't get is why can't growers grow more of certain cultivars such as JL Metallica, JJ's Viola G or even Makaha Sunn?
So even if I can find them I'm going to have to pay BIG BUCKS for them! Sigh..
Hey NC,
Actually back in the early 2000's thru 2006 some of the very hard to get exclusives like JL's stuff went for over 500.00 for a cutting. I think the HIGHEST price I saw was for JL Tidal Wave rooted and sold in the high $600 range, think 680.00 by Becky Sue.
So actually prices have come down dramatically as there are more retail resources for Plumeria. Back in the early 2000's most of the hard to get stuff and exclusives were sold via Ebay and set precedence for sellers to mark up retail prices. Examples where Bill Morange cuttings were in the 80.00 range, ACW from Rick stone over 100.00, etc.
If your looking for some deals you may want to hit plumie people who already have plants that might sale, some will not ship though so you need to take that into account like Irene Jones.
Good Luck on your plumie hunt :)
So are the JL's cultivars expensive because there are not many around or are they that exceptional??
I don't have an JL plants so I don't know. I wouldn't dare pay that much for a plant since I have no idea if I can keep them alive! Would it be cheaper if say I hop over to Hawaii and buy from there?
Actually it wasn't just JL, it was a trend back in early 2000 as bidding on Ebay drove prices really high. Now there are sooooo many cottage industry sellers and Nurseries that sell not to mention the cheap deals you get on Plumies from HD and Lowes because of bulk price they get. So basically in the early 2000 through 2006 prices were high based on availability and the ability of some buyers to pay super high prices. 2006 on there were a lot more sellers and Home Depot started selling cheap plumies and basically all the high roller spenders bought everything they wanted and were full up. Once the High Spenders cut back on their spending the people who were buying wouldnt or couldnt pay the high prices. Even Jungle Jack when they first sold Retail plumies were really expensive like a 1 gal Gina or Jenny with 3 tips was like 100.00. John has since adjusted prices to reflect the current buyers.
I was one of the crazy's in the early 2000 who bought a ton of JL stuff and hard to get plumies. I will still spend on an exceptional and rare plumie but I am not as obsessed in just buying anything, more because I am out of space in my patch..lol
Oh wow... I get it now. Well I'm glad I didn't get into Plumies in the early 2000s. So they are a bargain now compare to then.
How many plants do you have now? And since you just mentioned running out of space... I'm a little worried about space myself. Most of my plants are 5 gal with a few 2 gal but I have no idea how big they will get! So what do you do when they get too big to fit in your back yard?? Where we are we don't get a big yard.
Actually Ive bought more then I can count, but at my highest I had close to 600 plants,3 in the ground trees, 40gal down to 1 gal pots and no repeats all different cultivars. Back when I had that many plants I was living in Palos Verdes and had almost an acre lot and also kept the rest at my apartments I own since there is property/yard in the front and side and its all fenced/gated off with video and sighns. When I moved in 2007 I had downsized my collection to about 200 and moved all my plumies to my patch aka apartments as the plumies didnt work with my new landscaping. I actually own 2 complexes next to each other and use both properties. I now decreased my collection to about 127 or so. I only kept the best of the best. If I buy a new plumie I kick one out, so this year I bought a Kukiat Fantasia from Doug J and thats it and kicking out University Hawaii Orange.
Ive moved again and am not going to stay long term here, I am renting out my other house and will move back there after. Where I am living now in Holmby hils I am on 2 1/2 acres but the winters are not as mild as in the South Bay and again the plumies do not work with the more traditional gardens and I do not want the dropping (leaves and flowers) messing up the yard or pool.
Yup...best way to control space and $$$. I use to give my plants SnG triple strength 2x a week along with ST and all this other stuff and they would grow double the size they should n a season. Now I do not use anything except for a mild feeding as to slow down their growth.
When people first start collecting they want big plants/trees, but once they start running out of space then they regret all their impulse buying..lol
James is so right on. Just imagine the size of a VW bug. Then figure how many VW bugs you could fit where you want plumerias. If you are planting in the ground that is the space needed in a decade and a half. In 50 years you need about 100square feet per tree. These are trees in case you didn't realize, but they only grow about a foot or two a year. I was like James, buying hundreds and now running out of room and readjusting for the growth.
NC, you may have to forget you ever heard the name "Viola G." It'll be years, maybe a decade before any cuttings are available to anyone, even those close to the owner of the cultivar.
I can tell you the reason it's hard to find Makaha Sunn is probably because it's a bear to root, like Bill Moragne. Try Carol at FC for MS. She may have it in limited numbers, and it this case, grafted may be better than rooted as I hear it can black-tip.
James, you and Bill always have good insights on these things. We appreciate the experience you guys bring to the forum.
I'm happy to say that NC has managed to collect as many plants in one season as I have in three, lol! Of course, I'm not counting my seedlings...
LOL... you have not heard what I bought this week on Ebay. Many apologies if I swiped your plants folks... but this girl is on a mission! Once I get everything on my list I can sit back and admire.
The damage alone this week:
Vera Cruz Rose
Jeannie Moragne
JL Pink Pany
Makaha Sunn
Bill Moragne
Donald Angus
I accidentally bought a Duvachelle CUTTING. What am I going to do with that? I guess I can practice to see if I can root it. :)
What I really really want now are
JL Metallica
JJ Viola G
ET Lemon Drop
CA Sally
I really should shift my focus and try to find ingredients for Al's gritty mix. But thus far it sounds near impossible to find. Like yesterday I ran to a few stores to look for Foliage Pro and NONE of them carry it. I ended up ordering from Amazon of all places!
Mike.. my family is very worried about me. I think if I don't stop soon...they will think I have gone off the deep end. Considering I do NOT have a green thumb and I never gardened before in my life until this April when I went to the Spring Flower show. I keep saying just a few more and I'm done for now. Then you guys post something and it's all over. Zero self discipline!
Next week I'm taking a girlfriend to JJ's (well she's going to be my driver). I want to see if she will get hooked too. LOL
it's the same with any plant, new ones are desirable and not available so price goes up. It is not a bit unusual to see daylilies going for hundreds of dollars! Brugmansia were going for over a hundred dollars....
We have no grass, plants hang on fences, in trees, the roof of the porch is covered, the decks have plants, plants in front of windows, plants in the alley, the hellstrip....there is always room for one more lol!
Tally HO!


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The vote rating is used as a tool by
Submitted by Christopher A. Brown on Thu, 07/26/2012 - 13:24. Permalink
the cognitive infiltration and their false groups. Notice none are actually addressing the op reasonably.
You've been doing what they want, accepting their misinterpretations, so actually understanding the original post and realizing that perhaps 3 posts are actually on topic and addressing the issue meaningfully is what needs to be done to protect gun rights.
The fact that America has no effective mental health care generally is going to cause increased regulation of guns compromising the 2nd amendment.
Can we stop doing all the things we are doing that we do not want to do while still doing what we need to do?
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How mobile devices played in the Super Bowl
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Unpack a few Google tools for international travel
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4 Google tools for cultural destinations
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What to expect with Android 4.4.3
Jack Wallen highlights the improvements you can expect to see when your Android device upgrades to 4.4.3.
10 charities harnessing the power of the digital age
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Innovative technology is rapidly changing the way we use a camera. In the future, we will do much more than just record, share, and stream photos and videos.
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Some TechRepublic editors and bloggers highlight their favorite app in this 12 Apps of Christmas series. The seventh app, recommended by Erik Eckel, is Twitter.
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If you're looking for the rise the next Silicon Valley, the place to watch is the Negev region in Israel. Its new cybersecurity juggernaut is breaking new ground in public-private ...
Not your lucky number: iOS 7 falls a little flat
Guest contributor Michelle Simpson thinks that Apple's newest release, iOS 7, has actually taken a step backward. Do you agree?


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After yet another casino bill failed last year, new versions have emerged – with new regulations attached in hopes of appeasing opponents. Supporters say a casino would bring in much-needed revenue to the state. But opposition remains among those worried about social costs, and those who question whether it would be profitable, given expanded gambling elsewhere in New England.
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Technology & IT Associate Degree and Programs
Online education programs offer college degrees in computer science and other related career fields. Typical coursework includes computer systems, computer technology, information science, computer science, and more. Today's employers traditionally want employees who have strong problem skills and a broad knowledge of the technology and IT field. By pursuing an associate's degree, you can successfully prepare yourself through valuable career training.


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EcoTarium - A Museum of Science & Nature
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EOF - SOLIS, a Brazilian Free Software Cooperative
Univates, a university center in the south of Brazil, has been a free software user since 1997 and has adopted free software as a standard for administrative people since 1999. As there was no academic administration system available as free software, Univates developed its own, SAGU. SAGU now is used by a dozen other universities in Brazil, with some of them contributing code. By adopting free software and developing SAGU, Univates has saved almost $200,000 US in software licenses. It further saves $70,000 US every year as it doesn't need to buy new licenses or upgrades when installing new computers or increasing the user base. The number of students in Univates has grown from a little less than 2,000 in 1999 to more than 7,500 in 2003. The savings always have been more than enough to cover the payroll of the whole IT department, now employing 26 people.
If you search Google with the keywords Free Software Brazil, you surely will find Univates' projects among the first search results. These projects include a library automation and integrated circulation system, GNUTECA, which is compliant with international library standards. It has been promoted in South America through workshops held by Unesco's office in Montevideo. There also is a PHP-based, object-oriented development framework, MIOLO, that was used to develop GNUTECA and is the base of several other projects. You also should look at Agata Report, a full-featured professional database reporting tool; see www.univates.br/freesoftware.
Univates is a community-owned university. Its only financial support comes from students' payments and some services it provides to the region's industries. It serves a region made up of 40 cities where 300,000 people live. As it is owned by the community, Univates also is audited by this community, which participates in the election of the rector and in several committees that help decide the university's actions. Univates is committed to regional development and has promoted several programs through which it helps local industry.
Univates has watched its IT department become self-sustainable and even generate resources for the university by selling services such as software customization and technology transfer seminars. However, as Univates never wanted to be a software house, it proposed to its IT team that it become a separate entity. As its own entity, it can be hired by Univates and by others, expanding its business and creating job positions to be filled by the university's graduates and students. Both this new entity and Univates would work on a business plan that would link regional development and free software.
The International Co-operative Association (www.ica.coop) says that:
Co-ops are based on helping each other and caring for others. A cooperative is a type of business or organization. It is a group of people who are working together to solve their own problems and meet their needs. Co-ops are different from other types of organizations since they abide by three main rules: 1) co-ops treat people fairly and respectfully; 2) co-ops encourage people to work together toward solving their mutual problems; and 3) co-ops provide products and services to meet people's needs rather than solely for the purpose of making money.
By this definition, it is quite easy to see that a co-operative organization and the free software philosophy have a lot in common. Both are concerned with treating people with respect and working toward common objectives. The new organization that was born from Univates' IT department is a cooperative called SOLIS (www.solis.coop.br), officially inaugurated on May 12, 2003.
SOLIS works toward regional development by finding ways of empowering local businesses through the use of free software. By doing this, people at SOLIS hope these businesses can become more competitive, profitable and able to grow and hire more people.
Right now SOLIS is working with industrial and commercial associations, helping the companies associated with them fine-tune their needs in order to save money by sharing among them the costs of software development, customization and training. Univates and SOLIS wish to prove in a practical way that free software can help regional development and is good business that—most importantly—respects people's free access to knowledge. We hope other universities can set up similar arrangements in their own regions.
Cesar Brod (email@example.com) first became involved with the GNU/Linux operating system in 1993. He now is the IT manager and coordinates software development for Univates. Cesar also is the Vice President of SOLIS and the coordinator of the international section of the Latin America Free Software Conference (www.softwarelivre.pti.org.br), which will be in November 2004, in the beautiful setting of the Iguassa Falls, among Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil.
Re: EOF: SOLIS, a Brazilian Free Software Cooperative
Can someone please translate the Gnuteca home page to English? http://gnuteca.codigolivre.org.br
I need to review this technology for a college paper due on Sunday at midnight :(
I would really appreciate your help.
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yes but why give white all that intiative? just so you can prove that you have a good defense?
To avoid weakening two different diagonals to your king, to avoid weakening e6 and d5, and it is more natural to capture towards the center. And Re8 Bf8-g7 isn't just defensive, it also seems to give black a rather solid position and white doesn't seem to have much initiative.
but that all seems redundant about opening the diagonals when you are opening the h-file to your own castle and yes black looks solid but white can build up an attack while blacks pieces are tied down to defending his king
The position after 12... Bg7 looks very comfortable for black. White has no attack and it is unclear where white will put his king. Instead, after 9...fxg6 black has to worry about tactics on d5, the e file opening with threats against e6, the a2-g8 diagonal (and a1-g7 diagonal), and still the h file, so white can claim an advantage (or at least more practical chances).
Houdini 1.5 x64 at depth 22 gives hxg6 as 0.46 white edge and fxg6 as 0.49 white edge.
However, the position after 10. Ne5 dxc4 is approximately equal, as Qf3 is met by Kg7.
(My analysis without the computer was flawed, after Re8 Qf3 Bf8 is met by Rh8+ (the only move that keeps any white advantage, not counting cxd5 exd5 Rh8+ with the same idea.)
I think Nh5 is a blunder.Here is my analysis:-
Also, Bf4 transposes to London System and not Bc4.
I liked the commentary on the hxg6 v fxg6 today in Svidler Gelfand by Nigel Short: "Dragon players always play fxg6"
How true, how true.
i play the dragon !! what a coincidence
I have a friend rated 1700 who specializes at the dragon (he probably plays the dragon variation at about a 2300 level), and he always plays fxg6.
i cant guarantee at what level i play it
im not sure if this is the reason why but i think it might be because they are not worried about opening the diagonals since the dragon bishop covers them also they do not want to open the H-file
new to chess
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3/28/2015 - Y.Pratibha - H.Koneru, Calicut, 2003
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Games for you. To analysis.
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text:
Finally got to Gamestop today, and downloaded 2 Wondercards, one for each of my Platinum files. Going to reset for a good nature later, but I need to decide on a moveset, probably just pick the two most appealing from Smogon, I really wanna try the Choice Scarf lead one, seems like fun.
As the release of HGSS gets closer and closer, I've gotten my team together, have final movesets planned, and will begin breeding tomorrow. My friend who uses AR for items gave me a bundle of TMs I need for my SS team, but for now I need to find a Pinsir with Revenge for my Forretress. This is my team.
On my other Platinum, I haven't touched it in about a day, will be getting back into it soon to get my mind off of SoulSilver.


text:
Tru Def Shows His Inner Royalty
By Jeremy Hallock
By James Khubiar
Why You Should Be Excited About Dallas Music
By Observer Staff
Daniel Markham's Pretty Bitchin'
By Kelly Dearmore
Americans Under 30 the Most Cynical Bunch Ever
By Jim Schutze
13 of the Best Female-Fronted Bands in DFW
By Rachel Watts
Your Baseball Season Guide to Pre- and Post-Game Eats...
By Lauren Drewes Daniels
Indie Interviews (indieinterviews.com)
Garrison Reid's site receives only minor mention in the feature, but it deserves a subscription check-mark in your iTunes' "podcast" section. Nearly every week, Reid delivers informative, informal audio interviews with the best touring bands in the nation; though his focus is national, fetching indie heavies like the Wrens and TV On the Radio, he conducts almost every interview in the Dallas area and even includes locals like Midlake, the Baptist Generals and the Polyphonic Spree.
"The more I talk to bands, the less I care that they're 'ooh, rock stars,'" Reid says. "I cut it down--you're just a dude who plays good music. Everyone's a dude, you know? That casual nature is what I want to catch on the audio." And he does just that, asking the kind of curious, pointed questions that fans, not journalists, want to hear their favorite bands answer.
Torr (torr.typepad.com)
Though the site is usually categorized as "the dude in Dallas who loves Brit-pop," there's more going on here than a Dallasite's UK love affair. Consider this a solid starting point for those new to (and bewildered by) the growing national MP3 blog scene. Torr crawls through bazillions of blogs and picks the best bootlegs, video clips and MP3 leaks to save you the trouble. Don't expect much local here, but other conveniences, like Billboard chart analysis and a convenient weekly list of every late night talk show's musical guests, make this a worthwhile metroplex contribution anyway.
The UnObserver (myspace.com/unobserver)
Harking back to the '90s days of free, crappy-looking Geocities pages by local music fans, the UnObserver is an all-caps mess (and an English major's nightmare). So why bother? Because it's the loudest online presence run by the old Dallas guard. Our rockabilly-leaning underground gets the most attention here, though metal and psych-rock are given a fair shake as well. Though the site bitches about musical favoritism in papers like the Dallas Observer, this site has its own blatant biases, but the unfiltered look into the Bar of Soap/Red Blood Club crowd makes up for the site's fouls.
DConstruction (dconstruction.org)
Summer Break Records founder Robert Jenkins and local writer/musician Lindsay Graham interview local critics, musicians and industry types about our city's music scene. (Full disclosure: Jenkins and Graham have lured not only me but also former Observer music editors Sarah Hepola and Zac Crain into their podcasting frenzy.) The guys also sample new and classic songs from DFW/Denton and even play a local version of The Gong Show, though they have an annoying habit of talking over the tunes. And updates are horribly infrequent, so even though the duo promises a forthcoming joint venture with We Shot JR, I'm not holding my breath.
denton Rock city
dRc's busy public forums are trolled by the best--and worst--in Denton's music scene. Frequency Down host Frank Hejl announced his cancellation here, and the owners of the new Secret HQ music venue announced their grand opening on the forums as well. It's not a newbie-friendly place, and about two-thirds of the content is inside jokes and conversations about what people had for lunch that day (no, really), but the concert announcements and gig reviews buried in the chaff are worth the search.
DFW Hip-Hop (forum.dfwhiphop.com)
You'll find the same BBS bloat here as on dRc--in fact, DFW Hip-Hop's forums are even messier, filled not only with inane banter but also spamming from some of the worst rappers in town. But if you're a clueless hip-hop fan who's been hipped to the local scene solely by chance encounters at Gypsy Tea Room's Final Friday concerts or PPT's airplay at Dallas Mavericks games, this site is your direct plug to the scene. After all, most Dallas MCs don't promote shows more than a few days in advance, which means this site is your key to weekend gigs (not to mention underground competitions and one-off DJ events).
Unfair Park (dallasobserver.com/blogs)
If you missed it a few weeks ago, click the "Local Music" tag on the Unfair Park sidebar to pull up Robert Wilonsky's Dallas Music Matters series. This encyclopedic look at Dallas music history--complete with full, high-quality MP3 samples--deserves your attention and your downloads. And if I missed any important sites, never you fear...we'll link to more on our blog once angry e-mails start flowing in.
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SOURCE: Nashville Public Radio
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TN ban on renaming Civil War parks passes over Dems' objectionstags: South, Confederacy, Tennessee, Democrats, Republicans
Legislation that would prevent the renaming or moving of war-related monuments in Tennessee passed the state House last night. The bill comes as city officials in Memphis have renamed three Confederate-themed parks.
Democrats tried to get the bill's sponsor – Republican Steve McDaniel – to admit he was responding to the name changes in Memphis, which he denied.
Rep. Johnnie Turner asked what if Jews hadn't been allowed to tear down Nazi statues....
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- OAH denounces anti-gay legislation signed by Indiana governor
- Emory's Leslie Harris says we should remember the racist roots of American colleges as we think about what went wrong at OU and other schools
- Stanford historian looks to the U.S. Postal Service to map the boom and bust of 19th-century American West
- U.S. historian denounces Japanese scholars' statement over wartime sexual slavery


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Has anyone used Enduro waterborne finishes by General Finishes
RRM1October 19, 2011
I have just recently used two Enduro waterborne finishes and would like to know if anyone has used them and what one can expect over time. Does anyone have any experience with these finishes and how they hold up? I'm also interested in how well they brush on, I have only sprayed them.


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2012 Volkswagen Tiguan: Video Road Test and Review
The 2012 Volkswagen Tiguan is a four door five passenger compact crossover utility vehicle powered by a 200 HP 2.0 Liter TSI four cylinder shifted with a six speed automatic...
2012 Volkswagen Touareg TDI: Video Road Test and Review
The Volkswagen Touareg TDI is a near-luxury full-size SUV that provides much of the practicality found in larger American and Japanese competitors combined with a level...
2012 VW Tiguan SE Road Test and Review
Volkswagen has had so many sales up and downs that from the outside it would appear to be a carmaker in need of a mood stabilizer. Sales can be booming for four years and then tank to...
Top-Rated Compact Crossover SUV Autobytel & AutoPacific Consumer Award
Small crossovers are some of the most popular vehicles on the market right now, but the 2012 Volkswagen Tiguan came out on top being named the top-rated...
2012 Volkswagen Touareg: Video Road Test and Review
The Volkswagen Touareg is a four door five passenger SUV that is available in an assortment of well styled choices that burn everything from gasoline to diesel and even a...
First Look: 2011 Volkswagen Touareg Hybrid
VW introduces its first hybrid vehicle in the form of the 2011 Volkswagen Touareg Hybrid. As a luxury SUV, the newest addition to the Touareg lineup promises to deliver V-8...
2008 Volkswagen Touareg 2 Review
Volkswagen took American motorists a bit off guard when it launched the Phaeton in 2003. While the car was stuffed with luxury and power comparable to a BMW 7 Series or Mercedes-Benz S-Class,...


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Dec. 29, 1970 w. J. ElcH ETAL NUCLEAR REACTOR 4 Sheets-SheerI 1 Filed Jan. 24, 1968 Dec. 29, 1970 w. J. EICH ETAL 3,551,289
"Y EEEEEEEEEEE OR NUCLEAR REACTOR Filed Jan. 24, 1968 4 Shee1;s--Sheerl 5 FIG.5.
Rl R ART FIG?.
4 Sheets-Sheet L w. J. ElcH ET AL NUCLEAR REACTOR r i@ w FQ. h
Dec. 29, 1970 Filed Jan. 24, 196e ill/mosh@ Il lov@ .5@ @"D fg D, c Q/ United States Patent 3,551,289 NUCLEAR REACT OR Walter J. Eich, Pittsburgh, George H. Minton and Harry N. Andrews, Monroeville, and Robert J. French, Pittsburgh, Pa., assignors to Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Pittsburgh, Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania Filed Jan. 24, 1968, Ser. No. 700,152 Int. Cl. G21c 7 08 U.S. Cl. 176-22 7 Claims ABSTRACT F THE DISCLOSURE A nuclear reactor is disclosed wherein a plurality of two-position control elements capable of producing 1ocalized or ne flux trim (FFT) are commingled with the fuel rods in such a manner as to substantially control the reactivity and power distribution of its core region at power and to supplement the principal control elements which are incrementally movable neutron absorber rods.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention pertains to nuclear reactors, and more particularly to the control systems by which the neutron llux of such a reactor can be varied throughout the life of its reactive core.
Certain prior art control systems generally relied upon a combination of incrementally movable neutron absorbers and a generally diffused poison mixed with the moderator. The incrementally movable neutron absorbers took one of the following forms to control the flux distribution of the reactor core: (1) cruciform units containing the absorber material, (2) single control elements situated between selected fuel assemblies, (3) single absorber rods located at the center of selected fuel assemblies, or (4) a plurality of clustered or grouped poison elements operable as a unit and associated with selected fuel assemblies and called rod cluster control (RCC).
These control units are of a material of high neutron capture cross-section and are each coupled to mechanisms which incrementally lower or raise the control units relative to stationary fuel assemblies so as to respectively absorb more or fewer neutrons.
The diffuse poison generally used in boric acid dissolved in the reactor coolant which is used to lower the overall multiplication factor of the core during its most reactive cycles.
A major problem in such systems of the prior art is that this system inherently produces a skewed or nonuniform axial flux distribution. If the control element is incrementally lowered into the reactive core from one extremity of the core, e.g., from the top of the core, it tends to depress the ilux distribution at the top of the core while leaving the distribution at the bottom of the core at its previous level. This generally requires the addition of a chemical shim control system, such as the boric acid mentioned above, to improve the overall power distribution of the core. In other words, it is the bulge at the side of the core opposite the side of entry of the control unit that forms limiting criteria for the operation of the prior art nuclear reactors. This bulge also invariably results in a greater burn-up of a portion of the reactive material and insufficient burn-up of a portion of the remainder of the material.
The axial flux distribution is also affected by the axial thermal gradient. Since coolant is heated as it flows upwardly through the core, this gradient produces a less dense coolant at the top of the core while leaving the density at the bottom of the core at a higher value. Since the number of thermalized neutrons depends upon the density of the coolant, it is clear that more thermalized Cil ICC
neutrons are created adjacent the bottom of the core than adjacent the top. This factor also tends to raise the power density at the bottom of the core further aggravating the ilux bulge problem created by the incremental neutron absorbers.
The power level that may be safely sustained is also affected by the radial flux distribution. A number of flow channels may be expected to be at a higher temperature or hot relative to the average channel temperature. The creation of such hot channels can be the result of the distance of such channels from the control elements, channel sizes which create ilux peaking therein, 4and variations in fuel enrichment from zone to zone, as well as other factors. The positions of such hot channels changes during burn-up and are not satisfactorily predictable. Chemical shimming has generally been used to attempt to solve this problem also. However, since chemical shimming comprises a substantially admixture of neutron absorber in the coolant, it is not as effective in correcting the power pattern as would a non-uniform addition determined on the basis of the actual neutron flux distribution. In accordance with the invention, in large reactors, the sensitivity of the flux distribution to the additional absorber is such that low worth absorbers (FFT) are needed in order to provide an optimum correction to the power pattern.
Further, as the reactors tend to increase in size more and more incrementally movable neutron absorbers are necessary to control excess reactivity built into the reactor cores. These incrementally movable control elements are attached to expensive mechanisms, and the addition of each additional control structure results in an additional mechanism along with expensive indicating and electrical control means and raises the overall cost of the power plant by a large factor.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention solves the aforementioned problems of prior art nuclear reactors by utilizing a relatively large number of two position fine ilux trim rods to supplement incrementally movable rod cluster control rods. In accordance with the invention, during operation some of the iine ux trim rods are fully withdrawn from the core. Concurrently, all of the rod cluster control rods are substantially removed from the core. Slight variations in ilux are now controllable solely by the fine flux trim rods and the primary incrementally moveable control rods are used only to shutdown the reactor or under emergency conditions. Thus for all intents and purposes, the two-position tine ux trim rods are the sole means relied upon to control the reactivity and power distribution of the reactor core at power.
Since the tine flux trim rods are either completely inserted or completely removed from the reactor core the axial flux bulge associated with partial insertion of the usual incrementally movable control elements is in the main eliminated. Thus with the present invention an important limiting criterion for overall power operation has been obviated.
The additional axial flux bulge due to the thermal gradient across the core is a minor problem when compared with the bulge due to partial insertion of a control rod, but this problem may also be eliminated utilizing the ne lux trim technique by providing a plurality of partial length rods, that is, rods with the neutron absorber portion only at their bottom.
The hot channel problem may be substantially decreased by the further spreading of the neutron absorbing material throughout the core through the use of fine Hux trim rods rather than concentrating it at selected locations as is achieved by the main control rods. The operator of a nuclear power system may thus insert one or more fine flux trim rods in regions where a hot channel is sensed or a high radial flux density is determined to exit. In large reactors, the sensitivity of the power distribution to the addition of neutron absorbing material is such that conventional control rods such as cruciform or RCC assemblies would introduce too great a pertubation with a substantial localized effect, Fine flux trim elements, properly distributed, constitute a significant new capability both in the flexibility and magnitude of control.
It is to be further noted that inasmuch as all of the fine flux trim rods are two position rods, the complex mechanisms associated with incrementally movable control rods need not be used. Several trim rods may be connected to a single two-position mechanism. The structural arrangement and mechanism for accomplishing this end is a subject of a copending application Ser. No. 706,253 (WE 38,658) led concurrently herewith in the names of E. Frisch, H. Andrews, and H. Braun for a Nuclear Reactor Control Device and assigned to the present asignee. The fine flux trim rods may be a'ixed by flexible suspension elements to pistons which can either hydraulically or electromechanically be raised to an upper position where selected rods can be electromechanically held while the remainder are allowed to fall or are lowered under the influence of gravity into the core. This feature allows the association of the fine flux trim rods from several fuel assemblies with a single mechanism.
This novel fine flux trim system would yield from 10 to 2() percent more power under the identical fueling conditions of the corresponding present day control rod systems.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. l comprises an isometric view, partially in section, showing a reactor including the ne ux trim system of this invention.
FIG. 2 is an expanded view of a guide tube cut-away to show a ne flux trim rod.
FIG. 3 is an elevation view, partially in section of a fuel assembly having a rod cluster type control rod therein.
FIG. 4 is a plan view of a grid arrangement of a fuel assembly suitable for use with rod cluster control or ne flux trim.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a radial section of a reactor core showing the flux distribution in a quadrant of the prior art reactor and having its flux peaks in the center region.
FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 5 and illustrating the flux distribution thereof when trimmed in accordance with this invention.
FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 5 of a reactor core of the prior art and showing the ux distribution of an outside-peaking reactor.
FIG. 8 shows the reactor core of FIG. 7 and illustrates the flux distribution thereof when trimmed in accordance with this invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIG. l, there is illustrated a power producing nuclear reactor of the central station type incorporating the ne Hux trim system of this invention. A pressure vessel 10 is shown which forms a tight pressurized container when sealed by head assembly 12. The pressure vessel 10 has coolant flow inlet means 14 and cooling flow outlet means 16 in the Walls thereof. The head assembly 12 is secured to vessel 10 by suitable means, not shown, and has a plurality of head penetration adapters 18 sealed in and through its substantially hemispherical wall. The axis of the head penetration adapters 18 are aligned in parallel with the axis of the pressure vessel 10. A core barrel 20 is supportedly suspended from an inwardly extending shoulder 21 just below the top of the pressure vessel 10. An upper support plate 22, an upper core plate 24, and a lower core plate 26 are each supportedly mounted to extend across the core barrel 20. Coolant flow entering through inlet 14 proceeds to the bottom coolant manifold 28 through a flow annulus 30 formed by the lower walls of the pressure vessel 10 and a core barrel 20. The flow annulus 30 desirably contains a thermal shield 32. From the bottom manifold 28 the ow proceeds generally axially upward through the area between the core plates 24 and 26 to an upper manifold region 34 from which it then proceeds through the outlet 16 to energy conversion structure (not shown). The region between the upper core plate 24 and the lower core plate 26 is lled with a plurality of removable fuel assemblies 36 all of which are substantially identical.
One example of fuel assemblies 36 mounted in parallel array within the reactor core as shown in FIG. l is shown in greater detail in FIGS. 3 and 4. In this example each fuel assembly 36 includes a plurality of fuel rods 3,8 and a plurality of guide tubes 4G interspersed therebetween and held in a xed relationship, each to the other, by an egg crate type structure 41. This type of fuel assembly is shown and described in greater detail in a copending application No. 552,976 filed on May 25, 1966 by R. Creagan and E. Frisch for a Fuel Assembly for Nuclear Reactors, and assigned to the present assignee. Where this type of fuel assembly is used with the invention the guide tubes 40 may serve as receptacles for rod cluster control units 42 or as convenient receptacles for the fine flux trim rods 52, to be described.
A typical fuel assembly 36 may comprise a 180 fuel rod 38 with 16 guide tubes 40 interspersed therebetween. Approximately one hundred and fifty fuel assemblies 36, by way of example, could comprise a reactor core capable of producing substantial power for central station electrical power plant applications. According to this invention, fuel assemblies would have primary control means which in this embodmient comprise a predetermined number, for example forty-.five rod control clusters associated therewith. It is to be understood that the particular array of fuel assemblies having rod cluster control would be determined by the physics properties of a particular reactor. The array of fuel assemblies and primary control means would generally be symmetric and uniform with respect to the vertical center line of the nuclear core. Spaced among and about tlie fuel assemblies 36 having primary or shutdown rod cluster control associated therewith would be a plurality of fuel assemblies 36 having iine flux trim rods 52 adapted to be inserted and withdrawn from their guide tubes 40. One to four such ine flux trim rods 52 may be associated with particular ones of the aforementioned fuel assemblies, as will be explained.
The primary or shutdown control structure will now be briefly described for purposes of comparison with the description of the tine flux trim structure to follow. A more detailed description may be found in the aforementioned copending application to Creagan and Frisch. It should be clear, however, that according to this invention the primary or shutdown control would only be utilized during startup, shutdown, and emergency periods. During other periods of normal operation, fine flux trim would be used, as its name implies, to trim the ux distribution only in discrete areas of the reactor core adjacent each trim rod. The primary control units 42 are held in guide-ways or guide tubes 40 and are extended beyond the fuel rods 38 so that the extension portion 44 may be fixed to a spider 46 which is in turn xedly attached to a lead screw 48. Thus each primary control unit 42 in this example includes 16 control fingers each secured to spider 46 and movable only as a group lupon movement of spider 46. The lead screw 48 extends through the head penetration adapters to a mechanism 50 (only the outward configuration of which is shown in FIG. l). Mechanism 50 normally is of a relatively complicated construction one example of which is described in detail in Pat. No. 3,15 8,- 766 issued Nov. 24, 1964 by E. Frisch for a Gripper Type Linear Motion Device, and assigned to the present assignee. It is designed to lift and lower the rod cluster control rods 42 in small increments on the order of 2/s to 5A; of an inch for each lift or lowering cycle. The individual primary control fingers or units 42 may thus be seen to be much like the fine fiux trim rods 52 in outward configuration although they may be constructed of a material having higher neutron absorbing capabilities. The primary difference being that all of the rod cluster control units 42 associated with the single assembly are raised and lowered as a unit to incremental axial positions along the reactor core while the ne flux trim members are individually movable only to all-in all-out extreme positions.
As pointed out above the fine fiux trim rods 52 are two position rods each adapted to be raised individually completely out of the core or inserted completely into the core. As shown in FIG. l for the purpose of facilitating the description of an embodiment of this invention, several guide tubes have been illustrated as separate from their associated fuel assemblies 36 and expanded with line flux trim rods 52 therein. One such guide tube 40 and fine fiux trim rod 52 is shown in FIG. 2. The upper portion of guide tubes 40, which are to be used as receptacles for the fine flux trim rods 52, are joined to lower guide-ways 54 located between upper core plate 24 and upper support plate |22. The lower guide ways 54 are aligned with and are essentially extensions of guide tubes 40. A spider 56 rigidly affixed to support column 58 may be employed to prohibit lateral movement of the lower guide ways 54. Above the upper support plate 22, curved guide channels 60 are provided to form extensions of the lower guide ways S4. The lower ends of the curved guide channels 60 are aligned with and affixed to the upper ends of the lower guide ways 54, and the upper portions of the curved guide channels 60 may be aligned with and affixed to ne fiux upper guide ways (not shown) which extends a substantial distance into the head penetration adapters 18.
Supported on sorne of the head penetration adapters 18 are fine fiux trim lifting and lowering mechanisms 64. The mechanisms 64, as shown, are adapted to raise and lower eight individual fine flux trim rods 52. Since fine fiux trim mechanism 64 is of a considerably simpler structure than conventional mechanisms 50, the cost appreciation is substantially less than the cost savings due to the increased power possible by this arrangement. FFT mechanism 64 is shown in greater detail and its operation described in the copending application of E. Frisch, H. Andrews, and H. Braun as aforementioned.
The individual fine fiux trim rods 52 are of substantially the same neutron absorbing configuration as the individual control units 42. The rods 52 and individual units 42 may comprise silver-indium-cadmium absorbers clad with stainless steel.
The neutron absorptivity of a single rod 512 is so calibrated that insertion of one such rod will not greatly reduce or change the power distribution of the entire core as would the insertion of a rod cluster control rod. However a single rod 52 would have enough neutron absorptivity to incrementally reduce the reactivity of its substantially immediately surrounding fuel elements. The trim rods 52 are further designed to be either completely inserted or completely withdrawn from the core. This is only possible because of the above calibration of worth.
The majority of the trim rods 52 are approximately equal in length to the fuel rods 38. Thus, the region between the upper support plate 22 and the upper core plate 24 must be of a sufficient length to allow for full retraction of these rods. However some of the trim rods 52 may be of a partial length to compensate for the varying density of thermalized neutrons due to the varying density of the coolant as it passes upwardly through the nuclear core.
The particular placement of the fine fiux trim rods 52 will depend upon the physics of each reactor with which 6 they are to be used. In general, because each mechanism 64 can control a plurality of individual fine fiux trim rods (eight as shown) a fairly wide and flexible dispersion can be achieved at relatively little additional cost. Further, a wide dispersion is desirable since the suppression of even small fiux peaks can result in substantial savings.
Two examples of the application and use of fine fiux trim rods will be given to exemplify the operation of this invention:
FIGS. 5 and 6 show the fiux configuration of a center peaking reactor. FIG. 5 is a View of the prior art core arrangement having no fine ux trim means while FIG. 6 is a View of the same core arrangement having ne fiux trim means usable therewith. In both figures the reactor is assumed to be at power with all of the primary or shutdown control rods withdrawn. Triangles are shown in these figures to indicate those assemblies which have a primary control assembly associated therewith. The dots F in FIG. 6 indicate the insertion of a fine fiux trim rod at that location.
As can be seen in FIG. 5, wherein all of the primary control rods and no fine fiux trim rods 52 are provided, the fiux distribution proceeds from a unitless ratio Value of 0.5 (1.0 being chosen to represent the average value) at the outside of the core to a value of 1.5 at the center of the core. Curve A represents the locus of points having a value 0f 0.5. Curves B and C respectively for loci of points having values of 1.0 and 1.5. Dispersed flux peaks higher than 1.5 may be noted with the highest peak value at points P reaching 1.798.
FIG. 6 shows the same reactor with twelve fine fiux trim rods inserted (three per quarter-section) about the center of the core. The fiux distribution has been radically changed such that it now proceeds from a value of 0.5 (Curves A form the locus of such points) at the outside to a value of 1.0 (Curves B) at the center. Dispersed peaks P higher than 1.0 occur here also, but the highest peak in this example has diminished in value to 1.476. These peaks could be further depressed by inserting additional fine flux trim rods in the adjacent fuel assemblies so as to reduce all of the peaks above 1.0 if desired, but the example was constructed to illustrate the rather startling configuration resulting from the insertion of only 12 strategically located fine fiux trim rods.
In the second example of FIGS. 7 and 8, which use the identical symbols of FIGS. 5 and 6, respectively, the reactor core contains fuel distribution such that the peaks are closer to the periphery of the core. When contrasting FIG. 7 with FIG. 8, it is immediately seen that insertion of fine flux trim members F achieves a substantial irnprovement in flux leveling. It will be realized the few peaks P of FIG. 8 above 1.0 could also be eliminated by additional insertions of trim rods F.
From the above examples, it should be noted that the placement of fine flux trim rods varies from fuel assembly to fuel assembly, and that as exemplified a maximum of 2 FFT rods are inserted in any one fuel assembly of the reactor core of this example. Other situations, however may require a large number of insertions. In accordance with the invention, fine ux trim rods 52 are used to suppress the high flux regions rather than partially inserted clustered rods 42. The partial insertion of the shutdown rods results in a reduction of the power density of large regions of the core. Similarly the use of additional diffused poison in the coolant results in a substantially uniform lowering of the flux level across the entire core.
It will, therefore, be apparent that there has been disclosed a fine flux trim system `which enables a nuclear reactor to be controlled more simply and at a higher level of efficiency due to the inherent capability of this system to render the power density distribution more uniform through selective use of neutron absorbing material to suppress non-uniformities in the flux distribution. Further, certain nuclear reactors are now cyclically refueled, i.e., the core is divided into two or more generally circular or annular regions and these regions are sequentially replaced with fresh ssionable material. In other words, the core is usually producing power from several regions which contain varying amounts of ssionable material. Since the fuel assemblies, according to this invention, are all capable of receiving either the primary incremental control system or the fine flux trim system, the arrangement of these control systems may be changed to compensate for lluX disturbances due to cyclic refueling, or the position of a particular ne assem-bly may be varied without concern for the control system to be associated with it in its new position.
We claim:
1. A nuclear power reactor comprising, in combination, a pressure vessel having coolant inlet and outlet openings therein, an upper plenum and a lower plenum within said vessel and having a reactor core xedly positioned therebetween, said reactor core comprising a plurality of removal fuel assemblies, each fuel assembly comprising discrete elements of ssionable material and coolant How channels between adjacent fuel elements, means in each fuel assembly for allowing the ingress of neutron absorbing control means into the assembly, one portion of said fuel assemblies having incrementally movable control means insertable therein, and a second portion of said fuel assemblies having trimming control means insertable therein, said trimming means being movable only to a rst predetermined position and to a second predetermined position.
2. The nuclear power reactor of claim 1 wherein said incrementally movable control means are so arranged and constructed as to capture a relatively large number of neutrons, and said two-position control means are so arranged and constructed as to capture a relatively small number of neutrons.
3. The nuclear reactor of claim 1 wherein each of said fuel assemblies include a plurality of fuel rods containing ssionable material and a plurality of guide tubes for said control means, a plurality of neutron absorbing control means adapted to be telescoped within said control means guide tubes, some of said control means including a plurality of spaced neutron absorbing members attached to a common header to form a control unit, fuel assemblies in said one portion of said core receiving one of said control units therein, said control units being incrementally positionable as a cluster relative to each of said last-mentioned fuel assemblies, and trimming control means comprising a plurality of neutron absorbing trimming members, each of said trimming members being sized to be received within one of said guide tubes, means for moving said trimming members to either a fully-inserted or fully withdrawn position relative to said core, and at least some of those guide tubes located in said second core portion receiving said individually movable all in-all out trimming members.
4. In a pressurized nuclear power reactor having a reactor core located in a pressure vessel, said reactor including a rst group of incrementally movable neutron absorbing control members insertable into selected fuel assemblies of said core and a second group of two position individually movable neutron absorbing trim elements insertable into other fuel assemblies and movable only to a fully inserted or fully withdrawn position relative to said fuel assemblies, said reactor having a heat exchange coolant for removing heat from said reactor core, the method of controlling said reactor to achieve increased total power while minimizing localized ux peaking comprising the steps of incrementally moving said rst group of control members at least partially out of said selected fuel assemblies to achieve reactor operation at a predetermined power level, determining the ux levels in different regions the reactor core to identify flux peaks therein, inserting at least one of said trim elements into said other fuel assemblies at a position adjacent the flux peak to suppress the latter, and selectively inserting and withdrawing predetermined ones of said trimming elements to selectively suppress and increase neutron flux levels in localized regions of said reactor core throughout the lifetime of said reactor core.
5. The method of claim 4 including the step of adding a soluble neutron absorbing material to the coolant.
6. The method of claim 5 including the step of varying the concentration of the soluble material in the coolant at predetermined times during reactor core lifetime.
7. The nuclear power reactor of claim 1 wherein said control means are elongated rod-like members insertable in said coolant flow channels, said pressure vessel including top mounted sealed mechanisms thereon, means within said mechanisms for driving said control members into and out of said fuel assemblies and connecting means connecting said driving means with said control members.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,967,809 l/l96l Reed 176-36 3,264,952 8/1966` Winders 176-36 3,314,859 4/1967 Anthony 176-35 3,347,747 10/1967 West et al. 176-35 3,390,052 '6/1968 McDanielS, Jr. 176-35 CARL D. QUARFORTH, Primary Examiner H. E. BEHREND, Assistant lExaminer U.S. Cl. XR. 176-35, 36, 86
Referenced by
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