text:
Presented at the Meeting of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, St. Petersburg Beach, Florida, February 23, 2000.
Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid) Equivalent to Prednisolone (Glucocorticoid) in Reversing Hearing Loss in MRL/MpJ-Faslpr Autoimmune Mice†
Article first published online: 2 JAN 2009
Copyright © 2000 The Triological Society
The Laryngoscope
Volume 110, Issue 11, pages 1902–1906, November 2000
Additional Information
How to Cite
Trune, D. R., Beth Kempton, J. and Kessi, M. (2000), Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid) Equivalent to Prednisolone (Glucocorticoid) in Reversing Hearing Loss in MRL/MpJ-Faslpr Autoimmune Mice. The Laryngoscope, 110: 1902–1906. doi: 10.1097/00005537-200011000-00025
- †
Research supported by Grant Nos. DC03573 and DC03955 from the National Institutes of Health—National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders; and Grant No. RCTR 597-0160 to the National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (Portland, OR) from the Department of Veteran's Affairs, Division of Rehabilitation Research & Development.
Publication History
- Issue published online: 2 JAN 2009
- Article first published online: 2 JAN 2009
- Manuscript Accepted: 28 JUN 2000
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- Autoimmune hearing loss;
- MRL/MpJ-Faslpr autoimmune mice;
- aldosterone;
- prednisolone;
- adrenocorticosteroid.
Hypothesis Although the glucocorticoid prednisone is the standard therapy for autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss, what this hormone does in the ear to restore hearing is not known. MRL/MpJ-Faslpr autoimmune mice consistently have shown only stria vascularis disease, implying that abnormal ion balances in the endolymph underlie cochlear dysfunction. Previously we have shown that hearing loss in these mice is reversed with prednisolone treatment. This, coupled with the complete lack of cochlear inflammation, suggests that the restoration of hearing with prednisolone is due to its sodium transport function and not to its anti-inflammatory or immune suppression effects. Therefore the hypothesis of this study was that the mineralocorticoid aldosterone, which only increases sodium transport, would be as effective as prednisolone in reversing autoimmune hearing loss.
Study Design MRL/MpJ-Faslpr autoimmune mice were treated with either prednisolone or aldosterone to compare steroid effects on auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds and stria morphology.
Methods After baseline ABR audiometry, autoimmune mice were given prednisolone (5 mg/kg per day), aldosterone (15 μg/kg per day), or water in their drinking bottles. After 2 months of treatment the ABR thresholds were remeasured, and ears collected for histological examination.
Results The untreated controls showed continued elevation of ABR thresholds and edematous stria. However, thresholds in most steroid mice were improved or unchanged and their stria morphology improved, particularly with aldosterone treatment.
Conclusions Restoration of hearing with steroid treatment is due to increased sodium transport to re-establish cochlear ionic balances. Aldosterone therapy may offer advantages over prednisone for long-term management of not only autoimmune hearing loss, but also other forms of nonimmune-related deafness for which steroids are currently prescribed.
The glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, prednisone, methylprednisolone) have been the standard therapy for autoimmune and idiopathic hearing loss for several years. 1 However, we have very little understanding of the actual abnormal cellular processes in the ear that cause these forms of hearing loss, and even less knowledge of how these are reversed by steroid treatment. Most glucocorticoids have three functions—immune suppression, anti-inflammation, and increase in sodium transport. The rationale for glucocorticoid therapy in hearing loss has been based on the first two of these functions, immune suppression and anti-inflammation, to suppress hyperactive systemic autoimmune functions and counter presumed inflammatory processes in the ear. However, there is little evidence that direct inflammatory processes in the ear are responsible for the hearing loss, particularly in autoimmune disease.
Numerous autoimmune mouse studies have demonstrated that the major disease in the ear is disruption of the stria vascularis and its blood-labyrinth barrier. 2 This breakdown in sodium and potassium ion transport mechanisms, coupled with the complete lack of inflammation within these autoimmune ears, implies that ion imbalance is the disease underlying autoimmune hearing loss. Also, steroid therapy is effective in forms of idiopathic hearing loss that have no immune origin, suggesting that there is a common cochlear pathological process or condition in the many different types of steroid-responsive hearing loss. These various observations have caused us to question the traditional view that cochlear inflammation underlies autoimmune hearing loss.
The observed stria vascularis disease in autoimmune mice suggests that endolymph sodium-potassium imbalance is the underlying cause of autoimmune hearing loss. This has recently been confirmed by Ruckenstein et al. 3 with their measurement of depression of the endocochlear resting potential in autoimmune mice. Because a third function of most glucocorticoids (except dexamethasone) is to increase sodium transport, 4,5 this stria function may be the actual cochlear cellular activity targeted by this steroid group. Therefore a possible mechanism for glucocorticoid reversal of autoimmune hearing loss is restoration of proper stria ion balances that are compromised by disruption of the blood-labyrinth barrier. 2 This also would explain why glucocorticoids effectively reverse sudden and idiopathic hearing loss that has no immunological or inflammatory correlates.
Increasing sodium transport is the primary role of the mineralocorticoids, such as aldosterone. 4,6 This is accomplished by upregulating the number of sodium channels and increasing cellular Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase). If the underlying disease in many of these forms of hearing loss is abnormal ionic balances in the endolymph, aldosterone may be an equally effective treatment. Therefore the aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that abnormalities in cochlear ion transport underlie autoimmune hearing loss. If so, remediation of the hearing loss would be accomplished by mineralocorticoid treatment because this group of steroids has no effect on inflammation or the immune system. This laboratory has recently shown that hearing dysfunction in MRL/MpJ-Faslpr autoimmune mice can be prevented or reversed by treatment with the glucocorticoid prednisolone. 7–9 Therefore these mice were used to compare the relative therapeutic effects of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone and the glucocorticoid prednisolone. If aldosterone is equally effective in reversing autoimmune hearing loss, it would offer significant new evidence that sodium and potassium imbalances in the endolymph are the underlying cochlear problem in autoimmune hearing loss, as well as other forms of steroid-responsive ear disorders.
Animal Model
The MRL/MpJ-Faslpr mouse (formerly, MRL/ lpr) is an established model of autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss. 10 Spontaneous systemic autoimmune disease develops in the MRL/MpJ-Faslpr mice, resulting in increased serum immune complexes, anti-DNA antibodies, lymphadenopathy, elevated auditory thresholds, and pathological changes in the stria vascularis. 2,3,10 The hearing loss has been shown to be reversible with prednisolone, 7–9 making these mice useful in the study of the cellular mechanisms of steroid-responsive hearing loss.
Thirty MRL/MpJ-Faslpr autoimmune mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratories (Bar Harbor, ME) at 2 months of age. Onset of systemic autoimmune disease occurs at 2 to 3 months of age, and cochlear thresholds rise shortly thereafter. 10 Therefore the mice were tested with auditory brainstem response (ABR) audiometry at 3 to 4 months of age to establish pretreatment baseline auditory thresholds. Then mice were assigned to aldosterone, prednisolone, or water treatment groups for 2 months, at which time the ABR audiometry was repeated.
Steroid Treatment
Mice were randomly assigned to one of the two steroid groups (n = 10 each) or the untreated control group (n = 10). The respective treatments were continued throughout the 2-month testing period.
The glucocorticoid group was given daily oral doses (5 mg/kg per day) of prednisolone sodium phosphate (Spectrum Quality Products, Inc., Gardena, CA). The steroid was delivered by dissolving 15 mg in the standard 500-mL drinking-water bottle, which has been shown to maintain elevated systemic levels. 11,12 The advantage of this oral method is that it provides a constant source of steroid, parallels oral administration in patients, and avoids the trauma of daily injections. Mice drink 3 to 5 mL of water daily, so the effective dose was approximately 0.15 mg per day.
The mineralocorticoid group was given a daily oral dose of 15 μg/kg per day of aldosterone (d-aldosterone, Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Aldosterone drinking water was prepared by dissolving 50 μg of aldosterone in 50 μL of 100% ethyl alcohol (ETOH) and diluting it in the 500-mL drinking-water bottle. 13 The final effective dose was approximately 0.5 mg per day. The final ETOH concentration was 0.01% and was considered negligible.
Untreated control autoimmune mice were given regular tap water in their bottles to assess the normal progression of auditory dysfunction in autoimmune disease.
Cochlear Function
Auditory brainstem response audiometry to pure tones was used to evaluate cochlear function and followed our standard protocol. 10 Animals were anesthetized, and the individual ears of each mouse were stimulated with a closed-tube sound delivery system sealed into the ear canal. The ABR to tone-burst stimuli at 4, 8, 16, and 32 kHz was recorded, and thresholds obtained for each ear. The steroid and control mice always were tested on the same day to eliminate any potential instrumentation differences. Each ear's pretreatment and post-treatment ABR threshold shift at the four frequencies was calculated and the total shift for the four frequencies was obtained. The steroid groups were compared with controls receiving water, by means of the χ2 statistic, to determine whether either steroid treatment significantly altered the progression of hearing loss.
Stria Vascularis Morphology
The inner ears of all surviving mice were removed, perilymphatically perfused with fixative (3% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer), and immersion-fixed overnight. After decalcification in ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA), the ears were cryostat sectioned according to the protocol of Whitlon et al. 14 Tissues were taken through serial dilutions of 30% sucrose, placed in degassed Optimum Cutting Temperature (OCT) compound, lightly vacuumed, and sectioned at 10 μm for qualitative evaluation of the effects of steroid treatment on the stria vascularis.
The use of the animals reported in this study was approved by the Oregon Health Sciences University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee to ensure compliance with federal animal welfare guidelines.
Steroid Treatment
The mice tolerated the steroid in the drinking water and showed no adverse affects, such as dehydration, avoidance of drinking, and the like. By the end of the 2-month treatment period, half of the untreated control mice had died of disease, which is typical for this strain. Survival was significantly higher for mice receiving the steroids; seven prednisolone-treated mice and nine aldosterone-treated mice were still alive at the post-treatment ABR test (χ2 = 7.2;P < .01).
Cochlear Function
Each ear's pretreatment and post-treatment ABR thresholds at the four frequencies were compared to establish any change attributable to treatment. The shifts at each frequency within an ear were added to derive a total shift in threshold per ear. If the ear's combined threshold shifts were lower by 20 dB or more, the ear was considered to be improved (average, 5 dB per frequency). The ear was considered unchanged if the combined threshold shifts were ±15 dB and were rated as worse if the combined threshold shifts were higher by 20 dB or more. The χ2 analyses compared the number of ears within each outcome category for each steroid relative to controls receiving water.
The ABR threshold analysis revealed that thresholds in untreated mice continued to rise with advancing systemic disease, because 80% of the ears were worse (Table I). Only one control ear (10%) improved, and one ear was unchanged. The steroid-treated ears were significantly better than controls after 2 months of treatment. Six of the prednisolone-treated ears were improved, six were unchanged, and only two were worse (P < .00232). The aldosterone-treated ears also were significantly better, with 7 improved, 11 unchanged, and none worse (P < .00001). These results suggest that both steroids had an equivalent effect of significantly improving hearing thresholds or preventing them from declining further.
χ2 results show comparison of each steroid group with the water controls.
Stria Vascularis Morphology
The stria vascularis in untreated control mice showed the typical edema and degeneration seen with advancing autoimmune disease and hearing loss (Fig. 1A and B). Dilated stria vessels and enlarged intercellular spaces were found throughout all turns of the cochlea. There was thinning of the stria in older mice, demonstrating the degeneration of stria structure and function with advancing disease. The prednisolone-treated mice showed some restoration of stria integrity and thickening of the epithelium (Fig. 1C), although dilated vessels and edematous spaces were still seen. The aldosterone-treated mice showed marked improvement in stria morphology, returning to virtually normal appearance (Fig. 1D). The stria vessels in aldosterone-treated mice were normal in size, showing neither dilation nor degeneration. Furthermore, no intercellular edema was seen in any of the aldosterone-treated mice.
The present results for prednisolone treatment parallel earlier studies that showed either hearing improvement or no change in most of the treated autoimmune mice. 7–9 This reinforces the validity of the MRL/MpJ-Faslpr autoimmune mice as models for investigation of the otopathological mechanisms of spontaneous autoimmune disease and the cochlear cellular mechanisms by which steroids reverse hearing loss. The most significant new finding of the present study was that aldosterone treatment resulted in hearing improvement comparable to prednisolone. Aldosterone also restored the stria vascularis epithelium to a qualitatively normal appearance. These two findings have tremendous implications regarding the underlying cochlear disease associated with autoimmune hearing loss. The fact that one can merely increase sodium transport to compensate for the underlying cochlear problem is a major advancement in our understanding of potential autoimmune disease processes of the ear.
However, as provocative as these results are, they are not entirely surprising. Aldosterone therapy was investigated because of numerous observations by this laboratory regarding the autoimmune disease processes in the cochlea. The stria consistently has been identified as the only site of disease in mice with autoimmune hearing loss, and no hair cell disease has ever been observed. 10 Furthermore, breakdown of the stria blood-labyrinth barrier occurs with the systemic autoimmune disease, 2 but inflammation is never observed, despite leakage of immunoglobulin into the stria pericapillary spaces. 15 The fact that autoimmune hearing loss in patients and mice is reversible with steroids 7–9 suggests that the cellular processes which control cochlear potentials are compromised, but can regenerate to normal function. Thus the underlying pathological condition appears to be in the stria because Ruckenstein et al. 3 have shown that the endocochlear potential is reduced in the autoimmune mice and Lin and Trune 2 have shown that the stria blood-labyrinth barrier is compromised. The observed reversal of hearing loss also implies stria disease, because it can recover after trauma 16 and hair cells cannot. Further, because any disruption of the stria is ultimately going to impair its function of sodium and potassium ion transport, it is a logical conclusion that restoring sodium and potassium balances with a mineralocorticoid also will restore normal hearing. These preliminary findings of the present study have been confirmed in extensive dose-response comparisons of these two steroids and the systemic immunological changes that parallel hearing improvement. 17
Recently, animal studies have shown both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in the normal ear that respond to systemic administration of both steroid groups. 18 Although it is not yet clear which of the steroid responsive cellular functions within the ear explain the present results, recovery probably is due to mineralocorticoid receptor upregulation of sodium transport. It is well known that glucocorticoids have a higher affinity for the mineralocorticoid receptor than they do for their own. 19 Thus both aldosterone and prednisolone treatment would lead to upregulation of mineralocorticoid receptor processes (i.e., increased sodium channels and elevation of Na+,K+-ATPase levels). The implication of hearing improvement and stria regeneration being related to mineralocorticoid function parallels recent findings by Ruckenstein et al. 20 They treated autoimmune mice with dexamethasone, another common glucocorticoid therapy for autoimmune hearing loss, and observed suppressed systemic autoimmune disease but no improvement in stria morphology. This would be expected because dexamethasone is one of the few glucocorticoids that has no sodium transport function, which, based on the present study, would be required to fully restore stria morphology and physiology.
Although the present findings represent a potentially exciting advancement in our understanding of cochlear disease mechanisms, one must carefully evaluate alternative explanations for the findings. For example, the improvement in hearing may be due indirectly to improved systemic ion levels from increased kidney sodium transport function, upregulation of systemic Na+,K+-ATPase levels or other enzymes that impact ion transport, suppression of the immune system by the mineralocorticoid, or upregulation of other systemic hormones that can affect the immune system, such as estrogen. However, the improvement in stria morphology is strong support for the conclusion that the aldosterone directly impacts stria cellular function.
Certainly, more studies will be necessary to identify the exact cellular mechanisms of steroid-responsive ear disease. Notwithstanding, the results of the present study provide a provocative challenge to traditional theories on cochlear autoimmune disease mechanisms and treatment. The fact that numerous clinical hearing disorders (autoimmune, idiopathic, and sudden sensorineural hearing loss) respond to prednisone suggests that they have a final common pathway of disruption of stria ion transport. Mineralocorticoids may have application to these hearing disorders with depressed endocochlear potentials and may provide an alternative for long-term management of hearing loss in patients who cannot tolerate prolonged glucocorticoid therapy.
Aldosterone was equivalent to prednisolone in reversing autoimmune hearing loss. This finding offers significant new evidence that the restoration of hearing with steroid treatment is due to increased stria sodium-potassium transport to re-establish normal ionic balances in the endolymph. Aldosterone may have application in the long-term management of autoimmune hearing loss, as well as other forms of sudden or idiopathic deafness that have no underlying immunological or inflammatory cause.
- 1.Corticosteroid pharmacokinetics in the inner ear fluids: an animal study followed by clinical application. Laryngoscope 1999; 109(suppl 91):1–17., , .
- 2.Breakdown of stria vascularis blood-labyrinth barrier in C3H/lpr autoimmune disease mice. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 117:530–534., .
- 3.Strial dysfunction in the MRL- Faslpr mouse. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 121:452–456., , .
- 4.Localization and regulation by steroids of the α, β, and subunits of the amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel in colon, lung, and kidney. Pflugers Arch 1995; 430:299–307., , , , .
- 5.Glucocorticosteroids increase sodium transport in middle ear epithelium. Am J Physiol 1997; 272(Cell Physiol 41):C184–C190., , , , , .
- 6.Aldosterone regulation of gene transcription leading to control of ion transport. Hypertension 1992; 19:221–227., .
- 7.Steroid responsive cochlear dysfunction in the MRL/lpr autoimmune mouse. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1999; 121:344–347., , .
- 8.Steroid therapy improves cochlear function in the C3H.MRL-Faslpr autoimmune mouse. Hear Res 1999; 137:160–166., , , .
- 9.Steroid treatment in young MRL.MpJ-Faslpr autoimmune mice prevents cochlear dysfunction. Hear Res 1999; 137:167–173., , , .
- 10.Inner ear DNA receptors in MRL/lpr autoimmune mice: potential 30 and 70 kilodalton link between autoimmune disease and hearing loss. Hear Res 1997; 105:57–64., , , .
- 11.Pharmacological studies of antigen-induced arthritis in BALB/c mice, I: characterization of the arthritis and the effect of steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Agents Actions 1986; 18:384–393., , .
- 12.Maintenance of the synthesis of large proteoglycans in anatomically intact murine articular cartilage by steroids and insulin-like growth factor I. Ann Rheum Dis 1993; 52:734–741., , , , .
- 13.Adrenalectomy, corticosteroid replacement and their importance for drug-induced memory-enhancement in mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1992; 41:785–789., , , , .
- 14.Cryoembedding and sectioning of cochleas for immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Brain Res Protocols. Accepted for publication., , .
- 15.Cochlear immunoglobulin in the C3H/lpr mouse model for autoimmune hearing loss. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997; 117:504–508..
- 16.The delayed effects of ethacrynic acid on the stria vascularis of the guinea pig. Acta Otolaryngol 1977; 83:98–112., , , , .
- 17.Aldosterone and prednisolone control of cochlear function in MRL/MpJ-Faslpr autoimmune mice. Hear Res. Submitted for review., , .
- 18.Response of the stria vascularis to corticosteroids. Laryngoscope 1991; 101:1081–1084., , .
- 19.Pharmacological and functional characterization of human mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor ligands. Eur J Pharm Mol Pharm 1993; 247:145–154., , , et al.
- 20.Effects of immunosuppression on the development of cochlear disease in the MRL-Faslpr mouse. Laryngoscope 1999; 109:626–630., , , , .


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Two municipal workers with four decades of tireless behind-the-scene efforts at serving citizens were selected Saturday as the 2010 Co-Employees of the Year for the City of Manteca.
David A. Winegarden is the new publisher of the Manteca Bulletin.
RIPON – The Volunteers in Police Services of Ripon serve their community in dozens of ways, all for gratis.
Second Harvest Food Bank's second annual Chili Pot Cook Off takes place Saturday, Aug. 14, to help feed struggling families.
The mood was somber Friday night when friends and family gathered at the site where Derrick Gann – a 19-year-old Manteca resident – was gunned down on Tuesday, July 27. He was later pronounced dead at Doctors Hospital in Manteca.
Widening Highway 99 through Manteca will also improve traffic flow at the Highway 120 Bypass interchange.
When it comes to green Manteca is going platinum.
In response to increased adult mosquito populations and the detection of West Nile virus in several areas around Manteca and Lathrop, the San Joaquin County Mosquito and Vector Control District (District) is preparing to conduct ground spraying for adult mosquito cntrol.
RIPON – Chief Dennis Bitters of the Ripon Consolidated Fire District was up for a salary raise each year for the last two years.
Changing 4,800 light bulbs will save Manteca taxpayers at least $150,000 a year.
The Manteca Police Department "Motor Skills Challenge" believed to be the first of its kind in San Joaquin County in recent history is set to start Saturday, Aug. 7, at the Promenade Shops at Orchard Valley lifestyle center at Union Road and the Highway 120 Bypass.
About a year ago, Cassandra Wood was in dire need of dental work.
Restoring old junk relics into beautiful custom cars has been the love of life for Mantecan Bob Hall – with his wife Barbara's love, support and a little elbow grease of her own thrown into the equation.
LATHROP – Raise taxes for fire protection, or increase fire insurance?
Taela Heath doesn't mind the occasional summer heat wave, or the monotony of waiting for the community to realize what she's doing at the Manteca Convention and Visitors Bureau Farmers Market every Tuesday night.
Leonardo Resendiz made a methodical point in the shooting death of a mock trial that's long been a staple of Joe Waller's Careers in Law Enforcement classes.
There's a leak at Lathrop City Hall.
It looks like almost early summer on the Stanislaus River watershed.
They are Weston Ranch's power couple. But Dale and Jill Fritchen don't see themselves as such, and never have.
The working alignment for the contentious proposed extension of a dry levee south of Manteca is directly behind parcels on the north side of Fig Avenue between Airport Way and Oleander Avenue.
Kai Burburn rocks back and forth nervously on the lip of the bowl at the new Lathrop skate park.
Free Weston Ranch. That's the rallying cry of this small community in South West Stockton.
The second annual Mother &Son Dance at St. Anthony of Padua School will be held Friday, Feb. 6, from 6 to 9 p.m.
Manteca's next municipal building could go up on Daniels Street.
Manteca in 2014 had its biggest year for single family housing starts in eight years.
It took less than a week for a jury to convict Michael Roessler in the murder of 51-year-old rural Manteca Michael Lawrence.
The Manteca Kindred Arts has been bringing top-notch musicians of national and international caliber to Manteca for nearly three decades. Perhaps less known is the fact the non-profit organization has been offering other entertainment options every year for the public's gastronomical pleasure, among other things.
Public employee retirees are living longer.
Maddy Hudson made the cut.

subset: commoncrawl


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Join us at the Cummer Museum of Art & Gardens for the shopping experience of the season, Champagne & Shopping. Enjoy holiday music and complimentary champagne and appetizers. There are discounts for everyone of 15% on Wednesday and 10% on Thursday, this is in addition to the regular 10% members discount. Champagne and Shopping provides a unique opportunity for you to support the programs and activities of the Cummer Museum…
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Georgia Tech - Freshman Convocation - Epic Welcome Speech
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Some issues six months into organic lawn care program
I laid down a new St. Augustine lawn back in March. I have put down coffee grinds four times, soy bean meal and corn meal once each.
As you can see in the pictures Side A is doing much better than Side B. I've done the same to both and they get similar sun.
Couple variables. Both of my neighbors had cinch bugs a couple months back. I stuck to the program and didn't get anything sprayed.
Any ideas what this might be or what I can put down to fix it?
Side A before cut
Side A after cut
Side B before cut
Side B after cut
Issue area
One more thing. I have a ton of these in the lawn. They kind of mix in with grass but it has to be some kind of weed.
Not sure how to get links to work. You can click on the album below
Here is a link that might be useful: Here is link to Lawn picture album
Alright. Here they are so it's not a pain to open.
Side A before cut
Side A after cut
Side B before cut
Side B after cut
Issue area
One more thing. I have a ton of these in the lawn. They kind of mix in with grass but it has to be some kind of weed.>
The unmowed photo of side A clearly looks like you have some nut sedge mixed in. I've got some of that too, but it doesn't bother me because it almost looks like St Aug. The nut sedge can easily be removed by hand, but I bet if you cut back a little on your irrigation, it will get choked out by the turf.
It looks like there is too much nut sedge to spot treat with vinegar. I've also heard molasses works, but I don't have any experience with that method.
Side B looks like you may have some fungus problems. How much are you watering? How often?
Be patient and stick with the organic program. It works better, and will cost less long run.
Yeah I don't mind it so much either as it mixes in. I'm water when it shows signs of needing it. That being said this summer in FL it's rained either a lot or not at all. I had some grey leaf I think when it's been too wet.
I put down some soy bean meal a couple weeks ago and I think I see a bit of it coming back but it also seems like it could be spreading slowing.
I can sympathize with Floridians. Either too much rain or not enough. For those situatins, compost is very beneficial. The compost never stops cooking in most of Florida, so you should be able to crank it out quickly. Also, the cattle feed prices are probably more expensive there, but that's just a guess on my part.
It's been horrible this summer with two weeks of no rain and then two weeks of all rain.
I've seen a lot of lawn care companies throwing sand down in bare spots. I tried this and it seemed to not work that well based on results. I threw sand down in a lot of the area that is a bit brown.


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Dana Cobb | 03/07/15
Repairing window screens is what we do best.
Anne Brandvold | 03/05/15
If you have always wanted a retractable screen door, we can install one for you. We can repair your screens right at your home.
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"Love this bag! I bought two for my 9 year old twins and could not be happier. High quality, perfect size, embroidered nicely..boys are happy. Very good customer service and fast shipping. " (E833)
"Parents in our recreation program love the Aggressor jerseys. The youth like they way the jerseys feel." (E1627)
"Socks were great" (E12792)
SST Net Ties - for Soccer Goal Nets [E2885]


text: akhaloha and lisateaches - welcome and great job getting started! We've all been at the beginning and those are probably the hardest steps to take. Stick with the plan, don't try to rush yourself, get your rest in and you'll do great! darthspud - Do you have anywhere that you can stash your keys and phone while you're running? I don't like to carry too much with me so I stash it behind a bush in the park and just pick it up on my way back. Also, don't worry about forcing all of your runs into a 7 day period if you can't fit them in. For a few weeks early on, I was leaving 2 days between each run because of pain in my knees, so I took an extra day each week. Remember that there is no reason to rush your progress. AFM - today I ran my second 5K and finished 3 minutes faster than last week at 36:30. I definitely felt the extra effort and was working harder than I had the week before, but it was a lot of fun.


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Whether you're a beginning exerciser who needs help getting started or someone who wants to add some spice to your fitness routine, our ACE Exercise Library offers a variety of movements to choose from. Browse through total-body exercises or movements that target more specific areas of the body. Each comes with a detailed description and photos to help ensure proper form.
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If you're just getting started with a fitness routine, it can be a challenge to know how to properly perform exercises for the various muscles of the body. Here are four introductory lower-body movements for beginners—once you've mastered these exercises you can continue...
Is weight really a good indicator of your overall health and fitness? What about body composition? Body mass index? You may have heard of these terms, but it can be a challenge to know exactly what they mean in terms of your health. Learn which measurements are the most...
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Edit Page Last Edit: 2 years 5 months ago
The Cloaking system is not standard, and comes equipped only on The Nesasio, a stealth cruiser.
The Cloaking system is quite powerful when used correctly. When turned on, it adds 60 evasion to your ship as well as preventing weapons lock. This basically means all incoming fire will miss your ship. Each upgrade increases the time you are cloaked, and are relatively cheap. Sadly it has a long cool down timer, so it must be used only when the enemy is about to fire, or else it will be wasted.
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Dermatologist (skin)
Old Naples
811 7th Ave S
Naples, FL 34102 Phone number & directions
811 7th Ave S
Naples, FL 34102 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Lee Carrick:
View the full profile to get information on:
- Qualifications
- What's important to you
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Patient Reviews
Have you visited Dr. Carrick? Share your experience.
Write a Review
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Specialties & Research
Dr. Lee Carrick, MD is board certified in Dermatology.
- He has special expertise in 1 area:
- Acne Rosacea
Education & Awards
Dr. Carrick graduated from Wayne State University, Detroit. He has 2 awards.
Home > Find a Dermatologist > FL > Naples Dermatologists > Dr. Lee Carrick, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Lee Carrick MD is a male Dermatologist and practices in Dermatology.
- Where does Dr. Lee Carrick practice?
- Dr. Lee Carrick has 1 office location.
Dr. Lee Carrick practices Dermatology near Naples, FL.
See Naples Dermatologists.


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Ageless Goddess
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Healing can occur in the present only when we allow ourselves to feel, express, and release emotions from the past that we have suppressed or tried to forget. Many illnesses are quite simply the end result of emotions that have been stuffed, unacknowledged, and inexperienced for years. Tears contain toxins that the body needs to get rid of. We cannot feel the height of our joy unless we have felt the depths of our sadness or pain.


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17933 Holzhauer Automall Dr
Nashville, IL 62263
Hollzhauer Auto & Truck Sales has been known throughout Nashville for fast, neighborly, and honest service for many years. We are pleased to provide this experience to every customer, every time. We only staff courteous and attentive salespeople, so your questions can be answered and your test drive will be hassle-free. Find new Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram inventory on our well-stocked lot. Nashville, Mt. Vernon & Mascoutah, IL Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep & Ram shoppers can also browse our online inventory as well:
|2014 Chrysler 300
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Holzhauer Auto & Truck Sales is proud to offer all-new 2015 Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram vehicles on our lot. Feel free to browse our online inventory below:
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We also have a huge selection of quality, cheap used cars. Or if you're in the market for a vehicle that looks and drives like new but without the price of a new car, we also stock certified pre-owned vehicles. Automotive shoppers from Nashville, Mt. Vernon, and Mascoutah come to Holzhauer Auto & Truck Sales for their used car needs. Come in today and find out why!
Holzhauer Auto & Truck Sales also has a financing department and an automotive service department that are some of the best in the Nashville area. No matter what your automotive service needs are, Holzhauer Auto & Truck Sales' receptive staff will strive to meet them. Feel free to come in or call us today and find out why so many of your Nashville,Mt. Vernon, and Mascoutah neighbors choose Holzhauer Auto & Truck Sales.
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"We only move into the 21st century on the foundation of things that have been established long, long ago."
"No title" (2002)
"I've always been interested in figurative work and narrative. My earlier work was more involved with language- more explicitly about storytelling. And these are very narrative, but I leave a lot to the viewer to fill in. I trust the viewer more than I did when I was younger, where I felt like I had to be in control and dictate meaning."
- Laylah Ali


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Spacing for Peas
I have a newbie question for peas in a SFG. The books says to plant eight in a square. I expect them to grow on a trellis. Is there any special way to plant the peas so that they will grow on the trellis? Or do I plant them in the standard SFG pattern? I've never grown peas before so I'm having trouble visualizing how they all reach the trellis if they are planted in a grid. Thanks!
Plant on each side of the trellis. 4 on each side makes 3" spacing. Plant each 1.5" from the trellis (again 3" spacing from each other).
If these will be short peas (say 24" or less) you can also make an outside trellis that runs around the square (or series of adjacent squares) and plant every 3" in a block.
You can actually do this with taller peas as well and with the short ones you often don't even need the outside trellis.
In this way the peas will cling to each other and the trellis around the outside prevents any falling over in a wind. It makes harvesting slightly more challenging, but doubles the peas per square foot.
I want to grow Sugar Snap peas. I guess I didn't realize that I wouldn't use the conduit-frame trellis which are described in the book (attached to the back of the bed). :-) I can improvise though. Do you recomend a shorter trellis placed in the middle of the square? The outside trellis idea sounds cool too. Is it easy to build or should I pick something up? Thanks for the advice.
For peas I just use u posts (steel fence posts at any hardware store) and some twine strung between them. The peas don't really require much as they don't get heavy. You could really use anything that you can stick securely in the ground and run a few strands of twine horizontally between them.
I have the first twine a couple inches off the ground and the next about 6" above the first. You can add twine as they grow or just twine up to 2' from the get go.
I grow peas in my square foot garden and don't trellis them. They don't get all that tall from my experience. I just use 3' or 4' bamboo sticks and place them next to the peas. I grow a whole 4X4 bed this way. Trellising them like you would cucumbers, beans, or tomatoes seems like overkill to me.
Here is an update on the peas in my garden. Based on the advice above, I now have lots of yummy peas! Here are some pictures of them growing. Thanks for the ideas.
Here is a link that might be useful: Peas in my garden
This is how I handled my peas this year (first time for me too :-))
I divided each square into four (usual style), and then planted two peas per 6" square. I did this by running a diagonal line through the mini-square, and essentially making a diamond in the main square. I then planted equally on the diagonal lines. ________________
: /:\ :
: / : \ :
: / : \ :
: / : \ :
: \ : / :
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: \:/ :
The ASCII shows sort of what I did. I then just made a wigwam of bamboo canes and placed these in the corners.
Trouble was, we had so much wind and rain this summer, that I had a few instances of the wigwam falling over! So have had to add a larger wigwam around the outside for support.
Still, the harvest I've had from my two squares have been very rewarding, so will be attempting again.


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Find your nearest pub
What's on
Hotel open in Tulse Hill
Following an extensive refurbishment the Tulse Hill Hotel located minutes from the Tulse Hill station. With nine beautifully appointed bedrooms ranging from large family sized doubles to generous singles all with bespoke en-suite bathrooms.
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Chatty Barman
Team Christmas Bash
So I know its Valentine's Day tomorrow, but here at MPCo we've only just finished celebrating Christmas. All our amazing pubs were full of happy […]
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Things we love
New Cross House are now using Barpass, a smart phone app that allows you to order and pay for your food & drink.
Balham Arms new food offer
Balham Arms formally known as the Clarence has had a huge change to it food offer. It is a must visit pub now if you are a foodie.
Secret DJ
Want to choose the next track? Secret DJ app you can now do that for free in our pubs.
Merchant place to watch sport
Merchant in Battersea has had a brand new facelift. It's now an excellent place to settle down with top food & drink and enjoy watching your team.


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Salt Lake City Nannies
527 nannies near you. Average nanny rate in Salt Lake City: $10.75/hr. Share with friends.
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"Deal aa No Deal aa", a game show, premieres on Sun TV this Saturday. Spread over 26 episodes, it will be telecast between 8.30 p.m. and 9.30 p.m. on Saturdays and Sundays. Each contestant can win up to Rs.50 lakh.
A simple format, edge-of-the-seat entertainment, great sets and an engaging host are the highlights of the show. Besides, there is a contest where viewers can win Rs. 1 lakh per episode. Hosted by actor Rishi, "Deal aa No Deal aa" is based on the international game show "Deal or No Deal".
Contestants have been chosen from the responses to the Call for Entry activity that ran on the Channel a few weeks ago. The game involves 26 suitcases, each of which contains any amount between Re. 1 and Rs. 50 lakh.
To begin with, the contestant chooses any one of the 26 suitcases, not knowing the value inside.
Then, the contestant's objective is to walk away from the game with the maximum possible amount of money through a process of opening the other 25 boxes and deciding to deal or not to deal with a mysterious banker who offers to buy the contestant's suitcase offering varying amounts of money at different stages throughout. The show offers contestants an opportunity to win up to Rs. 50 lakh.
Keywords: Sun TV, game show, Deal aa No Deal aa


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Goodie Two Sleeves Men's U.G.L.Y Graphic T-Shirt - White
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Your Prays Needed
I will be going into tomorrow to have a biopsy on my breast at 2pm after my doctor found a growth during my first mamagram examine followed by an ultrasound 2 weeks ago. I am a little worried since my maternal great-grandmother died of breast cancer so please include me in your prayers. I'm not sure how long it will take to get the biopsy results back, but hope it's fairly quick.
Thank you,
First, let me acknowledge your fears and concerns. They are yours to own. But don't let them own you. Second, each of my own biopsies have been benign. Keep in mind this is by far the most common outcome. Third, should the results reveal something more grave, remember that thanks to the efforts of Nancy Brinker and many, many others, treatments that didn't even exist ten years ago are kicking breast cancer in the seat of the pants. Should a battle be necessary, it is yours to win. You have my prayers.
I've only been up since 3am....couldn't sleep. I'm probably more scared of the being stabbed :0
I was fretting the mamagram too before I went in; it didn't even hurt a bit LOL! Then again I'm small chested...not much there to flatten HA!
Hi Vera, I know just how you feel! I had to have a lung biopsy in the fall, and when I met the doctor I told him I was praying to every major and minor god known to man! I really didn't know what to expect.
I was amazed at his good work, I never even felt the needle, and he got his tissue sample on the first try. I thanked him for making it so easy for me.
Hopefully, you will have an easy time of it too, and I hope you get good news as a result. I'll be sending prayers your way.
Everything went smooth as silk! The only time I felt any pain was when I was being injected with the lanacain. I got to watch the procedure from the ultrasound and he took 3 samples of tissue. It really was pretty cool watching that needle go it and then another one was inserted thru the first which shot like a dart into the growth and back out! Those are called core samples. He really was a good doctor and apparently he is no.1 in the Breast Evalution division. I should be expecting lab results no later than Monday. He thinks it looked like nothing but given my family history that wanted to confirm it.
The lanacain lasted no longer than 15 minutes from the time we left and boy then did I ever feel the pain!! Wowie!! Shame on me, but I called upon my good neighbor who hooked me up with a couple Vicadan; I felt no pain :O I kicked back with my Mother Earth News and their extra special edition that was waiting for me and didn't move and inch LOL!
This morning I'm feeling pretty good...hardly no pain that an ibuprofen can't handle :D
Thanks for the prayers,
I'm so glad! Had been off the boards for a while when I found this thread, was reluctant to chime in in case the news was less than great. I've been through this 3 times, so know it's often nothing, but the resulting bruises aren't very pretty, eh? Happy day!


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Jun 23, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Mobile News 0
Almost a year has passed since Apple announced its iPhone 5, which gave a beginning to the never ending rumors of iPhone 5s. Recently we heard from some sources that Sharp would be manufacturing 5s panel in June and if the recently leaked blurry images on the internet by Mac Rumors confirm to be true then the next iPhone will have a dual-LED flash.
Jun 20, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Hardware News 0
Just today we came across the standard scores from the new Apple Mac Pro, with great sorrow we would have to say that it does not impress us at all. What a set-back it might have been for the Apple's team.
Jun 14, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Hardware News 0
The team iFixIt have got their hands on the newly refreshed mid 2013 model of Macbook Air laptops which include Haswell processors. These models were recently announced at the WWDC this week and we have come across a number of crucial changes with this 13 inch model. Apparently the outer look is quite similar to that of the previous model but the folks at iFixIt are more curious to know about the internal parts, especially because to know whether the after service of a ruined component will be easy or difficult repair.
Jun 13, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Mobile News 0
According to the latest rumors, Apple is considering launching a 4.7-inch and a 5.7-inch iPhone models as soon as in 2014 also along with a $99 model in a range of different plastic colors. The media outlet mentions that the decision is yet to be taken but at the same time Apple wants to gain back the share from its tough competitor Samsung. We already know that Samsung has a huge contribution in boosting the mobile industry and becoming a leading cellular manufacturer. Basically Apple here wants to contest with Samsung's line of Galaxy Note and their other inexpensive phones by offering similar screen sized phones and their low priced $99 model with plastic body (none of them which Apple currently makes).
Jun 11, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Hardware News 1
The much awaited MacBook Air's have been announced on the WWDC 2013 stage. It was publicized by the Apple's vice president. The entire refreshed MackBook Air family has been showed off. The 11-inch and the 13-inch have the same framework but use the recently launched 4th generation mobile Intel core CPU called Haswell.
Jun 11, 2013 Bob Buskirk All News, Hardware News 0
During the Worldwide Developer Conference (WWDC) on Monday Apple unveiled its brand new Mac Pro workstation. It has one of the most unique designs we have ever seen for a desktop system. Its cylindrical shape is a complete departure from the norm and it sure packs a lot inside as well.
Jun 08, 2013 Bob Buskirk All News, Hardware News 0
For the curious, we hate breaking your hearts. The much awaited iPhone 5s launch has been delayed due to some technical reasons. According to the sources the launch was due sometime soon this year but now it has been postponed to October due to shortage of retina displays.
Jun 03, 2013 Bob Buskirk All News, Hardware News 0
Apple's WWDC is expected to take place next week in San Francisco. Assumptions are that most likely Apple's notebook line up will get the modifications. Since Intel is also planning to release its latest Haswell processor this week, Apple will come up with some significant upgrades as well.
May 29, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Hardware News, Web News 0
A spell of rumors have spread online that Apple will be launching a new tablet. Along with much awaited next generation iPhone, iPad and iPad mini it is predicted that the company is working on a giant 12.9-inch screen called the iPad Maxi which will be the biggest tablet display if launched.
May 27, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Hardware News, Mobile News 0
Yes you read that right. Apple may be making wrist watches even. There are rumors that Apple may release a smart watch called the iWatch in the third quarter of the year 2014. This surprising story has come out with courtesy of a KGI Securities Analyst who is also of the view that the purpose of iWatch will not only be time telling, or displaying information but it will be something more than that. The iWatch will be useful providing safer user identification and superior health tracking features.
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June 2013's Best-Selling PSN Games
July 9, 2013 - The Last of Us is -- by far -- PSN's best-selling game of last month. And Hotline Miami isn't looking too shabby on PS Vita, either.
Gearbox Making More Borderlands 2 DLC, New Next-Gen Franchise
July 8, 2013 - Gearbox head Randy Pitchford has confirmed that more DLC is planned for Borderlands 2, plus "an original IP for the next generation."
New Borderlands 2 Heads and Skins DLC Released
July 2, 2013 - 2K and Gearbox are releasing nine new customisation sets for Borderlands 2 characters this very day.
Borderlands 2: Fart Jokes and Tragedy
June 3, 2013 - Borderlands 2 lead writer Anthony Burch explores the boundaries between comedy, action, and drama.
Borderlands 2 'On Track' To Be Highest-Selling 2K Game Ever
May 13, 2013 - Take-Two says Borderlands 2 is on-track to be the highest-selling release in the history of 2K, plus Max Payne 3 has shipped 4 million copies.
April, 2013's Best-Selling PSN Games
May 9, 2013 - Sony has revealed what PS3 and Vita games sold best on PSN in April, along with PSone and PS2 Classics and more. Come check out the data.
Borderlands 2 Psycho Class Release Date Announced
May 6, 2013 - Gearbox has announced the release date for its upcoming sixth playable character, the Psycho Krieg.
Borderlands 2 Tiny Tina DLC Price, Release Date Announced
May 2, 2013 - Following a leak earlier today, Gearbox has confirmed the price and release date for Tiny Tina's Assault on Dragon Keep, the 4th campaign DLC.
Borderlands 2: Tiny Tina's Assault on Dragon Keep Revealed
May 2, 2013 - The next Borderlands DLC could revolve around Tiny Tina...and a dragon.
Gearbox Teases Next Borderlands 2 DLC
March 24, 2013 - At the end of its PAX panel today, Gearbox showed off a video with Tiny Tina and the original Vault Hunters hinting at the next DLC.
New Borderlands 2 Loot Chest Announced
March 24, 2013 - Did you miss out on Borderlands 2's collector's edition? Here's a second chance to buy your own Loot Chest.
Borderlands 2's New Character is a Psycho
March 24, 2013 - Following recent teases, Gearbox has revealed the sixth playable character for Borderlands 2, a Psycho named Krieg.
Borderlands 2 Level Cap Increase Announced
March 24, 2013 - Gearbox has finally announced when Borderlands 2's level cap will be raised, plus a new mode and new weapon rarity.
Borderlands Animated Short Film in the Works
March 19, 2013 - 2K and Gearbox have partnered with the Academy of Art University to help students create a Borderlands animated short film.
New Borderlands 2 DLC Includes New Vault Hunter
March 8, 2013 - During a panel at SXSW, Gearbox teased the next Borderlands 2 content, which includes a new Vault Hunter.
BAFTA 2013 Game Nominees Announced: Journey Leads With Eight
February 12, 2013 - The nominees for this year's BAFTA Game Awards have been revealed and Journey is once again leading the pack.
The Future According to Randy Pitchford
February 11, 2013 - Randy Pitchford tells IGN about the future of Borderlands, Furious 4, Aliens, Brothers in Arms, SHiFT, fans, next-gen and much, much more.
Which Publishers and Games Scored Best on Metacritic in 2012?
February 8, 2013 - Metacritic has released a slew of interesting statistics about which publishers and games scored best in 2012. Let's jump into the data.
Take-Two on Next-Gen Development Costs, GTA V, XCOM
February 5, 2013 - Learn why GTA V was delayed, the benefits of launching on new consoles, and what's going on with the XCOM shooter.
Borderlands 2 DLC Headed to Stores on Disc
February 5, 2013 - 2K has announced the Borderlands 2 Add-On Content Pack, offering the first two expansions, Mechromancer and more on one disc.


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Quality Inn & Suites Near Fairgrounds Ybor City
4955 East 18th Avenue
Tampa, FL 33605
Phone: (813) 623-6000
Fax: (813) 623-6007
»Downtown Ybor City
Tampa's Ybor City, began its intriguing history when cigar makers settled here after a disastrous fire that drove the industry north from Key West. Today it is a National Historic Landmark District lined with old buildings and historic sites. Today's Ybor is a lively and popular shopping, dining and entertainment district featuring everything from museums to flamenco dancing and of course, plenty of cigars. The area really comes alive when the sun sets with a bevy of nightlife options. Do not miss the annual Halloween Parade, known as the Mama Guava Stumble or Guava-ween!
»Statue of Roland Manteiga
The Roland Manteiga statue is the statue of an editor of the La Gaceta weekly newspaper that was the only trilingual newspaper in the U.S. started by his father. This statue stands as a replica of Roland Manteiga reading his own newspaper on the streets of Tampa. The statue is a great attraction to the tourists as well as locals that speaks of a lot of stories about Roland and his father. One can surely visit this statue and gain knowledge about the history of the trilingual newspaper as well click some pictures while one stands along with the statue.
»The Florida Aquarium
The Florida Aquarium gives visitors an all-access pass to the mysteries of the deep. Observe seahorses, lobsters, colorful fish, moray eels, gators, river otters, Australian sea dragons and many more. If you're feeling truly adventurous, take advantage of the "Swim with the Fishes" or "Dive with the Sharks" programs (advance reservations required). Kids will love the wide range of colorful and fun-filled interactive displays. The aquarium also sponsors ecotours aboard a 64-foot catamaran, affording patrons an opportunity to get even more up-close-and-personal with the sea. See website for complete list of attractions, calendar of events and more.
»Yacht StarShip Dining Cruises
The StarShip Yacht provides two-hour dining cruises along with 4-star menu selections prepared daily by the ship's chef. Enjoy the Sunday Brunch Buffet Cruise featuring breakfast and lunch selections or the Lunch Cruise, which offers a 3-course meal including appetizer, entree and dessert. While cruising the waters of Tampa Bay, a narration of historical points of interest is provided on both cruises. For an evening of fun, the Dinner Cruise offers a 3-course meal, live music, bar and dancing under the moonlight. Throughout the year, special cruises have been scheduled for holidays and special events. Reservations required. Price: Brunch and Lunch Adults: $44.95 Child: $31.95 Dinner Adults: $79.95 Child: $44.95
»Tampa Bay Lightning
When the Lightning began playing hockey in Tampa in 1992, quite a few residents were baffled by this fast, exciting sport. Since then, the Bolts have become one of Tampa's most popular past times with a state-of-the-art home at the Ice Palace. Games can get rowdy, as snowbirds try to cheer their home teams louder than the hometown fans. Games are usually in the evenings, but some afternoon games are scheduled on weekends and holidays. Tickets range in price from swank luxury box seats to nosebleeds.
»Amalie Arena
Amalie Arena, a sports and an entertainment center is located along the Garrison Seaport District in Tampa, Florida. This also happens to be the home of the Tampa Bay Lightning. The 660,000 sq. ft. stadium is characterized by the state-of-the-art technology and innovative design. NHL hockey games, concerts, family events, ice shows, the circus and indoor sports events are held at this venue. This arena provides 19,758 seats for NHL games, 20,500 seats for basketball games and up to 21,500 seats for concerts and center stage events.
»Old Tampa Free Public Library
Old Tampa Free Public Library or the Exceptional Children Education Center building represents architectural design that dates back to the early 1900s. The Carnegie Corporation provided funds for the library's construction. Listed in the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, this historical landmark was restored by the Tampa city.
»Tampa City Hall
Tampa City Hall is located at Florida, United States. This historic site was designed by M. Leo Elliott and was built in the year 1915 C.E. This hall was added to the National Registrar of Historic Places on October 1, 1974.
»Tampa Theatre
Established in 1926 as one of the premier cinemas in the United States, the Tampa Theatre now serves as a national landmark. In addition to showcasing movies and musicals, this venue also hosts events and stunning wedding receptions. This theater's interior boasts a number of Mediterranean-inspired accents and features a collection of antiques and statues. This historic theater has 1446 seats total, spread out over two levels.
»Old Hillsborough County High School
The Old Hillsborough County High School, which was also called Thomas Jefferson Junior High School, is a historic landmark. Now known as the D.W. Waters Career Center, when this building was first built, it served as the county's only high school. It is now a training center for the 11th and 12th grade students in occupational training. The building is featured on the National Register of Historic Places.
»Tampa Bay Convention and Visitors Bureau
The Tampa Bay area is already large, and continually growing. The Tampa Bay Convention and Visitors Bureau can help you navigate the various attractions, hotels, restaurants and meeting facilities available in sunny Tampa Bay. Comprised of local businesses and civic leaders, the center provides information so you can plan the perfect itinerary. From Ybor to Gulfport and from ice hockey to golf, the bureau will guide you to the best of the best. The center is located on Tampa Street in downtown Tampa. For more information visit the web site.
»Curtis Hixon Waterfront Park
Curtis Hixon Waterfront Park provides for a calm and serene space in a busy town. This recreation park is equipped with modern equipments like LED lighting, adjustable seating arrangement, NEOS 360 Ring featuring challenging games for kids and so forth. Also, the lighting and water supply for the park is done through reclaimed water, thereby conserving water and electricity. It also has playground, picnic area, a separate dog park and walking trail, thereby catering to the entire family. All in all, Curtis Hixon Waterfront Park is an ideal space to spend a lazy afternoon.


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- Campus Ministry Events
- Slideshows
- PRAY in Community
- REST in the Love of God
- SERVE seeking Justice
- GROW in Faith
- Christian Life Community (CLC)
- Spiritual Life Community (SLC)
- Campus Ministry Internships
- Wellness @ SLU
- Live Good
- Greek Ministry
- Graduate & Professional Students
- Rite of Christian Initiation for Adults (RCIA)
- Spiritual Direction
- Pastoral Counseling
- World Youth Day
SLC Small Group Model
SLCs use the following model to help guide small group meetings. This model helps to guide discussion, while following a structure so students can get comfortable discussing topics and creating safe, prayerful spaces.
1. Open: Prayer/Reflection/Meditation
2. Reading: From any individual in the group, a reading of some kind to center discussion. This can be a poem, an article, a reading from holy or scripture works. Anyone in the group can prepare readings.
3. Discussion: Group Leaders will help to facilitate discussion surrounding the topic from the reading or resource, and bring in a "BIG" question.
4. Closing Prayer: A volunteer (student or Group Leader) will facilitate this.


text: You'll sparkle and shine your way through every special occasion with a bracelet like this! Price: Price pending The Carolee® Topaz Oval Crystal Bracelet provides a detailed design that can be worn for your wedding and beyond. Featuring a secure clasp and accented with oval topaz stones surround by smaller crystals, this magnificent women's bracelet is the perfect accessory for every day…or that special day. Gold Topaz stones Crystals Imported More


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Authors: Gurevich, E. L.; Hergenröder, R.
Source: Applied Spectroscopy, Volume 61, Issue 10, Pages 218A-242A and 1025-1133 (October 2007), pp. 233A-242A(10)
Publisher: Society for Applied Spectroscopy
References: 55 references
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Articles that cite this article?
Document Type: Research Article
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370207782217824
ISAS—Institute for Analytical Sciences, Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Strasse, 11, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
Publication date: October 1, 2007


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In my humble opinion, anyone who knows anything about health, fitness and nutrition will tell you that you should be getting EVERY nutrient you need from your daily FOOD intake.
The 3 macronutrients your body needs to function at optimum levels are:
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
Within those 3 categories, you're going to get your:
- Essential amino acids from complete proteins in the form of red meat, white meat, fish and eggs.
- Fibre, vitamins and minerals from carbs in the form of fruit and veg.
- Essential fatty acids from fats in the form of nuts, seeds, and oils.
The most popular supplements on the market are:
- Protein powders (complete protein source to repair muscle)
- BCAA workout drinks/tablets (amino acids to feed muscle)
- Creatine (amino acids to saturate muscle and fuel energy systems)
- Fat burners and pre workout drinks/tablets (caffeine to fuel energy systems)
- Omega oils (essential fatty acids for heart health, brain health, joint health)
- Multivitamins (vitamins and minerals for overall health)
As you can see, all of the above SHOULD be coming from your daily food intake.
However, the reason a lot of fitness professionals take supplements is because they can help enhance training, encourage recovery and produce aesthetic results.
I personally will tell clients to avoid supplements if they aren't THAT serious about their training.
I frequently get emails from people who do little to no training and are downing protein shakes every day…this is totally unnecessary! You only need protein shakes if you lift weights and tear muscle habitually. Even then, having one or two max a day is more than enough, and they should NEVER be used as a solo protein source.
Another fan favourite is the pre workout / fat burner. Again, if your diet and training isn't 100% on point, why on earth are you popping fat burners? These supplements are usually taken pre training to add an extra surge of energy to your workout and increase the fat burning effects of said workout. Fat burners are not for the sedentary.
BCAAs and Creatine are great supplements for those trying to gain or maintain muscle mass. If this isn't a goal of yours, definitely don't bother.
Omega oils and multivitamins are the ONLY popular supplements that have a place in everyone's diet. There's actually no proof that multivits even work, but I take them when I'm feeling a bit run down and since I started doing so, I get ill a lot less. However, there is an argument that this is totally psychosomatic.
So, baring all the above in mind, I'm now going to talk about the 2 supplements I take:
Pre workout / fat burner
Before I start talking about Hella, I should probably flag that this IS my boyfriend's product (which is how I came across it in the first place), but I am by no means pimping it for him. I started taking it a few months ago and it's one of the best pre workout / fat burners I have come across.
The reason I like Hella is because it doesn't make me feel shaky or sick like a lot of pre workouts do, it just focuses my training and makes it feel very energetic while I workout. This is probably because it's 100% natural ingredients.
The fat burning effects are visible after a few weeks, which again is a rarity, and it's tested to athletic standards which means it's a supplement athletes are totally fine to take.
Have a look here if you're interested: http://www.jhbodyfire.com/products.html
iSupp Whey Protein Powder
I've tried almost every protein out there and while there have been some great ones, iSupp has been my favourite for a long time now.
The quality, taste and range of their products ticks all the boxes for me, and their whey protein powder hits my sweet tooth when I'm struggling with the clean eats.
I take their standard Whey Protein Powder, making milkshakes or pancakes out of it on an almost daily basis.
Check them out here: http://www.i-supp.co.uk/collections/lean-muscle/products/whey-protein-shake


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1999 Ford Explorer • 206,400 miles
Hello, the engine is knocking like it has an octane problem. Also, it has a really rough start when starting cold as well. It will start up fine when warmed up. It seems to have no driving issues although it seems like its runs rough when taking off. There is no check engine light and the fuel filter has been replaced. The injectors have also been cleaned. Any ideas?
July 14, 2012.
July 14, 2012.
Take a fuel pressure measurement and post what you find.
Jul 14, 2012.
Jul 14, 2012.
A quick thing to try is to remove and maf sensor and clean the thin wire with cleaner
Jul 15, 2012.
Jul 15, 2012.
What would be compatible to use for a replacement engine in my Breeze? I am just looking to get something that would work with it to get it up and running. Can I use a different model ...
1 answer • 1999 Plymouth Breeze • 120,000 miles
If i took out my 91 toyota carolla engine what other cars would it be compatible with?
4 answers • 1991 Toyota Corolla
We have two Jeeps that we need to replace the 4.0 engines on. a 1996 2 wheel drive and a 1998 4 wheel drive. We have found a 1994 2 wheel drive engine that we are planning on putting ...
2 answers • 1998 Jeep Laredo • 165,000 miles
1990 Toyota Camry mileage: 150,000. 1. The oil warning light is on. 2. There are four quarts of oil in the car. 3. The oil filter is dry. 4. The engine sounds rough. 5. There is noise ...
3 answers • 1990 Toyota Camry • 150,000 miles


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Places to buy fruit trees/Cocktail Citrus trees in Central Florid
Koreansoul(9)June 16, 2014
Hi everyone,
I was wondering if anyone had suggestions for a good nursery to buy fruit trees. I'd like to be able to see the tress but if you can point me to a reputable online seller I would be willing to do that as well.
gator_rider2(z8 Ga.)
There 3 on right in this link Orlando and Kissimmee Fla.
Here is a link that might be useful: Cocktail Citrus trees


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n Australian living in the Philippines published a book titled: "The Unlucky Country. The Republic of the Philippines in the 21st Century." The author Duncan McKenzie came up with the title as the counterpoint to "The Lucky Country" a book written in the mid-sixties that refers to Australia. In his book McKenzie explains that the Philippines is unlucky because, for starters, it is an archipelago and therefore naturally fragmented. In addition, it is a land plagued by "frequent disasters, both man-made and natural."
Today, we borrow that phrase as we contrast two leaders, one from the Philippines and the other from Singapore. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos ruled the Philippines from late 1965 till early 1986 when he was removed from power by the EDSA, People Power revolution. Lee Kuan Yew ruled Singapore from its inception as an independent country till late 1990 when he became its Senior Minister, then its Senior Mentor from 2004 to 2011.
Like Marcos, Lee ruled his country with an iron hand. Unlike Marcos, Lee had a vision of what Singapore should be. He cajoled his people at first, then carefully guided them to first-world prosperity. Singapore today is an economic powerhouse of just 5.47 million people. According to Wikipedia, "Singapore's economy has been ranked as the most open in the world, 7th least corrupt, most pro-business, with low tax rates (14.2% of Gross Domestic Product, GDP) and has the third highest per-capita GDP in the world.
Singaporeans indeed are lucky to have had a great leader, a true statesman, and a visionary who took their country from a backwater state in Southeast Asia, and turned it into a world-class economic powerhouse. Unfortunately, Filipinos were not as lucky. Not only did they have to endure decades of repression with hundreds tortured or killed. Marcos and his lapdogs bled the country dry, ruined the nation's economy, and destroyed the social fabric of the country before fleeing to safe havens abroad.
And if that was not enough, Marcos provided the "template for plunder" used by corrupt politicians who follow in his footsteps. So that to this day, the Philippines is a country where thieves and crooks are allowed to amass obscene wealth and then get away with it.Today our condolences go out to the people of Singapore, you have lost a great leader and a true statesman. But we grieve as well for our country. And wonder: will our luck ever change? Or are we destined to be "the unlucky country" forever? Published 3/23/2015


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|Mac Carruth and his Portland Winterhawks are undefeated in six games through the first two rounds of the WHL playoffs. (Photo courtesy of WHL/Bryan Heim)
Two Blackhawks prospects are providing veteran experience as their teams continue battling in the second round of the CHL playoffs; Saginaw captain Brandon Saad is playing in his second postseason with the Spirit, and Portland goaltender Mac Carruth already has two playoff runs under his belt with the Winterhawks. Through the first two games of their respective second-round series, Saad and Carruth have made significant contributions to try and lead their teams further into the postseason.
Click here to read full post >>
|Photo by Getty Images
Is it officially a dynasty for Boston College? The Eagles have won three NCAA titles in the last five years: 2008, 2010 and now 2012. The top-ranked team in the nation steamrolled their way through this year's edition, outscoring opponents 16-2 in four tournament games. BC finished their campaign with 19 consecutive victories dating back to Jan. 27.
Eagles center Kevin Hayes, Chicago's first-round draft pick in 2010, now joins a growing list of title-winning BC alum in the organization, including his brother, Jimmy, who is about to try for postseason success with the Blackhawks, and Ben Smith, NCAA tournament hero in 2008 and 2010.Click here to read the full post >>
With the Coyotes' Pacific Division-clinching win against Minnesota Saturday night, the Blackhawks will officially face off with Phoenix in the 2012 Western Conference Quarterfinal. The series, which will begin either Wednesday or Thursday, will start in Glendale, Ariz., for the first two games, then return to the United Center for the following two.
The Blackhawks were 1-2-1 against Phoenix in the 2011-12 season, as Jonathan Toews (3G, A) and Patrick Sharp (G, 3A) led all Chicago scorers.
Andrew Brunette leads all Blackhawks with 14 goals and 42 points in 46 career games against Phoenix. Toews has tallied 17 points (9G, 8A) in 16 games and Patrick Kane has notched 16 points (3G, 13A) in 18 contests. Goaltender Corey Crawford is 3-1-1 with a 2.85 goals-against average in six career appearances against the Coyotes.
|Kevin Hayes (No. 12) watches the action from the bench during Boston College's 6-1 NCAA semifinal victory over Minnesota on April 5. (Photo by Getty Images)
Kevin Hayes, as younger siblings tend to do, is trying his best to follow in his brother's footsteps. Jimmy, now with the Blackhawks, won an NCAA title with Boston College in 2010. One of his frequent linemates that year was Chris Kreider; the other was Ben Smith. Smith, of course, currently plays for the IceHogs. Kreider, a first-round draft pick of the New York Rangers in 2009, is still at BC, playing wing for the younger Hayes.
Jimmy tallied three points—a goal and two assists—in the 2010 Frozen Four. Kevin, in trying to capture that same title two years later, has one point so far, but it was a big one for BC, who defeated Minnesota 6-1 last night in Tampa to make the title game for the fifth time in seven seasons.Click here to read the full post >>
1. The Blackhawks are one of three NHL teams with five 20-plus goal scorers.
Patrick Sharp (33), Marian Hossa (29), Jonathan Toews (29), Patrick Kane (23) and Viktor Stalberg (21) each have over 20 goals during the 2011-12 campaign. The Boston Bruins and Pittsburgh Penguins also have five players who've cracked the 20-goal mark.Click here to read the full post >>
Every week, the Blackhawks Blog will feature fan tweets that reply to our official Twitter account @NHLBlackhawks mixed in with the tweets from some Blackhawks themselves! Send us your thoughts on the Blackhawks' players, games and more, and you could be a contributor to our next "Tweet Sheet."
Click here to read the full post >>
|Brandon Saad, 2011 second-round draft pick, led the Saginaw Spirit with 12 points (6G, 6A) in six first-round appearances.
One round is in the books, and two Blackhawks representatives are left in the hunt for hardware: Mac Carruth in the Western Hockey League and Brandon Saad in the Ontario Hockey League.
Saginaw passed a stern first-round test against Sarnia, besting the Sting in a six-game series. The Spirit will face the London Knights in the second round of the OHL playoffs, hosting Game 2 on April 8. The Knights—who count Dave Bolland and Patrick Kane among their alumni—finished the regular season with the OHL's best record (49-18-0-1) and swept their series against Windsor in the first round.
- Brandon Saad: The Spirit captain led by example, pacing the team with six goals, six helpers and a +7 plus/minus rating in six games. Saad dropped four points (2G, 2A) in Saginaw's 5-2 victory over Sarnia in Game 5, including the game-winning goal and an empty-netter to seal the victory.
- Ludvig Rensfeldt: Sarnia's Swedish winger was held to just one assist in the final two games, but finished with five points (2G, 3A) in six appearances.
Click here to read the full post >>
Each week, the Blackhawks Blog will give you five stats you need to know about the Blackhawks this season.
1. Rookie Andrew Shaw is just one of three active NHLers to tally 19 or more points in 32 or fewer appearances this season.
Shaw has 11 goals and 8 assists since joining the Blackhawks on Jan. 5. Penguins captain Sidney Crosby has 25 points (4G, 21A) in 16 games, while Blues winger Andy McDonald has 19 points (9G, 10A) in 21 appearances.
|Spirit captain Brandon Saad contributed two goals and a helper in Saginaw's 4-3 overtime win, tying their series against Saginaw at two games apiece. (Photo courtesy Terry Wilson/Saginaw Spirit)
After four games in the first round of the CHL playoffs, four Blackhawks prospects remain in the hunt for a league title and a trip to the Memorial Cup later this spring, while three others were eliminated.Click here to read the full post >>
For the second time in as many years, goaltender Ray Emery is in the running for the Bill Masterton Trophy, as the Professional Hockey Writers Association's Chicago chapter announced the 29-year-old netminder would be the Blackhawks' nominee this season. The award is given annually to the NHL player who best demonstrates the characteristics of perseverance, sportsmanship and dedication to hockey.
"Every time you get recognized for something like that, it's humbling," Emery said.
Click here to read the full post >>


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Trey Layton, Chief Technology Officer, VCE, is responsible for guiding VCE's product strategy, development direction, and industry thought leadership.
He provides the newest Cloud Viewpoint article and some great insights worth reading.
To build a cloud infrastructure or not to build, that is the question. Architecting and building the underlying cloud platform can soak up vast amounts of your IT engineering resources. Because cloud is still in its nascent state, you can expect a continuing evolution. So the engineering job isn't over once the initial infrastructure is in place. You'll need to devote engineering resources on an ongoing basis to take advantage of continued innovation.
Fortunately, building a cloud infrastructure isn't your only option.
- The goal is to create a single, holistic entity that expands/contracts dynamically to support varying requirements.
- Design the physical infrastructure to meet minimum and maximum standards.
- Include logical configuration options that are standardized based on workloads.
- Allow legacy systems to access the converged platform, but don't allow them to consume the resources of the converged infrastructure.
- By acquiring the infrastructure, you can focus engineering resources on getting business value from the cloud.
Savvy enterprises are discovering that they can speed their move to the cloud by acquiring a cloud infrastructure for which most of the engineering has already been done.
It's critical that you choose your converged infrastructure carefully.
There are three important factors to consider in your evaluation:
- Standardization of architecture
- Speed of implementation
- Integration of Legacy Systems
Trey Layton, Chief Technology Officer, VCE
Trey Layton, chief technology officer of VCE, is responsible for guiding VCE's product strategy, development direction, and industry thought leadership.


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Comfort Inn & Suites Suwanee - Sugarloaf
2945A Lawrenceville Suwanee Rd
Suwanee, GA 30024
Phone: (678) 714-7707
Fax: (678) 714-9677
Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area
Surrounded by the residential neighborhoods of Roswell and Sandy Springs, this beautiful park is a popular site for family picnics, quiet strolls, and dog outings. Trails are marked out throughout the park for hiking, running, and biking. Picnic sites are arranged along the banks of the slow-rolling Chattahoochee, the longest river in Georgia. Canoes and rafts are available for rent, and make for great summertime adventures. Take the Roswell Road off Interstate 285, go north to Azalea Drive and turn left for a day of recreation.
1978 Island Ford Parkway
Sandy Springs, GA 30350
+1 678 538 1200 (City Park Council)
Earn valuable points toward free nights.


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Sport and Leisure | Report Resources
Being an Apprentice
Last updated by: ako_admin (Ako Administrator) on 22 December 2011 - 2:02pm
Read this brochure, if you are thinking about becoming an apprentice to learn a trade. Many other young people have done their apprenticeships and here is some advice from them.
Keeping Up With the Play: Practicum, Partnership and Practice
Last updated by: ako_admin (Ako Administrator) on 23 September 2008 - 9:36pm
This paper describes an inquiry into a sport management program in a New Zealand University. It provides evaluation based on feedback from sport organizations and graduates about their experiences of the sport management program practicum.
Exercise & Sport Science as a rigorous science education: A guide for teachers of the discipline
Last updated by: ako_admin (Ako Administrator) on 7 January 2013 - 4:27pm
The purpose of this project was to guide tertiary teachers of Exercise & Sport Science in ways that could improve the rigour of Exercise & Sport Science as a scientific discipline and lead to better learning outcomes for undergraduates.
Developing Pedagogy for Exercise Science in Tertiary Physical Education programmes in the Aotearoa New Zealand Context
Last updated by: ako_admin (Ako Administrator) on 3 August 2010 - 10:52am
This project investigated exercise science curriculum content for physical education/teacher education (PETE) students and develops practical recommendations to assist tertiary organisations and their staff in the development of pedagogies suitable for the enhancement of learning in the exercise sciences.
Preparing female sport management students for leadership roles in sport
Last updated by: ako_admin (Ako Administrator) on 7 January 2013 - 4:20pm
Women remain under-represented in leadership roles in New Zealand sport. This research examines the university learning experiences and career expectations and experiences of female sport management graduates and CEOs of New Zealand sports organisations. It concludes with implications for tertiary teaching and learning practices.


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Recent Stories
- Our Computer Scientists 'Make it Digital' with the BBC
- Science Day at Heysham Power Station
- New Head of Physics
- Keswick School rockets to success in STEM Challenge day
- Major feat of engineering opens doors to future
- New Business Partnerships and Enterprise Deputy Director in post
- New guidelines to support research fellowships
- Strategic partnership with Danish university to boost research collaboration
- A decade of 'Innovation, Interaction and Impact': InfoLab21 turns Ten Years Old
- The scientific method and the Higgs Boson
Scientists Dig Deep for Carbon Solution
Story supplied by LU Press Office
New research is being carried out by scientists from the Lancaster Environment Centre (LEC) to work out how much carbon is being stored in UK grasslands and find out if they could potentially store even more.
Grasslands cover a vast area of the UK, forming the backbone of the livestock industry. However, they also play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, storing vast amounts of carbon beneath them in their soils.
Teams of scientists from the Universities of Lancaster and Reading, and North Wyke Research, have begun sampling a large number of sites across England, including grasslands in the Lake District at Glenridding, Grasmere, Thirlmere, the Newlands Valley and Skiddaw, and in the Yorkshire Dales.
The five year study - funded by a £650,000 grant from the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs - will improve understanding of how grassland can be managed to protect carbon stored in soil, while performing other key roles such as biodiversity conservation and the maintenance of viable agricultural production
A major part of the project is a national survey, now underway, to measure how much carbon is actually stored in UK grasslands and how this carbon is affected by the way that grasslands are managed.
Other studies will also test whether enhancing botanical diversity increases carbon storage in grassland soils, as well as bringing additional benefits such as nutrient retention and pollination. This will be mainly tested using a long term plant diversity restoration experiment at ColtPark, Yorkshire Dales, and experiments at Lancaster University.
Team leader Professor Richard Bardgett said: "As far as I know, this is the first survey of its kind, and certainly the first to measure carbon in grassland soils to depth. Not only do we have to sample a wide range of grassland types around the country- including many sites in the Yorkshire Dales and Lakes - but we also have to dig deep, to capture the carbon that can be stored as much as a metre down the soil horizon.
"Soil is often overlooked in the climate change debate, but it has an incredibly important role to play. This is because most carbon on land is stored in the soil, and the loss of the carbon to the atmosphere could exacerbate climate change.
"Ultimately, we want to provide a scientific basis for the management of carbon storage in UK grassland - helping offset carbon emissions while also providing other potential benefits to the ecosystem."
Mon 21 June 2010
Associated Links
- Lancaster Environment Centre - Innovation, training and research for a sustainable future
Latest News
Our Computer Scientists 'Make it Digital' with the BBC
School of Computing and Communications computer scientists are at the forefront of a UK-wide BBC initiative launched on March 12th to inspire a new generation to get creative with coding, programming and digital technology.
Story supplied by LU Press Office
Tue 31 March 2015
Science Day at Heysham Power Station
A Faculty team representing science, technology, engineering and maths took part in EDF Energy's 'Science Day' on Saturday 21st March at Heysham Power Station.
Wed 25 March 2015
New Head of Physics
Professor Roger Jones has replaced Professor Peter Ratoff as Head of the Physics Department. Roger gained a PhD studying neutrino interactions at CERN and Fermilab before starting his career at CERN working at the Large Electron-Positron (LEP) Collider.
Tue 24 March 2015
Keswick School rockets to success in STEM Challenge day
As part of British Science week, 170 students from 14 schools across the region came to Lancaster University on Wednesday 18th March to compete in science, technology, engineering and mathematics challenges.
Mon 23 March 2015