text:
Sig Sauer Parts Kit Sig Sauer P229 40 S&W, 357 Sig
Product #: 971217 Sig Sauer #: 229-40357-PKIT UPC #: 798681254590
Product Information
This kit includes the most common replacement parts including washers, decocking spring, slide catch lever spring, trigger bar spring, screws, outer slide pin, recoil spring and inner slide pin.
Technical Information
Requires disassembly of firearm and reassembly as necessary
May require fitting
Parts are made to the specifications of currently-manufactured handguns, not intended for use with older model Sig Sauers
Instructions are not supplied with these parts kits
See chart for spring weight
Technical Information
Additional Information
Delivery Information
The total weight of the product, including the product's packaging as it sits on our shelf. Since some products ship directly from the Manufacturer, their weight may be unavailable. Because of variations in the manufacturing process, similar products may have differing weights. Unless the product is designated as "Ships Alone", Shipping Weight does not include the shipping box or packing materials associated with your order.
Product ships from MidwayUSA, separate from any other products on your order due to its size. Products that are Shipped Alone incur separate "Per Order" and "Per Pound" shipping charges.
Product is regulated by the US Department of Transportation (DOT) and cannot be shipped via USPS or air shipping methods. DOT-Regulated products must ship UPS Ground.
Product is restricted by shipping carriers and cannot be shipped to certain locations or via certain shipping methods.
Additional shipping charge for HazMat products. Carriers charge extra to ship packages with products they consider hazardous, such as reloading powder and primers.
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Other Toy Lines / Re: Why Do You Collect?« on: August 28, 2003, 10:25 AM »
Thanks for the replies everyone, I'm glad to see that I'm not the only one who has that "nostalgia" factor with many toy lines. Star Wars is really big with me, I can watch the movies (specifically the OT) over and over, and really never tire of them. I imagine I will probably collect the figures in some capacity until they quit making them, just because I really like Star Wars. Also, with MOTU, and to some extent Marvel Legends, it is a nostalgia factor as well...especially with MOTU. Plus, as many said above, the 4HM have done an amazing job updating the looks of the characters. Every once in awhile I get a nostalgic flavor from the new G.I. Joe stuff, although I haven't bought any of it apart from the black Snake-Eyes. It just seems like the 80s were a good time to be a kid with these great movies, shows, and toys...I'm happy to see much of it brought back. Again, thanks for the replies everyone.

subset: commoncrawl


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Item: 133042 Model: 75-3182Y
Trademark Tools™ 53 Compartment storage tool box offers 4 trays with 13 compartments for storing hardware and other components. Tool box measuring 6 3/4" x 10 3/4" x 10 1/8" has 1 large storage space to provide quick access to tools.
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Trademark Tools™ 53 Compartment Storage Tool Box, 6 3/4" x 10 3/4" x 10 1/8"
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Stalwart™ Hawk deluxe steel and plastic tool box includes trays/organizers for giving extra storage space and comes in convenient ...
Use: Box End Wrench Size: 3/4"5/8"9/16" Quantity: Single Measurement Type: SAE Product Type: Wrenches Overall Product Weight: 1
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Klein Tools 7 Piece ratchet wrench set is ideal for tightening/loosening nuts, bolts and fasteners. Wrench set has 2 grommet ...
Length: 19". Width: 12". Height: 9 3/4". Ideal for both hand and power tools. Removable dividers for customized organization of ...
This Web site is intended for use by US residents only. See International Sites. See our delivery policy for full details. Copyright 1998-2014, Staples, Inc., All Rights Reserved.


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text:
The World of Harry Potter The Story & Characters Myths, Legends & . . . • ―Myths are stories that reflect cultural beliefs and traditions . . . myths offer explanations for . . . fundamental questions. . . . [A] mythical hero must share aspects of the reader's culture‖ (Schafer 127-128; 130). – What aspects of our culture does Harry employ? How is he like us? What commonalities do we have with Harry and his world? • ―Legends . . . chronicle stories about heroes and villains who seem to be historically true but whose facts are not easily verifiable‖ (Shafer 128). – Is Harry a legend only within his own world, the one Rowling has created, or can he also be seen as a legend within our world, our history? . . . Fairy Tales • ―The word Faërie comes from Fay-Ry, meaning: ‗the realm of the Fay.' The Fay itself is an older word for fairy and refers to a broad range of magical and supernatural creatures of myth and folklore, including elves, dwarves, goblins, and the like‖ (Dickerson and O'Hara 16). – How does the fairy tale of Harry Potter compare to others? Cinderella, Snow White, Goldilocks, Hansel and Gretel, King Arthur, Prince Charming. Archetypes • ―Much of the world's literature is derived from ancient stories that have become imprinted on our subconscious minds . . . writers have known that invoking certain images, symbols, or language from imprinted stories, they could evoke powerful emotions from their readers‖ (Schafer 160). – Can you list some of the images and symbols and uses of language (including names) that invoke such emotions from readers of Harry Potter? What are the archetypical elements in this story? Magic • Dark Magic, White Magic, Inner Magic – ―From the sublime to the ridiculous and the serious to the frolicking, there is no question that the reader who enters the fiction of JK Rowling is stepping into a world of magic and enchantment, one in which portraits move and talk, trees take our their aggressions on people, ordinary objects fly through the air, strange, belligerent plants, animals, and insects share the planet, and wizards practice exceptional powers that Muggles or ordinary people don't understand and usually don't even see. For young readers, especially, this is part of the fun of a Harry Potter story, and critics who worry that Rowling is trying to heard them into the arms of the occult are probably far more sinister than she‖ (Killinger 106). • What is the purpose of the magic being used? Is the power for good or evil? • What is the source of the magic? What is its essence? Objections to Harry Potter • At #7 on the American Library Association's list of 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books for 1990-2000. – ―For many Christians, however, the books are anathema. Their children are forbidden to read them, and are even pulled from public school classrooms if the books are chosen for read-aloud times. Why such an uproar and reactions? What evil do some people in circles of evangelical Christendom see in these books. The answer is simple: the books are full of magic and witches‖ (Dickerson and O'Hara 228). How do we address this concern? – The behavior of the students, especially our three main ones— Harry, Ron, Hermione—is less than ideal. How do we address this concern? – Is there too much violence and ―scary stuff‖ in these books for children to comprehend? How do we address this concern? The Appeal of Harry • "For fantasy is true, of course. It isn't factual, but it is true. Children know that. Adults know it too, and that is precisely why many of them are afraid of fantasy. They know that its truth challenges, even threatens, all that is false, all that is phony, unnecessary, and trivial in the life they have let themselves be forced into living. They are afraid of dragons because they are afraid of freedom . . . Children know perfectly well that unicorns aren't real, but they also know that books about unicorns, if they are good books, are true books." —Ursula LeGuin from Dragons The Virtual Harry Potter • • • • • • Mugglenet.com for just about everything Harry! Wizard Challenge —think you know a thing or two about the boy wizard? The Leaky Caldron—"The most trusted name in Potter" The Official JK Rowling site —if the books don't give you enough Harry, there is more here about Harry's world! Darkmark.com—explore the Dark side/site! The HP Lexicon—origins and meanings of everything Potter Resources for Muggles • Dickerson, Matthew and David O'Hara. From Homer to Harry Potter: A Handbook on Myth and Fantasy. Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos P, 2006. • Killinger, John. God, the Devil and Harry Potter: A Christian Minister's Defense of the Beloved Novels. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's P, 2002. • Schafer, Elizabeth D. Beacham's Sourcebook for Teaching Young Adult Fiction: Exploring Harry Potter. Osprey, FL: Beacham Publishing, 2000.
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text:
Wagner 6110 Extendable Electric Limb Trimmer Manual
I have a working Wagner 6110 Limb Trimmer but about a week ago it developed a short. Means I need to open it up to see if its the cord and replace it with another cord that will work for it or if it is a loose conection. Acts like its a loose conection. They no longer make this model and supply nothing for it. I need to know how to get it open as I have removed all screws in main body and handle. I also havn't seen any clips that would be holding it together from the inside. This is why knowledge of or a manual to this trimmer would enable me to get it open and maybe fix it. Also if anyone has replacement blades I would be interested but think I could get some sort of reciprocating saw blade and adapt it. Thank you for any help that you may be able to give to me.


text:
Nokia Leaks Phone With Full GNU/Linux Distribution 621
from the rocket-in-your-pocket dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
This is the most awesome device I have ever seen
someone is clearly not familiar with the LHC.
In fact, forget the smartphone and netbook...
I like how there are two rival Slashdot cellphone factions.
There's the "phone should just make phone calls and not have all this shit added on!" faction, which is pre-dominant in a lot of stories.
And then there's the "I can't possibly get by with a phone that doesn't have VT-100 emulation!" faction, who are probably all rushing out to buy this thing right now.
I, uh, don't really have anywhere clever to go with this idea though...
unmatchable power of GNU/Linux on your phone
Estimated price without credit: $780
Crap, I can't afford one. I lose phones too often; I'm on my third phone this year. When I had a Razr a few years ago I got insurance on it, and the insurance company cancelled me when I dropped the third one in the toilet trying to answer it when I was taking a piss. The way I go through phones I'm lucky to be able to afford the $100 one I have now.
Of course, the Razr was expensive at first, at least I'll be able to get one of these in a few years.
You don't meet your hookers online and then call them?
Hey, it doesn't do Windows!
.. Batman!
How can you justify that cost? For $800, you could buy a netbook, a basic smart phone, plus hookers and blow.
Thanks to the Communists in Congress we can only rent hookers now.
I don't know what kind of E71 you have
How many kinds are there, you sarcastic prickdribble?
"bring you the unmatchable power of GNU/Linux". Cheesiest. Line. Ever. On
Just for the record: is there anything that you can name that can do more than Linux? Ever had an OS run on your wristwatch that was also able to run on the world fastest super computers, space exploration and operation critical medical hardware?
Just curious...
Batman can do anything.
> dropped the third one in the toilet trying to answer it when I was taking a piss
Because calling them back wasn't an option? I wish I got important phone calls like this...
Spoken like someone without a girlfriend. A callback 30 seconds later... wow, that's ballsy.
"Where WERE you? I tried calling you!"
"Yeah, I'm calling you back, I was in the head"
"You're with that bitch, aren't you?"
Imagine not being able to call 911 because your phone got Slashdotted...
That's a brilliant idea! Why didn't I think of that?
Put my dick on a lanyard!
But the LHC won't be up to full power this year, and isn't expected to be able to make phone calls until early 2014.
is there anything that you can name that can do more than Linux?
Chuck Norris
"Life sucks, but it's better than the alternative." -- Peter da Silva


text: Hi, my friends call me Billy. I have been living in the area for over 8 years and I can give you great advice on things to do and the places to see. I can also help you get tickets or bookings and organise transport and lots of other things to help you get the most out of your holiday.


text:
Modern Trading / Re: Please trade (aka take my crap)« on: January 30, 2006, 01:11 PM »
PM sent
This section allows you to view all posts made by this member. Note that you can only see posts made in areas you currently have access to.
He he, R2's sporting a camel toe...
Don't worry - if there were figures included with the ship, the box would clearly state it.


text:
Blogs Home
with Tags: wikibon X
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"IBM Data Protection - This is not your granddaddy's backup" - A summary of ESG Analyst Jason Buffington's Interview with Wikibon
Meghna Chatterjee firstname.lastname@example.com Tags: data protection ibm wikibon jason ui buffington analyst interview virtualization 2,538 Visits
IBM's Data Protection has all the right pieces Jason Buffington, Senior Analyst, ESG in his interview to Dave Vellante from Wikibon, said IBM fills out the whole data protection spectrum and that it's new UI is a great proof point to why...
from Blog: IBM Systems Storage Software BlogModified by Meghna Chatterjee firstname.lastname@example.com
Wikibon interview Steve Kenniston
Chief Analysts, Dave Vellante, Wikibon, interview IBM's Global Storage Efficiency Evangelist after the #FlashAhead event last week where IBM announced the introduction of 12 global flash centers of competency. ( share )Modified by K Roche email@example.com
Breaking Analysis: Big Data Revolution Hits Small Biz with IBM's New Servers
K Roche email@example.com Tags: small wikibon big bigdata powersystems smb data power business systems servers 1,023 Visits
Jim Kelly, analyst with Wikibon gave this analysis of this weeks updates to siliconAngle tv. "It does require a lot of expertise, and it costs money and time and effort. IBM realized that here's an opportunity for SMBs that haven't been able to get...


text:
Timothy Doyle Biography
Timothy Doyle News Feeds
Latest News on Timothy Doyle
Ellen Burstyn to Lead THE CHERRY ORCHARD at The Actors Studio, 7/10-21; John Gould Rubin Directs (Jul 3, 2014)
Photo Coverage: Atlantic Theater Company's THE THREEPENNY OPERA Celebrates Opening Night (Apr 8, 2014)
BWW TV Exclusive: CHICAGO's Carly Hughes Talks Her Big Broadway Year with Carole, Fosse & More!STAGE TUBE: Dan DeLuca & NEWSIES Tour Cast Perform 'Shut Up and Dance' on Disney Playlist!STAGE TUBE: Laura Benanti Tries Out Life as a Barista on New Episode of WORKIN' ITVIDEO: First Look - NEW YORK SPRING SPECTACULAR's 'Singing in the Rain' NumberVIDEO: First Look - Sutton Foster Featured in Music Video for Hilary Duff's New Single 'Sparks'VIDEO: Kelsey Grammer, Matthew Morrison Talk FINDING NEVERLAND on GMAVIDEO: Rita Wilson Plays 'Dish In The Dark' on Last Night's WATCH WHAT HAPPENSBWW TV Exclusive: CHEWING THE SCENERY- Randy Talks Idina's Hair, Sondheim's Birthday & More with Carol Channing!VIDEO: Chris Pine Reveals Favorite Person on INTO THE WOODS Set on 'Late Late Show'BWW TV Exclusive: Michael McElroy & Broadway Inspirational Voices Perform 'Sunday' at Starry Sondheim Celebration!BWW TV Exclusive: Watch Highlights from LONG STORY SHORT at 59E59 Theaters, Starring Pearl Sun & Bryce RynessBWW TV: Chita Rivera Gives Special Sneak Peek of THE VISIT Onstage at the Lyceum Theatre!VIDEO: Watch First Peek Preview of UK's GODSPELL IN CONCERT!STAGE TUBE: New Cast and Video Released for West End's CHARLIE AND THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY - Jonathan Slinger, Kraig Thornber, Lara Denning & More
Message Board
Calling All Ozians: WICKED to Host Open Call in New York City Next Month!
VIDEO: Streep, Redmayne & More Featured in Hilarious James Corden CBS Debut
HBO Cancels LOOKING Led by Jonathan Groff; Movie Next!
VIDEO: Watch Tituss Burgess Perform 'Stay With Me' at Sondheim Tribute
VIDEO: Tom Hanks & James Corden Re-create Famous Film Roles on LATE SHOW


text:
One goal has already been met, while another one is still being pursued at The Salvation Army of Waukesha County.
As of last week, Maj. Carol Lemirand said the Red Kettle Campaign sits at $436,497.41, more than $16,000 past its goal of $420,000.
She anticipates the final number to increase even more to about $440,000 after the mini-counter kettles are brought in on Friday.
"What an outpouring of love as we meet the needs of individuals in 2013," Lemirand said.
However, regarding its overall Christmas goal, that includes the Red Kettle contributions, The Salvation Army is still $127,335 from its goal of $680,000.
But Lemirand said this total is still being calculated as people make their end of the year contributions and added that all receipts have not yet been recorded.
She indicated that The Salvation Army will have a better summary around the third week of January.
The Salvation Army gives 88 cents out of every dollar to its programs that include working with homeless shelters, community meal programs, the food pantry and utility assistance.
The remainder goes toward keeping the organization running.
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- Facial tattoo helps Waukesha police bust armed robbery suspect


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Obama Warns Russia Over Military Intervention in Ukraine
The president expresses concern over "any violation of Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity."
Russia, the Ukraine and President Obama
Reports of Russian military movements inside the Ukraine have the White House putting out a warning.
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text:
GoDaddy updates S-1, but it doesn't include final 2014 financials.
GoDaddy filed an amended S-1 statement with the Securities & Exchange Commission today.
I'll save you a couple hours of combing over the new document for changes…there aren't many, unless you're fascinated by GoDaddy's corporate and shareholder structure and its investors' plans to minimize taxes.
Using Intelligize's Smart Compare feature, I compared the current S-1 to the previous one filed November 17. Essentially, the majority of changes are related to tax distributions and Tax Receivable Agreements (TRAs).
The filing doesn't include full year results for 2014, which I expect to be filed within the next few weeks. I'll write about the updated results when they become available.
GoDaddy is expected to go public in the first half of this year.


text:
Monday, March 30, 2015
Chilean President Michelle Bachelet pointed to a "bleak" situation in the country's flood-hit north Saturday, after deadly rains swept through the normally arid area last week.
A national movement that counts on painters, dancers and musicians to help revitalize downtown districts is coming to this Colorado city as the first residents prepare to move into new low-income apartments built for artists and their families.
Get ready for your last dose of sex, booze, lies and advertising.
Sunday, March 29, 2015
An Air Canada plane came off the runway after landing at Halifax Stanfield International Airport in Nova Scotia early Sunday, sending at least 25 people to hospital with minor injuries, officials said.
The Brazilian economy, the world's seventh-largest, posted near-stagnant growth in 2014, expanding just 0.1 percent, and will likely enter recession this year, officials said Friday.
The Federal Reserve is considering raising near-zero interest rates this year even though this may slow the U.S. recovery, Fed Chair Janet Yellen said Friday.
Canada's high court struck a blow against gun control on Friday, with a decision that clears the way for the federal government to destroy data on owners of rifles and shotguns.1 Comment
Hillary Rodham Clinton wiped her email server "clean," permanently deleting all emails from it, the Republican chairman of a House of Representatives committee investigating the deadly 2012 attacks in Benghazi, Libya, said Friday.
A U.S. student was charged Friday for putting a noose around the neck of a statue of his university's first black student, the Justice Department said.
Scheherazade, the story-telling Arabian queen from "One Thousand and One Nights," has captured the Western artistic imagination for centuries. In her latest incarnation, she is depicted by a violin as an empowered yet persecuted modern woman.


text:
100 test matches and still going unnoticed. That is Shivnarine Chanderpaul. And probably he doesnt have any complaints regarding lack of spotlight on him. Probably he likes it this way.
100 test macthes. Nearly 6700 runs. 14 hundreds. An average of almost 45. These are all signs of a very good batsman.
His stance may not be pretty, his movements at the crease may not be pretty, but he times the ball extremely well.
And above all he is always dependable.
And his best test innings has been against the mighty Aussies.
The blistering 69 -ball 100 cannot be forgotten easily.
And yet, the most number of times he was written about was all for the wrong reasons.
And yet, the most number of times he was written about was all for the wrong reasons.
That was when he was made the captain of West Indies.
There were articles about how selfish he was in accepting the captaincy when he should have been supporting his team mates.
There were articles about how he is not a natural leader and how poor a captain he is.
And now when he is playing his 100th test, there are very few articles written about the milestone.
And even those articles are hardly two paragraphs long.
More paragraphs were devoted to the news that vice-captain Sarwan was dropped from the team.
In this age, when players who have played 2.5 tests are superstars, Chanderpaul is a picture of humility – a silent performer who goes about his job, hardly bothering about the spotlight.
May his tribe grow.


text:
In 2012, Corbin Champion made Octave 3.6 available on Android, so using Terminal Emulator you can run many Octave commands using actual Octave code.
You will need to install at least three apps to enable Octave with plotting. You can install additional toolboxes if you want them.
The three apps you need are:
- Octave Main Package
- Octave
- Octave Gnuplot Package
Consider donating as well to support his work.


text:
Rose show June 11th in Port Ewen
oldroser(z5)June 5, 2006
Mid-Hudson Rose Society is having their show this weekend in the Town Hall at the traffic light on Route 9W in Port Ewen. Entries from 7 to 10:30, open to the public at 1.
Anyone can enter - no charge. Come and bring roses!


text:
Which will come first: A siren, Gaza invasion or my first grandchild?
When my children were born, I allowed myself to think that by the time they grew up, all the fighting would be over.
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Raiders owner Mark Davis called me after we taped our 25-minute conversation on "The TK Show" on Thursday and he wanted to add one thing, which you should be able to guess if you know him well enough.
Yep, he realized he'd forgotten to mention one of his favorite restaurants and wanted to get a reference in to Hooters, but it was after the taping, so I'll mention it here to make sure we have it covered.
OK, on to the transcription of some of the highlights from the conversation–as always, I encourage you to listen to the entire episode right here.


text:
'How I Met Your Mother's' Cobie Smulders on Finale: 'It's Come Full Circle' (Video)
The actress makes an appearance on Monday's "Late Show" to discuss the CBS comedy's swan song.
How Met Your Mother wrapped up its nine-year run Monday, and star Cobie Smulders dropped by the Late Show With David Letterman to discuss the years-in-the-making series finale.
PHOTOS: 'How I Met Your Mother': What's Next for the Cast
Though the finale aired earlier in the evening, Smulders remained coy when David Letterman asked point-blank how the CBS comedy ended, only saying that "it really wraps it all up." The final episode saw Ted (Josh Radnor) and the Mother (Cristin Milioti) finally meeting at the wedding of Barney (Neil Patrick Harris) and Robin (Smulders). Smulders said that the time jumps "into the future" allowed viewers to "see these characters and their relationships 20 years in the future and see what they ended up doing."
The actress praised co-creators Craig Thomas and Carter Bays, who were writers on the Late Show, for planning the end "during our pilot." "It's kind of amazing that it's been nine years, and it's come full circle and they've been allowed to see their vision through," she said.
STORY: 'How I Met Your Mother': Josh Radnor Has Always Known (Part of) How It All Ends
Smulders also stars in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, which hits theaters Friday.
Watch a preview of the interview below.
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text:
Mineral Deficiency?
My Nepenthes went through a little bit of a rough patch and doesn't have any pitchers right now. It's growing pretty well now, the pitcher formation is just taking a little while. The leaves are looking a little yellow and have a few little spots of necrosis. I would assume this is caused by a mineral deficiency. Since there's no traps I can't really give it any insects. How would I go about getting it some minerals? I've read that Neps are more tolerant of hard water than other CPs, would giving it some tap water help? Also, do I need to move it in for the winter or will it be ok to leave it outside?
Some people give foliar feed on their neps but using orchid plant food is prefered and 1/4 the dosage recommended from the bottle. I never give foliar feed to my neps. But the problem you describe could be something else.
Nepenthes are tropical plants & they don't tolerate cold temperatures. There are 2 types of neps, the highland & the lowlands. Highlands grow above 3000 ft can tolerate temp dropping to 50 degress because the live in a cooler environment but lowland, those that grow below 3000 ft can be killed if the temps drops to 60 degreess.
It could be you might have plant that cannot tolerate cool temperatures. Another thing, lowlands require higher humidiy levels then lowland. Highlands like the easy to grow N. alata, N. ventricosa, N. 'Judith Hindle' & the popluar N x ventrata are easy to grow. I grow my N. truncata in my room.
Where did you buy it? Do you know what type of nep you have? It could be that it is a lowland but most likely a highland. Highland are easier for people to grow & for that reason the prefered type sold at stores.
What type of water are you using to water your nep? Tap water in time will kill you nep, since it may contain chloride and fluoride in it, not to mention salt minerals.
Now how long ago did you buy your plant? It could be in shock and moving them around the house can make them go into shock too. Each room can have different environment then the other. More humidity, more sunlight can make the difference on each room. That it is in shock can explain why it is srpouting new leaves but no traps. The lack of sufficent sunlight is also a good indication why it isn't producing traps.
Is it still growin in its original soil? Planting them in the wrong soil will evantually kill them. Avoid potting soil or pre-mix soil, evenif it contains sphagnum peat moss. Neps require a growing media that can hold moist but provide good drainage. The true and proven mix for neps is one part long fiber sphagnum moss, part perlite, and sometimes one part orchid bark. Make sure the ingredients doen NOT contain wetting agent, fertilizer, or some other substance; all that will kill your nep.
Sun light is very important to neps, they can grow in shaded light. But because they grow in the tropics,they are accustomed to receiving over 12 hours of light. So pick one that recieve most light in the day. but make sure it doesn't recieve direct sunlight or will cause burns on the leaves. Stores like Lowes or Home Depo have them groiwn in the shade reason they don't last long.
Finally water: The best water for neps is distilled water, next best is rain water or R/O purified water. Neps can tolerate drinking water but because of the mineral contents on water, it is best to allow the water to flush through the pots & not have the plants sitting in a water tray.
Hope this may help. Good luck.
I'm pretty sure it's either a ventricosa or ventrata. As far as tolerating cold, it really hasn't started getting cold here yet. I've been using nothing but rain water on it. I usually give a good soaking every couple of days or whenever the soil gets dry. I also spray it at least once a day. I've had the plant since about May, and it's been in the same spot on the back porch for about 3 months. I've been able to get it used to some pretty extreme sunlight and for I'd say the better part of two months it's been producing leaves like crazy. I guess I'll just give the fertilizer a try. Thanks for the help and if there's anything else you can add please do.


text:
in stock :)
Tactical Pink Handcuff Key is made from a high strenth polymer material and offered in a flat swivel keychain design. This universal pink handcuff key by Zak Tools is equipped with the double lock peg. The key is made from stainless steel, and the handle materials is made from high strength polymer with the awesome pink color. The handcuff key includes the key ring.
Zaktool - ZT-9P-PINK
Calendar of Information Security, Hackers, Cybertech Events
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text:
Ashley Prest@WFPAshleyPrestMar 29 5:19 pm
Humphrey is a 16-month-old, 150-kg polar bear transferred from Toronto zoo. He and Hudson have same parents. pic.twitter.com/cIwzaUYxFD
Assiniboine Park Zoo welcomes its seventh bear, Humphrey, from Toronto4:53 PM 0
The guest of honour could barely contain his excitement over his "Welcome to Winnipeg" snack.
Humphrey the polar bear, who became a resident of the Assiniboine Park Zoo just a couple of weeks ago, was treated to a special "berry" delightful ......
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Perreault back in the Jets lineup for game against Blackhawks tonight12:26 PM 0
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text:
Snow Queen Nectarines Splitting
Last year, I planted a snow queen nectarine tree. It produced fruit this year for the first time (about 15), but all of the nectarines split. Most of the fruit split to the pit and turned brown inside. Is this typical of snow queen nectarines? Will the fruit split less as the tree matures?
I live near San Jose, Calif. I have been watering the tree about every other day, which is how much I water my two peach trees, and the peaches didn't split at all.
Steve, I live in San Mateo and I grow the Snow Queen nectarine. These are prone to cracking with too much water. My tree is established; about 6 years old.
Once the fruit sets, I do not water at all, same with my two Babcock peaches. While San Jose is warmer than San Mateo, if it were me, I would cut down your watering schedule.
Also, just as an FYI, our area is susceptible to Thrips, which will produce wicked scaring on your nectarines. Google "UC Davis Thrip damage on nectarines" and see if you don't have some of that going on.
Here is a link that might be useful: Thrip Damage
The other thing to be careful is that you do not have water directly hitting the nectarine, they will absorb water directly through the skin and split. The snow queens are a favorite of critters on my hill, I caught a possum, rabbit and rat in traps as the ate half the fruit before I netted the tree and caught them.
Check the web site below for monitoring/control methods.
Here is a link that might be useful: Western Thrip control
To those who have grown and tasted this fruit, is it sweet, or sweet and tart with some acidity?
I assume that because it has white flesh it would only be sweet, but I was recently given a few nectarines with purely white flesh and they were much too tart for my liking. It looked like Snow Queen, but the grower didn't remember. I already have some tart yellow peaches so I got the snow queen so it can be sweet like a white peach. Hopefully it is..
"but I was recently given a few nectarines with purely white flesh and they were much too tart for my liking"
Arctic Glo are white, and tart, even when ripe. I love them!!!
But I grew up on tart fruit, currants, elderberries etc. I don't care for the white sub acid fruits, any sub acid fruit for that matter. Indian Free is a white peach with a bite too!
This post was edited by Drew51 on Fri, Jun 21, 13 at 6:47
My Snow Queen fruited the first time this year. They are sweet with a mild flavor. No acid or tartness. Not my favorite so far but need another year or two to be sure.
I can understand why you don't like the sub acid fruit if you've never had a good one. You've got to get the brix up to at least low 20s and then some of them are the best fruit I grow, the richest flavor. At low brix they are tasteless.
I can understand why you don't like the sub acid fruit if you've never had a good one.
Yeah it would be hard to get them as good as you can. Once I have more expierence I may try some of these sweeter fruits. I'm going to have to buy a Refractometer too, as now I'm just curious what this area will produce.
What brand do you use?
Linked below is similar to mine and only $24.
Here is a link that might be useful: brix refractometer 0-32 scale


text:
SingStar Motown, like most of the SingStar franchise before it, doesn't change nor tinker with the gameplay. So, it's still essentially a way of moving the karaoke bar into one's own lounge room, with singers scored on pitch and timing. A number of difficulty settings are available, so that even the most tone deaf amongst us, such as your humble reviewer, won't feel like a complete chump. This is doubly important given the difficulty of many of the songs included.
With two microphones connected — both wired and wireless SingStar mics work fine — two singers can sing duets with alternating verses, or battle it out line for line, word for word. Some songs also offer players the option of being either the lead or a backing singer. Bigger parties are catered for with multiplayer modes, like pass the mic, but it would be nice if some day the game supported more than two mics.
Given the stasis of its gameplay, a SingStar title lives or dies by its tracklist and in this regard the Motown version comes up trumps. A good majority of the tracklist comes from Motown's Detroit years, with the production team of Holland–Dozier–Holland, as well as the backing Funk Brothers, naturally popping up quite regularly.
Both PS2 and PS3 versions contain the 25 tracks below, but some classics, like the Jackson 5's I'll be there, the Marvelette's Please Mr Postman and the Supremes' Baby love, still managed to slip through the cracks. Ramping up the nostalgia value up to 11, most tracks have footage of live performances in lieu of music videos, although a few, like the Jackson 5's I want you back, make do with photo collages.


text:
Page 1
Minimizing End-to-End Delay: A Novel Routing
Metric for Multi-Radio Wireless Mesh Networks
Hongkun Li, Yu Cheng, Chi Zhou
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Illinois Institute of Technology
{hli55, cheng, email@example.com
Weihua Zhuang
Department of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
University of Waterloo
Abstract—This paper studies how to select a path with the
minimum cost in terms of expected end-to-end delay (EED) in a
multi-radio wireless mesh network. Different from the previous
efforts, the new EED metric takes the queuing delay into account,
since the end-to-end delay consists of not only the transmission
delay over the wireless links but also the queuing delay in the
buffer. In addition to minimizing the end-to-end delay, the EED
metric implies the concept of load balancing. We develop EED-
based routing protocols for both single-channel and multi-channel
wireless mesh networks. In particular for the multi-radio multi-
channel case, we develop a generic iterative approach to calculate
a multi-radio achievable bandwidth (MRAB) for a path, taking
the impacts of inter/intra-flow interference and space/channel
diversity into account. The MRAB is then integrated with EED
to form the metric of weighted end-to-end delay (WEED). As
a byproduct of MRAB, a channel diversity coefficient can be
defined to quantitatively represent the channel diversity along a
given path. Both numerical analysis and simulation studies are
presented to validate the performance of the routing protocol
based on the EED/WEED metric, with comparison to some well-
known routing metrics.
Routing in wireless mesh networks has been a hot re-
search area in recent years, with the objective to achieve
as high throughput as possible over the network. The main
methodology adopted by most of the existing work is selecting
path based on interference-aware or load-balancing routing
metrics to reduce network-wide channel contentions. It has
been revealed that the capacity of a single-radio multi-hop
wireless network can not scale up with the network size,
due to the co-channel interference [1]–[3]. The multi-radio
multi-channel connection has been widely considered as an
efficient approach to increase the wireless network capacity
[8]. Design of efficient routing schemes for multi-radio multi-
channel wireless mesh network is much more challenging
compared to the single-channel case.
Many popular multimedia applications, e.g., voice over IP,
IPTV, and on-line gaming, have strict delay requirement. In
this paper, we aim at designing a routing metric to minimize
the end-to-end delay, considering not only the transmission
delay at the medium access control (MAC) layer, but also
the queuing delay at the network layer. Most of the previous
studies focus only on the transmission delay of the packet
This work was supported in part by NSF grant CNS-0832093.
Fig. 1.The impact of queuing delay on path selection.
being served at the MAC layer [13], [15], while in many cases
the queuing delay takes a significant portion of the total delay
over a hop. The delay through a node, which has many packets
in queue but short transmission time, could be larger than
through the one, which has less packets in the queue but longer
transmission delay.
We here use an example, as illustrated in Fig. 1 to emphasize
the impact of network-layer queuing delay on routing. The
number annotating each link is the success probability for
a transmission over the link, denoted as psuc, which means
on average it takes 1/psuctransmission trails to successfully
deliver a packet. The number M denotes the number of packets
in the network-layer queue, waiting to be served by the MAC
layer. Suppose that the bandwidth of each link is 11Mbit/s and
the packet length is 1100bytes; it gives a transmission time of
0.8ms. If the queue delay is not included, routing based on the
expected transmission time (ETT) would prefer the path S-X-
Y-D (9.6ms) over the path S-A-B-C-D (11.2ms). Nevertheless,
the path S-A-B-C-D would be the better one with the queuing
delay taken into account. In this case, the end-to-end delay
over S-X-Y-D is 97.6ms, but only 24 ms over S-A-B-C-D. In
this example, the delay values ignore the backoff overhead,
which will be considered in our routing metric design.
The newly proposed routing metric of end-to-end delay
(EED) in fact exploits the cross-layer design: each node needs
to not only monitor the transmission failure probability at
the MAC layer to estimate the MAC transmission delay, but
also count the number of packets waiting in the network-
layer buffer to estimate the queuing delay. The EED metric
also implies the concept of load-balancing. The path with
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the IEEE INFOCOM 2009 proceedings.
Page 2
minimum EED normally passes through the links with less
packets in the queue, and thus balances the traffic off those
congested links. Moreover, counting the number of packets in
the buffer is a convenient implementation; most of the existing
load-balancing routing schemes require the traffic information
available, which is usually not easy to obtain in practice [16].
In addition to the transmission delay and queuing delay
at each hop, the end-to-end delay over a multi-hop wireless
network is particularly impacted by the interferences among
different hops, which can be classified into inter-flow and intra-
flow interference [23]. In this paper, we further propose a path
metric called multi-radio achievable bandwidth (MRAB) to
accurately capture the impacts of inter/intra-flow interferences
and space/channel diversity along a path. We consider a
practical scenario that an end-to-end path may consist of
both multi-radio hops and single-radio hops, where different
channels do not interfere with each other but interferences exist
within the same channel. We particularly develop a sub-path
based iterative approach to model the complex interactions
among inter-flow interference, intra-flow interference, and
simultaneous transmission due to space and channel diversity.
The MRAB is then integrated with EED to form the metric
of weighted end-to-end delay (WEED). As a byproduct of
MRAB, a channel diversity coefficient can be defined to
quantitatively represent the channel diversity along a given
path. We evaluate the performance of the WEED based routing
protocol via numerical analysis and ns2 simulations, with
comparison to some popular metrics, under both single and
multiple channel cases. It is confirmed that the EED/WEED
metric consistently yields better performance.
The reminder of this paper is organized as follows: Sec-
tion II reviews more related work. Section III derives the
routing metric of EED. Section IV presents the algorithm to
compute the MRAB, which captures the interaction between
the inter- and intra-flow interferences. The MRAB metric is
integrated with the EED metric to form the WEED metric
for routing over the multi-radio mesh networks. The routing
protocol is described in Section V. Section VI presents some
numerical analysis and simulation studies to validate the
routing performance based on the EED/WEED metric, with
comparison to some well-known routing metrics. Section VII
gives the concluding remarks.
The routing metric plays a critical role in a routing protocol.
The studies in [8], [16], [17] design routing metrics for load-
balancing in a multi-hop wireless network. The routing metrics
however require the real-time traffic information. To exploit
the space diversity, the link conflict graph is normally applied
to model the interference among different hops [18], and
the interference clique transmission time is proposed as a
routing metric in [20]. However, the conflict graph based
approaches normally induce large computation overhead in
searching for the maximal independent sets or cliques, and
are not suitable for dynamic distributed routing protocols.
De Couto et al. propose the metric of expected transmission
count (ETX) [21] to describe the channel contention level
experienced by a wireless link, which works well in a ho-
mogeneous single-radio environment. However, ETX is not
capable of describing the complex scenarios in a multi-radio
wireless mesh network, normally involving inter-/intra-flow
interferences and different rate/intererence/topology profiles
over different channels. mETX and ENT [6] are proposed to
enhance ETX by considering the variable link reliability. The
ETOP metric enhances ETX by incorporating the impact of
link positions [5].
A bandwidth-aware routing with QoS requirement is pro-
posed in [26]. The link metric of expected transmission time
(ETT) and the associated path metric of weighted cumulative
ETT (WCETT) are proposed in [13] for multi-channel mesh
networks, which try to enhance the ETX by counting the
heterogeneous channel rate and intra-flow interference, but
the inter-flow interference is still not considered. Furthermore,
when calculating the intra-flow interference, WCETT always
takes all links into account and overlooks the situation that two
links far away enough can transmit packets simultaneously.
The metric of interference and channel switching (MIC)
[15] incorporates both inter-flow and intra-flow interference,
whereas it only contains the number of interfering nodes
rather than the total amount of interference on these nodes
for the inter-flow interference. In [25], we propose a metric
of multi-hop effective bandwidth (MHEB) to compute the
usable bandwidth when both inter- and intra-flow interferences
are present. However, the MHEB metric just uses a simple
weighted average to combine the inter- and intra- flow in-
terferences. In this paper, the MRAB is based on MHEB, but
use a more accurate approach to capture the complex interplay
between the two types of interferences.
The end-to-end delay over a path is the summation of delays
experienced by all the hops along the path. For convenience,
we also use EED to denote the delay metric at each link.
The meaning of EED will be clear in the context. In order
to compute the EED metric over a wireless channel, each
node needs to monitor the number of packets buffered at
the network layer waiting for MAC layer service, as well
as measuring the transmission failure probability at the MAC
layer. The transmission failure probability is the probability
that a MAC-layer transmission fails due to either collisions or
bad channel quality. While counting the number of packets in
the queue is straightforward, we will discuss how to measure
the transmission failure probability over a link in Section V.
The EED over a link i, say between node niand ni+1, consists
of the queuing delay and transmission delay as
EEDi= E [queuing delay + transmission delay].
The transmission delay can also be interpreted as the packet
service time, which is defined as the period from the instant
that a packet begins to be serviced by the MAC layer to the
instant that it is either successfully transmitted or dropped after
a predefined number of retransmissions.
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the IEEE INFOCOM 2009 proceedings.
Page 3
Suppose that the 802.11 distributed coordination function
(DCF) MAC protocol is used, each transmission or retrans-
mission includes protocol overhead due to the binary backoff
mechanism [28]. Let pidenote the transmission failure prob-
ability over link i, and assume it is stable through all the
retransmissions of the packet. Also, let Tidenote the packet
service time over link i, and K the maximum number of
retransmissions. The average transmission delay
E[Ti] =
(1 − pi)I{k<K+1}
E[Wj] +L
where Wj denotes the contention window at the jth backoff
stage, and L, B denote the packet length and link bandwidth,
respectively. According to the 802.11 standard [7], [28],
Wj= 2j−1Wminif ignoring the constraint of backoff stage,
and E[Wj] =
. In (2), the indicator I(A) is equal to 1 if
A is true, which is incurred to include the case that a packet is
dropped when the retransmission limit is reached. In addition,
the MAC overhead due to acknowledgement is incorporated
into the packet length L for convenience. After applying some
manipulations over (2), we can get
?1 − pK
E[Ti] =L
1 − pi
+ E[backoff time]
E[backoff time] =
(1 − pi)I{k<K+1}
?1 − (2pi)K+1?
1 − pK
2(1 − pi). (4)
2(1 − 2pi)
If there are Mi packets in the queue when a new packet
reaches node ni, the EED metric can be defined as
EEDi= (Mi+ 1)E[Ti]
which means the total delay passing through the hop equals
the MAC service time of those packets queuing ahead of the
new packet plus the MAC service time of the new packet
itself. Note that the EED value in (5) implies the memoryless
property of the packet service time, as the head-of-line packet
may only need to finish a residue packet service time when
the new packet comes in. It is well-known that only an
exponentially distributed services time has the memoryless
property. It has been demonstrated in [30] that the MAC packet
service time over a 802.11 DCF can indeed be approximated
by an exponential random variable.
Consider an end-to-end path including H hops, the EED
metric for the path is defined as
We would like to emphasize that the EED given in (6) does
not consider the effect of co-channel interference in the multi-
hop wireless networks, which assumes that all the packets can
continuously go through the path hop-by-hop. However, in
a multi-hop wireless network, if two links working over the
same channel are located close, when one link is in trans-
mission, the MAC protocol will freeze the other link. Such
channel freezing can be due to either intra-flow transmissions
or inter-flow transmissions, which results in extra delays in
addition to the basic EED as shown in (6). In the following
section, we will discuss how to extend the basic EED with the
co-channel interferences taken into account.
In this section, we will develop an algorithm to compute the
achievable bandwidth along a multi-radio multi-channel path,
termed as multi-radio achievable bandwidth, by capturing the
complex interplay between inter-flow and intra-flow interfer-
ences. The end-to-end delay over a multi-radio multi-channel
path can be described more accurately by incorporating the
MRAB metric into the EED computation to form a new metric
WEED. A side-effect benefit of MRAB analysis is that a
channel diversity coefficient can be defined to quantify the
resource consumption along a multi-radio multi-channel path.
A. Multi-Radio System
We consider a wireless mesh network, where each node is
equipped with one or more radio interfaces. The interfaces
assigned with different channels, located either in the same
node or in different nodes, can be active simultaneously.
Thus, the network throughput could be significantly improved
compared with single-radio system [8]. The interfaces work-
ing on different channels would form distinct interference
topologies. Channel assignment [10] plays an critical role
in determining the interference topology, and then impacts
on system performance. The channel assignment itself is a
challenging research topic, which is out of the scope of this
paper. We assume that the channel assignment for each node
is given. All the nodes are stationary, and any one can be used
as a router. We define the transmission range of a node as one
hop, while the interference range is r (≥ 2) hops. We consider
that the WMN operates over the IEEE 802.11 based MAC, and
assume that the routing control information exchanged among
neighbor nodes is error free.
We adopt the physical model presented in [18] to describe
the interference among different hops. Such an interference
model indicates that a transmission from node u to v is
successful if the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR)
at receiver v is above the pre-determined threshold γ, i.e.,
k∈v?Pv(k)≥ γ
where N denotes the background noise, Pv(u) the received
power at node v from node u, v? the set of nodes located in
interference range of v, and Pv(k) the interference power from
an interfering node k.
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Page 4
B. Multi-Radio Achievable Bandwidth
1) Inter-flow interference: we first compute the achievable
bandwidth under the inter-flow interference (ABITF). Every
node can monitor the received power to infer the magnitude
of the inter-flow interference around its neighborhood. Based
on the interference model (7), the SINR threshold implicitly
denotes the maximum interference a node could tolerate to
process a successful communication. We define the interfer-
ence degree ratio IDRi(uv) for link i between u and v as:
IDRi(uv) =
The ratio reflects the utilization of the channel assigned to
link i. Pmaxis the maximum tolerable interference power at
receiver and can be calculated by (7).?
that if there is no interference, the IDR is 0, implying that
entire bandwidth of this channel is available for link i. On the
contrary, an IDR of 1 will indicate that the channel has been
fully occupied by other links, and no additional bandwidth
can be allocated for link i until the ratio becomes less than 1.
Based on this definition, we evaluate the ABITF at link i as
ABITFi=(1 − IDRi)Bi
k∈v?Pv(k) is sum of
undesired powers at node v from other transmissions. Note
where Bidenotes the physical bandwidth of link i, and ETXi
[21] denotes the expected transmission attempts to achieve a
successful transmission over link i. The value (1−IDRi)∗Bi
indicates the available bandwidth for a transmission under the
inter-flow interference. The physical meaning of (9) can be
interpreted as: given the transmission failure probability pi,
a successful transmission needs ETXi attempts in average;
the bandwidth is effectively used for only one of the ETXi
transmission attempts.
2) Intra-flow interference: There exists intra-flow interfer-
ence if two links belonging to the same path work on the
same channel and are located within each other's interference
range, i.e. within r (≥ 2) hops. We define a new concept of
sub-path spanning r+2 hops, based on the observation that a
link will potentially interfere with another link at most r + 2
hops away. A sub-path with r = 2 is illustrated in Fig.2. In
general, a H-hop path contains H − r − 1 sub-paths.
Under the impact of intra-flow interference, a sub-path
is equivalent to a virtual link. The reason is that a new
packet can enter a sub-path only after the previous one leaves.
The achievable bandwidth over a sub-path can be iteratively
obtained from the achievable bandwidth over two interfering
links. For example, consider two neighboring co-channel links
i and j along a path. Links i and j have bandwidth Bi
and Bj, respectively. Since the two links can not be active
simultaneously, the equivalent achievable bandwidth under the
intra-flow interference (ABIRF) over links i and j, denoted as
ABIRF(ij), satisfies
Fig. 2. Illustration of a multi-radio multi-channel path.
where L denotes the packet length. It can then be obtained
ABIRF(ij) =
Bi+ Bj.
Extending the ABIRF(ij) result to the whole sub-path can be
iteratively implemented. In each iteration, consider those links
having been processed as one virtual link, with the bandwidth
set as the ABIRF value already obtained; and then apply the
computation of (11) over the virtual link and the next-hop
link. Note that the impact of inter-flow interference on path
capacity can be conveniently integrated with the intra-flow
interference impact by using the ABITF value given by (9)
as link capacity in ABIRF computation, instead of using the
physical bandwidth.
3) Multi-radio achievable bandwidth:
multi-channel connection makes the capacity analysis of a
sub-path more complicated. When two links work on dif-
ferent channels through different radio interfaces, they could
send/receive packets simultaneously without interference. It is
possible that the two end-hops of a sub-path are co-channel
links, while other hops in the middle may work on different
channels. The iterative procedure discussed above to compute
the ABIRF for a co-channel sub-path can also be extended
to the multi-channel sub-path, with consideration that the
achievable bandwidth over two links is min(Bi,Bj), when
link i and j work over different channels. Specifically, the
iterative steps to compute the ABIRF for a given multi-radio
sub-path is as follows:
Step 1 : For the first link of the sub-path, set ABIRF equal
to the ABITF associated with the channel over which
the link works.
Step 2 : Go to the next link, say link i, and check whether
the channel of the next link is different from those
used by the previous links or not. If different, go to
step 3; otherwise go to step 4.
Step 3 : In this case, set
The multi-radio
ABIRF = min(ABIRF,ABITFi)
and then go to step 5.
Step 4 : In this case, set
ABIRF =ABIRF × ABITFi
ABIRF + ABITFi
and then go to step 5.
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Page 5
Step 5 : Check whether all the (r+2) hops of the sub-path
have been considered or not. If not, go to step 2;
otherwise, terminate the iteration.
For a H-hop path including multiple sub-paths, let
ABIRFj denote the achievable bandwidth over the jth sub-
path. The multi-radio achievable bandwidth can be computed
MRAB = min(ABIRFj)
for j = 1,2,...H − r − 1. If H − r − 1 ≤ 0, we set j = 1,
which means the path is so short that there is only one sub-
path along the whole path. The computation in (14) exploits
the bottleneck concept, but is applied at the sub-path level
instead of the link level.
C. WEED Metric
1) Weighted end-to-end delay: Over a multi-radio multi-
channel path, the MRAB metric is integrated with the EED
metric to form a weighted end-to-end delay metric as:
WEED = α ×
EEDi+ (1 − α) ×
where 0 ≤ α ≤ 1 is tunable weight factor. In the WEED
metric, the first part represents the accumulation of the delivery
delay due to hop-by-hop transmissions in a store-and-forward
manner; the second part represents the extra delay due to
the interference nature of a multi-hop wireless network. In
particular, the NP induced in (15) denotes the total number
of packets queued in the buffers along the path, because the
interference effect described by the MRAB applies to all the
packets that are being served by the path.
We would like to emphasize that the WEED metric contains
not only the end-to-end delay information regarding a single
packet transmission, but also the transmission delay for a block
of packets due to the bottleneck bandwidth MRAB. Therefore,
selecting a shortest path based on the WEED metric tends to
minimize both the short-term and the long-term delay.
2) Monotonicity analysis: It has been indicated in [11]
that monotonicity is one of the necessary properties of a
routing metric to result in a consistent and loop-free routing
implementation. For example, the well-known WCETT metric
[13] is monotonic. We here prove that WEED also has the
property of monotonicity.
Consider a given path, it is obvious that the?H
the path. For the MRAB part, one more hop may lead to two
possible cases. In the first case, the number of sub-paths does
not change; the new hop just makes the (H − r − 1)th sub-
path one hop longer. According to the iterative computation
given in Section IV-B , the ABIRF of a sub-path is less
than or equal to the previous value when one more hop is
included. Thus, the
when the path goes longer. In the second case, a new sub-
path is incurred by the new hop, while the existing sub-paths
will not change. The "minimization" operation in obtaining
part will becomes larger when one more hop is attached to
MRABpart achieves a larger/equal value
the MRAB value guarantees that MRAB will not increase
when one more sub-path is generated. Hence,
achieves a larger or equal value too in the the second case,
when one hop is involved. Since both parts constituting the
WEED metric becomes larger or maintains equal when the
path goes longer, WEED is monotonic. The proof applies to
both left-monotonicity and right-monotonicity.
D. Channel Diversity Coefficient
A challenging issue being widely studied in the area of
multi-channel wireless networks is how to quantify the chan-
nel diversity for a given path. Intuitively, an ideal quantity
describing the channel diversity incorporates the impacts from
various aspects, including the number of hops, the number of
channels, and the interference relationship among the links.
Our development efforts in the above have demonstrated that
the MRAB metric indeed takes all of the factors into account.
Therefore, we define a channel diversity coefficient (CDC)
based on the MRAB as
where Bsdenotes the achievable bandwidth of the same path
if all links of this path work over the same channel, defined
as the single-channel path capacity. For the convenience of
comparison, we adopt the smallest ABITFi value as the
single-channel path capacity Bs. Thus, CDC is always larger
than or equal to 1, and a higher CDC indicates a better channel
A. Basic DSR Implementation
We implement the proposed EED/WEED based routing
by modifying the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol
[12]. We select DSR due to the following reasons: (i) DSR
is one of the most popular protocols in multi-hop wireless
networks, and the implementation codes are publicly available.
(ii) We have noticed that some well-known routing metrics,
such as ETX, ETT and WCETT, are implemented based on
DSR; a common implementation will significantly facilitate
the performance comparison among different routing metrics.
(iii) The EED/WEED metric does not have the property of
isotonicity [11], so the source routing approach (adopted by
DSR) is preferred to guarantee the optimality, consistency, and
loop-freeness in routing.
With basic DSR, a node attempts to find a route to a given
destination by initiating a route request (RREQ) message.
Every RREQ has a unique broadcast ID to prevent routing
loops and redundant flooding. An intermediate node will
further broadcast a RREQ only when the broadcast ID appears
for the first time; also the node will insert its address in the
source route field of the RREQ message. Once the destination
receives the RREQ, it will reverse the hop sequence of the
received path and insert the reversed path into the source route
field of a route reply (RREP) message, which is then unicasted
back to the source node. The source node will determine a
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Page 6
shortest path to a destination based on the path information it
receives from the RREP messages. With DSR, all the RREP
messages and data packets carry a complete path between a
certain source/destination pair in their source route fields. All
the nodes can overhear such path information and store it in
their route caches for later use. In cases that a node finds that
a packet could not be successfully delivered over a link after
a maximum number of retransmission, the node will return
a route error (RRER) to the source node of the path; every
intermediate node receiving the RRER message will mark this
link invalid.
B. EED/WEED Based Routing
1) EED link metric: The EED metric itself can be used
as a routing metric, especially for single-channel multi-hop
networks. We consider that a directional link is defined by an
upstream end and a downstream end, and the communication
between two neighbor nodes is through two directional links.
To obtain the EED link metric, a downstream node needs to
monitor the transmission failure probability over the link and
knows the number of packets in the upstream node's buffer. In
our routing protocol, each node periodically broadcasts probe
packets to its downstream neighbors at a predetermined rate
λ, with the number of packets M in its buffer carried in
each probe. Each downstream node maintains a neighbor list.
When the downstream node receives a probe packet, it will
update the value M for the corresponding upstream node in
its neighbor list. Moreover, a downstream node will count the
number of probes received from each upstream node during a
period T; use Vito denote the number of probes received from
the upstream node associated with link i. The transmission
failure probability over link i can be estimated as pi=
The pivalue will also be stored into the neighbor list. After a
downstream node finishes processing a received probe packet,
the probe will be discarded.
A new field, called link metric is established in the RREQ
message to store the metric value of each link. Once a node
receives a RREQ, it first checks its own neighbor list to get the
values of Miand pi, and then computes the EED according to
(5). The metric EEDiwill be inserted into the RREQ message
if the node needs to continuously forward it. In addition, every
node collects the EED metrics carried in the RREQ or RREP
messages and store them in a link cache. The cached link
metrics can be used to establish a network topology. If a node
has a packet for a destination with the path information not
established yet, the node can apply the Dijkstra's algorithm to
compute an EED based shortest path based on the link cache
2) WEED over a multi-radio path: To implement the
WEED based routing, each radio interface in the network is
uniquely identified with a separate IP address for each inter-
face. By considering each interface as the entity involved in the
routing, the operations of probing, maintaining neighbor list
and link cache, estimating the transmission failure probability
are similar to the node based case. There is an additional field
in all control messages to denote which interface is processing
5 1015 20 2530
Flow rate (pkts/second)
Total throughput (Mbps)
(a) Total network throughput
5 1015 2025 30
Flow rate (pkts/second)
End−to−end delay (seconds)
(b) Average end-to-end delay
Fig. 3. The routing performance in grid topology versus flow rate.
the message. To calculate the MRAB of each sub-path, two
extra fields need to be added to each record in the neighbor
list: the channel ID indicating the channel associated with
a link, and the IDR value computed according to (8) based
on power monitoring at the downstream node. When a node
forwards a RREQ message, the channel ID, the IDR values,
and EED all are attached as link metrics. Once the destination
receives the RREQ, it will return a RREP to the source node,
which duplicates all the routing information retrieved from
the RREQ. Based on the RREP messages, the source can
finally compute a shortest path regarding the WEED metric,
according to (15).
A. EED-Based Routing in a Single-Channel Network
The EED metric by itself can be used as an efficient routing
metric, since it effectively captures not only the queuing delay
at the network layer but also the retransmission delay at the
MAC layer. We use NS2 simulation results for a single-channel
wireless mesh network to demonstrate the performance, with
comparison with the two well-know metrics ETX and ETT.
The MAC protocol used for simulation is 802.11b.
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Page 7
5 101520 25 30
Flow rate (pkts/second)
Total throughput (Mbps)
(a) Total network throughput
510 152025 30
Flow rate (pkts/second)
End−to−end delay (seconds)
(b) Average end-to-end delay
The routing performance in random topology versus flow rate.Fig. 4.
We specifically consider two network topologies. The first
is a grid topology over a 1400m×1400m area. The area is di-
vided into 200m×200m square cells, with each cell containing
one network node in its center. Four flows are deployed at the
1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th rows of the grid, respectively, with the
source/destination nodes of each flow located at both ends of
the row correspondingly. The other topology randomly places
40 nodes in a 1000m×1000m area with necessary adjustment
to maintain the connectivity. We also run 4 flows over the
random topology. For both topologies, the transmission range
is 250m, and the interference range is 550m. All flows are
constant-bit-rate (CBR) flow, with the packet size of 512 bytes.
Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 present the total network throughput
and end-to-end delay, under ETX, ETT, and EED metrics,
respectively, versus the flow rate. The queue size at each
node is 20 packets, and the link metric update interval in our
EED implementation is 50 seconds. In the two figures, it is
explicitly demonstrated that EED metric can result in much
better end-to-end delay performance than ETX and ETT, under
both the grid and random topologies. Regarding the network
throughout, ETT and EED has the similar performance, while
outperforming the ETX. The reason that ETT and EED have
similar throughput performance is that both of them exploit the
2040 60
Update interval (seconds)
80 100 120140160
Total throughput (Mbps)
(a) Total network throughput
20 40 60
Update interval (seconds)
80 100 120140 160
End−to−end delay (seconds)
(b) Average end-to-end delay
The impact of EED update interval on routing performance.Fig. 5.
transmission failure probability for computing the link metric,
while the transmission failure probability is directly related to
the MAC throughput [7]. In most of the cases, ETT has slightly
higher throughput, which is due to the larger computation
overhead with EED and implementation overhead due to path
change incurred by the random queue length behavior. In
addition, we observe in the grid topology that the throughput
curves under all the three metrics become flat when the flow
rate exceeds a certain level, which indicates that the network
is approaching its maximum capacity.
We next examine the impact of EED update interval on
the routing performance. The grid topology is simulated, with
the queue size at each node being 20 packets and flow rate
25 packets/second. Fig. 5(a) and 5(b) present the network
throughput and the end-to-end delay versus the EED updating
interval, respectively. From the figure, it can be seen that
both inappropriate small and large intervals result in low
throughput and large delay. On one hand, an inappropriate
small update interval induces over-frequent link metric update
and results in a large bandwidth overhead. On the other hand,
an inappropriate large update interval will not timely respond
to a congested link and result in unnecessary packet loss due
to a full buffer. Fig. 5 demonstrates that an optimal update
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Page 8
510 1520
Queue size (pkts)
25 30 3540 4550
Total throughput (Mbps)
(a) Total network throughput
5 10 1520
Queue size (pkts)
25 3035 40 4550
End−to−end delay (seconds)
(b) Average end-to-end delay
The impact of queue size on routing performance.Fig. 6.
interval exists that can lead to largest throughput and smallest
end-to-end delay.
We further evaluate the effect of queue size on the rout-
ing performance, with results illustrated in Fig. 6. The grid
topology is considered with the EED update interval of 50
seconds and the flow rate of 20 packets/second. Regarding
the throughput as shown in Fig. 6(a), we can see that ETT
performance better for small buffer sizes, while EED better
for large ones. The reason is that when the buffer size is small,
in most of the cases all the buffers are full, where the EED
could not exploit more benefit compared to the ETT. The extra
computation overhead and route updating overhead, however,
will lead to a smaller network throughput. When the buffer is
large, EED can select a path with more buffer space, which
will lead to less tail-dropping of the packets and thus a higher
throughput. Regarding the delay as shown in Fig. 6(a), EED
achieves the smallest end-to-end delay in all the cases.
B. Metric Comparison in Multi-channel Environment
In this part, we use an example to illustrate the effectiveness
of WEED in quantifying the capacity of a multi-radio multi-
channel path. Since there is no much reference on NS2
simulation of DSR-based routing over multi-radio wireless
networks, we are still developing such a NS2 simulation
0.1 0.3
Fig. 7.WEED and WCETT Examples.
Packet length
Link bandwidth over channel 1
Link bandwidth over channel 2
Link bandwidth over channel 3
Minimum contention window
Maximum retransmission times
600 bytes
8 Mbps
12 Mbps
6 Mbps
0.02 ms
package. Thus, we resort to numerical analysis here to obtain
the results.
The path selection example is shown in Fig.7, where the
interference range r = 1 hop. There are four candidate
paths with three possible channels. The numbers within each
circle indicate the number of packets waiting in the buffer
of that node. The channel assignment is marked above the
link, and the transmission failure probability below. Other
necessary parameters for WEED computation are illustrated
in Table I. For the convenience of analysis, we ignore the
power monitoring part for inter-flow interference analysis,
while the intra-flow interference analysis here is sufficient
for demonstrating the capability of WEED in quantifying the
channel diversity.
We compare the path selection based on WEED and
WCETT, with results shown in Table II and III. WCETT
prefers path I over II, and IV over III, while WEED prefers
the other way. By investigating the configuration of Path I and
II, it is obvious that WEED makes a different decision from
WCETT's because it takes the number of packets in the buffers
into consideration. The advantage of WEED over WCETT can
be demonstrated by comparing path III with path IV. Since the
two interfering links over channel 1 are located further away
in path III than in path IV, it is intuitively clear that path
III suffers a less amount of intra-flow interference. Moreover,
both path III and path IV consist of the same set of links (two
channel-1 links, one channel-2, one channel-3), so path III will
achieve a higher path capacity than path IV due to the less
interference over it. Thus, WCETT makes a wrong decision,
while WEED makes a correct one. The reason for WCETT's
wrong decision is that it deems that co-channel links along a
path always interfere with each other, disregard the distance
among them. With r = 1, it is obvious that the two channel-1
links in path III will not interfere with each other, in fact.
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Page 9
WCETT (β = 0.5)
WEED (α = 0.5)
Table III illustrates that the MRAB and CDC value can
quantitatively demonstrate the capacity difference between
two multi-radio multi-channel paths. Moreover, the MRAB
and CDC values also reveals the interesting insight that the
relationship between the channel diversity and the length of
the path in terms of hop count is not monotonic. For example,
path III achieves better channel diversity than path I, being
one-hop longer; but path I has better channel diversity than
path IV, being one-hop shorter.
In this paper, we aims at designing link/path metrics that
can lead to path selection with the minimum end-to-end delay,
while a high network throughput can also be achieved. The
paper has key contributions in two aspects: 1) Based on the
concept of network/MAC cross-layer design, both the queuing
delay in network layer and transmission delay in the network
layer are included in the EED link metric computation; 2)
A generic iterative approach is developed to compute the
achievable bandwidth over a multi-radio multi-channel path,
which captures the complex interaction among hop count,
channel assignment, and inter/intra flow interferences to form
the WEED path metric. A side benefit of our EED/WEED link
metric computation is a quantitative channel diversity coeffi-
cient. We demonstrate the performance of EED/WEED based
routing via extensive numerical analysis and NS2 simulation
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and QoS Routing in Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Networks," in ACM
MobiHoc, 2005, pp. 68–77.
[27] The Network Simulator - NS2, http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.
[28]"Wireless Lan Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
(PHY) specifications,"ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11: 1999 (E) Part 11,
[29] A. Raniwala, T.-c. Chiueh,"Centralized Channel Assignment and
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[30] A. Abdrabou and W. Zhuang, "Service time approximation in IEEE
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"Quality-Aware Routing Metrics
IEEE J. Select. Areas
"Impact of
in ACM
"Distributed packet scheduling for
This full text paper was peer reviewed at the direction of IEEE Communications Society subject matter experts for publication in the IEEE INFOCOM 2009 proceedings.


text:
Acorn Mens Davin Gore Moc Slippers - Greige HeatherItem # HN-ACR557
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Yahoo has locked out several hundred, maybe thousands, of their customers from accessing their site with no explanation given. This is not the first time Yahoo has done this. If Yahoo wants to enhance their revenue stream then offending and holding the customers with such little esteem is not the way to go. Boycotts are being planned for Yahoo advertisers.
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A five-piece folk-funk-fusion band playing radical contemporary folk with reggae influences. They combine solid traditional acoustic instruments and songs with the added oomph of a superbly tight rhythm section, making a unique and captivating sound.
Energetic fiddle and passionate, distinctive vocals with driven punchy tunes and songs, drum and bass grooves, the odd touch of ska. Winners of Best Live Act BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards 2009.
See more info at thedemonbarbers.co.uk
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Expertly-decorated bookcases to inspire your next bookshelf-organizing endeavor.
Green Getaway
Ribbons of stainless steel bind the granite countertops, slimming the stone's profile. Notches at either end of the island aid circulation and provide leeway for the breakfast table (plus welcome display space). Upper cabinets stop short of the ceiling in the European manner, producing a pleasing shadow line. Floors are Ann Sacks's Bellarita marble, laid in a herringbone pattern, like parquetry. "It's traditional, but in a modern way," observes homeowner Ellendee Pepper.
Across from the Sub-Zero refrigerator, a vegetable sink flanks the prep-area cutting board.