text:
Archetype in Action Organization
Dev Patel: Running on Empathy
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- Parent Category: Tools to Change Society
- Category: Movies, Theatre, TV & Videos
- Created on 29 March 2015
- Last Updated on 29 March 2015
- Published on 29 March 2015
- Written by Michael Berkowitz
- Hits: 318
Michael Berkowitz has worked on various political and social movements beginning with Civil Rights Movement in the South during the 1960s. He was a senior manager in San Francisco's Planning Department for many years and later worked as an urban planning consultant for eighteen years in China (PRC). A former planning commissioner for the City of Berkeley, he also served as a business agent and organizer for the Service Employees International Union. Berkowitz holds master's degrees in history from Stanford and Yale. He has appeared in four movies . . .though none in a starring role and served as a supernumerary with the San Francisco Opera for 17 years without getting to sing a single note!
"A Poverty of Words": A Richness of Image!
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- Parent Category: Tools to Change Society
- Category: Literature
- Created on 18 March 2015
- Last Updated on 18 March 2015
- Published on 18 March 2015
- Written by Michael Berkowitz
- Hits: 305
Fred Pollack's new book of poetry, A Poverty of Words, is a brilliant cavalcade of images, action and observation. An often unsettling trip, with unforgettable characters and landscapes, it takes the measure of our current world and finds it wanting.
In 1998, after two book-length narrative poems -- The Adventure and Happiness -- Pollack, an adjunct professor of Creative Writing at George Washington University, turned to a hybrid lyric-narrative form. Since that time, he has produced over a thousand poems, of which 92 are in this book.
Pollack's vision is modern but grounded in tradition. Neither mainstream nor postmodernist, he describes himself as a "Beat classicist" and jokes that he's "redoing Stevens along Marxist lines." But while beauty may be momentary in the mind, Pollack's rich images and startling situations stay with us for the long haul. Each poem takes us somewhere very different from where we started.
The title doesn't derive from Marx Poverty of Philosophy, which contained the outline of Kapital. Though his commitments are Left, Pollack is never tendentious or overtly ideological. His persona resembles that of the Buddha in his "Hello Again": "flexible -- more so than any number / of later theorists he meets / in the dining hall or rec room."
We encounter politicians and their shadows in "Trickle Down," "The Moving Walkway is Ending," "White House Talks" and "Waiting for Romney." But in true progressive spirit, just as interesting are the people, the commoners and uncommoners who brood and wander through these poems. We hear the voices of neighbors, workers, the aged, the bourgeoisie, and those left behind by money and power. In this sense Pollack is truly Marxian.
His work is about confrontation. Not only the rich and the poor face off, but the old and the young, history and modernity, intellectuals and bigots , our conventional views of the world and the world we desire. The conflicts may not get resolved, but they throw a fresh light on our own views.
Poems of the past, as in "Tristia" (a narrative about the exiled poet Ovid); projections of ecological disaster; and many configurations of the present are distilled into a cautionary, humane vision of where we might go as a species. "One could say peace is achieved / in this noise, and justice in the midst / of basic crime," Pollack tells us in "In Case of Emergency." "However, / to say that one would have to dream, / and dreams require sleep."
But Fred Pollack is not about sleeping. He's already working on new harsh and exquisite explorations of the human condition. His work is an invitation to join him in this fresh view of where we have been and where we might be going.
An example, "The Career" appears on this site here.
Previously published in The Huffington Post, March 17, 2015.
The Career
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- Parent Category: Tools to Change Society
- Category: Literature
- Created on 18 March 2015
- Last Updated on 18 March 2015
- Published on 18 March 2015
- Written by Frederick Pollack
- Hits: 774
There are beings that rise from death towards life
but never make it. Are condemned to watch,
therefore – possibly guard –
objects. A rusting bench
in a park in a bad neighborhood.
The cane propped there
before the addicts come and after they pass.
A laboring air-conditioner blocking the view.
A squirt of almost thoughtful music
from somewhere. Music is objects. –
But the faint spoor of social conscience,
the more than likely accusation
of sentimentality accruing
to the above, come only from the living,
not those beings
whose role is just to watch and keep alive
what isn't.
The dust, and some kind of powder
on the scarred surface of a bureau.
A stamped figurine,
two inches high, of the benign
elephant-headed Ganesh or
some lesser god.
A hairbrush.
Pills. The want ads.
Photos, unframed, of a child
pouting to demonstrate selfhood.
A mop. It's not working.
I don't even know the gender
of the implied figure. Stains,
unreachable, unyielding
to the heaviest rain, outside the window.
Keep trying. Books. They don't count;
even biographies
of film stars or the crudest self-help tapes
point, immaterially, away.
The white trapezoidal containers
of take-out.
Secrets of the Ascended Masters.
To live in this apartment thirty years,
even to pay off the mortgage,
won't make it yours beyond the cracks
in the tile, the mildewed caulking of the tub;
all that is needed
to make it someone else's are death and paint.
A crowd is standing at a corner.
Traffic is heavy.
But it's six PM, people have to go home;
or one, and they need to return to the office.
Once we hoped,
each September, for new ideals: vast tailfins, curves,
astonishing pastels. Later the SUVs
were black boxes, the rest white and beige.
Soon streets will empty
except for the tanks of the National Guard,
but the current vehicles
are leaden allegories.
They grind along on floppy wheels
with clown horns, holographic sandwich-boards,
spiked hubcaps.
They praise or mourn their own variety.
Their sound-systems blare
fat, self-accepted or -loathed;
world-mastery, facelifts, opportunities
to loot the next block, even
a way through. Driven,
much of the crowd at the corner tries
a broken-field run, is tossed
as high as the second story.
Downtown this happens every minute;
our streets are a mosh-pit!
In Canada
and the residually welfarist countries of Europe,
the cars are the same, but pedestrians wait for the light.
Incapable of seeing stupidity
as such, only as cunning,
the blank alarmed dismissal
that is the social function of most eyes
as anything but an expression
of loyalty to the dark god, of pride
in service … Dino Campana
hawked his self-printed
chapbooks, from one sidewalk table
to the next, to the literati of Florence,
who greeted him, or not, with condescension.
Sometimes he tore out pages
that were, he said, beyond a particular critic;
and sometimes, one by one, judiciously,
he tore them all out. In the asylum
he began work on a poem
that had nothing trivial
in common with the greatest, only the greatest
prerequisite: it was not wanted.
A poem of such coruscating love
it infected the quantum
substrate, appeared as a trace-element
in every cell, beneath all measurement,
leaving everything as it is.
It was resumed later
in the asylum at
Rodez, by Artaud,
who took a moment off from it
in '43, to send birthday greetings to Hitler.
Meanwhile, in a drawer
of the bureau, a yellowed letter
missing some pages and its envelope:
" … of gratitude that your support
over the years has never wavered.
Not only for my work,
which you have cause to resent
for all the silent afternoons and nights
it keeps me from you; but your forbearance,
your unmasochistic (I hope) forgiveness ...
I know I'm intolerable,
childish, defensive, fearful. I know I tend
with debased dialectical skill
to make my pain the world's pain
and put my failure on a pedestal.
I'm not doing that here.
I'm only speaking of me and you,
and more than anything want to tell –
apart from love and love and love –
how much I respect what you do, and resent
(though you don't) every slight the world inflicts.
"When you come home, we'll talk, make love
for days, and only then
I'll show you what I've been doing.
It isn't the myth I hoped for
last fall, whose very decadence
would feed back in a closed loop
to origin and even innocence,
absorb all criticism and whatever
fury is left me … No,
it's just the usual world, that Wall
which no one will tear down. Which may
grow stronger as one colorfully beats
one's head against it, making
that thumping noise called 'quietude.' I could
be discouraged, seeing no door, no crack,
but not with you returning in a week
and with the fire in me now."
It was a bitter waning love that made
my parents make me, on a weekend leave
from where the ruling class had stationed them.
Or so my programming says. Actually,
my parents were robots – issued me
ten seconds back, when I began this poem.
My country is the gleaming hull
of a mainframe, my death
the heat that any mainframe generates.
My ancestors are overwritten code,
my thoughts the harried Hindu voices
that try to help (as fabulous as their gods),
my god myself, my corporation you.
Thus having written, I delete
all poems about grandparents,
cows, "rural idiocy,"
moments of communion under
the stars, the stars, mildly
abusive insignificant others.
The current will
still flow for a time,
like IV drips and lines on monitors;
windows will open, the blue light
shine from the depths of what Ginsberg called
the absolute heart of the poem of life.
Frederick Pollack is Professor of Creative Writing at George Washington University and has two previous books - The Adventure and Happiness. He is an impressive voice that provides us w acute social and cultural criticism. Pollack's poems explore the past, present and suggest the future w brilliant imagery, humanity, poignancy and deft command of the language.
Terry Pratchett On Life, Death And The Hero's Journey
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- Parent Category: Tools to Change Society
- Category: Literature
- Created on 17 March 2015
- Last Updated on 17 March 2015
- Published on 17 March 2015
- Written by Jean Raffa
- Hits: 349
As I write this, it's March 16, one day after the Ides of March. This time of year has long been celebrated by religious observances honoring the delicate tension between Life and Death. Poised at the end of Winter, March 15 still lies in the margins of Death. Yet, just a few days from now, Spring will arrive with its promise of rebirth and new Life.
Perhaps an intuitive awareness of the thin boundary between Life and Death is why this pair of opposites is on my mind today. It started this morning when I took Izzie, my granddog, for a walk and was dazzled by Nature's celebration of extravagant new colors and scents. Then, when I returned to my computer and saw notification of someone's retweet of a quote I posted on twitter last Thursday, I was reminded of Death.
"There are times in life when people must know when not to let go. Balloons are designed to teach small children this." ~Terry Pratchett
Sir Terry Pratchett, a writer who sold over 85 million books around the world, finally "let go" last Thursday, March 12, 2015. Despite his diagnosis of a rare form of Alzheimer's eight years ago, he continued to write. According to one article, last summer he completed his 41st novel in the Discworld series in which he collaborated with friend and fellow author, Neil Gaiman.
The article continues, "Just hours after he died, Death, known for his signature habit of ALWAYS SPEAKING IN CAPITALS in Pratchett's novels, appeared on his twitter account with this news: "AT LAST, SIR TERRY, WE MUST WALK TOGETHER."
"Death…is one of the most popular and prominent characters of Terry Pratchett's Discworld series. He appears in 38 out of the 40 Discworld books published so far. In five of them, Death is a leading character."
Yes, he was fascinated with Death, but if anyone loved and celebrated Life too, this man did.
"It is often said that before you die your life passes before your eyes. It is in fact true. It's called living."
"So much universe, and so little time."
Perhaps in reference to his early love for science fiction and his passion for creating comical fantasies with bizarre characters and other-worldly settings, he wrote:
"It's useful to go out of this world and see it from the perspective of another one."
An astute observer of human nature, a natural philosopher who asked the Big questions about Life and Death, and a moralist, Pratchett's most endearing stylistic signature was his cheeky irreverence:
"It's not worth doing something unless you were doing something that someone, somewhere, would much rather you weren't doing."
"Human beings make life so interesting. Do you know, that in a universe so full of wonders, they have managed to invent boredom."
"Evil begins when you begin to treat people as things."~I Shall Wear Midnight, Terry Pratchett
"'And what would humans be without love?' RARE, said Death." ~Sourcery, Terry Pratchett
Finally, Terry Pratchett was a terrific story-teller. Everyone likes a good story, but not all of us like the same kind of good story. For example, I know several inveterate book lovers who have no interest in mythology or some of the newer genres like science fiction and modern fantasy. I get the feeling some of them consider these to be cruder or more frivolous forms of writing than classics or "serious" contemporary writing. Being an avid fan of all three genres as well as many of the classics, I've often wondered why.
I think the answer lies in the parallel passions of readers and the authors whose books they adore. The great stories of mythology, for instance, generally have the most appeal for seekers oriented to philosophy, religion, and spirituality.
The same people also tend to love the works of writers like Dante' (The Divine Comedy), Hermann Hesse (Steppenwolf and Siddhartha), Henry Miller (Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn), and Kate Chopin (The Awakening), as well as more contemporary writers like Madeleine L'Engle (A Wrinkle in Time and A Swiftly Tilting Planet), John Fowles (The French Lieutenant's Woman and The Magus), and Ursula Le Guin (The Left Hand of Darkness and the Dispossessed).
What these books, Terry Pratchett's books, and the people who love them have in common is that their stories were written by, and filled with, the wisdom of an individual who, having faced the terrors of Death, travels through Life in search of meaning, authenticity, self-knowledge and spiritual awakening on what Joseph Campbell called The Hero's Journey.
Rest In Peace, Terry Pratchett. It is fitting that you left us during this season of transition from Death to new Life. The world to come will be a bit kinder and wiser because you were in it.
Image credits. Small Gods/ThinkStock, and The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents/ThinkStock.
Jean Raffa's The Bridge to Wholeness and Dream Theatres of the Soul are at Amazon. E-book versions are also at Kobo, Barnes And Noble and Smashwords. Healing the Sacred Divide can be found at Amazon and Larson Publications, Inc.
Previously published March 16, 2015 on Matrignosis: A Blog about Inner Wisdom.
Dr. Jean Raffa is an author, speaker, and leader of workshops, dream groups, and study groups. She maintains a blog called "Matrignosis: A Blog About Inner Wisdom." Her job history includes teacher, television producer, college professor, and instructor at the Disney Institute in Orlando and The Jung Center in Winter Park, FL. She is the author of three books, a workbook, a chapter in a college text, numerous articles in professional journals, and a series of meditations and short stories for Augsburg Fortress Publisher.
Her most recent book is Healing the Sacred Divide. Her book The Bridge to Wholeness: A Feminine Alternative to the Hero Myth (LuraMedia, 1992) was nominated for the Benjamin Franklin Award for best psychology book of 1992. Reviewed in several journals and featured on the reading lists of university courses, it was also picked by the Isabella catalogue as a must-read for seeking women.
Dream Theatres of the Soul: Empowering the Feminine Through Jungian Dreamwork (Innisfree Press, Inc., 1994) has been used in dreamwork courses throughout the country and is included in Amazon.com's list of the Top 100 Best Selling Dream Books, and TCM's book list of Human Resources for Organizational Development.
Filed under: Creativity,Current Events,Hero's Journey,Individuation,Living,Morality,Mythology,Nature,Psychology,religion,Uncategorized,Wisdom,writing — jeanraffa @ 10:00 pm
Tags: books, literature, modern fantasy, Neil Gaiman, psychology, Terry Pratchett, the hero's journey, the Ides of March, writers
Imagine a Dreamer
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- Parent Category: Revolution 2.0
- Category: Revolutionary Spirit of the Age
- Created on 07 March 2015
- Last Updated on 07 March 2015
- Published on 07 March 2015
- Written by Jean Raffa
- Hits: 403
This weekend I was honored by a fellow writer, aficionado of Jungian psychology, and advocate for social change. Skip Conover, founder of the website Archetype in Action, notified me that he had started a new Facebook page with the engaging title The Rabbi, the Novelist, the Dreamer, the Revolutionary and the Marine Walked into a Bar…" And he had made me an administrator.
That's cool, I thought. I wonder what this page is about. But I didn't have time to pursue it until last night. That's when I discovered that the Dreamer he was referring to was me! When I got over my surprise, I read the page description and discovered it was about our mutual passions for writing, self-knowledge, and social change.
In my response to him I noted that I had never thought to call myself a Dreamer in the sense he obviously meant: i.e., as a person who is passionate about promoting her vision for a more conscious and enlightened world. But then these lyrics from my favorite John Lennon song, Imagine, popped into my head: "You may say I'm a dreamer/But I'm not the only one/I hope someday you'll join us/And the world will be as one."
Yup. That's me, alright. Why did I never realize this before?
After reflecting on this last night and this morning, I think I know the answer. In the world, era and cultural group in which I was raised, the term "dreamer" was used in a slightly superior and disparaging way. Dreamers didn't have their feet on the ground. They were impractical and overly idealistic. They were into hippy stuff like sit-ins and free love and eating organic foods. When they weren't tripping on pot or singing folk songs, dreamers felt so strongly and cared so deeply that they were an embarrassment to ordinary folk. Worst of all, they didn't seem to care about the chaos they created with their shocking efforts to "save the world!"
Caught between the naively optimistic post-war spirit that characterized the late 40's and 50's, and a new generation's awakening to the intolerable injustices that precipitated the civil rights movement and Viet Nam war protests, I didn't know where I belonged. As a young wife and mother I sided with my elders and took the easy way of conforming to their conventional wisdom. This non-solution suited me fine well into my thirties.
Years later I felt guilty about not participating in the revolutionary spirit of those history-making times. But now I realize it made an indelible impression on me anyway. I wanted to care and love as much as those students and intellectuals did. And occasionally I'd catch a glimpse of the rebel without a cause in me who hoped that one day I'd be brave enough to speak out about issues that were important to me and society.
I don't feel guilty any more, because my rebel found a cause. But it wasn't until I saw Skip's new Facebook page that I realized how my early conditioning had kept me from openly claiming the tag of Dreamer. I'm ready to claim it now.
I was destined to be a Dreamer in both senses: 1) someone who loves herself enough to pay attention to her nightly dreams, and 2) someone who loves the Mystery of life enough to promote her waking dream of a more conscious and caring world. I think those seeds were planted in my soul's code from the beginning; but my soul had a timing of its own and I had a lot of growing to do before they would bear fruit. I grew by listening to the promptings of my soul as she spoke to me in my dreams.
You may say I'm a dreamer
But I'm not the only one
I hope someday you'll join us
And the world will live as one.
Image credit: Google Images, Unknown
Jean Raffa's The Bridge to Wholeness and Dream Theatres of the Soul are at Amazon. E-book versions are also at Kobo, Barnes And Noble and Smashwords. Healing the Sacred Divide can be found at Amazon and Larson Publications, Inc.


text:
A system and method are disclosed to support Voice Call Continuity (VCC) for emergency calls. The system includes a VCC Application in a visited internet-protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS) to facilitate domain transfers between the IMS subsystem and a circuit-switched (CS) subsystem. The system further includes an emergency call session control function (E-CSCF) subsystem in the visited IMS subsystem that is operatively coupled to the VCC Application to facilitate domain transfers between the IMS subsystem and the CS subsystem.
1. A system to support Voice Call Continuity (VCC) for emergency calls in a wireless access environment, comprising:
a VCC application in a visited internet-protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS) to facilitate domain transfers between the visited IMS subsystem and a circuit-switched (CS) subsystem; and
an emergency call session control function (E-CSCF) subsystem in the visited IMS subsystem that is operatively coupled to the VCC application to facilitate domain transfers between the IMS subsystem and the CS subsystem.
2. The system of
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10. A method to support Voice Call Continuity (VCC) for emergency calls in a wireless access environment, comprising:
facilitating domain transfers between an internet-protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS) and a circuit-switched (CS) subsystem through a VCC application; and
facilitating domain transfers between an internet-protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS) and a circuit-switched (CS) subsystem through an emergency call session control function (E-CSCF).
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22. A system to support Voice Call Continuity (VCC) for emergency calls in a wireless access environment, comprising:
a first means for facilitating domain transfers between a visited internet-protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS) subsystem and a circuit-switched (CS) subsystem; and
a second means in the visited IMS subsystem that is operatively coupled to the first means for facilitating domain transfers between the IMS subsystem and the CS subsystem.
23. A computer readable medium for support of Voice Call Continuity (VCC) for emergency calls in a wireless access environment, the computer readable medium comprising codes to cause at least one computing device to:
facilitate domain transfers between an internet-protocol multimedia subsystem (IMS) and a circuit-switched (CS) subsystem through an emergency call session control function (E-CSCF); and
retrieve location of a User Equipment (UE) that follows a VCC transfer from a first wireless access network to a second wireless access network.
24. The computer readable medium of
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The present Application for Patent claims the benefit of the following U.S. Provisional Patent Applications: (1) U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/795,774, filed on Apr. 28, 2006, entitled �SUPPORT OF VCC FOR VOIP EMERGENCY CALLS,� by Stephen Edge; (2) U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/796,669, filed May 1, 2006, entitled �SUPPORT OF VCC FOR VOIP EMERGENCY CALLS,� by Stephen Edge; and (3) U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/815,738, filed on Jun. 21, 2006, entitled �SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SUPPORTING VOICE CALL CONTINUITY FOR VOIP EMERGENCY CALLS,� by Stephen Edge and assigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein.
1. Field
This disclosure relates generally to a system and method to effectively support Voice Call Continuity (VCC) for Voice-Over-IP (VoIP) emergency calls.
2. Background
Voice Call Continuity (VCC) is a feature that is being standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and by the Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2). A definition of VCC has been produced by 3GPP in 3GPP TS 23.206 (�Voice Call Continuity between CS and IMS; Stage 2�) which is a publicly available document. A definition of VCC has also been produced by 3GPP2 in 3GPP2 X.P0042-001-0 (�Voice Call Continuity between IMS and Circuit Switched Systems�Stage 2�) which is also a publicly available document. Both definitions of VCC are very similar and support continuity of a voice call from a wireless terminal to some other device (wireless or non-wireless) when the wireless terminal switches between using a wireless access that supports circuit mode and a wireless access that supports VoIP. In particular, use of VCC avoids having to release a call (e.g., a circuit mode call) and re-establish a call (e.g., using VoIP) when the user switches access which would cause significant delay and disturbance to the users involved in the call and might result in an inability to re-establish the call.
Specific examples of wireless access networks that support circuit mode, sometimes referred to as the circuit switched (CS) domain, include the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) using wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) and cdma2000 1X. Examples of wireless access networks that support VoIP include UMTS W-CDMA, cdma2000 1xEV-DO (Evolution Data Optimized) and various wireless LAN (WLAN) and WiMax networks. In some cases, the same access network (e.g. UMTS W-CDMA) can support both circuit mode and VoIP, although the user's wireless terminal would be required to use just one of them (at any one time) for a particular call.
When a wireless user loses coverage for a particular wireless access network and needs to make use of another access network, it is sometimes possible to handover an ongoing call from one access network to the other without disruption of service provided the type of access (circuit mode or VoIP) remains unchanged. When the type of access needs to change, however (e.g., because the new access network does not support the previously used access type), it will normally release the call and re-establish it again using the new access type. VCC is a capability that enables handover between VoIP and circuit mode without such a disruption.
VCC is currently defined by both 3GPP and 3GPP2 for normal non-emergency calls and may not explicitly support emergency calls originated using either circuit mode or VoIP. This is because the solution being defined for VCC in both 3GPP and 3GPP2 is incompatible with the solutions defined and being defined to support circuit mode and VoIP emergency calls. The main source of this incompatibility is that the solutions to support emergency calls rely on support from the network, known as the visited network, that is currently serving the wireless user, whereas the solutions for VCC require VCC support in the user's home network even when different from the visited network.
The lack of VCC support for emergency calls means that such calls will have to be released and re-originated if a wireless user needs to change between use of circuit mode and use of VoIP in different access networks (or in the same access network)�e.g., because the user has moved or the current access network is congested or subject to some other anomalous condition. This may be particularly disadvantageous because if the user re-originates the call, the call may not go through to the same Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) operator (i.e., to the same person) as before. In addition, the PSAP operator may not be able to re-originate the call if a callback number was not provided when the call was first established�e.g. if the wireless terminal is not properly authorized in the original access network. There would thus be an advantage to extending the capability of VCC to support emergency calls.
As described in 3GPP TS 23.206 (�Voice Call Continuity between CS and IMS; Stage 2�), VCC is mainly supported in a new IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) entity known as a VCC Call Continuity Control Function (VCC CCCF) also referred to in later versions of 3GPP TS 23.206 as a VCC Application or (in certain specific contexts) as a Domain Transfer Function. As described in the 3GPP2 draft X.P0042-001-0 (�Voice Call Continuity between IMS and Circuit Switched Systems�Stage 2�), VCC is supported by a VCC Application Server (VCC AS), which is an entity similar to the 3GPP VCC Application. Both the 3GPP VCC Application and 3GPP2 VCC AS are defined to be located in the calling wireless user's home network. This definition is incompatible with the current solution for VoIP IMS Emergency calls defined in 3GPP TS 23.167 and with the 3GPP2 solution being defined in 3GPP2 X.P0049-000-0 (�All-IP Emergency Services�) where IMS VoIP emergency call support is restricted to the visited network. As such, it would not be possible to support VCC for IMS Emergency calls unless a new method of VCC is defined for the visited network or unless IMS emergency calls are routed through the home network.
The method disclosed here uses the former alternative since home network support of IMS Emergency calls would significantly change the current solution for VoIP emergency calls as well as introduce a number of new problems such as liability issues, support of visited country regulatory requirements and possibly latency issues. Such a home network based solution would also be incompatible with supporting IMS emergency calls from unauthorized users (e.g., where there is no roaming agreement between the visited and home networks). A home network solution would also be incompatible with supporting CS emergency calls since these are also supported in the visited network.
The method disclosed herein enables VCC support for emergency calls and has the following capabilities:
Support of location refers generally to the capability of a PSAP to obtain the geographic location (e.g., accurate latitude and longitude) of a wireless user who has initiated an emergency call when the call is initially made and/or at later times during the call. Such a capability is currently mandated for circuit mode emergency calls in (for example) both Europe and North America and may be mandated later for VoIP emergency calls. Continuing support for location means that after changing access type (e.g., from VoIP to circuit mode), it will still be possible for the PSAP to obtain the wireless user's location.
Other aspects, advantages and novel features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description of the disclosure when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The exemplary embodiment employs a spread-spectrum wireless communication system, supporting a broadcast service. Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication such as voice, data, and so on. These systems may be based on code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), 3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) wireless access, 3GPP2 UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband), WiMax, or some other modulation techniques.
A system may be designed to support one or more standards such as the standard offered by a consortium named �3rd Generation Partnership Project� referred to herein as 3GPP, and embodied in a set of documents including Document Nos. TS 23.206 (�Voice Call Continuity Between CS and IMS; Stage 2 (Release 7)�), TS 23.167 (�IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Emergency Sessions (Release 7)�), TS 24.008 (�Mobile Radio Interface Layer 3 Specification; Core Network Protocols; Stage 3 (Release 6)�), TS 23.271 (�Functional Stage 2 Description of Location Services (LCS) (Release 7)�), TR. 21.905 (�Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications�), and TS 23.002 (�Network Architecture (Release 7)�); the standard offered by a consortium named �3rd Generation Partnership Project 2� referred to herein as 3GPP2, including Document Nos. X.P0042-001-0 (�Voice Call Continuity Between IMS and Circuit Switch Systems�), X.P0049-000-0 (�All-IP Emergency Services�), and X.S0024 (�IP-Based Location Services�); the TIA/EIA/ATIS J-STD-036 (�Enhanced Wireless 9-1-1 Phase II�); and relevant IETF RFC documents, including IETF RFC 3261 (�SIP: Session Initiation Protocol�) and IETF RFC 2327 (�SDP: Session Description Protocol�). The standards and documents cited above are hereby expressly incorporated herein by reference.
Terminals (or UEs) 106 in the coverage area may be fixed (i.e., stationary) or mobile. As shown in
Increasing demand for wireless data transmission and the expansion of services available via wireless communication technology have led to the development of specific data services. One such service is referred to as High Rate Packet Data (HRPD). An exemplary HRPD service is proposed in �EIA/TIA-IS856 cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification� referred to as �the HRPD specification.� HRPD service is generally an overlay to a voice communication system that provides an efficient method of transmitting packets of data in a wireless communication system. As the amount of data transmitted and the number of transmissions increases, the limited bandwidth available for radio transmissions becomes a critical resource. There is a need, therefore, for an efficient and fair method of scheduling transmissions in a communication system that optimizes use of available bandwidth. In the exemplary embodiment, system 100 illustrated in
Modern communications systems are designed to allow multiple users to access a common communications medium. Numerous multiple-access techniques are known in the art, such as time division multiple-access (TDMA), frequency division multiple-access (FDMA), space division multiple-access, polarization division multiple-access, code division multiple-access (CDMA), and other similar multi-access techniques. The multiple-access concept is a channel allocation methodology which allows multiple user access to a common communications link. The channel allocations can take on various forms depending on the specific multi-access technique. By way of example, in FDMA systems in general, the total frequency spectrum is divided into a number of smaller sub-bands and each user can be given its own sub-band to access the communications link. Alternatively, as for example in the OFDMA variant of FDMA, each user can be allowed to access many different frequency channels. Alternatively, in TDMA systems, each user is given the entire frequency spectrum during periodically recurring time slots. In CDMA systems, each user is given the entire frequency spectrum for all of the time but distinguishes its transmission through the use of a code.
One example of a communication system supporting the HRPD transmissions and adapted for scheduling transmissions to multiple users is illustrated in
In addition, the channel scheduler 132 selects the particular data queue for transmission. The associated quantity of data to be transmitted is then retrieved from a data queue 172 and provided to the channel element 168 for transmission to the remote station associated with the data queue 172. As discussed below, the channel scheduler 132 selects the queue for providing the data, which is transmitted in a following service interval using information including the weight associated with each of the queues. The weight associated with the transmitted queue is then updated.
RNC 130 interfaces with packet network interface 146, Public Switched Telephone Network, Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), 148, and all Node Bs in the communication system (only one Node B 160 is shown in
RNC 130 contains many selector elements 136, although only one is shown in
Data source 122 contains a quantity of data, which is to be transmitted to a given remote station. Data source 122 provides the data to packet network interface 146. Packet network interface 146 receives the data and routes the data to the selector element 136. Selector element 136 then transmits the data to each Node B 160 in communication with the target remote station. In the exemplary embodiment, each Node B 160 maintains a data queue 172, which stores the data to be transmitted to the remote station.
The data is transmitted in data packets from data queue 172 to channel element 168. In the exemplary embodiment, on the forward link, a �data packet� refers to a quantity of data which is a maximum of 1024 bits and a quantity of data to be transmitted to a destination remote station within a predetermined �time slot� (such as ≈1.667 msec). For each data packet, channel element 168 inserts the control fields. In the exemplary embodiment, channel element 168 performs a Cyclic Redundancy Check, CRC, encoding of the data packet and control fields and inserts a set of code tail bits. The data packet, control fields, CRC parity bits, and code tail bits comprise a formatted packet. In the exemplary embodiment, channel element 168 then encodes the formatted packet and interleaves (or reorders) the symbols within the encoded packet. In the exemplary embodiment, the interleaved packet is covered with a Walsh code, and spread with the short PNI and PNQ codes. The spread data is provided to RF unit 170 which quadrature modulates, filters, and amplifies the signal. The forward link signal is transmitted over the air through an antenna to the forward link.
At the remote station 106, the forward link signal is received by an antenna and routed to a receiver. The receiver filters, amplifies, quadrature demodulates, and quantizes the signal. The digitized signal is provided to a demodulator (DEMOD) where it is despread with the short PNI and PNQ codes and decovered with the Walsh cover. The demodulated data is provided to a decoder which performs the inverse of the signal processing functions done at Node B 160, specifically the de-interleaving, decoding, and CRC check functions. The decoded data is provided to a data sink.
In the following discussion, the invention will be described mainly in the context of the 3GPP architecture reference model. However, it is understood that with the disclosed information, one skilled in the art could easily adapt for use and implement aspects of the invention in a 3GPP2 network architecture or in other network architectures.
As shown in
As shown in
Reference models applicable to 3GPP2 are obtained by replacing the VCC Application in
For normal VCC, the home network (e.g., home S-CSCF) can be aware of the UE's VCC capability from subscription information obtained from the UE's home subscriber server (HSS). The UE can be already aware of the home network support of VCC and the VDN (E 164 Voice Domain Transfer Number) and VDI (Voice Domain Transfer SIP URI) used for domain transfer (or other numbers and addresses equivalent to a VDN and VDI), enabling VCC without any explicit negotiation and information transfer when a voice call is first originated.
It would be desirable to support VCC for CS and VoIP emergency calls in the same manner, although some explicit signaling changes may be needed. For example, without any negotiation of VCC support, it may be difficult to support VCC because when the UE changes domain, it will have no idea in a roaming situation whether the old and new domains can collaborate to support VCC and hence it won't know whether the existing call can be continued or not. In the following discussion, it is assumed that VCC support for IMS emergency calls is provided in the visited network.
To convey to the visited network (e.g., P-CSCF, E-CSCF or Voice Mobile-Services Switching Centre (VMSC)) that the UE is VCC capable, the following alternatives are possible.
(a) If the visited network is the home network for the UE, it may discover UE VCC capability from subscription information for the UE in the home HSS.
Alternative (a) is applicable to an emergency call originated in the PS (packet switched) domain and may use the same mechanism for VCC capability discovery that is used for normal VCC support (for non-emergency calls) as described in 3GPP TS 23.206 if the UE is not roaming (i.e., is served by its home network).
With alternative (b), the visited network assumes that the UE is VCC capable and assigns VCC resources when the emergency call is originated (e.g., as described later in section IV and in
Both alternative (a) and alternative (b) avoid impacting the UE, which is desirable to enable a common VCC solution (from the perspective of the UE) for both emergency and non-emergency calls.
Alternative (c) also avoids impacting the UE. However, alternative (c) may be restricted to authorized UEs only.
Alternative (d.i) avoids impacting the home network but is again restricted to authorized UEs only while alternatives (d.ii) and (d.iii) are valid for all UEs although they require a new variant of VCC from the UE perspective.
To convey to the UE that the visited network is VCC capable and transfer the VDN and the VDI if needed, the following alternatives are possible.
(e) The UE discovers visited network VCC capability (and possibly any VDN and VDI) from system broadcast messages or other messages (e.g., WLAN advertisements associated with particular visited networks) that are fixed in nature and not specific to any UE. These messages can be the same messages that are currently transmitted from all network base stations and/or access points to provide network information (e.g. network identity and supported capabilities) to all UEs.
i. during registration (e.g., in a SIP 200 OK message); or
ii. when replying to an IMS emergency call origination (e.g. in the SIP 200 OK message); or
iii. when replying to a PS mode Attach request (e.g. using the Network Feature support parameter in 3GPP TS 24.008); or
iv. when replying to a CS Emergency call origination (e.g. in a Facility parameter in a CONNECT message defined in 3GPP TS 24.008).
(h) The home network downloads information to the UE, or to the Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) in the UE, concerning networks that are known to support VCC for emergency calls. For example, the home network could provide the UE with the mobile country code (MCC) and mobile network code (MNC) of all such VCC capable networks. Additional information, such as the VDNs and VDIs use by such networks, could also be provided.
Alternative (e) would be suitable for wireless networks (such as UMTS, GPRS and GSM networks) and could be possible for WLANs. It also avoids any point-to-point signaling impacts to the UE. Alternative (f), which is applicable to IMS originated calls, avoids SIP impacts and could fit in with the need to provide local emergency numbers to a UE from some server in the visited network. The address of this server could be obtained by the UE using either DHCP or a DNS query on some known Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) containing the visited network's known domain name (e.g., based on the visited network's MCC and MNC) and some fixed user name�e.g. �emergency-support@<visited network domain>�). As a variant, VCC capability (and VDN and VDI addresses if needed) could be signaling directly when the UE uses DHCP to discover the P-CSCF and DNS server addresses.
Alternative (g.i) may only be valid for authorized UEs while alternatives (g.ii) (g.iii) and (g.iv) are valid for authorized and unauthorized UEs.
Alternative (h) can be valid for all UEs and may use signaling proprietary to each home network.
The SIP signaling changes required to support alternatives (c), (d) and (g) (described in sections III.A and III. B above) could be supported in at least four different ways.
(i) Existing SIP header fields (e.g. Record-Route, Route, Contact) are used to transfer the new signaling.
As one example of alternative (j), the UE could indicate its support of VCC in the SIP REGISTER message by including the Supported SIP header field containing a new option tag indicating VCC support. The 200 OK returned by the visited network P-CSCF could then include the same option tag if the visited network supports VCC plus the VDN and VDI (if needed) in a new SIP extension. As another example, the same exchange could occur during call establishment in the SIP INVITE and 200 OK. The same examples apply to alternatives (k) and (l) but with the VCC indication and/or VCC related information conveyed using new SDP attributes.
In order to avoid SIP and other point-to-point signaling impacts between the UE and visited network on the air interface, some combination of alternatives (a), (b), (c), (e), (f) and (h) can be used. However, allowing SIP and CS domain signaling impacts for the UE can avoid impacts to the home network and support VCC for unauthorized UEs�e.g. using alternatives (d.ii) (d.iii), (g.ii), (g.iii) and (g.iv).
Emergency call origination could occur as defined in 3GPP TS 23.167 but with some changes to negotiate usage of VCC. In particular, in order to preserve continuity of location support as well as continuity of the voice call following any domain transfer, either the E-CSCF or P-CSCF in the visited network would need to send the SIP INVITE (for the IMS emergency call) to the before invoking the LRF to obtain or verify location and select the destination PSAP. The VCC Application would then anchor the incoming call leg and originate a new outgoing call leg through the E-CSCF towards the PSAP. The E-CSCF is thus invoked on the outgoing call leg from the VCC Application. On receiving the SIP INVITE from the VCC Application, the E-CSCF would perform normal location and routing as defined in TS 23.167 and transfer the call to the PSAP either via IP or through a Media Gateway Control Function (MGCF) and the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). Performing location and routing as part of the outgoing call leg from the VCC Application is essential in order that the association with the anchor Location Retrieval Function (LRF) remain preserved throughout the duration of the call. The continued association with the anchor LRF will enable continuity of location support. In particular, when the call is finally released, the E-CSCF will still be on the call signaling path regardless of the number of preceding domain transfers and will thus be able to inform the LRF that the call was released, thereby enabling the LRF to release its record of the call in compliance with requirements in 3GPP TS 23.167.
Step 2 (Registration). The user equipment (UE) 710 may perform an emergency registration procedure with the visited network P-CSCF 720 and home network S-CSCF (not shown) as described in 3GPP TS 23.167 if it contains the credentials. The SIP REGISTER message sent by the UE 710 or the SIP 200 OK message returned by the home S-CSCF may indicate to the visited network P-CSCF 720 that the UE 710 is VCC capable. The 200 OK returned to the UE 710 by the visited network P-CSCF 720 may also indicate that the visited network is VCC capable and may provide a VDN and VDI (if needed).
Step 12 (200 OK). The VCC Application 760 returns a 200 OK to either the E-CSCF (on the incoming call leg used in step 4) 740 or the P-CSCF 720 (not shown in
An exemplary solution to support VCC calls originated in the CS (circuit switched) domain is illustrated in
Step 4 (MAP subscriber location report). Based on local VMSC 830 policy or based on subscription information obtained from the UE's home HLR/HSS or based on any VCC indication received in step 2, the VMSC 830 sends a MAP Subscriber Location Report to a GMLC 850 associated with the emergency service provider (PSAP) to which the call would normally be sent (e.g., based on the serving cell ID and dialed emergency number). The MAP Subscriber Location Report carries the IMSI, MSISDN, IMEI, VMSC address and serving cell identity or SAI for the UE. It also includes any interim location estimate obtained in step 3. In regions (e.g., the European Union) where the VMSC 830 and not the GMLC 850 normally determines the PSAP, the message may carry the address of the intended destination PSAP. If the MS provided an indication of VCC support in step 2, the MAP Subscriber Location Report may also carry such an indication.
In step 2 of
After the emergency call has been established between UE 810 and the PSAP in
The above procedure preserves support for existing PSAP routing options (e.g. using cell ID or an interim location estimate), may not require any new impacts to MSCs and supports accurate location retrieval by the PSAP in the manner currently defined in 3GPP TS 23.167 and TS 23.271. It also enables CS originated emergency calls to be sent to IP capable PSAPs.
In the case of 3GPP2,
Domain transfer can occur in a very similar manner to that for normal VCC as defined in 3GPP TS 23.206.
Two alternative procedures are described here to support domain transfer for an IMS emergency call from the IMS domain to the CS domain when the UE moves out of IMS coverage and into CS coverage. In procedure A described in this section, the VCC capable UE behaves as for normal VCC (described in 3GPP TS 23.206) and originates a new call leg in the CS domain to the VCC Application using the VDN obtained from the visited or home network using any of alternatives (e), (f), (g) or (h) described in section III.B above.
In one embodiment, procedure A is applicable to a UE 1110 that has sufficient credentials to register in the new visited network supporting the CS domain and places limitations on the continuity of support for providing further UE location updates to the PSAP. However, the procedure has the advantage of being compatible from the UE perspective with IMS to CS domain transfer for normal VCC.
Step 1 (Setup (VDN). If the user is not attached to the CS domain at the time when the UE determines a need for Domain Transfer to CS, the UE performs a CS Attach including a location update to its HLR/HSS. It subsequently originates a voice call in the CS domain using the VDN obtained earlier from the original visited network or home network to establish an Access Leg via the CS domain. It is assumed for this procedure that the UE can be authenticated in the CS domain.
Step 4 (INVITE (VCC Application). The MGCF 1140 initiates an INVITE towards an Interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF; not shown in
Step 6 (Location update). The E-CSCF 1160 sends a Location Update to the anchor LRF 1150 with the new SDP information. At a minimum, the E-CSCF 1160 indicates to the LRF 1150 that there has been a CS domain transfer (e.g. this can be known by the VCC Application 1170 from use of a VDN rather than VDI and/or from domain transfer involving an MGCF 1140).
Step 9 (Source access leg release). The previous incoming Access Leg which is the Access leg previously established over IMS is released. The UE 1110 should de-register if possible in the visited network P-CSCF and home network S-CSCF.
In one embodiment, continuing support of location after procedure A has transferred the UE to the CS domain may be restricted as follows. If the PSAP sends a request to the anchor LRF to obtain the location of the UE, it may not be possible for the LRF to continue using the same procedure to obtain location as it may have been using (or expecting to use) while the UE was in the IMS domain. For example, if the LRF was using OMA SUPL based on UDP/IP, TCP/IP and/or SIP transport between the LRF and UE, the loss of access to the PS domain by the UE following IMS to CS domain transfer may prevent further use of SUPL. In addition, the LRF may not be able to use the control plane location solutions defined in 3GPP TS 23.271 for CS emergency calls (e.g., in clause 9.1.3 of 3GPP TS 23.271) because it may not know the VMSC address. However, the LRF could use the more general CS-MT-LR procedure described in clauses 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 of 3GPP TS 23.271 in which the LRF, behaving as or accessing a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC), obtains the VMSC address by querying the UE's home HLR/HSS. A disadvantage of this, however, is that the UE's HLR/HSS will need to support the CS-MT-LR query procedure and there may be billing issues between the visited network and home network (since the home network may not be aware of the emergency call significance).
In an alternative embodiment, procedure B, which enables IMS to CS domain transfer, would be applicable to a UE whether or not it has sufficient credentials to register in the new visited network and enables continuity of location support without limitation. However, in one embodiment, this procedure may be restricted to domain transfer between networks belonging to the same operator. Furthermore, procedure B requires a new variant of VCC domain transfer in the UE in which knowledge of a VDN is not needed.
Step 1 (Emergency SETUP(VCC)). If the user is not attached to the CS domain at the time when the UE determines a need for Domain Transfer to CS, the UE 1210 may perform a CS Attach if it contains the credentials. It subsequently originates an emergency voice call in the CS domain by sending an Emergency Setup message to the VMSC 1230 (as defined in 3GPP TS 24.008). The Emergency Setup message may contain an indication of VCC support. However, no VDN needs to be included.
Step 10 (Remainder of CS Call Establishment). The source Access Leg which is the Access leg previously established over IMS is released. The UE 1210 should de-register if possible in the visited network P-CSCF and home network S-CSCF.
In one embodiment, in step 1 of
(m) An indication from the original visited network to the UE that procedure B is supported.
The indication in (m) can be conveyed explicitly or implicitly to the UE using any of the alternatives (alternatives (e), (f) or (g)) described in section III.B for conveying VCC related information to a UE.
The determination in (n) could be based on detecting the same operator identification in the original visited domain and new visited CS domain�e.g. the same MCC-MNC. Determination might instead be based on system broadcast information received from the new visited network (e.g. information that the new visited network supports procedure B and possibly the identifications of other networks with which procedure B is supported). Alternatively determination of both (m) and (n) might be based on information stored in the SIM/USIM for the UE (e.g., as allowed in (o)) identifying all operators who have an arrangement to support procedure B.
Besides allowing domain transfer for unregistered UEs, procedure B also enables the anchor LRF to make use of the normal location procedure defined in 3GPP TS 23.271 (e.g., in clause 9.1.3) to locate a UE that has originated an emergency call. This is enabled due to steps 2 and 3 in
In one embodiment, a further aspect of procedure B is that the call origination procedure at the VMSC can be identical to that for a normal circuit mode emergency call (e.g., as defined in 3GPP TS 23.271 and joint TIA/EIA/ATIS J-STD-036) and/or identical to that for VCC support for a CS originated emergency call as described in
In the case of 3GPP2,
Two alternative procedures are described herein to support domain transfer for an emergency call from the CS domain to the IMS domain.
In procedure C described in this section, the VCC capable UE behaves as for normal VCC (described in 3GPP TS 23.206) and originates a new call leg in the IMS domain to the VCC Application using the VDI obtained from the visited network or home network using any of alternatives (e), (f), (g) or (h) described in section III.B above. The call is treated like a normal originating SIP call and thus is only applicable to a UE that has sufficient credentials to register in the new visited network. It is illustrated in
Step 1 (INVITE (VDI)). If the user is not registered with IMS at the time when the UE 1310 determines a need for Domain Transfer to IMS, the UE 1310 initiates Registration with IMS as specified in 3GPP TS 23.206. It subsequently initiates an IMS originated session toward the VCC Application 1350 in the original visited network using the VDI obtained earlier from the visited network (e.g. as described in section IV above and in
Step 3 (UPDATE or reINVITE). The VCC Application 1350 completes the establishment of the new incoming Access Leg via IMS. The VCC Application 1350 performs the Domain Transfer by updating the Remote Leg with connection information of the newly established Access Leg using the Access Leg Update procedure as specified in 3GPP TS 23.206. The UPDATE or ReINVITE is sent to the E-CSCF 1340 used to originate the call (e.g. according to
Once procedure C has been completed, it will be possible to continue location support for the UE because the LRF should now have the UE's IP address and can thus invoke OMA SUPL (or any other location solution involving IP transport such as 3GPP2 X.S0024). However, use of the 3GPP control plane solution to enable location of the UE for GPRS access will only be possible using the more general PS-MT-LR procedure described in clauses 9.1.1 and 9.1.6 of 3GPP TS 23.271 in which the LRF queries the UE's home HLR/HSS for the visited SGSN address.
In an alternative embodiment, procedure D supporting CS to IMS domain transfer would be applicable to a UE 1410 whether or not it has sufficient credentials to register in the new PLMN. The procedure places fewer restrictions on continued location support.
Step 1 (INVITE(emergency)). Prior to sending the INVITE, the UE 1410 executes an emergency registration in the new visited IMS network if it contains adequate credentials as defined in 3GPP TS 23.167 (i.e., a normal registration is not used). This will be needed to support call back to the UE 1420 (via the new visited network) and to authenticate the UE 1420 in the new visited IMS. The UE 1410 then sends an INVITE indicating an IMS emergency call to a P-CSCF (not shown in
Step 5 (INVITE(VDI)). Using the VDI determined in step 2 or provided by the LRF 1440 in step 4, the E-CSCF 1430 forwards the INVITE either directly to the VCC Application 1470 in the original visited network or to the IMS Core (e.g. the E-CSCF 1460) in the original visited network.
Step 10 (Source access leg release). The source Access Leg which is the Access leg previously established over CS is subsequently released as specified in 3GPP TS 23.206. This includes releasing the previous incoming CS leg through the E-CSCF. The procedure in
Various aspects of the disclosure have been described above. It should be apparent that the teachings herein may be embodied in a wide variety of forms and that any specific structure, function, or both being disclosed herein is merely representative. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that an aspect disclosed herein may be implemented independently of any other aspects and that two or more of these aspects may be combined in various ways. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, such an apparatus may be implemented or such a method may be practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than one or more of the aspects set forth herein. As an example of some of the above concepts, in some aspects concurrent channels may be established based on pulse repetition frequencies. In some aspects concurrent channels may be established based on pulse position or offsets. In some aspects concurrent channels may be established based on time hopping sequences. In some aspects concurrent channels may be established based on pulse repetition frequencies, pulse positions or offsets, and time hopping sequences.
Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
Those of skill in the art would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present invention.
The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
It is understood that any specific order or hierarchy of steps in any disclosed process is an example of a sample approach. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in Random Access Memory (RAM), flash memory, Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (or UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal (or UE).
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
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Revisiting The American Revolution: Nathaniel Philbrick's "Bunker Hill"
By The Exchange
In a new book, acclaimed historian Nathaniel Philbrick offers the untold back-story to this battle, which he calls the tipping point of the American Revolution. He introduces us to little-known but vitally important characters in this drama, who did much of the heavy lifting of the Revolution in Boston, while the founding fathers were far from the scene, in Philadelphia.
- Nathaniel Philbrick - Award-winning author and historian. His works include In the Heart of the Sea, Mayflower and The Last Stand. His latest book, Bunker Hill: A City, a Siege, a Revolution, was released in April.
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Oceanside school cuts won't be restored
OCEANSIDE -- Local parents and students shouldn't expect the Oceanside Unified School District to restore bus service, counselors, nurses or any other victims of last year's $12 million in budget cuts next year, officials said this week.
In fact, despite a state budget proposal that spared schools from major cuts, Oceanside schools may take in less money in the next year fiscal than they did this year, and officials said they don't know if the district will be able to save other services -- small classes, elementary school busing, music programs -- from budget cuts in the next fiscal year.
"The news on the state budget is better than it could be, but the bottom line is we still will not have the money to bring back the things that were cut last year," said district budget chief Robyn Phillips. "The state budget will help us reduce the amount of cuts we still need to make, but it probably won't make those cuts go away entirely."
The district expects to have to cut $8 million to $10 million from schools and services over the next two years, Phillips said. That is less than the $12 million the district previously projected it would have to cut. But slashing millions more from local schools after a year of layoffs and cuts could force the district to make classes bigger, halt bus service for elementary school students or lay off more workers, she said.
The district may use its savings account to delay some of those cuts until the 2005-2006 school year, she said. But expenses continue to increase faster than state funding, forcing the district to cut millions from classroom programs to pay ongoing costs such as built-in salary increases and skyrocketing health-insurance premiums.
Talk of more budget reductions came a week after Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger released his plan to dig California out of a $12 billion debt. The proposal would cut spending for cities, counties, prisons and most other state agencies, but would increase school spending by about $2 billion, or $216 per student, prompting many state officials to call the plan a success for schools.
But of that increase, just $5 per student will trickle down to schools. The rest will go the state retirement fund and loan repayment funds, of which local districts will not see a penny.
That is not enough to put the 22,000-student district in the black, Phillips said. The district will probably take in about $1 million less next year than it did this year because of slipping enrollment and a few hefty state grants that are set to run out, she said.
This fiscal year, the district projects it will get about $152 million in revenue from state and federal governments. For the 2004-2005 school year, revenues could drop to $151 million, according to projections.
The district expects about 250 fewer students next year because of housing renovations ó primarily on Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base ó that have taken children out of the Oceanside district. Because the state pays schools according to enrollment, the drop will mean a loss of about $1.2 million, Phillips said. Grants of more than $1 million, including a four-year grant for improving Oceanside High School, also are set to expire this year, leaving the district with a smaller overall budget.


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"I liked this"
She's a woman who has decided to take control of her life and won't compromise her morals to do so.
"Cannot stand the narrator!"
The story is ok, a little corny, but not bad. I'm glad I got it during the sale, I would have been very upset to have used a credit for this.
The narrator ruins anything good about the book. His intonations are wrong 95% of the time. When someone is upset they become whiney and over emotional. Many voices are way too harsh. I have the second book because I got it during the sale for the first two books in a series, I'll listen to the second one, but won't get another, I don't think I can listen to this guy mangle any more stories.
"I like all Molly Harper books"
Not much to say, but I love the humor in Molly Harper's books and the stories are always worth it.
"I like these stories"
These are fun easy reads, I like that there are Chicago references (being from the Chicago area).
"These are fun books"
These are fun easy reads, I like that there are Chicago references (being from the Chicago area).
I liked this more than I expected to. I will be reading/listening to the rest of the series.
I liked this more than I expected to. I will be reading/listening to the rest of the series.
"It was good"
I liked it. It's a fun light read and I will be listening to more of this series.
"Worth it"
I was sorry it ended. And Even sorrier to see it's the author's first book and I'll have to wait to find out what happens...
"I don't want it to end!!"
Davina Porter is truly amazing. I don't hear a woman trying to sound like a man or a kid, I hear the people she is portraying when she reads a story! What a unique skill, and I really appreciate it.
The Outlander series of books are at the top of my list of favorite books!
I cried, I almost cried, I laughed, and there were times that the events stressed me out to the point I needed to take a break. Diana Gabaldon knows well how to manipulate emotion! We fall in love with the characters then we root for them. Written in My Own Heart's Blood is the same. Echo in the Bone ended with so many cliff hangers, it's nice to have some answers!
As I said in the title, I didn't want it to end.
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Last night, while Gleeks everywhere gathered to watch Glee's season finale—complete with a Journey medley and the long-awaited birth of Quinn's baby—star Lea Michele stepped out for the launch of celebrity hairstylist Mark Townsend's MARKTBeauty.com. The actress paired a nude chiffon dress from Giambattista Valli's spring 2010 collection ( see it on the runway) with a black lace bra and black pumps. To see the cast of the beloved Fox series get styled by Joe Zee, click here for the gallery and here for the video.
Red Carpet Buzz: Lea Michele
The Glee starlet steps out in Giambattista Valli
Taylor Swift Is Gorgeous in a Cut-Out Dress
See her full fashion evolution, from sequins in 2007 to crop tops in 2015.
Marion Cotillard Goes Sci-Fi for Lady Dior
She's nearly bionic with a silver arm in one shot.
11 Statement Chokers to Buy—Right Now
Choke hold.
Model Watch: 8 Breakout Stars You Need to Know Now
Meet the new guard who dominated the fall 2015 runways.
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One Montgomery Apartments
Apartment, 46 units 1 Montgomery Avenue, Bala Cynwyd Pennsylvania 19004
Call this property:(484) 297-7812
Office hours:
Managed by:
$100 Rent.com Visa® Reward Card Eligible
Tell the leasing office you used Rent.com. If you sign a lease here, call (866) 432-7369 for your $100 Rent.com Visa® Reward Card.
Floor Plan Summary
|Sq Feet
|2 Bedroom
|$1295 - $1495
Prices, specials, features and availability are subject to change.
Property Details
Convenient Bala Cynwyd Location Near R6 and Bus...Spacious Apartments with Elevator Service and Door Entry System...Free Parking on Site or Reserve in Our Indoor Garage...
One Montgomery is a well-maintained mid-rise building offering studio, one, two and three bedroom apartments. Hardwood floors add to the charm and closet space is generous. Laundry facilities and additional storage are available in the building. Our door entry system allows your visitors to announce themselves so you can determine access. Trains, buses, shopping, theater and restaurants are nearby.
Property and Units Features
- Garage
- Laundry Facility
- Dishwasher
- Garbage Disposal
- Refrigerator
Pet policy
Cats Allowed. Call for service animal policy.
Leasing Terms
Lease Terms: 12 months. Pet Policy: cats only, 2 cats maximum, $10/month pet rent, $150 non-refundable pet fee.


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cabin mate needed
F traveling August 21-28 carnival triumph ochos rios grand cayman and cozumel looking for a room mate
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hi, let me know more info please. thanks
Re: cabin mate needed
Hello my name is Henry. I am a 47 years old divorced slightly disabled man. I have to walk with a cane, but other than that, I can funciton quite normally. Please let me know if you are interested or not, and a little bit about yourself would be appreciated.
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Create depth by layering on the details all in one color. Sticking with just one color―light green in this case―allows you to incorporate different patterns into the same room flawlessly.
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Beyond the Invisible
|"Beyond the Invisible"
|Single by Enigma
|from the album
Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi!
|October 21, 1996
|Compact disc, cassette
|1996 A.R.T. Studios, Ibiza
|New-age, Ambient, Electronic
|Virgin / EMI
|Michael Cretu
|Enigma singles chronology
"Beyond the Invisible" is a 1996 song created by the musical project Enigma. This is the first of only two singles taken from the album Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi!. A remake was released by Scooter in 2011.
In "Beyond the Invisible", Sandra Cretu again provides the opening vocals, Michael Cretu sings lead vocals. The track also includes samples of a Latvian folk tune Sajāja Bramaņi' ("Nobleman Rode Together") performed by the folk ensemble Rasa and a Gregorian chant (Isaiah 64:9-11) from "Gregoriani Cantus" by Pierre Kaelin. Most of the tracks on Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi! include both Gregorian chants and tribal chants, reminiscent of their first and second albums, MCMXC a.D. and The Cross of Changes.
The 5-track single also contains "Light of Your Smile", which is not on the parent album.
Music video[edit]
The video for the song was directed by Julien Temple and features two ice dancers (the Finnish ice dance couple Susanna Rahkamo and Petri Kokko) skating in a forest. The video was shot in Savernake Forest, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK. The ice rink was constructed especially for the video and took over a week to freeze. Simon Scotland, line producer on the video, subsequently used the title Beyond the Invisible as the name for his Home Cinema and Entertainment company.
Track listing[edit]
All lyrics written by Michael Cretu and David Fairstein, music by Cretu.
- 2-track CD single:
- "Beyond the Invisible (Radio Edit)" – 4:30
- "Almost Full Moon" – 3:40
- 3-track CD single:
- "Short Radio Edit" – 3:42
- "Radio Edit" – 4:30
- "Album Version" – 5:05
- 4-track CD single:
- "Beyond The Invisible (Radio Edit)" – 4:30
- "Almost Full Moon" – 3:42
- "Beyond The Invisible (Album Version)" – 5:05
- "Light of Your Smile" – 5:10
- 5-track CD single:
- "Beyond the Invisible (Radio Edit)" – 4:30
- "Almost Full Moon" – 3:42
- "Beyond the Invisible (Album Version)" – 5:05
- "Light of Your Smile" – 5:10
- "Beyond the Invisible (Short Radio Edit)" – 3:42
- Ye Min Than (Nov. 5, 1996). Review of "Beyond The Invisible". Retrieved Aug. 21, 2005.
- Joar Grimstvedt (Oct. 12, 1996). Enigma: Beyond The Invisible. Retrieved Aug. 21, 2005.
External links[edit]


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Wild Hammond and Drum Duo with James Mackie (ex 'Selecter' and 'Madness') on organ and John Elles on drums. "Masters of the Hammond mod beat ... mesmerising ... unbeatable, they blew the bloody doors off!"
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At first, this isn't going to sound like a good news story, never mind one of the most inspiring stories in the world today. But trust me: it is. Yan Li spent his life tweaking tiny bolts, on a production line, for the gadgets that make our lives zing and bling. He might have pushed a crucial component of the laptop I am writing this article on, or the mobile phone that will interrupt your reading of it. He was a typical 27-year-old worker at the gigantic Foxconn factory in Shenzen, Southern China, which manufactures i-Pads and Playstations and mobile-phone batteries.
Li was known to the company by his ID number: F3839667. He stood at a whirring line all day, every day, making the same tiny mechanical motion with his wrist, for 20p an hour. According to his family, sometimes his shifts lasted for 24 hours; sometimes they stretched to 35. If he had tried to form a free trade union to change these practices, he would have been imprisoned for 12 years. On the night of 27 May, after yet another marathon-shift, Li dropped dead.
Deaths from overwork are so common in Chinese factories that they have a word for it: guolaosi. China Daily estimates that 600,000 people are killed this way every year, mostly making goods for us. Li had never experienced any health problems, his family says, until he started this work schedule; Foxconn say he died of asthma and his death had nothing to do with them. The night Li died, yet another Foxconn worker committed suicide – the tenth this year.
For two decades now, you and I have shopped until Chinese workers dropped. Business has bragged about the joys of the China Price. They have been less keen for us to see the Human Price. KYE Systems Corp run a typical factory in Donguan in southern mainland China, and one of their biggest clients is Microsoft – so in 2009 the US National Labour Committee sent Chinese investigators undercover there. On the first day a teenage worker whispered to them: "We are like prisoners here."
The staff work and live in giant factory-cities that they almost never leave. Each room sleeps 10 workers, and each dorm houses 5,000. There are no showers; they are given a sponge to clean themselves with. A typical shift begins at 7.45am and ends at 10.55pm. Workers must report to their stations 15 minutes ahead of schedule for a military-style drill: "Everybody, attention! Face left! Face right!" Once they begin, they are strictly forbidden from talking, listening to music, or going to the lavatory. Anybody who breaks this rule is screamed at and made to clean the lavatories as punishment. Then it's back to the dorm.
It's the human equivalent of battery farming. One worker said: "My job is to put rubber pads on the base of each computer mouse ... This is a mind-numbing job. I am basically repeating the same motion over and over for over 12 hours a day." At a nearby Meitai factory, which made keyboards for Microsoft, a worker said: "We're really livestock and shouldn't be called workers." They are even banned from making their own food, or having sex. They live off the gruel and slop they are required to buy from the canteen, except on Fridays, when they are given a small chicken leg and foot "to symbolise their improving life".
Even as their work has propelled China towards being a super-power, these workers got less and less. Wages as a proportion of GDP fell in China every single year from 1983 to 2005.
They can be treated this way because of a very specific kind of politics that has prevailed in China for two decades now. Very rich people are allowed to form into organisations – corporations – to ruthlessly advance their interests, but the rest of the population is forbidden by the secret police from banding together to create organisations to protect theirs. The political practices of Maoism were neatly transferred from communism to corporations: both regard human beings as dispensable instruments only there to serve economic ends.
We'll never know the names of all the people who paid with their limbs, their lungs, or their lives for the goodies in my home and yours. Here's just one: think of him as the Unknown Worker, standing for them all. Liu Pan was a 17-year-old operating a machine that made cards and cardboard that were sold on to big-name Western corporations. When he tried to clear its jammed machinery, he got pulled into it. His sister said: "When we got his body, his whole head was crushed. We couldn't even see his eyes."
So you might be thinking – was it a cruel joke to bill this as a good news story? Not at all. An epic rebellion has now begun in China against this abuse – and it is beginning to succeed. Across 126,000 Chinese factories, workers have refused to live like this any more. Wildcat unions have sprung up, organised by text message, demanding higher wages, a humane work environment, and the right to organise freely. Millions of young workers across the country are blockading their factories and chanting, "There are no human rights here!" and, "We want freedom!" The suicides were a rebellion of despair; this is a rebellion of hope.
Last year, the Chinese dictatorship was so panicked by the widespread uprisings that it prepared an extraordinary step forward. It drafted a new labour law that would allow workers to form and elect their own trade unions. It would plant seeds of democracy across China's workplaces. Western corporations lobbied very hard against it, saying it would create a "negative investment environment" – by which they mean smaller profits. Western governments obediently backed the corporations and opposed freedom and democracy for Chinese workers. So the law was whittled down and democracy stripped out.
It wasn't enough. This year Chinese workers have risen even harder to demand a fair share of the prosperity they create. Now company after company is making massive concessions: pay rises of over 60 per cent are being conceded. Even more crucially, officials in Guandong province, the manufacturing heartland of the country, have announced that they are seriously considering allowing workers to elect their own representatives to carry out collective bargaining after all.
Just like last time, Western corporations and governments are lobbying frantically against this – and to keep the millions of Yan Lis stuck at their assembly lines into the 35th hour.
This isn't a distant struggle: you are at its heart, whether you like it or not. There is an electrical extension cord running from your laptop and mobile and games console to the people like Yan Li and Liu Pan dying to make them. So you have to make a choice. You can passively let the corporations and governments speak for you in trying to beat these people back into semi-servitude – or you can side with the organisations here that support their cry for freedom, like No Sweat, or the TUC's international wing, by donating to them, or volunteering for their campaigns.
Yes, if this struggle succeeds, it will mean that we will have to pay a little more for some products, in exchange for the freedom and the lives of people like Yan Li and Liu Pan. But previous generations have made that choice. After slavery was abolished in 1833, Britain's GDP fell by 10 percent – but they knew that cheap goods and fat profits made from flogging people until they broke were not worth having. Do we?
You can follow Johann on Twitter at www.twitter.com/johannhari101
To join No Sweat's campaigns go to www.nosweat.org.uk
David Cameron calls Labour 'hopeless, sneering socialists' while announcing 7-day NHS plans
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In the biblical city of Bethlehem, Sana Jamaani is warmed up and ready to run. This isn't her first race, but she says it is her most important.
"I'm running in the holy land," Jamaani smiles. "I'm running in Palestine."
More than 3,000 runners came to the West Bank for the Palestine Marathon on Friday. For Jamaani, this isn't just a race for time. It is a run for recognition.
"It means that you run for peace," Jamaani says.
Two weeks before this marathon, more than 25,000 runners took part in the Jerusalem Marathon. The race was a celebration of sport in a city-wide event that drew international attention and competition. The course took runners through old and new Jerusalem. They were free to run. But in Bethlehem, runners say they run to be free.
"We are trying to inspire people to take their own rights," says organizer Signe Fischer, "and the right of movement is the only right that you can physically just claim. You can put on your running shoes and just take it."
The Palestine Marathon is put on by the Palestine Olympic Committee and the Right to Movement, a nonprofit organization that uses running as a means of activism. They focus their efforts on what they see as one of the most basic rights: movement.
Many of the runners are Palestinian, and their movement is limited, Israel says, for security reasons. The marathon course took runners along the West Bank separation barrier, into the Aida refugee camp, and under guard towers.
Nader al-Masri won the marathon. He is from Gaza, and he says he had to wait five hours at the Erez border crossing to compete. He arrived in Manger Square at the finish line to a hero's welcome.
"I saw parts of the wall all over. It's very hard, but I'm still proud of myself as a Palestinian," says al-Masri.
In its third year, the marathon drew runners from all over the world, pilgrims of a sort making a journey to the holy land, not for religion, but for sport.
"It's an achievement," said Jamaani after finishing. "Everyone looks for an achievement in life, and one of them was crossing this line, especially in the Palestine Marathon."
For runners like Jamaani, the marathon is a statement made one step at a time.


text:
I Have a Dream ... 25 Inspirational MLK Quotes
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
Life's most persistent and urgent question is, 'What are you doing for others?'
I believe that unarmed truth and unconditional love will have the final word in reality. This is why right, temporarily defeated, is stronger than evil triumphant.
Love is the only force capable of transforming an enemy into friend.
I have decided to stick with love. Hate is too great a burden to bear.
A genuine leader is not a searcher for consensus but a molder of consensus.
Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.
People fail to get along because they fear each other; they fear each other because they don't know each other; they don't know each other because they have not communicated with each other.
Nothing in the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity.
We may have all come on different ships, but we're in the same boat now.
We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools.
Human salvation lies in the hands of the creatively maladjusted.
Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men.
To be a Christian without prayer is no more possible than to be alive without breathing.
I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over, and I've seen the Promised Land.
Faith is taking the first step even when you don't see the whole staircase.
If I cannot do great things, I can do small things in a great way.
Everybody can be great... because anybody can serve. You don't have to have a college degree to serve. You don't have to make your subject and verb agree to serve. You only need a heart full of grace. A soul generated by love.
Every man must decide whether he will walk in the light of creative altruism or in the darkness of destructive selfishness.
There comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor popular, but he must take it because conscience tells him it is right.
An individual has not started living until he can rise above the narrow confines of his individualistic concerns to the broader concerns of all humanity.
Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that.
Never, never be afraid to do what's right, especially if the well-being of a person or animal is at stake. Society's punishments are small compared to the wounds we inflict on our soul when we look the other way.
The ultimate tragedy is not the oppression and cruelty by the bad people but the silence over that by the good people.
The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.
my best friend's half-sister got paid $13253 a week ago. she is making money on the computer and moved in a $315200 house. All she did was get blessed and apply the information explained on this web page>>> -------------- WWW.BAM80.C➨M


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is there a reset switch or some fuse that needs reset or is my tranny goning out
View questions for:All Chevrolet
2004 Chevrolet Trailblazer
Chevrolet Q&AAsk Your Question
2004 Chevrolet Trailblazer Question: i have a 2004 trailblazer ls. while driving home on friday i suddenly had no gea
senascott, 4.2L 6 Cylinder, Anchorage, AK, October 28, 2012, 17:43
1 Answer
Answer #1Herb Ackside October 29, 2012, 08:38Journeyman
You didnt say if your vehicle will engage reverse or park for that matter. Maybe the shifter mechanism is out of adjustment. Have you tried putting the gear selector in other gears? Have you checked the transmission fluid level?
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Numbers 123 Free
By Tyler Freeman
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
This Numbers soundboard, HD number fruit association and high or low game is FREE from Learn and Play! This free app will help your young children to learn their 123's through a soundboard, counting with object association and 1-10 high or low. Ideal for toddlers, pre-schoolers and young children learning their numbers.
Numbers 123 Free from Learn and Play contents:
✔ 1 to 10 Soundboard.
✔ Number Object Association to improve counting skills.
✔ High or low.
The full Learn and Play App (Previous 'Top app of the week' on iHeartThisApp.com) offers more than just 123's - Alphabet, Shapes, Animals, Xylophone, drawing and much more!
download it today:
Learn and Play Full features:
★ No Advertisements.
★ No in-app purchases - All updates and additions included in the price!
★ Enter a name to personalise their app experience.
★ Suitable and easy to grasp at any age.
Learn and Play Full Contents:
✔ Alphabet Soundboard
✔ ABC Association
✔ ABC Song
✔ 1to10 Soundboard
✔ Number fruit association
✔ High or Low Game
✔ Shapes
✔ Shape-Sorter Game
✔ Color Swatches
✔ Drawing
✔ 15 Animals names and sounds
✔ Catch Twinkle Twinkle (Hand-eye Coordination Game)
✔ Xylophone
All in one convenient App!
What's New in Version 1.1
UI improvements
Customer Reviews
Cute, but not terribly interactive
The fruit is counted and bites are taken out, but not by your child tapping or anything. It's more short segments to watch than to actually interact with.
- Free
- Category: Education
- Updated: Aug 17, 2012
- Version: 1.1
- Size: 11.9 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: Tyler Freeman
- © Tyler William Freeman
Compatibility: Requires iOS 4.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPhone 4S, iPhone 5, iPhone 5c, iPhone 5s, iPhone 6, iPhone 6 Plus, iPad, iPod touch (3rd generation), iPod touch (4th generation), and iPod touch (5th generation).


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Celebrate your patriotism and the spirit of '76 with this colonial-style depiction of American pride. 144 self-adhesive 2 3/8" x 1 1/8" address labels per set.
©Dan Morris
Specify 1st line up to 35 characters and 2nd line up to 50 characters.
Specify one line up to 18 characters.
Showcase the red, white, and blue with our new holiday wreath designed exclusively for Lillian Vernon customers! "Firecrackers" are paired with faux berries in a magnificent grapevine spray. This 14" diameter wreath will make a festive splash indoors or in a covered outdoor area! So unique and so Americana!
Sentiment on canvas: Proud to be American
Specify up to 18 characters and spaces.
Sturdy 3-D resin sign has the vintage look of carved wood but is made to withstand the elements year-round. Extra stable with long metal stakes for placing in lawn or flowerbed at two different heights. Custom-etched and painted by hand with your name, address, or saying. 10 2/3" x 25 1/4" H.
Specify up to 15 characters/spaces.
Warmly greet guests with a customized doormat! Give personal flair to your entry or create a colorful accent in your kitchen. A clever housewarming gift, too, each mat measures 27" x 18"; front is fashioned of 100% polyester; back is waffle-textured, natural rubber. Spot clean. Personalized.
Place this display in a vase for a centerpiece, use it to honor an American
hero, or place several along a walkway. Each 13" H fabric bouquet includes
6 roses — 2 red, 2 white, 2 blue — greenery, and flag accent; set of 6.
Specify name or message up to 18 characters. "The" is not preprinted.