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u c Q i kTi m e™ an d a e YU V42 0 cod ec de com p r sso r o ar e ne ede d t s ee t hi s pi ct ur e. SHARC-II Data reduction Workshop Darren Dowell Attila Kovacs Colin Borys Darek Lis Min Yang Jon Bird SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Outline GOALS Caltech success stories Software Requirements and Installation Overview of available software Installation overview Scripting with CRUSH CRUSH vs SHARCSOLVE General SHARC-II Calibration Opacity (tau) estimation Calibrators at 350 micron Stability of calibration Calibrating your data Aperture Photometry PSF Photometry Example Map tweaks and presentation Pointing, Calibration, Coadding, Cropping, and Mosaicing Making publishable images with IDL Chopped data Lessons learned Tips for taking better data Miscellaneous notes SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Goals 1. Transfer expertise from Caltech to other users Why? To promote publication of SHARC-II data 2. Transfer expertise from other users to Caltech Why? Users tend to be familiar with the issues involved. 3. Learn about difficulties users have with instrument/data Why? To improve the system. 4. Improve data acquisition techniques Why? Improve efficiency of SHARC-II observations SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Caltech Success Stories The next few slides present results from observations conducted by members of the Caltech SHARC-II group. They span a variety of flux levels and redshifts, and are meant to illustrate the full range of SHARC- II's abilities. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 SLUGS (z<0.05) • Dunne et al. have characterized the SED of 106 IRAS selected galaxies at 850m • Of those, only 17 were detected by SCUBA at 450 m, and it was noted that the data supported a 2- component SED fit. • SHARC-II has detected roughly 60/65 targeted so far. • They are so easy to detect that they now are done as poor-weather backup. • 0.5h @ 225~0.06 • 1.0h @ 225~0.08 • 0.5 Jy< S350 < 3 Jy • crush -faint -compact SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Spitzer HLIRG (z~1.5) • In follow-up observations of Spitzer selected objects, we discovered an object with an apparent luminosity above 1013.5 L. • It has an SED similar to Arp220, but at at a redshift of 1.5. • This object has sparked interest in "Silicate Dropouts" as a way to select high-z starbursts. • 0.5h @ 225~0.06 • S350 = 226 ± 45 mJy • CHOPPED observing • sharcsolve reduction SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Stanford sample (0.1<z<1.0) 2h @ 225~0.05 S350 = 44.1 mJy Td = 40.9 K , = 1.5 • The Stanford sample was compiled from cross-correlation of the faint-IRAS catalog and the FIRST 21cm radio catalog • The sources are ULIRG's lying within redshift range of 0.1 and 1; NIR morphologies of these objects reveal they tend to be interacting systems • FIR/submillimeter fluxes were obtained for the first time on these targets, so were SED fits in the FIR SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Fomalhaut Debris Disk • 3.0h @ 225~0.039 • SWEEP (Lissajous) • crush -deep reduction • Peak fluxes: 150 mJy/beam • Integrated flux: 1.2 Jy • Consistent with thin, uniform dust ring K. Marsh et al. (2004-5) SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Orion Houde et al. (2004) Johnstone & Bally (1999) rms: 0.3 Jy/beam rms: 0.3 Jy/beam rms: 1 Jy/beam rms: 0.3 4 hr. Jy/beam 18 hr. 1.2 mm PWV 1.0 mm PWV mosaic of BOX scans SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Low-z Interacting Galaxy Survey • Selected by IRAS 100 mm flux and proximity using criterion of Surace (2004). • Perhaps analogues to z>1 ULIRGs. • Lissajous scans in typically t225×airmass = 0.05-0.10. • Observations of 14/42 sources complete, to be reported by J. Bird and D. Dowell. 5×1010 Lsolar SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Chopped High-z survey • CHOP in azimuth 39″/1.39 Hz plus slow SWEEP • parallactic angle rotation of 77° washes out negative beams in sharcsolve reduction • 8.6 hrs, median tau225 = 0.044 • rms = 10 mJy/beam in middle • 2 sources are 80 mJy each • Definite and probable SCUBA 850 m sources marked with stars SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 High-z SCUBA sources • 3-4h @ 225<0.06 • 350 = 5 mJy LE31 LE2 LE12 LE21 SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Software and Requirements CRUSH is Java based and written and maintained by A. Kovacs Available on web page Has been successfully used on: • Windows • Mac OSX • Linux • Solaris SHARCSOLVE is C based and written by D. Dowell (phasing out?) Available only by special request Has been successfully used on: • Mac OSX • Linux • Solaris Ancillary software written by C. Borys. Available on web page Has been successfully used on: • Mac OSX • Linux • GCC compatible, so in principle could be compiled on other platforms. (C. Borys) Minimum requirements to run all the software are: Java 1.4.1 (for CRUSH) gcc version 3.2.3 cfitsio libraries (http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/software/fitsio/fitsio.html) Other nice software include: IDL or graphic (for plotting) DS9, GAIA (starlink) for displaying fits files. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Overview of Ancillary software : 1 header_update : alters header keywords in maps generated by CRUSH. boxscan : helps calculate BOX_SCAN parameters for SHARC-II observations. • See SHARC-II web page for more details sharccal : applies a calibration to a reduced sharc2 signal and noise map sharccal [-c scalefactor] [-o offset] [-v] [-u units] raw.fits calibrated.fits If no options, it will use the builtin calibration factor (V2JY in fits file) Output signal = scalefactor*(raw map + offset) FITS keywords added or modified: NAME value comment ---- ----------- ------------------ V2JY scalefactor calibration factor CALAP T calibration applied? OFFAP T|F offset applied? OFFSET value offset value (only if OFFAP=T) BUNIT unit Units of output image sharcgap : tests a raw sharc2 data file for timing gaps sharcgap startidx stopidx Needs to be run from the directory in which data is stored. It checks consecutive data points to see if they are spaced by more than 1% of the expected time. Expected time is 36ms, but is calculated explicitly from the first HDU. sharcsmooth : Performs a PSF fit to a reduced SHARC2 map. This will be described later in the calibration section. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Overview of Ancillary software : 2 sharclog : Gets basic information from a SHARC-II raw data file sharclog startidx stopidx Needs to be run from the directory in which data is stored. It scans the header of each file to provide a summary of the data (similar to Darren's) sharcstat : computes basic statistics on a reduced SHARC2 map sharcstat file.fits > sharcstat zw247_2.fits NX NY N s_mean s_stddev rms_mean rms_stddev 118 76 5049 0.00049829 0.14564 0.023233 0.0072745 N = number of pixels with data in them (checks for NaN). S_ corresponds to mean and standard deviation of the SIGNAL map Rms_ corresponds to mean and standard deviation of the NOISE map. sharctau : uses Jon Bird's tau fits to estimate tau for a given SHARC2 file. You also need the taufit files sharctau [-v] datafile taufile Can be run from anywhere > sharctau -v /home/bigdisk1/sharc2-012900.fits /scr/borys/sharc/tau225_sep2003.fit # DD/MM/YYYY HH:MM UT/24 TAU225 FITTAU # 30/09/2003 12:06 0.50 0.051 0.068 > sharctau /home/bigdisk1/sharc2-012900.fits /scr/borys/sharc/tau225_sep2003.fit 0.068 Note: tau225 is read from file. Fittau is at the frequency appropriate to the input taufile. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Installation • Create a convenient place for the CRUSH installation. • Use logical links to point to the most recent version. • CRUSH can ONLY be run from the directory in which it is installed. istari (7:45am) [/scr/borys/sharc/attila] >ls -la lrwxrwxrwx 1 borys cittgp 10 Nov 5 08:21 crush -> crush-1.34 drwxr-xr-x 3 borys cittgp 4096 Oct 3 07:16 crush-1.33 drwxr-xr-x 3 borys cittgp 4096 Sep 22 09:39 crush-1.33b2 drwxr-xr-x 3 borys cittgp 4096 Oct 6 15:48 crush-1.34 drwxr-xr-x 2 borys cittgp 4096 Aug 31 23:13 data drwxr-xr-x 3 borys cittgp 4096 Oct 28 00:35 devel drwxr-xr-x 2 borys cittgp 4096 Feb 13 2004 MaiTau • Create a convenient place for the ancillary software. • Add the directory to your PATH variable • These programs can be run from anywhere. istari (7:48am) [/scr/borys/sharc/code/bin] >ls -la -rwxr-xr-x 1 borys cittgp 6793 Aug 27 14:31 boxscan -rwxr-xr-x 1 borys cittgp 16548 Aug 27 14:10 sharccal -rwxr-xr-x 1 borys cittgp 784529 Mar 26 2003 sharcextract -rwxr-xr-x 1 borys cittgp 766548 Aug 27 14:31 sharcgap -rwxr-xr-x 1 borys cittgp 770786 Aug 27 14:31 sharclog -rwxr-xr-x 1 borys cittgp 770704 Aug 27 14:32 sharcsmooth -rwxr-xr-x 1 borys cittgp 16164 Aug 27 14:13 sharcstat -rwxr-xr-x 1 borys cittgp 766589 Aug 27 14:32 sharctau SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Scripting The necessity of running CRUSH from its install directory makes file management slightly tricky. Ways of manipulating output name include: 1) -outpath= OR REDUCED_MAP_PATH in crush.cfg • This will change the path in which the file is saved, but not alter the name itself. i.e. it will keep the form OBJNAME.SCAN1.SCAN2…SCANN.fits • This filenaming structure is sometimes inconvenient (e.g. GAIA) 2) -name=/path/to/mapdir/map.fits • This will alter the name to one of your choosing. You can include a path here as well. If used, outpath is ignored. RECOMMENDATION: use scripts and the -name= option #!/bin/csh cd /scr/borys/sharc/attila/crush echo "PROCESSING ic5634" ./crush -faint -compact -name=ic5634_1.fits 14176 14177 >! ic5634_1.log ./crush -faint -compact -name=ic5634_2.fits 14182-14185 >! ic5634_2.log ./coadd -out=ic5634.fits ic5634_1.fits ic5634_2.fits >! ic5634.log sharcsmooth ic5634.fits ic5634_smooth.fits mv -f ic5634* /scr/borys/sharc/projects/slugs/CRUSH/maps/. Note the 2 different ways of specifying scans to analyze SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 CRUSH At this point in the workshop, Attila gave a presentation on CRUSH. Download that separately and review it before proceeding. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Important Differences between CRUSH and SHARCSOLVE • Pointing – Different treatment of the case that the IRC Reference Pixel is not the middle of the array (16.5, 6.5) • Calibration – CRUSH and sharcsolve use completely different units, so cannot mix. – CRUSH corrects for dependence of detector gain on detector loading, so resulting tau relations should look "normal" to SCUBA and SHARC users: (SHARC II, 350 m) ≈ 25(225 – 0.01) – sharcsolve does NOT correct for gain change, so tau scaling looks "too big": (SHARC II, 350 m) ≈ 32(225 – 0.01) • Chopped reduction – sharcsolve differences with respect to chopper as first step. – CRUSH treats secondary chopping as merely another pointing offset. – Relative advantages of two approaches under study. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Tau and Calibration • Calibration at short sub-mm wavelengths is challenging, but necessary. • In the next few slides, we present our procedure for estimating the atmospheric opacity, and then discuss the overall calibration uncertainty for SHARC-II • Then we provide a more detailed example of how to obtain the calibrated flux for a specific observation. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 SHARC-II Calibrators • Availability of calibration sources has always been a problem in sub-mm observations, particularly at shorter wavelengths (can't use BLAZARS, etc) • We use primary calibrators (Mars, Uranus, and Neptune) to bootstrap the calibration of the secondary systems. • For stationary objects, we can use repeated observations to derive averages. • For solar system objects, we need to consider the changes in distance and solid angle over time. TB = T1AUr(-1/2) S() = B(TB) • T1AU is derived by evaluating TB given all the other parameters (r is the heliocentric distance in AU, is the solid angle as seen from Earth, and B is the Planck function evaluated at the appropriate frequency (typically 350 micron). These values are provided by the JPL Horizons System: http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eph • We have used these relations to extrapolate the fluxes for all days between 2002 and 2010. • These calibrations are available for download for the SHARC-II web page SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Tau Fits • Tau Dippers are noisy by nature (single measurement every ~10 min). • Fits for both the 225Ghz and 350 micron data exist for every SHARCII night to date. • Least square polynomial fits over a large range of each night (almost always covering the entire observing time). • Images of these fits are located on the SHARCII website (www.submm.caltech.edu/~sharc). • When reducing your data, observers should look at these tau fits as a FIRST step, so that they may determine the best fit to use and what was happening in the atmosphere at the time of observation. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Tau Fits Typical 350 micron fit. Residuals are located on bottom of plot. Typical fit ranges from 2 to 20 hours UT. Notice that the X axis is in fraction of a day. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Keep an eye on the 225GHz and 350 micron fits…they CAN differ Fits from both tippers on the same night. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 CRUSH and Tau • CRUSH uses the MaiTau server to obtain the fitted tau. • Parses through fit table (see below). Available online in conjunction with the tau fits. • CRUSH's output will inform you if a fit for your file was found and what value was retrieved. "Got Mai-Tau! tau(350um) = X" By default, MaiTau looks at the 350 micron fits. Use "-taufit=" option to choose which fit, or not to use a fit at all. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Mai Tau success story on Mon R2 Below are maps made from individual scans of MonR2 (provided by D. Benford). The raw tau recorded in the file was used. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Problem: Much variability. Mai Tau success story on Mon R2 Below are maps made from individual scans of MonR2 (provided by D. Benford). Opacity this time was provided by MaiTau. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. MaiTau helps! SHARC-II and Calibration Want to determine how stable that conversion factor, and thus calibration, is over time. • Perform aperture photometry on calibrators with "known" fluxes. • "Known" fluxes are obtained from HORIZONS. • CRUSH's default output is in Volts- constant Volts to Janskys applied (crush.cfg). • By comparing known flux with CRUSH reported flux, we obtain a conversion factor. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Plot shows conversion factor of calibrators taken during the August-September 2004 run. Calibration Stability Conversion factor is consistent to within: 21.3% for all 18.8% for Neptune 19.2% for Uranus SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Calibration is consistent over a wide range of elevations. Calibration Stability You do not need to take calibration scans at the same elevation as your science. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Calibration/Tau summary • Tau fits: Important for understanding what is happening to the atmosphere during observation. • Always look at the tau fits as a first step towards calibration and reduction. • CRUSH calibration is now consistent to within 20% and improving. • Calibration is consistent over the range of telescope positions. • In the next few slides, we concentrate on object specific calibrations. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Calibration : PSF PSF Photometry is the most often used technique for point source extraction in SCUBA maps (particularly high-z projects). It is mathematically equivalent to "convolving with the beam", except it also takes into account the pixel-to-pixel noise differences. The procedure is very straightforward. Start at a given pixel (i,j), and calculate the following statistic: A PSF(dx, dy) S(i dx, j dy) W W 2 2 N(i dx, j dy)2 dxW dyW S and N are the signal and noise maps respectively. This is simply a LLS fit, and it is easy to derive the best fit value and error for the PSF's amplitude, A. This can be extended to include an offset parameter as well. The ancillary program sharcsmooth performs this function. It assumes a purely Gaussian, with a default (but user settable) FWHM of 9". (see imagetool as well) The map answers the following statistical question: what is the best fit amplitude to a Gaussian centered at a given pixel? There are consequences to this assumption. i.e., for pixels near the peak of a source, the assumption that that given pixel is the center of a source is wrong. Source extraction with a "smoothed" map is done by setting a SNR threshold to search for sources in the field. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Calibration : Aperture Aperture Photometry is another popular choice, most often used on sources that are readily visible in the map, or if some other astrometric marker is available on which the aperture can be centered. There are 3 circular radii to choose. In order of increasing value they are: source, inner sky, and outer sky. The annulus defined by the last two radii are used to estimate the mean sky level AND the scatter of pixels. The central aperture is used to sum up the flux contained within it (after correction for the mean sky offset). The error on the flux estimate is related to the RMS of the pixels in the sky annulus, and the number of pixels in both the aperture and annulus. Aperture radii usually chosen via "curve of groth", annuli choosen to minimize noise while still providing a good estimate of sky background and RMS. Given that the pixel to pixel errors are dominated by residuals in the sky estimation and not shot and photon noise as they are in optical CCD work, the equations are simpler. Note that CRUSH and SHARCSOLVE do provide a "noise" map, but I have always found that the RMS scatter in the "signal" pixels is higher than what the weight map implies. Thus I assume a uniform weight per map pixel, and calculate this weight via the RMS of the signal map. (implications for PSF fitting…) It is not yet clear to me that sky estimation is necessary. CRUSH and SHARCSOLVE do a pretty good job of returning "zero" for a map mean when we look at blank sky. However, experience has also shown that well detected sources sometimes have a negative "bowl" around them. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Calibration : Aperture N 2 N = Number of pixels in map under consideration. (not 1 necessarily the full mapÉone may exclude edges for example) RMS N i1 mi m NA = Number of pixels within the aperture N NS = Number of pixels within the sky annulus 1 S mi = flux in a given map pixel, i S mi N S i1 F = estimated aperture flux NA F = associated noise estimate F mi S S = estimated sky background per pixel i1 I = pixel index which runs over the relevant pixels in 1/2 the map N A F RMS N A 1 N S Important caveat: This procedure assumes that the pixels are uncorrelated. This is NOT the default procedure for CRUSH, and one has to use -convolve=-1 to force this. Otherwise, the RMS calculation will be lower then it is supposed to be (you've essentially smoothed the map). If you do not use the convolve flag, the RMS should be increased by a factor of sqrt(N), where N = the number of pixels that fall within the area of the convolving function. By default, we use an 8" beam, with noise calculated for ~4.8" pixels, which therefore requires a sqrt(1.33)*(8/1.4) = 6.6 increase in RMS (and consequently the total error budget). SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Aperture vs. PSF So which should you use, and what are some caveats? POINT SOURCES If the PSF is varying (ie, DSOS not functioning or not turned on), APERTURE is probably the safer choice. If CHOPPING, care must be taken to keep the annulus away from the offbeams (a concern for SHARCSOLVE, not CRUSH), hence PSF might be a good choice. What do I use? Aperture, almost exclusively, but use the PSF smoothed map for presentation. EXTENDED SOURCES PSF, since it essentially gives you Flux/beam. CAVEATS In deep integrations, there are some issues related to correlated sky signal still in the map. (more from Attila) SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Calibrating your data The principles involved with calibrating SHARC-II data are applicable to all data from other sub-mm telescopes. Ingredients • Good estimates of the atmospheric opacity for all science and calibration observations • A decent collection of calibrators (different objects, airmasses, etc.) • A CHOICE IN HOW YOU WILL EXTRACT FLUXES FROM YOUR DATA. What is done to the science map must also be done to the calibration. EXAMPLE: Reduction of a local IRAS galaxy: MRK 331 • Scans 9125-9127, taken on Jan 15, 2003, at UT 04:54 • PSF photometry to be used SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Calibration Example 1 Using sharclog, (or by some other log or by looking at the header), I find the UT time and date the data were taken, and then go to the SHARC-II web page to get the tau-fit plot for that night. The data were taken at UT 04:30 (~0.20 fractional day). Fits look OK, so I will not override MaiTau. Next I run CRUSH to make the map SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Calibration Example 2 > ./crush -faint -compact -convolve=-1 -name=mrk331.fits 9125-9127 >! mrk331.log > sharcsmooth mrk331.fits mrk331_smooth.fits > cat mrk331.log crush -- Comprehensive Reduction Utility for SHARC2 Author: Attila Kovacs <email@example.com> Version: 1.34-1 Scan 1: Reading /home/bigdisk1/sharc2/sharc2-009125.fits... Got Mai-Tau! tau(350um) = 1.3088 83 HDUs, 16439 x 36ms frames -> 9.9 minutes total. Filtering 13.4Hz on noisy pixels. DownSampling -> 5479 frames [MRK331] observed at 2003-01-15T04:54:01.949 RA = 23:48:54.0 DEC = 20:18:29.0 (1950.0) = 23:51:26.7 = 20:35:10.1 (2000.0) AZ = 277:44:54.5 EL = 57:01:57.9 RAO = 0.0 DECO= 0.0 AZO = 0.0 ZAO =-0.0 FAZO=-104.0 FZAO=-30.0 Rotator = 60.0 RotZero = 60.0 Pointing Center = 16.5,6.5 Rotation Center = 18.5,8.6 Parallactic Angle = 85.0 tau225 = 0.053 tau = 1.835 Plate Scale = 4.93"x4.77" SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Calibration Example 3 • Now I check the logs for that date to see which calibrators were done. • In this particular case, I will only pick the one closest to the science observation, but you should reduce ALL of them and ensure that they seem reasonable. > ./crush -compact -convolve=-1 -name=oh231.fits 9140 >! oh231.log > sharcsmooth oh231.fits oh231_smooth.fits • The sharcsmooth program does a PSF fit to each pixel, so to calibrate, I load the image in GAIA (or DS9) and determine the brightness of the peak. In this case it is 3.378 units. •The true flux of OH231.8 is 19.4±1.9 Jy (10% calibration uncertainty). •Hence the scale factor is: 19.4/3.4 = 5.7 •Now we need to scale our image: > sharccal -c 5.7 -u Jy mrk331_smooth.fits mrk_cal.fits • Finally I open up GAIA, and look at mrk_cal.fits. By looking at the Signal and RMS maps, I see that the brightest pixel is: 1.80 ± 0.02 Jy In this case the calibration uncertainty dominates the error budget, so I simply quote 1.8 ± 0.2 Jy. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Map Tweaks Making the maps is the first step, and you may need/want to perform some of the tweaks presented on the following slides. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Tweaks-Pointing Correction • Two options for pointing correction: – Apply knowledge of improved telescope pointing model at time of running CRUSH: • crush -FAZO=-120.0 -FZAO=40.0 … • See "MEMO: SHARC II Pointing at Nasmyth Focus Using CRUSH (Dowell, Nov. 2004)" on web page/Data Analysis. – Align images after CRUSH*: • Use header_update utility (on web page under "Software utilities") • header_update image.fits RAP 1.0 • header_update image.fits DECP -1.0 • Doesn't change WCS of image; however, pointing corrections will be applied in coadd *Attila says: Use jiggle SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Tweaks-Calibration • CRUSH defaults to producing FITS images in nV, corrected for detector nonlinearity and atmospheric absorption. • Based on results for calibrator (reduced/analyzed the same way), one can re-scale image before or after coadd: – sharccal -c 5.0 uncal.fits cal.fits – sharccal is on web page / Software utilities • One can also change units of image: – sharccal -u Jy/beam input.fits output.fits – Just updates BUNIT keyword. – CRUSH recognizes: V, nV, Jy/beam, Jy/arcsec**2, and Jy/sr • CRUSH imagetool will do these operations in future. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Tweaks-Coadding • Use CRUSH's coadd routine: pushd .; cd crushdir coadd \ ../data/SGRASTAR.16938to16947.cal.fits \ ../data/SGRASTAR.16948to16957.cal.fits \ ../data/SGRASTAR.16960to16969.cal.fits popd; mv crushdir/../data/SGRASTAR.coadded.fits . • By default, images are weighted, but "zero levels" are not adjusted. (This is likely to change in future.) SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Tweaks-Cropping • Use imagetool to cut noisy edges off map: – Example: pushd .; cd crushdir imagetool -minexp=0.25 ../data/SGRASTAR.coadded.fits popd – Modifies image rather than making a new copy, unless -out option is used. – imagetool is part of CRUSH. – Note other options to imagetool (e.g., -clip). SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Tweaks-Mosaicing • To mosaic many maps with signal in them (e.g., bright Galactic clouds), I find that adjusting the zero levels before coadd improves the appearance of the image. • I find the mode of the image intensity distribution and subtract it off: – The mode can be found crudely with ds9. – sharccal -c 5.0 -o 0.1 uncal.fits cal.fits SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Publishable Images Everyone has their own way of turning maps into publication style images. I use IDL and the astrolib library (http://idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov/homepage.html) IDL is not free, but it is very versatile. ; read in the highest resolution image first img_vla=readfits('../J1428p3526.fits',hdr_vla) CX=281 ; center of source in X dimension CY=282 ; center of source in Y dimension HW=100 ; half width of box to extract HEXTRACT,img_vla,hdr_vla,CX-HW,CX+HW,CY-HW,CY+HW img_350=readfits('../../059/set_16301_smooth.fits',hdr_350) ; read in sharc image hastrom,img_350,hdr_350,img_350p,hdr_350p,hdr_vla,MISSING=0 ; make image match size/shape of VLA loadct,0 ; black and white color table gamma_ct,1.0,/CURRENT ; normal gamma stretch img_350p=bytscl(img_350p,min=-0.05,max=0.07) ; choose plotting range set_plot, 'ps' device , filename='sharc.eps', /encap, xsize=10., ysize = 10., $ yoffset = 1., BITS_PER_PIXEL=8, COLOR=1 imcontour, img_350p, hdr_350p, levels=0, xtitle=' ', ytitle=' ',$ ; plot the axis charsize=1.2,charthick=3,/nodata,subtitle=' ',COLOR=0,$ XSTYLE=4,YSTYLE=4 tvimage,img_350p,/overplot,/keep_aspect; display the image ; overlay radio contours imcontour, img_vla, hdr_vla, levels=[2e-4,3e-4,4e-4],xtitle=' ', ytitle=' ',$ charsize=1.2,charthick=3,/noerase,subtitle=' ',C_THICK=3,C_COLOR=0,COLOR=0, $ XTHICK=2,YTHICK=2 XYOUTS,10,10,'350 + VLA contours',charsize=1.5,charthick=3 DEVICE, /close SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Publishable Images IDL> @sharc.idl % READFITS: Now reading 561 by 561 by 1 by 1 array % HEXTRACT: Now extracting a 201 by 201 subarray % READFITS: Now reading 201 by 201 array % HPRECESS: Header astrometry has been precessed to 2000.0000 % LOADCT: Loading table B-W LINEAR Other packages in use at Caltech: • Graphic • GAIA (A free starlink package) More complicated example: • Multiple contour sources • Astronomical coordinates • Object labelling SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Chopped vs. Unchopped? • In principle a 2-beam chopping observation increases the noise by sqrt(2) because of spending half the time on source. But this can be recovered by folding back in the flux from the "off" beam, as long as it lands on the array. • In general, we have had good success chopping and reducing the data with sharcsolve. Attila only recently added chopped data support in CRUSH, though it seems to work. Once tested more rigorously, we will likely phase out sharcsolve completely. • We strongly encourage people who want to chop to discuss it with one of us. Chopping is best suited for observations of point sources when the atmosphere shows signs of strong variability. We have not yet shown that chopping offers a substantial improvement. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Comparison of Chopped Data Stars denote sources detected by SCUBA, and 2 are well detected by SHARC-II. In this case, CRUSH and SHARCSOLVE both do a good job recovering the same map. Lessons learned (1) • Poor choices for focusing telescope: – Many protostellar/UCHII things, especially NGC2071. Even IRAS16293-2422 is slightly elliptical. – Saturn, Jupiter, Venus – Better choices: Mars (usually), Uranus, Neptune, Callisto (usually), Ganymede (often), Ceres, Vesta (sometimes), Pallas (sometimes), CRL618, CRL2688, IRC10216, OH231.8, ARP220 • Poor choices for pointing: NGC 2071 (Use CRL618, HLTAU, or OH231.8 instead) • Poor choices for flux calibration: NGC 2071, blazars • Moons: Callisto or Ganymede is usually observable. Titan is hard to observe cleanly; don't bother with it. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Avoid NGC 2071 Don't Focus/Point/Calibrate With It! SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Lessons learned (2) • For best looking large maps, map full area in as short a time as possible. Mosaics of fields under different conditions and scan patterns tend to have obvious "stitches". • The following projects have proven difficult; embark on them at your own risk: – High dynamic range • CSO beam at 350 microns. • Negative artifacts surrounding bright sources. – Faint, widely extended emission, due to ripples in reduced image. – Be careful integrating total emission; use exactly the same procedure for source and calibrator, and use a "sky" aperture. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Ripples and Mosaic Stitches in Box Scan of Source with Low Surface Brightness 12′ • crush -deep gets rid of ripples, but also some extended structure. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 M51 Problem: Large scale low-level baseline Bad Pixel flagging • Bad pixels that are not properly flagged by CRUSH end up tracing the scan pattern on the final map. Sometimes this is hard to see since by default CRUSH smooths the output. • I recommend reducing each scan separately with -convolve=-1 in order to see if bad pixels are corrupting any of the data. If so, remove them from the list of scans you use to make the combined map. CRUSH 1.35 is meant to have a better algorithm for flagging bad pixels. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Right: Map of MonR2 with a bad pixel clearly influencing the output. (map courtesy of D. Benford) Negative Halo Surrounding Bright Sources • Negative intensity is ~3% of peak intensity. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Tips for taking better data (1) • DSOS: – Use it! • Beam shape at 350 m becomes nearly independent of ZA. – Check that you are using correct procedure: • Wait until telescope near outside ambient temperature, then init. (Assumes that telescope at that time has the same shape as during the holography.) • Make sure you get into agent mode before observing. Easy to check with dsosm monitor screen. • When significantly changing ZA, wait for new dish setting to activate and settle (again with dsosm). Otherwise, your calibrator may have the wrong PSF. • Turn off DSOS at the end of the night. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Tips for taking better data (2) • UIP source catalogs – Enter before you get to 14,000 ft. – Check the coordinates and equinox with VERIFY. • Please use the existing CAL_* sources for extrasolar calibrators. This makes it easier for the staff to identify pointing/calibration scans to study, e.g., pointing model. The CAL_* sources are now loaded automatically from USER:[SHARC]SHARCCAL.CAT upon INST SHARC2. • Get started quickly with the "Cheatsheet" on the web page. • Focus and pointing tend to drift early in the night. Check every ~45 minutes until ~8 PM. After that, focus is usually stable (check every ~2 hours). Still should check pointing every ~1 hour, especially if observing faint sources. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Tips for taking better data (3) • "SHARC Tau": Use Bolometer Power Mean on Bolometer Means window to convert to 225×airmass. This is useful in cases that skies may be clearing rapidly early in night. • Please report problems, even minor ones, to firstname.lastname@example.com SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Miscellaneous Notes In the next few slides, we present some information that is related to the workshop and SHARC-II in general, but was tangential to the material already presented. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Dependence of Gain on Atmospheric Loading Instrument status • Nasmyth move was successful, and we'll stay there for foreseeable future. • In early September, a glue joint in the amplifier for rows 9-12 separated, breaking ~300 micro- wires in the process. – The glue joint has been repaired and reinforced. – We're now working on the micro-wires, with expectation of returning to normal by the January run. – September run was carried out in its entirety, with ~2/3 mapping speed. Sept 2004 Pointing T-Terms • The move to Nasmyth forced a revisit of how we calculate pointing corrections. See the documentation on the SHARC-II web page for a full report. • Top: as observed, (FAZO) = 3.7″ • Bottom: after model applied, (FAZO) = 2.1″ • Model fit and method of correcting data: web page memo • Use CRUSH exclusively to apply the model if not pointed on center of array (16.5, 6.5). SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 Temperature Effects on Pointing (Hiroko) SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 CSO/SHARC II Sidelobes (350 m) ~160″ • Sidelobe spots as bright as 5% of peak intensity. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 BOXSCAN There are a number of constraints on the scan pattern: 1. It turns out that by starting the scan from the center of the map, the map size cannot be perfectly square, otherwise the scan will hit a corner, and the algorithm will fail. 2. There is also a choice in how far apart the intersection points are. You want them to be less than the size of the SHARC array (to ensure the whole map gets sampled), but having them too close together means it will take longer to complete a scan. 3. The scan rate should be fast enough to close out the scan in a reasonable time, but not so fast as to smear the beam. Also, faster scans mean it is harder for the telescope to handle rapid change in direction at the boundaries. Want a rectangular pattern instead of a box? This is straightforward, but ask me for details. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 BOXSCAN To help plan your scan, download, and compile the program boxscan.c. Here is an example of it in action: I want to scan a 10x8 arcminute region, relatively finely. I start with a 10 arcsec spacing, and a 40 arcsec/sec scan rate: > boxscan 600 480 10 40 BOX_SCAN 600.000 471.429 40.0 45 : 23.33 minutes # WARNING: scantime exceeds 15 minutes Hmmm...that won't work. Scan length is too long. I'll try a larger spacing (20.0 arcsec) > boxscan 600 480 20 40 BOX_SCAN 600.000 457.143 40.0 45 : 11.31 minutes That's better, but now I wonder if 40arcs/sec is too fast. I'll try an even larger spacing and a slower scan speed: > boxscan 600 480 25 30 BOX_SCAN 600.000 494.118 30.0 45 : 13.20 minutes Enter the scan command dirently into the UIP, and set the integration time as suggested (perhaps adding on 0.2 minutes for overhead). Wondering what the "45" is in the "BOX_SCAN" output? It is the angle at which the scan starts. This should always be 45. Consult with us if you want to try other things. SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 SHARC-II/CRUSH Simulations Tom Tyranowski (visiting student) wrote a data simulator, which we use to test the performance of CRUSH. If you are interested in using it, contact us. 100 mJy Ring surrounding compact star in 1 hour 10' x 10' Billiard Ball Scan. Imperfect cleaning of faint large scale structures Source Fluxes Recovered within 1% 100 mJy Compact Lissajous Sweep in 1 hour Imperfect cleaning of faint large scale structures SHARC-II DRW 11/08/2004 To-Do list • Get rid of negatives around bright sources. • Find mode of an image • Calibration cheatsheet • example graphic link/script on web page • Improved CRUSH default -chopped reduction • Memory problem in 1.34? (z=6.5 source) • Bolometer scrambling test • CRUSH email exploder • Resume simulations; release simulation code. • sharcsolve (for Johannes): independent tau for each scan • Hoping for better pixel flagging in v. 1.35 • Update CAL catalog in UIP.
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24 March 2015
China Eastern Airlines has announced a new four-weekly year-round service on the Auckland to Shanghai route, commencing September 2015.
China Eastern Airlines operated a seasonal service for the first time on the Auckland to... Read more >>
23 March 2015
Air New Zealand and Air China have announced further details of their proposed alliance on services between China and New Zealand.
Norris Carter, Auckland Airport's general manager aeronautical commercial, says he welcomes the... Read more >>
17 March 2015
The Routes Asia 2015 Airline Marketing Awards, held last night in Kunming China, saw Auckland Airport win the 'Airports under 20 million passengers' category.
The annual Routes Asia Airline Marketing Awards are highly... Read more >>
12 March 2015
At the 2015 SKYTRAX World Airport Awards held overnight at the Passenger Terminal EXPO in Paris, France, Auckland Airport was named Best Airport in Australia / Pacific for the 7th year in a row.
The SKYTRAX World Airport Awards are... Read more >>
20 February 2015
Auckland Airport has today announced that LS Travel Retail Pacific and Aer Rianta International will be the two duty-free operators at Auckland Airport from 1 July 2015.
Richard Barker, Auckland Airport's general manager of... Read more >>
20 February 2015
Auckland Airport has today announced its interim results for the six months to 31 December 2014.
The total number of passenger movements was up by 3.8% to 7.9 million, with international passengers (including transits) up by 4.4%... Read more >>
19 February 2015
Auckland Airport has announced a partnership with TripIt® from Concur®, the world's highest-rated travel-organising app.
Based in San Francisco, TripIt has more than 11 million registered users across the world.... Read more >>
18 February 2015
China Southern Airlines (CZ) strengthens its commitment to growing the New Zealand market with the announcement of year-round double-daily flights on the Guangzhou to Auckland route.
Following on from the success of its summer... Read more >>
17 February 2015
Auckland Airport's interim results for the six months to 31 December 2014 will be announced on Friday, 20 February 2015.
A webcast conference call with Auckland Airport's chief executive Adrian Littlewood and chief... Read more >>
29 January 2015
Auckland Airport has today launched a major upgrade to its marine rescue fleet to ensure survival equipment can be deployed on the Manukau Harbour in the event of an emergency.
The new additions to the fleet are:
a Griffon... Read more >>

subset: commoncrawl


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Marketers that target affluent consumers will face a challenging time, as demographics and changing consumer attitudes are bringing on a luxury drought, warns Pam Danziger, president of Unity Marketing.
Tourneau has named Katherine Bahamonde Monasebian chief marketing officer.
Net-A-Porter, the London-based luxury online retailer, and Yoox Group, the Milan-based online luxury will merge to become the Yoox Net-A-Porter Group, Yoox Group confirmed on Tuesday.


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Recipe of the Day
Herb Roasted Chicken and Vegetables
Chicken and vegetables roast together in a creamy gravy for a dish that's easy, hearty and delicious.
Campbell's Kitchen
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This dish is delicious, and so easy with Campbell's® Cream of Mushroom Soup.


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Perth Glory
|Table - Australian A-League
|Melbourne Victory
|Perth Glory
|Sydney FC
Wellington Phoenix rise above Perth Glory, Melbourne City cruise
Wellington Phoenix leapfrogged Perth Glory and went top of the A-League standings for the first time in their history with a 2-1 win in Western Australia.
Roy Krishna put the New Zealanders ahead in the 23rd minute but Glory cancelled out the lead within six minutes as Ruben Zadkovich drew them level.
However, Phoenix were not to be denied and Krishna's ninth league goal of the season sealed a sixth away success for his side to leave them two clear of Glory and Melbourne Victory, who were 3-0 winners...
Highlights: Melbourne Victory 1-1 Perth Glory
Wellington Phoenix close gap on A-League leaders Perth Glory
Wellington Phoenix defeated Adelaide United 2-0 to further close the gap on stuttering A-League leaders Perth Glory, who were held to a 1-1 draw by Melbourne Victory.
Wellington left it late to see off Adelaide, substitute Joel Griffiths opening the scoring in the 79th minute and Nathan Burns adding a second three minutes later, but the win moves them to within a point of Perth.
That is because the pacesetters had to settle for a fifth draw in their last six matches as their winless streak stretched...


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Definitions for focus on
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word focus on
Princeton's WordNet
focus on, center on, revolve around, revolve about, concentrate on, center(verb)
center upon
"Her entire attention centered on her children"; "Our day revolved around our work"
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Eleanor Langston worked as a beauty editor for years before using what she'd learned to start her own business.
9 Ways to Live Big on a Budget
It sounds counterintuitive, but studies have shown people get a big happiness boost before they go on vacation. And when you're happy, you're going to be a better worker. Schedule a bunch of mini-trips to draw out those feel-good vibes.
Eighty percent of the time when you look at someone, you look in their eyes. And experts say hair that flops in your peepers can signal to your boss that you have something to hide—or that you're trying to be flirtatious, which isn't exactly professional. Opt for bangs that draw attention to your face—without covering your gorgeous eyes.


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Paris Hilton17 February 1981, New York, USA
34 years
Leonardo DiCaprio, Jamie Kennedy, Nick Carter, Stavros Niarchos, Doug Reinhardt
Paris Hilton, billionaire heiress, model, actress, designer and queen of scandal. Her great-grandfather was the founder of the Hilton hotel-empire. Paris Hilton two younger siblings, Nicky Hilton and Barron Hilton. Former best friends with Nicole Richie.
Paris Hiltons Official web site
Paris Hilton on Twitter
Paris Hilton on Wikipedia
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Street Style
Celebrity Street Style Of The Week!
Thursday 9:11 PM, 10/07/2014
What's great about all these pap pics is that we get tons of fashion inspiration from the stars every single day. We've gathered some pictures from this week, so if you have a lack of inspiration on what to wear this weekend - just click on the pics and check them out!
Tags: Street Style
Latest news
Listen Here: Paris Hilton Debuts New Single!
Thursday 5:13 PM, 10/07/2014
Paris Hilton, 33, dropped a brand new song earlier this year from her upcoming album. The single, called Come Alive, is an electric dance so...READ MORE ▶
Tags: Paris Hilton / Youtube
Stars Partying At Paris Hilton's House!
Wednesday 7:04 PM, 09/07/2014
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Paris & Nicky Hilton Out Shopping In Malibu!
Wednesday 12:55 AM, 09/07/2014
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Paris Hilton On Vacation!
Monday 6:39 PM, 07/07/2014
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Latest news
Nicky Hilton: "I've Always Had To Earn My Own Money"!
Sunday 3:24 PM, 06/07/2014
Nicky Hilton grew up in a very wealthy family with money in abundance, but she insists she is not spoiled at all. The 30-year old hotel heir...READ MORE ▶
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French Laundry Home Striped Accent Chair
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Tablet. Hotels for Global Nomads
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St Martins Lane Hotel
45 St. Martin's Lane, London, England, UK
Neighborhood: Leicester Square
Check availability as rates may vary for dates. Best rate guaranteed.
St Martins Lane was the first Ian Schrager/Philippe Starck collaboration on English shores, moving into Covent Garden a few months ahead of its younger sister, Soho's Sanderson. The concept (at both hotels) is Urban Resort, and there's no question guests walk into a different world upon entering, a world furnished with golden tooth-shaped seats, life-size chess pieces and hanging bare lightbulbs. Starck's trademark irreverence may not look as novel as it did a few years ago, but it certainly sets a tone, quite a contrast to the English urban-country-house norm.
Rooms are loft-style, open-plan, with a custom-designed lighting system allowing guests to set the mood with light in any color of the spectrum, emanating almost magically from a projector behind the headboard, an arrangement that makes use of the blank canvas provided by the rooms' all-white color scheme. Windows are floor-to-ceiling, allowing for impressive views of central London—one of the benefits of retrofitting a Sixties office block rather than some Georgian landmark. As in any loft-style building, corner rooms will see the most light, and while at many hotels the "garden rooms" are those with inferior views, here it means something different; an outdoor patio with a touch of greenery provides a breath of fresh air.
A Schrager hotel without a chic and in-demand restaurant would be unthinkable—this one has the tried-and-true Asia de Cuba. The Starck-designed Rum Bar and Light Bar round out the social life, which draws at least as many locals as guests. St Martins Lane lacks one thing the Sanderson has, which is a spa; then again this location is a shopper's paradise—in choosing between the two, the key, ultimately, is: Covent Garden or Soho?
Please note: St Martins Lane will be renovating the lobby and Asia de Cuba restaurant from January 19 through March 27, 2015; construction will take place Monday through Friday from 10 am to 6 pm. Light Bar will also undergo renovations through mid-April 2015. Full dining service is available at a smaller on-site location.
- Complimentary upgrade upon hotel check-in, based upon availability
- One complimentary cocktail per guest, once per stay
- Daily complimentary continental breakfast for two (a value of £18 per person per day)
- Guaranteed 2 pm late check-out
- 204 Rooms
- Style: Cutting-Edge
- Atmosphere: Happening
- 142 Guest Reviews
- St Martins Lane Hotel
- 45 St. Martin's Lane
- London, England, UK
- Neighborhood: Leicester Square
Hotel amenities and services
- 24 hour front desk
- 24 hour room service
- Babysitting (on request)
- Bar
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Boardroom
- Business center
- Free wi-fi
- Luggage storage
- Offsite gym facilities
- Restaurant
- Self service parking (charges apply)
- Shopping area nearby
- Wake-up service
Other London hotels
142 Guest Reviews
All reviews are from Tablet guests with verified stays.
- Saul
- Stayed March 2014
- Rating: Excellent
What I liked:
The ever-friendly staff, and the general ethos.
What the hotel could do better:
Nothing, had a wonderful stay!
- Mike
- Stayed April 2014
- Rating: Excellent
What I liked:
Nicole at the front desk was so charming and friendly - she always said hi and called us by name whenever she saw us in the lobby!
What the hotel could do better:
Nothing, had a wonderful stay!
- Stayed March 2014
- Rating: Good
What I liked:
We have stayed at St Martins Lane several times now and still find it one of the best locations for us in London. Although we had a smaller room this time it is still comfortable. Will always choose St Martins Lane for location unless something better is to pop up (which it hasn't for the last several years). There is of course Hotel Cafe Royal but unfortunately it is a little expensive.
What the hotel could do better:
Nothing, had a wonderful stay!


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Pronunciation: agrafo
Added on: 2009-09-25 Listened: 7 timesin: Add categories to agrafo
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- Random word: Malvasia Fina
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agrafo = haircut
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The following is an abstract for the selected article. A PDF download of the full text of this article is available here. Members may download full texts at no charge. Non-members may be charged a small fee for certain articles.
Cathode-Region Method for the Direct Spectrochemical Determination of 50 Trace Elements in Rock Phosphate
Volume 23, Number 5 (Oct. 1969) Page 483-489
Avni, R.; Boukobza, A.
A direct spectrochemical method for 50 trace elements in rock phosphate was developed, exposing only the cathode region (0.5 and 0.8 mm below the upper electrode) instead of the whole dc arc plasma. In the 0.5-mm region 31 elements were analyzed, while the 0.8-mm region was used for Sc, Y, U, Th, Zr, and the rare earths. The axial gradients of the dc arc, burning in air under atmospheric pressure, were studied in order to find the suitable matrix for the trace element standards. The behavior of the temperature, voltage, electron density, line intensity, and particle concentration indicate calcium metaphosphate as suitable matrix for rock phosphate. When 20% by weight graphite was added to both, standards and samples, the detection limits of the traces was in the range of 0.1-10 ppm. An average precision of 20% was calculated for concentrations up to 400 ppm.


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Double room in bright, spacious Stockbridge/New Town flat
Hi, We have a double room in the new town/Stockbridge available from early April (move in date from 2 April). It's a 3 bedroom flat, and you'd be sharing with 2 friendly professional females. The rent is £320pcm + bills (approx £135ish). The flat
- Date available: 05 Apr 2015
- Flat


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|We,the undersigned,pledge that we will abstain from voting in 2008 for any elected official or candidate who votes or declares her/his intention to vote to continue funding of the war,no matter the electoral consequences. The scale of this crime that is the war in Iraq and its urgency is such that it has become an issue that overrides all other issues,and we are pledging to become single-minded,single-issue voters on this.
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"The harder you work, the luckier you get."
Gary Player
Below is the poem entitled What's with you Gi which was written by poet
Pranab Jyoti
Rava. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Pranab Jyoti
Pranab Jyoti Rava
He : What's with your Gi?
It seems so tight
You need to loosen up your bits
She : It's none of you business!
Do you need a good fight?
'Cause today! It's me; who hits


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With the Memorial Day weekend upon us, I thought we'd have a little red, white and blue fun today. We're taking a look at some of my favorite patriotic ideas from the blog and around the web. So in an effort to get to this holiday weekend started NOW... let's dive right in to the sweet ... Continue Reading
Purple Anemone Cake
If you're a regular reader, you already know how much I love a gorgeous cake stand. A pretty pedestal is the ultimate accessory for any cake design and it can make or break your entire look. And honestly, can you ever have too many? Ummm, let me think for a millisecond... Nope. You can never ... Continue Reading
Color Block Cake
We're excited to welcome our newest contributor, Allison Kelleher, owner of AK Cake Design! She's here today with an inside look at her creative process. For me, making great cakes is always about process and craftsmanship. I really love the act of building something with my hands: playing ... Continue Reading
Sugar Ranunculus by Petalsweet
You know it's going to be a good day when the talented Jacqueline Butler of Petalsweet stops by! Jacqueline is an award-winning sugar artist, well known and loved for her meticulous sugar flowers. We were honored to have Jacqueline join us last winter with this sugar flower tutorial. And we're ... Continue Reading
DIY: Celery Stamp Rose Cake
We're excited to welcome our newest contributor, Erin Gardner, owner of Wild Orchid Baking Company! She's here today with her first of many tutorials to help you achieve more with less. Gorgeous cakes using creative techniques! I've always believed that great cake decorating doesn't have ... Continue Reading
Pistachio Cake with White Chocolate and Raspberry
Our contributor, Tessa Huff, is back with another fabulous new cake recipe…. After last month's Blueberry Breakfast Cake, I wanted to create something a little more delicate and refined. Although there are certainly times where rustic mounds of whipped cream are appropriate, classic flavors and ... Continue Reading
Little Man Birthday Party
I am just too excited about today's post! Over the last two years, I've had the pleasure of becoming friends with Lauren Kapeluck of Crave. Indulge. Satisfy. Lauren is one of our talented contributors and she inspires us each month with her incredible cupcake recipes (Did you spot her Creamsicle ... Continue Reading
Recipe: Creamsicle Cupcakes
Our contributor, Lauren Kapeluck of EllenJay Events, is back with a delicious new recipe.... It might only be May but the ice cream man has been driving down my street for well over a month now. Every time I hear his musical truck all I can think about are drumsticks, ice cream sandwiches and ... Continue Reading
Lemonade Dessert Table
Sshhh, listen.... I think I hear summer calling us! Enticing us with warm, sunny days and long, lazy nights. And nothing refreshes on a hot day like ice cold lemonade. Which is exactly what we're serving up with today's feature. A dessert table that is sure to bring back fond childhood memories ... Continue Reading
Ruffles & Dahlias Cake
Hello heavenly honeycomb! The latest trend for 2013 is all about this graphic hexagonal pattern. Honeycomb prints are popping up in everything from fashion to interior design this spring. We've been loving on honeycomb ever since the Spring of 2012, when we featured this honeycomb cake. And now ... Continue Reading
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3 accommodations in Castle Combe
The Manor House Hotel and Golf Clubnear Bath, Castle Combe | 4 star hotelfrom $349
The Castle Inn HotelNr. Junction 17 and 18 off the M4, Castle Combe | Innfrom $225
*Prices above are provided by partners for one room, double occupancy and do not include all taxes and fees. Please see our partners for full details.


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|Clarion Hotel & Conference Centre 1485 Garrison Road, L2A 1P8 Fort Erie, Canada (9.1 miles from Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens)
Score from 30 reviews: ExcellentThis hotel in Fort Erie, Ontario is less than half a mile from Sunset Golf Centre. The 100% smoke-free hotel features an indoor pool and rooms with free Wi-Fi. More…
$72 Average price per night
|Haven Motel 215 Garrison Rd., L2A 1M6 Fort Erie, Canada (7.3 miles from Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens)
Score from 77 reviews: GoodJust over 1 mile from the Peace Bridge and 19 miles from Niagara Falls, this motel in Fort Erie features a non-smoking environment and free Wi-Fi in all rooms. More…
$52 Average price per night
|Howard Johnson Inn - Fort Erie 139 Garrison Road , L2A 1M3 Fort Erie, Canada (7.2 miles from Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens)
Score from 30 reviews: Review scoreStanding less than 5 minutes from the Peace Bridge and just off the Queen Elizabeth Expressway, this Fort Erie hotel features a daily continental breakfast. Free Wi-Fi is also provided. More…
$63 Average price per night
|Adam's Mark Buffalo Niagara 120 Church Street, Buffalo, NY 14202, United States of America (4.8 miles from Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens)
Score from 151 reviews: Good There is 1 person looking at this hotel.In downtown Buffalo's central business district, this hotel has convenient amenities near a wide array of activities within walking distance of the Niagara Convention Center and major sports... More…
$86 Average price per night
|Embassy Suites Buffalo 200 Delaware Avenue, Buffalo, NY 14202, United States of America (5.1 miles from Buffalo and Erie County Botanical Gardens)
Score from 134 reviews: Excellent There is 1 person looking at this hotel.This all-suite hotel in Buffalo, New York offers a free daily hot breakfast and free high-speed internet access. More…
$141 Average price per night
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Miller Millermatic 212 MIG Welder with Auto-Set and Spool Gun (951177)
Regular Price: $3,504.00
Special Price: $2,620.00Buy now and save $884.00
Miller CP-302 MIG Welder with Wire Feeder, Accessory Package, and Cart (951230)
Regular Price: $6,153.00
Special Price: $4,775.00Buy now and save $1,378.00
Miller Millermatic 252 MIG Welder (230/460/575 V) (907322)
Regular Price: $3,144.00
Special Price: $2,499.00Buy now and save $645.00
Miller Millermatic 211 MIG Welder with Auto-Set and Running Gear (951651)
Regular Price: $1,623.00
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Miller Millermatic 211 with Cart, Spool Gun and Cover (951651, 195149, 300371)
Regular Price: $1,955.00
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Miller CP-302 MIG Welder with Wire Feeder and Accessory Package (951231)
Regular Price: $5,600.00
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Miller Trailblazer 275 Kohler Welder/Generator with GFCI (907506)
Regular Price: $5,723.00
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Miller Millermatic 252 MIG Welder With 30A Spool Gun (951066)
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Miller Millermatic 211 MIG Welder Pkg with Spool Gun & Running Gear (951651 and 300371)
Regular Price: $1,908.00
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Miller Millermatic 252 MIG Welder (230/460/575 V) with Spoolmate Package (951065)
Regular Price: $4,819.00
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Miller CST 280 (208-230/400-460 V) Tweco-style Stick Welder (907251011)
Regular Price: $2,742.00
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Miller Millermatic 252 MIG Welder Complete Package (907321)
Regular Price: $3,082.00
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Miller Millermatic 212 MIG Welder with Auto-Set (907405)
Regular Price: $2,380.00
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Miller Millermatic 211 MIG Welder with Auto-Set (907422)
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Miller Millermatic 211 MIG Welder Pkg with Auto-Set and Spool Gun (907422)
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Miller CP-302 MIG Welder (903786)
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If Neils Miller doesn't have a statue in Appleton, Wisconsin, he should. You'll be hard pressed to find someone who has had a larger impact on the welding industry than Mr. Miller. Back in 1929, he saw a need for a small, affordable arc welder that would operate on the type of electricity readily available in rural Wisconsin. Using American ingenuity, he cobbled together scrap metal, core and coil materials and hammered out that first welder in his basement. Six short years later, Miller Electric Mfg. Co. produced an industry-changing industrial welder and the rest is history.
Throughout the 40's, Miller's machines powered war efforts in the shipyards and defense plants. In the 50's, Miller played a key role in the construction of most major planes, jets, fighters and missiles. Companies like Boeing, Cessna, Lockheed, Douglas all used Miller machines in their factories. The 1970's brought the introduction of the Millermatic machines; the first power source with a built-in wire feeder.
Today, Miller Electric continues their dominance in the marketplace with machines like the Millermatic 211 and the Dynasty 200 DX, Auto-darkening welding helmets, and the Diversion 180 AC/DC TIG Welder. Miller's full line of welding machines and welding accessories give their loyal customers plenty of reasons to "Bleed Blue."


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Quick Links
|Ratings – A list of sports rankings for all of the major American sports.
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See all of our picks. Some tips for picking. And see who we crown National Champion.
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Come back often to see our updated Bracketology as the tournament gets closer.
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The NBA Draft is still months away but we use our statistical based models to predict the selections. Read on to see our updated first round projections.
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Playoff hockey is here! Just in time for the playoffs, we have added our computer projections for the score of each game and the total goals scored to help with those over/under picks.
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New this year in the Major League Baseball predictions is the effect of the starting pitcher. The first couple of games have been added, so check out the improved version for 2014!
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We breakdown the best five places to watch and bet on sports in the Sin City. Complete with pictures and other details, come see the places that are a sports fan's dream.
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Welcome to DRatings.com! I would like to thank everyone for visiting and supporting this web site. This provides a description of the goals of this project.


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Dr. Leo R. Boler Jr, MD
Obstetrics & Gynecology
- 2409 W Warren Blvd
Chicago, IL 60612
- 3 Locations
- (312) 733-4475
Dr. Leo R. Boler Jr graduated from the Rush Medical College in 1982. He works in Chicago, IL and 2 other locations and specializes in Obstetrics & Gynecology. Dr. Boler Jr is affiliated with Mount Sinai Hospital and Saint Anthony Hospital.
Gender: Male
Languages Spoken: English
Obstetrics & Gynecology
Medical School: Rush Medical College; Graduated 1982
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


text: SAN FRANCISCO (MarketWatch) -- Tech stocks put in a mixed trading performance in early action Tuesday. Facebook Inc. FB, -1.18% was off by 2.3% at $27.60 after Bernstein Research analyst Carlos Kirjner cut his rating on the stock to market perform, or neutral, from outperform. Apple Inc. AAPL, -1.54% rose 60 cents a share, to $480.53, ahead of an appearance by Chief Executive Tim Cook at a Goldman Sachs technology conference Tuesday morning. Yahoo Inc. YHOO, -1.15% CEO Marissa Mayer and eBay Inc. EBAY, -0.42% CEO John Donahoe are also scheduled to appear at the conference. The Nasdaq Composite Index $compq shed 2 points to slip to 3,190, and the Philadelphia Semiconductor Index SOX, -1.17% was also in the red.


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Melanie White | March 10, 2014 | Comments
Dubbed the "Trending Vending Lounge," Oreo's vending machines print out customized cookies based on trending Twitter conversations, using the hashtag #eatthetweet.
Oreo is back at South By Southwest (SXSW) in full force this year with a very cool (even if I do say so myself!) interactive social experience for cookie fans. Dubbed the "Trending Vending Lounge," Oreo's vending machines print out customized cookies based on trending Twitter conversations, using the hashtag #eatthetweet. Users are able to choose from 12 flavors and colors of crèmes as they watch their cookie being built in just more than one minute, using 3-D printing technology.
ClickZ caught up with Bonin Bough, vice president of global media and consumer engagement at Mondelez International (Oreo's parent company), to find out more about the experience and the idea behind it.
"We wanted to create a customized consumer experience based on what is trending on Twitter. It's a bridge between real-world events with online conversations. We see this as the future of connectivity - a journey from consumer engagement on social platforms, all the way through to a physical product, in real time and in real life," says Bough.
He also gave us a demo of a socially customized Oreo cookie being built in action – and it tasted good! Watch the video below.
Want to learn more?
Attend ClickZ Live New York March 30 - April 1. With over 15 years' experience delivering industry-leading events, ClickZ Live brings together over 60 expert speakers to offer an action-packed, educationally-focused agenda covering all aspects of digital marketing. Register today!
Melanie White is the Editor of ClickZ, where she has worked since July 2012. White has been with Incisive Media (ClickZ's parent company) since 2009 where she was Deputy Editor/ US Editor for one of the financial risk management titles, International Custody and Fund Administration (later Custody Risk).
In addition, White worked on FX Week where she was a Senior Reporter. She has also worked and contributed to a number of other titles, including The Accountant, International Accounting Bulletin, the New York Post, Independent Magazine (UK), as well as the broadcast title Sunday Live with Adam Boulton at Sky News.
Mar 30-Apr 1, 2015
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A Buyer's Guide to Affiliate Management Software
Manage your performance marketing with the right solution. Choose a platform that will mutually empower advertisers and media partners!
Google My Business Listings Demystified
To help brands control how they appear online, Google has developed a new offering: Google My Business Locations. This whitepaper helps marketers understand how to use this powerful new tool.
May 6, 2015
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Clarion Hotel
5216 Messer Airport Highway
Birmingham, AL 35212
Phone: (205) 591-7900
Fax: (205) 591-6004
»Seasick Records
When thinking about the array of shops in Birmingham, an independent record store may not be the first thing that comes to mind, but Seasick Records is about to change that. Step into this Avondale record store for a huge array of both new and used music, on vinyl, tape and CD. Genres are all over the map, from hip-hop to blues and jazz to grunge, the selection will have you browsing for hours!
»Full Circle
Full Circle is an adorable little shop selling all manner of things for the home. From antique and vintage to new, there is a wide array of products ranging from furniture to blankets, hand lotions, art, candles and so much more. They even sell products for the little furry friends in your life. So if you're looking for that perfect accent for your home or a great gift, come to Full Circle.
»Hop City Craft Beer & Wine
Since 2009, Hop City Beer and Wine has been making a name for it'self as one of the best retailers of Beer in the region. With a vast selection of local beers, draft beers and imported favorites; beer lovers will be delighted. Add to this their friendly, knowledable service and no wonder it's become as popular as it has. A unique service they provide is the 'Growlertown' taht allows customers to take away their favorite draft beer in certified jugs. Want to try brewing your own beer? Their selection of equiptment is perfect for the amateur brewer. For details on current specials and more, please visit their website.
»Gardens of Park Place
Gardens of Park Place are urban farms that carry out sustainable agriculture to grow food locally. You can stop by at the market and buy the produce directly from the farmer. This project is being carried out to develop sustainable agriculture, grow one's own food and make the city more livable. It also endeavors to educate the youth and children about the environment and agriculture. It is definitely an interesting experience to grow your own food in this fast paced city life. The hours of the market varies according to days and seasons so call before visiting.
»Church Street Coffee & Books
Most people will agree that books and coffee are a match made in heaven, so it's no wonder that's exactly what Church Street Coffee & Books specializes in. On the coffee end, the cafe prides itself on making as many different menu items as possible from scratch. All the incredible pastries and baked goods are made fresh in house, and they even make their own vanilla syrup and offer gluten-free options. On the other end, they sell a wide variety of books of different genres. They also host several different book clubs.
A store that lives up to its name, Charm is a charming little boutique in downtown Birmingham. This store sells and exhibits vintage and new handmade jewelry, scarves, handbags, and even art. You can also sell your costume jewelry here. A favorite among locals for the variety and quality of goods, Charm is definitely worth a visit if vintage is your style.
»What's On 2nd
What's On 2nd, located right in Downtown Birmingham, is a collector's dream. Whether you're a collector of comics, sports memorabilia, video games, vintage signs or anything between, chances are if you spend some time browsing these shelves, you'll find it. They also carry furniture, knick knacks, toys and an array of everything else under the sun.
»Shoe Show
A shoe shopper's paradise, the Shoe Show is a chain of department stores specializing in retailing shoes. With a vast collection across price ranges, brands and types of shoes; you'll be spoilt for choice. From dainty evening wear to rugged sports wear for running, hiking and sports their collection offers customers a good selection to choose from. Drop in to Show show to pick up footwear for the whole family.
»Reed Books
Located in downtown Birmingham, at first glance this rare bookstore/antique store/museum resembles a room in your grandmother's house. Bursting at the seams and boasting an inventory of over 45,000 books, magazines, and other periodicals, if Reed Books doesn't have what you're looking for, it probably doesn't exist. But, its vast inventory is not what makes Reed Books special. The randomness (a display of plastic Santa statues) and odd finds (post office mailboxes chocked full of letters) are what makes Reed Books special. That and owner Jim Reed, author, humorist, columnist, and all-around good guy who encourages people to "become your own book." Worth a trip on a lazy Saturday.
»Green Cup Books
Green Cup Books is a veritable haven for book lovers who love to scan through a wide range of books on all topics and in all genres. A non-profit endeavor, you will also find a varied collection of art pieces and second-hand books to comb through. They're also renowned book-publishers and printers. With an aim to further the confines of art and encourage the talents of local artists, this unique bookstore organizes a large number of literary events including: book launches, reading sessions, talks, art exhibits, film screenings and the like. A host of live music performances are organized at the venue from time to time.
»Charlemagne Records Exchange
Charlemagne Records Exchange is Birmingham's oldest music store, offering a wide range of music including jazz, blues, international music and every other genre there is. For over 30 years, the store has provided the citizens with an eclectic range of music, books, movies, posters, cards, album covers and the like. Be it the old and long lost record that you are looking for or the latest one, you will definitely find it here.
»Birmingham Sports Cards and Collectibles
Located in South Birmingham, Birmingham Sports Cards and Collectibles offers visitors a chance to pick up some unique collectibles and memorabilia from their trip to Birmingham. Both avid collectors, sports fans and hobbyists will enjoy combing through their collection of vintage sports cards and memorabilia for something special. With signed autographed cards, baseballs, basketballs and other interesting items, it's worth a look for sports enthusiasts. Why not drop in or give them a call whether you're interested in browsing for a gift or looking for a specific item. For details, check out their Facebook page.


text: We are married 37 years with grown children and our passion is our family and to travel. We love History and people, seeing new places around the world. Some times we travel together or with one of our grown children. Sometimes we are with a friend or by our self. We are always willing to go somewhere new. We are very friendly and easy to talk to.


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Chlorosis and Carambola
I am new and this is my first post, so please bear with me.
Earlier this April I managed to propagate some Carambola trees from seed. I have twelve of them and they are growing in 1 gallon containers filled with Miracle-Gro� Cactus, Palm and Citrus Soil. For the last two or three months they have not been growing very much, most are suffering from some form of chlorosis. What I can't seem to figure out, is the cause of the chlorosis. I know that it is due to some deficiency in either Iron, Zinc, Manganese, or Magnesium, possibly a combination of these. I've treated them with a slow release fertilizer (Miracle-Gro� Shake 'n Feed� Plus Moisture Control� All Purpose Continuous Release Plant Food) in the hopes that it might give them some of the micronutrients they are lacking. It has only been a week, but it doesn't seem to be having much of an effect. I'm considering getting something that has more Iron and Magnesium, possibly a foliar.
Here are some photos of my plants; http://www.flickr.com/photos/humanenigma/sets/72157627549137725/
Any suggestions are welcome and would be much appreciated.
Thank you
Hi and Welcome!
I've never seen chlorosis like that, the leaves are almost white. I also suspect you are overfeeding from pictures of the burnt leaf edges. I've grown carambola, was too lazy to feed anything...and they seemed to do fine. For young seedlings, I recommend being on the conservative side w/fertilizers.


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