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Greetings, are you able to get this necklace in an 18" chain instead?
I enjoy wearing this necklace. I feel like I am wearing diamonds without paying the hefty price of diamonds....
Garner attention with this pretty 14-karat gold and Moissanite necklace. Choose from five different stone sizes and pick white or yellow gold to get the look you want. A cable chain with a spring ring clasp keeps your pendant secure around your neck.
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ITEM#: 14958086This dazzling necklace showcases a round-cut Moissanite gemstone in your choice of five different sizes. Moissanite is a gemstone with extraordinary durability, brilliance, and fire comparable to or even surpassing that of diamond. Crafted of 14-karat white or yellow gold, this pendant hangs from a graceful cable chain secured with a traditional spring ring clasp. Item includes a Charles and Coulvard certificate of authenticity.
- Gemstone colors: White
- Gemstone shapes: Round
- One bezel-set round-cut white Moissanite measures 5, 6, 6.5, 7.5 or 8mm wide
- Total gemstone weight: 1/2, 4/5, 1, 1 1/2 or 1 7/8 carats DEW*
- Metal: 14k white gold or 14k yellow gold
- Finish: High polish
- Style: Pendant
- Chain: Cable
- Chain length: 16 inches
- Clasp: Spring ring
- Pendant dimensions: 5.75, 6.75, 7.25, 8.25 or 8.75 mm in diameter
- Necklace dimensions: 0.6 mm wide x 16 inches long
- Includes a Certificate of Authenticity
All carat weights and measurements are approximate and may vary slightly from the listed dimensions. Treatment code CR. See Treatment Guide for further information.
*D.E.W. stands for Diamond Equivalent Weight.
|16 Inch
|Gold Karat
|Gemstone Color
|Stone Shape
|Chain Style
|Jewelry Setting
|Metal Color
|White Yellow
|Necklace Type
|Fashion Pendant Solitaire
|Product Features
|Made in USA
|See description.
|14k Gold, Moissanite
|Model Number
Customer Reviews
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Lovely Necklace
I enjoy wearing this necklace. I feel like I am wearing diamonds without paying the hefty price of diamonds.Read More
Not worth the price
I was so excited to receive this necklace as a gift for my mother. I opened it as soon as I received it. As soon as I saw it I went "oooh, the stone looks like plastic and the chain is so flimsy!" If I did not know how much this product costs I would think it was about ***. The stone looks like it is made of plastic. Not only does it not look real (not in a good way) but the point of the stone sticks out on the back and is very very sharp! I can't imagine it being very comfortable! I will be returning this product right away!Read More
Moissanite necklace
Although the stone is very nice, typical moissanite quality, the chain is very flimsy and I am concerned with breakage. It seems like such an oversight to make a nice quality pendant and then put a chain on it that is so delicate. If I decide to keep the necklace I may take it to a jeweler to put a quality chain on it. I wish they had made it with a bale or a pass through on the bezel setting so that you could use your own chain. I would much rather have used one of my own gold chains than have to use the one that it comes with and the design is such that changing the chain myself is not an option. So, an additional expense if you take it to a jeweler.Read More
sparkle, sparkle.
Great necklace. It basically gives you the look of a flawless diamond with more sparkle but a much lower price.Read More
not worth the money
First, the chain included is very cheap. Under normal use, I can see this chain breaking quickly, and losing the necklace. It also arrived all knotted up, and I was afraid to even try to get it untangled without breaking it. The diamond is set so the back is exposed, and would rub against your neck, it was very sharp, and it cause irratation.Read More
so cute!!
the necklace looked exactly like it was pictured and i've been getting so many compliments! a little confused about the above review, because the back of a diamond is never flat so you will always slightly feel the poke from the back of the stone. it's definitely not uncomfortable nor something you don't get used to after wearing it for an hour or so. i think the quality and craftsmanship of the necklace was great and i think its fair to say this price is unbeatable!Read More
CHARLES/COLVARD....Brilliant even without light
I've had several moissanite pendants, but I must say the bezel trimmed moissanite pendant is my favorite style; for it gives a fresh, and modern element which I love. I got the yellow gold, because the white gold often times is not as vibrant in this type of chain. I still may get the white, but I will replace the chain with a prettier one that won't out-shine the pendant itself.Read More
I purchased the 6mm,(.80), 14K white gold solitaire necklace. I was blown away upon opening the box! ABSOLUTELY beautiful!! I love the 16" chain and also the fact the fine necklace makes the center piece appear as though it was floating.. You can't go wrong with this piece!Read More
Beautiful Substitute for a Diamond!
Lovely necklace that looks like a diamond but without the diamond price! Moissanite has such beautiful fire I think it is worth spending a little extra money over a CZ. I would think anyone who saw me wear this would assume it's a diamond. The carat weight is perfect - not too small and not too large to look fake. Love this necklace! The chain is lightweight but that is good because it helps keep the bezel in the front.Read More
Watch your neck!
I was excited when this arrived - beautiful - till I wore it. Because the stone is improperly set (the pointy end protrudes outside its setting) my neck got scratched up as it moved around my neck. Imagine a diamond like hard cutting tool slowly moving back and forth on your neck. Also imagine sharp pin pricks when someone hugs you. Extremely disappointed! It would look amazing in a proper setting.Read More
Questions & Answers
Hello vanster1, unfortunately, we only have it available in the 16 inch chain. Thank you for shopping with us.
Do you have studs(earrings) 2 carat T.W.?
Hi dwaggoner, yes we do have stud earrings with 2 carat total diamond weight try item number 15540023. We hope this helps. Thanks for shopping with us.
Shopping Guides
Moissanite Jewelry Fact Sheet
The fire and luster of moissanite is undeniable. The brilliant gems are known for their sparkle and shine and are sometimes mistaken for diamonds. Used in a variety of jewelry pieces, including rings, earrings, and necklaces, moissanite is a fabulous and affordable diamond alternative that stands on its own as a unique gemstone. Learn more about moissanite jewelry, so you can shop with confidence.
Tips on Storing Pendants
A collection of pendants is at the heart of most women's jewelry collections. A diamond-covered kitten pendant, a heart-shaped gold locket and a birthstone solitaire necklace shouldn't be strewn across your dresser with your sterling silver rings and beaded earrings. Storing your pendants properly is the best way to make sure that you'll wear them, getting the most out of your jewelry investment. Use these jewelry storage tips to keep your pendants and necklaces organized.
How to Tie a Lariat Necklace
Lariat necklaces are a great way to make a unique jewelry statement. There are many beautiful and fashionable lariat necklaces available, including diamond necklaces, gold necklaces and bead necklaces. A lariat necklace does not have a clasp or hook at the back of the neck like most necklace styles. Instead, you fasten a lariat necklace by tying a knot in the jewelry itself. There are several ways to tie a lariat necklace. You can choose from a variety of different knots, which each offer their own aesthetic. Personalize your look with our tips on tying lariat necklaces.
How to Wear Gold Pendants
Gold necklaces can be had in any budget, style, and size. Gold necklaces are fun because they offer such a lovely, sparkling appearance. Gold pendants and charms can be hung from shiny gold chains, simple leather strings, beaded necklaces, and charm pendants. Here are a few ways to add stunning gold pendants to your outfits.
How to Compare Men's Gold Necklaces
For centuries, gold has been a symbol of luxury. The precious metal has been used to make gold jewelry of all kinds for both men and women. Men's jewelry selections in shiny, lustrous gold are great additions to any wardrobe or outfit. Enjoy this precious metal by choosing men's gold necklaces. Men's necklaces made of gold or accented with gold detailing are luxurious, versatile and sexy. Jewelers love working with gold when creating men's jewelry because it has a range of vibrant hues, and it is soft enough to mold into any jewelry design. Gold jewelry selections, such as gold necklaces and gold chains, are investment pieces, meant to last a lifetime in many cases. Choose your gold necklace carefully by learning about the characteristics of gold and considering your personal jewelry taste.
Necklace Buying Guide
Necklaces are fabulous fashion accessories, and some are quite fun, too. From a simple yellow gold chain necklace to a collar of pearls wrapped around and around the neckline to the handmade hemp braid that retro-hippie teens just love, there is a necklace style for everyone. Actually, there are many necklaces that would look great on you, each with its unique qualities. A well-appointed jewelry collection may include a variety of fashion necklaces, designer necklaces, chain necklaces, pendant necklaces and strands. If you feel a bit overwhelmed by the selection of women's and men's necklaces available today, then allow us to help you choose between long pendant necklaces, fancy designer necklaces and pretty strands for your jewelry collection.
5 Quick Tips on Accessorizing with Gold Chains
Sparkly gold chains are available in new styles and new lengths. Until now, you've been accessorizing with silver jewelry and beaded necklaces, so how do you work gold jewelry into the routine? Gold is surprisingly versatile in updated designs. Use these easy tips to start wearing gold necklaces with all of your favorite outfits.
Best Youthful Pendant Necklaces
Young people know how to accessorize an outfit. Whether you are young yourself or just young at heart, hip pendant necklaces will quickly update a basic pair of jeans or workday ensemble. Hang one of these pendants on a long necklace chain and you'll have a piece of jewelry that will stylishly take you through the day and into the evening. Youthful pendant necklaces may be made of sterling silver, gold or platinum. Necklace pendants are frequently embellished with diamonds and gemstones, and youthful pendant jewelry is no exception. Add some of these necklace pendants to your necklace collection and you'll always have stylish jewelry to wear.
Top 5 Occasions for Giving a Diamond Heart Pendant
Jewelry is often the best gift for every occasion. If the girl or woman in your life deserves a special diamond jewelry gift, consider diamond heart necklaces. Diamond heart necklaces and heart pendants are luxurious and romantic. Surprise your girlfriend with a white gold diamond necklace heart pendant that she can wear with her favorite cocktail dress. Show your daughter how proud you are with a diamond heart pendant at her college graduation. The special lady in your life can wear her diamond heart pendant anytime and think of your love and support. Consider our top five occasions for giving diamond heart necklaces when you are shopping for diamond jewelry and luxury heart necklaces.
Top 5 Gold Locket Styles
Lockets were very popular during the Victorian era, and locket necklaces are one of our most enduring jewelry traditions. A locket is a pendant or charm that opens on a hinge to reveal a photo or a spot to keep mementos. Some historians speculate that the phrase "locket" comes from the tradition of storing a lock of someone's hair inside the jewelry; this practice was common during Victorian times, and locket jewelry was sometimes given at funerals specifically for this purpose. Today, you can choose from a variety of gold locket styles. Whether you are looking to purchase a locket necklace as a very sentimental gift or you want to add a gold locket to your gold necklace collection, we can help you choose the perfect style.
Tips on Gold Overlay Jewelry
Wear gold overlay jewelry and you'll not only add a lot of eye-catching sparkle to your outfits; you'll have a great option for keeping up with the ever-changing fashion scene without spending a lot of money. More and more jewelers are offering chic gold overlay earrings, long gold overlay necklaces, shiny bangles and sweet charms to their customers, so keep reading to learn more about beautiful gold overlay jewelry.
Best Ways to Accessorize with Gold Charms
Accessorizing with gold charms is one of the best ways to wear your personality. These little symbolic baubles can adorn charm bracelets, charm necklaces, purses and even electronics to tell a story or represent your interests or personal beliefs. You can purchase gold charms with an animal theme to show your support for endangered species, flower charms to symbolize your gardening passion or gold charms with a sport's theme to showcase your athletic side. Use these trinkets to create distinctive gold jewelry or to personalize a handbag.
How to Wear a Large Pendant
Bold and dramatic jewelry can define an outfit. A large gemstone pendant is unmistakably regal, while a big carved-wood necklace turns you into a nature goddess. If you've been shying away from large pendants for fear of being completely overwhelmed by gems, gold or beads, you've been missing out on one of the most exciting jewelry trends. Oversized pendant necklaces can easily match your current wardrobe when you choose them carefully and wear them thoughtfully. Embrace this jewelry movement with our tips.
Best Necklaces and Pendants for Nights on the Town
Whether you're partying in your home town or bar hopping in another country, necklaces will help you match the stars. A pair of skinny jeans is instantly club-ready when you add a long necklace and a sparkly pendant. A vintage sack dress becomes hip and trendy when you add several gold chains sporting pearl pendants. Don't hesitate to transform everything in your closet into stylish outfits to wear to the coolest restaurants, the most exciting live shows and the tried-and-true hot spots. These jewelry tips will help you craft looks that are dazzling, authentic and chic.
5 Trendy Ways to Wear Key Necklaces
The delicate details of a skeleton key go perfectly with contemporary fashions. A key pendant offers both designer appeal and whimsy. If you're new to key jewelry, then shopping for necklaces is the perfect place to start. You'll find a delightful selection of key pendants in every size, many decorated with gemstones or crafted of solid gold. Use this guide to wear key necklaces with hip fashion sense.
Gemstone Jewelry Buying Guide
Gemstone jewelry both accessorizes our fashion choices and lets us show off a little. Although the accessories can be casual, like a birthstone ring worn every day, or extravagant, like a ruby and diamond necklace saved for special occasions, sterling silver and gold are still the preferred metals for gemstone jewelry, making each piece a small luxury.
Top 5 Necklace Pendants for Casual Style
Though jewelry is essential for dressing up, it can also be fun to wear with casual outfits. Pendant necklaces are perfect for casual wear because they are often subtle and there are so many to choose from. Many necklaces can be worn daily, and almost any chain necklace is easily embellished with a variety of jewelry pendants and necklace charms. Pendants on a short chain will draw attention to your face, while necklace pendants on a long chain can elongate your body. You truly need an assortment of necklace pendants to bring your outfits to life. Start your collection with our top five casual pendant necklaces.
How to Bead a Necklace
Beaded necklaces are beautiful, versatile pieces of jewelry. You can bead a necklace with a variety of beads, from crystals to hand-painted wooden loose beads. Beaded necklaces can be worn with an array of outfits, day or night. They also make great gifts, especially when they are handmade and tailored specifically for the recipient. Beading only takes a few supplies and can be learned easily, yet it is a fun and interesting hobby. Beading a necklace is so simple that you might soon find yourself with a jewelry box full of beautiful beaded necklaces in every color.
Necklace Glossary
When you are shopping for jewelry, you likely follow your instincts and choose pieces that you think are the most beautiful. When you are trying to choose between several lovely necklaces, however, it can be helpful to understand a bit about different types of necklaces. Several different necklace styles can diversify your jewelry collection, giving you something to wear in any situation. Consult these common terms when shopping for necklaces.
How to Wear Necklaces with a Casual Style
A necklace is the perfect casual accessory. The right necklace won't overpower a simple outfit, but it can add some sparkle and style. These necklaces are perfect for wearing on the weekends or when hitting your favorite dive bar with a few friends.
Shipping & Returns
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Standard Return Policy for Jewelry:
Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment.
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** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


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Sticky leaves, indoor impatiens plant. Help!
bkapt55July 1, 2013
I left for a week for vacation and when I got back I discovered that my roommate neglected to water my impatiens plant. The stems and leaves were shriveled and I thought it was at the end of its life. I watered it and it managed to revive within two days, but now its leaves are sticky and they have little silver spots. I'm afraid the dehydration has caused some disease.
Any suggestions?? Thanks!
ifraser25(z11 Brazil)
Sticky leaf is a stress response. In this case drought. It should normally recover. However the white spots sound a bit like fungus. If the plants have been chronically debilitated this will make them more prone to disease, in which case you may not be so lucky. Good luck. Ian.

subset: commoncrawl


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Outstanding customer service. Jeff went above and beyond the call of duty to make me happy. He could have just blown me off, as other shops have done...Read More ->
Frankly, I do not understand why you have not put the other Internet magic stores out of business by now. I bought things at about 10 places over the...Read More ->


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Pruning Turks Cap
This is the first time in 7 years that my Turk's Cap has lost its leaves during the winter. Should I prune it down to the ground? Wait until I see new growth and then prune or just leave it alone?
I would wait to do any prunning we are still in winter mode. If you have a warming period and your Malvaviscus
(Turks Cap) puts on new growth. Pruning can make your
plants come back pre- maturely. Our last frost date is
March 31. Besides being Turks Cap like warmer soils it
would be better to waituntil later.The plant will respond
better to prunning at that time.
I don't know if it is the proper thing to do or not, but every year, when it starts getting cold, my Turks cap will brown out and look dead. Same thing for my mums. When they do, I cut them to the ground. Both the mums and the Turk's cap come back stronger each spring. This is the 6th spring coming up.....Billy


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Lakers pull together to overcome PistonsMarch 10th, 2015, 9:58 pm by BY JANIS CARR
LOS ANGELES – Byron Scott said the Lakers needed a big game from rookie center Tarik Black on Tuesday if they had any hope of countering Detroit's formidable big men.
Actually, Scott would have settled for anyone wearing purple and gold who could effectively slow the Pistons' twin 6-foot-11 post players, Andre Drummond and Greg Monroe.
In his previous five games, Monroe averaged 19.8 points and 11.4 rebounds, while Drummond had posted 20-plus rebounds seven times this season. Drummond is averaging 13 ...Read the rest of this entry »


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Duke: Customers won't pay for ash cleanup
Duke Energy customers won't pay the bill for cleaning up the coal ash-contaminated Dan River, CEO Lynn Good said Tuesday.
As Duke released its 2013 earnings, Good was asked about costs to remedy the Feb. 2 spill that dumped up to 39,000 tons of ash into the Dan.
"We will analyze the financial implications, we'll work with our insurers and we will be accountable for this," she said.
Duke spokesman Tom Williams later added that "customers will not be accountable for this. Duke Energy will be accountable."
Utilities typically recover their capital expenditures by asking utilities commissions to include them in customer rates.
It's not clear what the Dan River costs will be. The Tennessee Valley Authority spent up to $1.2 billion on a much larger spill in 2008 that is still underway in Tennessee.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, meanwhile, reported Tuesday that ash has washed 70 miles down the Dan River. It's up to 5 feet thick near the spill site.
The N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources also ordered Duke to stop the leak from a second stormwater pipe under the ash pond at its retired Dan River power plant in Eden.
A broken 48-inch pipe caused the Feb. 2 spill. On Friday, DENR said a 36-inch pipe also showed signs of potentially failing. The department told Duke to submit a repair plan within 10 days.
On Tuesday afternoon, the DENR said the leakage from the pipe showed high levels of arsenic, an element in coal ash. It ordered Duke to immediately stop releases from the pipe to the river.
Good said Duke has focused on responding to the Dan River spill and hasn't begun to calculate how much the cleanup will cost.
"We're also taking this opportunity to look at ash ponds in general around the state, and we would expect the closure of the ash ponds around the state to be a longer-term process for us," she said. "We can't close all the ash ponds in a short period of time, so this is something we're going to focus on and work diligently on over time."
Duke says it expects to spend $4.5 billion to $5.5 billion over the next decade, mostly in the Carolinas and Indiana, to meet environmental standards, including those on ash.
The spending estimate includes the costs of closing retired ash ponds and converting power plants to handle ash in dry form. They also cover the first federal regulations of coal ash that the Environmental Protection Agency will release in December.
Duke expects to recover those costs from customers, Good told financial analysts Tuesday.
Extent of spill
Federal biologists say a deposit of ash at the spill site is 75 feet long, 15 feet wide and up to 5 feet thick. Duke began vacuuming up the deposit last week.
Two miles downstream, they found ash 5 inches deep, according to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. At the N.C.-Virginia line, 9 miles down the river, it was 2 inches thick. Traces of ash were found all the way to Kerr Lake more than 70 miles away.
What isn't known is what the deposits will do to wildlife.
Officials haven't seen any sick or dead fish or wildlife, including the dead turtles that were reported in downstream Danville, Va., last week.
But the wildlife agency is concerned that the layer of ash will bury river-bottom animals and their food. Ash could also hurt the gills of fish and mussels. Longer-term, high levels of metals in the water could be toxic.
"It's still too early," said Sara Ward, a Fish and Wildlife ecologist in Raleigh. "We're trying to get to the point where we can do a more comprehensive look at that."
Two species of endangered animals, a fish and a freshwater mussel, are among the wildlife that might be hurt by the smothering ash.
The 5-inch Roanoke logperch lives on stream bottoms and feeds in silt-free gravel. The James River spinymussel also fares poorly on a silty bottom. So does a second mussel, the green floater, that is being studied for possible listing as endangered or threatened.
North Carolina's environmental agency said Thursday that aluminum and iron levels still break state water-quality standards about a mile downstream of the spill.
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Chargers in Inglewood? Looks like it
Don Bauder 7:21 p.m., March 27
Posted September 30, 2009
Fashionable young paws.
David Whittimore20College Area/SDSUDVS, $70 DVS. They're a kind of skateboarding shoe. It's been over a year since I bought them in some random surf-and-skate shop in North County. They're all black, really comfortable, and they ...


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The VerandaAvailable March 23rd at 5:30pm
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Flags Of Our Fathers Gallery
RYAN Phillippe, Jesse Bradford and Adam Beach star in Clint Eastwood's powerful war epic Flags Of Our Fathers, a film which exposes the truth behind the iconic photo of the raising of the US flag on the Japanese island of Iwo Jima. We have photos from the film…
Roll your mouse over the left and right-hand sides of the image and then click to view more pictures.
1 of 8
Read our review of Flags Of Our Fathers with Clint Eastwood
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Endurance Info's Laurent Mercier and Motorsport.com's Eric Gilbert took time between the Le Mans Test Day and the busy race week to visit the famous museum located at the entrance of the famed circuit.
Ninety years ago this coming Sunday 26th May, the first Le Mans 24 Hours got under way. Since then what was called the 24-Hours Endurance Grand Prix has become one of the greatest motor races in the world.
Bentley will have major presence at the annual Festival of Speed.
The election of the cars that have written the history of the greatest endurance race in the world was the first of the commemorative actions linked to the 90th anniversary of the Le Mans 24 Hours.


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Wayfarers signify what the look of rock and roll is all about. Classically framed and completely iconic, this pair of sunglasses from Ray-Ban is lightweight, durable, and ready to exude some serious attitude.
Ray-Ban brings a modern twist to a classic style with fresh colors and lens tints. The Original Wayfarer offers options for everyone - whether you're a sneaker-collecting hipster, or you've just been wearing these for 20+ years. Ray-Ban's legendary reputation for optical quality was built on these shades - there's a reason the Wayfarer is one of the most-copied sunglass designs of all time.
Product Features
These were exactly what I was looking for. I'm a man and the 50mm frames fit perfect. These are definitely quality sunglasses. I would absolutely recomend these shades.Published 8 hours ago by Matthew Jessie
After spending way too much time on YouTube researching how to spot fake Ray-Bans, I am positive that these are authentic. Read morePublished 15 hours ago by AWB002
Great pair of glasses and authentic. The box was legit and had barcode label on the side. Case is good quality and the logo is on the snap. Read morePublished 1 day ago by Alex Fernandez
These glasses are pretty small and would never work for an adult male. I purchased them because I loved the print but the angle of the glasses is pretty severe compared to other... Read morePublished 1 day ago by Joel Prior
Received my RB2140 Wayfarer ' s today. Super awesome! Authenticity 100%Published 2 days ago by Israel Odeh
Sports & Outdoors > Sports & Fitness > Accessories > Sports Sunglasses
Clothing, Shoes & Jewelry > Women > Accessories > Sunglasses & Eyewear Accessories > Sunglasses
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Public-private partnerships are nothing new, but the Obama administration is now looking to citizens to play an integral part in building the next-generation government.
Delivering his keynote speech at the 2012 FOSE Conference in downtown Washington, D.C., U.S. CIO Steven VanRoekel highlighted the progress federal IT has seen in the past 15 years, culminating in strategies on cloud computing and shared services.
Prior to 2009, the federal IT budget grew at 7 percent every year, then flattened out after 2009 and slowed down. Despite this trend, the federal government has managed to stay on course with its mission to innovate and achieve cost savings, VanRoekel said.
That effort has been possible due to rooting out duplication, data center consolidation, cloud computing and the initiative to implement a shared services model. Nonetheless, the pace of innovation within the federal government is not on par with the industry, VanRoekel acknowledged.
"You definitely see it; we have some of the most amazing people in the CIOs across the federal government, and there is a lot of little examples of things happening," he said. "But on the whole from a cultural standpoint, it's not happening everywhere."
VanRoekel's call to action is to citizens to engage and help the government. As the public sector starts opening up data, citizen developers and others will have an opportunity to interact online and provide feedback on what the government should be doing.
The private sector also has an important part in building the government of tomorrow, by bringing the expertise and developing the needed solutions, he said.
"Think about open data, think about these new sharable platforms," he said. "If your company is contracting with government across multiple agencies, start talking and getting the agencies to broker conversations about how components can be shared. This is where we're going to go and this is where we need to go."
FOSE, held April 3 to 5, is organized by 1105 Media, the parent company of Federal Computer Week, Government Computer News, Washington Technology and Defense Systems.
About the Author
Camille Tuutti is a former FCW staff writer who covered federal oversight and the workforce.
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Unisys Federal Systems' Venkatapathi Puvvada, this year's Eagle award winner for industry, stresses the importance of community.
Experts tell committee that business models, not technology, are the main obstacle to better sharing across systems.
Protests have delayed SEWP V, but industry experts say the contract vehicle offers agencies service and value that are hard to find.
The power of the individual informs FCW's coverage each and every day, but with the Federal 100, we take time to really spotlight and celebrate it. Get to know each of this year's winners.
The latest version of the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act purportedly protects companies from liability and individuals from government intrusion.
Popular CIO is headed for the private sector.
The Census Bureau hasn't established a time frame for its cloud computing plans, including testing for scalability, security, and privacy protection, as well as determining a budget for cloud services.
President Obama's proposal to boost government coordination with the private sector got a warm welcome in the House Homeland Security Committee.
The spy agency wants to better integrate cybersecurity into its traditional human intelligence operations.
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By LINDA REED, Guest Columnist
I am interested in meeting with Perry County community leaders to discuss the Big Brothers-Big Sisters mentoring programs. Big Brothers-Big Sisters has been involved with Perry County youth since 2000 as a result of a 1997 Leadership Perry County class project.
This meeting is scheduled for 9 a.m. Feb. 17 at the Perry County Library.
By VINCE LUECKE, Editor
I try to get to weekday church at least once every couple of weeks. Friday was such a day. I went because it was the feast day of St. Blaise and because I was happy to be on the upswing from a nasty bug of some type that kept me on my back the previous day.
It's on Saint Blaise Day that in some churches the throats of the faithful are blessed, usually with a pair of candles. Father Dennis did that after Mass Friday morning.
Why the throat?
By MARK WALLACE and IRWIN COTLER, Guest Columnists
Late last year, the United Nations' special rapporteur on human rights, Ahmed Shaheed, briefed the General Assembly about the state of human rights in Iran, and he painted an extremely bleak picture.
My father died the morning of Jan. 16. Losing a parent to a terminal illness has to be one of the most challenging things an adult can face.
My father, whose legal name was John but who was known by most of his friends as Paul, suffered from lung cancer for about two years. He died peacefully in his sleep and for a loved one who knew he wasn't going to get better, a quiet death is a blessing. I felt guilty saying that to myself and to others over the past week, but I no longer have any reservations.
By DALE GROVES, Guest Columnist
I always respect an opinion on a controversial issue that might be different from my own opinion, even the current right-to-work bill currently being debated in the Indiana General Assembly. And I know that those who support right-to-work and those who don't have different fact sheets, different polls and different motives for wanting this bill passed or wanting it defeated.
By JEANNE MONAHAN, Guest Columnist
I remember well a night many years ago when a dear friend who was adamantly pro-choice came to me, sobbing uncontrollably.
With defenses down, she unloaded a heavy burden she had long carried – a few years before she had chosen to abort her developing baby. She told me that not one day had passed that she did not think about her baby and regret her decision. My heart ached for my friend, as she was clearly tormented by her decision.
By DICK HEDRICK, By the Side of the Road
My father used to say, "There is nothing more over than Christmas." With regard to the hoopla, he was certainly right. I've just completed breaking down numerous boxes for recycling.
Colorful ribbons and bows have been discarded. Our nativity display has been repackaged, the artificial Christmas tree no longer illuminates the living room, all outdoor lighting has been dismantled.
By BRIAN GRAY, Guest Columnist
David Hammond's guest column (Dec. 26) citing just one source as to whether or not a right-to-work state does better then a non-right-to-work state in providing better wages and better work conditions is a bit misleading.
If one looks at Chiefexecutive.net, a business-based Web site, Indiana is ranked No. 6 for attracting new business.
Now to be fair, some right-to-work states are ranked above Indiana in that survey, but a lot of them are ranked below us.
By RICHARD YOUNG, District 47 State Senator
The second regular session of the 117th Indiana General Assembly is under way. Legislators returned to the Statehouse Jan. 4 to begin what is typically referred to as the "short" session, which must adjourn by midnight March 14.
By STEVE DAVISSON, District 73 State Representative
The start of the 2012 session has been a tumultuous one to say the least. For the second session in a row, the House Democrats failed to show up to the House Chamber on account of the controversial right-to-work bill. Without a Democratic presence, the House Republicans were unable to begin conducting the business we were elected to do – a job that the House Democrats seem to have forgotten.
Copyright © 2015
The Perry County News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Perry County, Indiana, and the surrounding area.


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Al or Josh, please help! My figs and maple are waking up.
Hey guys.
IAs you know, I have these possible Bonsai specimens, especially my small maple, and they are about to come out of dormancy. The shed has been reading into the 50's, not cold enough to keep them asleep, nor anywhere for that matter because of our mild temps.
Should I repot what I want to do within the next few days or wait longer. I have one maple, actually Josh, the one you sent me starting to push leaves.
I would appreciate a hand here.
Thanks in advance!
Ok...Here are the pics and I am not quite sure of what pots to match with what plant.
Josh, this depicts your tree you sent me and I love it. I already like the pot it's in, but is now a good time to repot and to trim? Where would you guys make the cuts? Look at the leaves popping out.
OK, these are the tiny Maples I would love to repot. I am concerned about timing and not sure which pot to use. Could you guys give me a suggestion. I will post the little miniature maples first, then the pots. ok?
First one
Second one
Now the pots?
I also have a Fig in a one gallon pot and I was told it's too late to trim the roots due to possible lost fruit. The roots are very tight and there is no more soil left. When would it be appropriate to pot up into a bigger pot?
Thanks so much:-))))
Are you thinking of putting any of those plants in bonsai pots? I think I'd leave them in large nursery cans with little or no pruning until they get to a point you can chop them back. They're very small trunks & will grow painfully slow in bonsai pots.
You have some time on the fig, because they're always late, but I'd definitely prune the roots. First, you'll get few fruits on such a young tree, and the fruits you get won't be the greatest (flavor) - that's just how young trees are. I always put the health of the tree first, and wouldn't jeopardize the viability of the tree for the sake of a few extra fruit.
What was your plan/thinking about the maples?
I was thinking about putting those Maples in one of those pots, would you consider Bonsai style?
But based on what you said, I think I will pot in regular pots for now?
They are considered mini's but I am going ahead as suggested by you for regular pots:-)
I will do a follow up with you come summer so you can see their progress if that is ok?
Now, as for the fig. How would you prune the roots ?
Just tell me step by step and I will do as you say. I plan on putting this 1 gallon fig with very tight roots into a three gallon pot with the 5.1.1 mix. I am not worried about the fruit and thanks for that insight:-)
Thanks so much
From the 'Trees in Containers' thread.
Deciduous trees are some of the most forgiving of trees when it comes to root pruning. The process is quite simple and the long term benefits include best opportunities for plants to grow at or near their potential genetic vigor, and stronger plants that are able to resist the day to day perils that bring down weaker plants. Root-pruning is a procedure that might be considered borrowed from bonsai culture, but as noted above, bonsai culture is nothing more than highly refined container culture, and to restrict the practice of root-pruning to bonsai only, is an injustice to those of us who simply enjoy growing trees in containers.
Trees are much like human beings and enjoy each other's company. Only a few love to be alone. ~Jens Jensen
Now that I have made the case for why it is important to regularly perform full repots (not to be confused with potting-up) and prune the roots of your containerized trees regularly, I will offer some direction. Root-pruning is the systematic removal of the largest roots in the container with emphasis on removal of rootage growing directly under the trunk and at the perimeter of the root mass.
Root pruning can start immediately with year-old seedlings by removing the taproot just below the basal flare of dormant material, repotting, and treating the plant as a cutting. This will produce a plant with flat rootage that radiates outward from the base and that will be easy to care for in the future.
Young trees (under 10 yrs old) are nearly all dynamic mass and will tolerate root-pruning well. Most deciduous trees are extremely tolerant of root work. Acer buergerianum (trident maple) is routinely reduced to a main trunk with roots pruned all the way back to the basal flare and responds to the treatment with a fresh growth of fine, fibrous roots and a fresh flush of foliage each spring. The point here is, you don't need to be concerned about the pruning if you follow a few simple guidelines.
First, some generalities: undertake repotting of most deciduous material while the plant is quiescent (this is the period after the tree has met its chill requirement and has been released from dormancy, but has not begun to grow yet because of low soil temps). Most conifers are best repotted soon after the onset of spring growth. Most tropical and subtropical trees are best repotted in the month prior to their most robust growth period (summer). Citrus are probably best repotted in spring, but they can also be repotted successfully immediately after a push of top growth.
For most plants that have not been root-pruned before: With a pruning saw, saw off the bottom 1/3 of the root ball. With a hand-rake (like you use for scratching in the garden soil) and/or a wooden chopstick and/or the aid of water under high pressure from a garden hose, remove all the loose soil. Using a jet of water from the hose and the chopstick, remove the remaining soil - ALL of it. The exception here would be those plants that form dense mats of fine roots (citrus, bougainvillea, rhododendron ...). This should be done out of sun and wind to prevent the fine roots from drying. 5 minutes in the sun or wind can kill fine roots & set the tree back a week or more, so keep roots moist by misting very frequently or dipping the roots in a tub of water as you work. After the soil is removed, remove up to another 1/3 of the remaining mass of roots with a sharp pruning tool, taking the largest roots, and those roots growing directly under the trunk. Stop your pruning cuts just beyond where a smaller root branches toward the outside of the root you are pruning. Be sure to remove any J-hooked roots, encircling/girdling roots or others exhibiting abnormal growth.
Before you begin the pruning operation, be sure you have the soil & new container ready to go (drain screens in place, etc). The tree should fit loosely inside the walls of the container. Fill the container with soil to the desired ht, mounded in the center, & place tree on the mound. Add soil to cover roots & with a chopstick/skewer, or sharpened wood dowel, work soil into all voids in the roots, eliminating the air pockets and adding soil to the bottom of the basal root-flare. Temporarily securing the tree to the container with twine or small rope, even staking, against movement from wind or being jostled will fractionalize recovery time by helping to prevent breakage of newly-formed fine rootage. Place the tree in shade & out of wind until it leafs out and re-establishes in the container.
The first time you root-prune a tree will be the most difficult & will likely take up to an hour from start to finish, unless the tree is in larger than a 5 gallon container. When you're satisfied with the work, repot into a soil that you are certain will retain its structure until the next root-pruning/repot. Tree (genetic) vigor will dictate the length of time between repots. The slow growing, less vigorous species, and older trees will likely go 5 years between repots. For these slow growing trees, it is extremely important that soils retain aeration. For these trees, a soil of 2/3 inorganic parts and 1/3 organic (I prefer pine or fir bark) is a good choice. The more vigorous plants that will only go 2 years between repots can be planted in a soil with a higher organic component if you wish, but would still benefit from the 2/3 inorganic mix.
Most trees treated this way will fully recover within about 4 weeks after the repot By the end of 8 weeks, they will normally have caught & passed, in both development and in vitality, a similar root-bound plant that was only potted up
When root-pruning a quiescent plant, you needn't worry much about "balancing" top growth with rootage removed. The plant will tend to only "activate" the buds it can supply with water. It is, however, the optimum time to undertake any pruning you may wish to attend to.
This is how I treat most of my trees. Though I have many growing in bonsai pots, more of my plants are in nursery containers or terra-cotta and look very much like your trees, as they await the beginning of intensive training. With a little effort at developing a soil from what's available to you and some knowledge and application of root-pruning and repotting techniques, I'm absolutely sure that a good % of those nurturing trees in containers could look forward to results they can be very pleased with. This is the repotting technique described that allows bonsai trees to live for hundreds of years & be passed from generation to generation while other containerized trees that have not had their roots tended to, and have only been potted-up, are likely to be in severe decline, or compost, well before they're old enough to vote. ;o)
If you have more questions, Josh or I can prolly answer them.
Hey, Mike and Al!
Al's got you squared away nicely. I'd grow those trees on in their larger containers, too.
Although some of those terracotta pots look fairly large. How large are we talkin'?
Mike, has that Trident Maple been leafing out in a lightless area?
The new growth should be a rusty sort of red color, not pale yellow.
If you want to prune, chop off the top fork completely. The tree is apically dominant,
so it will keep producing leader after leader after leader. This type of Trident Maple
is very vigorous. I have a hard time keeping mine under control...but now I'm going to let
mine just bush out for a while.
Re-pot that Trident as soon as possible!
Hi Mike,
I'm not Al or Josh, but based on my own experience with Maples, some the size of the one's you've shown above, I'd suggest a bare root, root prune (per Al's post above), repot into gritty mix (into those terracotta pots you show if you wish) and pruning the upper branches to approximately equal the amount of roots you remove.
Basic pruning guidelines (1) remove extra branches so that no more than 2 originate at the same node, (2) cut remaining branches to two nodes as necessary to balance the amount removed from the top with the amount remove from the bottom.
Reason I suggest the above is two fold. (1) I had 2 trees that I thought were beginning to be shaped beautifully. The Shishio hime's roots were still in pretty good shape (ie not root bound, not alot of "J" roots or circling roots, still alot of small roots that weren't badly entangled, etc). I was able to complete the bareroot with minimal root loss and therefore minimum top loss. That tree is beginning to leaf and still has a very pleasing shape. The second tree, a Red Crusader, (even better shape than the Shishio hime by the way) was completely opposite. It had been left in the 1 gallon nursery pot for too long and had pretty much all of the root defects mentioned above. I had to remove approximately 50% of the root mass to straighten it out. Accordingly, I had to remove about 50% of the top of the tree (basically starting over with the shape on that tree). Agreed that if your intention is to make bonsai, once the trunk is the desired thickness, you'll probably remove alot of the top anyway, but no reason not to have a happy and healthy tree instead of trying to untangle a mess in a few years (just my humble opinion). (2) Everything I've read about starting bonsai suggests (a) more area for the roots to grow the quicker the trunk with thicken up (some even plant their starter bonsai in the ground until the trunk is the desired thickness) and (b) getting the roots straightened out when the tree is young not only makes it easier to deal with when older, but makes the tree happier and healthier.
Al and/or Josh, please correct me if my understanding is wrong. Always happy to get a better understanding of our woody stemmed friends.
Well, thank you for that!
I would rather have a hands on training and you all by my side, but this is the next best thing and I really appreciate it!
Once I have really gotten this info under my belt, I am going to repot my fig and these few trees this weekend.
Josh, I am going to cut the forked section off tomorrow so that only the one leader trunk is left behind.
Yes, this tree was in the coldest darkest spot I could find, and started to bud out now that temps in there are just too warm.
Now they are talking 60's and 70's for the next ten days. Quite strange. That is our April to May weather.
Looks like I will be using a couple of them pots because they really arn't Bonsai pots anyway. Shallow, but not as small as most Bonsai enthusiests would use.
Thanks again Al, Blake and Josh!
Make sure to post update pics! ;-)
The only reason I recommend a bark-based mix for the Trident is because you'll be re-potting
so frequently....
Some of the new growth on my Trident maple was frozen the other night, but most growth is unaffected.
Just the nature of the beast, re: Spring-time temps.
What's going to be a few of your first repots Al? Kind of earlier than last year, right? 60's and 70's by next week buddy!
By the way, I did my first repot after talking to Josh. I also cut the head off my 'Trident Maple'...Ouch!
Pics to come:-0)
Josh, good to hear your maple wasn't destroyed by the frost! Thanks for the recommendation. I used a mostly a bark based mix as you suggested:-)
You know, I am hoping to get to the local nursery this next week to see if they have any last years stock. Laura is in want of one of these type possible Bonsai maples.
Well, here it is Josh!
I took the 'Trident Maple' you sent me last year out of its pot, wlel actually, the pot fell apart around it and did some root pruning. I untagled the mess, snipped the lead root out and raked out the others.
I them transplanted into a nice terracotta pot and cut it's head off, ouch. Tell me what you guys think, please.
There we go, Mike!
The roots love that mix! I'm glad that thin plastic container crumbled easily ;-)
Makes it much easier to remove from the roots that grew through the drainage holes.
Now, all you've got to do is wait for the explosion of new leaves and branches!
I fertilize my maples and conifers on a two-week schedule.
I'm assuming based on the one picture, you must have repotted in a similar mix to the one Josh had planted the seeding in originally. Or perhaps you just didn't get a picture of the roots after they were all cleaned up. Either way the tree should be happier for a couple more years now.
Good job.
Burning bush is going to be first. It's been really WARM here - in the 60s and everything is going to go at once. I've got next week scheduled off to repot, hoping I'll get the deciduous stuff done, or at least close to it.
For your tree, Mike. Wait for a branch to pop out really low on the trunk. After it gets a little length to it 2-3", wire or tie it up so it's almost vertical and let it grow. Next year, you'll REALLY chop off the tree's head, right above that low branch you trained up to vertical. Then, you'll have a fat trunk below that tapers into the new branch - like I did with this hornbeam in the ground.
By the end of the summer, the wound will be nearly healed and the transition taper from the fat trunk to the skinny part will be believable. There are actually 2 chops going on at the same time. You want to build taper into your trees to make them look old, and chopping back is the main way we do it.
Here's a mulberry you can see has been chopped
It'll be a first rate tree by next summer after some more ramification (twiggyness).
Oh Josh! Would you believe I was scared to death to cut off that much? Lolololol.
Now I have Al suggesting that I go even further down the road? Now that's chopped!lol
Ok, first off I am happy to report that the TWO, yes, two plants are doing well thus far! They are responding very well. In fact, the mix fell right away from the roots of yours Josh.
You sent that plant to me in a great mix and which in turn I used the very same mix to repot!
It's a good thing we all use the same mixes. I never have a problem repotting a plant from you pal.
Blake, I think I answered your question in there somewhere:-)
Al, now, that is quite the picture and would you believe it still took me a couple of days to completely understand this? lol.
Yes, I knew you would.
Anyhow, I must say if I can get just ONE plant to look as good as your Bonsai, I would be thrilled. I really appreciate your guidence along with Josh and others.
I can't really envision what that 'hornbeam' is going to look like, but I trust you. I never even heard of a 'hornbeam'! Guess I'll have to google that one.
Now that mullberry bush is to die for. GREAT work! Have you ever posted it with leaves? It must be beautiful.
Would you beleive I saw the workers at the Bonsai shop hacking their trees way back in the fall, and I just about died? It was very traumatic for me to see what they were doing to what I thought were beautiful trees as was, but then they laughed at me when I expressed this. lol
I do have what would be a beautiful huge sweet maple tree that turns brillaint colors come the fall that I have been growing in a 3 gallon container for about 3 years now. Let's just say that if I planted inground, it would be a giant. Right now it's only about 6 feet high.
What to do?
I will snap a pic of it this weekend, ok?


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Page 1
Cooperative Black and Gray Hole Attacks in
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Piyush Agrawal and R. K. Ghosh
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur - 208 016, INDIA
Abstract. In this paper, we propose a complete protocol to detect a
chain of cooperating malicious nodes in an ad hoc network that disrupts
transmission of data by feeding wrong routing information. Our tech-
niques is based on sending data in terms of equal but small sized blocks
instead of sending whole of data in one continuous stream. The flow of
traffic is monitored independently at the neighborhoods of both source
and destination. The results of monitoring is gathered by a backbone net-
work of trusted nodes. With assumption that a neighborhood of any node
in the ad hoc network has more trusted than malicious nodes, our proto-
col can not only detect but also remove a chain of cooperating malicious
nodes (gray/black hole) by ensuring an end-to-end checking between the
transmission of two blocks of data. The protocol takes O(mdBN) time for
detection and removal of gray/black holes chain which betters an earlier
O(n2) time bound [6] for detecting a single black hole in the network.
Here, m is the number of malicious nodes in the network, dBN is the
diameter of a backbone network formed out of the flat ad hoc network,
and n is the total number of nodes in the ad hoc network.
Mobile ad hoc networks are highly susceptible to routing attacks because of
their dynamic topology and lack of any infrastructure. Two of the major routing
attacks are black hole and gray hole attacks. In a black hole attack, the malicious
node (referred to as black hole) replies to every routing request saying that it has
a route to the given destination. So, unsuspecting nodes start sending data to
the destination through the black hole. This way a black hole diverts most of the
traffic in the network to itself, and later dumps it. A gray hole attack is a variation
of the black hole attack, where the malicious node is not initially malicious, it
turns malicious sometime later. This anomalus behaviour of malicious nodes
prevents a trust based security solution from detecting them.
In this paper, we present a mechanism to detect the malicious nodes launch-
ing the black/gray hole attacks. Our algorithm takes O(n) time on an average to
find the chain of malicious nodes. Moreover, it can detect the gray hole nodes,
whether single or cooperating. The proposed technique works as follows. Initially
a backbone network of strong nodes is established over the ad hoc network. Each
strong node is assumed to be trustful and capable of tuning its antenna to
Page 2
short (normal) as well as to long ranges. The proposal employs these trustful
strong nodes to detect the regular nodes (having low power antenna) if they act
maliciously. With the assistance of the backbone network of strong nodes, the
source and the destination nodes carry out an end-to-end checking to determine
whether the data packets have reached the destination or not. If the checking
results in a failure then the backbone network initiates a protocol for detecting
the malicious nodes.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we discuss the re-
lated work on detection/prevention of black hole attacks, and on generation of a
backbone network over an initially flat ad hoc network. We present the method-
ology and relevant algorithms in section 3. We conclude the paper in section 4
and provide some pointers to possible extensions to the proposed protocols.
2 Related Work
Deng et. al. [2] have proposed an algorithm to prevent black hole attacks in
ad hoc networks. According to their algorithm, any node on receiving a RREP
packet (which is the reply to the route request in AODV), cross checks with the
next hop on the route to the destination. If the next hop either does not have a
link to the node that sent the RREP or does not have a route to the destination
then the node that sent the RREP is considered as malicious. This technique
does not work when the malicious nodes cooperate with each other.
An algorithm presented in [6] claims to prevent the cooperative black hole
attacks in ad-hoc network. It is a compute intensive algorithm and takes O(n2)
time whenever a node decides to send packets to another node. Moreover, in the
case when the network in not under the attack (which will be the usual case),
the algorithm takes more time to complete. This algorithm is based on a trust
relationship between the nodes, and hence it cannot tackle gray hole attacks.
In this work we propose a protocol which overcomes the limitations of the
earlier schemes by establishing a backbone network of some strong nodes which
have high transmission range. Rubin et. al. [7] have proposed a technique to
establish a backbone network of strong nodes. The strong nodes associate with
regular nodes which have smaller transmission range and form a core. We ex-
ploited Rubin et. al.'s approach to design a coordination protocol so that these
strong nodes place themselves at positions where maximum coverage of regular
nodes could be possible.
For the coordination of the backbone nodes, the network space is assumed
to be partitioned into several grid locations. It is assumed that the nodes, when
they initially enter into the network space, are capable of finding their respective
grid locations.
3 Methodology
The main idea behind the protocol is to formulate a mechanism for monitoring
all the nodes in the network in terms of the traffic being forwarded through
Page 3
them. It is assumed that the nodes are in promiscuous mode so that they can
listen to the traffic through their respective neighbors. However, if all nodes are
allowed to monitor all other nodes then the probability for black hole attacks
increases considerably. We approach this problem by selecting some nodes which
are powerful in terms of computing power and radio range, and making them
trustworthy. These nodes, referred to as strong nodes, will maintain a backbone
network [7] which operates at a level above the ad hoc network of regular nodes.
In some sense, the idea is to impose a logical structure over structureless network.
Rubin et. al. [7] proposed the use of backbone networks in scalable routing. We
adapt this idea using a backbone at one level up for monitoring traffic in the
ad hoc network, detecting the presence of black/gray holes and preventing these
malicious nodes from interfering with the routing.
We assume the ad hoc network to consist of three different types of nodes.
1. RN: These are low power, low transmission range nodes whose information
is not trustworthy.
2. BN: These are Backbone Nodes which have higher capabilities compared to
a RN. They have higher transmission range and form a core that monitors
the network nodes.
3. BCN: These are Backbone Capable Nodes with similar capabilities like BN
nodes. Though BCN nodes do not belong to the core, these nodes can be
elevated to become BN node for increasing both connectivity and coverage
of the network.
The network space is assumed to be partitioned into grid areas and each node
that enters in the network must be able to find its location in terms of these grid
The Algorithm consists of two major parts:
– Core formation and maintenance, and
– Detection of gray/black nodes.
3.1 Core Formation and Maintenance
The core formation progresses incrementally. That is a node enters the network
during the core formation and maintenance stage. The algorithm for this is
described by specifying the set of actions which different type of nodes will take.
Actions by BCN Nbc
Step 1 Detects RN nodes in the vicinity of Nbc. If found then broadcasts "in-
vitation" message to these and waits to receive a join request from a RN
Step 2 On receiving a join request from a RN node, say Nr, checks if Nr is
within a predefined hop limit from Nbc. If so, then adds Nrto the list of its
associated nodes, else adds Nrin the list of its unassociated nodes.
Page 4
Step 3 If no other join request is received within a predefined timeout then
checks for BN nodes in the vicinity. If no BN node is found in the vicinity
then Nbcchecks its associated list. If the list is empty then move to adjacent
grid location and repeats from step 1.
Step 4 On detecting a BN node, Nbcsends a coordination message to that BN
node and waits for reply.
Comment: The coordination message is handled by a seperate coordination
protocol executed by BN nodes.
Step 5 On receiving reply to coordination message, it executes the required
actions as specified in the reply.
Comment: The reply would contains instructions as to whether Nbcshould
elevate itself to a BN node or move to a new grid location and start over
again. If it elevates its status to BN then it should send acks to all join
requests for the nodes in its associated list and delete the list of unassociated
nodes. After this if within a timeout Nbcdoes not receive an accept from a
node in its associated list then that node is deleted. If instruction is not to
elevate status then Nbcshould delete its lists of associated and unassociated
nodes and moves to new grid location as instructed and starts from step 1.
Actions by a regular node N. It is possible to uniformly view the actions of a
node entering for the first time in the network whether its type is BCN or RN.
But to keep the description simple, the actions by different nodes are presented
Step 1 Checks if this node is associated with some BN or BCN node. If yes
then terminates its actions.
Step 2 On receiving an invitation message sends a join request message to
concerned BN or BCN node and awaits reply.
Step 3 On receiving a reply to its join request N sends accept message to the
node with lowest id among those which sent join acks to it. After than it
does not respond to any subsequent join invitation messages.
Coordination Protocol: On receiving a coordination message from a BCN
node, a BN node initializes a coordination protocol among its peer to compute
the best location in its iso-component. The best location is characterized by
the grid location which provides the maximum connectivity (of the backbone
network) and the maximum coverage of the regular nodes by some backbone
node. The BN node checks to see if there are any associated or unassociated
nodes with the BCN node which are in the list of associated nodes of any other
exsiting BN node. The BN node stores an instruction for the BCN node to
delete such common nodes from its list of associated nodes in the coordination
reply message. It then checks if there are any high power neighbor of the BCN
node, which are not in the same iso-component as the BN is. If this is the case,
the BCN node should elevate itself to a BN node, while staying at its current
location. Hence, the BN node adds this BCN node to its iso-component and
sends the coordination reply message immediately. On the other hand, if all the
Page 5
high power neighbors of the BCN node are in the same iso-component, the BN
node seeks to calculate the best location for the BCN node by coordinating with
all the other BN nodes in its iso-component. The best location is calculated
based on the following heuristics: Each BN node contacted calculates a median
location of all its unassociated nodes and informs the coordinating BN node
about this location and the number of unassociated nodes which are expected to
be benefitted if a new BN/BCN node is sent to this location. Based on all such
replies from different BN nodes, the coordinating BN node selects the location
which is expected to serve the highest number of unassociated nodes. If the
number of nodes associated with the BCN node is less than the number of
unassociated nodes at the selected location, the BCN node is instructed to move
to this location and elevate itself to a BN node. Otherwise, the BCN nodes is
instructed to move to the periphery of the network of the RN nodes associated
with the coordinating BN node, to increase the connectivity between different
components of the backbone network.
3.2 Detection of Gray/Black Node
With the help of a backbone network, we propose a scheme which requires
O(mdBN) hops to detect the chain of malicious nodes, where m(? n) is the
number of malicious nodes in a the chain of cooperating black holes, and dBNis
the diameter of the backbone network (which will be significantly less than the
diameter of the actual network). Moreover, our algorithm takes significantly less
time if the network is not under the attack.
The key idea in the algorithm is that the source node, after every block of
data packets, asks the backbone network to perform an end-to-end check with
the destination node, whether the packets have reached it. If the destination did
not receive a block of data packets, or becomes aware of some kind of attack in
between the communication, it would inform the backbone network. Following
this the backbone network initiates the detection of the chain of malicious nodes
that are cooperating together to dump the packets. One important assumption
we have is that there are not many malicious nodes in the network. However,
this is a reasonable assumption, because in any network if there are too many
malicious nodes, then they can overpower the network. So, our focus is on the
situations where there are not too many malicious nodes in the network. More
specifically, the number of cooperating malicious nodes is less than the number
of non-malicious neighbors of the node to be monitored. Let us now restate these
1. S is the source that wishes to communicate with a destination node D.
2. S is associated with the backbone node NS
3. S and D share a secret key, K.
4. The RREQ from S for discovering the route to D was replied by a RREP
from an intermediate node Nrrepwith the shortest route.
band D with ND
Five different types of nodes are involved in this checking process, namely:
Page 6
1. S: source which initiated sending of the data packets.
2. D: destination to which the data packets are being sent.
5. V: a regular node.
b: back bone node to which S is associated with.
b: back bone node to which D is associated with.
Figure 1 depicts the exchange of various types of control mesaages employed by
the algorithm to detect the malicious nodes. The algorithm is thus completely
Fig.1. Control Messages for detection of malicious nodes
specified by actions to be performed by different types of nodes involved in the
checking process. Each type of node actions are now explained below.
Actions by S:
Step 1 Divides the set of data packets to be sent in k equal parts, Data[1..k],
initializes i to 1.
Step 2 Sends a prelude = {EK(Ri),ni,NS
where Riis the randome nonce, niis the number of packets to be sent in
the current block and EK() is the encryption function with the shared key
Comment: Note that prelude is received by NS
Step 3 Starts transmitting data packets from the block Data[i] to D.
Step 4 Sends a message check = {Ri,S,D,Nrrep} to NS
Step 5 If an "ok" is received from NS
to send data packets from the next block of data.
Step 6 If a "not ok" is received from NS
cious node. If a "removed ok" is received from NS
b} message to D over the backbone,
b, ND
bas well as D.
bthen increments i and repeats from step 2
bthen sets a timeout for removal mali-
bbefore the timeout expires
Page 7
then continues from step 2 to resume sending of data. Otherwise, terminates
Actions by D:
Step 1 On receiving prelude from S extracts ri, niand NS
the receipt of the current data sample. Waits for the data packets.
Comment: It is assumed that S and D share a secret key K. The message
prelude is encrypted but D can decrypt using K.
Step 2 While the timeout has not expired, D on receiving a data packet updates
the count of data packets received.
Step 3 After the timeout expires sends postlude = {Ri,dataCnt,NS
b, sets a timeout for
b,D,S} to
bmessage to S, where dataCnt is the number of packets it received from
Actions by NS
Step 1 On receiving a prelude from S, sends monitor message to all neighbors
of S asking them to monitor data sent by S.
Step 2 Initializes a counter max = 0 to count the maximum of data packets
transmitted, and sets the timeout for NS
Step 3 On receiving check from S sends query to all neighbors of S and waits
for result messages.
Step 4 On receiving a result from a neighbor of S does the following:
4.1 if max less than the number of packets reported in a result message then
updates max to the number reported.
4.2 if max equals dataCnt from postlude message then sets a timeout for
receiving ack from ND
4.3 If "D malicious" received before expiry of timeout sends ok to S and go
to step 1.
4.4 If timeout expires and "D malicious" not received then broadcast "S
malicious" message to backbone and go to step 5.
Step 5 Terminate NS
b's actions to terminate.
band waits for further messages.
b's actions.
Actions by ND
Step 1 On receiving prelude from S, sends monitor message to all the neighbors
of D.
Step 2 Initializes timeout and sets max to 0, where max will be updated to
estimate of the number of packets received by D.
Step 3 If timeout expires or an ack is received from D does the following:
3.1 sends query message to all the neighbors of D;
3.2 on receiving a result message from a neighbor of D updates max to
the number of packets reported in result message if max is less then the
3.3 if max = dataCnt (extracted from postlude message) then sends ack to
band goes back to step 1.
Page 8
Step 4 Broadcasts "D malicious" to backbone and terminates its actions.
Actions by a regular node RN:
Step 1 On receiving monitor extracts source, destination, nodeid of sender.
Step 2 If this RN node is a neighbor of S or D then starts counting number of
packets from S destined towards D.
Step 3 On receiving query message sends result message to the source of the
query message.
Gray Hole Removal Process Once a BN node (say NS
that ack message is not received by it until a predefined timeout, the gray hole
removal process gets initiated by NS
hole removal process have been specified below.
Actions by NS
bin this case) finds
b. The actions of different nodes for the gray
Step 1 Broadcast find chain message on the backbone network. The message
contains the id of node Nrrep(node sending route reply message to S), the
victim node S and the destination node (D).
Actions by any backbone node Nb:
Step 1 On receiving the find chain message, checks if node Nrrep belongs to
the association list of this BN node. If not, no further action is required.
Step 2 Initialize a list (called GrayHole Chain) to contain node Nrrep. If a
GrayHole Chain is also received with the broadcast, use that instead of ini-
tializing a new list.
Step 3 Instruct all neighbors of Nrrepto vote for the next node to which Nrrep
is forwarding packets originating from S and destined to D.
Step 4 On receiving node ids from neighbors of Nrrep, elect the next node to
which Nrrepis forwarding the packets based on reported reference counts.
Step 5 If the elected node is a null node, Nrrepis itself dropping all the packets.
In this case, the gray hole removal terminates and a broadcast message is
sent across the network to alert all other nodes about the nodes in Gray-
Hole Chain to be considered as malicious.
Step 6 Append the elected node also to the list (GrayHole Chain). If that node
is in association list of this Nb, go to step 3, replacing node Nrrepwith the
elected node.
Comment In this the elected node is a valid node.
Step 7 Broadcast a find chain message over the backbone network, contain-
ing id of the elected node as the malicious node. Also broadcast the Gray-
Hole Chain formed till now over the network so that other BN nodes can
append malicious nodes to the list.
Comment Elected node is not in association list of Nb.
Actions by a regular/BCN node:
Page 9
Step 1 On receiving instructions from a BN node to find the next node to which
a malicious node N is forwarding the packets, check if N is a neighbor of
this node. If yes, turn on to promiscus mode and listen to packets from node
N, which has S as source and D as destination. Infer the next node to which
these packets are going and send a message containing that node id to the
BN node.
4 Conclusion and Future Work
In this paper we have presented a complete protocol to detect malicious nodes
in the ad hoc network which disrupt the traffic by malicious feeding of wrong
routing information. A dynamic backbone network of some selected strong and
trusted nodes having large transmission range is used as a logical structure over
the unstructured ad hoc network for monitoring traffic flow through the other
regular nodes. It helps to detect chain of cooperating malicious nodes. In stead
of sending the full data in one go the strategy is to transmit data in equal and
smaller sized blocks from source. Our technique ensures that the attack can be
detected within transfer of two such smaller data blocks of data packets. We
have adapted a previously proposed dynamic core formation and maintenance
algorithm to design a distributed algorithm that places backbone nodes evenly
distributed across the network space so that maximum number of nodes can be
covered. We have also presented the algorithm to maintain network connectivity
if the nodes are nearby each other. Finally, the algorithm to detect and remove
the malicious nodes cooperating together for the attack has been presented. The
work can be extended in many directions and extended to a full-fledged protocol
for secure communication over mobile ad hoc network. Some of these extensions
may be:
– The regular nodes in the network can be given some priorities and depending
on the priorities the coordination protocol can place the different BN nodes
at the strategic locations. Currently we consider only the maximum number
of nodes that get served at a position. However, some nodes may need the
secure communication between them more urgently than others. This can
be done by implementing priorities in the regular nodes.
– Though we sketched the condition of minimality and coverage, our discussion
lacks rigor. A theoretical proof that backbone network is optimal in terms
of minimality or coverage of the nodes could enhance the importance of the
– The nodes in the network that are associated to some BN can have secure
communication with other nodes in the same component of the BN nodes if
there are not too many malicious nodes in the network. While this limita-
tion is reasonable, work towards removal of this limitation would make our
strategy robust.
Page 10
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door Localization For Very Small Devices", IEEE Personal Communications Mag-
azine, Vol. 7, No. 5, pp. 28-34. October, 2000.
2. Hongmei Deng, Wei Li, and Dharma P. Agrawal, "Routing Security in Wireless Ad
Hoc Network", IEEE Communications Magzine, vol. 40, pp. 70-75, 2002.
3. Y.-C. Hu, D. B. Johnson, and A. Perrig, "SEAD: Secure Efficient Distance Vector
Routing for Mobile Wireless Ad Hoc Networks," Ad Hoc Networks Journal, vol. 1,
pp. 175-192, 2003.
4. Y.-C. Hu, D. B. Johnson, and A. Perrig. "SEAD: Secure Efficient Distance Vector
Routing for Mobile Wireless Ad Hoc Networks," Ad Hoc Networks Journal, vol. 1,
pp. 175-192, 2003.
5. S. Marti, T. J. Giuli, K. Lai and M. Baker. "Mitigating Routing Misbehaviour in
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks". In Proceedings of Mobicom 2000, pp. 255-265.
6. Sanjay Ramaswamy, Huirong Fu, Manohar Sreekantaradhya, John Dixon, and
Kendall Nygard, "Prevention of Cooperative Black Hole Attack in Wireless Ad Hoc
Networks". In Proceedings of 2003 International Conference on Wireless Networks
(ICWN'03), Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, pp. 570-575.
7. Izhak Rubin, Arshad Behzad, Ruhne Zhang, Huiyo Luo and Eric Caballero.
"TBONE: A Mobile-Backbone Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks". In Pro-
ceedings of IEEE Aerospace Conference, 2002, vol. 6, pp. 2727-2740.
8. Y. Zhang and W. Lee. "Intrusion Detection in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks". In
Proceedings of Mobicom 2000, pp. 275-283.
9. L. Zhou and Z. Hass. "Securing Ad Hoc Networks", IEEE Network Magazine, vol.
13, pp. 24-30, 1999.


text:
Senior Member
People like firoa, yi, etc etc. I really do like fiora; however, as im not a fan of the jungle i almost never get to play her.
I'm curious too, I've always wanted to play Fiora but she just never seemed very good or viable.
with sword of the divine, you can basically become an assassin. SotD is best on master yi
x GUNPLAY
Hieronymus Bosch
they are better
but still all or nothing when it comes to their effectiveness (pentakill or lol im dead)
Bruisers still do everything they do better.
Jack Anansi
Yi's backdooring got better with the addition of Zephyr, which has 10% movespeed, tenacity, and no wasted crit (which doesn't affect towers). +15 move speed or reduced teleport cd enchant for backdooring, or furor for fighting people. Mercurial Scimitar for a nice QSS upgrade late-game.
© 2015 Riot Games, Inc. All rights reserved. Riot Games, League of Legends and PvP.net are trademarks, services marks, or registered trademarks of Riot Games, Inc.


text:
Putting Diageo to the test: 10/10?
marketingmagazine.co.uk, Wednesday, 07 November 2012 11:00AM
Marketing has picked out 10 TV ads from across Diageo's portfolio of brands over the years. Applying completely unscientific methods, we rate them out of 10 to see how they stand up against its new 'Shooting for 10' ambitious global marketing creative drive.
Birthday Candle - Baileys and Friends. Let's Do This Again.
2/10. One hopes this will be Diageo's new text book 'how not to do our advertising'. Someone drops a birthday cake. But the remains are scooped into bowls and Baileys glugged over them. Insight? You can make an already sweet drink as saccharine as this so-called slice-of-life.
Captain Morgan - Party Like a Champion. 2012.
4/10. Pirates are all the rage. Hard to screw up? It is when you create a cod football anthem featuring poor lookalikes of Rooney and the Queen. Jugs of rum and coke is suddenly the footy fans drink of choice? Not if your budget and imagination is this thin.
Gordon's - The dinner party.
9/10. An ambitious and category-defining campaign. A beautifully cast and witty TV commercial. This is what we expect from Diageo. Gordon's new advertising is founded on a truth: gin isn't and shouldn't be a session drink; but it is the perfect way to start the evening.
Johnnie Walker - The Man Who Walked Around the World.
8/10. Start your film in the bleak Scottish Highlands to the strains of a piper. Brave. But appropriate. Robert Carlyle narrates the origins of the famous blended malt to camera in one, continuous 6-minute shot. Even the walking/Walker pun is forgivable.
Smirnoff - 'Yours for the Making' campaign
5/10. Bang-on average. Smirnoff makes a party night feel like a vicar's tea party. We know this is a highly regulated sector. But don't make the sexy sexless with a tedious and pretentious litany: "We invite the creators, the curious, the yearners, all aiming to make a mark on the night with sound, flavour, texture and sight."
Guinness - Surfer Ad (with Horses)
10/10. Product truth: this pint takes longer to pour than ales and lagers. Ignore this fact? Apologise for it? No. Celebrate it. Some things - like the biggest surfing wave - are worth waiting for. Made in 1998, this commercial still lives in the memory and is probably the benchmark for modern Guinness advertising.
Smirnoff - Purified.
10/10. Simple facts turned into an epic commercial. 10 times filtered, triple distilled are the product features. What follows is a visually stunning tale of the sea disgorging the refuse of centuries. In the cinema, the acting, effects and music for this ad were often better than the main feature.
Pimm's - London Bus Tour.
10/10. Laugh out loud funny. In the age of 'lol' how many commercials achieve this? For once, a script exploits the genuine talent of the comic presenter, in this case: Alexander Armstrong. Subtle, engaging and self-deprecating, one hopes this whimsical campaign would work globally.
Piat d'Or - Le Piat D'or (wine) advert 1980s (1988)
7/10. Any ad starting with a French lady in her bath can't be all bad, gents. Piat d'Or was one of the original wine brands - as we know, a double-edged sword. This 1980s campaign claimed 'Le Français adore Le Piat d'Or'. Really? While the claim is incredible, the advertising had enough Gallic charm to pull it off.
Red Stripe - Jamaican Math
4/10. Red Stripe attempts to play on its Jamaican heritage in a series of ads presented by 'The Ambassador' who wears a sash to match the packaging. Sounds plonky because it is. No cliché is left unturned, including the one where white folk can't dance. It's not big and it's not clever.
You can find out more about the philosophy beind 'Shooting for 10' here
This article was first published on marketingmagazine.co.uk
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