text:
Garlic storage?
My garlic is now beautiful, (i hung it in my sauna (heat off) for about a month, allowing air in from time to time)...Now the question is how do I keep if for a long time, (if I have not used it all up too soon)? Does it last longer if I keep it in a very cool closet? Will it keep through the winter?
I planted several different types this past season, but got them all mixed up when I dug them up..Some are really big and have lots of purple. A few became soft but most did well.
I will be planting the bigger, solid ones next week.
thanks, Martha/zucchini
I'm watching this thread with interest. My wife would like to find a way to keep the fresh garlic longer. A locall grower here in NE Ohio said to leave the tops on to extend the quality. I will try this next year. Any other tips? Thanks, Luke
I leave mine hanging under my patio roof until planting time in November, then move the remaining bulbs to my cellar. Rule of thumb is cool or room temp with some air flow - refrigerator is the worse place. Garage should also work. Don't stack them more than two deep, preferably one layer, and locate them in an open area. I cut off the tops but leave one inch.
What happens if they get too hot? Where I live it can get a bit warm in my garage. The weather is so unpredictable here, today it's supposed to hit 90 even though it's October.
I guess what I'm basically asking is, if the fridge is too cold, then how warm would be too warm?
The short answer is: not too hot and not too cool.
Garlic in storage has two enemies: sprouting and drying out. Those are affected by both temperature and humidity.
Temperatures below 50 degrees tend to promote sprouting. And at temperatures above 68 degrees garlic will tend to dry out relatively quickly.
High humidity, say above 70%, will tend to promote root growth and/or mold formation. Low humidity, on the other hand, will tend to dry garlic out more quickly.
Good air circulation is important, especially if you have higher humidity.
Ideal storage conditions are 56 to 58 degrees with a relative humidity of 45 to 50 percent.
A basement or unheated garage works well for many people, but you may have to experiment a little to see what the best conditions are that you can achieve easily.
Also remember that some varieties of garlic store better than others. Rocamboles are generally the shortest keepers at 3-4 months. Purple Stripes and Marbled types will keep a little longer, 4-5 months. Porcelains usually keep 6-9 months. Artichoke and Silverskins are the best long-storage types.
Within a variety of garlic, you should use the largest bulbs first (they have the most moisture). Smaller bulbs will generally keep better than larger ones. Well-formed bulbs with tight wrappers will also keep better than bulbs with thin wrappers, of course.
I found that asiatic/turbin garlic will start to sprout about 3 months after harvest regardless of temperature - which is why they work well in the tropics. A porcelain garlic would just sit dormant until it died down there. I had to plant mine on 9-29 because shoots were poking through the wrappers already (and now they're 8" tall). I'm planning the rest to go in on 10-31.
Also, you shouldn't be harvesting all the garlic at the same time if they are different types. This year my artichoke garlic was done mid May and porcelain was done mid July. Different types in a given category will be ready at different times too, keep them separate and read the leaves (~half yellow) and/or dig one up to determine when to harvest. Garlic harvested too early or late will not store well.
interesting information from different zones...I just planted my garlic the other day, and threw a mesh cover over them just to keep the squirrels out until they take root, or it snows...then I will uncover and just use ground oak leaves for mulch...so far I am keeping my garlic in a basket where air can move through, and not putting them anywhere where
I can't see them...good to learn the large ones should be used first,,,I keep saving them as the best for last!!!
martha you want to plant your largest cloves not eat them!
as far as different types maturing many weeks apart, that may happen in zone 9 but not here. i plant rocamboles, porcelains and silverskins and they all mature within about 7 days.
oh! tom, but it is so nice to use the larger ones.
Every time I look here I get more good info...so yes,
I will go into my basket and pull out the biggest peel them off the bulb and plant them...I may have an entire garden for just garlic this year!!! Have to not plant tomatoes in the same place this year, as last years crop was very disappointing...cheers as fall arrives, today up here on the shores of Georgian Bay the oak leaves are now golden and flying off in the wind! Rake Rake..
why do you have such small cloves? are you planting garlic you grew or grocery store bought garlic. most all (except around here in july and early august you will find some chain grocery stores that bought locally grown hardneck garlic) store bought garlic is a softneck silverskin type (silverskin garlic have TINY cloves) from china. what varieties of garlic are you growing? if you want large bulbs and large cloves try music. german white are fairly good sized too.
Very interesting info guys.
I used to keep my garlics in kitchen pantry. But then they dried up. I tought then maybe frig's veggies section should be better. Then , as you guys pointed out, they started sproutig. I just took them out and put them back in the pantry. I will get a clay pot and store them in that, to minimize drying out.
This year I have planted lots of garlics at various intervals.Some of them are as big as scallions sold in the maket, and some have not yet sprouted.
Question: can you grow garlics from seeds?
Our turbans were harvested in mid may and have just begun to sprout. I have found sometypes will sprout first other will grow roots first. Our garlic is stored in our garlic shed which can really get hot in our carolina summers and keeps fine . I am still selling our smaller heads at the farmers market for eating and all varieties but our turbans are not sproting yet. The turbans have been out of the ground almost a month longer than the other types. We have had elephant keep till next harvest but we do bring it inside when it gets really cold (our shed is not insulated)
Commercial garlic farmer info says to store their garlic at right above freezing (32.5-33).It keeps along time. It won't sprout but as soon as they pull it out of the cold storage it will sprout Thats why the grocery store stuff is always sprouting. Since all of ours is usually sold before sprouting time we don't have to use cold storage for keeping . We just make garlic powder out of what we have left.
The garlic I planted last year was mostly garlic I grew the year before..not store bought..some bought from a local grower and they were all nice and big...but I use them...this year I planted some of my large ones, but the 60 plants bringing 60 garlic heads is not enough for me...I give some away and keep the rest then plant some...so I bought some from another local person this year but they are small..too small so I won't plant more of them...just have to give up some of my biggies for planting..and plant more than 60...
I highly recommend that you try to get a hold of some Music. It's a Porcelain hardneck garlic that does quite well in the north. Each bulb will contain 4 very large cloves -- 3 oz bulbs or larger. They keep pretty well, too. Music typically stores for 6 months or so.
I do not intend to grow garlics in order to be self-sufficient. In my area Asian markets they are not expensive.
Second, in a small patch you can grow lots of garlics. I Plant them at about 3-4 inches spacing. So roughly, you can plant 8 to 12 garlics in one square foot. I do not plant hem in rows, but raher such that each one is 3-4" from all its neghbors. Also I plant some of them in the border of herbs garden and other patches. So in one square yard you can have well over 100 garlics.
typically softnecks store longer than hardnecks but that's a generalization, i would not be surprised to hear that some hardnecks will store longer than some softnecks. softnecks are wrapped tighter than harnecks and maybe they have higher sulfur compounds tho i'm not sure about that. the tighter wrap does contribute to longer storage.


text:
Lies across America: What Our Historic Sites Get WrongPaperback
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- Paperback $14.18
- Publisher: SIMON & SCHUSTER
- Format: Paperback | 480 pages
- Dimensions: 153mm x 234mm x 29mm | 1g
- Publication date: 1 November 2000
- Publication City/Country: New York
- Edition statement: Reprint
Product description
"In Lies Across America," James W. Loewen continues his mission, begun in the award-winning "Lies My Teacher Told Me," of overturning the myths and misinformation that too often pass for American history. "Lies Across America" is a one-of-a-kind examination of sites all over the country where history is literally written on the landscape, including historical markers, monuments, historic houses, forts, and ships. With one hundred entries, drawn from every state, Loewen reveals that: The USS Intrepid, the "feel-good" war museum, celebrates its glorious service in World War II but nowhere mentions the three tours it served in Vietnam.The Jefferson Memorial misquotes from the Declaration of Independence and skews Thomas Jefferson's writings to present this conflicted slaveowner as an outright abolitionist.Abraham Lincoln had been dead for thirty years when his birthplace cabin was built!"Lies Across America" is a reality check for anyone who has ever sought to learn about America through our public sites and markers. Entertaining and enlightening, it is destined to change the way we see our country.
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Thom Storey"The Tennessean"For the real deal on U.S. history, pick up "Lies Across America,."..You will second-guess your history courses with revealing facts that counter conventional wisdom from sites in Alabama to Wyoming....Each site's misinformation is refuted with detailed and credible research.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Under cabinet lighting
I have T5 fluorescent lights installed by the contractors 11 years ago. Thought it would be easy to have an electrician swap them out for a 'warmer' light , I refuse to use the ones I have now, i HATE the light. Current bulb says F8 T5/cw which I assume is 8 watt cool white.
But it sounds like the choices aren't so clear, I originally thought I'd go LED but see there's complaints on the cool color. Since this will cost a fair amount I thought I might try using a different fluorescent bulb first, a 2700 but can't seem to find. Any thoughts?
Does anybody have a fluorescent bulb that looks good and if so, where can I purchase the bulbs? (12" size)
Thanks !
Have you taken a look at the MaxLite LED UCL?
Here is a link that might be useful: MaxLite envlights
David I looked at the max lite bars and they said you needed a cord --so I'm assuming the direct wire is the default and the cord is only necessary if you don't have direct wire. Is this also correct --they only come in 12" increments and you need to join them together? That seems kind of pricey so around $150 for a 24" strip? On the other hand I did buy an LED rope (9 feet for $18 at costco) and really liked the light so much more than the fluorescent. Just a question--why are the bars so much more than the rope?
The cord does not have to have a plug on the other end. You need a terminal block to connect the romex to the cord. The cord is then plugged into one end of the bar.
There is an end to end connector so that the bars can be joined without a flexible cord.
The cost of a bar is roughly $40+ to under $50. So 24" should cost less than $120 (including shipping). Most sites offer discounts for bulk purchases (> 4)
The output for rope is lower than bar in general.
You need the terminal block (2-Screw Terminal Block For Hard Wiring) to connect the romex. ~ $12.
Alternatively, you would get LED lights like those made by Kichler which have a substantial body to house the romex end.
You can call up env lights and speak with a pre-sales person.
Here is a link that might be useful: parts guide


text:
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"Over all elegant and beautiful. Alot of my friends asked me where I bought them. I gladly gave them your information. Thank You, Cynthia A."
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text:
A lithographic projection apparatus is provided with an electrostatic chuck. The electrostatic chuck includes a dielectric element which has a plurality of pins formed on a first surface. The item to be clamped is clamped in position on the chuck by applying a potential difference between an electrode located on the surface of the dielectric member opposite to the clamping surface and an electrode located on the clamping surface of the item to be clamped. The pins are provided with at least an upper conducting layer, which serves to reduce the Johnsen-Rahbek effect, allowing the substrate to be released more quickly.
1. A chuck to hold an object by electrostatic force, the chuck comprising a dielectric member, the side of the dielectric member facing the object provided with a plurality of pins having a conductive layer on the surface in contact with the object, the conductive layer having a specific resistivity less than 10 Ωm.
2. A chuck according to
3. A chuck according to
4. A chuck according to
5. A chuck according to
6. A chuck according to
7. A chuck according
8. A chuck according to
9. A chuck according to
10. A chuck according to
11. A chuck according to
12. A chuck according to
a substrate used in lithographic projection techniques; and
a lithographic projection mask or mask blank in at least one of a lithographic projection apparatus, a mask handling apparatus, and a mask manufacturing apparatus.
13. A chuck according to
14. A chuck according to
15. A chuck according to
16. A chuck according to
17. A chuck according to
18. A chuck according to
19. A chuck according to
20. A chuck according to
21. A chuck according to
22. A chuck according to
23. A chuck according to
This application claims priority from European patent application EP 02255915.7 filed Aug. 23, 2002, herein incorporated in its entirety by reference.
The present invention relates to a chuck for use in holding an object.
The term �patterning device� as here employed should be broadly interpreted as referring to means that can be used to endow an incoming radiation beam with a patterned cross-section, corresponding to a pattern that is to be created in a target portion of the substrate; the term �light valve� can also be used in this context. Generally, the said pattern will correspond to a particular functional layer in a device being created in the target portion, such as an integrated circuit or other device (see below). Examples of such patterning device include:
For purposes of simplicity, the rest of this text may, at certain locations, specifically direct itself to examples involving a mask and mask table; however, the general principles discussed in such instances should be seen in the broader context of the patterning device as hereabove set forth.
Lithographic projection apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In such a case, the patterning device may generate a circuit pattern corresponding to an individual layer of the IC, and this pattern can be imaged onto a target portion (e.g. comprising one or more dies) on a substrate (silicon wafer) that has been coated with a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist). In general, a single wafer will contain a whole network of adjacent target portions that are successively irradiated via the projection system, one at a time. In current apparatus, employing patterning by a mask on a mask table, a distinction can be made between two different types of machine. In one type of lithographic projection apparatus, each target portion is irradiated by exposing the entire mask pattern onto the target portion in one go; such an apparatus is commonly referred to as a wafer stepper. In an alternative apparatus�commonly referred to as a step-and-scan apparatus�each target portion is irradiated by progressively scanning the mask pattern under the projection beam in a given reference direction (the �scanning� direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate table parallel or anti-parallel to this direction; since, in general, the projection system will have a magnification factor M (generally<1), the speed V at which the substrate table is scanned will be a factor M times that at which the mask table is scanned. More information with regard to lithographic devices as here described can be gleaned, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,792, incorporated herein by reference.
In a manufacturing process using a lithographic projection apparatus, a pattern (e.g. in a mask) is imaged onto a substrate that is at least partially covered by a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist). Prior to this imaging step, the substrate may undergo various procedures, such as priming, resist coating and a soft bake. After exposure, the substrate may be subjected to other procedures, such as a post-exposure bake (PEB), development, a hard bake and measurement/inspection of the imaged features. This array of procedures is used as a basis to pattern an individual layer of a device, e.g. an IC. Such a patterned layer may then undergo various processes such as etching, ion-implantation (doping), metallization, oxidation, chemo-mechanical polishing, etc., all intended to finish off an individual layer. If several layers are required, then the whole procedure, or a variant thereof, will have to be repeated for each new layer. Eventually, an array of devices will be present on the substrate (wafer). These devices are then separated from one another by a technique such as dicing or sawing, whence the individual devices can be mounted on a carrier, connected to pins, etc. Further information regarding such processes can be obtained, for example, from the book �Microchip Fabrication: A Practical Guide to Semiconductor Processing�, Third Edition, by Peter van Zant, McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1997, ISBN 0-07-067250-4, incorporated herein by reference.
For the sake of simplicity, the projection system may hereinafter be referred to as the �lens�; however, this term should be broadly interpreted as encompassing various types of projection system, including refractive optics, reflective optics, and catadioptric systems, for example. The radiation system may also include components operating according to any of these design types for directing, shaping or controlling the projection beam of radiation, and such components may also be referred to below, collectively or singularly, as a �lens�. Further, the lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two or more substrate tables (and/or two or more mask tables). In such �multiple stage� devices the additional tables may be used in parallel, or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more tables while one or more other tables are being used for exposures. Dual stage lithographic apparatus are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,441 and PCT patent application publication WO 98/40791, which are incorporated herein by reference.
In a lithographic apparatus it is essential that the substrate is held securely on the substrate table. The position of the substrate is required to be known accurately, even when the table undergoes high accelerations. In a conventional lithographic apparatus it is known to provide this clamping by means of a vacuum. The substrate table is provided with protrusions or pins and an outer wall. The substrate sits on top of these pins and the space behind it is evacuated. The action of air pressure on the surface on the substrate then serves to hold it securely in place. Further details of such a substrate holder can be found, for example, in European patent application EP-A-0 947 884, incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
While such a clamp is effective in many applications, recent developments in lithography require the use of EUV (extreme ultraviolet) radiation, x-rays, electrons or ions. Unlike conventional lithography in which UV radiation is employed, EUV techniques require that the beam path, or at least a substantial part of the beam path, is evacuated. The vacuum clamping method is then less effective.
It has been proposed to provide a system of clamping for use in a lithographic apparatus which uses electrostatic forces to clamp the substrate to the substrate table. Such a system will work regardless of the presence of a vacuum on both sides of the substrate. In such a system, the substrate is either conductive, or provided with a conductive electrode on the surface which is to be attached to the substrate table. An electrostatic chuck comprises of one or more electrodes. On top of the electrodes a layer of dielectric material is placed. The top surface of this layer is usually patterned to reduce the contact area between substrate and chuck. A potential difference between the electrode and the substrate (mono-polar design) or between the two or more electrodes in the chuck itself (bi-polar and multi-polar design) is set to generate an electro-static force to clamp the substrate to the chuck.
Typically, the dielectric will have a polished smooth surface. However, in a practical situation the surface of the substrate and the dielectric will never be perfectly smooth and will contain small variations. Furthermore, although the resistivity of the dielectric is extremely high (greater than 108 Σm) a small leakage current will flow. This leads to the creation of Johnsen-Rahbek (JR) forces additional to the capacitive electrostatic force. These forces arise due to the flow of the leakage current between points where the substrate and dielectric are in contact. At points where the substrate and dielectric are not in contact, charge builds up and creates an additional JR force. When the potential difference is removed, the stored charge creating the JR force takes time to dissipate, and introduces a delay before the substrate can be released from the chuck. It has been proposed to apply a reverse voltage in the release stage in order to dissipate the charge more quickly. It has also been proposed to cycle the polarity of the applied voltage to minimize the charge build-up. However a relatively high cycle frequency is required and complicated schemes are required to maintain the clamping force at all times.
Accordingly, it would be advantageous to provide a chuck in which the Johnsen-Rahbek effect may be minimized, allowing greater throughput of substrates.
In an aspect of at least one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a chuck for use in holding an object onto a supporting table by electrostatic force, the object being at least one of
An advantage of such a chuck is that the effect of the JR forces is reduced. The presence of the conductive layer eliminates JR forces in all places where the pins are in contact with the substrate. Furthermore, the surface of the dielectric member apart from the pins is located a sufficient distance away from the substrate that the Johnsen-Rahbek force is negligible. The actual area of the pins in contact with the substrate is minimal, so the overall electrostatic force is only very slightly smaller than if the dielectric member were flat. In this way the substrate is clamped effectively by electrostatic force under an applied potential difference and can be released quickly when the potential difference is removed.
Advantageously, the conductive layer is less than 200 nm thick. Having a thin coating will ease the control of the flatness of the chuck. Furthermore a standard CVD process can be used to manufacture this layer.
Advantageously, the conductive layer may not be a metal. If a metal is used then metal atoms can diffuse into the substrate at the points of contact and destroy the semi-conducting properties.
The pins may be formed of conducting pins, which penetrate the entire depth of the dielectric member, the pins being connected to a conducting member. An electrode is provided in the dielectric member such that it is not in contact with the pins or the conducting member. Therefore, the substrate may be grounded and Johnsen-Rahbek forces will not occur when the substrate is clamped by applying a voltage to the electrode.
Advantageously, the thickness of the dielectric member is 50�200 μm. This allows sufficient depth to form the structure of pins, and provides an optimal distance over which the electrostatic force may operate, without the risk of breakdown in the dielectric member.
Advantageously, the total area of pins can be kept to less than 4% of the total area of the dielectric member. This helps ensure that any effects on the electrostatic force due to the contact between the conducting layer of the pins and the substrate is reduced.
In an advantageous configuration, the pins project 2�10 μm from the dielectric member. This distance is sufficient to render the Johnsen-Rahbek effect negligible over those areas of the dielectric member without pins. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the pins when a clamping force is applied are improved due to their relatively small height.
The pins may be between 0.15 mm to 0.5 mm in diameter, and spaced between 2 to 15 mm apart. This ensures a large area of the dielectric member does not contain pins, and thus is effective for generating an electrostatic clamping force. It also means that the diameter of the pins is greater than their height, enhancing their mechanical properties. Furthermore, by providing the pins at 2 to 15 mm spacing an even force can be applied while supporting the whole area of the substrate. Any distortion of the substrate under clamping is therefore reduced. The dielectric member will typically have hundreds or thousands of pins, ensuring that at least some are in contact with the substrate.
In another aspect of at least one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a lithographic projection apparatus comprising:
In another aspect of at least one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a device manufacturing method comprising:
Although specific reference may be made in this text to the use of the apparatus according to the invention in the manufacture of ICs, it should be explicitly understood that such an apparatus has many other possible applications. For example, it may be employed in the manufacture of integrated optical systems, guidance and detection patterns for magnetic domain memories, liquid-crystal display panels, thin-film magnetic heads, etc. The skilled artisan will appreciate that, in the context of such alternative applications, any use of the terms �reticle�, �wafer� or �die� in this text should be considered as being replaced by the more general terms �mask�, �substrate� and �target portion�, respectively.
In the present document, the terms �radiation� and �beam� are used to encompass all types of electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet radiation (e.g. with a wavelength of 365, 248, 193, 157 or 126 nm) and EUV (extreme ultra-violet radiation, e.g. having a wavelength in the range 5�20 nm), as well as particle beams, such as ion beams or electron beams.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in which:
In the Figures, corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts.
Embodiment 1
The source LA (e.g. a laser-produced or discharge plasma source) produces a beam of radiation. This beam is fed into an illumination system (illuminator) IL, either directly or after having traversed conditioning means, such as a beam expander Ex, for example. The illuminator IL may comprise adjusting means AM for setting the outer and/or inner radial extent (commonly referred to as σ-outer and σ-inner, respectively) of the intensity distribution in the beam. In addition, it will generally comprise various other components, such as an integrator IN and a condenser CO. In this way, the beam PB impinging on the mask MA has a desired uniformity and intensity distribution in its cross-section.
It should be noted with regard to
The beam PB subsequently intercepts the mask MA, which is held on a mask table MT. Having been selectively reflected by the mask MA, the beam PB passes through the lens PL, which focuses the beam PB onto a target portion C of the substrate W. With the aid of the second positioning means (and interferometric measuring means IF), the substrate table WT can be moved accurately, e.g. so as to position different target portions C in the path of the beam PB. Similarly, the first positioning means can be used to accurately position the mask MA with respect to the path of the beam PB, e.g. after mechanical retrieval of the mask MA from a mask library, or during a scan. In general, movement of the object tables MT, WT will be realized with the aid of a long-stroke module (course positioning) and a short-stroke module (fine positioning), which are not explicitly depicted in
The depicted apparatus can be used in two different modes:
1. In step mode, the mask table MT is kept essentially stationary, and an entire mask image is projected in one go (i.e. a single �flash�) onto a target portion C. The substrate table WT is then shifted in the x and/or y directions so that a different target portion C can be irradiated by the beam PB;
In scan mode, essentially the same scenario applies, except that a given target portion C is not exposed in a single �flash�. Instead, the mask table MT is movable in a given direction (the so-called �scan direction�, e.g. the y direction) with a speed ν, so that the projection beam PB is caused to scan over a mask image; concurrently, the substrate table WT is simultaneously moved in the same or opposite direction at a speed V=Mν, in which M is the magnification of the lens PL (typically, M=� or ⅕). In this manner, a relatively large target portion C can be exposed, without having to compromise on resolution.
It has been noted above that an EUV system requires that a beam path is evacuated. This may be achieved by a single vacuum system which encloses the entire apparatus, or by several separate interlinked vacuum systems.
The chuck of the present embodiment is used to clamp a substrate 18. The substrate 18 is non-conductive, so an electrode 20 is formed on its clamping surface. When it is desired to clamp the substrate 18 using the chuck 10 a potential difference is applied between the electrodes 20 and 14. The capacitive effect produces an electrostatic force which clamps the substrate 18 to the chuck 10. It will be appreciated that the portions of the electrode 20 which are in contact with the upper conducting layer 22 of the pins 16 will not function as a capacitor. Here the direct connection between two conducting surfaces allows charge to flow freely and prevents the creation of Johnsen-Rahbek forces. Because the pins account for only a small proportion (0.5% to 4%) of the area of the dielectric member 12 the electrostatic force is reduced only by a small amount.
It cannot be assumed that the surface of electrode 20 is perfectly smooth, so not all the conducting layers 22 will be in contact with the electrode 20. In these areas there will be a small gap (of the order of 10 nm) in which the Johnsen-Rahbek effect may occur. However, because the capacitance of the conducting layer is very small, the force is also very small. The Johnsen-Rahbek effect will still occur in the surface of the dielectric member 12 which does not have pins 16 present. However, the 5 μm spacing between this surface and the top of the pins 16 ensures that Johnsen-Rahbek forces in this area are negligible.
It will be appreciated that while the above embodiment describes a non-conducting substrate 18 formed with an electrode 20, a conducting substrate (not illustrated) could be used. There would then be no need to form the electrode 20. In this situation a potential difference would be applied between the conducting substrate and the electrode 14. Furthermore, it will be appreciated that the chuck 10 may be permanently or removably attached to a substrate table (not illustrated).
Thus, it is possible to achieve an electrostatic clamping which is not influenced by the Johnsen-Rahbek effect. This allows throughput of substrates to be increased because there is no delay introduced while waiting for the Johnsen-Rahbek force to subside to a level where the substrate can be released from the clamp after the potential difference is removed.
It is still possible that if the polarity of the electrodes 14 and 20 is kept constant charge may build up and the Johnsen-Rahbek effect may become important. As described above the design of the chuck 10 minimizes the effect. However, to eliminate any potential build up of the Johnsen-Rahbek effect it is possible to alternate the polarity of voltages applied to the electrodes 20 and 14 each time the substrate is changed. This ensures that no charge builds up in the dielectric member 12. Furthermore, no complicated control techniques are required to reverse the polarity while the substrate is clamped. While it is advisable to alternate the voltage every time the wafer is changed, the effect of the Johnsen-Rahbek force has been found to be so small that a cycle in which the plurality is alternated over a longer period of time, up to two hours, is also suitable.
Embodiment 2
The chuck of the second embodiment clamps the substrate 18 when a voltage is applied to the electrodes 38. It is possible that, in this embodiment, the substrate 18 is grounded. However, it is still advisable to alternate the applied voltage in a similar fashion to the first embodiment.
The dimensions and arrangement of the projecting parts of the pins in the second embodiment are the same as those of the pins in the first embodiment, so will not be described again.
Embodiment 3
A third embodiment of a clamping chuck is illustrated in
An electrode 42 is provided on the surface of the dielectric member 40 which is opposite the clamping surface. To clamp a substrate 44 a potential difference is applied between the electrode 42 and the substrate 44. The third embodiment comprises a dielectric member 40; at least a first electrode 42; a voltage source 50 for providing a voltage between the first electrode and a substrate; a sensor 46 for sensing charge migration within the dielectric member 40; and control system 48 for controlling the voltage source 50 based on the output of the sensor 46.
As the potential difference is applied between the substrate 44 and the electrode 42, the charge within the dielectric begins to migrate. This reduces the effective distance and causes the Johnsen-Rahbek effect in areas where, due to microscopic surface variations of the substrate 44, the substrate 44 is not in contact with the dielectric member 40.
However, in this embodiment a sensor 46 is provided to measure the charge migration within the dielectric member 40. The sensor 46 includes an upper short electrode 47 within the dielectric member 40. This is processed by a control system 48 using a closed loop method to control the applied potential difference. The Johnsen-Rahbek force can therefore be controlled closely, and limited to a value which will subside when the potential difference is removed minimizing the delay before the substrate is released. Thus, it is possible to benefit from the increased clamping force created by the Johnsen-Rahbek effect while also minimizing any delay in releasing the substrate when the potential difference is removed. It will be appreciated that the control system 48 may apply a reverse voltage in the release phase to dissipate the stored charge as quickly as possible.
In the third embodiment, and as illustrated in
Embodiment 4
The above described first to third embodiments have considered mono-polar chucks. The fourth embodiment uses a bipolar chuck. The construction of the fourth embodiment is the same as the first embodiment, save as described below.
A plan view of the electrodes of a bipolar chuck 52 is illustrated in
There is therefore no requirement to use a conducting substrate or a substrate with a conducting layer. Consequently no electrical connections to the substrate is required.
Other structures of the bipolar design are possible, for example, the two electrodes may comprise an arrangement of interlocking fingers, a Greek key pattern, concentric rings or concentric spirals. A multi-polar design may also be used.
It will be appreciated that the electrode of the fourth embodiment may also be applied to the second or third embodiments, removing the requirement for a conducting substrate or a substrate with a conducting layer.
Embodiment 5
A fifth embodiment of a clamping chuck is illustrated in
The dimensions and arrangement of the projecting parts of the pins 16 in the fifth embodiment are the same as those of the pins in the first embodiment and will therefore not be described again.
Embodiment 6
A sixth embodiment of a clamping chuck is illustrated in
While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be appreciated that the invention may be practiced otherwise than as described. The description is not intended to limit the invention.
Patent Citations
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In February, Rudo Kemper (Amazon Conservation Team), Niradj Hanoeman (ADEK University student), and Keng Koenoe (an indigenous cartographer from Kwamalasamutu) traveled to the upper Saramacca river in Suriname for one month to commence a two-year participatory mapping project with the Matawaai maroon people. They trained community members in the GPS technology required to map their own land from a local perspective. They also undertook their own data collection, recording Matawaai names for landscape features for more than 100 kilometers along the Saramacca and Tukumutu rivers. In the coming months, the Matawaai themselves will continue the mapping work, and Rudo, Niradj and Keng will return several times this year to conduct follow-up trainings and collect data.
ACT News
Participatory Mapping Work Begins With the Matawaai
ACT-Suriname Begins Honey Harvesting Project
In this photo, a Trio man in Suriname extracts honey from a beehive in a log. Bruce Hoffman, Manager for Field Projects of ACT Suriname, is working with the Trio community of Kwamalasamutu on a project to raise stingless forest bees (Meliponidae) and harvest their honey. This non-timber forest product is a valuable source of sustainable income, and is both tasty and medicinal. The practice of raising bees in bee boxes limits the impact on the species from honey hunters and allows the community to slowly increase the quantity of honey produced by splitting the boxes.
ACT GIS team travels to Belem, Brazil for deforestation analysis training
This January, ACT's GIS (geographic information systems) team composed of Brian Hettler, Santiago Palacios, and Rudo Kemper traveled to Belem, Brazil to follow a week-long training on cutting edge remote sensing technologies. The training was conducted by Carlos Souza, Jr. and João Siguera from Imazon, one of our Skoll Foundation partners and a leading authority on deforestation in the Amazon region. Our team learned to use the ImgTools software developed by Imazon, along with other software to create nuanced forest cover maps for our programs in the Northwest and Northeast Amazon.
Meet ACT's Newest Corporate Sponsors
Several corporations around the United States recently began supporting ACT with generous in-kind donations. Our field staff now sport KEEN shoes, sleep in Eagle's Nest Outfitters' hammocks and use Rite in the Rain all-weather notebooks. We are working to increase these partnerships to supply our colleagues with the equipment they need to be safe and effective in their fieldwork. To see the full list of ACT's corporate sponsors, click here.
Now available: limited edition Kogi tote bag created exclusively for ACT
Donate $500 today to receive a limited edition tote bag created exclusively for ACT. This tote, illustrated and designed by award-winning author and illustrator Janell Cannon, features an image of Kogi Mamo Shibulata. Cannon collaborated with the Kogi people on the drawing, which illustrates environmental dilemmas that challenge the Kogi, as well as the entire world.


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Latest chemotherapy Stories
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DALLAS, January 22, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- RnRMarketResearch.com adds Ovarian Cancer Therapeutics in Asia-Pacific Markets to 2020 - Off-patent Chemo-regimens to Retain Dominance
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MILAN, January 19, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- BMG Pharma S.r.l.
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Exploratory Analysis of Phase 2 Trial Shows Earlier and Sustained Responses in Patients Treated With Vectibix Versus Bevacizumab THOUSAND OAKS, Calif., Jan.
Findings Published in Journal of Community and Supportive Oncology Are First to Show Improvement in Emotional Well-Being and Quality of Life NEW YORK, Jan.
- Results from two large trials individually showed an improvement in the secondary endpoint of overall survival for patients with the most common EGFR mutation (Del19) RIDGEFIELD, Conn., Jan.
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Intravenous therapy, commonly known as IV therapy, is known as the administration of a liquid substance directly into a vein. It is also known as drip therapy, because most often the liquid is suspended above the IV site by an infusion pump, and runs through a drip chamber, which prevents air from entering the line. IVs are the preferred method of drug administration in hospital settings because they are the fastest known route of getting medication to the body. Intravenous therapy can also...
Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy is a peer-reviewed academic journal published bi-monthly by International Medical Press in London since 1997. When founded in January 1990, it was published by Blackwell Science. The current editor-in-chief is Hugh J. Field of University of Cambridge, UK. The journal publishes primary papers and reviews on all aspects of the preclinical development of antiviral agents, including their chemical synthesis, biochemistry, pharmacology, mode of action and...
- An aromatic woolly plant (Origanum dictamnus) native to Crete, formerly believed to have magical powers.


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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 11/13/14
Juan Monaco of Argentina beat Vasek Pospisil of Canada 6-3, 6-4 Friday to set up a Malaysian Open semifinal against Kei Nishikori of Japan. Nishikori, Asia's top-ranked player, advanced when 2009 champion Nikolay Davydenko retired after losing the first set of their quarterfinal 6-4. Davydenko also pulled out of the quarterfinals here last year with an injury. ''It's sad to see him retire, but hopefully he is fine,'' Nishikori said. Julien Benneteau of France also advanced, defeating Colombia's Alejandro Falla 6-2, 6-2. He will face either top-seeded Spaniard David Ferrer or Igor Sijsling of the Netherlands.
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If you would like to assist Shelly carry out her work with Goddess Light, please make a donation.
Shelly's Blog
CLICK HERE FOR LINK TO YouTube VIDEO I first began channeling in 1994 and at that time it was with my higher self, from there Archangel Michael, from there Sananda moving on and on until now I channel just about any high vibrational being. In 2001 I found the Goddess or Creation – or she found me!! At that time in my own life I was seeking a greater balance of all the energies and she came into me actually while doing energy healing with a friend.
In the early days of channeling the Goddess I didn't know where it would go, but I did feel there was an important reason for us finding one another. As the energies of the dimensions began to shift I came to realize that part of what needed to shift was the balance of masculine and...
There are many people who are clairvoyant meaning they see things that oftentimes others cannot see. Sometimes it's energy, sometimes it's people's aura, sometimes it may be ghosts or other energies that have not fully transitioned. In these instances, it's fun to get people's feedback of what they see when I'm channeling. Most often people's responses have been 'You turned into green or blue or golden energy' or 'you became transparent and there was only energy'. This time there was an amazingly detailed response from
Today I did a channel for someone who physically here with me for the reading. I could tell that she was seeing energies and I said to her, be sure and tell me what you see afterwards. In...
There is nothing more powerful in the world than love. Love the foundation of who you are as your soul essence. Love is strongest bond between two people. Love can create amazing changes in any situation; be it out in the universe or upon the earth. When you tap into that level of love, then align with Lady Gaia; you literally become a part of her soul, the soul of the earth.
This channel took place the weekend of Valentine's Day. That is a day where almost the whole world is focusing upon love. It's always an interesting experience, because there are those in love – the heart to heart deep connection. There are those feeling the love for friends and family. There are those who feel a deeper sense of separateness or lack due to being alone because of all the focus...
This channel is the foundation for how you can empower yourself. Living in the higher vibrations makes it essential that you know and recognize who you are; not just as the human that you are, but as your divinity. We can talk about soul, we can talk about divinity, we can talk about God source energy or essence; for many people it still doesn't make any sense. This is why it's so important for you take the time to work with this channel as it assists you in opening and expanding.
Everyone is here, having this human experience. There is a cord of light that links the human person to their divinity. It's something that most people don't even realize is there. Your soul or your divinity is the foundation for all of who you are in this lifetime and in every...
As the energies continue to shift into the higher vibrations and dimensions people will have an even greater ease with developing their intuition! You receive information through your higher self, energy bodies, chakra's consciousness and more. Are you aware of how this works for you? Do you tend to sense things? Are you visual? Perhaps you receive information as a lump of awareness. Most people are a blend of all of these with perhaps one or more being more predominant.
During my Develop Your Intuition class we'll have all sorts of different ways for you to come to this awareness. I'll offer information. We'll talk about energy – energy bodies, the dimensions, sources of energy and more. I'll have several meditations that will...
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This is a place for sharing channeled messages including the free teleconferences and other life experiences that I have. I welcome your discussions about the topics so that all can learn together.


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A/N: Well, here it is! The start of Boys Will Be Boys' sequel. If you haven't read that story, I recommend reading it first before you read this one, though this one can stand alone - but it does make reference to the first one, so reading Boys Will Be Boys first is a good idea. This one takes place during season 02. Just like last time, we have some alternating POVs before we get into the story, which will be in the third person. Now, without further ado, here's hoping you all enjoy Lover Boys.
I don't think any of us will forget that summer three years ago. It was the greatest adventure of our lives. Hands down. And while we lingered in the experience for a while, real life eventually began calling. We had to move on. A lot has happened though, actually. To be honest, I don't think any of it would have been possible without our adventure. We all found new courage and strength to be ambitious and do what we wanted. Joe is a senior now at a private middle school. He'd doing really well, exceeding in everything, and he starts high school entrance exams soon. Of course he's a nervous wreck, but we know he'll survive.
I'm pretty sure a lot of his emotional flailing comes from the fact that Mimi isn't around any more. Her dad took a job in New York, so the family had to pack up and move. Mimi was really excited at first. The Big Apple is her kind of place, but then she realized that an entire ocean would be separating her from Joe. We've all figured out that they like each other. I think it's great. I don't know how Joe managed to grab her attention, but he deserves it. She calls him all the time, though.
Yamato is moving up in the world, too. Oh yeah. He abandoned Matt. I think he wants to be more grown up. I'm not ready for that yet, but I think it suits him. He started band. Yup. Yamato graduated from the harmonica to the guitar and put his vocals to use. He's the lead singer. He's pretty good. Really great, actually. Yamato really does belong on the stage. He has great looks and awesome presence. I never miss a show, even if I have to stand in the back. He, Sora, and I are all second year middle schoolers at the same school.
Speaking of Sora, she managed her way onto the tennis team. She's actually really good. I miss her at soccer games, but at least she's still into sports. Even her mom approves. Sora's rising to the top quickly, too. She just won a tournament last week. I'm not really surprised. She goes to practice every day and never misses the chance to go to a training camp. It means she's gone most weekends, but hey, we all have our own lives now, right? At least we still see each other in class. We even see Izzy in the halls.
We kind of expected him to go to the same private school as Joe. The kid is definitely smart enough. He decided to go here though. It's still his first year, so he might change his mind. Personally, I think he likes being around regular kids because he really wants to be one. Sometimes Izzy is a little too smart for his own good, but his intentions are sincere. He really is a good kid.
Again, speaking of kids, TK and Kari have really grown up. You almost wouldn't think they were the same people. Kari's taken up photography. She goes through cameras like Yamato goes through guitar picks. She's got tons of albums in her room, too. She's got a good knack for it. TK looks more and more like Yamato all the time. He shot up like a weed and his even on the basketball team at the elementary school. I can't believe the two of them are two years away from starting middle school. Times goes by so fast!
Oh, and me? Well, I'm still Tai to my friends. My parents insist on calling me Taichi. It's not bad, I'm just not used to it. And teachers too. I still play soccer and I'm still team captain. We're a shoo-in for regionals this year. Not much can stop us. Running around in shorts and a jersey feels pretty good after wearing that school uniform all day. Yamato might look amazing in green, but it's just not my color. Oh well. What are you gonna do?
Even though we hadn't seen our Digimon in three years, and the chances of us going back there were slim to none, I still carry my Digivice with me. I dunno. Call it nostalgia. It paid off today, though. Out of the blue, it started beeping on my belt. Right away I knew it was because Agumon needed me. I ran out to behind the school, clutching my Digivice in my hands. How was I supposed to get to him? I don't know how, but suddenly, I found myself in the Digital World. I can only guess that Agumon needed me so much, and I wanted to help him so badly, that I was drawn there to him. I found him fallen on the ground. A renegade Snimon was up in the air attacking other Digimon left and right. I noticed some kind of black collar around his waist and it made me think of the black gears. I tried to get Agumon to Digivolve, but that proved impossible. My only choice at that point was to take refuge in a cave and e-mail the others about the situation.
And that's the story I was told when I arrived in this Digital World as well. I have to tell you, the first day of school has never been this exciting. It all started when this weird kid named TJ or TF or something showed up. He hadn't been going to our school before, but somehow he knew Kari so well that he called her by her full name! I did the only sensible thing and confronted him about it, only for Yolei to show up with a print-out of an e-mail for Kari she received somehow. She brought us to the computer room and we met up with Izzy, who apparently knew what was going on just like Kari and TC, but they wouldn't tell me. Yolei left them alone, but I had to find out what was going on. Eventually TM said something about Digimon, and I knew I had heard Tai talk about that before. Some time after practice he was talking to some blond kid about them and I managed to get him to tell me a bit about them. Mainly that they live in a digital world and not ours. So when Izzy talked about going to help Tai, I knew exactly where they were going and I was going with them. They said I couldn't, but I had to. Why? Because I wanted to. I wanted to help, I wanted to see the Digital World, and I did not want to leave Kari with TF.
They still said I couldn't go without some kind of little things they called Digivices. But I knew there had to be a way, and wouldn't you know it, some light came out of the computer, shot into my hands, and turned into one of those devices. Sure, mine's all updated and looks a lot cooler, but it works all the same. Gotta admit, I was floored when Kari and TM managed to use their Digivices to literally jump right into the computer. It was weird, but I wasn't going to chicken out then, so I followed. Another weird thing was that when I got there, my clothes changed. I got this sweet bomber jacket with flames on it, it's totally... sweet. Everything seemed pretty normal, like some kind of jungle. That was until some weird slimy things came out of a vending machine in the middle of the wilderness. You can't make this stuff up. And even weirder, Tai showed up, with three freaky looking creatures which must have been Digimon. He brought us to some cave where this little white cat thing called Gatomon that stood on two feet explained to us that there was some evil guy named the Digimon Kaiser making all of the Digimon turn evil with his dark rings. I was freaked out enough that a cat was talking to me, let alone evil emperors. That's when Tai told us his side of the story of how he got there, and asked how I had. I showed him my Digivice thing and shrugged.
I didn't have time to worry about why Davis was here or how he even got a Digivice in the first place. Actually, I know where it came from. That one and two others. They'd come out of a DigiEgg I tried to pick up, but it didn't budge. All I managed to do was draw out the new Digivices, but they took off before I could get a good look at them. But why did Davis have one? Was... Was he a new chosen child? The Digital World was clearly in danger again, but why did it need new Digidestined? We were still here. We could help just like last time. So why...? "Daisuke," I used his full name to get his attention. Whatever was going on was serious, and he needed to know what. "Come with me." I led them to another chamber in the cave where I found the egg. It was red with yellow flames and a weird horn. It also bore the Crest of Courage. If I was right... "Try and pick up that egg."
"Why?" I asked, hesitant to even touch anything in this freaky world. When I didn't jump on the opportunity, Kari and TC both tried and complained about it being way too heavy to pick up. So when I tried it, I got a good grip, stood steady, and pulled as hard as I could, only to fall onto my back because the thing was light as air! "What were you guys complaining about?" I asked, brandishing the egg as I sat up. "This thing practically weighs nothing at all!"
Davis picked it up like it were an apple on a table! What's more, a fire orange light poured out from the hold the egg had been covering. Slowly, within that light, a shape began to form and eventually turned into a little blue Digimon I had never seen before. It looked up with big red eyes, blinking, and then jumped down to dance around Davis, singing the boy's praises. He kept saying something about a Digimental. Did he mean the DigiEgg?
Another one of those things showed up, and this one was way more energetic than the rest. He probably jumped around me three times before he stopped and introduced himself. He told me his name was Veemon, and that he'd been waiting a really long time for me. Or, at least, for the kid who was able to move that egg thing, which he called the Digimental of Courage. I don't remember being able to find my voice to say anything back to him more than introducing myself. The whole thing was just too weird.
I needed time to think about all of this, but I wasn't granted so much as a second before the cave began to shake. Davis cried earthquake just as TK pointed above us at a Monochromon breaking in through the ceiling. Its eyes were glowing red and we could see another one of those dark rings around its middle. Patamon and Agumon took their shot at it, but their Rookie powers were just too weak. Monochromon was about to launch its Volcano Strike on us, so we ran out of that cave as fast as we could.
This thing was huge! Like, Godzilla huge! Okay, maybe not that big, but it was way bigger than any of the other Digimon I'd met that day. Plus, it breathed fire. I was suddenly second guessing going to the Digital World. Veemon kept insisting I not run away and use my courage, but it's hard not to run when a giant monster's breathing fire at you! We finally got out of the cave and up onto a cliff, but that giant Digimon came charging out at us and shot another stream of fire. Veemon suddenly tackled me right off the cliff, and we fell down to the ground below, and hard. He kept saying, "Say Digimental up! Do it and hold out the Digimental!" Well, he had saved my life. I guess I'd give it a try. And when I did, something wicked happened. That little blue guy turned into... well, a bigger blue guy. With with a horn, and armor with flames on it! It had to be one of the coolest things I'd ever seen. And once he'd changed, he proceeded to kick some giant monster ass.
Flamedramon, the Fire of Courage. So, this was the new generation, huh? Armor Evolution was the next step. There were no doubts in my mind that these new kids would be stronger than we were. But I was sad to know that this also meant a stronger enemy was in store for them. Apocalymon had seemed near impossible to defeat. I can't imagine what could be worse than he was.
Once the dark ring was broken, the Monochromon was back to normal. Having witnessed the power of Davis' Digimon at work, I knew what needed to be done. "Daisuke..." I called him over to me. "You're a new chosen child, Daisuke. That means the fate of this world is in your hands now. You need to protect it. Courage was my attribute back in the say, but it seems to belong to you now. Here..." I took off my goggles. It would be my way of passing the torch. "I want you to have these."
And soon enough, in my hands, I held Tai's goggles. I don't think anyone else understands how important that is. Taichi's goggles were in my hands, and he was giving them to me. Those things were his mark, his symbol. And he was giving them to me. I must have literally ripped my old, smashed goggles off to put those beauties on. Sure, I'd just become a chosen child, whatever that was, and sure, apparently I had to save a whole world from complete destruction, but... Taichi's goggles, man. Taichi's goggles.
I was afraid to leave the Digimon alone, but Agumon assured me they would be safe, seeing as how the Kaiser only came out during the day. I asked Kari where they had come in at, since I'm not sure how I got here. They led me to a television where I saw Izzy eating ohagi with two other elementary kids. A girl with purple hair and big glasses looked at us and her jaw dropped to the floor. Davis shouted into the screen only for it to suck all of us in and dump us back out into our own world. Seems the gates needed a little work, but that was the least of the Digital World's problems. It was time for another adventure, only with a new enemy, and new chosen children.


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I know there's been threads started on subjects similar to this, but I'm making the trip to the Bronx next month to see the Reds at the Stadium and from there I'm heading up to Boston to take in a couple games at Fenway.
For those who have been to Yankee Stadium/Fenway Park, please share things to look for, especially safety and transportation-wise. In New York, I believe we are staying in New Jersey over by the Meadowlands and in Boston I think we're staying at a hotel right across the street from Fenway. I plan on parking and taking subways/cabs.
Any help/advice will be greatly appriciated!


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Pronunciation: teppi
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SNL's best political sketches
For the show's 40th anniversary, we're taking a look back at some of our favorites.
News, Analysis and Opinion from POLITICO
For the show's 40th anniversary, we're taking a look back at some of our favorites.
Hint: A party rarely wins a third consecutive presidential term.
She played the grandma card on vaccines — will she play it in 2016?
Investors lost millions due to unfortunate bets on the Greek economy.
They once again dream of invites to 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue.
He discusses a possible run by Hillary with Rachael Ray.
The practice of having a Cabinet official being absent from these events dates back to the Cold War era.
Her new campaign takes shape, with a "big-tent mentality" and a "good cop" for the press.
"We wanted to be clear there's nothing to hide here," says CAP President Neera Tanden.
More than 180,000 pages of first lady files could go public in the spring.
The speech's tradition of unveiling big announcements is not the president's approach.
Famed lawyer says accuser also lied about President Clinton
He also says NYC must "come together" like his father would want.
He backed his brother's wars. Now he's listening to George W.'s advisers, too.
There's a certain way of doing things in the nation's capital.
Questions about the Clintons' travel have emerged over the past year as Hillary Clinton has given paid speeches.
Bill Clinton discussed the death of Eric Garner during an interview with Fusion's Jorge Ramos.
Clinton says there are "preconceptions wired into us and we have got to get beyond them,"
A look back at the life and career of the nation's 41st president, including his four years as president and eight as vice president.
Shunning the left, he revives the politics of the '90s.
Clinton declined to fault former President George W. Bush.


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Adding a bit of fruit to guacamole may not be traditional but its 100% delicious. I topped some huevos rancheros with this guacamole and my husband cleaned his plate. Then he polished off the rest of the guacamole. Maybe he was just hungry.
This recipe would be delicious with any sweet and tropical fruit such as pineapple, pomegranate, or papaya.
3 ripe avocados
1 ripe mango, diced
1 large shallot, finely chopped
1 clove of garlic, grated
2 tablespoons cilantro, finely chopped
Juice of 1 lime
1 teaspoon salt
1 teaspoon pepper
1/2 teaspoon cumin
1/2 teaspoon cayenne pepper
Add the mango, shallot, garlic, salt, pepper, cumin, cayenne, and cilantro in a bowl and set aside. Mash the avocados with a fork or a potato masher with the lime juice (this prevents them from turning brown). Combine the avocado mixture with the mango mixture and serve immediately.


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Wolfgang's Vault Coupons & Coupon Codes
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Comfort Hotel Yokohama Kannai
3-33 Sumiyoshi-cho, Naka-ku
Yokohama, 231-0013
Phone: (81) 45 650-4711
Fax: (81) 45 650-4712
Shibuya is a Tokyo district that is known for its shopping and fashion. Start the day at the well-known meeting spot, Hachiko Statue, then head down any street to find great stores. Book 1st is a fantastic book store and Mandarake is the perfect place to find anime comics or toys. Find a great outfit at Hysteric Glamour or discover a great song at Tower Records. If you have a child, or are a kid at heart, don't miss the Disney Store. However, head to Shibuya 109 if you want to do all of your shopping at once. This impressive mall is in the middle of the street and is both a landmark and a shopping center.
Area around Shibuya Station
+81 3 5321 3077
Earn valuable points toward free nights.


text:
Research Article
Leadership development in selected leading Thai companies
Article first published online: 30 MAY 2012
DOI: 10.1002/jls.21224
© 2012 University of Phoenix
Journal of Leadership Studies
Volume 6, Issue 1, pages 6–22, Spring 2012
Additional Information
How to Cite
Virakul, B. and McLean, G. N. (2012), Leadership development in selected leading Thai companies. J Ldrship Studies, 6: 6–22. doi: 10.1002/jls.21224
Publication History
- Issue published online: 30 MAY 2012
- Article first published online: 30 MAY 2012
- Abstract
- References
- Cited By
This research examined leadership development (LD) and leadership development programs (LDPs) in three selected Thai businesses. The research purpose was to identify and explore the features, leaders' competencies, activities and programs, key elements, and critical issues of LDP in these organizations. A case-study approach was employed as the research method. The data were collected through company documents, questionnaires, and interviews of managers who were directly responsible for leadership development in their organization. Three levels of LDPs were commonly found among the studied companies: those organized for supervisors, managers, and executives. Leaders' competencies were derived from the companies' vision, mission, and values, business drivers, and top management judgment. Development activities included formal training, development activities, and self-initiative undertakings. Common key elements of LDPs were support from top management, adherence to human resource development (HRD) and business strategic plans, and emphasis on coaching and mentoring. The critical issues included top management trust in employees' abilities; competence and independence of local internal staff; evaluation of LDP effectiveness; level of engagement by potential company leaders; and costs of building, executing, and evaluating LDP.


text:
Clarion Collection Hotel Folketeateret
Storgaten 21-23
Oslo, 0184
Phone: (47) 22 005700
Fax: (47) 22 005701
»Fiskeriet Youngstorget
Situated on the premises vacated by Erling Moe, a seafood shop that was something of an institution in Oslo, Fiskeriet Youngstorget has lived up to expectations remarkably well. It has, in fact, taken Erling Moe's legacy one step further, for not only can you select from a vast assortment of monkfish, cod, halibut and mackerel to prepare at home, but also have the chefs whip up a seafood treat for you right then! A part of the shop serves as a small restaurant, and there is outdoor seating to boot. You could go for something light like fish and chips or fish stew, or opt for a more filling meal.
»Hennes & Mauritz
Hennes & Mauritz, commonly abbreviated to H&M, is famous for catching the season's new trends from the big designers early on, and making inexpensive versions of them. At H&M you will always find the hottest fashion at low prices. H&M has several collections, aimed at children, young adults, women and men. In addition to underwear and swimsuits, they have a collection of clothes in larger sizes, and well accessories such as bags, costume jewelry make-up and hairpins. From the elegant and classic to the young and funky, there is something to suit every taste.
»Oslo City
Oslo City is a bright and airy shopping center. Next to the entrance there are a few fruit and vegetable stalls that sell fresh produce during the summer. The center itself is big enough to envelop your entire day: it has the usual selection and variety of shops as well as several off-the-wall gift shops, which are perfect for souvenir hunters. There are also some good eateries with a laid-back atmosphere. The millions of people who shop here every year choose Oslo City for a reason. After all, who said shopping had to be hard?
The BikBok chain catches fashion trends early on, and is well-known for its sporty, modern garments. Aiming at young and trendy girls, they sell urban street fashion, more classic clothes and a combination of the two. In addition to its own brand, BikBok, located at Oslo City, offers clothes by some other designers, such as Westhill Redbird and Never Denim.
»Stockfleth's Oslo City
Stockfleth's is the cosy coffee oasis that can be found amidst the hustle and bustle of the shopping center Oslo City; a perfect place for a break from busy shopping. The cafe also offers an opportunity to purchase tea or coffee by weight. They have a large selection of teas and a standard coffee menu, including various tasty syrups, to take away or enjoy on one of the few barstools. Stockfleth's also offers fresh pastries.
Housed within the large shopping center, Oslo City, KappAhl is the store to head to for a shopping spree with the whole family. Part of a hugely popular Scandinavian chain, this store has lots of fashionable designs to offer men, women as well as the youngest members of the family. Apart from its own designs, this store also carries a few other brands.
In addition to clothes and ethnic jewelry, vegetables are also sold on Youngstorget every summer, when farmers come here with their goods. Now, it is a long time since it was common for farmers to come to the city to sell their goods on the market. But these are not ordinary farmers; they have devoted their time to producing organic fruit and vegetables in biodynamic ways that do not harm the environment. The interest for this kind of food is growing, and people are often willing to pay more to get goods like this. You will find Youngstorget if you walk up Torggata from Kirkeristen, the area around the cathedral.
Gunerius is a shopping center aims for a friendly, stress-free atmosphere. It has over 40 shops ranging from regular fashion to health-food. There are no shocks price-wise, which is an attraction in itself. There is a lot of parking space, handy considering the very central location. A larger shopping center, Oslo City, is situated nearby.
ShoeBAR is an independent shoe shop in Oslo that stocks fashionable footwear. Carrying sneakers, dress shoes, pumps and basically every other type of shoe that you could want, ShoeBAR is sure to have the perfect pair of shoes for you. Top brands are carried here, like Adidas and Doc Martens, as well as shoes from several local designers.
»XXL Sport & Villmark
One of the fastest growing sports brands and retailers in Norway, XXL Sport & Villmark is a one stop shop for all sports gear and outdoor gear needs. With a huge selection of brands, multiple departments and prices to suit every budget, it's a good place to check out whether you're looking to buy a biking gear, wilderness equipment, climbing gear, clothing, shoes, fishing, hunting and even equestrian sports! With knowledgeable sales staff and competitive pricing, it's a popular choice with locals as well as travellers.
»Sound of Noise
Sound of Noise is a music store that specializes in heavy and different kinds of metal rock. You can rely on the staff knowing enough about the genre to assist you. If you want to listen to heavy or black-metal rock beyond that of the few bands that make it onto the mainstream music scene, this is definitively the place to go. Entrance to this shop is from Henrik Ibsens gate.
This is one of the most popular and cheapest record stores in the city. They sell the newest pop records, which are topping the charts around the world, for a good deal cheaper than at most other record stores. However, it is not the place to come if you are afraid of masses of people crammed into a few square meters. The store is packed with young people all day, even during working hours. But seriously, it is cheap!


text:
544 Cowper Street
University South, Palo Alto, 94301
Commute to Downtown East Palo Alto
Daily errands do not require a car.
A few nearby public transportation options.
Score Details
544 Cowper Street has a Walk Score of 96 out of 100. This location is a Walker's Paradise so daily errands do not require a car.
This location is in the University South neighborhood in Palo Alto. Nearby parks include Cogswell Plaza, Johnson Park and Lytton Plaza.
Nearby schools include Discovery Children's House Montessori School, Addison Elementary School and Rocketship Mateo Sheedy Elementary School.
The closest grocery stores are Net Market Partners, Whole Foods Market and The Willow's Market.
Nearby coffee shops include Peet's Coffee & Tea, Cafe Venetia and The Prolific Oven. Nearby restaurants include Pluto's, Gyros Gyros and IL Fornaio.
544 Cowper Street is near Cogswell Plaza, Johnson Park and Lytton Plaza.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 544 Cowper Street.
544 Cowper Street has some transit which means a few nearby public transportation options. Car sharing is available from RelayRides, Getaround and Zipcar.
Rail lines:
0.5 mi
0.5 mi
0.5 mi
Bus lines:
DB Dumbarton Express
0.1 mi
0.1 mi
Car shares:
View all University South apartments on a map.
Popular apartment searches include hardwood floor, fireplace and furnished.
544 Cowper Street is in the University South neighborhood. University South is the most walkable neighborhood in Palo Alto with a neighborhood Walk Score of 89.


text:
Tech Helproom
It's free to register, to post a question or to start / join a discussion
Router is connected but cant access the internet
Likes # 0
Posted January 10, 2013 at 4:38AM
Im having some problems connecting to the internet. my router is perfectly connected but i cant have wireless internet connection. when i plug the cable in the wall socket and in my computer, it works perfectly. But when i try to plug it in my router to have wireless, it doesnt work. Ive tried resetting the router or installing it again. but it doesnt work. HELPPP PLEASEE.
Likes # 0
Posted January 10, 2013 at 5:41AM
I am not entirely sure what you mean by your router works perfectly when you plug the cable into the wall socket but when you try to plug it into the router it doesn't. What type of router do you have? Is it just a router, a modem/router or do you have a separate modem too?
Assuming you just have a router. First of all have you plugged in your router to a power supply?
Have you connected your router by ethernet cable to the filter that is attached to the box that brings in the telephone supply - this filter has your telephone connected to one socket.
Are there lights on your router?
If so, go through the process of setting up a wired connection first by attaching an ethernet cable to your computer to the router. You then have to fill in the details requested by the connection wizard.
Once this wired connection works you can then disconnect the ethernet cable from your pc and attempt a wireless connection.This article gives you the steps.
You do not say which operating system you are using.
Are you using a laptop? If so is the wireless enabled?
Likes # 0
Posted January 10, 2013 at 5:58AM
My router is a modem/router included, it belkin. it was working fine before. im using a laptop, win 7 and yes with wireless option. yes the lights are on and are completely normal (which is blue). my computer detects my router and it connects to it. however, it doesnt allow me to access internet. when i plug in my ethernet cable to my computer and to the wall socket, it works perfectly. so its not an internet problem. yes my router is plugged correctly, nothing changed except i cant have internet access anymore. Thanks for the reply.
Likes # 0
Posted January 10, 2013 at 6:12AM
router is connected but red light..
Likes # 0
Posted January 10, 2013 at 9:06AM
"when i plug in my ethernet cable to my computer and to the wall socket, it works perfectly."
Are you in Halls of Residence, or similar, where internet access is provided via a wall-mounted ethernet socket? Otherwise, what is the wall socket that you're plugging into?
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Century Arms AR-15A2, 5.56
1946 Mosin-Nagant M44, 7.62x54R
1978 YUGO SKS, 7.62x39
NEF Protector Pump, 12 gauge
Savage Model 64, .22LR
NEF Pardner Tracker II, 12 gauge
Rock Island Armory 1911A1, .45 ACP
Remington 870 'Express Magnum' 12 gauge
Bersa Thunder .380
Owner/Armorer at Argyle Armoring, LLC - FFL 07
NRA Life MemberWhat do I know? I'm only a professional.
I think cerakote, may be the most durable finish out there. I do not how ever agree with pink, blue, orange, etc. Guns should never look like toys, and toys should never look like guns. My $.02 worth.
Texan By Birth & Choice
That's my biggest concern with any of the finishes. I don't know how well it will hold up going in and out of my serpa holster and firing it.
For a stainless slide I recommend bead blasting. It will give you a nice satin finish.
In life, strive to take the high road....It offers a better field of fire.
"Robo is right" Fuzzball
For you guy's that have problems with your DC peeling, flaking etc, listen up. If you have the above mentioned issues, it is because you did not properly prep the piece. The firearm must be COMPLETELY disassembeled and degreased. The pieces to be coated should also be bead blasted with 120 grit aluminum oxide and even better park it after blasting. You can get a good job without blasting, but you need to follow the instructions. Oil hides around pins and rivets. The joint where the barrel screws into the receiver also traps oil and you have to get it out. All finishes wear. DC is not as wear resistant as Cerakote, but it's a lot tougher than bluing. DC can be touched up later and Cerakote cannot. I use both depending on the look I want and the use the piece will see. Heat cure Cerakote would be my choice for a carry gun. DC will last a long time on a hunting rifle or pistol that is not carried. My Colt is Cerakote with Duracoat in the slide sides. I wanted them shiney and Cerakote has no gloss. Ken
I did a 1911 using engine paint that I baked on. Three thin coats and it has held up very well. That paint is tough. I used the cast iron color and it is neat. The key is in cleaning and degreasing. I used brake cleaner on a disassembled gun before painting and baking at 400 degrees for 30 minutes each coat.
Where does one buy these Duracoat air blasting kits at.? I was just wondering if YouTube has any videos on how to use those kits etc.?


text: My wife and I recently stopped by for a burger. I ordered mine with fries and hers was with rings. Both of us really enjoyed the burgers, and the fries and rings were crispy and delicious. We will definitely go back when we get a hankering for a burger. We did notice that the portions for the fries... read more


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Diablo III real money auctions live, people spending $$$
Diablo III's real money auction house went live last night, and people are already proving that they have more money than sense. Within hours of it opening up, folks are gleefully pumping more of their own hard earned cash in to the system, and those with the rare goods are seeing how far they can push it.
Single items are currently available for prices as exorbitant as $200, as players feel out the landscape and attempt to get what they can out of it. I'd check to see how many of those are selling, but Battle.net is down for maintenance ... go figure.
It's at this point that I will politely step away from Diablo III. I had my fun with it, but I have no intention of diving into a system that tries to put freemium content in a $60 product, and I have a feeling that the game's economy is going to be weird anyway. The in-game gold auctions were already ridiculous enough.
Ah well. There seem to be a bunch of people willing to pay the piper anyway, so I guess this will become a success.
Sorry America and Europe, no Diablo III microtransactions for you
6:30 PM on 02.20.2015
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Did our Cabinet Maker really install Soft Close BLUM Hinges?
When I met w the Cabinet Maker I specifically asked for soft close doors and drawers. My drawers close soft but my doors don't. Would you please show me a close up of your Blum Soft Close Hinges?
Blum Soft Close Hinges Article with Pictures for you to look at. I will look for me until someone else replies that has these on their cabinet doors. I will be having this type of hinge also on my doors and drawers since I love the soft close feature.
Here is a link that might be useful: Blum Soft Close Hinges Article with Pictures
Compact Version of the Blum Soft Close Hinge Article With Pictures
Here is a link that might be useful: Compact Version of the Blum Soft Close Hinge Article With Pictures
The newer hinges for cabinet doors come with a add-on "softener", if you will, that snaps onto the existing hardware. IME a lot of cabinet guys have soft-close on the brain for drawers, but not doors. These extra features cost extra money, separately, and can easily be added later at any time. "After-market" if you will.
All this presuming you have the newer Blum cabinet door hardware. Also not for the fancy, specialty 170-degree hinges and the like (there are a ton of different sorts I think).
FWIW I like the soft-close hinges but I'm not sure my life is substantially better for them; I'd probably be happier with the money in my bank account than on the hinges. I'm not po'd, don't want my money back. But if I knew then what I knew now I'd skip the soft-close on the doors, quite possible even the drawers as well... though probably not there. I guess they're helpful in keeping inner contents from shifting on arrival. ;)
Not disagree with Aliris, but to my understanding the 'new' Blum softclose hinges are in fact like the ones in the links provided earlier.
No 'add-on' plunger mechanism. The softclose is built into every hinge and there are little tiny switches to turn it on / off.
I have these in my kitchen, installed in May 2011 and they're great. You can choose to turn 2 of 3 hinges on for example, or all 3, or just 1 to adjust the way it closes.
We have them throughout our nearly four year-old kitchen (they look just like the one's in lynn's 2nd pic) and I guess I like them -- I don't dislike them. I don't value them the way I value the feature on the drawers. Also, my partner has become l-a-z-y and now won't close cabs in the rest of the (non-soft close) house -- his brain expects everything to close itself, it would appear .... They're cher and if you're paying for them make sure you have them!
methinks the blum web site has information relevant to the OP.
someone might point to various places inside the blum web site.
There might be more than one type of Blum thingie.
It would not surprise me to find out that the Ikea version of Blum's thingie is one version (which Ikea has "bought" factory and all), and that a web search that i might do would produce different looking images since Blum distributors sell the current version that Blum makes. It's complicated or it isn't; it depends.
Another thing to keep in mind is that Blum is not the only source of sof close thingies.
oops - sorry if I misled anyone. It seems sensible to go straight to the source, as suggested. When I had a question about hardware I talked with them directly at Blum and emailed a photo; they were very accommodating.
I have to say their answer was strangely contradictory and shifting as well, but they did try. Makes you wonder ... (mine was a question about the 170-degree hinge).
Moreover, my softclose hinges don't even look like what I was claiming above (geesh); they're not like yours either, with that plastic bit on the Rockler website. I think Blum makes a lot a lot a lot of hinges.
Here are a couple of pics of the so called, Soft Close Hinges.
There seems to be something missing from ours...can you see what it is?
Could this be the problem?
I contacted Blum yesterdy nd sent them a picture of my hinges..Turns out that th soft close that we were given needs to be on both hinges of every door, not just one hinge in our case. Here is th email straight from Blum.
Your doors should have both hinges with this soft close, �The hinge may have a cover cap to cover up the
screws holes on your door. �Again, your hinge will look like the hinge in the picture I attached in the previous email. �Maybe, you
need to check with the company that installed your cabinets. �Make sure the deactivation button is on.
Best Regards,
Blum Customer Service
Blum, Inc.
fax: 704-827-8464
turns out after looking at the list of products on our estimate the cab maker charged us for 2 SC hinges per door but only gave us one per door. the Cab maker claims that the folks he ordered the Blum hinges thru said he only needed to use one per door...I told him Blum says you need 2!
This is not the only thing he has been dishonest about. He wrote down in our estimate and told me and the Contractor he was using Blum Leg Levelers..turns out he used Richielue (spl??) and made a $22 profit on each set of 4 (we think that is not only highway robbery but also dishonesty!)
UGH! now we really don't trust this guy! Thank goodness we still owe him about $7,000...probably less now! I am gaining Wisdom I guess.
Sorry to hear about your dishonest contractor, it is a giant leap of faith to have someone come in your home & perform related work. Even with contracts things can still go awry - You are right to not trust much of this person now - hold the $ and point out the differences in proposed work vs what he has done. In the end if he doesn't want to make it whole, you have every right to calculate what you can with hold from final payment.
This is why I never hire contractors. I much prefer to work directly with the people doing the work.
The people I finally dealt with on my custom cabinets were great - small shop in an industrial area. The guy who sold me the package also builds the cabinets with one or two other guys. One of the guys who builds the cabinets and paints them was the installer (one man installation).
Always try to deal directly with the person who is going to do the actual work - you end up with better product and spend less money to boot.
I'd make the contractor or cabinet maker or whoever you signed the deal with on the cabinets replace all the hinges with current technology BLUM soft close hinges - ALL of them. Or find a supplier for the BLUM hinges (Richelieu sells them here in Canada) and withhold that much from your final payment to them, plus $40 per door minimum for labor fees to replace them all.
Play hardball - it's your money, it's your house, it's your deal. Hold them to every letter of the deal you signed - don't pay a penny more, and hold back on whatever they skimped on.
The Cabinet Maker was hired by me (homeowner). Huge mistake on my part. He has been the only issue thru this entire Reno. The guy doing most of the work (ed) has been AMAZING! He even said that he would have never taken the job had he knew the cabinet guy . Ed has already lost a ton of money bc of the cab guy. I feel bad for him and he feels bad for me. Lol


text:
49ers' Dorsey inks extension
Santa Clara, CA (SportsNetwork.com) - San Francisco 49ers defensive lineman Glenn Dorsey has signed a two-year contract extension through the 2016 season.
Dorsey is entering his second year with the 49ers, but could miss a majority of the 2014 campaign with a biceps injury he suffered during training camp in early August.
"Glenn is a true pro who has quickly become a valued contributor to our organization both on and off the field," said 49ers general manager Trent Baalke. "He is a quick study and a very good football player that has earned this extension, and we look forward to his future contributions."
Dorsey joined the Niners in 2013 on a two-year contract and switched from defensive end to the interior of the line. He started 13 of the 16 games he played last season and notched 41 tackles with two sacks.
The 29-year-old LSU product spent his first five seasons in Kansas City after the Chiefs made him the fifth overall pick of the 2008 draft. He has 279 career tackles and six sacks in 82 NFL games, 78 of which have been starts.
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text:
Authors: Fu, L.; Resca, L.; Jatzke, H.; Frische, K.; Greenwald, M.; Golender, L.; Fuchs, B.
Source: Tetrahedron, Volume 53, Number 13, 31 March 1997, pp. 4821-4834(14)
Publisher: Elsevier
This article is hosted on another website.
You may be required to register, activate a subscription or purchase the article before you can obtain the full text.
Document Type: Research Article
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4020(97)00165-8
Department of Physics, the Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
Publication date: March 31, 1997