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Date: 1895 ca.
Description: Lorinda Hill Bass and her granddaughter, Everetta Bass, sitting in a parlor. Everetta holds two dolls in her lap. There is a large oil lamp in the backgrou...
Date: 1900 ca.
Description: Man, identified as Stevens, and his family posing outdoors.
Description: Edward Cary and Everetta Bass on the porch of their house at 207 Clay Street.
Description: Dr. Edward A. Bass pushing his son Cary in a baby carriage along a wooden sidewalk on Nebraska Street (now West Montello Street).
Date: 1915 ca.
Description: Looking across Mill Pond at Westfield.
Date: 1895
Description: Everetta Bass bending over and holding a basket on a hill by the mill pond (Montello Lake). The far shoreline of the lake is in the background.
Date: 2007-05-18
Description: "This Friday we travel 64 miles (one way) to Good Old Days Resort on Puckaway Lake, W913 West Northshore Drive, Montello."
Date: date unknown
Description: View of the flouring and carding mills of J.A. Briggs.
Date: 1905 ca.
Description: A view of the Cramer residence, a summer home of Mrs. William Cramer.
Date: 1928
Description: The exterior of the white public school building. Trees and bushes partially obstruct the view.
Description: Group of three men fishing on the Fox River, with view of dam. There is a barge in the background.
Description: Elevated view from the south. The Fox River is in the foreground with the dam just visible in the lower right. The lock is seen in the center; the Montello...
Date: 1960
Description: View of Ennis Lake, also known as Fountain Lake, located in the John Muir Memorial Park near Montello. As a boy, John Muir lived with his family on the sho...
Description: The home of the Burlingames, possibly belonging either to the parents of Ada Bass or her brother Everett. There is someone outside near the side door.
Description: Young girl in foreground, wading in Fox River. Woman standing in a rowboat, pulled to shore, holding a fishing pole and fish.
Date: 1931
Description: Channel dug for drainage of a wetland.
Description: Family on the front porch of the Burlingame house, possibly belonging either to the parents of Ada Bass or her brother Everett.
Date: 1910 ca.
Description: A workman poses beside a belt-driven polisher inside a shed at the Montello granite quarry. Two other men relax in the background near an open door where n...
Description: View across road of 226 East Montello Street, Lowe house.
Description: Cary Bass and his Great Uncle Cary seated in a chair. They are most likely inside the Bass family home at 207 Clay Street.
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Oasis or Allure
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November 4th, 2012, 01:39 PM
Join Date: Aug 2011
Location: Ashburn, VA
Posts: 1,682
Being sister ships, they are almost identical. The only things you'll find different are a couple of specialty things, like the small restaurant in the Boardwalk area.
The only thing really different is that the Allure is one year newer and is 5cm bigger! That's about 3" and while it doesn't sound like much, when you're talking about a ship that weighs 220,000 gross tons, that equates to a bit more weight.
So it really doesn't matter which one you go on; Oasis goes out on Saturdays, Allure goes out on Sundays. One will do the Eastern Caribbean one week, while the other does the Western Caribbean, then the next week they swap itineraries, but the ports are the same for both.
Personally, I'd just choose the one that gives you the best deal, just make sure you use an agent as they'll give you better service and help you more should you have any problems.
Travel Agent/Cruise Specialist w/13 yrs exp and 48 Cruises on 11 cruise lines!
Favorites: Paul Gauguin - Tahiti: Uniworld River Cruises - Europe; Celebrity Solstice-class ships; Holland America - 12-nights Baltics & Russia; RCCL - 14-nights Greek Isles, Turkey, & Croatia; Holland America - 14-day Alaskan cruisetour; 10-night Canada/New England cruise; 21 days Hawaii w/7-night NCL cruise; Oceania - 25 days in Asia; more than 3 months touring Europe by train. And many all-inclusive resorts!
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subset: commoncrawl


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Buying a new car - special savings events
cookingrvcAugust 29, 2008
My lease is up in a month and I have an option to extend it month-to-month for up to six months, so I have some time to find a new car with a price that works for me.
My latest picks are the VW Jetta SEL or Wolfsburg, Lexus IS 250 AWD, and possibly a Passat.
Lexus is running their 'event' for their 2008 models, until Sept 2 but I am not going to be able to take advantage as I am simply not ready to make a decision. VW is running something similar for the 2009s.
Anyone have any idea how often these two manufacturers run special events? They're pretty tight lipped about it so I cant get the info from them.
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Freeview HD Copy Protection Update
Some of you will have seen a blog post a few days ago from Tom Watson MP that suggested that the BBC intends to make millions of Freeview PVRs obsolete by encrypting the service information data of the DVB stream. Some of you may also not have seen his later updates. There has been a lot of confusion around this post and a subsequent one from boing boing that has resulted in a lot of conversations on Twitter and in the press. Some interesting posts can be seen on cnet.co.uk and paid content, but we thought it would be only right for you to get the information straight from the horse's mouth.
First of all, as we have already said publicly, no existing Freeview boxes will be affected by this whatsoever. So don't think that your current Freeview box is suddenly going to go off because that's not the case.
Secondly, and this is the difficult bit, the BBC is committed to ensuring that public service content remains free to air i.e. unencrypted. But a form of content management is required to enable us to launch Freeview HD to audiences in early 2010, so we have a simple choice; either we wait for a resolution to the copy protection debate or go ahead and launch Freeview HD and give UK audiences who can't or don't want to pay for subscription services a way to get HD.
The BBC is tasked to offer content on as many different platforms as possible, and with the other PSB partners, want to deliver Freeview HD before the World Cup in 2010.
We've said before that we are specifically avoiding encryption of the broadcast signal to ensure that the public service content remains free to air. Content protection gives content producers comfort to give consumers early and free access to more content, without jeopardising future revenue streams.
Our preferred content management approach (Huffman's Look-up tables) as stated in our letter to Ofcom describes how using this method will allow us to deliver Freeview HD on time, with the least disruption to manufacturers, and the least restriction to audiences. But it is important to stress that the technology places no restrictions whatsoever on copying standard definition content - nor recording and viewing any HD content stored on a PVR. Even in its most restrictive state it still allows one HD copy to be made to Blu-ray and unrestricted copies in SD (and for most content there will be no restriction whatsoever on the number of Blu-ray copies permitted).
We want to make our content as accessible as possible but we have to balance this with the amount of content we have the ability to show. We could have said no to the content owners' request and delayed the launch of Freeview HD, but we had to balance this with the fact that respecting the request for content protection should result in more programmes and hence a better viewing experience for our audiences.
We are confident that Freeview HD will be great, and you'll always be able to copy programmes for personal use. Most people will probably never know that any form of content management exists since they'll not be prevented from the normal home enjoyment or recording on PVRs, DVD and Blu-Ray recorders.
The only actions that may be prevented, and only for certain programmes, are retransmitting the content in HD over the internet or, in some cases, from making more than one digital copy of the highest-value content onto Blu-ray.
Graham Plumb is Head of Distribution Technology, BBC FM&T
Comments Post your comment
Comment number 1.At 13:50 22nd Sep 2009, Mo McRoberts wrote:
"But a form of content management is required to enable us to launch Freeview HD to audiences in early 2010"
That's a point which is being hotly debated. Please don't post statements of opinion as though they were fact.
More to the point, encrypting the look-up tables is tantamount to encrypting the content, as the latter is relatively meaningless without the former. This is an attempt to wriggle out of the free-to-air obligations through a loophole, nothing more.
Comment number 2.At 13:52 22nd Sep 2009, The Phazer wrote:
"That's a point which is being hotly debated. Please don't post statements of opinion as though they were fact."
What part of that would be an opinion?
Comment number 3.At 13:57 22nd Sep 2009, Mo McRoberts wrote:
"What part of that would be an opinion?"
That content-management is required to launch Freeview HD services in early 2010, which would be the part I quoted. I'm not sure which part of that was difficult to follow.
Sure, the BBC may not be able to launch _the services it's currently in discussions with content rights-holders about launching_ in early 2010, but that's quite different.
A two week consultation (not even published _as_ a consultation) is a ridiculous way to approach deciding whether it's in the public's interest to shun the spirit of the FTA obligations in return for getting some extra content, or whether those obligations should be maintained as they are and rights-holders can either play ball or take it elsewhere. Worse, stating it as a matter of fact when there's much still to be decided, does the BBC and the general public a huge disservice.
Comment number 4.At 14:04 22nd Sep 2009, The Phazer wrote:
"Sure, the BBC may not be able to launch _the services it's currently in discussions with content rights-holders about launching_ in early 2010, but that's quite different."
No it isn't. Creating an entirely seperate programme schedule from the existing satellite HD channel would require a seperate service licence from the BBC Trust (since it'd be a new channel), which would take at least six months, and hence create a considerable delay.
It's a simple matter of fact.
Comment number 5.At 14:26 22nd Sep 2009, Mo McRoberts wrote:
"Creating an entirely seperate programme schedule from the existing satellite HD channel would require a seperate service licence from the BBC Trust (since it'd be a new channel)"
and yet, unless I missed a trick (…and consultation document)… BBC HD is broadcast today to a noticeably larger geographical footprint than Freeview HD will be incarnation without anything but a bit being toggled as its "protection" along with a promise from a few manufacturers that they'll faithfully honour the flag in return for sticking a logo on their kit. Hardly "content management" in any meaningful sense.
Comment number 6.At 14:53 22nd Sep 2009, Alex wrote:
So what does this mean in laymans terms? Will I be able to watch Freeview HD on my current HD TV with built in digital tuner?
Comment number 7.At 14:53 22nd Sep 2009, The Phazer wrote:
So, you admit that you were wrong on the timescale then since you're trying to change the subject. Jolly good. Research has never been a strong point of the content protection is evil lobby.
Bluntly, the Freeview and Freesat reciever markets are two very different things.
Comment number 8.At 15:03 22nd Sep 2009, Trev wrote:
All drm systems are crackable. If copies can be made to blu-ray it is relativly easy as I suspect Slyfox would soon demonstrate. But the issue is whether it is worth the effort. It is debatable as to whether the terestrial transmissions can be called "HD" and viewers may get a better pictures with upscalled SD.
So what is happening to satellite transmisions.
The BBC is playing a dangerous game here. Technially it would be fairly easy to turn such a system into full encryption not allowing any copying. This would make it fairly easy for the Government to sell off the BBC and make it a subscription channel. According to Greg Dyke the main reason the BBC has supported free to air was to make it impossible to for Government to get rid of the licence fee.
At the moment I am totally fed up with the BBC because of the fantastic drop in picture and sound quaility on BBC HD. There is very little original programming as well so I find I am now rairly watching BBC and so I think the licence fee should be abolished.
Comment number 9.At 15:05 22nd Sep 2009, Mo McRoberts wrote:
"So, you admit that you were wrong on the timescale then since you're trying to change the subject."
Are you reading different posts to the ones I'm writing or something?
Comment number 10.At 15:08 22nd Sep 2009, Mo McRoberts wrote:
"So what does this mean in laymans terms? Will I be able to watch Freeview HD on my current HD TV with built in digital tuner?"
Probably not. Most "HD ready" TVs don't include DVB-T2 receivers (though that's not universally true). Even if yours did, the BBC plans to encrypt the information which would make watching the "free to air" programmes possible, so you'd have to buy a STB or new TV.
Comment number 11.At 15:11 22nd Sep 2009, Mo McRoberts wrote:
(following up on my own post)
…if you were one of the few people who happened to have a DVB-T2-capable receiver, given that the PSI/SI specification is still in draft, it's likely that you'd be able to get a firmware update for it to handle the decoding.
Chances are, though, that you won't have a T2-capable device anyway, and so will need an STB to receive Freeview HD services.
Comment number 12.At 15:11 22nd Sep 2009, Trev wrote:
In reply to Alexbennee you will need a new box. Terestrial HD uses DVB-T2 and H264 encoding. No current boxes or televisions support these standards.
Comment number 13.At 15:37 22nd Sep 2009, cragllo wrote:
I honestly don't see any type of encryption or DRM stopping anyone determined enough to want to record something from doing so. If it's stopping people recording and putting online your trying to stop, there are endless means and ways of recording and those people in particular probably know more tricks than most.
Comment number 14.At 15:41 22nd Sep 2009, The Phazer wrote:
"and yet, unless I missed a trick (…and consultation document)… BBC HD is broadcast today to a noticeably larger geographical footprint than Freeview HD will be incarnation without anything but a bit being toggled as its "protection" along with a promise from a few manufacturers that they'll faithfully honour the flag in return for sticking a logo on their kit. Hardly "content management" in any meaningful sense."
Having read this again this makes even less sense - Freesat also "encrypts" their EPG using Huffman and only gives the key out to licenced manufacturers. It's exactly the same.
"Are you reading different posts to the ones I'm writing or something?"
Certainly if you're writing different ones to those being posted on this website it would explain why you've changed arguement three times already in this thread.
First the timescale was "hotly debated".
Then the timescale was right but the content could be changed.
Then I pointed that was wrong and the timescale was right and the content couldn't be changed but Freesat already transmitted without this proposal.
And even that's not right! Want a fourth go at the point?
Comment number 15.At 15:56 22nd Sep 2009, Mo McRoberts wrote:
"Having read this again this makes even less sense - Freesat also "encrypts" their EPG using Huffman and only gives the key out to licenced manufacturers. It's exactly the same."
Do you have a reference for this? The BBC's own posts on this blog on the subject don't indicate anything to this effect, and I can find no other reference to any specifications, license agreements, consultation documents, or other or links which suggest such things exist, stating that the SI on Freesat HD is encrypted in the same way as the BBC is proposing Freeview HD be.
"First the timescale was "hotly debated".
Then the timescale was right but the content could be changed.
Then I pointed that was wrong and the timescale was right and the content couldn't be changed but Freesat already transmitted without this proposal."
Yes, in retrospect, I suppose it is quite easy to read changing viewpoints when you pick and choose which bits of sentences you want to pay attention to or make inferences which simply aren't there.
Comment number 16.At 15:58 22nd Sep 2009, Terence Eden wrote:
How do I get access to my the decryption keys? I want to build my own FreeViewHD receiver.
Serious question - or are hobbyists and small manufacturers going to be excluded? Will I be able to watch FreeViewHD on MythTV?
You and I both know that "allows one HD copy to be made" is false. Once one copy can be made, so can another and another and another. There has never been a copy-protection scheme that hasn't been cracked.
We all know this - so why haven't the people who insist on "Content Protection" understood this simple point?
I'm in two minds... Go ahead, put on some weak copy-protection, give us a month to crack it and we can go back to normal. Or should we make a stand now against the thin end of the wedge?
Comment number 17.At 16:16 22nd Sep 2009, Nick Reynolds wrote:
Keep it civil please.
Comment number 18.At 16:30 22nd Sep 2009, KernowChris wrote:
Thanks for this,
I note the use of 2010 in this article, does this mean that 02-Dec-2009 for Winter Hill is now no longer the launch date?
Now can we have the roll out details please?
Hopefully on Content Protection the BBC (and other broadcasters too) will once HD is more commonplace be able to remove the restrictions over time. I really fancy being able to establish a many Terrabyte archive of programmes for reviewing at my own pace.
Comment number 19.At 16:56 22nd Sep 2009, Sam Jacobs wrote:
AlexBennee wrote: "So what does this mean in laymans terms? Will I be able to watch Freeview HD on my current HD TV with built in digital tuner?"
No, but you wouldn't be able to do that anyway. In any case, that's not the issue here.
The issue, or at least one of the big ones, is what this will mean for those wishing to implement Freeview HD receivers with open source software. Basically, an open source implementation will not be able to successfully, reliably and *automatically* tune to a Freeview HD channel. The video and audio streams that make up the Freeview HD channels will be in the clear, but the data which enables them to be associated with channels will be protected by the "lookup tables".
To watch a Freeview HD channel without the lookup tables (or an alternative source of SI-equivalent data), the view could, for example, be presented with the "elementary streams" in turn, choosing the video stream then the audio stream for the channel they want to watch. Viewing a recording would work in much the same way, but all ~36Mbit/sec (or around 16 gigabytes per hour) of the multiplex would need to be recorded. Idents and (ironically) DOGs will help here.
All in all, I believe that this represents an unacceptably substantial level of inconvenience to license fee paying, legitimate viewers.
Now lets consider those "teams" of people who take content—from DVD, Blu-ray, broadcast, wherever—and make it available on file sharing networks. These teams consist of dedicated, often highly skilled people—those who are willing and able to bother with decrypting a Blu-ray disc, for example—who are very unlikely to be particularly inconvenienced by a system that doesn't even encrypt the audio and video streams! I don't expect this to have any real impact on the availability of content on file sharing networks.
Finally, let's look at the people who actually download and consume this content. Will they be at all inconvenienced by any of this? NOT ONE BIT—they'll do what they've always done, because the aforementioned "teams" will have already done all the hard work.
The only people this is really going to affect are license fee paying, legitimate viewers who just want a little bit of choice. Please explain to me how that's right…
Comment number 20.At 17:55 22nd Sep 2009, HD wrote:
I agree with the previous posts - I thought some regions would be launching Freeview HD in late 2009? Also, if the launch of Freeview HD was delayed (as the article is suggesting might need to happen for a resolution to the copy protection debate), does that mean there is more chance that 1080p50 could be added to the Freeview HD spec and that all Freeview HD boxes released would be compatible with this?
Comment number 21.At 21:30 22nd Sep 2009, Duellist wrote:
"The only actions that may be prevented, and only for certain programmes, are retransmitting the content in HD over the internet or, in some cases, from making more than one digital copy of the highest-value content onto Blu-ray."
I was just curious about this. It sort of implies that posting BBC programmes to the net won't be prevented. Now, is this an inevitable result of the open approach we hope the BBC will take, or a tacit approval of the free dissemination of the BBC programming?
Comment number 22.At 22:26 22nd Sep 2009, Trev wrote:
In reply to #20 I don't think freeview will ever support 1080p50 as freeview HD is specified to H264 Level 4.1. It would also require a higher bit rate.
Comment number 23.At 23:06 22nd Sep 2009, HD wrote:
If it was delayed, they could alter the current specs to the ones they wanted to use. The project manager of the EBU says it will not require a higher bitrate than 1080i.
Comment number 24.At 02:19 23rd Sep 2009, Andrew wrote:
@HD1080: 1080p50, or more specifically AVC 4.2, was ruled out by Ofcom for Freeview HD for the current generation of receivers back in February:
Comment number 25.At 06:42 23rd Sep 2009, HD wrote:
Because, to add it would have delayed the launch. Isn't this BBC blog saying that waiting for a resolution to the copy protection debate may delay the launch of Freeview HD? If so, I'm all for delaying the launch if it means that when they launch Freeview HD it has the specs the originally intended/the best specs (AVC 4.2, 1080p50).
Comment number 26.At 10:30 23rd Sep 2009, Andrew wrote:
@HD1080: The Wotsat blog post I posted the link to quotes Ofcom's reasoning:
'Ofcom said: "If AVC level 4.2 were to be adopted, manufacturers reported that they would then feel compelled to bring only 1080p50-compatible products to market. This would have the effect of delaying availability of DVB-T2 / MPEG-4 products by at least one year, possibly more, and would probably result in a material cost uplift.
"We now feel that while the setting of an AVC level of 4.2 at this point is desirable, its adoption would also represent a significant risk to the early launch of the DVB-T2 platform."'
It seems pretty clear to me that Ofcom has decided that the cost of delaying Freeview HD by a year (or more) and making the receivers considerably more expensive is not justified by the benefit of having 1080p50-capable Freeview HD receivers. Ofcom has made its decision, and what the BBC does on copy protection won't affect it.
Also, I think you have misread the BBC blog above. Graham Plumb is arguing that it was a choice between delaying the launch of Freeview HD or launching Freeview HD on schedule with a copy-protection hack (encrypting the look-up tables). He is clear that they have chosen the latter option to avoid delaying the launch (although he confusingly says that Freeview HD will launch in 2010, whereas before we had been given the date on this blog as 2 December 2009, which is when the Granada region completes its switch to digital: http://www.digitaluk.co.uk/when_do_i_switch/granada/winter_hill ).
Finally, I just wanted to say that I agree with all the previous commenters who said that this won't affect the availability of unauthorised content on the Internet at all; that it will however inconvenience (at the very least) those wanting to build their own Freeview HD tuners (especially in open-source software); and that it is a worrying development that the BBC is putting the interests of content owners before the interests of the licence fee payers and the BBC's commitment to free-to-air television.
Comment number 27.At 13:43 23rd Sep 2009, Captain Weirdness wrote:
Just about any car can be stolen but this does not mean you should just leave the car unlocked with the keys in the ignition. The content providers require the BBC to show intent to stop programmes being ripped off. Whether this is effective is nether here nor there unless you somehow manage to get the content providers to change their minds. They want some sort of protection in place or they will not let the program be shown. The BBC can't say 'No we will just show it anyway without constraints'. They are not putting the interests of the content providers above their commitment to FTA television but they do HAVE to play within the rules laid down by the content providers or they would loose a lot of the programming people enjoy on their FTA television.
Comment number 28.At 12:12 24th Sep 2009, Ed Lyons wrote:
If your car is going to get stolen, whether you leave it unlocked or not, why bother locking it?
Comment number 29.At 12:55 24th Sep 2009, Captain Weirdness wrote:
"If your car is going to get stolen, whether you leave it unlocked or not, why bother locking it?"
Because, to extend the bad analogy, your insurance company would not pay up if you left it unlocked. Similarly we know that the content provider still want to see some protection in place, even if in reality that protection is useless. No lock, no insurance, no money. No protection, no content, no channel.
Comment number 30.At 22:14 30th Sep 2009, Andy Davies wrote:
OK this is the bit I don't get
"Secondly, and this is the difficult bit, the BBC is committed to ensuring that public service content remains free to air i.e. unencrypted."
So if your have to encrypt something surely it's not public service content and so shouldn't be funded by the license fee.
Comment number 31.At 10:04 1st Oct 2009, Aglet321 wrote:
Isn't this just a repeat of the US broadcast flag debate from a few years ago ?
Why does the BBC feel they have to accept DRM conditions from the content owners when those content owners have failed to get the same conditions accepted in other countries ?
Personally, I'm only concerned with the rights for open source hardware and software to continue receiving HD content. I've been a user of MythTV to record all my TV for the last few years (as I find it superior to commercially available PVRs).
If FreeviewHD is launched with DRM, will I be able to continue recording TV as I choose or will I be forced to buy a commercial PVR that's been blessed by the BBC ?
In short, why does the BBC or an American TV studio get to dictate the hardware and software I use to receive content I'm already paying for via the licence fee ?
Comment number 32.At 22:10 1st Oct 2009, Andy Quested wrote:
I think I threw this in last time the debate was going on - I always start from: who does this inconvenience?
If we get a programme in SD and transmit it on an SD channel, the rights holder gets paid (so do the artist, production companies, distribution companies...) and we can all record it on PVRs, DVDs (even VHS) etc.
If we are supplied the same programme in HD, we still transmit it on an SD channel and the rights holder gets paid (the same as above), we can still record it on PVRs, DVDs (even VHS) etc.... but we also want to transmit it on the HD Channel and there's the problem - we can't because the rights holders says you can use a PVR and make a single Blu Ray but no more - you can't show the HD image without some form of protection.
This is more a debate on quality protection not content protect - Difficult!
Comment number 33.At 07:54 2nd Oct 2009, Tiggs wrote:
"I think I threw this in last time the debate was going on - I always start from: who does this inconvenience?"
Ummmm, anyone wanting to use MythTV or similar homebrew software-based PVR solutions. And people do have such systems hooked up to HD-capable screens. And will, therefore, want to be able to view/record the HD channels.
And, cards on the table, half the content's already out there. Non-UK stuff is online long before the BBC gets around to broadcasting it. (When is Heroes coming to BBC? I've seen people with copies of S4 episodes already - not that i'm bothered myself, I lost interest in the show early S2)
And UK stuff is up shortly after broadcast because you can't stop everyone.
So, simple question. Will MythTV, and other software based PVRs and HTPCs, be able to record Freeview HD?
And if not, how long do you really think it'll be before someone submits a patch to get it to work?
Comment number 34.At 16:31 11th Oct 2009, Titch wrote:
I live in Dumfries and Galloway and we went totally digital earlier in the year. It was great, 130 + channels, (mixed radio and TV), most were complete rubbish, but there were some new easy to watch channels. Post the great 29th retune, (and the 30th and every day since), we have lost nearly ALL of them. We still get all the BBC channels, sort of , if you count a pixilating picture as a channel, but as of yesterday October 09th, I counted 14 channels that you might watch, all the rest are gone.
We are pensioners, my husband is disabled and we don't go out much. So as a treat I had bought us two new digital TV's. Why... I ask myself. I'm getting almost exactly the same as I got pre digital. It stinks!!!
Comment number 35.At 07:01 9th Nov 2009, ferhat wrote:
Comment number 36.At 07:10 30th Mar 2010, U14402580 wrote:
Comment number 37.At 05:21 12th May 2010, U14460911 wrote:
All this user's posts have been removed.Why?


text:
8/15/2014 (7 months ago)
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
This event is a part of the naturally supernatural progression in the life of the Blessed Virgin of Nazareth. Her Yes, her Fiat of surrendered love, brought heaven to earth. This exercise of her human freedom, responding to the invitation of God, as sent through an angel, to be the Mother of the Lord, forever changed human history. It opened her up to the glory of heaven. That glory not only came to dwell within her, but later received her, body and soul, into heaven. Mary is thus the sign and promise of the Church\'s future. She also provides the pattern of the Christian life and vocation. All who say Yes to her beloved Son - and live their lives in that kind of surrendered love - can bear Jesus Christ for the world. They are joined with Mary now and will join with her in the fullness of that communion of love which she now enjoys in eternity.
Catholic Online (www.catholic.org)
8/15/2014 (7 months ago)
Published in Living Faith
Keywords: Assumption, Assumption of Mary, Christian living, Dormition, Discipleship, Mother of God, Marian, Rosary, Holy Rosary, Mother of the Lord, Holiness, Deacon Keith Fournier
CHESAPEAKE, VA (Catholic Online) - On August 15 in the Liturgical Calendar of the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church we celebrate the great Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Most of our Eastern Christian brethren also acknowledge the same great event on this Feast, calling it the Dormition of the Mother of God. Some join us in the celebration today and others, following another ancient Christian calendar, commemorate in just a few days. The Feast is ancient and of profound importance - for reasons which sometimes are not fully understood.
This event is a part of the naturally supernatural progression in the life of the Blessed Virgin of Nazareth. Her Yes, her Fiat of surrendered love, brought heaven to earth. This exercise of her human freedom, responding to the invitation of God, as sent through an angel, to be the Mother of the Lord, forever changed human history. It opened her up to the glory of heaven. That glory not only came to dwell within her, but later received her, body and soul, into heaven.
Mary is thus the sign and promise of the Church's future. She also provides the pattern of the Christian life and vocation. All who say Yes to her beloved Son - and live their lives in that kind of surrendered love - can bear Jesus Christ for the world. They are joined with Mary now and will join with her in the fullness of that communion of love which she now enjoys in eternity.
"Behold, I am the handmaid of the Lord; let it be to me according to your word." In those few words, all of human history was changed. As we make those words our own, our own histories begin to change as well. The Angel proclaimed that Mary was full of grace, filled with the very life and presence of God. She walked in a deep, abiding and intimate relationship with God. He was with her before she even responded to His invitation. God chose Mary, even before Mary chose God. This order is vitally important.
Mary's Prayer, her Fiat (Latin, let it be done) was a response to the visitation from the messenger of heaven, the angel. It also provides a pattern of prayer for every Christian. It unfolds into a life of praise, her 'Magnificat.' This canticle begins with the words in Latin 'Magnificat anima mea Dominum' ('My soul magnifies the Lord') and is the Gospel text for the Liturgy during the day on this Feast. (Luke 1:46-55).
The Fiat is more than a prayer and the Magnificat more than a hymn of praise. Together they constitute a lesson book, a guide, for our own lives. This lesson book is desperately needed by contemporary Christians, indeed all people of faith and good will, in an age characterized by pride and arrogance, deluded by self worship and imprisoned by the idolatry it produces.
The pattern of the life of Mary, the first disciple of the Lord, reveals a trajectory of surrendered love. If we embrace the mystery of Mary, we will find the meaning of our own lives. We were created out of Love, in Love and for Love. As the beloved disciple John, who stood with her at the Tree of the Cross, reminds us in his first letter, "God is love, and he who abides in love abides in God, and God abides in him." (1 Jn 4:16)
Mary said Yes to the invitation to participate in the communion of God's love. She confronted her own fears and entered into a new way of living; so must we. Christians use the word mystery in a manner quite different than the contemporary west perceives the word. Christian 'mysteries' are not puzzles to be solved, but gifts to be received, in faith.
The Greek word mysterion (later translated sacramentum in Latin) is still the preferred word used for the Sacraments in the Eastern Church. They are mysteries of our faith. It is in that light that Mary is also viewed as a mystery; she reveals the very heart of that faith and its inner dynamic. She also teaches us the meaning of our own lives. Like her, we are invited into communion with the Trinitarian God, in and through Jesus Christ.She shows us the way.
Mary lived a life of receiving and giving and giving and receiving. She has been called from the early centuries the God-bearer or Mother of God (which in Greek is Theo-tokos). She brought forth the Word of God. Her Fiat, her humble surrender, led to her Magnificat. Thus she becomes a prototype, showing us the vocation of every human person.
Her response reveals the meaning of life itself. We were made to give ourselves away to the Lord who has given Himself to us in a Holy exchange. He comes and abides within us. Through Baptism we enter into a new way of living in His Body, the Church. Living in that Church we are called to continue His redemptive mission by giving ourselves in Him for the sake of the world. An early father of the undivided Christian Church, Gregory of Nyssa, once wrote:
"What came about in bodily form in Mary, the fullness of the godhead shining through Christ in the Blessed Virgin, takes place in a similar way in every soul that has been made pure. The Lord does not come in bodily form, for 'we no longer know Christ according to the flesh', but He dwells in us spiritually and the father takes up His abode with Him, the Gospel tells us. In this way the child Jesus is born in each of us."
When Mary visited her cousin Elizabeth, she bore within her the Incarnate Word of God as a living tabernacle of love. (Luke 1:38-45) Jesus, the Redeemer in the womb, was already saving the world and Mary, his chosen mother, was already His first disciple. This little Virgin from Nazareth not only experienced the great miracle but became herself a vehicle of grace for others.
Is it any wonder that the early Christians painted her image in the catacombs during their moments of fear, persecution and doubt? They found great inspiration from this little woman of great faith. In her yes they came to understand that ordinary people can change human history. They were inspired to add their own yes, their own fiat to hers.
Justin Martyr and many other early Christian apologists found in her fiat, her obedient Yes to the invitation angel, the undoing of the no - I will not serve - given by the first woman Eve. In one of her very first titles, they called Mary The Second Eve, the mother of the new creation.
In her womb she carried the One whom the biblical authors would call the New Adam. He was born from her as the first born of a new race of men and women who would find a new birth and a new of living and dying, and living again, through His Incarnation, Nativity, Life, Death and Resurrection.
That same Redeemer, Jesus Christ, the Incarnate Word, now resides within - and lives His Risen Life through - all those who respond to the invitation of Love, as Mary did. Mary's choice, her response to the invitation of a God who always respects human freedom, is a singularly extraordinary event in all of human history because it changed history forever. However, it is more.
It is an invitation to each one of us to explore our own personal histories and to write them anew in Jesus Christ. Mary is a mirror, a reflection, of Some-One, Jesus Christ, her Beloved Son,the Eternal Word from the Father who became the Incarnate Word within her. The Savior whom she was privileged to bear for the sake of the world filled her with His grace.
Each one of us, now baptized into Him, is also called to become full of grace. We are invited to empty ourselves and be filled with the very life of God. The Lord desires to come and take up residence within us and be borne into a world that hungers for His love. Mary shows us the way. She heard the promise, believed, was filled with grace, and conceived the Lord who is Love incarnate.
We can do likewise if we learn to pray, to listen, to hear, and to respond with our own Yes, living our lives in surrendered love. I wrote a small book of reflections to help other Christians, not in full communion wiith the Catholic Church, to discover this meaning and gift of Mary for us all. It is entitled The Prayer of Mary, Living the Surrendered Life.
Deacon Keith Fournier is Founder and Chairman of Common Good Foundation and Common Good Alliance. A married Roman Catholic Deacon of the Diocese of Richmond, Virginia, he and his wife Laurine have five grown children and six grandchildren, He serves as the Director of Adult Faith Formation at St. Stephen, Martyr Parish in Chesapeake, VA. He is also a human rights lawyer and public policy advocate.
St. Brigid of Ireland
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Disheartening isn't it? But it has been observed that Christians are divided among themselves. This is not what God wanted, as expressed by the writings in the Scriptures. However, there are some issues between the believers that makes them not united as they should ... continue reading
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"Dem bones, dem bones, dem dry bones" – old American folk song Producers in the Midwest this summer may not be groaning out the lyrics to "Dry Bones," but they will be lamenting tough, drought-like conditions facing their now lush crops during the growing season. According to John Nielsen-...Read More
Farming and Your Freedom
You could make a case, some critics say, that the latest edition of the Farm Bill is oriented more toward the needs of Big (Farming) Business than those of the people. The trouble, National Public Radio's (NPR) Scott Neuman was quoted as saying by The Los Angeles Times, is that the farm bill is �...Read More
Small Business Week highlights those businesses that are the backbone of our economy, those "mom and pop" and larger businesses that are still below the Wall Street radar in our country. These businesses create most of the employment in the nation, thank you very much. To that end, the U.S. Depa...Read More
Marketers know that perception is often the deciding factor in how people relate to a product. If the media reports a certain way about a product, and does it long and often, that product becomes that perception in the public mind — or so it seems. The National Corn Growers Association (NCGA) thin...Read More
This could be the mother of all corn crops — or not. That's how the 2012 planting looks to experts around the nation because farmers are planting more acres of corn in 2012 than they have in any year since the late 1930s, according to a report on National Public Radio (NPR), May 3. NPR [...]...Read More
Some Buffetts are billionaires, some are Parrot Heads, and at least one is a farmer/philanthropist. The first is Warren Buffett, the second is country singer Jimmy Buffett, and the third is the unassuming son of Warren, Howard Buffett, Illinois corn and soybean farmer. Buffett has shunned the spotli...Read More
Spring has sprung and farmers are chomping at the bit to get into their fields and put down crop 2012. As they do so, traffic will increase on rural roads and safe crossing of rural railroads will become problematic — when you are piloting machinery and are in a hurry. Last June at a rural [...]...Read More
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Join now for just £15 per year and become a member of our exclusive membership club and enjoy the following benefits..... Receive a 10% discount on all purchases made with us, whether it's from the shop, show or online. Regular workshops to teach you new techniques in the art of jewellerMore info
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Star Tracks
The Snow White and the Huntsman stars team up while promoting the film in Madrid. Plus: Ian Somerhalder, Prince Harry, Prince William and more
Credit: Bauer-Griffin
Published: Friday May 18, 2012 | 05:00 PM EDT
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Latest News
Tuesday 17th March - The Televisual Bulldog Awards 2015
We are delighted to hear that we have been nominated in three categories in this year's Televisual Bulldog Awards. We are up for: Best Factual Feature for both The Great British Bake Off and The Great British Sewing Bee; Best Documentary Series for Benefits Street and Best Independent Production Company for... Love Productions!
Tuesday 10th March - TRIC Awards
The Great British Bake Off has won Best Factual at the 2015 TRIC Awards this afternoon. Congratulations to everyone involved!
Tuesday 10th March - RTS Awards & RTS West Awards 2015
We are very proud to announce that The Great British Bake Off has been nominated within the Popular, Factual and Features category for the RTS Awards 2015.
The Great British Bake Off also won at the RTS West Awards 2015 in the Best Factual Entertainment Series group this weekend. Very exciting! The Royal Television Society Awards recognise broadcasting and entertainment achievements over the past year.
The winners for the RTS Awards will be announced on Tuesday 17th March.
Thusday 5th February- Broadcast Awards 2015
Amazing news! The Broadcast Awards 2015 took place last night and Love Productions took away two awards. Best Popular Factual went to The Great British Bake Off and Love won Best Independent Production Company. A MASSIVE CONGRATULATIONS to all of those who has contributed in whatever capacity to making the fantastic programmes.
Programmes- News
Thursday 12th March
The Great British Sewing Bee final is creeping up on us tonight on BBC2 at 8pm and don't forget to catch The Great Comic Relief Bake Off: An Extra Slice on Friday at 10pm on BBC2.
Thursday 5th February
Don't forget Love Productions will be taking over BBC Two from 8pm tonight. The new series of the Great British Sewing Bee starts at 8pm, followed by Warwick Davis's Big Night at 9pm.
Wednesday 28th January
Don't forget to tune in to BBC Two tonight to catch The Great British Sewing Bee- Class of 2014; a look back at their best moments.
Also avaliable on BBC iPlayer for 30 days.
Wednesday 21st January- National Television Awards 2015
Congratulations to all those who worked on The Great British Bake Off who won a National Television Award in the Skills Challenge Show Category!
And of course a MASSIVE THANK YOU to all of you who voted for the show!


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"Captivating and enlightening story"
Not necessarily.
As a former commercial banker, I had some idea of the events leading up to the Financial Crisis of 2008, but the depth and breadth of the enabling institutions (e.g., Fannie/Freddie, US Congress, the Fed, etc.) on both sides of the political spectrum was at once enlightening and depressing. I think Morgenstern's history and argument structure is terrific and lacks the lazy criticism seen in so many other places.
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There are burgers ... and then there are Brandt burgers. Each of our half-pound, Family Reserve ground chuck patties come from American, corn-fed beef hand-raised and hand-selected for optimal flavor and juiciness. Offered exclusively by Brandt Beef: the only beef producer in the world to receive the Seal of Excellence from the prestigious Master Chefs' Institute. This is what a burger should be.
This product ships directly from our supplier and may require up to 24 hours to ship. Orders received by 2:00 pm CST will be shipped the following business day. This product ships Monday - Friday.


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The invention pertains to the use of a class of acetylenic surfactants to resolve or break water and oil emulsions. The surfactants are of particular advantage in resolving crude oil emulsions of the type encountered in desalter and similar apparatus designed to extract brines from the crude as they partition to the aqueous phase in the desalter. Also, the surfactants may be used to separate oil from oil sands and similar oil/solids matrices.
1. A method of improving separation of oil from an oil sands matrix comprising contacting said oil sands matrix with a treatment comprising an acetylenic surfactant compound or compounds selected from the Groups Ia, Ib, and III and mixtures thereof, wherein Group I(a) has the formula
wherein R is
said Group III has the formula
wherein R and m are as previously defined and each R6 is independently chosen from H, C1-C10 alkyl or an aryl group, said method further comprising contacting said oil sands matrix with water alkyl or an aryl group, said method further comprising contacting said oil sands matrix with water or steam, said treatment being added in an amount of about 1-1,000 ppm based on one million parts of said water or steam, said method further comprising contacting said oil sands matrix with an additional surfactant (II), said additional surfactant being a polyol having the formula
wherein the moieties x, y and z are each at least 1 and are such as to provide the compound with a molecular weight of about 500 or higher.
2. A method as recited in
a) 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (TMDD-5) and
b) 2,5,8,11-tetramethyl-6-dodecyne-5,8-diol (TMDD-6) and
c) 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyn-3-ol (DMHO) and ethoxylate and propylene oxide derivatives of a); b); and c).
3. A method as recited in
a) 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (TMDD-5) and
b) 2,5,8,11-tetramethyl-6-dodecyne-5,8-diol (TMDD-6) and
c) 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyn-3-ol (DMHO) and ethoxylate and propylene oxide derivatives of a); b); and c).
4. Method as recited in
5. Method as recited in
6. Method as recited in
7. In a method of producing crude oil from a subterranean formation wherein steam or hydrocarbon vapor is injected into said formation to aid in recovery of said crude, the improvement comprising adding a volatile surfactant to said steam or vapor hi an amount of about 1-10,000 ppm surfactant based on one million parts of said steam; said method comprising a steam assisted gravity drainage operation for separating crude from tar sand and wherein said volatile surfactant comprises a steam volatile surfactant; said volatile surfactant comprising a steam volatile acetylenic surfactant compound or compounds selected from the Groups Ia, Ib, and III and mixtures thereof, wherein Group I(a) has the formula
wherein R is
and wherein said Group III has the formula
8. A method as recited in
a) 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol (TMDD-5) and
b) 2,5,8,11-tetramethyl-6-dodecyne-5,8-diol (TMDD-6) and
c) 3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyn-3-ol (DMHO) and ethoxylate and propylene oxide derivatives of a); b); and c).
9. In a method of producing crude oil from a subterranean formation wherein steam or hydrocarbon vapor is injected into said formation to aid in recovery of said crude, the improvement comprising adding volatile surfactant to said steam or vapor in an amount of about 1-10,000 ppm surfactant based on one million parts of said steam; said method comprising a steam assisted gravity drainage operation for separating crude from tar sand and wherein said volatile surfactant comprises a steam volatile surfactant; said volatile surfactant comprising a steam volatile acetylenic surfactant compound or compounds selected from the Groups Ia, Ib, and III and mixtures thereof, wherein Group I(a) has the formula
wherein R is
and wherein said Group III has the formula
wherein R and m are as previously defined and each R6 is independently chosen from H, C1-C10 alkyl or an aryl group, said method further comprising contacting said solids containing matrix with water or steam;
wherein said method further comprises adding an additional surfactant II to said steam or hydrocarbon vapor, said additional surfactant II being a polyol having the formula
10. Method as recited in
11. Method as recited in
12. Method as recited in
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application Ser. No. 11/281,532, filed Nov. 17, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,612,117.
The invention pertains to methods for resolving or breaking various oil and water emulsions by the use of certain classes of acetylenic surfactants. These surfactants may be used by themselves, or optionally, they can be conjointly used with additional surfactants in resolving the emulsions. Additionally, oil phases such as bitumen may be separated from tar sands and similar solid matrices.
All crude oil contains impurities which contribute to corrosion, heat exchanger fouling, furnace coking, catalyst deactivation, and product degradation in refinery and other processes. These contaminants are broadly classified as salts, bottom sediment, and water (BS+W), solids, and metals. The amounts of these impurities vary, depending upon the particular crude. Generally, crude oil salt content ranges between about 3-200 pounds per 1,000 barrels (ptb).
Native water present in crude oils includes predominately sodium chloride with lesser amounts of magnesium chloride and calcium chloride being present. Upon thermal hydrolysis, chloride salts are the source of highly corrosive HCl, which is severely damaging to refinery tower trays and other equipment. Additionally, carbonate and sulfate salts may be present in the crude in sufficient quantities to promote crude preheat exchanger scaling.
Solids other than salts are equally harmful. For example, sand, clay, volcanic ash, drilling muds, rust, iron sulfide, metal, and scale may be present and can cause fouling, plugging, abrasion, erosion and residual product contamination. As a contributor to waste and pollution, sediment stabilizes emulsions in the form of oil-wetted solids and can carry significant quantities of oil into the waste recovery systems.
Metals in crude may be inorganic or organometallic compounds which consist of hydrocarbon combinations with arsenic, vanadium, nickel, copper, iron, and other metals. These materials promote fouling and can cause catalyst poisoning in subsequent refinery processes, such as catalytic cracking methods, and they may also contaminate finished products. The majority of the metals carry as bottoms in refinery processes. When the bottoms are fed, for example, to coker units, contamination of the end-product coke is most undesirable. For example, in the production of high grade electrodes from coke, iron contamination of the coke can lead to electrode degradation and failure in processes, such as those used in the chlor-alkali industry.
Desalting is, as the name implies, a process that is adapted (although not exclusively) to remove primarily inorganic salts from the crude prior to refining. The desalting step is provided by adding and mixing or emulsifying with the crude a few volume percentages of fresh water to contact the brine and salt. In crude oil desalting, a water in oil (W/O) emulsion is intentionally formed with the water admitted being on the order of about 3-10 volume % based on the crude oil. Water is added to the crude and mixed intimately to transfer impurities in the crude to the water phase. Separation of the phases occurs due to coalescence of the small water droplets into progressively larger droplets and eventual gravity separation of the oil and underlying water phase.
Demulsification agents are added, usually upstream from the desalter, and have a variety of purposes such as to help in providing maximum mixing of the oil and water phases, dehydrate the crude oil, provide faster water separation, better salt extraction or improved solids extraction and generate oil-free effluent water. Known demulsifying agents include water soluble organic salts, sulfonated glycerides, sulfonated oils, acetylated caster oils, ethoxylated phenol formaldehyde resins, polyols, polyalkylene oxides, ethoxylated amines, a variety of polyester materials, and many other commercially available compounds.
Desalters are also commonly provided with electrodes to impart an electrical field in the desalter. This serves to polarize the dispersed water molecules. The so-formed dipole molecules exert an attractive force between oppositely charged poles with the increased attractive force increasing the speed of water droplet coalescence by from ten to one hundred fold. The water droplets also move quickly in the electrical field, thus promoting random collisions that further enhance coalescence.
Upon separation of the phases from the W/O emulsions, the crude is commonly drawn off the top of the desalter and sent to the fractionator tower in crude units or other refinery processes. The water phase may be passed through heat exchanges or the like and ultimately is discharged as effluent.
In addition to the need for effective emulsion breakers in resolving the W/O emulsions in desalters and the like, W/O emulsions are also commonly employed in certain bitumen demulsification processes. The emulsions encountered can be of the oil in water type, wherein the density of the hydrocarbon materials is greater than that of water. In these cases, the hydrocarbon phase can be taken from the bottom of the vessel used for separation.
Emulsions are also formed during the production of crude oil. Water is associated with the geological formation and will be co-produced from the oil well. Also, water or steam may be added to the formation in enhanced oil recovery operations that will contribute water to the produced oil stream. Turbulence applied by choke points in the wellhead or production adds sufficient mechanical force to create an emulsion from the oil/water mixture. This water needs to be separated from the produced oil, as pipeline and other collection or transportation systems have specs on maximum amounts of water that can be associated with the oil. The water can lead to corrosion issues in the pipeline. Emulsion breakers are applied to speed the separation of the oil and water during production. Various types of equipment have been used to effect this separation such as dehydrators or heat treaters.
Emulsions that become difficult to break or resolve as a result of refinery reworks, tankwashes, interfaces and others are often referred to as "slop". This "slop" cannot be discharged directly due to environmental concerns so that it has therefore become important to efficiently resolve or separate the emulsion constituents into an oleaginous (oil) or organic phase and a combined mud/non-oleaginous (i.e.) water phase. The oil phase may be used as a process fluid for refinery or other processes or recycled for down hole usage. The mud/water phase may be sent to further separation processes to separate the water for discharge or other use and the mud for possible recycling into down hole operations. Additionally, in some cases, the drilling mud actually seeps out of formation into the crude oil that is being extracted to form an undesirable drilling mud emulsion containing crude oil, water, and sometimes clay as components.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art to provide effective demulsifying treatments to resolve or break water and oil emulsions, particularly the crude oil emulsions encountered in desalter apparatuses, water and bitumen emulsions, and drilling mud emulsions. The emulsions may also be encountered in heat treaters, free water knockout apparatus, inclined plate separation apparatus, water separation apparatus, hydrocyclones, and centrifuges.
The invention pertains to the use of a class of acetylenic surfactants to resolve or break water and oil emulsions. The surfactants are of particular advantage in resolving crude oil emulsions of the type encountered in desalter, oil field dehydration vessels, and similar apparatus designed to extract brines from the crude as they partition to the aqueous phase in the desalter. Although the invention is of particular advantage in the breaking or resolution of O/W emulsions, it may also be successfully employed in the resolution of W/O type emulsions.
More specifically, the acetylenic surfactant is a member or members from the groups represented by the Formulae Ia and Ib wherein, Formula Ia is
and wherein Ib is
Although the present invention is primarily described in conjunction with the resolution of a crude oil/water emulsion in a conventional desalter or the like or in an oilfied dehydration vessel, the artisan will appreciate that in a broader sense, the invention is applicable to resolution of a variety of oil and water emulsions. For example, emulsions encountered in the storage and processing of a variety of liquid hydrocarbon media including vacuum residia, solvent deasphated oils, gas oils, gasolines, diesel fuel, shale oil, liquefied coal, beneficiated tar sand, bitumen, etc., may all be treated in accordance with the invention.
The acetylenic surfactants Ia, Ib may be added to either the oil phase, the water phase, or the emulsion itself. Either way, the surfactant Ia, Ib must be brought into contact with the emulsion so as to promote mixing therewith to effectively perform its intended function as an emulsion breaker. As used herein, the surfactant is said to be brought into contact with the emulsion. This means that the surfactant can be added to either the hydrocarbon phase, the water phase, or the formed emulsion itself. Under all of these conditions, the surfactant ultimately contacts the emulsion. In one exemplary embodiment of the invention, the surfactant Ia, Ib is intimately and thoroughly mixed with the wash water that is fed into the desalter to thereby mix with and contact the emulsion.
As stated above, these acetylenic functional surfactants have the Formula Ia or Ib wherein Ia is
and wherein Ib is
Surfactants of the classes Ia and Ib are commercially available from Air Products Inc., Allentown, Pa., under a variety of "Sulfonyl", "Dynol", and "Envirogem" trademark designations and are described in the literature as being non-ionic surfactants based on acetylenic diol chemistry. Available products includes ethoxylated and ethoxylated/propoxylated versions of the diols. Commercially available products include:
With regard to the diol surfactants (i.e., those in Formula Ia wherein m and n are both zero), these are, as stated above, commercially available and can be made via the techniques reported in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,250,445; 2,106,180; and 2,163,720, all of which are incorporated by reference herein. In summary of these disclosures, these tertiary acetylenic diols may be formed via mixing of a saturated ketone with an alkali metal hydroxide, and the resulting mixture is then reacted with acetylene. This results in production of the acetylenic monohydroxide product and, more importantly, the geminate acetylenic glycol.
The tertiary acetylenic diols, preferably (TMDD-5) and (TMDD-6) are then used as the precursors to form the EO and/or EO/PO adducts in accord with the procedures set forth for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,313,182 and 6,864,395; both of which are incorporated by reference herein. As aforementioned, both the EO and EO/PO derivatives are also commercially available. Briefly, the procedures reported in these patents involve reaction of the precursor with the requisite quantities of EO and/or EO followed by PO in the presence of a suitable catalyst including trialkylamines and Lewis acids, particularly BF3. Also, the compositions may be prepared by reaction of a pre-formed acetylenic diol ethoxylate with PrO in the presence of a catalyst.
Similarly, aromatic compounds can be made wherein some or all of the R1-R4 groups may independently comprise an aryl moiety. For example, 2,4, dimethyl-7-phenyl-5 octyne-4,7-diol was made via the following process:
To a solution of 12.6 (0.1 mol) g of 3,4-dimethyl-1-hexyn-3-ol in 500 mL in diethyl ether at 0° C. was added drop wise a solution of n-BuLi (2.0 M, 110 mL, 0.22 mols) over a period of 1 hour. The reaction mixture was stirred for an additional 30 minutes, treated with a solution of acetophenone (12 g, 0.1 mol) in 100 mL ether and allowed to warm to room temperature. The solution was quenched with 600 mL of a 0.1 N HCl solution, and the organic phases separated. The aqueous phase was further extracted with ether (3×100 mL), and the combined organic phases were washed with saturated NaHCO3 solution (3×100 mL), water (2×100 mL) and dried over molecular sieves.
From about 1 to 500 ppm of the acetylenic surfactants from the groups Ia and/or Ib are added to make contact with the emulsion based on one million parts of the emulsion. At present, it is preferred to add the surfactant to either the water wash flowing into the desalter, to the crude oil stream or directly to the emulsion so as to ensure thorough mixing of the surfactant with the emulsion.
In addition to the acetylenic surfactants Ia and Ib, additional surfactants may be added to contact and aid in resolution of the emulsion. These additional surfactants II include polyols, EP/PO polymers, alkylphenolformaldehyde resin ethoxylates, ethoxylated amines, ethoxylated polyamines, alkylphenolethoxylates, aromatic sulfonates, and sulfo succinates. These additional surfactants II may also be added in necessary amounts so that the total surfactant I or I and II present to contact the emulsion is from about 1 to about 1,000 ppm based on one million parts of the emulsion.
In those instances in which the surfactants I and II are conjointly used, they may be present in the following weight percentage range, based on 100 wt % of the combination: I:II of about I 1-90%:II 99 wt %-10 wt %.
One particular class of additional surfactants (II) has shown enhanced efficacy in preliminary tests when used conjointly with the surfactant I. Specifically, this surfactant (II) is chosen from EO/PO polymers having the Formula II:
Block copolymers in accordance with Formula II preferably have molecular weights of from about 500 to 30,000 with a molecular weight of about 1,000-10,000 being more preferred. Preferred are those block copolymers wherein the combined EtO moieties comprise about 20-80% by weight of the surfactant (II). These preferred surfactants II are available from BASF under the "Pluronic" designation. Most preferred is a block copolymer wherein the EtO moieties make up about 40% by weight of the polymer, and the overall mw of the block copolymer is about 4,000.
One particularly preferred conjoint treatment is Ia-(TMDD-5) with II EO/PO block copolymer—P-84. The (TMDD-5) is present in an amount of about 1-50% of the conjoint treatment, more preferably in an amount of about 1-20% by weight.
The invention will now be further described in conjunction with the following examples which are illustrative of a variety of exemplary embodiments of the invention and should not be used to narrowly construe same.
In order to assess the emulsion breaking efficacy of candidate materials, simulated desalter tests were undertaken. The simulated desalter comprises an oil bath reservoir provided with a plurality of test cell tubes dispersed therein. The temperature of the oil bath can be varied to about 300° F. to simulate actual field conditions. The test cells are placed into an electrical field to impart an electrical field of variable potential through the test emulsions.
97 ml of crude oil along with 3 ml of D.I. water were admitted to each test cell along with the candidate emulsion breaker materials. The crude/water/treatment mixtures were homogenized by mixing each of the test cell tubes at 13,000 rpm for 2 seconds. The test cell tubes were heated to about 250° F. Water drop (i.e., water level) in ml was observed for each sample after the predetermined time intervals according to the schedule. Results are shown in Table 1.
Another series of tests was performed using the simulated desalter apparatus described in Example 1. In this series of test, 95 ml of crude oil and 5 ml of D.I. water plus treatment were added to the test cells. Results are shown in Table 2.
Another test series was undertaken to assess the efficacy of candidate materials in breaking bitumen emulsions. These tests were similar to those reported in Example 1 with exceptions noted in the table and the fact that an electrical field was not imparted to the test emulsions. Results are reported in Table 3.
In order to further demonstrate the efficacy of the treatment additives of the invention in separating bitumen from oil sands ore, 10 g of the oil sand ore were placed in 50 ml vials. The vials were heated at 195° F. for 1 hour. 30 ml of DI water with 0.4 g/L NaOH were added to each of the vials and then the desired treatments were added in a HAN solution (2% solution) to the vials. Each of the vials was hand shaken for about 3-4 seconds and then heated at 125° F. with mechanical agitation for 1 hour. The vials were allowed to settle and then 1 mL of the supernatant from each vial was removed and added to a 10 mL xylene/acetone mixture (1:1). These samples were then evaluated spectroscopically at 410 nm. This wavelength was chosen as one at which absorbance of oil can be readily detected. Increasing absorbance of the test samples is indicative of improved separation of the bitumen into the water phase from the ore.
Results are given in Table 4 as follows.
Additional experiments were undertaken using the procedure set forth in Example 4. Results are shown in Table 5.
The procedures of Example 4 were again repeated. Results are shown in Table 6.
As demonstrated in conjunction with Examples 3-6, the hydroxy acetylenic compounds are efficacious in helping to separate bitumen from oil sands. Oil sands, also called tar sands, are found in many countries throughout the world. The primary formation is in the province of Alberta, Canada wherein the oils sands are formed basically of sands and crude oil. The oil sands is also referred to as "ore" and is approximately 90% sand, some water, and 10% crude oil. The crude oil is extra heavy crude and can be characterized as a naturally occurring viscous mixture of hydrocarbons that are generally heavier than pentane. This crude also contains sulphur compounds and will not flow to a well in its natural state. Accordingly, it is harder to refine and generally of lesser quality than other crudes. The crude is often referred to as "tar" or "bitumen".
At present, two different processes are used to extract this heavy crude oil or bitumen. In the mining method, the surface oil sand is transported and washed in a large vessel. The oil sands (also called ore) is then combined with water, NaOH, and air in a Primary Separation Vessel (PSV) wherein the heavy crude oil is floated in the form of a froth or slurry with the sand and clay allowed to settle. In some cases, the froth or slurry is then fed to a second tank for further mixing and tumbling with water. Most of the sand and clay is removed with the bitumen containing froth or slurry being skimmed off the top and diluted with naptha (HAN) to dissolve the oil. The naptha addition step may be followed by centrifuging to further remove sand and clay and the naptha is then separated from the oil via distillation. The heavy crude is processed via thermal cracking and hydrotreating with the various distillates being recombined to form "Synthetic Crude Oil" that is sent to refineries for further processing.
The second method for extracting the bitumen from the tar sand is the "Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage" (SAGD) method. This method contrasts with mining in that SADG is not a surface operation. Instead SADG involves underground operations and consists of a pair of wells drilled into the formation about five meters apart from each other. Steam is injected into the formation through the top well. The steam softens the tar like bitumen and enables it to drain in the form of an emulsion to the lower well in the formation from where it is pumped to the surface. The emulsion may then be washed with additional water and treated at this point in a member similar to crude recovered by bitumen mining operations such as by addition of caustic/water solutions and dissolution in naptha or similar solvent. As used herein, "subterranean" shall refer to both underground systems and those operating at sea level in which the earth's surface is penetrated.
In either case, it is obviously desirable to increase the amount of bitumen actually recovered from the oil or tar sand. We have noted that hydroxylated acetylenic surfactants when brought into contact with the oil sand, usually at the point in the process where the oil sand is contacted by water, increase the amount of oil that partitions or separates to the water phase, thus increasing crude oil recovery.
In mining operations of the type described above, we have found that addition of the hydroxylated acetylenic surfactants to the water phase as the tar sand is washed with water, NaOH and air in the primary separation vessel results in increased recovery of the bitumen in the water phase or froth that is formed. Although this is the preferred format for adding the treatment, the treatment may be added as other steps in the process. The important criterion is that the additive be brought into contact with the oil sands and that the sands be simultaneously or subsequently contacted with water so that the crude can be separated from the sand and clay.
As to the hydroxylated actylenic compounds that may be used to improve the separation of the oil from the oil sands. These may basically be represented by the formula Ia and Ib given above with TMDD-5 and its alkoxylated i.e., ethoxylated and proproxlated versions being preferred. Additionally, other hydroxylated acetylenic surfactants may be mentioned as exemplary. There may be represented by the formula
In the SAGD process, the treatment is preferably added to the steam that is injected into the upper well although the treatment can also be added at a variety of other process locations. The use of volatile surfactants for feed to the steam in SAGD operations allows the surfactants to be continuously replenished during the life of the well so that they can be continuously replenished during the life of the well. In this way, these steam volatile surfactants remain at effective concentrations for long times. Non-volatile or high molecular weight surfactants cannot be fed in this manner since they would not be volatile in steam and would not be transported to the oil or bitumen bearing formation in the earth.
TMDD-5 and DMHO, particularly, have the following properties that make them particularly suited for injection into the steam of SAGD or steam floods in enhanced oil recovery:
There are several situations where volatile surfactants can be used to advantage in the recovery of petroleum or bitumen. In all these applications the surfactant provides a reduction of the surface tension to allow both penetration into the formation and release of the oil from the sand or material of the producing formation.
DMHO bp=160°
VOC (Volatile Organic Carbon) by EPA Method 24 (wt %)=100%
TMDD-5 bp=>160°
VOC by EPA Method 24 (wt % lost at 110° for 1 hour)=48%
Any surfactant that has sufficient vapor pressure or is volatile in steam or hydrocarbon vapor sufficient to travel with the vapor and produce a significant reduction in the surface tension upon condensation would meet the needs of the invention.
The Vapex system refers to a vapor extraction technology that leads to an increase in the recovery of conventional heavy oil from diverse substrates and underlying geological or subsurface formations. Gaseous solvents are used to increase oil recovery by reducing oil viscosity.
This unique combination of properties makes the steam volatile surfactants, such as the steam volatile hydroxy acetylenic compound, ideal for injection down hole with the steam for the recovery of bitumen in SAGD and also in more conventional steam and surfactant floods for the recovery of oil from diverse substrates and underlying geological or subsurface formations. Other materials with these properties could of course be used. Additionally, the surfactants can be used in supercritical fluid extraction processes using a variety of supercritical fluids such as CO2. The use of the surfactants in secondary oil recovery methods such as in gas reinjection and water flooding can also be mentioned.
The result of the application of the hydroxy acetylenic surfactants in this manner is expected to be manifold, less steam will be needed to produce a barrel of bitumen or crude; better recovery from the ore is expected and will result in more bitumen produced from the formation. These materials are also adjuncts to demulsification and could well act to inhibit the formation of emulsion during production. Thus, the invention includes the step of pre-adding such treatment during production so that a process compatible residue remains in the produced crude and decreases the dosage that is needed in later emulsion breaking or other processing stages.
When the hydroxylated acetylenic compounds or alkoxylated versions thereof (Ia, Ib, III) are used to aid in the separation of bitumen from oil sands and the like, surfactants II such as those mentioned above can also be used as part of the treatment.
Although we have discussed separation of bitumen from oil sands via mining and SAGD operations, the treatments in accordance with the invention can be used to improve separation of oil from crude oil production emulsions and refinery emulsions. In all of these environments, the oil to be recovered is found in the presence of a solids-containing matrix comprising particles such as sand and/or clay. Addition of the treatment will aid in the separation of the oil to the water phase when the oil/solids matrix is brought into contact with wash water or similar water-based operations. The treatments may be employed in amounts of from about 1 ppm-1,000 ppm treatment per one million parts water contained in the water phase such as in a washing operation or steam such as in SAGD or steam flooding operations. More preferably, the treatment may be added in an amount of about 5-500 and even more preferably, 100-500 ppm.
Another problem that has been encountered in the field of oleaginous or organic phase aqueous phase emulsions is that of diesel fuel dehazing. Dehazing may be viewed as a method of removing suspended water droplets from the distillate phase or releasing free water trapped in an emulsion settled from the distillate phase. Gasoline and crude oil distillates may both benefit from this treatment. After being distilled from crude oil, the diesel fraction in particular and other fractionated cuts as well can contain emulsified water that causes the normally clear liquid to be hazy. Demulsifying agents are commonly called "dehazers". In accordance with yet another embodiment of the invention, the hydroxy acetylenic compounds of the invention, represent by the formulae Ia, Ib, or III can be used as an effective antihazing or "dehazers". Especially preferred for use in this regard is 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7,diol (TMDD-5).
Table 7 below indicates results from ASTM D4176 testing methods used to show effective "dehazing" in diesel fuels. As a comparison, several commercial products were tested and composed in these tests against the performance of TMDD-5.
It is accordingly apparent that the acetylenic surfactant compound or compounds selected from Groups Ia, Ib, and III and mixtures thereof can be utilized to improve the separation of oil located in the presence of a solids containing matrix including sand and/or clay compounds. The solids containing matrix may include oil sand and the treatment may be used in an amount of 1-1,000, 5-500, and/or 100-500 ppm of treatment based on the water or steam that is used to contact the solids matrix. Further, in methods for producing crude oil from subterranean formations which include not only underground but underwater formations, wherein steam or hydrocarbon vapor is injected into the formation in order to aid in the recovery of the crude, the volatile surfactants in accordance with the invention may be added to the steam or vapor in amounts of 1 to about 10,000 ppm surfactant. One exemplary method includes steam assisted gravity drainage operations for separating crude from tar sand and wherein the volatile surfactant comprises a steam volatile surfactant. The steam volatile surfactant may be selected from the Groups Ia, Ib, and III as disclosed herein. Further, the treatments of the invention can be utilized to resolve emulsions including an organic phase and an aqueous phase. Such emulsions may be formed, for instance, in desalting apparatus, or the emulsion may be a bitumen emulsion, or slop oil emulsion. Further, the emulsion may comprise water, oil, and solid materials such as sands and clays. Also, the emulsion may be located in a froth formation apparatus, and the emulsion may be in the form of an interfacial rag area. Further, the emulsion may comprise a high solids content of about 1-1,000 ppm solid. Also, such emulsions may have asphaltene contents of about 1-20%.
The emulsions may also be located in a heater treater apparatus, free water knockout apparatus, inclined plate separator apparatus, water separator apparatus, hydrocyclone, or centrifuge. The emulsion may be a drilling mud emulsion, such as an inverted slop oil drilling mud emulsion, or the drilling mud emulsion may result from leakage of drilling mud into produced crude oil. The emulsion may also be a refinery slop oil emulsion.
The treatments of the invention may also be utilized to treat such emulsions as distillate fuels by dehazing the emulsion. One common distillate fuel that may benefit from the invention is diesel fuel.
The acetylenic surfactants may also act synergistically when used in combination with quaternary ammonium salts and/or amphoteric salts.
While this invention has been described with respect to particular embodiments thereof, it is apparent that numerous other forms and modifications thereof will be obvious to those skilled in the art. The appended claims generally should be construed to cover all such obvious forms and modifications which are within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
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UNFURNISHED APTS: $610-$700 WSG incl. Quiet, near WWU, 621 32nd St. Pet? 360-671-4387More info Email a friend
WANTED TO RENT: Professional couple spending June, July & August on Writing Sabbatical in Bellingham. We are seeking quiet housing within walking distance to Fairhaven & downtown. We are flexible on renting an entire house or private apartment; furnished preferred.More info Email a friend
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UNFURNISHED APTS: 3 BD 2 BA with garage. Golf course view. Very clean with air conditioning, stainless appliances, granite counters. Large view master suite with walk-in closet. Two baths with shower/tub combination. One level on second floor with Southern exposure. Oversized...More info Email a friend
UNFURNISHED APTS: Walking distance from WWU Campus, this top floor three-bedroom, two full baths has plenty of space for three roommates. Large kitchen with bar area, slider door to deck and no one making noise on your ceiling. Available for Spring Quarter. Current rent...More info Email a friend
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Sept Birthdays in Birthday block Exchange
Just giving all members of the Birthday Block Exchange, advanced notice that there are 6 birthdays in September. Depending on how many groups you are in, you may have a lot of blocks to make. The first September blocks are due on the 10th, so we must keep working and remain on schedule. Here is the list:
Ribbons & Bows
Sept 10th - geezerfolks (Sharon)
Sept 10th - grammyp (Beverly)
Sept 23rd - kay_in_pa (Kay)
Make a Wish
Sept 26th - hazelnutbunny (Melissa)
Piece of Cake
Sept 17th - Teresa_nc7 (Teresa)
Sept 23rd - kay_in_pa (Kay)
* Please note: Kay is in 2 groups and has asked for the same block (Ribbon Quilt block) in both groups
* If you are in Ribbons & Bows AND Piece of Cake you will need to send 2 blocks to Kay, but can be sent in the one envelope.
Congratulations everyone on keeping up to date with the swaps. The 2 swaps for August are going well.
Do not add any posts to this message. I will begin individual posts for each birthday quilter closer to their birthday.
All of our September birthdays have passed by. I hope each of you had a wonderful birthday.
If you are in the exchange and had a September birthday, please make it easy for us and post on your thread if you have received all of your blocks. If you don't want to "name names" of people you have not received from you are certainly welcome to e-mail me about it. I think everyone has done well, but I will be checking soon because October is right around the corner!
I hope everyone is doing well.


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Kenilworth At Hazelwood
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Open House this Saturday, October 10th!
Kenilworth at Hazelwood & Windridge Apartments is proudly owned and managed by Continental Realty Corporation. Continental Realty Corporation (CRC) is a privately owned commercial and residential development and management company with proud, long-standing Baltimore roots. Marvin Schapiro started CRC in 1960 with one simple philosophy - always keep your promises. For over 50 years, CRC has upheld this philosophy while offering business owners the opportunity to pursue entrepreneurism in well-managed commercial office buildings and retail centers, and providing well-maintained homes to residents in each of our apartment communities. We invite you to experience the CRC difference firsthand and we look forward to your residency.Continental Realty Corporation and Kenilworth at Hazelwood & Windridge ApartmentsContinuing a tradition of integrity.Respecting our relationships.Creating value every day.
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Cat Policy: 25 Pound Weight Limit. Maximum 2 cats per apartment. $25.00 pet rent. $250.00 non-refundable pet fee.
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Varnetta P.
I don't have any real serious complaints about the complex itself, just issues with the residents. The rental Read Moreoffice/maintenance staff is always curteous and on time with any maintenance issues or general questions I may have. I enjoy it here.
March 4, 2014
Kenilworth At Hazelwood Resident
In 3 months, the police and bail bondsmen came pounding on my door 72 times. They cited a variety of reason i Read Morencluding: reports of convict hiding out, address given when prisoner was released, report of meth lab, etc. They came at all hours of the night. They came so frequently that my roommate and I started making cookies to hand out while they searched the property. It is funny now but at the time it was terrible. Worth breaking the lease to get out. Please RUN from this complex.
January 17, 2014
Kenilworth At Hazelwood Resident
Office staff are pleasant, maintenance usually responds within an hour, grounds are kept neat and clean
January 14, 2014
devon m.
It really is a nice apartment, however it sounds like someone is coming througn you ceiling daily (walls too t Read Morehin). You can hear people conversations, water running, etc). Its a bit annoying but I besides that nt abad community. I wish they offered more parking for residents, i pay $900.00 and have to park outside of my complex :(
Everything else is pretty awesome!
December 24, 2013
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