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After a significant delay, Cambridge University made known the name of Michael Green's successor at the Lucasian chair. The 19th Lucasian Professor is Michael Cates, Professor at University of Edinburgh and Fellow of the Royal Society. Professor Cates is worldwide known for his researches in the field of soft condensed matter. It is a well deserved recognition and one of the best choice ever for this prestigious chair. So, we present our best wishes to Professor Cates of an excellent job in this new role.
New Lucasian Professor19/03/2015
Is Higgs alone?14/03/2015
I am back after the announcement by CERN of the restart of LHC. On May this year we will have also the first collisions. This is great news and we hope for the best and the best here is just the breaking of the Standard Model.
The Higgs in the title is not Professor Higgs but rather the particle carrying his name. The question is a recurring one since the first hints of existence made their appearance at the LHC. The point I would like to make is that the equations of the theory are always solved perturbatively, even if exact solutions exist that provide a mass also if the theory is massless or has a mass term with a wrong sign (Higgs model). All you need is a finite self-interaction term in the equation. So, you will have bad times to recover such exact solutions with perturbation techniques and one keeps on living in the ignorance. If you would like to see the technicalities involved just take a cursory look at Dispersive Wiki.
What is the point? The matter is rather simple. The classical theory has exact massive solutions for the potential in the form and this is a general result implying that a scalar self-interacting field gets always a mass (see here and here). Are we entitled to ignore this? Of course no. But today exact solutions have lost their charm and we can get along with them.
For the quantum field theory side what could we say? The theory can be quantized starting with these solutions and I have shown that one gets in this way that these massive particles have higher excited states. These are not bound states (maybe could be correctly interpreted in string theory or in a proper technicolor formulation after bosonization) but rather internal degrees of freedom. It is always the same Higgs particle but with the capability to live in higher excited states. These states are very difficult to observe because higher excited states are also highly depressed and even more hard to see. In the first LHC run they could not be seen for sure. In a sense, it is like Higgs is alone but with the capability to get fatter and present himself in an infinite number of different ways. This is exactly the same for the formulation of the scalar field as originally proposed by Higgs, Englert, Brout, Kibble, Guralnik and Hagen. We just note that this formulation has the advantage to be exactly what one knows from second order phase transitions used by Anderson in his non-relativistic proposal of this same mechanism. The existence of these states appears inescapable whatever is your best choice for the quartic potential of the scalar field.
It is interesting to note that this is also true for the Yang-Mills field theory. The classical equations of this theory display similar solutions that are massive (see here) and whatever is the way you develop your quantum filed theory with such solutions the mass gap is there. The theory entails the existence of massive excitations exactly as the scalar field does. This have been seen in lattice computations (see here). Can we ignore them? Of course no but exact solutions are not our best choice as said above even if we will have hard time to recover them with perturbation theory. Better to wait.
Marco Frasca (2009). Exact solutions of classical scalar field equations J.Nonlin.Math.Phys.18:291-297,2011 arXiv: 0907.4053v2
Marco Frasca (2013). Scalar field theory in the strong self-interaction limit Eur. Phys. J. C (2014) 74:2929 arXiv: 1306.6530v5
Marco Frasca (2014). Exact solutions for classical Yang-Mills fields arXiv arXiv: 1409.2351v2
Biagio Lucini, & Marco Panero (2012). SU(N) gauge theories at large N Physics Reports 526 (2013) 93-163 arXiv: 1210.4997v2
What is going on at NASA?09/01/2015
As a physicist I have been always interested about experiments that can corroborate theoretical findings. Most of these often become important applications for everyday life or change forever the course of the history of mankind. With this in view, I am currently following with great interest the efforts by the NASA group headed by Harold White. This work has arisen uproar in the web and in the media as it was come to envision the possibility to realize a warp drive, in the way Alcubierre devised it, and the stars were in the reach shortly. As it is well-known, Alcubierre drive implies exotic matter something that does not appear at hand neither in small nor in large quantity. On the other side, it was indirectly observed in the Casimir effect, a beautiful application of quantum field theory to real life. So, it is rather normal to link warp drive with exotic matter. It should be emphasized that nobody on Earth ever managed it in some way and it is not available at your nearest grocery store. The experiment carried out by Harold White and his group is realized with an interference device using lasers on an optical table. The idea is to observe a modification of space-time, a minuscule one, that would modify the paths of the laser beams. This would be comparable to the realization of the Chicago pile by Enrico Fermi that was the starting point for the Manhattan project. I would like to emphasize that such a laboratory small-scale manipulation of space-time would be a huge breakthrough in physics and would open up the way to a new kind of engineering, that of space-time. So, our hopes for a warp drive would be totally fulfilled.
There is an eager desire to obtain any possible information about the progress of White's work but, of course, there are a couple of hurdles. The first one is that a scientist needs to be certain before to claim a result and we know very well why from some blatant examples in the last years. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. Last but not least, Harold White is employed at NASA and some restrictions could be required by the organization he is working with. So, it is really interesting a video appeared quite recently where White claims that the effect is there but further work is needed for confirmation. If you have a hour of your spare time, this video is worthwhile to be seen.
This video is interesting per se because Harold White is talking to his colleagues at NASA. But in the question time happens the interesting fact. A White's colleague asks him "where is the exotic matter?":
and here something interesting happens. White seems to avoid the question and admits that they talked before in the office. What is more interesting is what the White's colleague is saying then unveiling some of the machinery behind the experiment. The colleague says that the experiment could be carried out in some strong coupling regime that makes the magic happen without any exotic matter. White denies and disagrees. We know that he is using strong electromagnetic fields in the interference zone. Indeed, the matter of the behaviour of the space-time in a strong perturbation was studied for cosmological aims by Belinski, Kalathnikov and Lifshitz, the BKL trio. This scenario was confirmed by numerical studies by David Garfinkle (see here). I was able to derive it by analysing the behaviour of the Einstein equations under a strong perturbation (see here) in analytical way. So, the chance to study such effects in a laboratory would be really striking and would mean an incredible breakthrough for people working in general relativity and related fields. What the exchange between White and his colleague implies is that this could be already at hand and without exotic matter. All the growing concerns about the work at NASA are then not applicable and a different kind of analysis would be needed. Particularly, Alcubierre drive should be devised in a different way. As a physicist, I am eager to learn more about this and to know the real answer, from the horse's mouth, to the question "where is the exotic matter?".
Miguel Alcubierre (2000). The warp drive: hyper-fast travel within general relativity Class.Quant.Grav.11:L73-L77,1994 arXiv: gr-qc/0009013v1
David Garfinkle (2003). Numerical simulations of generic singuarities Phys.Rev.Lett. 93 (2004) 161101 arXiv: gr-qc/0312117v4
Marco Frasca (2005). Strong coupling expansion for general relativity Int.J.Mod.Phys.D15:1373-1386,2006 arXiv: hep-th/0508246v3
Standard Model at the horizon08/12/2014
Hawking radiation is one of the most famous effects where quantum field theory combines successfully with general relativity. Since 1975 when Stephen Hawking uncovered it, this result has obtained a enormous consideration and has been derived in a lot of different ways. The idea is that, very near the horizon of a black hole, a pair of particles can be produced one of which falls into the hole and the other escapes to infinity and is seen as emitted radiation. The overall effect is to drain energy from the hole, as the pair is formed at its expenses, and its ultimate fate is to evaporate. The distribution of this radiation is practically thermal and a temperature and an entropy can be attached to the black hole. The entropy is proportional to the area of the black hole computed at the horizon, as also postulated by Jacob Bekenstein, and so, it can only increase. Thermodynamics applies to black holes as well. Since then, the quest to understand the microscopic origin of such an entropy has seen a huge literature production with the notable understanding coming from string theory and loop quantum gravity.
In all the derivations of this effect people generally assumes that the particles are free and there are very good reasons to do so. In this way the theory is easier to manage and quantum field theory on curved spaces yields definite results. The wave equation is separable and exactly solvable (see here and here). For a scalar field, if you had a self-interaction term you are immediately in trouble. Notwithstanding this, in the '80 Unruh and Leahy, considering the simplified case of two dimensions and Schwarzschild geometry, uncovered a peculiar effect: At the horizon of the black the interaction appears to be switched off (see here). This means that the original derivation by Hawking for free particles has indeed a general meaning but, the worst conclusion, all particles become non interacting and massless at the horizon when one considers the Standard Model! Cooper will have very bad times crossing Gargantua's horizon.
Turning back from science fiction to reality, this problem stood forgotten for all this time and nobody studied this fact too much. The reason is that the vacuum in a curved space-time is not trivial, as firstly noted by Hawking, and mostly so when particles interact. Simply, people has increasing difficulties to manage the theory that is already complicated in its simplest form. Algebraic quantum field theory provides a rigorous approach to this (e.g. see here). These authors consider an interacting theory with a term but do perturbation theory (small self-interaction) probably hiding in this way the Unruh-Leahy effect.
The situation can change radically if one has exact solutions. A classical theory can be indeed solved exactly and one can make it manageable (see here). A full quantum field theory can be developed in the strong self-interaction limit (see here) and so, Unruh-Leahy effect can be accounted for. I did so and then, I have got the same conclusion for the Kerr black hole (the one of Interstellar) in four dimensions (see here). This can have devastating implications for the Standard Model of particle physics. The reason is that, if Higgs field is switched off at the horizon, all the particles will lose their masses and electroweak symmetry will be recovered. Besides, further analysis will be necessary also for Yang-Mills fields and I suspect that also in this case the same conclusion has to hold. So, the Unruh-Leahy effect seems to be on the same footing and importance of the Hawking radiation. A deep understanding of it would be needed starting from quantum gravity. It is a holy grail, the switch-off of all couplings, kind of.
Further analysis is needed to get a confirmation of it. But now, I am somewhat more scared to cross a horizon.
V. B. Bezerra, H. S. Vieira, & André A. Costa (2013). The Klein-Gordon equation in the spacetime of a charged and rotating black hole Class. Quantum Grav. 31 (2014) 045003 arXiv: 1312.4823v1
H. S. Vieira, V. B. Bezerra, & C. R. Muniz (2014). Exact solutions of the Klein-Gordon equation in the Kerr-Newman background and Hawking radiation Annals of Physics 350 (2014) 14-28 arXiv: 1401.5397v4
Leahy, D., & Unruh, W. (1983). Effects of a λΦ4 interaction on black-hole evaporation in two dimensions Physical Review D, 28 (4), 694-702 DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.28.694
Giovanni Collini, Valter Moretti, & Nicola Pinamonti (2013). Tunnelling black-hole radiation with $φ^3$ self-interaction: one-loop computation for Rindler Killing horizons Lett. Math. Phys. 104 (2014) 217-232 arXiv: 1302.5253v4
Marco Frasca (2009). Exact solutions of classical scalar field equations J.Nonlin.Math.Phys.18:291-297,2011 arXiv: 0907.4053v2
Marco Frasca (2013). Scalar field theory in the strong self-interaction limit Eur. Phys. J. C (2014) 74:2929 arXiv: 1306.6530v5
Marco Frasca (2014). Hawking radiation and interacting fields arXiv arXiv: 1412.1955v1
That's a Higgs but how many?17/11/2014
CMS and ATLAS collaborations are yet up to work producing results from the datasets obtained in the first phase of activity of LHC. The restart is really near the corner and, maybe already the next summer, things can change considerably. Anyway what they get from the old data can be really promising and rather intriguing. This is the case for the recent paper by CMS (see here). The aim of this work is to see if a heavier state of Higgs particle exists and the kind of decay they study is . That is, one has a signature with two leptons moving in opposite directions, arising from the dacy of the , and two bottom quarks arising from the decay of the Higgs particle. The analysis of this decay aims to get hints of existence of a heavier pseudoscalar Higgs state. This can be greatly important for SUSY extensions of the Standard Model that foresee more than one Higgs particle.
Often CMS presents its results with some intriguing open questions and also this is the case and so, it is worth this blog entry. Here is the main result
The evidence, as said in the paper, is that there is a 2.6-2.9 sigma evidence at 560 GeV and a smaller one at around 300 GeV. Look elsewhere effect reduces the former at 1.1 sigma and the latter is practically negligible. Overall, this is pretty negligible but, as always, with more data at the restart, could become something real or just fade away. It should be appreciated the fact that a door is left open anyway and a possible effect is pointed out.
My personal interpretation is that such higher excitations do exist but their production rates are heavily suppressed with the respect to the observed ground state at 126 GeV and so, negligible with the present datasets. I am also convinced that the current understanding of the breaking of SUSY, currently adopted in MSSM-like to go beyond the Standard Model, is not the correct one provoking the early death of such models. I have explained this in a coupled of papers of mine (see here and here). It is my firm conviction that the restart will yield exciting results and we should be really happy to have such a powerful machine in our hands to grasp them.
Marco Frasca (2013). Scalar field theory in the strong self-interaction limit Eur. Phys. J. C (2014) 74:2929 arXiv: 1306.6530v5
Marco Frasca (2012). Classical solutions of a massless Wess-Zumino model J.Nonlin.Math.Phys. 20:4, 464-468 (2013) arXiv: 1212.1822v2
I have spent this week in Castiglioncello participating to the Conference DICE 2014. This Conference is organized with a cadence of two years with the main efforts due to Thomas Elze.
I have been a participant to the 2006 edition where I gave a talk about decoherence and thermodynamic limit (see here and here). This is one of the main conferences where foundational questions can be discussed with the intervention of some of the major physicists. This year there have been 5 keynote lectures from famous researchers. The opening lecture was held by Tom Kibble, one of the founding fathers of the Higgs mechanism. I met him at the registration desk and I have had the luck of a handshake and a few words with him. It was a recollection of the epic of the Standard Model. The second notable lecturer was Mario Rasetti. Rasetti is working on the question of big data that is, the huge number of information that is currently exchanged on the web having the property to be difficult to be managed and not only for a matter of quantity. What Rasetti and his group showed is that topological field theory yields striking results when applied to such a case. An application to NMRI for the brain exemplified this in a blatant manner.
The third day there were the lectures by Avshalom Elitzur and Alain Connes, the Fields medallist. Elitzur is widely known for the concept of weak measurement that is a key idea of quantum optics. Connes presented his recent introduction of the quanta of geometry that should make happy loop quantum gravity researchers. You can find the main concepts here. Connes explained how the question of the mass of the Higgs got fixed and said that, since his proposal for the geometry of the Standard Model, he was able to overcome all the setbacks that appeared on the way. This was just another one. From my side, his approach appears really interesting as the Brownian motion I introduced in quantum mechanics could be understood through the quanta of volumes that Connes and collaborators uncovered.
Gerard 't Hooft talked on Thursday. The question he exposed was about cellular automaton and quantum mechanics (see here). It is several years that 't Hoof t is looking for a classical substrate to quantum mechanics and this was also the point of other speakers at the Conference. Indeed, he has had some clashes with people working on quantum computation as 't Hooft, following his views, is somewhat sceptical about it. I intervened on this question based on the theorem of Lieb and Simon, generally overlooked in such discussions, defending 't Hoof ideas and so, generating some fuss (see here and the discussion I have had with Peter Shor and Aram Harrow). Indeed, we finally stipulated that some configurations can evade Lieb and Simon theorem granting a quantum behaviour at macroscopic level.
This is my talk at DICE 2014 and was given the same day as that of 't Hooft (he was there listening). I was able to prove the existence of fractional powers of Brownian motion and presented new results with the derivation of the Dirac equation from a stochastic process.
The Conference was excellent and I really enjoyed it. I have to thank the organizers for the beautiful atmosphere and the really pleasant stay with a full immersion in wonderful science. All the speakers yielded stimulating and enjoyable talks. For my side, I will keep on working on foundational questions and look forward for the next edition.
Marco Frasca (2006). Thermodynamic Limit and Decoherence: Rigorous Results Journal of Physics: Conference Series 67 (2007) 012026 arXiv: quant-ph/0611024v1
Ali H. Chamseddine, Alain Connes, & Viatcheslav Mukhanov (2014). Quanta of Geometry arXiv arXiv: 1409.2471v3
Gerard 't Hooft (2014). The Cellular Automaton Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. A View on the Quantum Nature of our Universe, Compulsory or Impossible? arXiv arXiv: 1405.1548v2
The question of the mass gap10/09/2014
Some years ago I proposed a set of solutions to the classical Yang-Mills equations displaying a massive behavior. For a massless theory this is somewhat unexpected. After a criticism by Terry Tao I had to admit that, for a generic gauge, such solutions are just asymptotic ones assuming the coupling runs to infinity (see here and here). Although my arguments on Yang-Mills theory were not changed by this, I have found such a conclusion somewhat unsatisfactory. The reason is that if you have classical solutions to Yang-Mills equations that display a mass gap, their quantization cannot change such a conclusion. Rather, one should eventually expect a superimposed quantum spectrum. But working with asymptotic classical solutions can make things somewhat involved. This forced me to choose the gauge to be always Lorenz because in such a case the solutions were exact. Besides, it is a great success for a physicist to find exact solutions to fundamental equations of physics as these yield an immediate idea of what is going on in a theory. Even in such case we would get a conclusive representation of the way the mass gap can form.
Finally, after some years of struggle, I was able to get such a set of exact solutions to the classical Yang-Mills theory displaying a mass gap (see here). Such solutions confirm both the Tao's argument that an all equal component solution for Yang-Mills equations cannot hold in any gauge and also my original argument that an all equal component solution holds, in a general case, only asymptotically with the coupling running to infinity. But classically, there exist solutions displaying a mass gap that arises from the nonlinearity of the equations of motion. The mass gap goes to zero as the coupling does. Translating this in the quantum realm is straightforward as I showed for the Lorenz (Landau) gauge. I hope all this will help to better elucidate all the physics around strong interactions. My efforts since 2005 went in that direction and are still going on.
Marco Frasca (2009). Mapping a Massless Scalar Field Theory on a Yang-Mills Theory: Classical Case Mod. Phys. Lett. A 24, 2425-2432 (2009) arXiv: 0903.2357v4
Marco Frasca (2014). Exact solutions for classical Yang-Mills fields arXiv arXiv: 1409.2351v1


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The average home price in 81220 is $161,298, which is 20.1% higher than the average sold price in 81220 ($134,300) . The average home price per square foot in 81220 is $81 and about 1% of all homes in 81220 sold in the last 6 months. For 81220 home values, real estate prices, and city market trends, research the 314 property records or search our 3 recently sold or 54 homes for sale listings. The listings and properties in 81220 are only a part of the 1,751,524 properties and 26,342 homes for sale in Colorado. Because of this, the average home price and average home value of 81220 also influence the average home price $1,257,250 and average sale price $345,615 of Colorado. Listing counts, 81220 home prices and home values in 81220 are sourced daily from listing and property data on realtor.com®, which is the most up-to-date and accurate aggregation of real estate listings in the industry and includes approximately 800 regional MLSs and is the official website of the National Association of Realtors®.
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[Africa, South Africa] DREYER: Tobacco rules will smother small business
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For most intents and purposes, the Linksys WRT54G3G looks much like any of the other Linksys products we've reviewed recently, including models such as the Linksys WRT54G Router with SES or the Linksys WRT54GC. The big visual difference in the router comes in the form of a PC-card slot in the side of the WRT54G3G. This is where the router will accept a Vodafone Wireless Mobile card (AU$299 plus service fees, sold separately) with a Vodafone 3G SIM card securely embedded in it. Aside from this slot, the router is effectively a normal Linksys router -- 4 ports and a port labelled "Internet" for connecting up other high-speed Internet services.
Like other Linksys products, the ports are initially obscured by a sticker telling you to run the install CD first. Unlike other Linksys routers we've seen, however, this time the sticker is correct. We've bemoaned the fact that Linksys' router software is cable-modem centric previously, but in this case the automatic configuration works seamlessly for setting up the Vodafone 3G service. There's also the option to use an existing broadband connection in conjunction with the Vodafone connection if you're into network redundancy.
The router side itself of the Linksys WRT54G3G follows the exact same set of standards and options as much of the rest of the range; it's a four port wired router with 802.11b/g connectivity, wireless security, inbuilt QoS features for services such as VoIP and Internet Gaming and a simple, blue-themed interface that's accessed via any Web browser. The main difference with the Linksys WRT54G3G is naturally that's there's an additional tab for configuring the Vodafone 3G service, although as long as you get a signal up and running as part of the initial installation, you shouldn't particularly need to access the 3G/UMTS panel much in any case.
Signal strength of a wireless net product is always something that's difficult to quantify, simply because the combination of your location and the prevailing network conditions can make one product a dud in one area and a winner in another. For what it's worth, the Linksys WRT54G3G maintained a strong 3G connection throughout our testing period in far north Sydney, but your experiences may, of course, vary. Having used the PC card component of the router (which is supplied seperately and will cost you AU$299 plus access fees), we'll happily say that the Linksys WRT54G3G makes it a lot easier to run with Vodafone's 3G service, simply because it turns it into just another wireless connection; there's no messing around with installing drivers and setting up dialling services for the card when it's in the router.


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The Stop-Question-and-Frisk program in New York City is a practice of the New York City Police Department by which police officers stop and question hundreds of thousands of pedestrians annually, and frisk them for weapons and other contraband. The rules for stop, question and frisk are found in New York State Criminal Procedure Law section 140.50, and are based on the decision of the United States Supreme Court in the case of Terry v. Ohio.[1][2] About 684,000 people were stopped in 2011.[1][3][4] The vast majority of these people were African-American or Latino.[1][3][4] Some judges have found that these stops are not based on reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.[5]
The broken windows theory is a criminology theory of the norm-setting and signaling effect of urban disorder and vandalism leads to additional crime and anti-social behavior. The theory states that maintaining and monitoring urban environments in a well-ordered condition may stop further vandalism and escalation into more serious crime. Consider this example: An abandoned building with a few broken windows. Alone it poses no threat. However a few vandals come along and spot these broken windows and decide to break more of them. The building, because of its condition later gets vandalized with spray paint. Since it looks completely run down, a few homeless people break in. With time, they light fires, destroy the inner workings of the building and become squatters. This domino effect is the premise behind the broken windows theory. Minor crimes, if left unnoticed, will eventually escalate into bigger, more serious crimes. This is the same theory that the NYPD policy uses. The New York Police department's program intends on stopping people in high crimes areas to search for weapons and other substances. The program's purpose is to remove guns off the street before they are used in more serious crimes. In the context of this allegory, the NYPD aims to fix the broken windows before the squatters get in.[6]
In 1990, William J. Bratton became head of the New York City Transit Police. Bratton described George L. Kelling as his "intellectual mentor", and implemented a zero tolerance policy because of his contributions to the development of the "broken windows theory". Former mayor Rudy Giuliani, a Republican, hired Bratton as his police commissioner who adopted the strategy more widely for use in New York City. Giuliani used Bratton and the massive expansion of the New York police department to crack down on crimes. Giuliani's "zero-tolerance" included a crackdown on fare evasion, public drinking, public urination, graffiti artists and the "squeegee men" (who had been wiping windshields of stopped cars and aggressively demanding payment).[7]
When police officers make stops in NYC, there is a form that must be filled out by the officer explaining the situation and details of the stop. After the officer goes off duty, these forms are then entered into a database. There are 2 ways the NYPD reports this stop-and-frisk data: a paper report released quarterly and an electronic database released annually. In 2002 there were 97,296 "stop and frisk" stops made by New York police officers. 17.6% resulted in fines or convictions.
The number of stops increased dramatically in 2008 to over half a million, 88% of which did not result in any fine or conviction, peaking in 2011 to 685,724 stops, again with 88% resulting in no conviction.
On average from 2002 to 2013 the number of individuals stopped without any convictions was 87.6%. [8]
The stop and frisk policy was adopted from English law in a number of American courts. In accordance with English common law, without statutory provisions, a police officer has the power to stop, question, and frisk suspects given reasonable circumstances. Based on a standard which holds less than probable cause, this power is granted upon the standard of reasonable suspicion. It is a question of circumstances of each individual case that determines whether reasonable detention and investigation is validated.[9]
Legislation pertaining to constitutional requirements of stop and frisk practices were made into an area of concern by the Supreme Court when they encountered the case of Terry v. Ohio. While frisks were arguably illegal, before this point a police officer could only search someone either after arresting them or obtaining a search warrant. In the cases of Terry v. Ohio, Sibron v. New York, and Peters v. New York, the Supreme Court granted limited approval in 1968 to frisks conducted by officers lacking probable cause for an arrest in order to search for weapons if the officer believes the subject to be dangerous. The Court's decision made suspicion of danger to an officer grounds for a "reasonable search".[10]
Stop-and-frisk is not necessarily a new invention. In the early 80's if a police officer had reasonable suspicion of a possible crime, he had the authority to stop someone and ask questions. If, based on the subject's answers, the suspicion level did not escalate to probable cause for an arrest, the person would be released immediately. This was only a "stop-and-question". The "frisk" part of the equation did not come into play except on two occasions: (1)If possession of a weapon was suspected, or (2)if reasonable suspicion of a possible crime escalated to probable cause to arrest for an actual crime based on facts developed after the initial stop-and-question. That all changed in the 1990s when CompStat was developed under then Police Commissioner William Bratton. High-ranking police officials widely incorporated the "stop, question and frisk".[11]
Part of the stop-question-and-frisk program is executed under Operation Clean Halls, a program wherein private property owners grant officers prior permission to enter a property for enforcement against criminal activity.[12]
Some NYPD officers who have objected publicly to the department's use of stop-question-and-frisk paperwork as a performance metric, which they claim encourages officers to overuse the practice and creates public hostility. Activists have described this as a form of quota, a characterization that department representatives have denied .[13][14]
In about ninety percent of cases, no evidence of wrongdoing is found and the stopped person is let go.[15]
New York police officer Adrian Schoolcraft made extensive recordings in 2008–2009 which documented orders from NYPD officials to search and arrest black people in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood. Schoolcraft, who brought accusations of misconduct to NYPD investigators, was transferred to a desk job and then involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital. In 2010, Schoolcraft sent his tapes to the Village Voice, which publicized them in a series of reports. Schoolcraft alleges that the NYPD has retaliated against him for exposing information about the stop and frisk policy.[16][17]
The New York Civil Liberties Union (NYCLU), LatinoJustice PRLDEF, and The Bronx Defenders filed a federal class action against this program.[12]
In response to allegations that the program unfairly targets African-American and Hispanic-American individuals, Mayor Michael Bloomberg has stated that this is because African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans are more likely to be violent criminals and victims of violent crime.[15]
On June 17, 2012, several thousand people marched silently down Manhattan's Fifth Avenue from lower Harlem to Mayor Bloomberg's Upper East Side townhouse in protest of the stop-question-and-frisk policy.[18] The mayor refused to end the program, contending that the program reduces crime and saves lives.[19]
In early July 2012, stop-question-and-frisk protesters who videotaped police stops in New York City were targeted by police for their activism. A "wanted"-style poster hung in a police precinct headquarters, without any allegation of criminal activity, accused one couple of being "professional agitators" whose "purpose is to portray officers in a negative way and too [sic] deter officers from conducting their responsibilities",[20] and police officers later surveilled and recorded the exit of persons from a "stop stop-and-frisk" meeting held at the couple's residence, allegedly in response to an emergency call of loitering and trespass.[21]
On August 12, 2013, U.S. District Court Judge Shira Scheindlin ruled that the stop and frisk practice was unconstitutional and directed the Police to adopt a written policy to specify where such stops are authorized.[22][23] Scheindlin appointed Peter L. Zimroth, a former chief lawyer for the City of New York, to oversee the program.[24] Mayor Bloomberg indicated that the city will appeal the ruling.[25]
Scheindlin had denied pleas for a stay in her overthrow of the policing policy, saying that "Ordering a stay now would send precisely the wrong signal. It would essentially confirm that the past practices... were justified and based on constitutional police practices. It would also send the message that reducing the number of stops is somehow dangerous to the residents of this city."[26]
On October 31, 2013, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit blocked the order requiring changes to the New York Police Department's stop-and-frisk program and removed Judge Shira Scheindlin from the case.[27][28][29] On November 9, 2013, the city asked a federal appeals court to vacate Scheindlin's orders.[30][31] On November 22, 2013, the federal appellate court rejected the city's motion for a stay of the judge's orders.[32] Although the appellate court rejected the city's motion for a stay, the case still continues.
Bill de Blasio, who succeeded Bloomberg as mayor in 2014, has pledged to reform the stop-and-frisk program, and is calling for new leadership at the NYPD, an inspector general, and a strong racial profiling bill.[33]
On July 30, 2014, Southern District Court Judge Analisa Torres issued an Opinion and Order denying the police unions' motions to intervene, as well as granting the proposed modification of the District Court's August 2013 remedial decision.[34][29] A week later, the City of New York filed a motion to withdraw its appeal.[35] Then, on August 13, 2014, the Second Circuit announced the cases will be argued on October 15, 2014.[36][29] On October 31, a three judge panel on the Second Circuit unanimously ruled against the unions and allowed the city to proceed with its overhaul of the police department.[37]
Newsweek, on August 25, 2014, reported while stop-and-frisk numbers are down, they still happen disproportionately in New York City's African-American and Latino neighborhoods.[38]
Later, he said of the frisk policy, 'to borrow a phrase from President Clinton, I believe the practice needs to be mended, not ended' — a reference to a phrase that Mr. Clinton used in a very different context, in a 1995 speech defending affirmative action programs.


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How to Switch out Bluestar Burners - A Tutorial
How to Switch out Bluestar Burners
If you want to switch out Bluestar burners, to either add another 22K burner, or simply move the locations around of your current configuration, you should watch this video posted by mojaveen (a valued contributer on this forum): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVMXNqCSBmo
I'm going to outline the steps below as best I can.
Tools Needed:
½" deep well socket wrench with 6 inch extender
Phillips head screwdriver (potentially)
Background Info of Parts:
In every burner, you'll find:
1. Grate - the cast iron piece on which the pots/pans sit
2. Bowl - the cast iron piece on which the grate sits;
3. Burner head -the eight-armed burner with gas holes. (Note: the 22K or 18K burner has two roles of gas holes on each of the eight arms; the 15K burner has only a single row of holes; and the simmer burner only has gas holes in the center ring and none on the arms)
4. Venturi Tube �" the silver tube connected to the burner head assembly through which gas flows. (Note, any front burner, of any BTU rating, will have a shorter Venturi tube than any rear burner).
5. Orifice �" the brass nut with a hole in it that regulates the gas flow. A 22K burner uses a size 47 gauge orifice; a 15K burner uses a 28 gauge orifice; and a simmer burner uses a 49 gauge orifice. I don't know why the sizes get bigger as the hole gets smaller but that's just how it goes I guess.
Steps to Switch out Burners:
1. Remove the cast iron grate and bowl of the burner head you want to replace, as well as it's neighboring cast iron grates, etc. to make some space.
2. Unplug the electric wire connected to the igniter
3. Pull off the burner head and venturi tube by gently pulling both toward the back of the range
4. Put the deep well socket wrench and extender into the area where the Venturi tube ended. That's where you'll find the brass orifice. Turn the socket counterclockwise to loosen. See video for guidance.
5. If you want to switch a 15K for a new 22K, you'll have to also replace the orifice with the proper size, noted above. Re-insert the proper sized orifice using the socket wrench. Do not overtighten, as this is a brass piece and a gentle hand is required to avoid overstripping, etc
6. Simply reinsert the Venturi tube/burner head assembly onto the orifice, line everything up so it's good and level and you're done.
Now, if you want to switch the location from the front to the rear, or vice versa, there'll be one additional step as the front burners have shorter venturi tubes than the rear burners which have longer venturi tubes. You'll have to unscrew the Venturi tube off the burner heads whose location you want to move, and switch out the long venture tube for the short one. Very easy. Just two screws and offset washers that hold the tubes in place.
Lastly, you may have to adjust the air shutters slightly to let more air in or less air depending on what you need. The air shutters are at the end of the Venturi tubes.
Thanks for posting. I originally crossed the Bluestar off my list because I wanted a simmer or the 15 in the front of the range, and didn't like the idea of paying them to move the burner around ( I was quoted $384 to move a burner) . It is definitely at the top of the list now. Barry.
This post was edited by Barryv on Sat, Apr 13, 13 at 8:24
Higher numbered gauges are always smaller, in wire, sheet, and shotguns.
Please recheck your first message, find list no. 5. The BTUs vs orifice gauge values are not consistent with your ending sentence. One would expect a 22k burner to have a lower gauge number than a 15k burner.


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Dont have a list to begin with
by viki27385 - 6/28/13 9:13 AM
In Reply to: Turn that around. by R. Proffitt
Hi Bob,
I am currently in Singapore. The phone would be used in India after it is bought.
If I understand "carrier" correctly, you mean the mobile network provider. If that is so, then I am not looking for phones with contracts. Hence, any phone suggestion should be fine.
I googled about android phones with good speaker sound but did not find any dedicated review based for that. Hence I do not have a list to start from.
I know that it is a big world out there, that is why I came here
Other than screen, sound & camera I do not have other requirements. Hence, I believed it would be easier for others to suggest mobiles.
Nowadays, I am considering Wi-fi & memory capacity minimum of about 8gb as standard stuff.
By average pricing, I am considering phones within 200 - 350 Singapore Dollars.


text:
The Top 10 In Action Sports
01These Incredible Photos of 'Unseen New York' Show a Whole New Side to the City
0210 Sketchy Trailside Fixes that Every Mountain Biker Should Know
03Here's The Biggest MX Jumps Ever Hit Collected in 2 Minutes of Video Glory
04This Guy Filmed His Beard Growing As He Walked 3000 Miles Across Asia... It's Strangely Hypnotic
05Here's The Stunning Feature That Shows The Dark Side of Professional Mountain Biking
06Sailing Into A Cyclone: This Has To Be One Of The Most Dangerous Races On Earth
07Ever Wanted To Own Your Own Ski Resort? Now You Can... For Just $900,000
08This is What Happened When Three Pros Tried To Go Mountain Biking on a Glacier
09Dirt Jumps, Zebras and A Motocross Legend: This Red Bull Feature is Essential Viewing For Any MX Fan
10Introducing The Greatest Skateboarder You've Never Heard Of… And He's Only 11 Years Old
Red Bull Dirt Pipe 2010
The dirt pipe stretches 120 meters and stands an imposing four meters tall, tucked away in a top secret location at the base of the Victorian snow fields. But it's not your average half pipe it's sprinkled with wall rides, hips, and street inspired extensions that have been designed to push the limits of BMX.
It was the one and only Jaie Toohey from New South Wales' Central Coast who took home the winner's title earning himself a trip to Chicago, USA and a sort after place in Red Bull Stomping Ground next month. It simply came down to Jaie's ability to boost ridiculously high while keeping it consistent and under control the whole time.


text:
Book Cliff Lodge
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
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TripAdvisor Reviews Book Cliff Lodge Green River
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Fremont Indian Park
... natives and we ate sandwiches in the camper and talked about Native Indian history until it was time to go to bed
Arches National Park is awesome. . .
... us the sun, bright in the East and an azure blue sky to make a more spectacular day to view his wonders. Thank you Lord.
This area has such a different topography than what we have have seen so far. The foothills just cover the horizon and multicolored grasses and sand reflect greens and browns of all hues. We arrive at the entrance to the Arches NP and we think everyone else had the same idea today. This is ...
Day 11 Brian's Awareness Tour
... then rode down a nice grade and let my muscles relax. From the top of the summit I had about 13 miles into town and when I got there I felt very good about the day. I feel like I could do another 100 miles tomorrow which I will have to do to make it to Grand Junction, Colorado, my goal for tomorrow. I rode 108 miles today, a very satisfying number. I have ridden a total of 777 miles in 11 days. My average miles per day is about ...
Green River, Utah
... extremely rough. It's to bad as there is an area at the end with Indian writings and painting on walls of the rocks. On our way back, we stop at sandy beach to relax and enjoy the river. Periodically we see rafters riding by. We spent a couple of hours here. On our way back to the campground we explored the town a little and also looked for a grocery store. The town is small and has seen better times. There are many vacant buildings and businesses. This town looks ...
Day in Green River with Kim, Derek family
Today we spent the day visiting Kim, Derek and grand kids Savanah, and Alex, It was Alexs birthday so we got to see her jump in the little tykes trampoline we sent to her for her Birthday. For supper we went to a chineses restraunt in Rock springs. The national finals high school rodeo is there this week. In the am going into Rock Springs to see the morning section of the rodeo.In the afternoon heading for Park City, ...


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Mountain Music
The hills and valleys of West Viriginia are home to some of the finest mountain/bluegrass musicians in America. A great place to see their talents is Charleston's annual Vandalia Gathering, a three-day music festival held in late May every year. Another is the theatre in the state Capital complex's Cultural Center, which is the venue for Mountain Stage, a two-hour weekly radio concert series on NPR, which is also televised on PBS.
For those not familiar with this style of music, the primary instruments are guitar, fiddle (violin), mandolin, banjo, and bass. Many songs also feature vocals.
- Music
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towns in greater Charleston
Charleston is an expansive city and incorporates many neighborhoods, communities and towns within its governance.
Presently, all of these towns listed below are part of the greater Charleston area:
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Institute.... http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/d6398/dbad5/
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Sissonville.... http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/d6398/dc0a6/
St. Albans.... http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/d6398/dc013/
South Charleston.... http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/d6398/dc0d5/
Teays Valley
Winfield.... http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/d6398/dc302/
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"Nestled down by the River Swale, this site is delightful" for wilder camping, says Jonathan. "There's not much to speak of in terms of facilities but the water comes from the farm's own natural spring supply, and campfires are allowed. With the wildlife easily outnumbering people, and the glorious lack of phone reception, you will feel like you've really escaped."
Details DetailsHoggarths Farm, Keld, Richmond, North Yorkshire, DL11 6LT (01748 886335; www.swaledalecamping.co.uk).
How much From £3 per person.
© independent.co.uk


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6 Things You Need To Know About Jay Z's New Music Streaming Service
Prepare yourself for a TIDAL wave of top-tier musical options! Jay Z is relaunching TIDAL, a high-definition music streaming service, later this evening. Expected to rival industry stalwarts like Spotify and Apple's Beats Music, the new company will reportedly host releases from a number of high profile musicians like Madonna, Daft Punk, and Kanye West. …Discuss


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I sighted in my Howa 1500 rifle today and shot a very nice 3 round sub moa group. I am impressed with this rifle and it seems to hold up to it's reputation for accuracy. I also shot this rifle at the 18 inch gong placed out at 650 yards and was able to hit with no problem (once I figured out the elevation/windage hold over.
Optic used is Nikko Sterling 3.5x10x44 Scope with Illuminated Reticule. Rings were also Nikko Sterling and bases were offset Weaver. Ammo used was Federal 150 grain SP, temperature was about 80 degrees, and winds were half-value left to right (coming from my 8 o'clock position) at about 5-7 mph. Position was prone with rifle supported by bipod.
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Great shooting Sarge.
Sounds like you had a good time.
Nice shooting, Sarge. I have to agree with you about the Howa 1500. Mine is a 24" heavy barrel on an Axiom stock and it is a real tack driver if I do my part. I need to get it out and punch some holes soon. Been way too hot for a long time here, though.
Join the NRA! Stop the Brady madness!


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Feb 21, 2013 at 07:47PM EST
Thanks, man.BTW, where do you get all your delicious anime titties from?
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Verizon Communications is on the cusp of being able to offer its FiOS TV service in Pittsburgh after the city's Cable Communications Advisory Committee approved the proposed franchise agreement Monday that took the city and Verizon 15 months to complete. "There is a sense of urgency. People want an option," said B.J. Leber, a member of the advisory committee.
View Full Article in:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
Published in Brief:


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Real news. Real funny.
Real news. Real funny.
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text: ""; ?> Kellie Pickler guitar chords, guitar tabs and lyrics - chordie guitar tabs, guitar chords and lyrics Artists Songs Public booksPublic My songbookSongbook ResourcesDiv Forum Browse artists: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z # -first letter-A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z # All songs - change Chordie needs editors! Improve this page Kellie Pickler MusicKellie Pickler Songs There was no article about Kellie Pickler in Wikipedia. If you know anything about Kellie Pickler, please contribute to the free encyclopedia by writing an article. Kellie Pickler Best Days Of Your Life (1) Didn't You Know How Much I Loved You (1) Didnt You Know How Much I Loved You (1) Don't You Know You're Beautiful (1) Dont You Know Your Beautiful (1) Girls Like Me (2) I Wonder (2) Im On My Way (1) My Angel (1) One Of The Guys (1) Red High Heels (3) Small Town Girl (2) Things That Never Cross A Man's Mind (1) Wild Ponies (1) play their songs - buy their music - support the artists copyright © 2011 chordie guitar chords 5 popular songs I Don't Want To Talk About It Rod Stewart Summer In The City Lovin' Spoonful Who'll Stop The Rain Creedence Clearwater Revival Bad Moon Risin Ccr Southern Cross Crosby Stills Nash


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A permanent magnet generator includes an annular stator with windings on the inner face. A round rotor is rotatably mounted in the stator, and includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced rectangular openings inwardly of the outer peripheral portion of the core. Radial U-shaped grooves are formed between the openings. A magnetic unit, including a rectangular permanent magnet and an abutting magnetic conductive shim, is close-fitted within each opening. The core includes core lamination and separate end laminations of a structure corresponding to the core laminations. The end laminations are rotated about an axis through the core to offset the magnetic unit openings with respect to the magnetic unit opening of the core laminations. The laminations are riveted together, with the offset end lamination retaining the magnetic units within the core. The shims respond to the magnetic flux resulting from rotation of the rotor to generate eddy currents and a resulting magnetic flux which cancels harmonic components from the total magnetic flux through the stator and thereby minimizes zero crossings and distortion of the output voltage and current.
1. A rotor structure for mounting within a stator to form a permanent magnet generator, said stator having windings which develop an output voltage in response to the relative rotation of the rotor within the stator, said rotor structure comprising a rotor core formed of a magnetic material, said rotor core having a plurality of circumferentially spaced permanent magnets secured to the rotor and each permanent magnet developing a radially directed magnetic flux linking with the stator windings through the rotor core, a plurality of radially spaced conductive magnetic members radially aligned one each with each permanent magnet and said permanent magnetic flux being carried by the conductive magnetic member subjected to the radially directed magnetic field established by said permanent magnets and said stator winding in response to rotation of said rotor, each said conductive magnetic member responding to said magnetic field to create eddy currents within each said conductive magnetic member and functioning to filter harmonics from the output of said magnetic field and thereby from the output of said stator winding.
2. The rotor structure of claim 1 wherein each said conductive magnetic member is secured in abutting relation to the radially inner side of each said magnet.
3. The rotor structure of claim 1 wherein said conductive magnetic member is a magnetic steel.
4. The rotor structure of claim 1 wherein said core includes a substantially rectangular opening in the outer periphery for each said permanent magnet, said magnet and said conductive magnetic member are interconnected to each other and form a magnetic unit having a substantially rectangular shape corresponding to said substantially rectangular opening and located therein in close fitted relation to the walls of said opening.
5. The rotor structure of claim 4 wherein said rotor core has an outer surface formed with a plurality of teeth each including said rectangular opening and said magnetic unit, said rotor core including a generally radially directed air gaps between each of said teeth and magnetic units with each of said teeth having sidewalls.
6. The rotor structure of claim 5 wherein the sidewalls of each of said teeth as defined by said air gaps between the teeth are relatively thin walls to the opposite sides of said magnetic unit and do not shunt completely the magnetic flux.
7. The rotor structure of claim 6 wherein each said conductive magnetic member is a magnetic steel.
8. The rotor structure of claim 5 wherein the core is formed of a plurality of like laminations including a plurality of aligned laminations between opposite end laminations, said core having a central opening for receiving a supporting shaft and said central opening having an inner keyway coupling for connection to said shaft, said teeth having a central circumferential location relative to said keyway coupling, said keyway coupling having a central location and said central location of said coupling being circumferentially offset from the central location of said central circumferential location of said teeth, said aligned laminations being secured in abutting relation between said end laminations, said end laminations corresponding in structure to said core laminations, said end laminations being rotated 180� about the center of the keyway unit and thereby overlapping adjacent core teeth to axially support said magnetic units.
9. A rotor structure for mounting within a stator to form a permanent magnet generator, said rotor structure comprising a rotor core formed of a magnetic material, said rotor core having a round peripheral portion, a plurality of permanent magnets embedded within the rotor core and developing a radial magnetic flux for linking with the stator, a plurality of conductive magnetic shims embedded within the core with one each located adjacent said magnets and in radial alignment with said magnets and thereby aligned with and carrying the magnetic flux established by the aligned said permanent magnets, said conductive magnetic shims responding to changes in the magnetic flux therein to create eddy currents within said conductive magnetic shims and further modifying the flux field in said rotor and stator.
10. The rotor structure of claim 9 wherein said conductive magnetic shims are magnetic steel.
11. The rotor structure of claim 9 wherein said magnets and said conductive magnetic skims are totally enclosed within said magnetic core including a thin outer peripheral core wall, each said conductive magnetic shim being located immediately adjacent to said magnet.
12. The rotor structure of claim 11 including air gaps in said core spaced from each side of each magnet to form thin sidewalls adjacent each magnet and adjacent conductive magnetic shim.
13. The rotor structure of claim 9 wherein said conductive magnetic shims abut an aligned magnet.
14. The rotor structure of claim 13 wherein said conductive magnetic shims abut the innermost circumferential surface of the aligned magnet.
15. A rotor structure for mounting within a stator having a stator winding to form a permanent magnet generator, said rotor structure comprising a rotor core formed of a magnetic material, a plurality of magnet units secured to the rotor, each said magnetic unit including a permanent magnet having a radial polarization and forming a magnetic flux directed radially from the rotor core for linking with the stator winding, each said magnetic unit including a conductive magnetic member radially aligned with the permanent magnet and carrying said flux directly through said conductive magnetic members.
16. A rotor structure for mounting within a stator to form a permanent magnet generator comprising a rotor core formed of a magnetic material and having an outer round surface, a plurality of rectangular magnetic units secured within said rotor core and developing a radial magnetic flux extending radially outwardly of said round surface, each of said magnetic units including a permanent magnet and a thin conductive magnetic member radially aligned with and subjected to the magnetic field established by the permanent magnet of the unit.
17. The rotor structure of claim 16 wherein said thin conductive magnetic member is a magnetic steel.
18. The rotor structure of claim 16 wherein each magnetic unit is a rectangular structure having generally radial sidewalls and generally flat circumferential walls, each said magnet being radially polarized, said conductive magnetic member abutting a flat circumferential wall of the magnet, said core having circumferentially spaced openings corresponding to said rectangular structure, and said core having radial slots between adjacent openings to form thin sidewalls for each opening.
19. The rotor structure of claim 16 wherein said magnetic conductive member abuts the permanent magnet.
20. In a permanent magnet generator having a annular stator with a winding wound on the inner periphery and having a capacitor connected in parallel with said winding for developing output voltage in response to rotation of a rotor therein, said rotor comprising:
a rotor core of a magnetic material, a plurality of circumferentially spaced and axially elongated openings in the outer peripheral portion of said core, air gaps located between the circumferentially spaced openings and with sidewalls between the air gaps and the openings, a plurality of permanent magnetic units located one each in each of said openings, each of said permanent magnetic units including a permanent magnet and an abutting magnetic conductive member abutting a radially located surface of said permanent magnetic, said permanent magnet being radially polarized and establishing a permanent magnetic field coupled to said stator winding and developing with said stator winding a radial magnetic field passing through the permanent magnet and said conductive magnetic member, said field creating eddy currents within said conductive magnetic members and thereby creating a further magnetic flux for canceling of harmonics from the total magnetic field of the stator and rotor and thereby producing a fundamental output voltage with reduced harmonic content.
21. In the permanent magnet generator of claim 20 wherein each said conductive magnetic member is a magnetic steel.
22. In the permanent magnet generator of claim 18 wherein said conductive magnetic member abuts the radially inner surface of the permanent magnet.
23. In the permanent magnet generator of claim 16 wherein each of said magnetic units is an elongated rectangular unit.
24. In the permanent magnet generator of claim 20 wherein each magnetic unit is a rectangular structure having generally radial sidewalls and generally flat circumferential walls, each said magnet being radially polarized, said conductive magnetic member abutting a flat circumferential wall of the magnet, said core having circumferentially spaced openings corresponding to said rectangular structure, and said sidewalls of said openings being thin sidewalls for preventing complete shunt of the magnetic flux.
25. In the permanent magnet generator of claim 22 wherein said conductive magnetic member abuts the radially inner surface of the permanent magnet.
The present invention relates to dynamo electric machines, and in particular to a permanent magnet generator having a rotor including a plurality of permanent magnets generating an operative magnetic flux field.
Generally, permanent magnets generators and other like machines include an annular stator with inner winding slots containing an output winding. A capacitor may be connected in parallel with the output winding. A round circular rotor is rotatably mounted within the stator. A plurality of circumferentially distributed and permanently magnetized magnets are inserted within the outer peripheral portion of a magnetic rotor core. Generally, the core has a plurality of spaced holes or axially extended openings within which the permanent magnets are secured. The rotor structure is such that the rotor may operate at high rotational speeds, with the magnets located with regard to both the magnetic and structural limitations required for any particular design. Generally, the core structure of both the stator and the rotor are formed of a magnetic steel to form a complete interacting magnetic path for the flux created by the permanent magnets. Various patents disclose this basic structure. U.S. Pat. No. 4,517,483 which issued May 14, 1985 discloses a rather special permanent magnet structure with both circumferentially polarized magnets in one embodiment and radially polarized magnets in an alternate embodiment. Special ferrous magnetic core structures are incorporated into the rotor core structure for establishing highly saturable portions which limit the output voltage due to the saturation levels. U.S. Pat. No. 3,840,763 which issued Oct. 8, 1974 discloses a permanent magnet rotor with the magnets distributed throughout an annular core with a special distribution of the magnets creating a particular flux characteristic within the core structure without saturation thereof. U.S. Pat. No. 4,025,840 which issued May 24, 1977 discloses a permanent magnet generator with the stator specially modified with magnetic shims within the winding slots for controlling and adjusting the output power of one or more selected windings of a multiple winding, single phase permanent magnet generator.
For purposes of simplicity and conventional description, the permanent magnet generator is hereinafter referred to by the acronym PMG. The prior art has considered variations in the construction of PMG's and particular related to the arrangement of construction to control the output of the generator.
The present inventor has recognized a further problem associated with PMG's and in particular an undesirable waveshape of the voltage of the output winding. The inductance of the winding and the capacitance unit is parallel therewith creates a resonant circuit resulting in a substantial harmonic content within the fundamental output signal frequency. The result is a creation of multiple zero crossings within the fundamental frequency output which adversely affect the output current. There is a need for consideration and at least minimizing, if not eliminating, of the harmonic content to maintain and establish an optimal output voltage and current from the PMG.
The present invention is particularly directed to a PMG having a conductive element in series with each of the magnetic fields of each of the distributed permanent magnets and within which magnetic conductive members eddy currents are generated to establish related fluxes interacting with the flux of the permanent magnets to minimize the harmonic content and provide a more optimal voltage output. Generally, in the preferred construction incorporating the present invention, the conductive member is incorporated directly into the rotor structure in close placement to the magnets. In a preferred construction, the conductive members immediately abut the face of the magnet and preferably the innermost face of the magnet.
The structural arrangement, of course, ensures the integrity of the rotor structure and support of the magnets and adjacent conductive members within the magnetic core structure under the required high speed operation of the rotor. In a practical and commercially preferred construction, the rotor is formed from a stack of like-laminations, with circumferential openings in the outer peripheral portion of the rotor core. The openings are generally rectangular openings and within the stacked lamination core provide correspondingly shaped and elongated magnet openings. The magnetic units include a permanent magnet in combination with an abutting conductive shim. The magnetic units are close fitted within each opening with end laminations secured as a part of the stacked core to lock the magnetic units within the core.
In a preferred construction, the core is coupled to the shaft through a suitable interlocking mechanism, such as a keyway coupling. The imbedded magnets are offset with respect to the shaft coupling. The end lamination may then be a magnetic core lamination which is rotated through 180� to offset the openings with respect to the core openings in the laminations having the magnetic units. The stack is then riveted together with the end laminations securing the magnets within the laminated core.
The outer periphery of the core, in accordance with the known construction, is preferably formed with air gaps located within the laminations to space the circumferentially spaced magnets from each other, and thus develop the radially directed flux through the air gap for coupling to the stator winding.
Although the shims are preferably placed beneath the magnets within each opening, the shims may be placed adjacent the outer face of the magnet. With the outer spacing, the eddy current related flux would tend to more fully retard the harmonic content. It would, however, also tend to retard the fundamental output voltage, and thus generally the inner placement is preferred.
The present invention thus provides a very simple, cost effective solution to the creating of an optimal output voltage signal with, at most, minimal harmonic content.
The features and other modifications which may be incorporated within the structure of the present invention will be readily realized from the following description of the illustrated embodiments.
The drawings furnished herewith illustrate a preferred construction of the present invention in which the above advantages and features are clearly disclosed as well as others which will be readily understood from the following description of the illustrated embodiment.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of a PMG with parts broken away;
FIG. 2 is a pictorial exploded view of a rotor core illustrating an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the rotor core structure shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3 illustrating an alternate embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a series of voltage waveforms of a permanent magnetic generator and illustrating the result of the present invention with a rotor structure formed without a magnetic conductive shim; with a magnetic conductive shim on the inner or bottom face of the magnet and with a magnetic conductive shim on the outer or top face of the magnet; and
FIG. 6 is a similar set of voltage waveforms with a three ampere load on the permanent magnetic generator.
Referring to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, a diagrammatically illustrated permanent magnet generator, or PMG 1, includes an annular stator 2, and a round rotor 3. The stator 2 is mounted as a fixed member within a suitable housing, not shown, and the rotor 3 is rotatably mounted within the stator with a small air gap between the opposed surfaces in accordance with conventional design. The rotor 3 is coupled to and supported by a shaft 4 which is rotatably mounted within suitable bearings, not shown, in the housing, not shown.
The stator 2 is of a conventional construction and includes an elongated, laminated annular core 5, having a plurality of circumferentially distributed winding slots 6 on the inner peripheral surface thereof. A winding 7 is wound within the slots 6 and connected to a pair of output leads 8 to provide an appropriate alternating current and voltage output. A capacitor 9 is diagrammatically shown connected and parallel between the output leads 8 and thus in parallel with the winding 7.
The rotor 3 includes an annular laminated core 10 with a circular shaft opening 11 having a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the shaft 4. The core 10 and shaft 11 are connected by an illustrated keyway unit 12. The core 10 has an integral key 12 which mates with a notch or keyway 13 formed in the shaft 4. Any other connection can be filed.
As most clearly shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the rotor core 10 is formed with a plurality of peripheral teeth 15 are equicircumferentially distributed about the surface, and are separated from each other by relatively shallow, narrow, and generally U or V-shaped air gaps 16. Each illustrated tooth 15 includes a similar opening 17. The illustrated openings 17 are generally rectangular openings, and each receives a separate magnetic unit 18.
The illustrated magnetic unit 18 is basically a rectangular block-like member which forms a close fit within each of the openings. Each magnetic unit 18 includes a permanent magnet 19, which in the illustrated embodiment of the invention, is radially polarized as shown by polarization arrows 20. The adjacent magnets 19 in adjacent teeth 15 are oppositely polarized as shown by head arrow symbols 20a and 20b. The arrow symbols also identify the flux direction generated within and from the magnet 19, and show the opposite direction of the flux in adjacent magnets.
In accordance with the present invention, each of the magnetic units 18 further includes a conductive magnetic member, shown as a metal shim 21. The shim 21 is a suitable magnetic steel. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the shim 21 is located beneath the magnet 19 within the innermost portion of the magnet opening 17. The conductive magnetic member 21 thus encounters a changing flux created by the alternating current in the stator. As is more fully developed hereinafter, this flux interacts with the fluxes of the magnetic unit 18 to essentially eliminate multiple zero crossover within the period of the fundamental frequency.
In the illustrated embodiment, each opening 17 is located completely within a tooth. The side walls 22 and 23, outer walls 24, and the inner wall 25, which define the inner end of the adjacent air gaps 16, are sufficiently thin to saturate but will not completely shut down the magnetic flux. As a result, the desired magnetic flux field for optimal interaction with the stator winding 7 is created.
In the illustrated embodiment, the magnetic rotor core 10 housing the magnetic units 18 is a laminated core and consisting of a plurality of thin, abutting core laminations 27. The core laminations 22 are formed with the individual openings and as assembled define the axially extended opening in each of the teeth.
As most clearly shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the teeth 28 are oriented with respect to the center radius line 23 through the core key 12. The end laminations 29 and 30 are identical to the core laminations 27.
The illustrated laminations are formed with five equi-distributed clamping openings 31, which are aligned with each other in the final assembly of the stacked laminations to form the core 2 with the openings for magnetic units 18 in place between the end laminations 29 and 30. Suitable attachment pin-like members, shown as rivets 32, extend through each of the elongated core openings and securely clamp the laminations in tight abutting relationship to form core 10, in accordance with more or less conventional construction. Any other securement system may of course be provided for a laminated core.
The rivet opening 31 aligned with core key 12 is circumferentially offset from the radius line 28 to the center of the core key 12, as shown at by radius line 33 in FIG. 3. In the assembly of the core 12, the end laminations 29 and 30 are rotated about the opening reference axis 33 through the key 12 by 180� and rotate to align the rivet openings. This reverses the orientation of the teeth 15a and 15b generally aligned with the key 12, and results in a reverse overlapping thereof with the opposite circumferential ends of the core tooth 15a. In particular, referring to FIG. 3, the tooth 15a of the core 12 is aligned with end teeth 15a and 15b of the end lamination 29 and in overlapping relationship therewith, as also shown by the alignment of the air gap 16a of the end lamination. The same orientation is maintained throughout for the remaining core and end lamination teeth. The overlapping structure provides abutment against the axial end of the magnetic units 18 to assist in the retention and axial location of the close fitting magnetic units 18.
Thus, as most clearly illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3, the magnetic flux 20a and 20b created by the magnets 19 pass in a substantially linear path through the magnets 19 and the abutting shims 21. The flux path is completed through the magnetic rotor core 12, and the windings 7 and magnetic stator core 5 of the stator 2. The rotating rotor and related flux passing through the stator core 10 and windings 7 generates an output voltage and current in the winding. The current in the winding, in turn, creates a magnetic field, which is coupled to and passes through the magnets and the shims. The varying flux through each shim 21 generates eddy currents therein and creates opposing flux, which in essence functions to filter the harmonic component in the total flux wave in the system. The shims 21 thus basically function as a filter for the harmonic components and provides an essentially low harmonic output voltage.
Although shown in a preferred orientation 5with the shims as an integrated part of the magnetic unit 18 and located adjacent the interface of the magnets, the shim 21 can be readily located to the opposite side of the magnet. Referring particularly to FIG. 4, an alternate embodiment is illustrated with the corresponding elements identified by corresponding primed numbers. Thus, in FIG. 4, the shim 21' is secured between the outer wall 24' of the magnetic unit opening 17' and the magnet 19'. The interaction and coupling to the total flux field again creates the necessary eddy currents and related filtering flux modification.
Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, typical voltage waveforms are shown as a result of the use of the magnetic conductive shim in the magnetic units of a permanent magnetic generator. FIG. 5 is a typical voltage output with the generator, as previously described, operated at no load, and FIG. 6 illustrating the voltage output with a three amp load on the generator. FIGS. 5 and 6 particularly disclose the improvement of the voltage waveform, which more closely approaches a sine wave with the addition of the magnetic conductive shim.
Referring to FIG. 5, waveform A is the voltage output without a shim in the rotor. Waveform B illustrates the characteristic and improvement with the shim located to the inner side of the magnet and waveform C illustrates the result with the shim on the outer or top side of the magnet. The shim in both instances results in a very definitive improvement in the shape of the output waveform and illustrates the reduction in harmonic content and multiple related zero crossovers. Although the shim on the outer or top surface, as shown in waveform C, improves the overall wave shape, the voltage amplitude of the fundamental output voltage is reduced which may be considered undesirable.
FIG. 6 shows a similar set of waveforms with the three ampere load connected to the generator, and again illustrates a significant improvement in the output voltage waveform.
In both instances, the waveform more closely approaches a sine wave output voltage. Although the wave shape with the shim on top more closely approaches a sine wave, the output level is retarded.
A permanent magnet generator constructed to provide approximately substantially 1.0 kilowatt output continuously included a laminated rotor having an outside diameter of 4.57 inches and stacked to approximately a length of 1.25 inches. The shaft opening was substantially 2.71 inches. The rotor was formed with 20 uniformly spaced teeth separated by air gaps having a width at the outer peripheral surface of approximately 0.130 inches. The gaps had a U-shaped portion extending inwardly of the magnetic units by an approximately similar distance. Each tooth had a width of approximately 0.580 inches. The magnetic units were rectangular members with a length of approximately 1.13 inches and a depth of approximately 0.500 inches. The shims were of a corresponding rectangular configuration. The magnets had a thickness of approximately 1/10th of an inch and the shims had a thickness of approximately 0.025 inches. The permanent magnets material was a known material, identified as CRUMAX 3220. (CRUMAX is the trademark of Crucible Magnetics, Elizabethtown, Ky.) The central key radius through the center of the tooth 15a was offset from the rivet opening by approximately 41/2 degrees. Rotation of the end laminations and alignment of the rivet openings resulted in the offset of the end lamination teeth and overlap with the two adjacent teeth thereby overlying the magnetic units within the two adjacent teeth. The above is a practical device or generator and is not limiting as to the structural arrangement other than that the magnet has a substantially greater thickness than that of the shim.
Other shimming systems can also be employed. For example, rather than having a total window, the rotor core can be formed with peripheral opening which open outwardly of the outer surface. The permanent magnet is secured within the openings which may include a wedge configuration and an outer encircling magnetic band for firmly holding of the magnets in place, generally in accordance with known constructions. Again, the shim can be placed in alignment with the outer face of the magnets. The shims and magnets may also be interconnected to each other in any desired system, and may also be assembled in other than abutting relation.
Although the magnets of the illustrated embodiment are illustrated as essentially rectangular members having planar opposed faces, other configurations including special shapes which may also provide an additional function, may be used in connection with the present invention. Thus, the critical concept is the conductive shim members in close spaced relation to the permanent magnets to filter a varying magnetic flux which at least minimizes the harmonic components in the output voltage.
In addition, the structural arrangement of the core structure of the rotor may, of course, also be varied. Thus, the separate and distinctly different end plates might be used as well as other elements provided to support the magnetic units axially or radially within the core system. The materials employed may be of any well-known or other suitable and similarly functioning materials which have similar desirable characteristics, presently known or hereinafter developed, to provide the necessary permanent magnets, the magnetic structures for the stator and rotor cores, as well as the standard core. The above and similar changes and variations can readily be provided for those skilled in the art.
Various modes of carrying out the invention are contemplated as being within the scope of the following claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as the invention.
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1 Hôtel Panoramic
6 avenue Carnot F - 31110 Luchon
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The Hôtel Panoramic is located in Bagnères-de-Luchon centre in front of the church. It offers rooms with a private bathroom, cable TV and free Wi-Fi access. Some rooms have a view the Pyrenees Mountains. Guests can enjoy breakfast buffet, which is s..
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Hôtel & Spa Bellevue is located in the centre of Bagneres-de-Luchon, near the mountain resort of Superbagnères. It is only 100 metres to the cable car and offers free Wi-Fi. Comfortable rooms are sound-proofed and equipped with TV and en suite facil..
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Located in a spa and ski resort at the foot of the Pyrenees, the air-conditioned Alti Hotel offers luxury accommodation, mountain-views and features a swimming pool. All the rooms at Alti have a flat-screen TV and minibar. Free Wi-Fi is available. G..
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11, avenue Jean Boularan F - 31110 Luchon
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Le Floreal is a friendly, pleasant hotel offering a quiet, central location close to shops and restaurants in the heart of the Pyrenees. It is 100 metres from the ski lift, which goes to Superbagnères Ski Resort. Accommodation is cosy and comfortab..
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Blending vibrant surroundings, a host of facilities and an inviting ambience, this hotel offers the ideal backdrop to your family break. The Metropole Hotel boasts elegant, en suite guestrooms that provide you with a cosy living space. Free Wi-Fi in..
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Face aux Thermes F - 31110 Luchon
This 19th-century neo-classical mansion is located in Bagneres de Luchon, in front of Luchon Thermal spa. It offers a large private garden with a furnished terrace and grand lounges. Each soundproofed and spacious room at the Hotel d'Etigny is in a ..


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