text:
A plasma sputtering method for metal chalcogenides, such as germanium antimony telluride (GST), useful in forming phase-change memories. The substrate is held at a selected temperature at which the material deposits in either an amorphous or crystalline form. GST has a low-temperature amorphous range and a high-temperature crystalline range separated by a transition band of 105-120° C. Bipolar pulsed sputtering with less than 50% positive pulses of less than 10:s pulse width cleans the target while maintain the sputtering plasma. The temperature of chamber shields is maintained at a temperature favoring crystalline deposition or they may be coated with arc-spray aluminum or with crystallographically aligned copper or aluminum.
1. A method of sputtering a material comprising a metal chalcogenide capable of forming in a crystalline form and an amorphous form, comprising:
magnetron sputtering a target comprising the metal chalcogenide; and
maintaining a temperature of a substrate disposed in opposition to the target at a selected temperature such that the metal chalcogenide deposits in a selected one of the crystalline form and the amorphous form.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
rotating a magnetron to pass over a center of the target
applying DC power of no more than 4 W/cm2 to the target; and
at least one of
applying from a sidewall of the chamber supporting the target a magnetic field having components along a central axis of the chamber, or
RF biasing an electrode supporting the substrate through a capacitive coupling circuit.
11. The method of
12. The method of
exciting a plasma in a plasma chamber including the magnetron disposed in back of the target comprising the metal chalcogenide; and
after the plasma has been excited, reducing a pressure in the chamber to no more than 0.8 milliTorr to effect at least partial self-sustained sputtering of the target.
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. A method of sputtering a metal chalcogenide target disposed in a plasma sputtering chamber, comprising:
applying to the target a repetitive pulse form having a repetition frequency of between 10 and 350 kHz and having a positive portion of a duration less than that of a negative portion.
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. A method of sputtering a target comprising a metal chalcogenide capable of forming either an amorphous or a crystalline phase of a material of the target on a substrate, comprising:
maintaining a temperature of a shield in the sputtering chamber to a temperature at which the crystalline and not the amorphous phase forms on the shield.
20. The method of
21. The method of
The invention relates generally to sputtering of materials. In particular, the invention relates to metal chalcogenides.
Sputtering, alternatively called physical vapor deposition (PVD), is the most prevalent method of depositing layers of metals and related materials in the fabrication of semiconductor integrated circuits. The most commonly practiced form of sputtering is DC magnetron sputtering in which a negative DC voltage is applied to a metallic target in opposition to a grounded chamber shield. A magnetron positioned in back of the target projects a magnetic field adjacent the front face of the biased target to create a high-density plasma of a sputter working gas such as argon. The argon ions of the plasma efficiently sputter metal atoms from the target.
Much of modern sputtering is based on ionizing a large fraction of the sputtered atoms. A high ionization fraction may be accomplished by a small strong magnetron, which intensifies the plasma density and strongly concentrates in area near the magnetron, and by increasing the target power to the 10 kW range and above. DC magnetron sputtering typically generates much heat in the target and high target power further increases the heat. Accordingly, it is standard practice in plasma sputtering to water cool the target. Typically for wafer processing, a cooling bath of chilled water is contained at the back of the target, which requires the magnetron to be placed in the bath. The most commonly used metal targets of aluminum, copper, and even refractory metals such as titanium and tantalum readily conduct the heat generated by the plasma on the front face of the target to the cooling water at the back.
Recently, however, interest has developed in sputtering less conductive metals, metal alloys, metal nitrides, and metal oxides, and semiconductor or related materials including Ge1SbyTez (germanium antimony telluride or GST). An example of GST is Ge2Sb2Te5 used for non-volatile phase-change memory (PCM). Targets of GST are subject to a strict thermal budget. GST is a metal chalcogenide which is sometimes characterized as a semi-metal rather than a semiconductor. The chalcogen tellurium is in Group VI, as are the chalcogens sulfur and selenium, while germanium and antimony are Group IV and V, the former being an elemental semiconductor and the latter often part of a semiconductor III-V compound. The Groups IV and V components will be considered as metals. A notable property of such metal chalcogenide materials is a possible thermally induced phase change between a resistive amorphous state and a conductive polycrystalline state. The phase change can be induced or written by pulsing current through a GST cell to raise it above a transition temperature. Depending on whether the cell is quickly or slowly quenched to a lower temperature below the transition temperature, the cell upon cooling remains in a resistive amorphous state or changes to a conductive polycrystalline state depending upon the details of the degree of heating and the rapidity of cooling. The memory state can then be read electrically by effectively measuring the resistance of the cell.
Metal nitrides are typically moderately electrically conductive and electrically conductive metal oxides are known which can be used for electrodes.
Although even dielectric materials may be RF sputtered, DC magnetron sputtering is preferred for its speed and low equipment cost and the advanced development of DC magnetron sputtering. Low electrical conductivity is generally though not universally associated with low thermal conductivity according to the Wiedemann-Franz law, which is generally applied to metals but not oxides or nitrides. In general, materials other than highly conductive metals poorly conduct heat and thus are subject to excessive heating in conventional sputtering, which may lead to target degradation including cracking. Non-catastrophic effects include a strong temperature profile across the target, which may degrade sputtering uniformity.
A metal chalcogenide, such as germanium antimony telluride (GST), is sputter deposited at a controlled temperature such that the deposited film is deposited in either its crystalline or amorphous form. GST and other metal chalcogenides are useful in phase-change memories in which the cell can be switched between a resistive amorphous state and a more conductive crystalline state.
For germanium antimony telluride, low deposition temperatures, for example, below 105° C. or 115° C. depending upon other deposition conditions, favor the amorphous state and high deposition temperatures above 105° C. or even 100° C. depending upon other deposition conditions favor the crystalline state. Preferred crystalline deposition temperatures are above 140 or 235° C. and below 350° C. Preferred amorphous deposition temperatures are less than 25° C. and above 0° C.
Metal chalcogenide targets are preferably sputtered with a bipolar pulse form in which a reversed positive voltage is applied to the target with a duty cycle of less than 50% and with a repetition rate of 10 to 200 kHz while the longer negative pulse effects sputtering of the target. Exemplary values are positive pulse widths of 3 microseconds and a 25 to 100 kHz pulse rate. A pulse width of less than about 10 microseconds allows the sputtering plasma to be sustained during the positive pulse. The reversed pulsing is useful in cleaning the target and reducing the thermal load in view of the low thermal conductivity and granular multi-component composition of metal chalcogenide targets.
Chamber shields are preferred on which the metal chalcogenide does not deposit in its amorphous form. Several means are available to prevent such deposition. The shields may be fitted with resistive or radiant heaters or with liquid cooling coils. They may be pre-coated with a layer of arc-sprayed aluminum having a rough surface or with a layer or polycrystalline aluminum or copper promoting crystalline deposition of the metal chalcogenide.
An example of a phase-change memory (PCM) cell 10 is illustrated in the cross-sectional view of
In operation, a short electrical pulse is applied through the electrodes 14, 20 to the GST plug 18 to cause a phase-change region 22 to melt. The remainder of the GST plug 18 is preferably always in the conductive crystalline state. Depending on whether the melting pulse is short or long, the phase-change region 22 either quickly cools and quenches to a high-resistance amorphous state or slowly cools to a low-resistance crystalline state. The state of the PCM cell 10 can be read by measuring its resistance between the electrodes 14, 20 across the GST plug.
Switching currents may be reduced by a variation of the structure of
Germanium antimony telluride and other phase-change materials are preferably sputter deposited. However, DC magnetron sputtering of such materials presents particular problems. GST sputtering targets are presently available only in pressed powder form in which separate powders of germanium, antimony, and tellurium are mixed in the desired compositional fractions and pressed together and partially fused to form the target in a process similar to sintering. However, a sintered target is not completely homogenous. Unusual interactions occur with the inhomogeneities, which may produce arcing. It has become apparent that frequent target cleaning is desirable. Also, the powder target has a low thermal and electrical conductivity. The low thermal conductivity means they need to be relatively thin to provide backside cooling. Improved erosion uniformity in the target is required to lengthen the lifetimes of the thin targets.
In the case of the variation of the PCM structure in which the GST is deposited near the bottom of the high-aspect ratio via, sputtering techniques need to be developed which sputter deep into the geometrically unfavorable high aspect-ratio holes. Such techniques have been developed for sputtering metals such as aluminum, copper, or refractory barrier materials based upon a high fraction of ionized sputtered atoms, but these techniques typically rely upon high power delivered to the target to generate a high density plasma. However, a GST target is somewhat resistive and will overheat if excessive power is applied to it.
A plasma sputter chamber 30, illustrated schematically in
The wafer 34 is supported by a holder 48, which may include an electrostatic chuck (ESC) or an edge ring, to both clamp the wafer 34 and to control its temperature. A wafer pedestal 50 may include both a liquid cooling channel and a embedded resistive coil to control its temperature over a wide temperature range of, for example, 0° C. to 450° C. Argon may be supplied for example, at a pressure of 5 to 7 Torr as a thermal transfer gas between the wafer 34 and the holder 48 to promote the transfer of heat between the wafer 34 and the pedestal 50 to provide even temperature across the wafer 14. The sidewalls of the vacuum chamber 36 and the sides of the pedestal 50 are protected by a grounded shield 52 having an annular trough shape. An electrically floating shield 54 protects the very top of the vacuum chamber sidewalls and is adjacent the sides of the target 32 to build up a potential during sputtering and thereby focus the plasma to the middle of the target 32.
The details of the target area are illustrated in the blown up sectional view of
The design of the sidewalls of the target significantly impacts particle generation during sputtering. Stresses may be induced in the granular GST film and can lead to particle generation due to phase change or thermal stress in the film. A combination of a re-entrant target sidewall and a peanut-shaped floating shield is designed to minimize particle generation. The peripheral edge of the target layer 62 and to a lesser extent corresponding areas of the backing plate 60 are shaped to form a reentrant or concave peripheral side 76. On the sections of the floating shield 54 exposed to the plasma, there are no sharp corners but instead all portions smoothly join together through rounded transitions. The floating shield 54 is formed generally with a peanut shape having a bulbous lower end 78, a generally rectangular upper end 80 and a concave surface 82 between them on the radially inward side. The design of the floating shield 54 increases the surface area of deposition near the target 32 and its gradual curvature (a radius of curvature of no less than 0.12 inch (3 mm) and preferably no less than 0.25 inch (6 mm away from the grounded shield) decreases any stress, whether in tension or compression, that may be trapped in sputtered material. A convolute gap 84 is formed between the rectangular upper end 80 of the floating shield 52 and the reentrant periphery of the target layer 62, the bottom of a flange 86 of the backing plate 60 and the radially inner side of the isolator 68. The thickness of the gap 84 is kept to less than the plasma dark space so that the plasma does not enter the gap 84 and also prevents significant deposition within the gap 84, thereby reducing the production of particles. The re-entrant target sidewall chokes the plasma dark space and makes it difficult to generate a second plasma in the gap 84, thereby preventing particle formation from that source.
Returning to
Returning to
It is sometimes preferred that the GST deposited on the wafer 14 be nitrogen doped up to about 10 at %. Doping of 2 to 5 at % is more preferred. The doping may be achieved by reactive sputtering in which nitrogen gas is selectively supplied from the nitrogen gas source 44 during plasma sputtering of the GST target 32.
The form of the electrical waveform which the pulsed DC power supply 90 applies to the target 32 is illustrated in the waveform of
This waveform has the secondary effect of reducing the average sputtering power applied to the target by a factor of the duty factor, thereby reducing the thermal dissipation requirements. If the duty factor for reverse pulsing is increased further, that is, a larger t1/T fraction, by increasing the duration of the reverse pulse and/or increasing the pulse frequency, target heating become less of a problem. An RF shielding cover can be employed to prevent RF power from radiating from the target and causing electrical interference.
Once the plasma has been ignited, the argon pressure within the vacuum chamber may be reduced to less than 1 milliTorr, for example, in a range of 0.3 to 0.8 milliTorr, and nonetheless the plasma is maintained adjacent the GST target. Indeed, the argon supply may be discontinued and sputtering continues despite the very low chamber pressure, substantially less than 1 milliTorr, in a process called sustained self-sputtering (SSS) in which the plasma adjacent the target is intense enough that a sufficient number of sputter atoms are ionized that they can be attracted back to the target and resputter the target with a sputtering yield sufficient to continue the process. In the past, GST was not considered to be a material subject to SSS, particularly at the relatively low target power mentioned above. Low-pressure and even SSS sputtering is achievable despite the reverse target biasing for cleaning as long as the reverse time t1 is kept relatively short, for example, less than 10:s, during which time the electrons in the plasma do somewhat diffuse away but the plasma nonetheless persists.
Returning to
Temperature has been found to be an important parameter in determining the crystallographic state of the deposited GST. As a result, the wafer must be closely thermally coupled to the temperature-controlled pedestal, typically by clamping or chucking the wafer to the pedestal and injecting a thermal transfer gas between the wafer and pedestal. For the PCM cell of
In order to promote the deposition of amorphous GST, it is preferred that the pedestal 50 be kept at a temperature of less than 100° C. and that the thermal transfer gas couple this temperature to the wafer 34. On the other hand, in order to promote deposition of crystalline GST, the pedestal 50 should be kept at a temperature of greater than 105° C. and preferably above 120° C. to assure full fcc crystallization. Examples of successfully practiced heater temperatures for the two states are 25° C. for the amorphous film and 140° C. and 235° C. for the polycrystalline film. In each case, an electrostatic chuck and thermal transfer gas between the heater and wafer advantageously promote a uniform temperature across the wafer, which has been found to be important for achieving consistent and repeatable film properties across the wafer and from wafer to wafer. As illustrated in the graph of
The pedestal temperature also affects the stress induced in the deposited GST, as illustrated in the graphs of
The amorphous GST deposited below 100° C. exhibits tensile strain but crystalline GST shows a maximum compressive strain just above the transition temperature. The compressive strain decreases with increasing chuck temperature and changes to tensile strain at about 190° C.
Chamber pressure and wafer bias have been observed to affect the antimony and tellurium fractions in the deposited film sputtered from a target of fixed composition, as illustrated in the bar charts of
Sputtering into the low aspect-ratio plug 18 of
The temperature dependence of the crystalline phase of deposited GST must also be considered for the shields 52, 54. They are intended to be coated with sputtered material rather than sidewalls of the vacuum chamber 36 and to be periodically replaced without the need to clean the inside of the chamber itself. However, if they are maintained at low temperature below 100° C., GST deposits on them in the highly resistive amorphous state. The grounded shield 36 is intended to act as the electrical anode for the sputtering process and hence is subjected to plasma heating. A dielectric GST coating on the grounded shield 52 will cause a charge to build up on the resistive GST and to prevent current sinking and thus to hinder the plasma generation.
Two different and combinable approaches prevent the deposition of amorphous GST on the grounded shield 52. In a first approach, the temperature of the grounded shield 52 may be heated during sputtering, for example, by an annular radiant heater 120 or an annular resistive heater 122 to an elevated temperature well above the transition temperature of GST between its amorphous and crystalline states, for example, above 120° C. or preferably above 235° C. and possibly at higher temperatures up to 400° C. However, it may instead be required to cool the grounded shield 52 by a cooling water coil 124 wrapped around the shield 52. In a second approach, the grounded shield 52 is pre-coated on its inner side at least with a layer of material that promotes the formation of GST in its crystalline face-centered cubic (fcc) form having a lattice constant of 0.6 nm or hexagonal close packed (HDP) form. A thin aluminum or copper coating provides the desired crystallographic templating. As a result, the GST deposited on the shield forms in the conductive crystalline form and the shield continues to present a grounding plane to the plasma.
It is also desired that both the grounded shield 52 and the floating shield 54, typically formed of stainless steel, be pre-coated with arc sprayed aluminum to increase their surface roughness and thus increase the adhesion of the GST deposited on them, thereby reducing the production of particulates of the deposited GST material. A typical method of arc spraying aluminum involves a twin-wire arc-spraying process.
Optionally, a shutter disk may be employed for target cleaning prior to film deposition, target burning, or chamber conditioning. A shadow ring may be employed to prevent film deposition on the wafer edge or exclusion zone to meet certain integration requirements.
The invention thus allows the economical deposition by DC magnetron sputtering of metal chalcogenides such as germanium antimony telluride, which are particularly useful for phase change memories.
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Infection Cycle Of Hiv
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Editor: Andres Baselga
Research Paper
Drivers of β-diversity along latitudinal gradients revisited
Article first published online: 20 DEC 2012
DOI: 10.1111/geb.12020
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Global Ecology and Biogeography
Volume 22, Issue 6, pages 659–670, June 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
Qian, H., Chen, S., Mao, L. and Ouyang, Z. (2013), Drivers of β-diversity along latitudinal gradients revisited. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 22: 659–670. doi: 10.1111/geb.12020
Publication History
- Issue published online: 5 MAY 2013
- Article first published online: 20 DEC 2012
Funded by
- National Basic Research Program. Grant Number: 2009CB421105
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An ordered liquid crystalline phase cleansing composition is disclosed that is mild to the skin, contains entrained air and is characterized by excellent sensory and skin feel properties, flow properties and stability.
1. An ordered liquid crystalline phase cleansing composition comprising:
a. at least about 1% by wt. of a non-soap anionic surfactant;
b. at least about 0.1% by wt. of an amphoteric surfactant;
c. an effective amount of an ordered liquid crystalline phase inducing structurant for inducing liquid crystal structure formation in said cleansing composition;
d. wherein the density of said cleansing composition is in the range of about 0.5 to 1.2 gms/cm3 at 25� C.;
e. a water soluble or dispersible thickening agent selected from proteins, mono, di, oligo and polysaccharides; cellulosic materials, gums, clays, or blends or derivatives thereof;
f. a yield point in the range of about 3 to 100 Pascals at 25� C.;
g. wherein the volume percent of air suspended in the composition is about 10 to 60%; and
h. wherein the composition is stable at 50� C. temperature for 14 days without noticeable phase separation or a decrease in viscosity of more than about 20% or both.
2. The cleansing composition of
3. The cleansing composition of
4. The cleansing composition of
5. The cleansing composition of
6. The cleansing composition of
7. The cleansing composition of
8. The cleansing composition of
9. The cleansing composition of
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to detergent compositions suitable for topical application for cleansing the human body, such as the skin and hair. In particular, it relates to ordered liquid crystalline phase compositions containing suspended air and naturally derived thickeners.
2. Background of the Art
In order to be acceptable to consumers, a liquid personal cleansing product must exhibit good cleaning properties, must exhibit good lathering characteristics, must be mild to the skin (not cause drying or irritation) and preferably have user desired product application and skin feel characteristics.
The majority of prior art liquid cleansing products contain polymers, long-chain unneutralized fatty acids (e.g. C16-C18) or oils as thickeners to increase product viscosity. Although these materials might produce the desired viscosity, they structure the product such that its kinetics of dispersion is slow where the lather is slow to build or slow to rinse off. Furthermore these products evince a heavy or slimy feel when applied to the skin or hair. Surprisingly it has been found that the use of an ordered liquid crystalline phase cleansing composition containing entrained air combined with naturally derived water soluble or dispersible thickeners derived from saccharides gums, proteins, cellulose clays and blends and derivatives thereof provides a light, airy, souffl� or foam-like appearance along with a unique sensory feel and flowability or spreadability when combined with hydrophobic emollients and mild non-soap anionic surfactants. Furthermore, the inventive composition remains stable when stored under extremes in temperature.
Combinations of surfactants and naturally derived thickeners entrained with suspended air have been disclosed for use in liquid cleansing compositions. For example, U.S. patent Publication 2003/0072779 published on Apr. 17, 2003 discloses a whipped o/w emulsion cleansing soap containing cosmetic. Similarly U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,605,290 and 6,251,954; both issued to Roulier et al. on Aug. 12, 2003 and Jun. 26, 2001 respectively; discloses a substantially aerated cleansing composition having a density of 0.2-0.8 gms/cm3 that includes an associative polymer and an anionic surfactant. However there is no disclosure or suggestion in any of these patents and patent applications of an ordered liquid crystal cleansing composition having entrained air, a non-soap anionic surfactant and specific yield strength properties.
In one aspect of the present invention is an ordered liquid crystalline cleansing composition containing:
In one aspect of the invention is an ordered liquid crystalline phase cleansing composition including but not limited to:
Advantageously the liquid crystalline phase inducing structurant is selected from a C8 to C24 alkenyl or branched alkyl fatty acid or ester thereof with a melting point below 25 C, a C8 to C24 alkenyl or branched alkyl fatty alcohol or ether thereof with melting point below 25 C, a C5 to C12 alkyl fatty acid; and trihydroxystearin. Preferably the volume percent of air in the inventive composition is about 5 to 60% by wt. (preferably about 10% to 35%).
Preferably the inventive cleansing composition includes a cationic skin feel agent (preferably in the concentration range of about 0.01% to 3%; more preferably selected from hydroxypropyl trimonium chloride, polyquarternium-10 or a blend thereof. Advantageously inventive composition further includes a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic emollient (preferably the hydrophilic emollient concentration is greater than about 0.1% (preferably greater than about 2%) and is less than about 20%; and the hydrophobic emollient concentration is greater than about 0.5% (preferably greater than about 5%) and is less than about 30% by wt.; Useful emollients are preferably selected from mono, di and triglyceride oils, polyhydric alcohols, esters and sterols, and the like). More preferably, the inventive composition has a particle size range of the hydrophobic emollient is in the range of about 1 to 1000 microns (preferably in the range of about 10 to 50 microns).
Advantageously, the ratio of the anionic to amphoteric surfactant is in the range of about 10:1 to 1:1 (preferably about 6:1 to 2:1); and the composition has lamellar structure (preferably having a viscosity range of about 30,000 to 400,000 cps at 1 rpm (spindle T-B @ 25� C.). More preferably the pH of the inventive composition is in the range of about 4.5-8.0 (preferably 5.5 to 6.5). In a further embodiment the composition is stable at 50� C. temperature for 14 days using the standard stability method. Advantageously the composition contains less than about 5% (preferably less than about 1%) by wt. of soap.
Surfactants are an essential component of the inventive cleansing composition. They are compounds that have hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions that act to reduce the surface tension of the aqueous solutions they are dissolved in. Useful surfactants include anionic and amphoteric surfactants and optionally nonionic or cationic surfactants, and blends thereof.
Anionic Surfactants:
The cleansing composition of the present invention contains one or more non-soap anionic detergents. The anionic detergent active which may be used may be aliphatic sulfonates, such as a primary alkane (e.g., C8-C22) sulfonate, primary alkane (e.g., C8-C22) disulfonate, C8-C22 alkene sulfonate, C8-C22 hydroxyalkane sulfonate or alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate (AGS); or aromatic sulfonates such as alkyl benzene sulfonate.
The anionic may also be an alkyl sulfate (e.g., C12-C18 alkyl sulfate) or alkyl ether sulfate (including alkyl glyceryl ether sulfates). Among the alkyl ether sulfates are those having the formula:
The anionic may also be alkyl sulfosuccinates (including mono- and dialkyl, e.g., C6-C22 sulfosuccinates); alkyl and acyl taurates, alkyl and acyl sarcosinates, sulfoacetates, C8-C22 alkyl phosphates and phosphates, alkyl phosphate esters and alkoxyl alkyl phosphate esters, acyl lactates, C8-C22 monoalkyl succinates and maleates, sulphoacetates, alkyl glucosides and acyl isethionates, and the like.
Sulfosuccinates may be monoalkyl sulfosuccinates having the formula:
Sarcosinates are generally indicated by the formula:
Taurates are generally identified by formula:
The inventive cleansing composition contains anionic surfactants, preferably C8-C18 acyl isethionates. These esters are prepared by reaction between alkali metal isethionate with mixed aliphatic fatty acids having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms and an iodine value of less than 20. At least 75% of the mixed fatty acids have from 12 to 18 carbon atoms and up to 25% have from 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
The acyl isethionate may be an alkoxylated isethionate such as is described in Ilardi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,466, titled �Fatty Acid Esters of Polyalkoxylated isethonic acid; issued Feb. 28, 1995; hereby incorporated by reference. This compound has the general formula:
Amphoteric Surfactants
One or more amphoteric surfactants are used in this invention. Such surfactants include at least one acid group. This may be a carboxylic or a sulphonic acid group. They include quaternary nitrogen and therefore are quaternary amido acids. They should generally include an alkyl or alkenyl group of 7 to 18 carbon atoms. They will usually comply with an overall structural formula:
Suitable amphoteric surfactants within the above general formula include simple betaines of formula:
In both formulae R1, R2 and R3 are as defined previously. R1 may in particular be a mixture of C12 and C14 alkyl groups derived from coconut oil so that at least half, preferably at least three quarters of the groups R1 have 10 to 14 carbon atoms. R2 and R3 are preferably methyl.
A further possibility is that the amphoteric detergent is a sulphobetaine of formula:
In these formulae R1, R2 and R3 are as discussed previously.
Amphoacetates and diamphoacetates are also intended to be covered in possible zwitterionic and/or amphoteric compounds which may be used such as e.g., sodium lauroamphoacetate, sodium cocoamphoacetate, and blends thereof, and the like.
Nonionic Surfactants
One or more nonionic surfactants may also be used in the cleansing composition of the present invention.
The nonionics which may be used include in particular the reaction products of compounds having a hydrophobic group and a reactive hydrogen atom, for example aliphatic alcohols, acids, amides or alkylphenols with alkylene oxides, especially ethylene oxide either alone or with propylene oxide. Specific nonionic detergent compounds are alkyl (C6-C22) phenols ethylene oxide condensates, the condensation products of aliphatic (C8-C18) primary or secondary linear or branched alcohols with ethylene oxide, and products made by condensation of ethylene oxide with the reaction products of propylene oxide and ethylenediamine. Other so-called nonionic detergent compounds include long chain tertiary amine oxides, long chain tertiary phosphine oxides and dialkyl sulphoxide, and the like.
The nonionic may also be a sugar amide, such as a polysaccharide amide. Specifically, the surfactant may be one of the lactobionamides described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,279 to Au et al. titled �Compositions Comprising Nonionic Glycolipid Surfactants issued Feb. 14, 1995; which is hereby incorporated by reference or it may be one of the sugar amides described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,009,814 to Kelkenberg, titled �Use of N-Poly Hydroxyalkyl Fatty Acid Amides as Thickening Agents for Liquid Aqueous Surfactant Systems� issued Apr. 23, 1991; hereby incorporated into the subject application by reference. Nonionic surfactants are preferably used at minimum levels of about 0.1% and maximum levels of about 25%.
Cationic Skin Conditioning Agents
An optional component in compositions according to the invention is a cationic skin feel agent or polymer, such as for example cationic celluloses. Cationic cellulose is available from Amerchol Corp. (Edison, N.J., USA) in their Polymer JR (trade mark) and LR (trade mark) series of polymers, as salts of hydroxyethyl cellulose reacted with trimethyl ammonium substituted epoxide, referred to in the industry (CTFA) as Polyquaternium 10. Another type of cationic cellulose includes the polymeric quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxyethyl cellulose reacted with lauryl dimethyl ammonium-substituted epoxide, referred to in the industry (CTFA) as Polyquaternium 24. These materials are available from Amerchol Corp. (Edison, N.J., USA) under the tradename Polymer LM-200.
A particularly suitable type of cationic polysaccharide polymer that can be used is a cationic guar gum derivative, such as guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride (Commercially available from Rhone-Poulenc in their JAGUAR trademark series). Examples are JAGUAR C13S, which has a low degree of substitution of the cationic groups and high viscosity, JAGUAR C15, having a moderate degree of substitution and a low viscosity, JAGUAR C17 (high degree of substitution, high viscosity), JAGUAR C16, which is a hydroxypropylated cationic guar derivative containing a low level of substituent groups as well as cationic quaternary ammonium groups, and JAGUAR 162 which is a high transparency, medium viscosity guar having a low degree of substitution.
Particularly preferred cationic polymers are JAGUAR C13S, JAGUAR C15, JAGUAR C17 and JAGUAR C16 and JAGUAR C162, especially Jaguar C13S. Other cationic skin feel agents known in the art may be used provided that they are compatible with the inventive formulation. Cationic polymers are preferably used at minimum levels of about 0.01% and maximum levels of about 3.0%.
Cationic Surfactants
One or more cationic surfactants may also be used in the cleansing composition. Cationic surfactants are preferably used at minimum levels of about 0.1% and maximum levels of about 25%.
Examples of cationic detergents are the quaternary ammonium compounds such as alkyldimethylammonium halogenides.
Other suitable surfactants which may be used are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,325 to Parran Jr. titled �Detergent Compositions Containing Particle Deposition Enhancing Agents� issued Mar. 27, 1973; and �Surface Active Agents and Detergents� (Vol. I & II) by Schwartz, Perry & Berch, both of which are also incorporated into the subject application by reference.
One or more thickeners are used in the invention. These may be of natural or synthetic origin or of derivatives or blends thereof. Some examples of useful natural thickeners are water soluble or dispersible proteins, mono, di, oligo and polysaccharides; cellulosic materials, gums, clays, or blends or water soluble or dispersible derivatives thereof and the like. Some examples of useful synthetic thickeners are polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, acrylate homopolymers and copolymers, methacrylate homopolymers and copolymers, carboxymethyl and ethyl cellulose and the like. A particularly suitable type of thickener is gelatine. Thickeners are preferably used at minimum levels of about 0.05% and maximum levels of about 15%.
In addition, the inventive cleansing composition of the invention may include 0 to about 15% by wt. optional ingredients as follows: perfumes; sequestering agents, such as tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), EHDP or mixtures in an amount of 0.01 to 1%, preferably 0.01 to 0.05%; and coloring agents, opacifiers and pearlizers such as zinc stearate, magnesium stearate, TiO2, EGMS (ethylene glycol monostearate) or Lytron 621 (Styrene/Acrylate copolymer) and the like; all of which are useful in enhancing the appearance or cosmetic properties of the product.
The compositions may further comprise antimicrobials such as 2-hydroxy-4,2′,4′ trichlorodiphenylether (DP300); preservatives such as dimethyloldimethylhydantoin (Glydant XL1000), parabens, sorbic acid etc., and the like.
The compositions may also comprise coconut acyl mono- or diethanol amides as suds boosters, and strongly ionizing salts such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate may also be used to advantage.
Antioxidants such as, for example, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and the like may be used advantageously in amounts of about 0.01% or higher if appropriate.
Hydrophillic emollients or humectants such as polyhydric alcohols, e.g. glycerine and propylene glycol, and the like; and polyols such as the polyethylene glycols listed below and the like may be used.
A blend of a hydrophobic and hydrophilic emollients may be advantageously used. Preferably, hydrophobic emollients are used in excess of hydrophilic emollients in the inventive cleansing composition. Most preferably one or more hydrophobic emollients are used alone. Hydrophobic emollients are preferably present in a concentration greater than about 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, or 10% by weight. The term �emollient� is defined as a substance which softens or improves the elasticity, appearance, and youthfulness of the skin (stratum corneum) by either increasing its water content, adding, or replacing lipids and other skin nutrients; or both, and keeps it soft by retarding the decrease of its water content.
Useful emollients include the following:
Preferred emollients are selected from triglyceride oils, mineral oils, petrolatum, and mixtures thereof. Further preferred emollients are triglycerides such as sunflower seed oil.
Ordered Liquid Crystalline Compositions:
The inventive cleansing composition possesses ordered liquid crystalline microstructure, preferably lamellar microstructure structure. The rheological behavior of all surfactant solutions, including liquid cleansing solutions, is strongly dependent on the microstructure, i.e., the shape and concentration of micelles or other self-assembled structures in solution.
When there is sufficient surfactant to form micelles (concentrations above the critical micelle concentration or CMC), for example, spherical, cylindrical (rod-like or discoidal), spherocylindrical or ellipsoidal micelles may form. As surfactant concentration increases, ordered liquid crystalline phases such as lamellar phase, hexagonal phase, cubic phase or L3 sponge phase may form. The lamellar phase, for example, consists of alternating surfactant bilayers and water layers. These layers are not generally flat but fold to form submicron spherical onion like structures called vesicles or liposomes. The hexagonal phase, on the other hand, consists of long cylindrical micelles arranged in a hexagonal lattice. In general, the microstructure of most personal care products consist of either spherical micelles; rod micelles; or a lamellar dispersion.
As noted above, micelles may be spherical or rod-like. Formulations having spherical micelles tend to have a low viscosity and exhibit Newtonian shear behavior (i.e., viscosity stays constant as a function of shear rate; thus, if easy pouring of product is desired, the solution is less viscous and, as a consequence, it doesn't suspend as well). In these systems, the viscosity increases linearly with surfactant concentration.
Rod micellar solutions are more viscous because movement of the longer micelles is restricted. At a critical shear rate, the micelles align and the solution becomes shear thinning. Addition of salts increases the size of the rod micelles thereof increasing zero shear viscosity (i.e., viscosity when sitting in bottle) which helps suspend particles but also increases critical shear rate (point at which product becomes shear thinning; higher critical shear rates means product is more difficult to pour).
Lamellar dispersions differ from both spherical and rod-like micelles because they can have high zero shear viscosity (because of the close packed arrangement of constituent lamellar droplets), yet these solutions are very shear thinning (readily dispense on pouring). That is, the solutions can become thinner than rod micellar solutions at moderate shear rates.
In formulating liquid cleansing compositions, therefore, there is the choice of using rod-micellar solutions (whose zero shear viscosity, e.g., suspending ability, is not very good and/or are not very shear thinning); or lamellar dispersions (with higher zero shear viscosity, e.g. better suspending, and yet are very shear thinning). Such lamellar compositions are characterized by high zero shear viscosity (good for suspending and/or structuring) while simultaneously being very shear thinning such that they readily dispense in pouring. Such compositions possess a �heaping�, lotion-like appearance which convey signals of enhanced moisturization.
When rod-micellar solutions are used, they also often require the use of external structurants to enhance viscosity and to suspend particles (again, because they have lower zero shear viscosity than lamellar phase solutions). For this, carbomers and clays are often used. At higher shear rates (as in product dispensing, application of product to body, or rubbing with hands), since the rod-micellar solutions are less shear thinning, the viscosity of the solution stays high and the product can be stringy and thick. Lamellar dispersion based products, having higher zero shear viscosity, can more readily suspend emollients and are typically more creamy. In general, lamellar phase compositions are easy to identify by their characteristic focal conic shape and oily streak texture while hexagonal phase exhibits angular fan-like texture. In contrast, micellar phases are optically isotropic.
It should be understood that lamellar phases may be formed in a wide variety of surfactant systems using a wide variety of lamellar phase �inducers� as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,286 issued to Puvvada, et al., on Sep. 14, 1999. Generally, the transition from micelle to lamellar phase are functions of effective average area of headgroup of the surfactant, the length of the extended tail, and the volume of tail. Using branched surfactants or surfactants with smaller headgroups or bulky tails are also effective ways of inducing transitions from rod micellar to lamellar.
One way of characterizing ordered liquid crystalline dispersions include measuring viscosity at low shear rate (using for example a Stress Rheometer) when additional inducer (e.g., oleic acid or isostearic acid) is used. At higher amounts of inducer, the low shear viscosity will significantly increase.
Another way of measuring ordered liquid crystalline dispersions is using freeze fracture electron microscopy. Micrographs generally will show ordered liquid crystalline microstructure and close packed organization of the lamellar droplets (generally in size range of about 2 microns).
The inventive ordered liquid crystalline-isotropic composition preferably has a low shear viscosity in the range of about 30,000 to about 400,000 centipoises (cps) measured at 0.5 RPM using T-bar spindle A using the procedure described below. More preferably the viscosity range is about 30,000 to about 100,000 cps.
The invention will now be described in greater detail by way of the following non-limiting examples. The examples are for illustrative purposes only and not intended to limit the invention in any way.
Except in the examples, or where otherwise explicitly indicated, all numbers in this description indicating amounts or ratios of materials or conditions or reaction, physical properties of materials and/or use are to be understood as modified by the word �about�.
Where used in the specification, the term �comprising� is intended to include the presence of stated features, integers, steps, components, but not to preclude the presence or addition of one or more features, integers, steps, components or groups thereof.
All percentages in the specification and examples are intended to be by weight unless stated otherwise.
Six inventive compositions (1, 2, 4, and 6-8) were prepared and compared to two comparative compositions 3 and 5 according Table 1 using the processing methods described below. The specific gravity of the inventive compositions was approx. 0.85.
Processing method no. 1 Charge kettle with initial water and start to mix. Add Acrylates Copolymer and increase mixing speed until a vortex is formed. Add the anionic surfactant and mix. Add the amphoteric surfactant and mix. Add preservative, tetrasodium EDTA, and etrdronic acid. Adjust pH with caustic to approximately 6.0 to 7.0. Add Fragrance with mixing. Mix batch with a high shear mixer for 2 minutes to incorporate air, or until the batch volume doubles.
Processing method no. 2 Charge kettle with Amphoacetate and heat to 73 C with mixing. Add gelatin with mixing and mix for 10 minutes. Add Cocamide MEA and mix for 5 minutes or until dissolved. Add anionic surfactant with mixing. Heat a side vessel of water to 55 C and add to the main batch. Add citric acid and mix for 10 minutes. Add oil, fatty acid, and alcohols. Mix until homogeneous. With agitation, add glycerin and cationic polymer to the main batch. Cool to 30 C. Add preservative, tetrasodium EDTA, and etrdronic acid. Add fragrance with mixing. Mix batch with a high shear mixer for 2 minutes to incorporate air, or until the batch volume doubles.
Processing method no. 3 Charge kettle with initial water. With mixing heat to 160 F. Increase mixing speed until a vortex is formed. Add Gelatin. Add the anionic surfactant and mix. Add the amphoteric surfactant and mix. Add preservative, tetrasodium EDTA, and etidronic acid. Mix for 10 minutes. Add Fragrance with mixing and mix 15 minutes. Adjust pH with caustic to approximately 6.0 to 7.0. Mix batch with a high shear mixer for 2 minutes to incorporate air, or until the batch volume doubles.
Processing method no. 4 Charge kettle with initial water and heat to 73 C with mixing. Add gelatin with mixing and mix for 10 minutes. Add Amphoteric surfactance and mix. Add anionic surfactants and mix for 10 minutes. Add citric acid and mix for 10 minutes. Add oil, fatty acid, and alcohols. Mix until homogeneous. With agitation, add glycerin and cationic polymer to the main batch. Cool to 55 C. Add preservative, tetrasodium EDTA, and editronic acid. Add fragrance with mixing. Mix batch with a high shear mixer for 2 minutes to incorporate air, or until the batch volume doubles.
Processing method no. 5 Charge kettle with amphoteric surfactant and heat with mixing to 73 C. Add Cocamide MEA and mix until melted. Add anionic surfactant with mixing and mix for 15 minutes at 73 C. Heat a side vessel of water to 55 C, add gelatin and mix until homogeneous. Add to the main batch. With agitation, add glycerin and cationic polymer to the main batch. Cool to 30 C. Add preservative, tetrasodium EDTA, and etrdronic acid. Add fragrance with mixing. Mix batch with a high shear mixer for 2 minutes to incorporate air, or until the batch volume doubles.
Four inventive compositions according to Tables 2-5 were prepared and compared to a comparative composition according to Table 6 using the processing method described below. Aeration content, viscosity, and yield point are provided (measured as described below) along with a description of the qualitative form of the composition.
Yield stress, or yield point, is the amount of force required to initiate flow of a semi-solid. A controlled stress rheometer was programmed to increase the amount of shear stress linearly from 1 Pascal until the material's viscosity decreased (started to flow). The amount of force was noted and recorded. The temperature was maintained at a constant 25� C.
Instrument: Carri-Med CSL 100 controlled shear stress rheometer.
Geometry: Plate and cone (4 cm, 2 degree).
Temperature: 25� C.
Stress ramp: from 1-50 Pascals linearly in 2 minutes.
Viscosity Measurement
Fill a wide mouth jar (�60 mm wide �70 mm tall) with product at 25 degrees C.
Using a descending Brookfield DV-II+ viscometer, place the heliopath spindle at the surface of the product
spindle selection is based on product viscosity. For thinner Products (100,000 cps and lower) TA at 2 rpm is used. If the viscosity goes above 100,000 cps the spindle is T-B and the speed remains 2 rpm.
The spindle motor and descending motor are turned on simultaneously.
After 2 minutes the dial reading is the measured viscosity.
Standard Stability Method:
Samples are held at room temperature in sealed containers for at least 70 days and at elevated temperature (50� C.) for fourteen (14) days. �Stability� is therefore defined as used herein as the ability of the inventive composition to maintain a homogenous physical appearance or show no more than a 20% decrease in viscosity under such combination of time and temperature.
While this invention has been described with respect to particular embodiments thereof, it is apparent that numerous other forms and modifications of the invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art. The appended claims and this invention generally should be construed to cover all such obvious forms and modifications which are within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.
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|Property type
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|5 - 7 nights
Welcome to Island Oasis a breathtaking ground floor unit in the sought after Pelican Cove condominium complex. Located in an amazing setting with extensive tropical landscaping thru out, Island Oasis has a stunning view of the beautiful blue Caribbean sea and is just steps from the soft white sand of the beach. The amenities at Pelican Cove are second to none boasting an amazing pool (one of the largest in St. Croix) with hot tub,tennis right next door, a fabulous restaurant right next door and a superb location just minutes from Christiansted, Frideriksted, activities, golf, restaurants and more.
At Island Oasis its all about you! Every possible effort is made to ensure your comfort, relaxation and enjoyment from the moment you open the door. Mattresses ordered from the 5 star Bellagio resort; china plates to enjoy the fine Cruzan meals you prepare; a huge assortment of cocktail glasses for the libations you create on those beautiful Carribean days and nights;wine cooler to keep things cool; all the kitchen tools that the fussiest of gourmet cooks would demand; a keypad lock programmed with your own personal code so no worries about keys;flat screen tv; free wifi; décor and views that will make you want to stay forever and the list goes on! Owner visits to the property are frequent so rest assured that everything will be in top notch shape upon your arrival.
The floor plan at Island Oasis encompasses 1250 square feet with an open spacious layout and nine foot ceilings. The master bedroom features a king size bed, walk in closet and full en-suite bath with a second separate vanity area; open the sliding doors and let the soft sound of the waves lull you to sleep. The guest bedroom offers two twin beds which can be converted to a king size, a walk in closet and full bath with shower. All towels (beach and bath) and linens (including Egyptian cotton sheets)are provided for you. The kitchen is complete with all the tools to make a gourmet meal or just whip up a few tropical drinks and for the java lovers in the crowd a cappuccino /espresso maker. The outdoor gallery is approximately 30 feet by 10 feet with exits from the living area and master bedroom and a stunning view of palm trees, sea and sand; just sit back relax and stay a while!!
There are several beachfront condo buildings in St. Croix that are located in a high density neighborhood across the street from a large housing project. Island Oasis is unique in that it is located in a quiet and safe residential neighborhood on a 5 acre, lush, tropical, beachfront property. The grounds and amenities are always immaculate beckoning you to enjoy all there is to offer! Don't be surprised if one of the staff cuts down a coconut for you to enjoy by the beach or pool! If there's anything missing that you think you need, no worries; we got you covered!
The island of St. Croix offers a multitude of outdoor activities, fabulous golf, beaches, shopping of all kinds and world class restaurants. The beaches are indescribably beautiful and are free for all to use. Just pack up for the day and take an adventure to a private cove or beach and enjoy the sun, sparkling waters and the quiet lap of the waves drifting in. Most roads are paved so navigating around the island is reasonably easy. Road signs can be misleading so having a GPS can make your adventure a bit smoother.
The people of St. Croix are incredibly friendly and are eager to help you plan your day or suggest some little known places to explore or visit. Their helpful ways, bright smiles and easy going relaxed attitude will make the memories of your island adventure last an eternity!
Keywords: Luxury 2 Bedroom Beachfront Condominium (be sure to watch video for detail; just click the video button above the main beach picture) Pelican Cove
We currently live in Mississauga, Ontario Canada. In 2009 we went on a condo vacation in St. Croix and fell in love with the island and the people. We immediately bought a condo there and have been happy with our choice ever since. There was something about the island that just seemed to be a perfect fit in our life. It was reasonably accessible and offered so many of the activities that we enjoy such as snorkeling, golf, fine dining etc and was such a quiet peaceful place to be. Many days when we went off on a beach adventure we were the only ones on the beach. It was like we were on our own private island. We know first hand how important it is to make a condo vacation worry and stress free for our guests and strive to make sure that all your needs are taken care of. We are easily accessible 24/7 in the event you have any questions or concerns. No request is too big or too small!! We all work hard for our vacations and we feel that you deserve the best and, the best is what you will get!
Cynthia Shaw purchased this condo in 2009
We decided to buy a condo in the Pelican Cove condominium complex as it was one of the more upscale complexes on the island. The grounds were very tropical and impeccably maintained. The surrounding neighborhood was much better then many other complexes and the location was central to all parts of the island make travelling around very easy.
Our favorite part of the unit is the large outdoor gallery where you can sit and enjoy the gentle Caribbean breezes and enjoy the fabulous beach and sea view. The layout of the unit is great with large rooms thru out. Much of the complex is owner occupied so typically it is very quiet and low key.We also love the fact that you can see the ocean from almost every room.
Cynthia: We loved our stay! As a previous guest wrote: "we appreciate you having such a carefree condo and hope future guests will continue to care for it so that we can all come again and enjoy this beautiful place".
We appreciate the decor very much and that you keep quality linens on site. That was a huge blessing for us as we only had romm for 1 beach towel.
We also enjoyed the grill and thank you for supplying the propane. We used it twice and enjoyed our dinners very much.
All the best and thanks again!
This was our very first trip to St Croix. And the Island Oasis was excellent. Everything we needed was there, and it is very conveniently located. The property and condo were just amazing and very nice. I likes the fact that it was secluded and gated - felt very secure staying there. This was our first time also using VRBO and couldn't be more pleased. Cynthia was awesome in all the details and help with our trip - she even called when we arrived to be sure everything was in order then again before we left to see how things went. We will definitely come back and stay
This is our third trip to Pelican Cove and we love the location! Island Oasis was everything we could have wanted in a 'home away from home setting.' Cynthia delivered on every detail and description. The condo was well stocked with every imaginable item you would need or want on vacation. We love the location and took long walks almost every morning, enjoying the beautiful island and friendly people. Because the island is not new to us, we were able to get around very easily, locating eateries off the beaten bath and spending time listening to reggae at the beach and meeting new people.
I thought it a wonderful gesture that Cynthia called us on the day of our arrival, just to make sure that everything was in order; great touch. This property was a wonderful fit for us and we certainly recommend it for family and friends. We have already informed Cynthia that we will return next year and extend our stay!
Having just come back from our Island Oasis stay I thought that this would be a perfect time to share! The condo was as describe by Cynthia, lots of room, beautiful views, great landscaping and a condo that had everything you could possibly want as if you were at home. Having used VRBO for our last seven vacations this was the first time we had ever received a call from the owner on our arrival to make sure that everything was in order. Thank you for that!
As our trip was before the start of the season we had the island to our selves, or so we thought. We visited the following downtown restaurants and thought that they were some of the best; Savant's, Bombay, Rum Runners, Angry Nate's and the Brew Pub. Don't forget to go to the Chicken Shack also. The Palm Resort was convenient for breakfast and a good night cap before heading back to the condo.
One last thing and that is should you decide not to rent a car which we didn't, when you get to the airport go to the taxi stand and ask for "Joseph". Joseph and his friend Maurice were exceptional in taking care or our request at all hours of the day and night for transportation anywhere and everywhere we wanted to go.
We had a terrific time and thanks again Cynthia!
Rick from Chicago, Il.
We picked the Island Oasis based on the reviews and it lived up to it's name. The pictures and description are accurate but no where near as nice as once you experience Pelican Cove and Island Oasis. Sept is considered "off-season" and we pretty much had the area to ourselves. Cynthia's details are seen everywhere, from the airport driving instructions to everything that is in the condo, you can tell that they care that everyone has an excellent time. St Croix is a beautiful island that has a laid back, non-tourist feel to it. I would recommend renting a car and exploring the island, the drives are very scenic. The maps that you get at the rental car counter are excellent and very detailed. The snorkeling all over the island is excellent and you need to do a Buck Island trip to experience the reef. The beaches all over the island are beautiful and we rarely saw many people when we were at them, including the beach a few feet from the condo. The grocery stores are good (we felt The Plaza was best), but the food is more expensive on the island - including the restaurants. It made more sense for us to spend the days out exploring and make breakfast and dinner at the condo, which has everything to cook with. Do not be afraid to go to places or to say "Hi" to the extremely friendly people who call St Croix their home. There is so much to do on the island, but everything has a very relaxed setting. Definitely spend the $5 for the Cruzan Rum plant tour, if you can find it (no signs, turn south on W. Airport Rd). We can not thank Cynthia enough for providing a condo that immediately made us feel at home! We look forward to returning and bringing friends with us to share the experience.
I have had the extreme pleasure of being able to stay at Island Oasis 3 times and plan on going back again and again. I haven't put in a review before now as it's so difficult to put into words how amazing the condo is. My first trip to Island Oasis was also the first time I had booked anything on VRBO so I was a bit apprehensive. I remember the first time I opened the door. I nearly froze with excitement and all I could say was WOW. Everything was just like the pictures on VRBO but in person it was even better. The aura and the overall feeling really does make you feel like you are in an Oasis and something about it makes you feel like you are instantly at home. The condo was spotless and fresh flowers were awaiting on the table. Everything you could possibly need or want is stocked in the unit. China plates, loads of glasses, pots, pans, beach towels, every type of glass you need from juice to wine to Martini, a wide selection of beautifully scented candles and these amazing liquid soaps from England at all sinks with all different scents! The list can go on and on. I love that you can see the ocean from almost every room; its just so calming. Every time I go there is something new to look forward to as Cynthia the owner is always making improvements. I must also say that Cynthia is amazing. We always get a call within a few hours of arriving to make sure that all is OK and that we arrived safely and always a call at the end to catch up on the fun we had, wish us a safe trip and to thank us for staying. What class! One time we had a small issue that required repair. We were able to get in touch with Cynthia instantly and the problem was remedied in under an hour. Better service then at home! The complex of Pelican Cove is beautiful; lot's of Palm trees, tropical flowers, soft sandy beach, expansive manicured lawns and more. The pool is awesome; always sparkling blue water and the perfect temperature. The location of the complex is very central to everything so its easy to get anywhere. As I finish this review I long to be back at Island Oasis. Rest assured that if you choose to stay at Island Oasis you really will feel that you have arrived in Paradise!
I expected a lot after having read the reviews of this condo. The condo is beautifully furnished. It is in a great location. It is outfitted with just about everything you would need, beach towels, sunscreen, DVDs, books, WI-FI, etc. There were even fresh flowers in a vase when we arrived. Cynthia, the owner, provided us with a lot of pre-trip info which helped us have a good start to the trip. The unit was very clean and the first floor location was great.
We visited in August so there were fewer tourists, less tourists on the roads and no waits at restaurants. We had been a little worried about driving on the left side, but after the first day, it seemed natural. We would definitely recommend renting a car and making a tour of all the islands sites.
Pelican's Cove's location was perfectly situated for touring, just watch out for the speed bumps. Don't miss the Curzan tour, Whim plantation, Cane Bay, and the winding mountain road to Carambola. Caribbean night at the Palms, Monday nights, was great! we had our best meal at Rowdy Joe's, and the ice cream at Armstrong's was worth the trip.
Overall, St. Croix was a great place for a vacation, and Cynthia's condo at Pelican Cove was the perfect place to stay. We would definitely come back!
Great Activities to enjoy:
Going to Buck Island with Jolly Roger
Caribbean night at the Palms at Pelican Cove
Visiting Frederisksted when the cruise ships are in
Shopping in Christiansted
Prime Rib night at Angry Nates in Christiansted (Wed)
Night kayak tour
Tan Tan jeep tour
Hiking down to Isaac Bay to snorkel and enjoy beach
Tour the many estates on the Island
|Rate Period
|Weekend Night
|Monthly *
Dec 13 2014 - Apr 30 2015
5 night minimum stay
May 1 2015 - Aug 31 2015
5 night minimum stay
Sep 1 2015 - Dec 14 2015
5 night minimum stay
Holiday season
Dec 19 2015 - Jan 1 2016
7 night minimum stay
|Tax Rate
|Payment can be made by check or credit card. Rates quoted are for 2 persons extra fees apply for more then 2 at a rate of $75 per person.
* Approximate monthly rate. Actual rate will depend on the days of the month you stay.
Payment is usually accepted in the quoted currency (USD) unless the currency and the amount is specifically agreed in advance with the owner / advertiser.


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Cubs have to earn respect from Cardinals
ST. LOUIS – The Cubs can interpret it as a sign of disrespect, but they would be doing the exact same thing if they were playing games that actually mattered in August and September.
A franchise coming off a 101-loss season in the middle of a multi-year rebuilding project has to earn it.
The St. Louis Cardinals restored order with Sunday's 8-4 victory in front of 43,240 fans at Busch Stadium. They wore out Edwin Jackson (5.05 ERA) and the Cubs bullpen by knocking out 13 hits and going 4-for-12 with runners in scoring position.
The Cardinals (67-50) skipped Adam Wainwright over the weekend and saved their ace for Tuesday night's showdown here against the Pittsburgh Pirates. That didn't go unnoticed in the Cubs clubhouse.
"You take anything like that personal," Cubs manager Dale Sveum said. "They're doing what they think they need to do, being in a pennant race and all that. But obviously the guys in that locker room take it to heart that they're kind of saying that we're not a very good team and we're going to get by you with this guy.
[MORE: Soriano helping Lake stay ahead of the curve]
"It's a competitive nature in anybody to take that to heart."
The Los Angeles Dodgers had done the same thing, holding back Zack Greinke so he'd pitch at Busch Stadium last week instead of Wrigley Field. The Dodgers didn't need their other Cy Young winner, Clayton Kershaw, to complete a four-game sweep on the North Side.
Still, the Cubs (52-65) managed to win their first series at Busch Stadium in almost three years and split a six-game road trip through Philadelphia and St. Louis.
As Gold Glove second baseman Darwin Barney – who went 2-for-4 with two RBI – said: "We're trying to prove we're a better team than our record shows."
The night before, Barney had delivered a late, clutch hit in a 6-5 win over the Cardinals. It was the kind of game the Cubs seemed to lose here the past few years.
Afterward, Barney admitted the Cubs get up for the Cardinals and acknowledged they had discussed the Wainwright decision in the clubhouse.
But in the big picture, Barney said: "They have enough to get them going, rather than a little comment I (made) that was very underplayed for what went down."
[RELATED: Cubs could close with Strop in '14]
These final seven weeks will be about finishing strong before the front office makes hard decisions this winter. Sveum knows fans want someone other than Barney (.215 average) in big spots, but the manager is going with his guy (while realizing there aren't many other options).
"You hear it," Sveum said, "(but) it's hard for me to ever (pinch-hit for him) because the guy gives you a battle up there. He'll put the ball in play (and) he's gotten some big hits for us (and been) as big as anybody in those situations.
"You know he's going to battle. (Facing) velocity, he'll foul it off and put it in play and give you a great at-bat."
[THE MOLINA EFFECT: Cubs finding their frontline catcher]
The Cubs return home for a 10-game homestand that begins Monday night, when Da Bears, Camp Trestman and meaningless preseason exhibitions will be the lead sports story in Chicago. Wainwright or not, the Cubs know it's a long road ahead before every pitch matters against the Cardinals again.
"Rivalries are what they are, but it comes down to (having) a team that's got a chance of winning series all the time," Sveum said. "The bottom line is putting yourself in a situation where you leave spring training to win 90-plus games."


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Levelwear Men's Colorado Avalanche Bar Stripe Navy T-Shirt
Product Information:
Separate yourself from your biggest rivals by sporting a look that says you're a hardcore Avs fan with this Levelwear® Men's Colorado Avalanche Bar Stripe Tee. Screen-printed Avalanche logo sits on the center chest atop a set of team-colored stripes to highlight your true fandom. The shirt has a regular fit and crew neck keeps you comfortable beyond the final horn. Stick it to the competition with a Levelwear® Colorado Avalanche Tee.
- Levelwear® Men's Colorado Avalanche Bar Stripe Tee
- Screen-printed Colorado Avalanche logo at the heart of the shirt
- Set of jersey inspired, team-colored stripes are set behind the logo for extra fanfare
- High-quality screen-print graphics are set on a heathered navy tee to rep your team colors
- Regular fit and crew neck for comfort
- Officially licensed by the NHL®
- Levelwear
Country of Origin: ImportedWeb ID: 34634236
Customer Reviews:
Levelwear Men's Colorado Avalanche Bar Stripe Navy T-Shirt 1 1
Really good This was a great priced,comfortable, and stylish product might get one of a different color really happy wit this one. April 20, 2014
1-1 of 1


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Win Vip Bear Club Passes For Beartrap 2013!<River Rewards
The 2013 Beartrap Summer Festival is set for August 3 & 4, with a stellar weekend of music in one of the most beautiful concert venues nature has to offer – Beartrap Meadow on Casper Mountain. Grammy winners Sam Bush and Rodney Crowell headline – along with ten additional bands over the course of the weekend. Enter to experience the meadow VIP style this year – with "Bear Club" passes for 2, including special seating in the shade of the Foss Motors Bear Club tent, bar access, VIP parking, and more. For online ticketing, complete schedules, and music from this year's bands – visit beartrapsummerfestival.com!


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We want to ensure that making a return is as easy and hassle-free as possible! If for any reason you decide that your purchase just isn't for you, simply return the item within 30 days of receipt and we'll cover the cost of return shipping. Learn more about our Return Policy.
Unfortunately Versace VE1190 Eyeglass Frames is no longer carried by OpticsPlanet.
You can also explore other items in the Eyeglass Frames category yourself to try and find the perfect replacement for you!
The Versace VE1190 Eyeglass Frames has been tailored to always keep you at the height of fashion whilst remaining relaxed during the day. This pair of Eyeglass Frames by the eyeglasses experts at Versace, is built working with resilient and reliable components that will give you an entire life of reliability and efficiency. Versace has been developing eyeglass frames for many years and the Versace VE1190 Eyeglass Frames is the immediate result of their tireless initiatives and devotion to supplying consumers with the best bang for their buck. The best pair of glasses will transcend any cultural environment, and the Versace VE1190 Eyeglass Frames is the ideal way to gain this capability. Here at OpticsPlanet, we make every effort to assist you in acquiring the most suitable pair of Eyeglass Frames for your specified needs, and the Versace VE1190 Eyeglass Frames is among the many products that we're thrilled to provide our shoppers. For an incredible way to continue to keep your vision satisfied and in good health, choose the Versace VE1190 Eyeglass Frames.
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via 148Apps:
Earthcore: Shattered Elements Impressions
Earthcore: Shattered Elements is a card-battling game that's currently in soft launch in Canada. Put together by Tequila Games, Shattered Elements carries an obvious influence from the wildly successful Hearthstone. 148Apps' Jennifer Allen has some favorable early impressions of the game, which is set to launch worldwide sometime in May.
As it stands, Earthcore: Shattered Elements already seems pretty appealing and potentially quite challenging, even for experienced CCG players. With further refinements planned for its already seemingly extensive campaign mode, as well as some tweaks to balancing, it can surely only get better.
Via 148Apps
Reviews via AppleNApps:
Stormblades Review: It's All Wet
Kiloo's highly-anticipated action game Stormblades looks great, but according to Apple N' Apps' Trevor Sheridan, it's an uninspired Infinity Blade clone.
Stormblades lacks any real engagement or intriguing challenge leaving you monotonously swiping the screen. It would be great to see any kind of nuance to the formula, but there's just nothing new here.
Via AppleNApps
Reviews via Touch Arcade:
Rush Rally: An Awesome Top-Down Racing Game
Need a good top-down racing game to keep you company? Touch Arcade has a hearty recommendation for Rush Rally, a game that reportedly nails the physics behind driving.
What makes it all the more impressive is that Rush Rally is the product of just two people, both of whom have history in the game industry and both of whom have worked on some very popular and beloved racing games throughout the years. They took all their knowledge and poured it into their very own racing engine, which powers Rush Rally.
Via Touch Arcade
Zenonia S Coming Soon, Begins Closed Beta This Week
For a while, the Zenonia series was the go-to for anyone craving a decent action-adventure game on mobile. The series seemingly went on a long hiatus, but is coming back to life with the recently announced Zenonia S. According to a press release distributed by Gamevil, Zenonia S will beef up the series' online options, including PvP and boss raids.
The game is set to hit iOS and Android in June, but on March 25 through 28, Android users can join a closed beta via its Google Groups page.


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Imogen Edwards-Jones - Lubimyczytać.pl
Imogen Edwards-Jones, brytyjska pisarka i dziennikarka, znana z serii o Hotelu Babylon, na podstawie których powstał serial pod taką samą nazwą.
Best 4 novels set in the world of fashion - Fashion Babylon, by...
It's hard not to be enthralled by the glamorous world of fashion. Here are four of the best novels set in the exciting, cutting-edge, and sometimes cut-throat...
returning: hotel babylon
24.11.2008 by David Knox series 3 sees charlie gain the coveted role of general manager. but is it all plain sailing? with a fashion show, a diamond auction and auditions for a new west-end musical, he's got lots of work on his plate. ...
Book World In My Head: Hospital Babylon - Imogen Edwards-Jones
Hospital Babylon - Imogen Edwards-Jones. This book follows the footsteps of one doctors last shift in A&E before the dreaded black ...
Submit your Babylon story… — Imogen Edwards-Jones
Post image for Submit your Babylon story… We would love to hear from you!
Hotel Babylon (Series 3, Episode 8) « jimcofer.com
09.04.2008 by Jim With the departure of Charlie (Max Beesley) and Jackie (Natalie Mendoza), the characters don't interact with each other anymore (except as people who work together would). Early in the series, for example, Charlie and Jackie were ...
Hotel Babylon - Imogen Edwards-Jones Biography product reviews and...
Hotel Babylon - Imogen Edwards-Jones - Review - Cant beat a fly on the wall!
Edwards-Jones, Imogen: Air Babylon (ebook/EPUB)
2011, Fiction, Narrative Literature, Novelistic Biographies, ISBN: 9781446497395
Edwards-Jones, Imogen: Fashion Babylon (ebook/EPUB)
2011, Fiction, Narrative Literature, Novelistic Biographies, ISBN: 9781446497722
Edwards-Jones, Imogen: Hospital Babylon (ebook/EPUB)
2011, Sciences, Medicals, Missl., ISBN: 9781446465516
Edwards-Jones, Imogen: Pop Babylon (ebook/EPUB)
2011, Fiction, Narrative Literature, Novelistic Biographies, ISBN: 9781446497289
Imogen Edwards-Jones, the woman behind Hotel Babylon, is training her...
Imogen Edwards-Jones, the woman behind Hotel Babylon, is training her sights on the unlikeliest of targets: the NHS - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File ...
bol.com: bol.com | Hotel Babylon, Imogen Edwards-Jones & Anonymous |...
Hotel Babylon Paperback. Het is een van Londens duurste en meest luxe hotels. Een tijdelijke verblijfplaats voor de rich and famous, met een smetteloze...
Reader Book Review: Restaurant Babylon by Imogen Edwards-Jones - Day...
Handbag readers who are passionate about books give their opinions on the latest releases...
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► 2:53► 2:53"Hotel Babylon" Imogen Edwards-Jones & Autor Anonimowy Tu mnie znajdziesz: Facebook ...
Material Girl - new BBC series - YouTube
New BBC Drama based on the bestselling book Fashion Babylon by Imogen Edwards-Jones. Material Girl is about dreams, love, clothes and how we all use them to ...
Google News: Stars paid £60000 to sit on a fashion show front row: The Mail investigates ...
10.03.2012 [Daily Mail] - 'There are three reasons celebrities sit on the front row,' says Imogen Edwards-Jones, whose bestseller Fashion Babylon exposes the inner workings of the rag trade. 'Either they are paid, they want the publicity themselves — which I think was the case
Guardian: Review: Pop Babylon by Imogen Edwards-Jones and Anonymous | Books |...
Review: Pop Babylon by Imogen Edwards-Jones and Anonymous Edwards-Jones is a good writer but her skill cannot defeat the banality of her subject matter, writes...
The golden rules of Pop Babylon ... A cynical insider's guide to ...
14.06.2008 Within a few years, there will be a 'rapprochement'. And then the reunion tour. Followed by the comeback album... Names have been changed. • Pop Babylon by Imogen Edwards-Jones is published by Bantam Press on June 30 at £12.99. ...
Fame & fortune:Hotel Babylon author Imogen Edwards-Jones - Telegraph
Imogen Edwards-Jones, 40, is the author of 'Hotel Babylon', which was adapted into a successful BBC One TV series. She lives in Ladbroke Grove with her...
Twitter Posts: Jamal Lebsack (wixkavg)
2012.07.23 Air Babylon (Hardcover): Heard the one about the airline that has introduced 'corpse cupboards' on new planes to... http://t.co/l2NGxLn8
Twitter Posts: Christella (bluesberri)
2012.07.20 Fashion Babylon by Imogen Edwards-Jones & Anonymous - Fashion Babylon is my current read. I know the book... http://t.co/slrepdQX
Twitter Posts: Ludwig Mayert (yleksandrchepat)
2012.07.19 Air Babylon (Hardcover): Heard the one about the airline that has introduced 'corpse cupboards' on new planes to... http://t.co/n2u4lvoc
blox: Restauracja Babylon, Imogen Edwards-Jones
Blog o książkach i czytaniu. Czytam, bo lubię, piszę, bo chcę pamiętać
Trashionista: COMPETITION: Win a signed copy of Wedding Babylon
16.06.2009 by Elle Symonds Imogen Edwards-Jones, author of Hotel/Air Babylon, is back - and this time, she's focusing on the wedding industry in Wedding Babylon. The potential for things to go horribly, horribly wrong is never higher than at a wedding. ...
Air Babylon - Imogen Edwards-Jones (eBook)
Buy Air Babylon in ebook format. The acclaimed book by Imogen Edwards-Jones is available at eBooks.com in several formats for your eReader.
Fashion Babylon - Imogen Edwards-Jones (eBook)
Buy Fashion Babylon in ebook format. The acclaimed book by Imogen Edwards-Jones is available at eBooks.com in several formats for your eReader.
Imogen Edwards-Jones | Judging Covers – Honest Book Reviews
Wedding Babylon Imogen Edwards-Jones. Why are weddings so expensive? What makes people spend a year's wages on one Big Day? And just how Big does your Day actually
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Imogen Edwards-Jones — An award winning journalist, broadcaster,...
An award winning journalist, broadcaster, novelist and screenwriter, best known for the Babylon series of exposes.
Imogen Edwards-Jones · OverDrive: eBooks, audiobooks and videos for...
Imogen Edwards-Jones is the coauthor of the internationally bestselling Hotel Babylon and the novel Tuscany for Beginners. She lives in London with her husband...
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Imogen Edwards Jones | Databáze knih
Imogen Edwards- Jones je britská spisovatelka a novinářka. Nejvíce proslula sérií Babylon, která byla založena na románu Hotel Babylon z roku 2004...
BBC - Press Office - Hotel Babylon Imogen Edwards-Jones
Press Releases
Wedding Babylon – Imogen Edwards-Jones | Judging Covers – Honest Book...
Following a week in the life of a busy wedding planner, and based entirely on true but anonymous stories, Imogen Edwards-Jones takes you ...
Imogen Edwards-Jones on Scribd | Scribd
Written by Imogen Edwards-Jones · Fashion Babylon · Imogen Edwards-Jones, Anonymous. About. Browse Books · About Scribd · Team · Blog · Join our team!
BOOK REVIEW: Fashion Babylon by Imogen Edwards-Jones and Anonymous |...
There's something about seeing 'anonymous' on the cover of a book that makes my spine tingle with excitement... even if, as when I read Prim
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Do you know that one drink in the air equals three on the ground? Do you know exactly what happens to your luggage once it leaves your sight ...
Pop Babylon by Imogen Edwards Jones - Stellenbosch - Books, CDs &...
Condition : Good. How do you make it as a pop star? Why does one boy band make it big and another disappear off the pages of the magazines altogether? Why do...
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Russell Wilson
Keith Brooks and Carmichael Dave Show – October 14th, 2014
2ND HOUR–2ND SEG The Seattle Seahawks although they won, seemed to have a little discontent on the sidelines. We hit on the little tiff between Russell Wilson and Doug Baldwin. We hit on the Niners and […]
Keith Brooks and Carmichael Dave Show – October 7th, 2014
1ST HOUR–1ST SEG Keith and Dave hit on Monday Night Football. Russell Wilson is the real deal and the Seahawks beat the Redskins. We had Major League Baseball as well. The Cardinals beat the Dodgers […]
Five Things: Seahawks Trounce Packers In First Thursday Night Football Matchup
It's easy to pencil the Seahawks as back-to-back Super Bowl champs after their 36-16 beat-down of the Packers last night. Or to think Green Bay is a shadow of the franchise that won it all in 2011 and hasn't reached the conference championship since.
Thursday Night Football Fantasy Starters: Rodgers, Wilson And Harvin Are Must Plays
Fantasy football players are also ready to go all-in on Thursday night. Finding favorable matchups in the first game on the schedule each week gives a player a big edge going into Sunday.
Top 5 NFL Teams Heading Into Week One
Week one is rapidly approaching – meaning it's not too early for some NFL power rankings. Here they are, from top to bottom: 1. Seattle Seahawks The reigning Super Bowl Champs have done nothing over […]
The Many Highs, Few Lows Of 2013 Seattle Seahawks
When you win the Super Bowl, there isn't much to complain about as far as overall team performance is concerned. But here is a look back at what the Seahawks excelled at and aspects of their game that they will need to tighten up next season.
Seahawks Beat Broncos 43-8 In Super Bowl
Defense wins championships, and the NFL has not seen a defense like Seattle's in a long time.
Keidel: Manning's Manifest Destiny?
What will matter most? The fact that Seattle has no players with Super Bowl experience, or their youth and speed and top-ranked defense? Or will the game be won by Denver's suddenly stout rush defense and Peyton Manning's blessed right arm?
Gallo Goes There: Major College Football Towns Should Host Future Super Bowls
With all the extra attention an outdoor, cold weather Super Bowl has given the league, the NFL should commit to making the host city a major part of the Super Bowl story every year.
Sports Verdict: Which Team Will Win Super Bowl XLVIII? Seattle Vs. Denver
Both Denver and Seattle advanced this week after defeating the Patriots and Niners, respectively. The two will square off on Groundhog Day this year with the championship on the line. The question is: who will end up with the title?
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What does Seattle have to do in order to win the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history?
Strong Pass Defense, Rushing Lead Seahawks Past 49ers To NFC Championship
Super Bowl XLVIII will feature the Denver Broncos and their top offense in the NFL against the Seattle Seahawks and their top defense in the NFL thanks to Seattle's 23-17 win over San Francisco.


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Headteacher's Welcome
School prospectus is available here
Are you a past pupil of Challney Girls?
If so, click here to join our alumni
Current vacancies at Challney High School for Girls
We are a busy, ambitious and diverse community where everyone is encouraged to get involved, try their best, to persevere and to enjoy themselves. We have an extremely hard-working, highly qualified and dedicated team of staff both inside and outside of the classroom, who are consistently well supported by an active and involved governing body and local authority.
The School is committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children and expects all staff to share this commitment.
About Us
Contact Us
For full school calendarplease click here
Challney High School for Girls is a member of the Luton Futures collaboration. To learn more about Luton Futures click here
ParentPay is the web payment service for parents to pay for their children's school dinner and trips online either by credit or debit card. Click on logo to go to the ParentPay website.
My Maths
Maths resources for practising skills with booster packs and assigned homework tasks
SAM Learning
Click here to access SAM Learning
GCSE Pod
The school has subscribed to GCSE Pod, which allows our pupils to access and download Podcasts for a variety of subjects.


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Simmons Beautyrest LeBlanc Plush King Mattress Only
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Features the 800 Beautyrest® Super Pocketed Coil® innerspring mattress which delivers an enhanced sleep experience emphasizing the key sleep benefits of motion separation, conformability, support and comfort. Multiple layers of Plush PurFoam and quilted fiber provide comfort and support for a restful night's sleep. This mattress is reinforced with 2 rows of Mega coils for firmer seating edge and wider sleeping surface. A layer of visco memory foam provides additional zoned support.
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OP Senior Member
Thanks Meter: 49
158 posts
Join Date:Joined: Dec 2013
i when Ever Put My phone In Silent Or VibratinG Mode Or Whenever it Vibrates.
It Vibrates Without Stop ...
So Always I Need to Pull battery?
I tried FlashinG Stock
Changing Kernal
I Also Know Some Hardwaring So i open Back Cover Nd see
But all seems GooD.
What should i Do.
I Just want To Know is it a hardware Prob
Nd i should Go To Manufacturer????
Sent From My N7100 UsinG ElephanT
Using Galaxy Y As ExperimenT
Always Press ThanKS IF I HelpeD