text:
If an active router Master Control Processor (MCP) fails, a backup MCP switches over without interrupting peer network router connections, because all previously established connection parameters are replicated on both MCPs. Once the MCP programs line cards, the packet forwarding modules and embedded system function without further involvement of the MCP until the next programming update. Messages flow through the backup MCP and then through the active MCP, which outputs messages through the backup MCP. Thus the backup MCP captures state changes before and after the active MCP. Both MCPs maintain replicated queues in which they store replicated messages awaiting processing or retransmission. If acknowledgment of receiving a transmitted message is received from a destination peer router, that message is deleted from both MCPs. If acknowledgment is not received within a predetermined interval, the stored message is retransmitted. Message splicing prevents lost and partially transmitted messages during and after switchovers.
1. A communication network incorporating a router system, said router system comprising:
an active processor containing a first copy of a router software application that has an active application socket operable to transmit and receive data to and from another network element; and
a backup processor interconnected with said active processor, said backup processor containing a second copy of said router software application that has a replica of said active application socket, said replica application socket operable to transmit data to and receive data from said other network element,
such that said replica of said active application socket can maintain an open network connection enabling said backup processor to function as said active processor in the event of failure of said active processor, without the necessity of reestablishing a connection with said other network element.
2. The network of
3. The network of
4. The network of
5. The network of
6. The network of
at least two said active application sockets each operable to connect with another network element; and
a number of said replica application sockets equal to the number of said active application sockets, each active application socket paired with one said replica application socket, such that each connection established by an active application socket can be maintained in an open and operational state should said backup processor function as said active processor if said active processor fails.
7. The network of
8. The network of
9. The network of
10. The network of
11. A method of connection protection switching in a communication network, comprising:
running concurrently within a router first and second copies of a router software application;
creating a first application socket associated with said first copy of said router software application;
creating a replica socket associated with said second copy of said router software application, said replica socket replicating said first application socket;
synchronizing state changes between said first and second copies of said router software application;
distributing network route information from said first copy of said router software application to a plurality of packet forwarding modules (PFMs);
performing network routing functions between peer routers and said plurality of PFMs using said distributed network route information without direct involvement of said first and second copies of said router software application;
reading incoming messages redundantly at both of said first and second copies of said router software application; and
switching over the functions of said first copy to said second copy of said router software application, such that network connections between said peer routers and said plurality of PFMs operate seamlessly without interruption throughout said switching over, without the necessity of reestablishing said network connections.
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
if an acknowledgement of receipt by a peer router of said distributed response message is received from said peer router within a predetermined timing interval after said distributing, then deleting said stored copies of said distributed response message; and otherwise
retransmitting said stored response message.
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
if both first and second copies of said router software application are functioning normally, then retransmitting said stored response message from said first copy of said router software application; and otherwise
if said functions of said first copy have been switched over to said second copy of said router software application, then retransmitting said stored response message from said second copy of said router software application.
23. The method of
24. The method of
if both of said first and second router software application copies are functioning normally, then routing said incoming messages from said PFM first to said replica socket, generating copies of said incoming messages at said replica socket, routing said message copies to said first application socket, generating response messages at said first application socket, and routing said response messages sequentially to said replica socket and out through said PFM; otherwise
if said second router software application fails to function and said first router software application copy functions normally, then rerouting said incoming messages from said PFM first to said first application socket, generating response messages at said first application socket, and routing said response messages out through said PFM, such that said messages bypass said replica socket; and otherwise
if said first router software application copy fails to function and said second router software application copy functions normally, then rerouting said input messages from said PFM first to said replica socket, generating response messages at said replica socket, and routing said response messages out through said PFM, such that said messages bypass said first application socket and such that the functions of said first router software application copy are switched over to said second router software application copy.
25. The method of
26. The method of
27. The method of
28. The method of
29. The method of
30. The method of
31. The method of
This application is related to co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/703,057, entitled �System And Method For IP Router With an Optical Core,� filed Oct. 31, 2000, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
This application relates to the field of optical communication networks, and particularly to TCP connection protection switching.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is an underlying connection protocol that is typically used for all types of network communication. Different network routers set up connections with their peer routers using Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) over TCP to get route information from their peer routers allowing them to construct essentially an internal map of the network and to select the route that they should use, as well as verification that their peers are operating correctly. This is accomplished by sending various keep-alive and route update packets back and forth to make sure that their peers are still correctly functioning.
Peer routers view a conventional host router to which they are connected as a single logical entity represented essentially by the Master Control Processor (MCP). The MCP constructs route maps by establishing BGP adjacencies with peer routers using Dynamic Routing Protocol (DRP). Peer routers therefore infer that, if the MCP goes down or if their connection with it is terminated, the entire host router must have failed, and they will route around it. Conventional routers sometimes have dual redundant MCPs, but when the active MCP fails, the backup MCP essentially reboots and starts a new copy of the DRP software, which must then reestablish connections with all peer network routers. This switch-over event is visible to those peer routers, because they had established connections with the active MCP, the BGP protocol had established adjacencies with the conventional host router's BGP protocol, so they had an active link with the active MCP about which they had negotiated various parameters and routes they wanted to use. When the active MCP went down for whatever reason, those TCP connections were terminated and peer routers at the other ends of the connections knew that. They saw the connection as being closed, because a certain period of time after a link terminates, if the peer router at the other end tries to send traffic and receives no acknowledgments back, it infers that it has either lost a network path to the other end point of the link or that the other party has failed. Similar to talking through a telephone system, if there is a click and then silence, one party assumes they have lost the connection with the other party. Accordingly, if an active MCP were to fail, even if the backup MCP came on line in a conventional host router and started the routing protocol all over again, it basically would have to establish new connections. In the telephone analogy, if the phone hangs up during a conversation, one party must call the other party back.
Desired in the art are a system and method for network connection protocol, which maintains connections transparently between routers in the event of failure of an active MCP, such that a new set of connections between host router and peer routers does not have to be reestablished.
The present invention is directed to a system and method in which a router contains redundant Master Control Processors, such that if for example the active MCP fails for some reason, then the backup MCP takes over, without other peer routers being aware of the switch-over between the redundant active and backup MCPs. Both MCPs run replicated DRP protocol software on duplicated application sockets. Consequently these peer routers perceive an active connection that is up and remains up across the switch-over and furthermore has the same state as before. Despite the fact that peer routers are actually connected to a different MCP as a result of a switch-over, all the parameters that they had previously established about the connection are still valid since they are replicated on both MCPs.
The present large distributed router system can pass traffic, even without the presence of the MCP. Once the MCP programs packet forwarding modules (PFMs) on the line cards for certain information based tables and the like, then the hardware, the line card processors, and the embedded system are able to forward traffic without direct involvement of the MCP on a packet-by-packet basis. Thus the MCP generates the control tables and distributes those across the router, but once so programmed, the router passes traffic according to the way it was programmed, until the DRP software in cooperation with other routers decides to change or update and distribute some routes. Accordingly, the present system is not a monolithic entity, but rather a decentralized set of entities. Nevertheless, peer routers, when they see those connections close, perceive that as a failure of the entire router. To avoid this, TCP connections are kept open across switch-over events from the active MCP to the backup MCP.
During normal operation, messages in some embodiments are routed in an input data stream through both the active and backup MCPs, such that the input data stream passes first through the backup MCP and second through the active MCP. Thus the backup MCP has read every incoming message and captured any state change before it reaches the active MCP, maintaining synchronism between the two MCPs. Outgoing messages from the active MCP then return to the backup MCP, which thus reads both incoming and outgoing messages. Additionally, in some embodiments both MCPs maintain replicated sets of output queues in which they store replicated messages that are transmitted to the peer router. If an acknowledgment for a transmitted message is received from the destination peer router, then the replicated message is deleted from queues in both MCPs. If acknowledgment is not received within a predetermined time period, then the stored replica message is retransmitted by either MCP.
This approach can be applied to protocols other than TCP, for example User Datagram Protocol (UDP) over Internet Protocol (IP). In some embodiments message splicing is performed in connection with a switch-over between active and backup MCPs, assuring that no messages are lost and that no partial message is received in a peer router.
Elements utilized in some embodiments of the invention are described in co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. application Ser. No. 09/703,057, entitled �System And Method For IP Router With an Optical Core,� filed Oct. 31, 2000, the disclosure of which has been incorporated herein by reference.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. It should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conception and specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis for modifying or designing other structures for carrying out the same purposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by those skilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, that each of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration and description only and is not intended as a definition of the limits of the present invention.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:
In some embodiments output queue 25 and retransmission queue 24, both associated with application socket 13, are combined into a single queue. Similarly, in some embodiments queues 26 and 27, both associated with application socket 14, are combined with one another. It should be noted that data links 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 110, and 111 each lying entirely within respective MCP 11, 12 are typically not physical data links, but represent message flows only. Nevertheless, for purposes of simplicity these are referred to herein as data links.
To maintain a TCP connection across two router systems during MCP switch-over, a number of considerations are of importance. First, it is important to arrange that any data transmitted over a connection can be received by the peer router at the other end of the connection, independent of whether active application socket 13 is still functioning or whether a switch-over has occurred and backup application socket 14 has taken over. This means that the retransmission queues, for example queue 24, maintained on active MCP 11 have to be replicated on backup MCP 12. Accordingly, outgoing packets from active DRP application socket 13 flow out from that socket to a peer router along a path through data link 107 and queues 24 and 25, and then through data links 109 and 110 into corresponding queues 26 and 27 of backup MCP 12 before going out through output link 114 to the peer router. Outgoing packets are stored for retransmission in queue 24 on active MCP 11, but they also flow through the backup system across data links 109 and 110. Outgoing packets are then also stored in backup MCP 12 on a retransmission queue 26 similar to retransmission queue 24 of active MCP 11. Thus outgoing packets can be retransmitted from either active or backup MCP 11 or 12. The net result is that once the outgoing packets arrive in both queues, if the peer router did not receive the packet and if active MCP 11 is still alive, it can retransmit the packet from queue 24. Outgoing packets also flow from active MCP 11 through data link 109 directly into output queue 27 of backup MCP 12, from which they are transmitted through output link 114 to the peer router. On the other hand, if active MCP 11 has failed for some reason and backup MCP 12 has taken over, then backup MCP 12 can retransmit the replicated packet from queue 26 through data link 111 and subsequently out through output data link 114.
Unless backup MCP 12 becomes active, any data written by the backup application on application socket 14 is discarded through broken data link 103, because the peer router is not aware of backup MCP 12 and does not communicate with it. If backup MCP 12 becomes active, then connection is established between backup application socket 14 and backup retransmission queue 26 through data link 103.
There are a number of ways familiar in the art, in which the application state can be maintained consistently between the active and backup applications. For example, the active application can send explicit messages to the backup copy of the application for each transaction, and the backup copy of the application can then update its own memory image regarding the transaction. Alternatively, the backup copy of the application can maintain the transactions in a log that is replayed when it takes over. There are a number of known techniques for keeping the states in synchronism across the two copies of the application.
A further requirement is to keep existing communication connections with peer routers open seamlessly across a switch-over between active and backup MCPs 11 and 12 for any reason. When an incoming packet is received from a peer router, it is directed first to backup MCP 12 and is placed into queue 21 of application socket 14 in use by the backup routing application, such that the backup application can in effect eavesdrop all the incoming communication that is really being handled by the active routing application in active MCP 11. An advantage of this particular topology is that backup MCP 12 can read all the messages that active MCP 11 receives. Furthermore, since packets are routed through backup MCP 12 first, active MCP 11 can never process a message unless backup MCP 12, as long as it stays alive, is guaranteed to receive that message also. This technique is important for keeping the two MCPs 11 and 12 in synchronism, because active MCP 11 can then assume that backup MCP 12 received the same message and thus each MCP can independently take appropriate action on that message, for example updating its own route tables.
Queues 22, 25, and 27 are essentially output queues containing messages waiting for transmission. Queues 21 and 23 are input queues where received messages are stored awaiting processing by the routing application, which receives the messages using sockets 14 and 13.
Among incoming messages are acknowledgments associated with sequence numbers of outgoing messages that were previously sent. The TCP protocol numbers each byte sequentially in a stream of bytes flowing in one given direction between two applications, using a 32-bit unsigned sequence number that wraps back around to zero after reaching a maximum value of 232−1. This sequence number is inserted in the TCP header of a message. An acknowledgment number, consisting of the sequence number plus one, is sent from the receiving application back to the transmitting application, identifying the next sequence number that the sender of the acknowledgment expects to receive.
As an acknowledgment number is received, meaning that a message corresponding to that acknowledgment number has been received on the peer router, it is processed by backup MCP 12, which then deletes messages that are no longer needed for retransmission from queue 26 on backup MCP 12. Dashed data link 112 from queue 21 to queue 26 represents the processing of acknowledgment numbers. Similarly, the same incoming message is propagated over to active MCP 11 via output queue 22 through data link 105 and into input queue 23. Active MCP 11 notices at that point the acknowledgment numbers generated by the peer router indicating what the peer has received, and uses these acknowledgment numbers to delete any messages no longer needed for retransmission from queue 24, as represented by dashed data link 113 between queues 23 and 24.
In the event of failure of backup MCP 12, traffic is rerouted to flow through active MCP 11 only.
Similarly, in the event of loss of active MCP 11, then traffic is rerouted to flow through backup MCP 12 only, which has now become the new active MCP.
Failure of the gigabit Ethernet link between the two MCPs (link 105 and/or 109 shown in
On the inbound side, PFMs relay incoming information that is to be used by the MCP to determine overall network topology. If a network topology change occurs, then considerable traffic will go through the network from one MCP on one router to a different MCP on a different router enabling them to communicate with one another, such that they all understand the new network topology. Accordingly, traffic flows both from the PFMs to the MCP and in the reverse direction from the MCP back to the PFMs and eventually out to other routers within the overall network.
Links 101 and 114 on the Backup MCP and links 115 and 116 on the Active MCP as shown in
In operation, when a peer router (not shown in
Referring to
A technical advantage of the present embodiment is that active MCP 11 transmits and receives the same amount of traffic in the protected mode as it would have in the unprotected mode. Accordingly, for each transaction active MCP 11 effectively receives one message and sends out one message. Backup MCP 12, however, processes two messages, namely one received from the peer router via link 101 and sent to active MCP 11 via link 105, and one received from active MCP 11 via link 109 and sent to the peer router via link 114. This message flow topology minimizes the computation overhead on active MCP 11, which often performs more processing than does backup MCP 12.
One consideration involves seamlessly splicing the output message stream transmitted to the peer router, which must see a logical sequence of complete messages, and which must not receive any partial messages. The output streams can be spliced only at a logical message boundary, such that only complete messages m, . . . , n−1 are generated by active MCP 11, and complete messages n, . . . , o are generated by backup MCP 12, which is becoming the new active MCP. To do that requires a protocol in which the data flowing through MCP unit 10 is basically divisible into message records or transactions. TCP is a stream oriented protocol, but BGP protocol is transaction oriented and is thus a candidate to implement message splicing.
The present embodiment does not provide for seamless switch-over of any application socket that is in the process of connecting. That is to say, a socket switch-over is not seamless until active MCP 11 has completed a connection and at some time slightly thereafter, when socket 13 is paired with socket 14, and they have achieved consistent state between each other. At that point a seamless switch-over of the socket becomes possible. If the DRP software is in the process of making a connection with a peer, that activity is lost during a switch-over. However, other peer routers that are already connected on other sockets paired for high availability are not lost. This does not present a problem, because the principal concern is with established connections where the routers have already invested substantially to exchange state information between one another, and where loss of that state information would mean that one router must reroute around the second router. When the connection is reestablished, the second router must retransfer all of those route tables, which can be very large.
Additionally, the present embodiment is advantageous, even if it does not switch over seamlessly 100 percent of the time. If there are counter cases, rare states the system might reach, in which for short periods a transparent switch-over for a particular application socket is prohibited, as long as the vast majority of the TCP router connections are maintained on other sockets, for example with 90 percent or higher success, the present embodiment nevertheless provides a substantial advantage over existing routers.
Although the present invention and its advantages have been described in detail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions and alterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, the scope of the present application is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. As one of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from the disclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing or later to be developed that perform substantially the same function or achieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodiments described herein may be utilized according to the present invention. Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within their scope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps.
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Meir Panim delivers warmth, special care to families in need.
An article by Dvora Waysman in the March 18 issue of The Jewish Press referred to the home of the first chief rabbi of Israel, Rav Avraham Yitzchok Hakohen Kook, which has been converted into a museum.
There is much more to the story.
It is told in Forty Years of Struggle for a Principle, the biography of Harry Fischel, citing public records and periodicals, and was alluded to by Dr. Yitzchok Levine in the last of a series of articles on Fischel for The Jewish Press (June 2, 2006).
In the days when Eretz Yisrael was known as Palestine and ruled by the British, the consensus was that the British wanted the Jews to have a homeland but only as a continuing colony under British rule. Eventually, Menachem Begin and the Irgun led a revolt (for which the Haganah got much of the credit, but this is a story for another day), leading to the creation of the independent state of Israel.
Here's the shocker: The idea to build a special house for the chief rabbi of Palestine came from none other than his excellency, the high commissioner of Palestine, representing the British government – Sir Herbert Samuel.
Here's how it came about and was implemented, as recounted primarily by Harry Fischel through his son-in-law, Rabbi Herbert S. Goldstein, in the biography referred to above. Fischel is the person who arranged for the house to be built, entirely at his own personal expense.
On Fischel's second trip to Palestine, in 1921, a military officer of the British government presented him with an invitation to call upon the high commissioner. Fischel was warned by Herbert Samuel's secretary that Samuel normally limited his meetings to 20 minutes, during which Fischel planned to discuss how he could help in the building of the Jewish homeland.
During the hour and three-quarters of their conference, covering many subjects, Samuels pointed out to Fischel, in the words of Fischel's biographer, that "whereas the chief representatives of other religions in the city of Jerusalem each occupied a suitable residence, Rabbi Kook was compelled to live on the second floor of an old and dilapidated building where the proper reception to visitors was impossible. He stated that this residence ill-befitted the dignity of the high office of the chief rabbi of Palestine," and advised Fischel to try to convince a few wealthy Americans to build a more suitable home for the chief rabbi.
Before the day was over, Fischel had decided not only to build a home for the chief rabbi, but a synagogue (to be used as a yeshiva) as well, entirely at his own expense. The chief rabbi at first declined the generous offer, but then was persuaded to accept the gift not as a personal tribute but as one made in recognition of his office.
Upon its completion the building was described in The New York Times as "a monument to Jerusalem, located on the [then] principal square at the intersection of three streets of Moorish design, built of stone . It is probably the only house in the city having every modern convenience, and besides living rooms, it also contains a large meeting room and a synagogue " The latter was used as the yeshiva until the current yeshiva building was built for what has come to be known as Yeshivat Mercaz HaRav, with a wing dedicated by the Harry and Jane Fischel Foundation.
The day of the dedication of the building "was regarded as a national holiday . The whole City of Jerusalem was decorated for the occasion . In practically every window appeared the Zionist flag, that was merged in the decorations with the American colors."
Participants at the dedication itself included both chief rabbis, the high commissioner, consular officials, the acting governor of Jerusalem, the mayor of Jerusalem, Dr. Judah Magnes, and many rabbis, including Fischel's son-in-law, Rabbi Herbert S. Goldstein, then president of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America. Thousands of people stood outside in the streets, kept in order by military officers.
An official government reporter recounted: "The ceremony was a most brilliant event and will remain a red letter day in the annals of Jerusalem . There were present the elite of the Jewish and non-Jewish communities . On the wall facing the gathering there were hung two pictures, one of King George V, and the other of the High Commissioner."
There were banners with biblical verses. And, as described in Forty Years of Struggle for a Principle, "The High Commissioner delivered an address, which was regarded by the assembly as of great political importance, most notably [his statement that] the purpose of the policy of the British government had been, was now and would remain, the promotion of the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine "
Rabbi Aaron I. Reichel, Esq., who bears Harry Fischel's Hebrew name, is a great-grandson of Fischel and administrator of the Harry and Jane Fischel Foundation.
About the Author: Rabbi Aaron I. Reichel, Esq., reviewed the definitive biography of Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach by Rabbi Dr. Natan Ophir before and after it was published, long after he'd interacted with Rabbi Carlebach on a number of occasions, as described in that book. Reichel is the author of "The Maverick Rabbi," about Rabbi Herbert S. Goldstein, but Reichel readily concedes that Carlebach was far more of a maverick in his time.
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The rededication of the Hurva caused international hysteria.Arabs called the action a "provocation"
{Originally posted to author's website, FirstOne Through} TRUST Trust is the bedrock of a functional relationship. It enables one party to rely on the other. A trust that includes both intention and capability permits a sharing of responsibility and workload. The relationship between US President Obama and Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu started off badly and further […]
Jabotinsky said "Go To Hell" was a good retort to opponents of the Jewish people; fitting for Obama.
Obama pulled off one of US history's greatest cons,twice fooling a gullible electorate and most Jews
While in Auschwitz I felt a tangible intensity. I could sense that I was in a place of sheer evil.
Obama needs to wake up. The real enemy is not Netanyahu but Iran, Hizbullah, Hamas, Islamic Jihad,IS
My beliefs & actions have led to numerous death threats against me; my excommunication by my church
In November 2014, Islamic Relief Worldwide was classified as a terrorist organization by the United Arab Emirates.
Too rarely appreciated for its symbolic weight; it can represent freedom and independence.
Erica Pelman is a spiritually-driven woman. She is founder and director of "In Shifra's Arms" (ISA), an organization that offers aid to pregnant Jewish women of all religious backgrounds practically, financially and emotionally. Its arms are open to any pregnant woman in need whether single, divorced, separated, or from a financially-strapped family. "Presently, we are […]
Many so-called "humanitarian NGOs" frequently abuse Israel by applying false moral equivalencies
Israeli history now has its version of "Dewey Defeats Truman" with headlines from 2 anti-Bibi papers
In God's plan why was it necessary that Moses be raised by Pharaoh, away from his own family&people?
In their zechus may we all come to appreciate that life is a fleeting gift and resolve to spend every precious moment of it as if it were the last.
Reb Shlomo brought countless Jews closer to Judaism by his music, stories, charm, and now,this play
Rabbi Dr. Natan Ophir (Offenbacher) has just written a blockbuster magnum opus about Reb Shlomo that is sweeping in scope and destined to become the definitive biography of a unique personality whose influence on Jewish prayer as expressed musically may be more far-reaching than that of anyone since King David.
It seems that from time immemorial, or more specifically from some time after G-d first declared that a person's days shall be limited to 120 years, at best (Genesis 6:3), Jews have been blessing each other with the wish "May you live to be 120." I have noticed, however, that many people look at that goal with trepidation, as if it is not necessarily something positive to live for.
An article by Dvora Waysman in the March 18 issue of The Jewish Press referred to the home of the first chief rabbi of Israel, Rav Avraham Yitzchok Hakohen Kook, which has been converted into a museum. There is much more to the story. It is told in Forty Years of Struggle for a Principle, […]
Anyone reading this well-researched and objective biography (just translated into Hebrew) has to be struck by how the focus of Rabbi Meir Kahane's life was on promoting Jewish identity, pride, values, knowledge, and even music, and how minimal a role that actual violence played even in the "militant" Jewish Defense League. Even the limited violence was for deterrence and limited primarily to property damages.
Anyone reading this well-researched and objective biography (just translated into Hebrew) has to be struck by how the focus of Rabbi Meir Kahane's life was on promoting Jewish identity, pride, values, knowledge, and even music, and how minimal a role that actual violence played even in the "militant" Jewish Defense League. Even the limited violence was for deterrence and limited primarily to property damages.
Printed from: http://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/the-unlikely-origin-of-beit-harav-kook/2011/03/30/
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End of Year Price List Change
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We are urgently seeking a graphic artist with PDF skills to make changes to a current price list for an End of Financial Year Special Offer Campaign.
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Boasting a restaurant and bar with stunning views of the Scottish landscape, Marmalade is grade "B" listed building, dating back to 1817. Loch Leathan is within 10 minutes' drive and the rocky hill The Old Man of Storr is 7 miles away. The spacious rooms overlook the landscaped garden, Portree Bay, and the outline of Cuillin Hills. Guests can benefit from free Wi-Fi, an en suite bathroom, and a flat-screen TV. Breakfast is served daily and includes a buffet-style continental, and a cooked Full Scottish option. Guests at Marmalade can also enjoy a lunch and dinner menu in the restaurant with far-reaching views of Cuillin Hills and Loch Portree. The landscaped gardens offer an alfresco dining area, and the bar opens out to reveal an intimate heated courtyard.
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I am making a very basic wheat beer and I want to add raspberry extract to it. In your experience how much raspberry extract should be added to a five gallon batch of beer. In answering this question, please do not tell me that real fruit is better (that seems to be the answer to this question in every search I do).
I just bottled Midwest's Raspberry Wheat this weekend. Their kit had 4 oz. of raspberry extract that was added to the bottling process.
Standard response is going to be add as much as you like for taste. Try 2 ounces to start with and see how you like it. If it is weak add more.
my vote is for 2oz... i just made a chocolate raspberry stout (5gal) and added 2oz to bottling bucket... it worked out great, several compliments from friends... if its alcohol based extract (which i think most is) it adds no more fermentables... so use normal amount of bottling sugar...
Honestly I don't recommend using fruit extracts. They have a very artificial taste to them. Almost like cough syrup. Use real fruit.
And if you do, and choose to go with raspberries, do not use more than a pound of them in a beer. The tartness they add to a beer is very overpowering. I just recently brewed a porter and added 3 pounds of frozen raspberries to the primary fermenter (after a week or so of initial fermentation), and the tartness from the berries completely took over the beer. I'm going to let it sit a while longer, but I think it ruined the batch.
I agree with CrookedTail, I just did a Northern Brewer Raspberry Wheat. I used all 4oz of extract based on some reviews. It tasted like a good ratio at bottling, once it carbed up it had a very artificial taste. My wife said exactly what was said above, that it tasted like cough syrup. I'd stay away from it or use real fruit as you've read. The longer that the beer has been in the bottle the flavor has mellowed out some but it's still artificial. If you have the ability split the batch and see the difference.
I'm going to have to agree with the "don't use extract" crowd.
I recently tried a Wasatch brewery rasberry wheat, and it tasted very artificial. Pretty well ruined what would have been a good wheat beer.
Side note, I am not a fan of Wasatch brewery. They tend not to brew to style from what I've seen. Get a brown ale and it's a hop bomb. Very disappointing.
Primary 1: Nut Brown Ale
Primary 2: Irish Red
Primary 3: Apfelwein
Bottled: . Simple Wheat. Apfelwein. Belgian White. More Apfelwein. Nut brown ale, Black Porter. Russian Imperial Stout.
I just did the same one and added 2.5 oz of raspberry extract and it was awesome. Not to much but you can taste the flavor for sure...I don't think it taste bad or like cough syrup at all. Will be making it again soon. Can't get enough of it.
I did 2 oz raspberry extract in a purple haze clone kit from AHS, and it was way too strong. I probably could have gone with 1/2 of that.
I also did the Midwest Kit and added the entire 4oz to the bottling process. This extract takes a while to develop taste and favor. After bottle conditioned for 2 weeks it was very week and could tell it was an artificial flavor, after 6-8 weeks the beer developed a deeper fruit taste profile.


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Hello fellow monks,
In this thread I wish to discuss about the +Armor affix among our gears.
Personally I think that +Armor affix is underrated among the DEX community, this including DH and Monk. I don't see much DHs emphasizing on armor as they kite around and it makes sense to have little armor, but among the Monk community I also won't see many of them (beside the palamonk S&B build), most of us are still relying on the STI to buff up the armor rating.
Now lets talk about the mechanics of getting +Armor, +Armor affix can roll a max +397 on major pieces and +265 on others. I think the effort are similar to double stack OwE, by utilize ONE RNG roll on every possible pieces we can achieve the 5k armor mark.
When I decided to gear out from OwE dependency previously, I was also getting rid of the STI in mind. The reasons to push me over this is that the AR affix can roll +80AR on pieces with a max stacking of +880AR and there are a lot of legendary/set that had the native +AR rolled. So instead of going for double resist, I swap out the single resist slot for +Armor.
Next lets talk about mitigation and ehp. I've seen ppl who pumped up high Dex and use STI for the armor bonus and sacrifice a passive (along with OwE, 2/3 passive is filled), or high VIT that results in >50k hp but with a low armor. While everybody is suggesting 600AR+5k Armor to balance up the defensive with both OwE & STI, stapled these 2 passive means we had very little way to choose the remaining passive.
During 4 monk Ubers sessions, I've seen other fellow monks who had health pool problem when facing Ghom. Their HP are hovering in between 30-70% (with the exception of serenity period it filled back to 100%) even with MoE:HT & MoH:ToN casted. While we can rely on the LoH/LPSS/LS for the health regen part.
What do you guys think?
Posts: 3,588View profile
I think Strength would fall into the same category.
If you are weening off OwE, armor may seem like a good roll at first, but if you consider the best in slot items and the limited number of random rolls they have, it simply cannot beat a good dex+vit roll.
It comes down to this... there are two ways to farm MP10:
1) 150k DPS, 5%+ LS, ~800 res, ~6k armor
2) 200k+ DPS, 5%+ LS, ~650 res, ~5k armor
Option 1, particularly if you want to drop STI and OwE, needs the armor roll you speak of, yes.
However, Option 2 needs that roll for extra dex and vit to push DPS further. This is the preferred option as it will obviously farm MP10 faster.
Armor is a good option to go to when transitioning especially because it's cheaper, but if you're serious about dropping OwE and STI, why not go for option 2?
Posts: 1,141View profile
If you are weening off OwE, armor may seem like a good roll at first, but if you consider the best in slot items and the limited number of random rolls they have, it simply cannot beat a good dex+vit roll.
I'll take option 2. I just need another 15k or so DPS (I'm @176k unbuffed) and that ever-elusive LS EF to round out the requirements. : )
With that said, I definitely don't shun STR in my armor. If a piece meets my requirements and has either STR or INT, I'm a happy camper. As an aside, I would love to have a passive that boosts the benefits of INT and/or STR to provide an alternative to STI or OWE. It could serve as a stopgap when a monk is trying to gear away from one or the other.
one of the reason also because it is WAY MUCH MUCH MORE CHEAPER!
as for your option 2, how much +Dex you can roll extras into a single RNG? I would assume +100dex or +50dex+50vit vice versa
typical offensive stats CHC/CHD/IAS/MIN-MAX DMG are not accounted for as we all know it contribute a lots of offensive dps.
random roll can be up to 100dex+100vit on top of legendary stats. ie. inna's pants can go 200dex/100 vit
in terms of effective health, 100 vit can trump even 80AR at high levels... now factor in the 100 dex as well, and you really can't beat it. (maybe 12% life can if your vit is really high already)
Edited by DictatoHead#1899 on 1/29/2013 9:20 PM PST
Posts: 3,923View profile
Armor is a nice stat to have on gear, although you don't want to sacrifice dex or vit.
ok at what HP level we can start to think of not getting more VIT? 40k? 45k?
100% agree.
If you are weening off OwE, armor may seem like a good roll at first, but if you consider the best in slot items and the limited number of random rolls they have, it simply cannot beat a good dex+vit roll.
Thats interesting. I went with option #3 where I got all my defensive needs from equipment thus freeing up skills to be 100% offensive and group buffing. My stats are basically:
3) ~170k dps (generous under exaggeration), 3% ls, 825 loh, 1.3k lps, 625 res, 6k armor, 48k hp
And I do just fine doing mp10 keys and ubers with my friends. I can also bring GL+TFIW without sacrificing self dps, which means I also bring 28% more dmg to everybody I play with.
Imo you're falling into the trap of thinking too narrowly about specific requirements to accomplish something (handling mp10).
Honestly? 45k is probably the very minimum if you're thinking of mp10 in mind. Even with that though you'll come incredibly close to being one shotted by SK. I'd definitely say if you want to be safe 50k is a great # to shoot for.
Edited by gotaplanstan#1369 on 1/29/2013 10:16 PM PST
Posts: 714View profile
i don't read... but i dropped AR to go with Armor and Vit and with my non tr gear, i run ubbers in the buttt, mp 10 style.
Posts: 41View profile
Answer the topic, no, +armor is not underrated.
We can use the ehp calculator to check up the question.
In my case, +20 all resist and +200 armor increase the same ehp in any situation.
What's that means? It's means that even u get 1000 resist and 2000 armor only, 20 all resist is still as powerful as 200 armor.
Consider the equipment affix, we can get 80 all resist on one eq, but only Chest, Head and Pants could provide 800+ armor. It is easy to make a conclusion, the more resistance u have, the less armor u need.
If ppl wanna farm mp10, I suggest that (resistance*10)+(Armor)>12000 HP>50000.
I apologize for my generalization, but my point remains.
A 400 armor roll is nice, but a 100 dex+ 100 vit roll is often better. You'll end up with higher DPS with the latter and still survive because you get more back from LS. This means you are farm faster, whether in a group or alone.
As for how much vit you actually need depends on the rest of your stats. You need to think in terms of effective health. ie. a person with 500 vit and a whole lot of armor/res/block/dodge has more effective health than a person with just 1000 vit and nothing else.
I recommend using online calculators to figure things out exactly. Try d3rawr and d3up (google). I remember running MP10 with 400,000 EHP at first...
At first I though of STR falls into the same category, but unfortunately STR does not roll as high as Armor in an affix. hence I drop STR in the discussion. If it roll, better to roll +Armor than STR
Of course, as what @Treleth mentioned, if it had rolled the STR, just take it.
INT wise, I think we can pretty screw it up 10INT:1AR = >:( (unless it comes by native roll i.e. Tal chest :p )
So we are safe to say that 400k ehp are sufficient in MP10?
Edited by yuhhaur#1278 on 1/29/2013 11:03 PM PST
apologize for my generalization, but my point remains.
That I'll definitely agree with. I'd even take it a step further and just say 100 vit > 400 armor without the dex.
(1) At first I though of STR falls into the same category, but unfortunately STR does not roll as high as Armor in an affix. hence I drop STR in the discussion. If it roll, better to roll +Armor than STR
1. Yes I agree, an armor roll will always be better. However, there are certain cases where picking up some isn't that bad an idea if you cannot afford alternatives such as Vit. Slots this comes to mind on specifically are shoulders and boots. Especially shoulders, considering Vile Wards already come with +armor, and str can roll up to 300 iirc. A pair of Nat's boots with Vit is also pretty expensive, so a str+dex/int+dex roll is a perfectly suitable replacement. Which brings me to #2;
2. Given the general consensus that 1 res =~ 10 armor, its actually safe to say that str=int in terms of value. If you roll 158 str which is 158 armor, or you roll 158 int which is 15.8 res, you're still getting roughly the same amount of mitigation.
If you have enough dps and sustain to support it, sure. However, the lower your ehp is, the higher the dps and sustain will need to be to handle incoming burst damage like SK and Kulle. I would tend to suggest 500k ehp as a safer baseline for doing mp10 myself, but thats just me.
Edited by gotaplanstan#1369 on 1/29/2013 11:10 PM PST
Posts: 61View profile
Answer the topic, no, +armor is not underrated.
I'm a barb, don't know how I ended up here :)
what this guy said is so wrong.
AR and armor ideal ratio is 1:10. 600 ar 6k armor will always be better than 300 ar 9k arm or 900ar 3k arm.
of course the arm rolls are a lot less than ar rolls and usually u end up with more ar, even for a lot of barbs...
check this spreadsheet made by a barb a long time ago, it still applies now. 1ar = 10 arm only when they are in 1:10 ratio.
Posts: 3,389View profile
One subtle point that I think that many folks may actually not factor into the equation is the effects of healing for a monk. I think OP kind of gets into it a little bit, but I'll expand the thought further here.
Because most of monk's healing is static in nature, when you look at the return on life (be it from our BW, potions, LoH, LS, LpSS, etc), it will be a higher % of life returned if you have a smaller health pool. In other words, 5K HP heal has a greater effect on a monk that has 30K HP than one that has 80K HP.
So how does this factor in to the OP? If you have more armor, more resistances, then you need less HP to attain the same EHP. If you need less HP, then each heal will actually be more effective for the monk than if you ignore armor and go for high HP. In effect, more mitigation leads to higher effective sustain.
This is all to support OPs point that +armor is undervalued. I think that it would serve non-OWE monks well to double stack AR and +armor whenever possible, as that increases your % damage mitigation, increases effectiveness of each HP, and therefore increases effectiveness of each HP healed.
Personally, I'm coming close to the 6K armor, 6K AR balance... I need armor in some other key places to get this down, but I think that this is more effective than the 5K armor, 7K AR that most monks strive for. Not by much, but it also means that each AR that I get from this point forward will be more effective than if armor was below 5K (check EHP spreadsheet / calculator for proof).
One more sidebar point. With 6K Armor, it makes it easier/cheaper to gear without OWE, since you'd need 100 less resist to attain similar % damage mitigation as the 5K Armor, 700 AR ratio. I'm not there yet, but I look forward to the day that I can actually do this. :)
Edited by Nameless#1537 on 1/30/2013 7:41 AM PST
twinsbuster #3767
Posts: 477View profile
I don't understand how can you reach 6k armor without STI and shield.
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A number of Yemeni tribal sheikhs say the courage that tribesmen have displayed in defending their territory against al-Qaeda has been a critical factor in the government's fight against terrorism.
They told Al-Shorfa that the tribal efforts in expelling al-Qaeda from Radaa last month provided evidence of their important role in combating al-Qaeda's violence and brutality.
Tribesmen forced Ansar al-Sharia, an al-Qaeda affiliate, to withdraw from Radaa on January 24th after the group took control of parts of the city for 10 days. The group attempted to declare an Islamic emirate in Radaa under the leadership of Tareq al-Dahab, who was later killed by his brother in mid-February.
"The tribesmen's courage was the decisive factor in expelling al-Qaeda militants from the city after they surrounded [al-Qaeda's] fortified positions," said Sheikh Ali al-Mansouri, deputy assistant of Bayda province for Radaa affairs.
"The tribesmen have contributed to the government's efforts in its battles against al-Qaeda, especially during the difficult circumstances that Yemen is undergoing," he said. "The rejection by some al-Dahab clan members of Tareq al-Dahab's actions is the clearest evidence of this."
Al-Dahab was killed by his older brother Hizam al-Dahab on February 16th during a dispute that arose between them.
Tareq's al-Qaeda followers wanted to take up residence in a room in a mosque in al-Bayda province, Sheikh Khalid al-Dahab, Tareq's brother, told al-Arabiya television.
Hizam and his men objected to Tareq's request because the room is normally used as a shelter for the poor and others in need. The dispute escalated and led to an exchange of gunfire between the brothers that left Tareq dead.
Hizam reportedly fled to his house after the incident. Al-Qaeda militants banded together, surrounded the tribes to prevent them from coming to Hizam's aid, and then blew up Hizam's house.
"The barbarism, violence, and fanaticism of al-Qaeda militants in pursuit of their goals surprised no one. They bombed Hizam's house with the intent to kill not only him but everyone who was inside even though they committed no offense worthy of such punishment," said Sheikh Mohammed Jaraoun, a senior leader of the Qifah tribe that Tareq al-Dahab belonged to.
According to AFP, Hizam was killed along with his brother Majid and their nephew Ahmed.
"Tribal affiliation is very important to the Radaa tribesmen, and it takes precedence over any other affiliation, whether it is to a party or an organisation, including al-Qaeda," he said. "This unified all the tribesmen and local elders against al-Qaeda, including some of Tareq al-Dahab's brothers, whose stances are considered courageous. Hizam al-Dahab paid for his courage with his life."
Sheikh Abdul Salam al-Nasiri, a Radaa tribal sheikh, said that while the tribesmen were aware of al-Qaeda's brutality, they insisted on standing up to them and ultimately expelled the group from Radaa.
"The tribesmen's courage and resolve to prevent Radaa from becoming another Abyan compelled them to organise and take turns protecting various neighbourhoods by forming people's committees that cut off all supplies to al-Qaeda," al-Nasiri said. "They set up checkpoints and besieged al-Qaeda elements. This gave the army a chance to reorganise in the city and force al-Qaeda militants to withdraw."
"The tribesmen taught al-Qaeda a lesson in courage and protection of their territory and neighbourhoods," al-Nasiri added.
Dr. Saeed al-Jamhi, an al-Qaeda analyst and president of the al-Jamhi Centre for Studies and Research, said, "The tribal network is highly cohesive in Radaa, and the interest of the tribe is the top priority, and that is what enabled them to respond quickly to their tribe's call to defend its territory."
Al-Jamhi said there were powerful factors that motivated the tribesmen to vigorously defend their territory, including "the profusion of weapons among tribesmen in Radaa due to the pervasiveness of feuds. They feared that their city would become another Abyan and their lives would be tragically affected as happened with displaced Abyan residents."
Al-Jamhi said al-Qaeda's failure to devise a strategic plan enabled the tribesmen to drive its men out of Radaa.
Al-Qaeda handbook: 'The Management of Savagery'
"When al-Qaeda sets out to control a particular area, it does not consider the consequences of its actions. All it concerns itself with is entering the area and then relies on God's grace in taking control of it. They hope to find people who would put themselves at its service and support it, but this did not happen in Radaa because the tribe comes before everything else," he said.
Regarding al-Qaeda's use of violence as a means to achieve its goals, al-Jamhi said, "Al-Qaeda speaks openly about its tactics and is proud of its violent and brutal methods. It trains its members on utilising them, and there was even a book written by an al-Qaeda thinker titled 'The Management of Savagery'".
The book, which was released a few years ago, calls for the use of violence as a means to affect change, he said.
"Al-Qaeda and its affiliate groups will not hesitate to use violence, and their members are not ashamed by being called terrorists," al-Jamhi said.


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Plumas County-wide legal notices for the week of 4/1/2015Advertisement for Bids
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Separate sealed Bids will be received by the Gold Mountain Community Services District, the OWNER, for execution of the Well 33 Well Drilling and Equipping project at the office of the OWNER located at 150 Pacific Street #8, Portola, CA 96122 until 11:00 a.m., local time, on Tuesday, April 7, 2015 and then at said office publicly opened and read aloud.
The Work is generally described as follows:
The Work consists of reaming out an existing 6" borehole to accommodate a 6" well casing to a depth of 800 feet, well development and equipment installation and converting a 6" borehole at another site to a 2" monitoring well.
Copies of the Contract Documents may be obtained from the office of the Engineer located at Shaw Engineering, Ltd., 20 Vine Street, Reno, Nevada 89503 (775-329-5559) upon payment (nonrefundable) of $20.00 for each set. Copies of the documents may also be obtained from the Shaw Engineering Website by visiting http://www.shawengineering.com/bids-and-rfps. There is no cost to use the website to obtain plans, but registration at the site is required. At the request of prospective Bidders, the Contract Documents can be mailed for an additional fee to cover the cost of postage and handling (at cost). It is the responsibility of all potential bidders to monitor the Engineer's website for any addenda prior to submitting their bid. The Engineer will record only those parties who have obtained the Contract Documents from the office of the Engineer or the Engineer's website.
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OWNER reserves the right to reject any or all Bids, including without limitation, nonconforming, nonresponsive, unbalanced, or conditional Bids. OWNER further reserves the right to reject the Bid of any Bidder whom it finds, after reasonable inquiry and evaluation, to be non-responsible. OWNER may also reject the Bid of any Bidder if OWNER believes that it would not be in the best interest of the Project to make an award to that Bidder. OWNER also reserves the right to waive all informalities not involving price, time, or changes in the Work.
If the contract is awarded, OWNER will award the contract to the lowest responsive, responsible Bidder. The low Bidder will be determined on the basis of the base Bid plus any alternates which are accepted by the OWNER in the sequential order they are listed.
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Published FRB, IVR, CP, PR
March 25, April 1, 2015|
Read more: Plumas County-wide legal notices for the week of 4/1/2015


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Meaning of Management in CEE countries IX Chemitz Eastforum Rainhart Lang (Chemnitz University of Technology), Danijela Bogdanic (Chemnitz University of Technology), Kerstin Jungnick (Chemnitz University of Technology), Zdenka Koneca (University of Technology Brno) & Irma Rybnikova (Chemnitz University of Technology) Agenda • Introduction – Why? • Meaning of Management – "The Meaning of the Meaning" – Theoretical concepts behind – Frame and Focus • Empirical Investigation of the "Meaning" – Methodology and Methods – "Criteria for the analysis • (Very) first findings exemplified Introduction • St. Petersburg 1993: Book shop looking for Management books • St. Petersburg 1995: "Professor T. speaks no German nor Englisch but as an Academic he is very influential" • 2003: The Inner-Estonian clash • 2007: "Baltic Management Research goes America!"* • 2009: " Do you really want me to teach these functionalist stuff?" Example (*): Management Research in East and West – Social practices compared East West • Functionalist • Functionalist, partly • Normative constructionist • Pragmatic • Normative, partly critical • Oriented on practical needs of • Theoretical vs. applied actors, partly fashions • Oriented on theories, partly • Not mainly theoretically based fashions • Empirical studies with • Often theoretically based recommendations empirical studies, partly with • recommendations Actors/Manager as partner of researcher • Researcher as superior • Topics and methods following observer practical needs and fashions • Topics and methods follows as in the West theoretical traditions, and fashions as well as practical needs Introduction • "Management" in CEE countries as well as elsewhere in the world, is influenced by history, past experiences and cultural values, and also by specific institutional settings … but • Course of Transformation changed Management practices and therefore also the "Meaning" behind • New Understanding depends among others on … – Introduction of new institutions and practices with relevance to Management through transfer – Education on and in Management • Influence is important for further Management cooperation, but not The Meaning of the "Meaning" • The term refers to concepts that deal with … – Collective and basic assumptions, imlicite theories or mindsets that guides action – Is more or less taken for granted – Gives activities sense or attributes meaning to management ideas, plans, structures, or behaviours – Builds a web of significance of management action – Exists on different levels for the society, the organizational field, and the organization – Belongs to cultural-cognitive aspects of institionalization, but is also influenced by other regulatuve rules or coercive action Theoretical concepts behind • Cultural studies: meaning itself is part of culture ("collective programming"), explanations for cultural influence on building of meaning • Institutional sociology: Transfer of concepts, modes, like mimetic, decoupling etc., • Learning theories: "Theories in use" and its barriers, and change modess • Network theory: Spread of ideas and meaning through professional networks • Discourse Theory: influence of the public discourse on emergence and spread of the meaning, e.g. through media media • Concepts of Power: Hegemony of institutional actors or concepts Frame and Focus Professional networks Transfer of Meaning of Management Meaning - Basic assumptions through - Implicite Theories on management actions - Media, public discourses - Eduction etc. Management Institutions and Practices Transfer of Institutions, Professional institutional networks elements Main Thesis We assume that the reception and implementation of concepts of "management" have been very selective, focusing primarily, partly exclusively, on an Anglo-Saxon understanding or meaning of management that are closed to a traditional-tayloristic models of management as have been practiced in the former socialist enterprise system. The educational system, especially business school, will play an important role in the transfer of these meaning. Methodology and Methods of the empirical investigation • The analysis will be based on relevant textbooks and management courses in three regions: Russia and the Baltic's, Czech and Slovak Republic, Hungary and the new states from Yugoslavia and …? Sources: • Programs and chairs in management at Universities – Programs of management books of local publishers – Academic journals published in local languages – Academic journals published in local languages • Later on: Reconstruction of the history of the introduction of lectures programmes and literature Methodology and Methods of the empirical investigation • Criteria of the analysis (to be continued) – Image or metaphor of the organization – Image or metaphor of management – Roles and limitations of attached to management action – Ideology or philosophy of management, be it pragmatic, tool-orientated, functional or systemic- generalizing, reflexive, technocratic or human- oriented etc. • Aim: Revealing the underlying assumptions on management (Very) First Results • Focus in Czech Management programs – Course structures – Focus on Authors/Theories/Literature • A Romanian Lecture course for Introduction into Management • An Estonian textbook on OB (see Eastforum volume 2003, contribution of Haav) Czech Republic - Sample State or Public universities • Brno University of Technology (Faculty of Business and Management) • Masaryk University, Brno (Faculty of Economics and Administration) • Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry in Brno (Faculty of Business and Economics) • University of Economics, Prague (Faculty of Management) • Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem (Faculty of Social and Economic Studies) • Tomas Bata University in Zlin (Faculty of Management and Economics) Private School • College of Economics and Management • European Polytechnical Institute, Ltd. • Business School Ostrava • Karel Englis College, Brno • Škoda Auto University, Mlada Boleslav • University of New York in Prague Focus of Programms, Topics and Theories I Fokus • BA Programms: General Management • MA, MBA Programms: Specialized courses on HR Management, Strategic Management, Financial Management, Project Management, Quality Management, … Diversity Management Special contents • Theories and techniques of management + development • Manager's personality, managerial functions and roles • Management environment (External environment and its situation analysis, Internal environment and its situation analysis) • Managerial functions in process concept (Decision making in management, Planning and formation of business plans, Organizing, organisational structures Leadership and motivation, Control in management) Focus of Programms, Topics and Theories II F. Taylor, H. Ford, H. Fayol, Max Weber, E. Mayo, Tomas Bata, Lee Iacocca Focus of Literature • BĚLOHLÁVEK, F. -- ŠULEŘ, O. -- KOŠŤAN, P. Management. 1. vyd. Brno: Computer Press, 2006. 724 s. ISBN 80-251-0396-X. • DONELLY, J. H.; GIBSON, J. L.; INVACEVICH, J. M. 1997. Management. 1.vydání. Praha: Grada. 821 s. • FOTR, J. Manažerské rozhodování : postupy, metody a nástroje Praha Ekopress 2006 8086929159 • VEBER, J. Management : základy, prosperita, globalizace Praha Management Press 2000 Weihrich,H. - Koontz,H. : Management. Praha, Victoria Publishing 1993. 659 s.. ISBN 80-85605-45- 78072610295 • VODÁČEK, L. -- VODÁČKOVÁ, O. Moderní management v teorii a praxi Praha Management Press 2006 8072611437 • VODÁČEK, L. -- VODÁČKOVÁ, O. Strategické aliance se zahraničními partnery Praha Management Press 2002. 8072610589 Introduction into Management at BBU Cluj Core topics • Functions of Management • Schools of Thought • Firm and Environment • Management decisions • Management structure • Management communication • Tools and Methods Introduction into Management at BBU Cluj Obligatory Literature • Drucker, P.F. Inovare şi spirit întreprinzător, Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, 2000. • Gary, J. Comportament organizaţional, Ed. Economică, Bucureşi, 1998. • Hofstede, G. Managementul structurilor multiculturale, Ed. Economică, Bucureşti, 1996. • Peters, T., Waterman, R. In search of excellence. Ed. Harper&Row, New York, 1985. • Porter, M. Strategie concurenţială Ed. Teora, Bucureşti, 2001.
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Walmart executives hosted a series of store tours and briefings in advance of its company shareholders meeting in June, reported DSN sister publication Retailing Today.
Walmart will open its second and third company-owned retail clinic under the Walmart Care Clinic banner later this month, in Texas, according to published reports.
As reported by DSN's sister publication Retailing Today, Walmart has opened in Copperas Cove, Texas, its first owned healthcare clinic.
Labeed Diab, Walmart's president of health and wellness, explained during a briefing in advance of its shareholder meeting that the new clinic is a way for the big-box retailer to provide convenient and almost free (i.e., $4 for employees) access to health care. And, because the retailer avoids the expense of having its associates visit other doctors, it can pass the savings along to customers with a reduced price of $40.
After CVS Caremark was given the green light to open MinuteClinics in Rhode Island — with imposed conditions — the state's Department of Health has now revised its ruling and dropped some key conditions.
As healthcare reform takes hold and millions of previously uninsured Americans come into the fold amid the backdrop of a growing physician shortage, thousands of nurse practitioners and physician assistants in retail-based health clinics are demonstrating the vital role that they play in today's healthcare system to expand access to high-quality, affordable health care. To recognize the best of the best, DSN Collaborative Care magazine — in partnership with the Convenient Care Association — each year hosts the annual Clinician Awards for Retail Excellence, or CARE Awards. The CARE Awards honor the "unsung heroes" who work each day to help further the cause of retail-based health care.
As one of a handful of founding officers at Take Care Health Systems — now known as the Healthcare Clinics at Walgreens — and the first chief nurse practitioner officer in the convenient care industry, Sandy Ryan's role in the industry's growth has been significant, to say the least.
The recent American Academy of Pediatrics-issued policy statement opposing retail clinics is disheartening to those of us practicing in this setting. The AAP's commitment to the medical home model of care for children is the crux of the opposition.
Cleveland Clinic and HealthSpot are looking to form a joint venture that will offer patients convenient, alternative options to access health care through HealthSpot's virtual walk-in kiosks.
In light of the demand for more accessible and affordable healthcare services as a result of the Affordable Care Act, the primary care provider shortage and an aging Baby Boomer population, the vital role that retail-based health clinics can play in helping patients live healthier lives is hard to deny.
The spotlight on the 1,600-plus convenient care clinics located throughout the country continues to shine even brighter. In fact, just this past week alone, a string of significant clinic news made headlines.
Health officials have given CVS Caremark the green light to open seven MinuteClinic locations in Rhode Island with imposed conditions, the pharmacy retailer has confirmed.
It's a hot topic that is fast becoming an integral component in the delivery of American healthcare. Looking to explore the various ways that retail-based health clinics are leveraging telehealth technology to provide care to consumers, this year's Retail Clinician Education Congress in May will feature a Business Leadership track session on telehealth.
Are your patients coming to you with questions about health exchanges? Do you know how to help them navigate these organizations? To help retail-based health clinics better assist patients, this year's Retail Clinician Education Congress in May will feature a Business Leadership track session titled "Healthcare Reform: Healthcare Exchanges and You."
Better, a consumer health start-up, and Mayo Clinic have launched a new way for people to navigate the healthcare system.
Retail clinic operator RediClinic has formed a joint venture with Seton Healthcare Family to expand the number of RediClinics operating in H-E-B stores in the Austin, Texas area.
Rite Aid on Thursday announced it has acquired Houston-based RediClinic, one of the nation's leading operators of retail clinics.
As retail-based health clinics and the practitioners who work in them become an increasingly important players within the U.S. health care system, the industry is gearing up for the seventh annual Retail Clinician Education Congress in May, which will include the highly anticipated Business Leadership Track.
The Federal Trade Commission is holding a public workshop in March to examine U.S. healthcare competition issues as healthcare spending swallows up a significant part of federal and state budgets. Among the topics up for discussion, according to reports, are retail clinics and telemedicine.
Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, a subsidiary of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, and Volunteers in Medicine, a national nonprofit organization dedicated to helping communities provide free primary healthcare clinics for families and individuals, have announced their 2014 National Partnership to make healthcare services more readily available to the uninsured.
Could retail-based health clinics be coming soon to Boston? While it appears that there are no definite plans in the works, a spokeswoman for Mayor Martin J. Walsh reportedly said that he has no intention of blocking the clinics from coming to Boston, the Boston Herald reported.
The Little Clinic, which operates 114 retail-based health clinics in seven states, has selected VisualDx, a mobile app and online resource used by doctors to diagnose and treat disease, to enhance the care its staff provides to patients, VisualDx maker Logical Images announced.
The University of Missouri Health Care and grocer Hy-Vee have announced plans to open walk-in medical clinics at all three Hy-Vee stores in Columbia, Mo. Construction of the Mizzou Quick Care clinics will begin in mid-March.
Retail-based health clinics not only work closely with local physicians and pediatricians but are also a more convenient option for parents with sick children rather than the alternative, which is often spending hours in the emergency room or waiting for an appointment with their doctor. That's a key message that the Convenient Care Association is looking to convey in response to news that the American Academy of Pediatrics is advising parents against using retail-based health clinics.
The Little Clinic continues to expand its geographic footprint with openings this month inside Kroger stores in the Cincinnati region and Louisville, Ky.
Price Chopper, QuickCare and Ellis Medicine have teamed up to open QuickCare walk-in clinics in Price Chopper stores in Latham, N.Y. and Malta, N.Y.
Recognizing the vital role that retail-based health clinics play in today's healthcare system, the Scattergood Foundation is exploring the most effective way to integrate mental health care into retail clinics through its 2014 Design Challenge.


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Original Talk Radio Network, Inc. et al v. Courtside, LLC. et al
|Original Talk Radio Network, Inc. and Talk Radio Network Enterprises, LLC
|Dial Global, Inc., Dial Communications Global Media LLC and Courtside, LLC
|Case Number:
|June 17, 2013
|Oregon District Court
|Portland (3) Office
|Presiding Judge:
|Garr M. King
|Nature of Suit:
|Contract: Other
|Cause of Action:
|28:1332 Diversity-Tort/Non-Motor Vehicle
|Jury Demanded By:
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Tips for Pam's Choice?
Hey everybody,
I have a Pam's Choice coming soon as a Mother's Day gift. I'm going to pot it up before then so I can hopefully at least gift it leafed out, but what long term observations about it can you make? My mom just loves the tan/mauve roses like Distant Drums, Chipmunk, Koko Loko, Lavender Pinnochio, and the like. Any tips for success with this one? Thanks for your comments and help.
Mine is growing in a round flowerbed around a birdhouse. Right now, it is smothered in poppies - once they bloom and are pulled out, I can tell more. Seems to be a pretty tough rose - it might need a bit more sun, and I might repot it to give it some extra care. I have Chipmonk growing in a pot, has been for a few years - is blooming now, very healthy. I love these mauve/tan roses too. Were it me, think I would pot it in good soil in a nice sized pot, give it good morning, early afternoon sun and wait for it to grow a bit. Good luck!
waited two years for this rose. this is her second spring in the ground. She did well last summer and appears to have survived our winter. got to about 15 inches. i have her in full morning sun, dappled afternnon. i love the color, too. i will post a pic when she blooms.


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Tom Cruise
Tom Cruise and Emily Blunt Talk Stunts on Edge of Tomorrow: 'Never Compare Bruises'
Originally posted 05/15/2014 12:35PM
Tom Cruise famously loves to do his own stunts – we're still holding our breath from his death-defying dangle from the world's tallest building in 2011 – but in his new sci-fi thriller, Edge of Tomorrow, he tackles his weightiest challenge yet in a gigantic metal suit.
Tom Cruise's Daughter Isabella Shows New Buzz Cut on 21st Birthday
Originally posted 12/27/2013 01:00PM
Isabella Cruise is on top of the world!
In this Instagram post by her brother, Connor Cruise, Bella sports a fresh red buzz cut as she holds her hands high on the Expedition Everest roller coaster at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Fla.
Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman's daughter, who enjoys trying new things with her tresses, decided to hit the theme park with her brother and dad for fun in the sun in celebration of her 21st birthday.
Sexiest Man Alive Style Retrospective: The Best of the Turtleneck
Originally posted 11/19/2013 05:30PM
Tom Cruise. Bradley Cooper. Denzel Washington. These SMA vets all loved a good turtleneck
Mark Wahlberg: Did He Take a Swipe at Tom Cruise?
Originally posted 11/14/2013 03:30PM
Mark Wahlberg has never been afraid to state his opinion. At the AFI premiere of his movie Lone Survivor, Wahlberg launched into passionate remarks when asked about his training regimen for the film in which he plays a Navy Seal.
"For actors to sit there and talk about, 'Oh I went to SEAL training'? I don't give a f–– what you did," Wahlberg said Tuesday. "You don't do what these guys did. For somebody to sit there and say my job was as difficult as being in the military? How f––ing dare you, while you sit in a makeup chair for two hours."
Media outlets began speculating whether he was lashing out at Tom Cruise, who was asked during his deposition for his libel suit against Bauer Publishing if he was aware his lawyers had likened his absences from his family for movie-making to those in the military serving overseas.
Tom Cruise's Lawyer: Statements Comparing Stardom to War a 'Distortion'
Originally posted 11/09/2013 01:05AM
For the first time since court documents from Tom Cruise's legal battle with Bauer Media surfaced, his legal team is publicly firing back.
The star's high-powered attorney, Bert Fields, is taking issue with details from a deposition that was made public this week, in which a lawyer for the publisher says Cruise likened his career to being a combat soldier.
"The assertions that Tom Cruise likened making a movie to being at war in Afghanistan is a gross distortion of the record," Fields said in a statement obtained by PEOPLE.
Tom Cruise: Katie Holmes Never Said Scientology Was a Factor in Divorce
Originally posted 11/08/2013 06:30PM
They offer an unprecedented window into the life of one of Hollywood's biggest stars: court documents filed in Tom Cruise's $50 million lawsuit against Bauer Publishing for cover stories claiming he "abandoned" his daughter Suri after splitting with Katie Holmes in June 2012.
But now one of the most sensational revelations in a deposition that surfaced earlier this week has been amended by the star himself.
In the original documents, Cruise was grilled about why he didn't see Suri for more than 100 days after his headlining-making breakup.
Suri Cruise Eats Alfresco with Katie Holmes, Shares Her Leftovers
Originally posted 11/08/2013 01:45PM
Suri Cruise is far away from the courtroom drama involving her father, Tom, who is suing a tabloid over their cover story that claimed he "abandoned" her.
Suri and her mom, Katie Holmes, took a trip Thursday to the Two Oceans Aquarium in Cape Town, South Africa, where Holmes is filming the movie The Giver.
The look-alike mother-daughter team appeared unfettered by the lawsuit thousands of miles away while eating their lunch alfresco. Suri, 7½, playfully offered some of her fish-and-chips to a statue of the former SA President, F.W. de Klerk.
Tom Cruise: Why I Didn't See Suri for 100 Days
Originally posted 11/07/2013 07:10PM
A court battle has put Tom Cruise in the hot seat, forcing him to answer questions about his time away from daughter Suri and his ex-wife Katie Holmes's departure from Scientology.
In a deposition taken in Los Angeles on Sept. 9 (a transcript of which was filed publicly), Cruise was questioned by Elizabeth McNamara, the lawyer for Bauer Publishing, which Cruise is suing for $50 million over an In Touch cover story claiming he "abandoned" Suri after his June 2012 divorce from Holmes.
Cruise acknowledged that he didn't see Suri, 7½, in person for more than 100 days, from Aug. 4, 2012, when they wrapped up a weeklong father-daughter vacation to Disney World, until that Thanksgiving.
Tom Cruise Defends Himself in Revealing Court Documents: I Didn't 'Abandon' Suri After Divorce
Originally posted 11/06/2013 12:05PM
In court documents, Tom Cruise is speaking out against the allegations that he "abandoned" his daughter Suri following his divorce from Katie Holmes.
While Cruise, 51, has said very little in public about his divorce from Holmes, 34, and relationship with 7-year-old Suri, the court documents he filed in his $50 million lawsuit against Bauer Publishing for magazine cover stories claiming he "abandoned" his daughter after the high-profile split speak volumes.
Nicole Kidman on Marriage to Tom Cruise: We Lived in a Romantic Bubble
Originally posted 10/29/2013 02:00PM
Nicole Kidman and Tom Cruise spent most of their decade-long marriage in the center of the celebrity spotlight.
Now, 12 years after their split, Kidman, 46, says she's relieved that much of that attention has dimmed – even if she looks back on that period with a hint of wistful fondness.
"There is something about that sort of existence that, if you really focus on each other and you're in that bubble, it's very intoxicating, because it's just the two of you," she tells December's Vanity Fair. "And there is only one other person that's going through it. So it brings you very close, and it's deeply romantic."
She says few people are part of that exclusive club.
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