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Extracting timing and status descriptors for
colonoscopy testing from electronic medical records
Joshua C Denny,1,2Josh F Peterson,1,2,3Neesha N Choma,2,3Hua Xu,1
Randolph A Miller,1Lisa Bastarache,1Neeraja B Peterson2
Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates are low despite
confirmed benefits. The authors investigated the use of
natural language processing (NLP) to identify previous
colonoscopy screening in electronic records from
a random sample of 200 patients at least 50 years old.
The authors developed algorithms to recognize temporal
expressions and 'status indicators', such as 'patient
refused', or 'test scheduled'. The new methods were
added to the existing KnowledgeMap concept identifier
system, and the resulting system was used to parse
electronic medical records (EMR) to detect completed
colonoscopies. Using as the 'gold standard' expert
physicians' manual review of EMR notes, the system
identified timing references with a recall of 0.91 and
precision of 0.95, colonoscopy status indicators with
a recall of 0.82 and precision of 0.95, and references to
actually completed colonoscopies with recall of 0.93 and
precision of 0.95. The system was superior to using
colonoscopy billing codes alone. Health services
researchers and clinicians may find NLP a useful adjunct
to traditional methods to detect CRC screening status.
Further investigations must validate extension of NLP
approaches for other types of CRC screening
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common
cancer found in men and women in the USA, and is
the second leadingcause of
Screening for CRC is recommended for average-risk
individuals aged 50 years and older.2
screening rates, however, are suboptimal; recent
national studies report that only 40e60% of eligible
patients receive proper screening.1 3
Whereas computerized decision support tools
have the potential to improve CRC screening rates,
the critical challenge is to identify quickly and
accurately patients in need of screening. Current
methods for determining CRC screening status
(patient self-report, physician report, billing data,
and manual chart abstraction) are time-consuming,
expensive, and often inaccurate. Studies have
shown that billing data underestimated CRC
screening rates.4
Manual chart abstraction is
expensive, and references to completed CRC
screening tests are often located within the text of
clinic notes, making them difficult to find. An
Institute of Medicine report highlighted the need
for automated data collection systems that could
process natural language clinical texts to address
challenges such as these.5
This study investigated the use of a natural
language processing (NLP) system to detect the
cancer deaths.1
timing and receipt of colonoscopies, the most
commonly recommended CRC screening test at
many institutions, including the study institution.
The authors developed new algorithms to detect
the timing and status of colonoscopy references
medical record (EMR) system documents. Vander-
bilt's EMR comprises an integrated longitudinal
system that receives data from more than 100
diverse sources such as laboratory and radiology
reports, typed and dictated notes, interdisciplinary
clinician-maintained problem lists, and inter- and
intra-office messaging records.
Algorithms employing NLP scan unstructured,
'free-text' documents, such as EMR notes, and
apply syntactic and semantic rules to extract
into a targeted, standardized terminology repre-
sentation. Among many uses, researchers have
successfully applied NLP to identify references to
infections6e8and cancers9e11from radiology and
pathology reports, to detect adverse events reported
within clinical notes,12 13and, more recently, to
assess the quality of clinical care.14 15
Detecting mentions of CRC screening procedures
and results within EMR involves unique NLP
challenges. Ideally, the NLP system should pinpoint
the timing of target events, even though clinicians
often reference them using relative time expressions
('five years ago'). While investigators have studied
NLP extraction of temporal references from natural
language texts for more than two decades,16e18the
topic remains an active subject of research, espe-
cially in the biomedical domain. In addition, many
EMR documents contain 'oblique' references to
CRC screening, such as discussions that clinicians
have with patients regarding CRC screening
testing, plans for the scheduling of CRC screening
tests, reminders to physicians to examine future
results, and records of patients' refusals to undergo
CRC screening. The authors use the term 'status
indicators' for descriptors that give information
about such CRC screening epiphenomena. An
important aspect of NLP recognition of status
indicators is negation ('no colonoscopy performed').
Previous researchers explored automated recogni-
tion of concept negation,
certainty modifiers, for a variety of clinical docu-
ment types.19e22Such algorithms use lists of
regular expressions19or syntactic parsing20 22to
identify 'negating' concepts. Fewer studies have
evaluated broader recognition of other status
and corresponding
<Additional appendices are
published online only. To view
these files please visit the
journal online (http://jamia.bmj.
1Department of Biomedical
Informatics, Vanderbilt
University, Nashville,
Tennessee, USA
2Division of General Internal
Medicine and Public Health,
Department of Medicine,
Vanderbilt University Medical
Center, Nashville, Tennessee,
3Veterans Administration,
Tennessee Valley Geriatric
Research Education Clinical
Center (GRECC), Nashville,
Tennessee, USA
Correspondence to
Dr Joshua C Denny, Eskind
Biomedical Library, Room 442,
2209 Garland Ave, Nashville, TN
Received 12 August 2009
Accepted 30 April 2010
J Am Med Inform Assoc 2010;17:383e388. doi:10.1136/jamia.2010.004804383
Application of information technology
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indicators, such as future planned scheduling and past or current
patient refusals. The medical language extraction and encoding
system (MedLEE) developed by Friedman and colleagues,21
identifies some status modifiers (such as 'need' and 'future') and
certainty metrics for many clinical concepts. Other related work
has explored the recognition of broader definitions of concept
certainty, hypothetical modifiers ('if abnormal colonoscopy'),
and detection of the experiencer (or subject) of a concept.23e25
System overview
The authors applied their existing, locally developed Knowl-
edgeMap concept identifier (KMCI) to detect concepts related to
colonoscopy that were documented in clinical EMR notes. The
KMCI, a general-purpose biomedical NLP system supporting
concept identification and negation, has been in use at Vander-
bilt and other sites over the past 9 years.26e28In the current
study, authors developed new algorithms to identify and inter-
pret time descriptors (eg, '6/2003' or '5 years ago') and properly
associate them with corresponding clinical events, such as
colonoscopies; and assign values for certainty and status
(eg, 'never had colonoscopy' or 'discussed a colonoscopy') for
each identified colonoscopy concept occurrence. Figure 1 illus-
trates how the augmented KMCI applies date and status infor-
mation to a recognized concept. The authors developed and
refined the new NLP components on a training set including all
text documents from 300 randomly selected patients. The core
of the KMCI concept identification algorithm was not modified
or tweaked for colonoscopy concepts. After refining the timing
and status parameters on the training set, KMCI was applied to
a test set composed of all text documents from 200 randomly
selected patients whose colonoscopy statuses were unknown to
the study at the time of selection, and whose records system
developers had not previously reviewed or analyzed (details
follow below). The study employed two board-certified internal
medicine physicians to determine the 'gold standard' character-
izations of colonoscopy timing and status for each test case, by
means of a manual review of case-related EMR data.
The first step in the study's NLP 'pipeline' is KMCI concept
identification, which analyzes an individual EMR document and
outputs an XML file containing its highest-ranked 'recognized'
Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) conceptsdincluding
their semantic types, part-of-speech information (derived from
a library provided by Cogilex R&D, Inc), noun phrases,
normalized word forms, and other information. The study
integrated the new KMCI timing and status determination
algorithms into a single Perl program. This program first parses
the traditional (previous) KMCI output to identify temporal and
status 'tokens'. The program interprets the tokens and then
links them to nearby recognized concepts (limited to colono-
scopy concepts in the current study). The algorithms use a series
of heuristic, linguistic, and semantic rules, as described in more
detail below.
Identification of colonoscopy concepts
The authors used concept hierarchies derived from the UMLS
metathesaurus to identify relevant concepts pertaining to
In addition, the authors manually queried
a database of all words found in the clinical notes and messages
that had been entered on the 300 training set patients to find
other possible synonyms or common abbreviations/misspellings
related to colonoscopy. The authors manually identified, with
the help of the training set of EMR documents, 26 UMLS
concepts (ie, concept unique identifiers) related to colonoscopy
(see appendix 1, available online only, for a list of the concept
unique identifiers used). Five new terms were added as local
synonyms for existing UMLS concepts; they were 'cscopy',
'C scope', 'C scopy', 'cscope', and 'colonscopy'. No changes were
made to the core KMCI concept-identification algorithm for this
Identification of time descriptors
The authors developed and applied a general-purpose temporal
extractionalgorithm toidentify
colonoscopies, using previous work by other investigators as
a guide.17 18 30Time descriptors such as 'last colonoscopyd5/4/
04' or 'The patient remembers having a c-scope 5 years ago'
commonly appear in medical narratives. The study KMCI
algorithm interprets temporal references in three steps: detec-
tion of time descriptors (eg, '2002' and '2 years ago'); conversion
of these descriptors into a standard representation of date and
time; and linkage of time descriptors to the corresponding EMR
CRC screening test concept.
The temporal algorithm identifies three categories of date
information: fully and partly specified dates ('3/5/03' and '2002',
respectively); past and future relative date references ('five years
ago', 'next week'); and, time period references ('this past year',
'3e5 years ago,' or 'last decade'). The study-related KMCI
modifications used sets of regular expressions that grouped
temporal phrases into 'tokens' when parsing the sentence.
After token extraction, the system normalized dates into
a standard 'yearemontheday' format. Ambiguity was repre-
sented with placeholders: '2004e03eXX' for 'March 2004' or
'199X' for the decade of the 1990s. For dates specified by a time
range ('2e4 years ago'), the algorithm approximated the date by
selecting the average between the two dates defining the
interval. In addition, the system does store the start and stop
dates specifying the interval.
As described by Zhou and Hripcsak,30interpretation of rela-
tive dates was necessary (eg, 'five years ago', 'last Thursday').
Such descriptors often contain temporal prepositions ('in', 'at',
or 'on'), adverbs ('ago'), or temporal phrases ('in the past'). The
authors developed a lexicon of these temporal phrases and their
likely indication of past or future dates with respect to the other
chart-based time references and concepts in the note. The actual
date of the event was then calculated with date subtraction or
addition using the note's date of service.
Assignment of temporal references to concepts
After KMCI normalized a temporal expression, it linked the
expression to the best-matching target concept (defined by a set
of concepts of interest). The algorithm considered each sentence
as an independent entity; temporal references by presumption
could only modify CRC screening 'concepts of interest'
contained within the same sentence. The authors had previously
determined, by manual review using the training set, that this
presumption was rarely violated. Empirical analysis of the
training set indicated that defining a 'window' of allowed words
Figure 1
assumes a note date in 2007 for the relative date calculation. Only the
'colonoscopy' event would have been evaluated in this study.
Example assignment of date and status events. The figure
384J Am Med Inform Assoc 2010;17:383e388. doi:10.1136/jamia.2010.004804
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between a date and event led to worse performance, because
other concepts and status phrases often occurred between the
event and the date (eg, 'In 2002, the patient experienced some
rectal bleeding and later had a colonoscopy'). The current study
used a simple, empirically derived approach that assigned each
temporal reference to its nearest 'event', as measured by the
number of tokens (eg, words or punctuation) between the date
reference and the event. An 'event' was defined as any UMLS
concept in the list of colonoscopy concepts, any concept with
semantic types 'therapeutic or preventive procedure' or 'diag-
nostic procedure', and any concept containing words such as
'surgery' or 'repair.' Multiple events in a list joined by a coordi-
nating conjunction (eg, 'flex sig, mammogram, and colonoscopy
in 2001') received the same date reference. Similarly, the algo-
rithm assigned a list of dates connected by a coordinating
conjunction to the same event (eg, 'colonoscopies in 1995 and
2005'). The algorithm treated intervening semicolons between
a date and an event as boundaries that prevented assignment of
the date to the event.
Detection of concept certainty and status
To determine accurately if a patient had undergone colonoscopy,
the system had to establish concept certainty (eg, 'never had
a colonoscopy') and one of six categories of status (see table 1).
For example, the algorithm distinguished between 'had a colo-
noscopy', 'declined colonoscopy', and 'scheduled a colonoscopy'.
To detect status indicators, the authors created a lexicon of
base word forms for each status category, which included single
words (eg, 'schedule', 'arrange') and short phrases (eg, 'overdue
for', 'set up to have'). The algorithm used each word's part of
speech to create negated forms for document processing
purposes. For verbs, the algorithm correspondingly created
additional verb forms representing different conjugations,
tenses, and voices (such as the addition of auxiliary verbs to
create the passive form of the verb). Therefore, for the lexicon
verb form 'schedule', the algorithm would automatically
generate other verb forms, such as 'scheduled', 'will be sched-
uled', and 'was not scheduled'. See appendix 2, available online
only, for an example of the full list of status words and examples
of related variant phrases.
Assignment of certainty and status to concepts
The algorithm uses the part of speech and verb type to assist in
assigning the status to an event. For example, transitive verbs
modify the event following them; passive verbs modify the
events before them. However, if a status indicator appeared as
the first or last phrase in a sentence, it could be applied to the
concept that came after or before it, respectively, contrary to
expected behavior. For example, in the sentence 'Colonoscopy pt
refused', the algorithm expected the transitive verb 'refused' to
modify a concept following the verb, but, lacking one, instead
applied the 'declined' status to'colonoscopy' because the sentence
was a cryptic rewording of 'patient refused colonoscopy'. To
assign a status to an event, the algorithm required that the
status indicator occur within four words of the event.
Determination of colonoscopy completion (receipt)
After processing all notes with the modified version of KMCI,
the study evaluated 'completed colonoscopies' by comparing the
algorithm's output with the gold standard physician review
categorization. The study definition for KMCI-based colono-
scopy completion determination was that all UMLS-derived
colonoscopy concepts were associated with a past date or
'today', and that each had a status of either 'receipt' or 'NULL'.
Negated concepts were removed from consideration with
respect to receipt.
The authors conducted a preliminary evaluation of the modified
KMCI system. The primary study outcome measures were recall
and precision for the algorithm-assigned determination of the
dates of completed colonoscopies. The ability to recognize dates
of colonoscopies is critical to providing real-time CRC screening-
related decision support, and for enabling clinical research on
screening compliance.
The evaluation, approved by Vanderbilt's institutional review
board, randomly selected 200 patients who were aged 50 years or
over who had also had more than one primary care clinic visit in
the previous year. Authors then used KCMI to identify colono-
scopy concepts within all clinical EMR notes from the 200
patients (NB, not all patients had such references in their EMR
records). Two physician-reviewers examined all of the sentences
containing KMCI-identified references to colonoscopy. The
reviewers did not examine any sentences without KMCI-iden-
tified colonoscopy concepts. Reviewers scored the algorithm
timing and status outputs using a spreadsheet that showed each
original sentence in its entirety, highlighted the algorithm-
identified date and status words, and indicated the algorithm's
interpretation of the date and status strings. Discrepancies
between reviewers' determinations were resolved by consensus
decision. Reviewers scored each algorithm-identified timing and
status reference in each sentence as being true positive (TP,
colonoscopy status and timing correctly coded by KMCI), false
positive (FP, wrong status or timing descriptor or improperly
indicated by KMCI as applying to the patient), true negative
(TN, colonoscopy status correctly coded by the algorithm as not
done or not known), or false negative (FN, colonoscopy status
incorrectly coded by the algorithm as not done or not known
when information in the sentence indicated to reviewers that
the procedure was done or a timing or status indicator had not
been picked up correctly by the algorithm). Recall (sensitivity)
was calculated as TP/(TP+FN). Precision (positive predictive
value) was calculated as TP/(TP+FP). F measure was calculated
as the harmonic mean of recall and precision.
Physician reviewers scored each algorithm-identified temporal
tag and status tag independently, so that recall and precision
metrics could be calculated separately for each component of the
algorithm. Then, reviewers determined from the original
sentence whether each sentence indicated that the patient had
received a colonoscopy (or not) on a given date (the gold stan-
dard). Therefore, for the sentence 'colonoscopy was rescheduled
from originally scheduled date, 3/04', reviewers would consider
a temporal tag a true positive if the algorithm correctly associ-
ated 'colonoscopy' with '2004e03eXX' even if the status
algorithm failed to identify 'scheduling' as a modifier for 'colo-
noscopy'. Conversely, reviewers could mark the algorithm-
assigned status as correct, even if the date was incorrectly
Table 1
Types of status indicators.
Status type Example phrases
In need of
'Referred for', 'ordered'
'Would like to wait'
'Discussed', 'explained', 'recommended'
'Due for', 'recommended'
'Had', 'underwent'
'Refused', 'declined'
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interpreted. The reviewers also recorded date and status refer-
ences omitted by the algorithm (false negatives).
Of the 200 patients in the test cohort, patients were 62% female
with a median age of 64 years and 78% were white, 16% black,
and 6% other racial groups. Patients had been followed in the
primary care clinics for a median of 5 years. There was an
average of 149 notes per patient (inclusive of all available elec-
tronic documentation such as admission notes, clinic visits, and
clinical messaging) comprising 29770 total notes. The test set of
notes contained 1112952 sentences, from which there were
1208 colonoscopy references identified by KMCI concept query;
all of these were judged to be true references to colonoscopy-
related concepts by the physician reviewers. These 1208 colo-
noscopy references came from 793 unique notes written by 311
different providers. Colonoscopy references were found in 147 of
the 200 (74%) patients in the study sample. Physician reviewers
identified 538 (45%) temporal references and 518 (43%) status
modifiers associated with the 1208 identified references to
colonoscopy concepts. There were 367 references to 156 unique
completed colonoscopies in the test set. Correspondingly, there
were 841 references to colonoscopy concepts not related to
completed colonoscopies (eg, references to recommendations for
future screeningor discussions
aboutcolonoscopies not
Temporal extraction
Physician review of the temporal descriptors related to colo-
noscopies identified 488 true positive temporal references, 32
false negatives and 25 false positives (table 2). The recall and
precision were thus 0.91 and 0.95, respectively, for identifying
and assigning the timing descriptors to the correct colonoscopy-
related event.
Authors analyzed the reasons for the 'missed' temporal clas-
sifications. The majority of false negatives (75%) occurred in
sentences containing multiple time references linked to the same
colonoscopy concept. In most cases, the algorithm correctly
identified the date reference but did not assign it to the event
because of one or more of the following: distance of descriptor
from the concept, presence of boundary words or characters that
disrupted concept recognition or assignment, and date format-
ting issues. Ten false positives resulted from the misinterpreta-
tion of relative date strings (eg, the algorithm interpreted 'after
February 15' as indicating a previous event from the previous
February instead of its intended meaning for a future scheduling
date). Eight errors resulted from unanticipated time reference
formats within clinic notes (eg, the use of periods instead of
commas or slashes in dates), resulted in date miscalculations less
'2005eXXeXX' instead of '2005e01eXX').
1 yearin length(eg,
Identification of status descriptors
With respect to the gold standard physician determinations, the
status identification algorithm generated 424 true positives, 94
false negatives and 23 false positives. Of the 518 physician-
identified status modifiers, 202 (39%) were associated with dated
colonoscopies. The recall and precision of the algorithm to
detect status indicators were 0.82 and 0.95, respectively. The
most common physician-identified status assignments were
colonoscopy receipt (n¼202), indications of need (n¼130), and
scheduling references (n¼76). Only 35 physician-identified
references to colonoscopy-related events were negations. The
most common causes of unrecognized status indicators (eg, false
negatives) were the absence of certain status-indicating words or
phrases from the status lexicon (which had been held constant
during the evaluation) and colonoscopy concepts located too far
(beyond the defined window of four words) from the status
indicator within a sentence. The use of multiple status modifiers
together often caused the system to assign incorrect status to
colonoscopy events (resulting in false positives, eg, 'recommend
he undergo' was classified as 'receipt' instead of 'recommend').
Identification of colonoscopy completion (receipt)
By combining both the temporal extraction (date) and status
algorithms, the system correctly assigned the 'colonoscopy
completed' status more accurately than using either negation
detection or status detection alone (F measures of 0.94 vs 0.48 or
0.55, as per table 3). The ability to detect unique completed
colonoscopy events from multiple references to such events
benefitted from KMCI inclusion of both timing and status
descriptors when determining completion status and colono-
scopy timing. Of the 156 unique colonoscopies, 147 (92%) were
identified by NLP algorithms using status and date detection. A
separately performed query of the billing system to determine
from billing codes when colonoscopies had been performed on
test set patients identified 106 (67%) colonoscopy events. One
colonoscopy was detected by billing codes and not by the NLP
algorithms (due to a 'scanned' non-parseable procedure report
for that patient). Therefore, KMCI using EMR notes alone
detected 147 of 157 completed colonoscopy events that could be
determined by either EMR review or billing record review.
of colonoscopy events, as a component of CRC screening. The
system detected text references to completed colonoscopies with
Table 2
Recall and precision of temporal extraction algorithm
Gold standardTrue positives False positives False negatives RecallPrecision F measure
Past dates
Future dates
Recurring dates
Present dates
True positives represent dates correctly identified and assigned to individual colonoscopy concepts. Specified dates are any explicit date formats (eg, '3/06', 'early 1990s'). Relative dates
include any reference that requires a calculation (eg, '5 years ago', 'last Monday').
*Seven false positives were identified from sentences without a colonoscopy date (n¼670).
386J Am Med Inform Assoc 2010;17:383e388. doi:10.1136/jamia.2010.004804
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a precision of 0.95. This study found that the use of timing and
completed colonoscopy detection from a baseline concept query
that employed only negation detection. Furthermore, the study's
enhanced NLP approach identified 29% more completed colo-
noscopies than a query of the institution's billing records,
primarily because the EMR text records included mentions of
patients' colonoscopies performed at other institutions. In a real-
world clinical setting, detecting differences between text EMR
references to completed colonoscopies compared with billing
records for such events might enable reminders to obtain patient
consent forCRC testing. Using a diverse setofdictated and typed
clinical notes and problem lists as data sources, the KMCI
temporal extraction algorithm correctly assigned dates to refer-
ences to planned or completed colonoscopies, with an overall
recall and precision of 0.91 and 0.95, respectively.
past events (72%). These often contained an exact or partial date
(eg, 'last March') reference. In contrast, most future date refer-
ences were relative periods of time (eg, 'five years from now'). As
might be expected, the algorithm more accurately interpreted
to incorrectly determining whether a reference such as 'colono-
scopy in March' referred to a past or a future event.
This study is one of the first to evaluate algorithm-identified
status indicators related to clinical procedural concept descrip-
tors within EMR documents. The study suggests that several
categories of status indicators beyond simple negation are useful
to determine the completion status of clinical procedures better.
In the current study, an NLP approach incorporating status
indicators identified 147 of 157 possible completed colonoscopies
out of a total of 1208 colonoscopy references. Only 35 references
to colonoscopy events were negated, whereas 206 colonoscopies
were 'discussed' or 'scheduled'. The MedLEE in an analogous
manner identifies certainty statuses for some clinical events, but
not with the granularity for procedural events in the present
study.21The status algorithm in this study performed with good
precision (0.95), although its recall must improve through future
research. Progress is possible, as most of the study's status
assignment errors resulted from terms not in the system lexicon
and the algorithm's use of a fixed window for detection that was
at times insensitive to the distance of the target concept from
the status indicator. Despite these limitations, the use of status
indicators did improve the classification of colonoscopies as
completed or not.
This study combined several NLP features to identify the
timing of completed colonoscopies. In this regard, it was similar
to other NLP research on tasks such as the identification of
adverse events from discharge summaries,12the recognition of
important findings from radiology reports,31or recent Infor-
matics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside (i2b2) 'NLP
challenges' regarding the detection of smoking status,32obesity
and related comorbidities,33or medication descriptors.34These
applications used a variety of methods combining NLP tech-
niques with rule-based or machine learning approaches, with the
best systems achieving F measures greater than 0.90. The NLP
approach in the current study used linguistic and heuristic rules
that may require minimal or even no training when applied to
other datasets. With respect to the clinical goal of the quasi-
automated determination of when and what types of CRC
screening a given patient should next undergo, the current
algorithm must be extended to recognize other forms of CRC
screening (eg, barium enemas, flexible sigmoidoscopies) and to
determine their timing, statuses, and relevant results (eg,
adenomatous polyps of a given size), which alter recommenda-
tions for follow-up.
Although the authors focused on colonoscopy concepts, the
methods the study employed to identify timing and status refer-
ences are likely to generalize to other clinical procedural events.
Future development should extend the current methods of date
and status extraction beyond colonoscopies and related CRC
screening procedures. As observed by others, many 'events'
(including procedures, diagnoses, and other findings) are often
mentioned with timing in medical narratives.16e18 30To assign
dates to events, the algorithm relies on UMLS semantic type to
define an event. This early analysis suggests that the semantic
types in the UMLS may need manual curation to define which
could be appropriately linked to date referencesdmany proce-
dures and surgeries were not identified by semantic types 'thera-
peuticorpreventiveprocedure'or 'diagnosticprocedure'andwere
classes of status indicators relevant for a given task are likely to
depend on the concept type. For example, medication status
indicators would include 'start', 'increase', and 'discontinue'.
The current study has several limitations. The algorithms were
only tested for colonoscopies, and may not perform as well with
other concepts. Use of the current system for CRC screening
decision support will require extension to include all CRC
Table 3
Different NLP approaches to determining from EMR records whether a colonoscopy was actually performed (completed)
Concept-match only*
Concept-identification with:
Date & Status
Manually verified no of completed
colonoscopies from result set identified by
method (TP)
No of 'completed colonoscopies' inferred
from method (TP+FP)
F measure
1208 1174940396 359
Test sample contained 1208 sentences extracted verbatim from electronic medical records (EMR). Each of the 1208 sentences contained at least one reference to a project-specified
colonoscopy-related concept. Manual review determined that of the 1208 sentences, only 367 referred to colonoscopies actually performed. Note that status and date methods were able to
eliminate references to future not-yet-completed events, discussions of a patient's need for a colonoscopy, and other remarks not pertaining to actual, completed colonoscopies.
*'Concept-match only' simply identifies a 'colonoscopy event' based on straightforward concept name matching (with synonymy), independent of surrounding text describing corresponding
colonoscopy status, state of negation, or reference date(s).
y'Negation' refers to 'concept-match only', as above, augmented by a negation tagger that removed any negated concept from consideration.
z'Status' refers to application of a status algorithm to remove non-receipt statuses (eg, scheduled, performed).
x'Date' refers to use of the date detection algorithm to include only present-day and past events.
FP, false positive; NLP, natural language processing; TP, true positive.
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screening tests such as flexible sigmoidoscopy, barium enema,
and fecal occult blood testing. The authors did not compare the
colonoscopy concept extraction algorithm with manual chart
review to find free-text references to colonoscopies that may
have been missed by KMCI. In addition, the temporal extraction
algorithm assumed the date references provided in the narratives
were correct; however, earlier research has shown this is not
always the case.35Another potential source of error in electronic
notes created with a 'cut-and-paste' feature are relative refer-
ences such as 'five years ago,' which could be propagated over
multiple years of notes. In addition, the algorithm chose the
midpoint of a range (eg, selecting '4 years' from the text
'3e5 years') when calculating the date. This method could be
problematic for large ranges or particular time-sensitive clinical
applications. In addition, patients' and providers' estimations of
ranges can be inaccurate.35The current system also could not
resolve date co-references, such as assigning a correct antecedent
date for temporal phrases such as 'at that time'. Finally, the
current system is based on the output from KMCI, which, like
all algorithms, has its own biases and limits on applicability.27
Nevertheless, extending KMCI to detect such concepts as
described in the current study only required a list of concepts
and their location, the semantic types of each concept, and part-
of-speech information about the other words around the
concept. The approach to status and date detection used in the
current study might thus be integrated into other frameworks,
such as the unstructured informatics management architec-
ture,36to allow broader use within other NLP and information
retrieval systems.
Using NLP algorithms to detect the timing and status of
procedural concepts within EMR records identified patients who
had received past colonoscopies with recall and precision of
greater than 90%. The NLPapproach detected more references to
completed colonoscopy tests than a billing records query alone.
The study results suggest that a robust system to identify CRC
screening testing should incorporate NLP methods.
Funding This study was funded by National Cancer Institute grant R21 CA116573 and
National Library of Medicine grant R01 LM007995.
Competing interests None
Ethics approval This study was conducted with the approval of the Vanderbilt
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Swan J, Breen N, Coates RJ, et al. Progress in cancer screening practices in the
United States: results from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Cancer
Winawer S, Fletcher R, Rex D, et al. Colorectal cancer screening and surveillance:
clinical guidelines and rationaledupdate based on new evidence. Gastroenterology
From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in screening for
colorectal cancerdUnited States, 1997 and 1999. JAMA 2001;285:1570e1.
Freeman JL, Klabunde CN, Schussler N, et al. Measuring breast, colorectal, and
prostate cancer screening with medicare claims data. Med Care 2002;40(8 Suppl):
Board on Health Care Services and Institute of Medicine. Key capabilities of
an electronic health record system. Washington DC, USA: Institute of Medicine,
Chapman WW, Fizman M, Chapman BE, et al. A comparison of classification
algorithms to automatically identify chest X-ray reports that support pneumonia.
J Biomed Inform 2001;34:4e14.
Jain NL, Knirsch CA, Friedman C, et al. Identification of suspected tuberculosis
patients based on natural language processing of chest radiograph reports. Proc
AMIA Annu Fall Symp 1996:542e6.
Elkin PL, Froehling D, Wahner-Roedler D, et al. NLP-based identification of
pneumonia cases from free-text radiological reports. AMIA Annu Symp Proc
Jain NL, Friedman C. Identification of findings suspicious for breast cancer based on
natural language processing of mammogram reports. Proc AMIA Annu Fall Symp
Xu H, Anderson K, Grann VR, et al. Facilitating cancer research using natural
language processing of pathology reports. Medinfo 2004;11:565e72.
Carrell D, Miglioretti D, Smith-Bindman R. Coding free text radiology reports using
the Cancer Text Information Extraction System (caTIES). AMIA Annu Symp Proc
processing of discharge summaries. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2005;12:448e57.
Reichley RM, Henderson KE, Currie AM, et al. Natural language processing to
identify venous thromboembolic events. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2007:1089.
Chen ES, Stetson PD, Lussier YA, et al. Detection of practice pattern trends through
Natural Language Processing of clinical narratives and biomedical literature. AMIA
Annu Symp Proc 2007:120e4.
Brown SH, Speroff T, Fielstein EM, et al. eQuality: electronic quality assessment
from narrative clinical reports. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:1472e81.
Zhou L, Parsons S, Hripcsak G. The evaluation of a temporal reasoning system in
processing clinical discharge summaries. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2008;15:99e106.
Sager N, Lyman M, Bucknall C, et al. Natural language processing and the
representation of clinical data. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1994;1:142e60.
Hirschman L, Story G. Representation implicit and explicit time relations in narrative.
Proc of the 7th International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence. Vancouver,
CA, 1981:289e95.
Chapman WW, Bridewell W, Hanbury P, et al. A simple algorithm for identifying
negated findings and diseases in discharge summaries. J Biomed Inform
Mutalik PG, Deshpande A, Nadkarni PM. Use of general-purpose negation detection
to augment concept indexing of medical documents: a quantitative study using the
UMLS. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2001;8:598e609.
Friedman C, Shagina L, Lussier Y, et al. Automated encoding of clinical documents
based on natural language processing. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2004;11:392e402.
Elkin PL, Brown SH, Bauer BA, et al. A controlled trial of automated classification of
negation from clinical notes. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2005;5:13.
Harkema H, Dowling JN, Thornblade T, et al. ConText: an algorithm for determining
negation, experiencer, and temporal status from clinical reports. J Biomed Inform
Savova GK, Ogren PV, Duffy PH, et al. Mayo Clinic NLP System for Patient Smoking
Status Identification. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2008;15:25e8.
Clegg AB, Shepherd AJ. Benchmarking natural-language parsers for biological
applications using dependency graphs. BMC Bioinformatics 2007;8:24.
Denny JC, Miller RA, Waitman LR, et al. Identifying QT prolongation from ECG
impressions using a general-purpose Natural Language Processor. Int J Med Inf
2009;78(Suppl 1):S34e42.
Denny JC, Smithers JD, Miller RA, et al. "Understanding" medical school curriculum
content using KnowledgeMap. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2003;10:351e62.
Denny JC, Bastarache L, Sastre EA, et al. Tracking medical students' clinical
experiences using natural language processing. J Biomed Inform 2009;42:781e9.
National Library of Medicine. UMLS source vocabularies, 2010. http://www.nlm.
nih.gov/research/umls/metab4.html (accessed Jun 2007).
Zhou L, Hripcsak G. Temporal reasoning with medical datada review with emphasis
on medical natural language processing. J Biomed Inform 2007;40:183e202.
Fiszman M, Chapman WW, Aronsky D, et al. Automatic detection of acute bacterial
pneumonia from chest X-ray reports. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2000;7:593e604.
Uzuner O, Goldstein I, Luo Y, et al. Identifying patient smoking status from medical
discharge records. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2008;15:14e24.
Uzuner O. Recognizing obesity and comorbidities in sparse data. J Am Med Inform
Assoc 2009;16:561e70.
Third i2b2 Shared-Task and Workshop: Medication extraction challenge, 2009.
https://www.i2b2.org/NLP/Medication/ (accessed Feb 2010).
Hripcsak G, Elhadad N, Chen YH, et al. Using empiric semantic correlation to
interpret temporal assertions in clinical texts. J Am Med Inform Assoc
Baumgartner WA Jr, Cohen KB, Hunter L. An open-source framework for large-
scale, flexible evaluation of biomedical text mining systems. J Biomed Discov Collab
388J Am Med Inform Assoc 2010;17:383e388. doi:10.1136/jamia.2010.004804
Application of information technology


text:
GORGEOUS CRIMSON 1982 EFI CROSSFIRE 350 4 speed AUTO CRIMSON CORVETTE COUPE This is the last year ever for the Factory Stingray body style... More
1982 Chevrolet CorvetteWhite platinum pearl with blue pearl ghost flamesTwo hand painted murals on each side of back quarter panelsVery clean chrome engineWon 19... More
1982 Chevrolet CorvetteI purchased this car in 1982 from Malcom Connor Chevrolet. It is all original with 54000 miles on it. The car has... More
SEE MORE PHOTOS OF THIS VETTE AND 100+ OTHERS FOR SALE AT WWW.BUYAVETTE.NET! Code correct Silver Beige exterior code correct Silver Beige leather interior... More
The third generation or "C3" Corvette body style was built from 1968 to 1982. To commemorate the last year of the "Stingray" body Corvette, a... More
Very clean and original Stingray Coupe. Just serviced. Features the 350 CID (5.7L) Cross-Fire Injection V8. Original Factory Options Include; -CC1 Removable Glass Roof Panels -N90 Aluminum... More
If you are in the market for a classic Chevy truck, but want the amenities that we've come to expect with a modern vehicle,... More
An all-new Camaro arrived in 1982 and it was a pretty big deal. If you were there, you can recall seeing your first one... More
1982 Corvette Collector Car. 28,xxx Original Miles with the Original Warranty Book, Owners Manual, Radio Instructions, rear luggage rack instructions, and more. Under the... More
38 ACTUAL MILES! YES ONLY 38! HIS PACE CAR IS 100% ORIGINAL CONDITION & STILL SHOWROOM NEW. PART OF THE ORIGINAL DEALERS PRIVATE COLLECTION... More
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Smooth Running 350 cu. In. V8 Cross-Fire injection, 4 speed Turbo-Hydromatic transmission, Multi-tone silver/beige leather interior, Removable roof panes, Power steering, Power brakes,... More
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YELLOW/LIGHT GREY CLOTH INTERIOR, BIG BLOCK 502, TURBO HYDRO 400,ONE OWNER 29K MILES VIN: 159357... More
nice custom paint, nice int, 64,xxx mi on V8, ps, pb, a/c, p rear window, new tires... More
1982 Chevrolet Corvette Collector Edition, Matching Number, Original Bronze T-Tops, Original Window Sticker, Only 44,000 Original Miles, A Great Addition to Any Collection!... More
This is the most stunning pristine all original Corvette you've seen in a long time. Painted in Corvette Gold Metallic (code 56L) with... More

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"Really terrific ideas!"
The content is useful and immediately applicable. The author uses common sense ideas from different sources and provides the reader with a clear explanation of each concept with examples as well suggestions on how best to apply the technique for individual goal achievement. I will likely listen to the title again soon.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.


text:
Earlier this week, that new guy from Mad Men showed up in one, and soon you'll be doing the same. Nearly every designer this season is offering an updated take on the throwback short-sleeve shirt. They're made from oxford cloth or washed cotton, with a trim fit and proper collar that allows them to be layered nicely with jackets, knits, or just worn solo on a nice weekend day — because it's best not to show too much arm at work, until it's truly sweltering out. Our favorite picks, with options at every price (and instantly buyable online, of course), kick off in the slideshow below...
Shopping Guide: Ten Short-Sleeve Shirts for Spring
Can Kanye and Damon Dash Save Karmaloop?
Why one expert thinks making Karmaloop an exclusive, upscale retailer might save it from bankruptcy.
Drake + Toronto Raptors = Pure Win
With partners like Drake and Mitchell & Ness, the Raptors's 20th anniversary capsule collection can't miss.
Behind the Harlem Store that Outfits Hip Hop Royalty
After outfitting the Notorious B.I.G. for his funeral and dressing NBA stars like LeBron James, Guy and Sharene Wood are breaking out with...
5 Sleek New Minimalist Runners
Fun Run: the new rules of runners say the simpler the sneaker, the sweeter the shoe.
More From Style


text:
America's Top 50 Bike-Friendly Cities
42. Reno, NV
42 / 50
Population: 225,221
Claims to Fame: A bicycle master plan, passed in 2010, led to nearly 50 miles of quality bikeways in just two years. A young Greg LeMond rode for the Reno Wheelmen in the mid-1970s.
Biggest Challenge: Problem areas such as the in-name-only Riverside Drive Bicycle Boulevard, which contains little actual traffic-calming, bike-prioritizing infrastructure.
Info: renobikeproject.com
Ride in Reno


text:
"Getting things on credit is like getting them for nothing and paying for them later is like throwing the money away.
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text:
"Zone-adjusted Corsi" and the Magnificent John-Michael Liles
Cam Charron
July 19 2012 02:47PM
I don't necessarily intend to use this space to write savage things about Jake Gardiner, but due to the limited number of young Toronto Maple Leafs' defencemen who can potentially crack a major league roster this season, expectations may be too high for the kid.
Grading offence isn't too hard to do. Usually, you can look at a player's goal totals and determine how good they are in the offensive zone. Defence is a little more suspect, however. How can you grade how good a player is defensively? You could use many things, to how many minutes a player is used on defence, or in what role a player is used by who his coach matches him up against.
It doesn't give you an exact answer, though. How good is somebody like, say, Jake Gardiner at playing defence? How successful does he, or will, he, make the Leafs?
July 19 2012 02:29PM
This second nerd camp update is about successful youth: Mini Daddy - featured above - and Mark Zuckerberg as you will see shortly. It is NOT about your local squadon's efficient penalty killing or the fact that Shea Weber is now richer than Zuckerberg and Mini Daddy combined. You have been warned before making the jump.
Jason Gregor
July 19 2012 01:02PM
Shea Weber is smiling knowing that he will make $110 million for the remainder of his NHL career. That's some pretty sweet financial security for Weber, but I wonder what Preds' GM David Poile is thinking right now?
Does he match or take four first-round picks?
Paying the right price for goaltenders
Cam Charron
July 19 2012 04:48AM
Tomas Vokoun, not a Toronto Maple Leaf
One of the most worrying things about cheering for an NHL team is the feeling that, out of nowhere, the organization will make a horrific trade, handicapping the team's future for minimal return. That's not exactly the case in Toronto, as it was a series of moves made by the two previous regimes that left Brian Burke in a tight spot, none that really concentrated on prospects or the league heading to a salary cap system. JP Nikota looked at that in some detail yesterday.
Overpaying for players is a pretty sensitive issue for the Leafs and their fans. Particularly when their star player was brought over for a fairly expensive price tag, the last thing this team needs is to pay the premium the Vancouver Canucks want for Roberto Luongo or another goaltender and have them disappoint in Toronto because you really can't predict goaltending.
But this morning we'll do just that. I want to look a bit at recent goalie movement, as well as the price and success of bringing a goalie to a new team.
VIDEO POST!!! Yay or Nay for Bernier, Luongo, Reimer
Steve Dangle
July 18 2012 03:02PM
With all the talk surrounding Jonathan Bernier or Roberto Luongo coming to the Maple Leafs, Cam Charron and Steve Dangle teamed up Wednesday morning to shoot a video together to discuss the situation. Among the topics covered were Bernier and Luongo in some depth, along with the unpredictability of goaltenders and why James Reimer has to be the guy in Toronto.
Follow us past the jump for the video.


text:
Summer Camps at Swaner EcoCenter
Registration for Swaner Preserve and EcoCenter's…
Gabe Anderson, MFA
An art exhibit by USU MFA student Gabe Anderson.
Losing the West - Documentary
With farm and ranch land dwindling due to population…
Crafting a Continuum -- Art Exhibit
ARTsySTEM: The Changing Climates of the Arts and Sciences
This exhibits showcases works of art that share a…
The President's Executive Order 13607
"Principles of Excellence for Educational Institutions Serving Service Members,
Veterans, Spouses, and Other Family Members"
Department of Defense
Voluntary Education Partnership Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
Utah State University has signed the requested the intent to comply memo and submitted it the VA regarding Executive Order 13607. USU has signed the DOD MOU.
The Principles of Excellence encourages and the Voluntary Education Partnership MOU requires schools to:
- Prior to enrollment, provide students a personalized form covering the total cost of an educational program i.e., Program costs, student debt estimates, and Federal financial aid options upfront.
- The Veterans Resource Office with support from the Financial Aid Office will create a shopping sheet that will address costs and funding options
- Provide educational plans for all military and veteran education beneficiaries
- The Advisors from the various colleges and undeclared will work with the Registrar's Office, Veteran Resource Office and available Degree Works Software to develop a complete education plan for their educational goals
- End fraudulent and aggressive recruiting techniques and misrepresentation
- USU does not support or condone fraudulent and aggressive recruiting practices regarding any students. The University will continue to uphold our high recruiting standard.
- Provide accommodations for service members and reservists absent due to service requirements.
- Utah State University understands the pressures of deployment and have developed accommodations for individual deployment through the LOA program.
- Designate a point of contact for academic and financial advising
- Utah State has established the Veterans Resource Office to be the one stop for veteran and service member needs. The VRO will work with you to make contact with both an academic and financial aid advisor and any additional contacts to assist you towards your educational goals.


text:
Latest News
International Conference on "Youth Wings among Political Parties"The two-day international conference on "Youth Wings among Political Parties: A Comparative Analysis of Germany and Pakistan" began here on Monday. The conference,… »
Seminar on "Unification of the Korean Peninsula" by H.E. Dr. Song Jong-HwanThe School of Politics and International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, organized a seminar on Korean peninsula and the threat of cyber terrorism on 27th of… »
Professor Siegfried Hecker gave a lecture at SPIR, QAU IslamabadUnder the SPIR Lecture Series, Professor Siegfried Hecker – Professor at Department of Management Science and Engineering, and Senior Research Fellow at Freeman Spogli… »
View All News
Upcoming Events
Message from VC
|I welcome you to Quaid-i-Azam University, the premier seat of learning in Pakistan. QAU has consistently been ranked the top university in the country by the Higher Education Commission


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Combine water and onion with allspice and peppercorns, and cook until onion is soft.
Add vinegar and allow to cool.
Place meat in a crockery bowl, pour liquid over it, and arrange the onion and bay leaves on top.
Let stand in refrigerator for 3 to 5 days or as specified in recipe.
Turn the meat occasionally.


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Khaosan Tokyo Laboratory, Tokyo
Located in Tokyo (Asakusa), Khaosan Tokyo Laboratory is close to Nakamise Arcade, Sensoji Temple, and Asakusa Shrine. Also nearby are Tokyo Sky Tree and Tokyo National Science Museum.
Property Features.
Complimentary wireless Internet access is available in public areas and a computer station is located on site. Additional amenities include multilingual staff, tour/ticket assistance, and laundry facilities. The property has designated areas for smoking. A total renovation of this property was completed in April 2013.
The 16 guestrooms at Khaosan Tokyo Laboratory include shared/communal kitchens and complimentary toiletries. Guests can use the in-room complimentary wireless high-speed Internet access. Rooms are equipped with LED TVs.
Very cheap stay in Tokyo for four. Close to Asakusa Temple and across the street from…
The location is good. Close to the metro stations. They provided us with a list of places…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $24
- Private twin room with bathroom
- Mixed dorm with bathroom
- Private 4 beds room with bathroom
- Women's dorm with bathroom
- Private triple room with bathroom
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 16 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 6 floors
- Check-in time 3 PM-9 PM
- Check-out time is 11 AM
Required at check in
- Cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Children (3 years old and younger) stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
Nearby Two Star Tokyo hotels
In the hotel
- Computer station
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Laundry facilities
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Designated smoking areas
In the room
- Private bathroom
- Shower only
- Free toiletries
- Free WiFi
Top Tokyo hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Tokyo
- Hotel Sunroute Plaza ShinjukuFrom
"Great location! 1 minute walk to metro lines, 5 minutes walk to JR lines, close to all shopping and restaurant while still in a quieter area. Front desk and concierge speaks…"Mar 8, 2015
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"The location of the Centurion is in the heart of Akasaka. There are literally 100s of restaurants and night spots within a two minute walk. My wife and I loved that! The hotel…"Mar 8, 2015
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"Nice enought, good location, clean, big enough room, nice little breakfast, buffet style, good coffee...good price for the location in Reponggi. Everything nearby for food,…"Mar 8, 2015
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Khaosan Tokyo Laboratory, Tokyo's small print
Children aged 9 and under are not permitted in the dorm rooms.
The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare requires all international visitors to submit their passport number and nationality when registering at any lodging facility (inns, hotels, motels, etc. ). Additionally, lodging proprietors are required to photocopy passports for all registering guests and keep the photocopy on file.
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


text:
The Afghanistan Service Ribbon Laser-Cut Inlay Pen Blank honors those who served in the War in Afghanistan. It consists of thirteen colored strips against a curly maple backdrop. A portion of the proceeds from this product will be donated to the Wounded Warrior Project. The ribbon itself is made up of thirteen dyed strips set off against a beautiful curly maple backdrop. Fits Manhattan Pen Hardware Kits.
Features:Fits Manhattan Pen Hardware Kits (Sold Separately)
Difficulty Level (1 Easy - 5 Hard): 2
Tech Spec
|Manufacturer Part Number
|Weight (lbs)
What's included:
(1) Set of instructions
Customer Reviews
1 Review(s)View All
An honorable project worthy of it's beauty.Posted May 13, 2014
The parts fit nicely and was easy to put together. The instructions were concise and simple to follow.
After gluing, turning, sanding and CA finish, the blank looked beautiful. It was easy to install on the Manhattan pen kit.
I have never enjoyed putting a pen together as I have this one. My brother-in-law is going to love this pen when I present it to him in Memorial Day. Honor a Veteran-build this pen!
Customer Reviews
1 Review(s)


text:
The Mobile Floor Source brings America's Floor Source to your home.
Learn More
When you need the best in flooring, our team of experts will guide you along the way.
Find Your New Floor
Stop by one of our stores to find the right floor for your space. Or let us bring the showroom to you!
Find Your New Floor
From product selection to a flawless installation, we don't stop working until you are completely satisfied.
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Explore financing options including 6-12 months financing
Learn More - or - Apply Today!
This month we are offering 12 mm Hand Scraped Acacia Laminate in two colors installed for $3.99/square foot including standard foam underlay! Call us today at 877-237-2317 for more information. Offer valid in Columbus market only. Limitations apply.Schedule an Appointment
This month we are offering 43 oz. Ultrasoft Nylon carpet in 5 stocked colors installed for $2.59/square foot including 7/16 FHA pad! Come to one of our showrooms or request a visit from our Mobile Floor Source to get started today. Offer valid in Columbus market only. Limitations apply.Schedule an Appointment
Limitations Apply. Not to be combined with any other offers. Details of offer are available in store and from your personal flooring advisor.


text:
We will be re-opening March 20.
Thank you for a wonderful first season,
we look forward to seeing you soon!
Today's Specials
(at our Grille on Main Street)
Ardeo Cape Cod is preparred to help you plan your next Event.
We have been Catering Weddings, Rehersal dinners, Family Parties, and Corporate Events for over 30 years.
Call Susan and have her help you plan your next Catered Event.


text:
I am using the code from this site (http://darrellgrainger.blogspot.com/2011/02/using-selenium-20-with-webdriver-and.html) to run Selenium tests in Safari 5. The code goes like this:
Selenium sel = new DefaultSelenium("localhost", 4444, "*safari", baseURL);
CommandExecutor executor = new SeleneseCommandExecutor(sel);
DesiredCapabilities dc = new DesiredCapabilities();
WebDriver browser = new RemoteWebDriver(executor, dc);
WebElement input = browser.findElement(By.name("q"));
So I start a Selenium server standalone version on the localhost machine and I register a test node (also on localhost) to the Selenium hub. Then I start the test. I then get the following exception: org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException: Could not start Selenium session: org%2Eopenqa%2Egrid%2Ecommon%2Eexception%2EGridException%3A+Error+forwarding+the+new+session+The+server+returned+an+error+%3A+
I don't know what error. There is no server output on the console. Does anyone have ideas? I used the newest version (2.17.0) of Selenium.
EDIT: I just tried "firefox" instead of safari and it outputs the same exception. So actually it's not the fault of safari. Maybe there is something wrong with executing Selenium 1 code via the grid?


text:
SANZAR opt to change eligibility law
ESPNscrum Staff
November 15, 2011
Brits was unable to prevent the Stormers crashing out to the Crusaders © Getty Images
SANZAR has opted to change the loophole in Super Rugby's laws which allowed the Stormers to bring in Schalk Brits as an 'injury joker' prior to their semi-final with the Crusaders last year.
The Stormers were facing a back-row crisis with Pieter Louw, Duane Vermeulen and Siya Kolisi all injured and called on the Saracens hooker to fill the void. Super Rugby rules stated that a player was allowed to be brought in at that short notice providing he was not being played in his primary position - a stipulation which Brits' inclusion aligned with. But SANZAR CEO Greg Peters has said they while refraining from making wholesale changes, they will alter that rule for the 2012 competition.
"We won't be making substansive changes, but there is definitely the situation regarding eligibility that we will look at," Peters told Supersport. "We want to change the current loophole in the regulations that enables players to play in the finals series having not contributed in the league stages.
"What we are looking for is a declaration of a squad of players that will be eligible through the entire season, and if anyone else needs to come in there needs to be injury proof. Apart from that, to play in the finals series, you need to be eligible, playing in the country by a certain date to qualify.
"Teams will now announce a squad of players who will all be eligible throughout the competition, and they can then bring other players in until the cut-off date. After that, players can only be brought in if they have played four games, or as an injury replacement if they are in the country by a certain date.
"The principle is we don't want to see competition-hopping, we want teams to play through. We don't want the example of this year's series when the Stormers exploited that loophole. We say good on them, but now we are closing that one."
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
|Live Scores
Jones key to Wales World Cup plans
Huw Richards assesses where Wales are after a mixed Six Nations, with front row seats still very much available for the World Cup
Attacking revolution will be fleeting
John Mitchell lapped up the action on 'Sensational Saturday' - but warns not to expect a repeat come Rugby World Cup time later this year
Ireland, England are dangers if ...
Craig Dowd warns England, Ireland and Wales they should play to their strengths rather than those of the All Blacks and the Wallabies
Six Nations prospects for the World Cup
Tom Hamilton runs the rule over just where the six countries stand ahead of the global gathering in September


text:
Specialty Tools
Doug Mahoney
Smaller and lighter than an 18-volt model, this 5 3/8-inch brushless saw is said to be...
Product Watch
Short and light, the DCS387P1 is easy to use and will fit places longer saws won't go.
Please read our Content Guidelines before posting.
Check out Tool Videos from our Editors and Contributors
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2015 Hanley Wood Media, Inc. All rights reserved.


text:
Tagged News for Jonathan Brownlee
#WTSLondon Elite Men's Final: The Social Story
17/09/13 - [View the story "#WTSLondon - Elite Men's Social Wrap" on Storify] |Full Story
Gomez (ESP) wins thrilling Grand Final to secure third ITU World Championship
15/09/13 - For the second year in a row, the World Triathlon Series Grand Final came down to a furious finishing chute battle between Spain's Javier Gomez and Great Britain's Jonathan Brownlee. And for the second... |Full Story
London Grand Final: Elite Men Press Conference Highlights
13/09/13 - Spain's Mario Mola and Javier Gomez joined Great Britain's Alistair Brownlee and Jonathan Brownlee to talk with media before racing for the chance to become the men's 2013 ITU World Champion. Mario... |Full Story
Elite Men's Preview: Rematch set in Hyde Park
10/09/13 - In the seven World Triathlon Series races contested this year, they've all been won by only three men - Alistair Brownlee, Jonathan Browlnee and Javier Gomez. Just over a year after the three battled for... |Full Story
London by the Numbers: The Elite Races
03/09/13 - It's just a week until triathlon history is made at the Pruhealth World Triathlon Grand Final London, so it's time to take a quick look at what the statistics say ahead of the 2013 season finale. 34 –... |Full Story
What we learned fron #WTSStockholm
27/08/13 - [View the story "What we learned from #WTSStockholm" on Storify] |Full Story
Alistair Brownlee back on top in Stockholm WTS
25/08/13 - He's already one of the greatest triathletes in ITU history, but Great Britain's Alistair Brownlee added yet another notch to his incredible record in Stockholm on Sunday with his 15th career World... |Full Story
Stockholm Press Conference
23/08/13 - It's the penultimate event on the World Triathlon Series and it's one doozy of a race. With centuries old cobblestone roads, constantly changing course terrain and chilly waters, the WTS Stockholm will be... |Full Story
Stars hit Stockholm in penultimate 2013 World Triathlon Series race
20/08/13 - 1As the penultimate race of the 2013 World Triathlon Series it's not surprising that the stars will turn out in Stockholm this weekend. Both the men's and women's fields boast almost every athlete that... |Full Story
London 2012: A review of the men's race
07/08/13 - The men's triathlon competition at London 2012 didn't disappoint with an amazingly fast display of athleticism. Here's a look back at the highlights from the men's race one year ago. Breaking Bad The... |Full Story
What we learned from WTS Hamburg & Mixed Relay World Champs
23/07/13 - [View the story "What we learned from WTS Hamburg" on Storify] |Full Story
Jonathan Brownlee pips brother Alistair to WTS gold in Hamburg
20/07/13 - Jonathan Brownlee (GBR) produced a thrilling finish to pip brother Alistair Brownlee (GBR) to claim victory in the World Triathlon Series in Hamburg. I thought it was going to be Alistair's day – I... |Full Story
Stars turn up the heat in crucial World Triathlon Series Hamburg sprint
15/07/13 - Hamburg has hosted some brilliant races in the 12 years it has been part of ITU racing and 2013 is set to showcase more stellar showdowns, with the fight for the overall ITU World Championship heating up.... |Full Story
2013 World Triathlon Series scales new heights in Kitzbühel
02/07/13 - It's set to be one of the most unique races in the history of the ITU World Triathlon Series, that's before even factoring in the stellar start lists in Kitzbühel this weekend. Instead of the usual... |Full Story
Fast Five with Great Britain's Jonathan Brownlee
05/06/13 - After an uncertain start to the season that saw Olympic bronze medallist Jonathan Brownlee (GBR) sit out the first two World Triathlon Series, he rocketed back true to his usual strong form in Yokohama.... |Full Story
The social story at #WTSMadrid
03/06/13 - [View the story "The social story at #WTSMadrid" on Storify] |Full Story
Jonathan Brownlee continues 2013 comeback with crushing Madrid World Triathlon Series win
02/06/13 - Jonathan Brownlee's season might only be two races in, but the reigning ITU World Champion showed his title defence was back on track with another stunning performance in Madrid on Sunday. After making... |Full Story
World Triathlon Madrid Athlete Press Conference
30/05/13 - Ahead of the midway point in the 2013 World Triathlon Series in Madrid, athletes took time out on Thursday to speak with media on their seasons to date, race plans, and the ever evolving speed of the WTS... |Full Story
World Triathlon Series hits Europe with Madrid stop
28/05/13 - The World Triathlon Madrid not only marks the halfway point in the ITU World Triathlon Series, but also the first of five European stops. With stacked start lists in both the men's and women's races,... |Full Story
The social story from Yokohama
13/05/13 - [View the story "The social story from #WTSYokohama" on Storify] |Full Story
World Triathlon Yokohama Elite Men's Race Review
11/05/13 - Just two months ago Great Britain's Jonathan Brownlee didn't think he would be racing at all this season, but the reigning ITU World Champion came back with a bang in Japan on Saturday, leading from start... |Full Story
Jonathan Brownlee heads into the 'unknown' in Yokohama
10/05/13 - Jonathan Brownlee (GBR) is heading into unknown territory, racing for the first time this season after a delayed start due to an ankle injury, the London Olympic Games bronze medallist will make a belated... |Full Story
Silva looks for third title in Yokohama, while women's race remains open
07/05/13 - Variety and depth have been the catch words of the ITU World Triathlon Series so far this season with five different athletes on the podium in just two events. You can expect a few more new faces to... |Full Story
China and Japan qualify for 2013 ITU Triathlon Mixed Relay World Championships
03/05/13 - The race for a chance to compete at the 2013 ITU Triathlon Mixed Relay World Championships heated up as China and Japan recently became the latest teams to qualify for the event with their top finishes at... |Full Story
San Diego Preview: Showdown set for birthplace of triathlon
16/04/13 - The second round of the ITU World Triathlon Series touches down where it all started in the birthplace of triathlon in San Diego this weekend. Friday sees a strong elite women's field take centre stage,... |Full Story
Jonny Brownlee misses San Diego World Series due to injury
09/04/13 - World champion Jonathan Brownlee will miss the San Diego World Triathlon Series event on April 20 due to an ankle injury. Brownlee was withdrawn from the start list of the event a few days ago, and it... |Full Story
The 2013 WTS season by the numbers
27/03/13 - The 2012 ITU World Triathlon Series was the biggest yet, with 16 incredible races across eight major cities in eight different countries - and 11 different winners. Here we delve into some of the most... |Full Story
2013 World Triathlon Series Preview
27/03/13 - After more than five months of waiting, the countdown until the launch of the 2013 ITU World Triathlon Series is set to just days. Eight races will touch down in four continents from April to September,... |Full Story
2012 highlights: The most sensational swims of the year
26/12/12 - Triathlon is always a sum of its parts, swim, bike and run, but sometimes the exciting and individual performances get slightly buried in the finish tape. While overall, Jonathan Brownlee and Lisa Norden... |Full Story
2012 Highlights: Outstanding Olympic races
19/12/12 - It's impossible to talk about highlights from the 2012 triathlon season without talking about the biggest event of the year – the Olympics. It was, without a doubt, the central focus of the year with... |Full Story
Team GB receives SPOTY award
18/12/12 - At the recent BBC Sports Personality show, dubbed the SPOTY's, Alistair Brownlee joined 11 fellow Team GB Olympians and Paralympians on stage to receive the Team of the Year award. Together, the group... |Full Story
2012 Highlights: Smashing sprint finishes
13/12/12 - This season we were treated to a number of sprint finishes. Heart pounding, nerve racking, nail biting, awe-inspiring all out sprint finishes. In this week's review of the best moments from 2012, we... |Full Story
2012 Photo of the Year - Week Six: Stockholm
09/12/12 - In Stockholm's debut appearance as an ITU World Triathlon Series event, an Olympic star studded line up turned out for the sprint race. Just weeks after the Games, competition was anything but lacking, as... |Full Story
2012 Highlights: Alistair returns to top form as Kitzbühel podium predicts London medallists
28/11/12 - Nestled in the Austrian Alps, Kitzbühel was the last ITU Olympic distance race prior to London 2012. It served as one of the final opportunities for the elites to compete against each other and fine tune... |Full Story
Brownlee and Jenkins recognized at Annual British Triathlon Awards
22/11/12 - British Triathlon recently named Alistair Brownlee the Olympic Athlete of the Year for his outstanding finish at the London Olympics. He was also named the GE British Triathlon Male Elite Triathlete of... |Full Story
2012 Highlights: Jonathan Brownlee's brilliant year
20/11/12 - It's hard to talk about the 2012 ITU triathlon season without mentioning Jonathan Brownlee (GBR). Although just 22 years old, he has long been a triathlon powerhouse. After his 2010 world title as a... |Full Story
2012 Photo of the Year - Week Three: Madrid
18/11/12 - In the third week of the Photo of the Year competition, we head over to Europe for the ITU World Triathlon Madrid. This year's race, known for its tough bike course, either realised or dashed Olympic... |Full Story
2012 Highlights: Year of the sprint
15/11/12 - One of the defining characteristics of this year's World Triathlon Series and World Cup races were the number of sprint distances that appeared on the calendar. With half the distance, the five sprints... |Full Story
2012 Photo of the Year - Week Two: San Diego
11/11/12 - In our second instalment of the photo competition, we head to the U.S. where the second ITU World Triathlon Series took place beachside in San Diego. Huge crowds lined the streets to cheer on the elites... |Full Story
2012 ITU World Triathlon Series wrap up with highlights from Auckland
24/10/12 - The 2012 ITU World Triathlon Series season is a wrap. This year's world champions conquered Auckland and have returned home victorious, but the next triathlon season is just around the corner. Before we... |Full Story


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Taking over from Giles Clarke must be the Everest of Avarice and Stupidity to tackle but the new guy just cleared cow corner. He talked of what KP had to do to come back. What the fuck is he opining on a selection matter?
The issues with KP stem from bullying micro management that has turned players against each other, Captain and Coach and turned Captain and Vice Captain into Senior Manager and Manager. The head of the snake then undermines the 15 layers of cunts below him in his first address. Yes he'll say of course KP has to play county cricket and no I was undermining no one and it was a simple statement of fact that and the Pope is a Jew. The current clowns running the Asylum have deselected him and he even suggests he could come back is not a kick in the teeth?
He should have said I am putting a structure in place that liberates the team and it will be up to the selectors to select a winning team of whoever they like within that. Instead we got proclamation management from the top.
It's like a circus without the Lions. As I Tweeted:-
English cricket gone from all powerful Captains who went insane to all powerful managers who went insane to now Kafkaesque.
None correct.


text:
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oin Calgary Herald food writer Gwendolyn Richards as she Cooks from the Books and prepares a Cooking the Books Slivered Veggie…› More
Tagged: Recipes
By Sara Moulton When shopping for asparagus, people often focus on the wrong thing — how thick the stalks are. They…› More
By Susan Barocas As if cooking for Passover weren't demanding enough, now many of us are doing our best to eat fresh,…› More
By Bonnie S. Benwick No matter which dish holds the centre of your Easter table, chances are that the accompanying vegetables…› More
By Dorie Greenspan My mother didn't cook anything that she wasn't obligated to cook until she was 80, and then…› More
By Ellie Krieger I have always felt "banana bread" was a misnomer (zucchini bread, too, for that matter).…› More
By Alison Ladman Pancakes, waffles and French toast? They're fine, but they're also just the start. Because if…› More
By Karen Barnaby, Vancouver Sun When I think of what to serve for Easter, I think of brunch. I suppose it's all the…› More
By Alison Ladman This Easter, we've decided you can have cake for breakfast. After all, it is a holiday that's…› More
By Elizabeth Karmel For me, a grilled cheese sandwich is just pure comfort. And truth is, even a bad grilled cheese is…› More


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White House Press Secretary Jay Carney confirmed today that the discussion on decreasing the violence in the US must include the topic of mental health and access to mental health services. He claimed the President has made significant changes to the mental heath system through the ObamaCare law but that more action is "likely" in wake of the tragic shooting at an elementary school in Connecticut.
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Scala does not provide chained comparisons as Python does:
// Python:
0 < x <= 3
// Scala:
0 < x && x <= 3
Will Scala 2.10 with the new macro feature enable the programmer write a library that adds this feature? Or is this beyond the scope of Scala's macros?
Macros seem to be the right choice for the implementation of such syntactic sugar as they do not complicate the parser/compiler.


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There we always be talks about comic and movie crossover but never really any video games. So me personally....
Tomb Raider/Uncharted
Halo/Mass Effect
Yes I'd just like to see a game where Lara Croft and Nathan Drake interact
That game would be awesome
It'd be pretty interesting to see a Fallout/Bioshock crossover.
Crash Bandicoot and Saints Row 3
I would love to see Dante and Kratos team up to fight the underworld .
Also a Marvel ultimate alliance type game with Dc characters .
Tomb Raider/Devil May Cry
@wildvine said:
This is so weird. I was just last night thinking "How well would Link do in a Resident Evil game?'
@wildvine said:
This is so weird. I was just last night thinking "How well would Link do in a Resident Evil game?'
Sun song!!! Freeze those undead bastards in their tracks, then use the light arrows. Easy.
Metroid Prime/Halo 2 or 3.
Mario and Resident Evil
Mario eats a bad mushroom and hallucinates....
Call of Duty/Homefront
Dragon Ball Z/Marvel
Resident Evil/Dead Rising
Left 4 Dead/Dead Rising
Halo/Mass Effect
Halo/Star Wars
Battlefield/ Call of Duty
Elder Scrolls/The Witcher
Tomb Raider/Uncharted
Marvel VS Injustice
Halo/Gears of War
Shonnen Jump characters vs capcom
Skyrim/Dark souls
SAW, Alice Madness Returns & Dead Space crossover = Mind Blow
DC vs Marvel
Halo & Gears of War
Mass Effect & Aliens vs Predator
Halo/Mass Effect
Assassin's Creed/Fallout
Call of Duty/Mass Effect
Uncharted/Star Wars (Which i suppose is kinda happening/Star Wars 1313)
Mass Effect/Star Wars
Leon or Clair guest starring in the Left 4 Dead verse. Balrog in Fight Night. Shadow the Hedgehog meets Kenetica.
Tekken vs Virtua Fighter.
Marvel vs. DC.
Final Fight/Streets of Rage.
Uncharted/Tomb Raider.
Counter Strike 1.6's strategic FPS aspects on a FPS shooter game platform without any heavy, recognizable elements. Because I think heavy elements discourages new players to be interested in joining the game. I will always love the game. I grew up playing the game and I think it's a way better Shooter than COD.
We'd have more solid FPS game if Counter Strike was on a more comfortable theme. I think the market on hardcore shooters would be stronger. No disrespect to any other CS oldtimers, really.
Use your keyboard!
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Tag Archives: Regency Bicentennial
Regency Bicentennial: Bonaparte Escapes Elba
Two hundred years ago, yesterday, Napoleon Bonaparte, reduced from Emperor of the French to the Emperor of Elba, left his tiny island kingdom. He set sail for the south coast of France with over a thousand men under his personal … Continue reading
Posted in On-Dits Tagged Horses, Regency, Regency Bicentennial 13 Comments
Regency Bicentennial: The Pointless Loss of Ned Pakenham
Two hundred years ago, yesterday, what was to be the last major battle of the War of 1812 ended with the deaths of nearly three hundred British troops, two of them generals. One of those generals, Major-General Edward Pakenham, was … Continue reading
Posted in People Tagged Regency, Regency Bicentennial 9 Comments
Regency Bicentennial: Byron Is Leg-Shackled
Today marks the 200th anniversary of the wedding of Miss Anna Isabella Milbanke and George Gordon, Lord Byron. Sadly, though we can still mark this anniversary today, the participants themselves did not even celebrate their first anniversary. The couple had … Continue reading
Posted in People Tagged Books, Regency, Regency Bicentennial 6 Comments
Regency Bicentennial: The Last Days of the "Woman Clothed With the Sun"
Two hundred years ago, this month, a woman who had claimed she would give birth to the second Messiah a few weeks before was said to be lying in a trance. Before the end of the month, she would be … Continue reading
Posted in People Tagged Books, Regency, Regency Bicentennial 3 Comments
Regency Bicentennial: "Flowering" in Ayrshire
Though it was certainly not his intention, by abdicating the throne of France in April of 1814, Naploeon Bonaparte set in train a series of events which would make it possible for thousands of women in southwestern Scotland to earn … Continue reading
Posted in Apparel & Grooming Tagged Art, Clothing, Regency, Regency Bicentennial 18 Comments
Regency Bicentennial: Sir John Lade Liberated
Though the exact date is unknown, it was two centuries ago, in 1814, that the infamous and notorious Sir John Lade was released from debtor's prison, where he had spent several months. Though he had been heir to an enormous … Continue reading
Posted in People Tagged Clothing, Drinking, Horses, Regency, Regency Bicentennial, Vehicles 11 Comments
Regency Bicentennial: The Great Porter Flood
Two hundred years ago today, a freak accident occurred which sent a flood of beer into the poor London neighborhood of St. Giles. This was not just any beer. It was porter, at the time, the beer which was most … Continue reading
Posted in Places Tagged Drinking, Regency, Regency Bicentennial 6 Comments


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Archive - Nov 5, 2009
Inside 911: The job of an operatorSubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 11/05/2009 - 7:26pm.READ MORE:
In an emergency we see the police officers, the firefighters, and the paramedics, but we never see the 911 operators who get them there. New Hanover County's 911 dispatchers say it is a high stress, fast-paced, unpredictable job - and they would not have it any other way. Full story...»
Recycling could be made easier, especially in rural areasSubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 11/05/2009 - 6:52pm.READ MORE:
It has been more than a month since new state laws governing recycling took effect, but it's unclear if these laws are working in some rural communities. Full story...»
The Droid enters the cell phone marketSubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 11/05/2009 - 6:32pm.READ MORE:
From emailing to snapping pictures, the functionality of new-aged cell phones is mind-boggling. So how do you know which device is best for you? Full story...»
Family of parasailing accident victim turns to federal courtSubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 11/05/2009 - 6:17pm.READ MORE:
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Wilmington Police use closed motel for training sessionSubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 11/05/2009 - 6:11pm.READ MORE:
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Open casting call for One Tree HillSubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 11/05/2009 - 6:07pm.READ MORE:
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Some municipal races in Columbus County still too close to callSubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 11/05/2009 - 5:26pm.READ MORE:
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What's Happening: November 6-8Submitted by WWAY on Thu, 11/05/2009 - 3:59pm.READ MORE:
It is a big weekend for high school students as they try to raise funds for different programs. Throw in some wine tastings, a couple of festivals, and you have a pretty busy weekend. Full story...»
Chilling 911 calls from slain NC family homeSubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 11/05/2009 - 1:17pm.READ MORE:
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NC Sen. Hagan drops backing for judgeSubmitted by WWAY on Thu, 11/05/2009 - 1:16pm.READ MORE:
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11 hours 44 min agoWith the man! vindiesel talking #doppelgangers https://t.co/7vDYQWC6yX
23 hours 26 min agoTracking some gits with my man @frankpalangi today!! http://t.co/w3rm682ALa
- 27 March 2015
Chris Joins City Studio ShowHey everyone! We have some good news. Chris will play the role of Keith Rhodes, a drug-addicted pop star on Studio City...Read More »
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Is there any Rule engine in JavaScript?
The question is in this context:
- Consider a web application having a form that users fill up.
- As a user fills up each field and proceeds to the next, business logic written in JavaScript controls the visibility(and other attributes) of form elements further down the page.
The same business logic is also applied at the server side after the form gets submitted, albeit, in Java to guard against any mishaps/manipulations at the browser side.
Now, Wouldn't it be nice if we have a JSR 94/Drools/JRules like rule engine that would execute rules in both Java and in JavaScript? With such a rule engine, I can avoid hard coding my rules, and I also retain the flexibility of having client-side as well as server-side validation
(PS: I've tried the AJAX route and seen that the application becomes a lot less responsive, making it hard to sell to users who've been accustomed to a hand-coded, pure-javascript version.)


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sorry for being late here in your thread. I've overlooked it in December.
you think right: MF slide projection is the bomb!!
The most impressive picture quality photography has to offer. It is absolutely a league of its own.
I am doing slide projection for more than 30 years now, and I will never stop doing it.
Well, as some of you know, were running a small non-profit optical test lab here.
And weve done lots of detailed tests concerning slide film (colour and BW) and slide projection, as well as evaluating the performance of beamers.
Tests results from our team:
We have tested all the films with a relative low object contrast of 1:4 (two stops). Lenses were Nikkor AI-S 1,8/50 (long barrel version) and Zeiss ZF 2/50 at f5,6 (and some others as well).
Both lenses have the same performance in the center at f4 and f5,6, but the Zeiss is generally better at the corners and at f2.
Some test results from our resolution tests (Nikon F6, MLU, MC-30, 1/250s, focus bracketing, Zeiss ZF 2/50, f5,6, Nikkor AI-S 1,8/50, object contrast 1:4; Berlebach Report 3032.
The first resolution value represents the number of clearly separated lines, the second one the resolution limit where still a contrast difference can be seen.
Resolution is dependant on the object contrast of the detail you have focused at: with higher object contrast, you would get higher resolution than our test results [see the tests published by Zeiss], and lower object contrast would result in lower resolution values):
Fuji Velvia 50: 110 125 Lp/mm
Fuji Sensia 100: 120 135 Lp/mm
Fuji Provia 100F: 120 135 Lp/mm
Fuji Astia 100F: 120 135 Lp/mm
Fuji Velvia 100: 125 140 Lp/mm
Fuji Velvia 100F: 125 140 Lp/mm
Kodak E100G: 120 135 Lp/mm
Kodak Elitechrome 100: 120 135 Lp/mm
Fuji Provia 400X: 105 115 Lp/mm
Agfa Copex Rapid; ISO 64/19°; Agfa Scala BW reversal process : 165 180 Lp/mm.
Adox CMS 20 II; ISO 20/14°; Agfa Scala BW reversal process: 230 245 lp/mm
Medium Format:
Mamiya 645 Pro TL with Mamiya-Sekor C 2,8/80 N, f5,6; same object contrast of 1:4 = two stops.
Fuji Provia 100F: 115 125 lp/mm
Agfa Copex Rapid, Scala Reversal process: 130 145 lp/mm
Adox CMS 20 II; Scala reversal process: 195 210 lp/mm
And, with excellent projection lenses you can transfer the above listed resolution values with only a minimal (not relevant) loss onto the projection screen!
We've tested several projection lenses, e.g. the Leica Super-Colorplan P2 2,5/90, Zeiss P-Sonnar T 2,5/90, Doctor-Optics / Kindermann 2,4/90 MC-B, Rollei Apogon 2,8/120.
With all these lenses we could transfer the 120 lp/mm of E100G, Elitechrome 100, Provia 100F, Sensia 100, Astia 100F onto the screen!
Same with the 165 lp/mm of Agfa Copex Rapid and the 230 lp/mm of Adox CMS 20 II as BW-Slide (developed in Scala reversal process)!
120 lp/mm in 35mm format: That is an equivalent of 50 Megapixels. You need a 50 MP beamer to get the same detail at this object contrast. The 165 lp/mm of Agfa Copex Rapid are equivalent to 94 MP, for the Adox a 200 MP equivalent would be needed.
Looking at 35mm slide projection with an excellent projection lens, then the quality is even surpassing digital medium format projected with a beamer. Because the imaging chain film + projection is much, much better than the digital imaging chain digital file + beamer. The beamer is the very weak part in this imaging chain and decreases the quality of the file to a big extent. From your 40,50, 60 or 80 MP only 1,2,4 or max 8 MP (most expensive gear) remain as beamer output (and with beamers you also have the problem that the resolution is even 40% less in vertical format).
Concerning colour rendition the current beamers also cannot compete with the much more precise and natural color rendition of the slides.
Therefore in the field of projection we indeed have the situation, that 35mm film is significantly surpassing all digital formats (including medium format) in picture quality.
And of course in costs. 35mm slide projection is dirt cheap in comparison.
And of course with medium format slide projection, using excellent lenses (camera and projection), you can significantly surpass the already outstanding 35mm performance:
Well, the 115 lp/mm of the Sekor 2,8/80 / Provia 100F combination (see above), projected e.g. with the 2,8/120 Apogon with the Rollei 66 dual P:
120 MP on the screen.
155 MP with the Agfa Copex Rapid.
350 MP with the Adox CMS 20 II.
Its incredible what outstanding picture quality medium format slide projection is giving us.
Well, best sex for the eyes
For big enlargements slide projection delivers an unsurpassed quality. And at extremely low costs ( a projected slide on a 2 m x 2 m screen cost me less than one Euro, a print of the same size cost me more than two hundred Euros).
Best regards,


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BMW chose this year's Concours d'Eleganza Villa d'Este in Italy for the unveiling of its latest boxer concept – and like the R Ninety before it, this one is a beauty. The R1200-based Concept Roadster is a hard-edged streetfighter with bloody knuckles, knee sliders on its valve covers and an eye-popping rear end. Will this one make it to production like the NineT? Read More
BMW's luxury high-performance saloon, the M5, celebrates its 30th birthday this year. In honor of this, it a special "30 years of the M5" edition of the car as been created. Not only is it the most powerful M5 ever produced, but it is the most powerful production car in the history of BMW. Read More
Presented at this week's Beijing Auto Show, the all-new BMW Vision Future Luxury focuses in on the future of luxury motoring. Functional elements and new technologies melt away into an elegant, fluid design that seamlessly blends looks and performance. Read More
BMW's xDrive meets its eDrive in the new Concept X5 eDrive. However you want to look at it – a more capable plug-in hybrid or a more efficient AWD – the concept blends utility and cleanliness like few other vehicles. Originally revealed at the Frankfurt Motor Show, the X5 concept was reworked for this month's New York International Auto Show. Read More
With the New York Auto Show just around the corner, manufacturers are beginning to leak details of some of their new offerings. BMW will be on hand next week with not one, but two models making their global debut: the M4 Convertible, with its 425 hp twin-turbo engine, and the mid-range crossover in the form of the X4. Read More
Honda, the world's largest motorcycle manufacturer, has announced a new motorcycle – the 750 cc NM4 Vultus – and it's a bold departure from tradition with anime/manga styling, a "fighter pilot" feet-forward riding position, an ultra-low seat and advanced electronic rider assistance to make it easier to ride. This is a motorcycle aimed at the next generation of motorcycle enthusiast raised on video games and a different visual vocabulary. If you are a traditionalist, you'll probably hate it. Read More
Gannet Design founder Ulfert Janssen is one of the few automotive and transportation designers in the world who works in both the two- and four-wheeled domains. Stints at Samsung Motors in Korea, Nissan in Japan and a decade at Renault's Barcelona studio involved in advanced concept design have given him a unique perspective on future transportation design. Read More
BMW unveils 2 Series Coupe
For ten years, the BMW 1 Series has been the company's big gun when it comes to luxury compacts. Over the years, it's gone through a number of variants and iterations, but now BMW is taking the lessons learned from the rear-wheel drive 1 Series, mixing them with its TwinPower Turbo technology, and has come up with the BMW 2 Series Coupé. Harkening back to the BMW 02 range of 45 years ago, the company is aiming to make the 2 Series distinct from its predecessor and able to see off the car maker's competitors in the luxury compact market. Read More
New Audi R18 e-tron quattro racer shoots laser lights
Audi calls the all-new R18 e-tron quattro LMP1 race car its most complex racer to date. The model has been completely redesigned around the 2014 season's new regulations, and it features more advanced technologies. One of those tech features, which Audi highlighted at the car's world premiere this week, is a set of laser headlights. Read More
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