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An apparatus, program product and method validate service provider invoices for a customer to ensure that the waste disposal services associated with such invoices are both authorized to be performed and priced correctly in view of a contract between the customer and the service provider. Such invoice validation may be performed in connection with aggregating invoices from multiple service providers, paying those service providers, and generating on behalf of a customer a composite invoice that itemizes the waste disposal costs and services from multiple service providers. In addition, in some implementations a third party that assesses a customer's waste disposal services is permitted to share in the savings of a customer resulting from the assessment. A third party and a customer agree upon a cost reduction that the third party promises to realize for the customer, and to the extent the realized cost reduction for the customer exceeds the agreed-upon amount, at least a portion of the realized cost reduction that exceeds the agreed-upon amount is awarded to the third party.
1. A method of processing a service provider invoice associated with delivery of waste disposal service, the method comprising:
receiving invoice data associated with a service provider invoice, the invoice data identifying at least one waste disposal service provided at a service location for a customer and a cost for the waste disposal service;
accessing service location data for the customer to validate the waste disposal service provided by the service provider at the service location; and
accessing contract data associated with a contract between the service provider and the customer to validate the cost for the waste disposal service.
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comparing a total cost associated with plurality of invoices and a baseline cost to determine a realized cost reduction; and
determining an amount due from the customer to the third party resulting from the realized cost reduction exceeding an agreed-upon cost reduction promised to the customer by the third party.
15. The method of
accessing contract data associated with a second contract to generate a cost for the waste disposal service according to the second contract; and
generating a report comparing the respective costs for the waste disposal service according to the first and second contracts.
16. An apparatus, comprising:
a processor; and
program code configured to be executed by the processor to process a service provider invoice associated with delivery of waste disposal service by receiving invoice data associated with a service provider invoice, the invoice data identifying at least one waste disposal service provided at a service location for a customer and a cost for the waste disposal service; accessing service location data for the customer to validate the waste disposal service provided by the service provider at the service location; and accessing contract data associated with a contract between the service provider and the customer to validate the cost for the waste disposal service.
17. The apparatus of
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22. The apparatus of
23. A program product, comprising:
a computer readable medium; and
program code resident on the computer readable medium and configured to process a service provider invoice associated with delivery of waste disposal service by receiving invoice data associated with a service provider invoice, the invoice data identifying at least one waste disposal service provided at a service location for a customer and a cost for the waste disposal service; accessing service location data for the customer to validate the waste disposal service provided by the service provider at the service location; and accessing contract data associated with a contract between the service provider and the customer to validate the cost for the waste disposal service.
24. A method of billing a customer for waste disposal services provided by a plurality of waste service providers, the method comprising:
determining a baseline cost associated with the provision of waste disposal services for the customer by the plurality of waste service providers;
with a third party, assessing the provision of waste disposal services for the customer to identify at least one cost saving opportunity for the customer;
determining a realized cost reduction resulting from implementation of the cost saving opportunity; and
determining an amount due from the customer to the third party resulting from the realized cost reduction exceeding an agreed-upon cost reduction promised to the customer by the third party.
25. The method of
receiving a plurality of invoices for the customer from the plurality of service providers;
validating the plurality of invoices;
aggregating charges from the plurality of invoices into a composite invoice; and
forwarding the composite invoice to the customer.
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The present invention generally relates to waste disposal services in healthcare and other industries, and in particular, to billing and auditing services associated with waste disposal.
Healthcare facilities around the world allocate significant resources to managing waste. Hospital waste is unique in several ways. For instance, there is a large variety of different types of waste, or waste streams, having very different handling and other disposal requirements. Healthcare waste streams are generally categorized to include solid, regulated medical and recycling waste. Other waste streams include confidential documents, hazardous and construction debris waste.
For instance, hospitals employ toxic chemicals and hazardous materials for numerous diagnostic and treatment purposes. Examples of hazardous materials include formaldehyde, photographic chemicals, radio nuclides, solvents, mercury, waste, anesthetic gases and other toxic, corrosive chemicals.
Regulated medical waste generally includes materials generated in the diagnosis, treatment, research, or immunization of human beings or animals. Examples of regulated medical waste includes: cultures and stocks, pathological wastes, human blood and blood products, sharps, certain animal waste and isolation wastes. Other types of solid (unregulated and nonhazardous) waste is referred to within the industry as the solid waste stream.
Confidential material produced by healthcare facilities comes in many forms. From patient records to billing reports to pharmacy bottles, wristbands, and a variety of other printed materials, private patient information abounds within the healthcare system. Controlling and limiting the hospital's risk in unintentional disclosure of this information is challenging.
Hospitals and other healthcare service providers additionally must manage tons of solid and recycling waste, in addition to periodic construction debris attributable to expansion or remodeling.
Despite the significant dollars spent on managing waste, few healthcare systems have historically focused on maximizing the value received in this area. One area of particular concern relates to managing the delivery and payment of waste disposal services. A typical multi-facility healthcare system will contract with several waste disposal service providers to handle the multitude of waste streams generated by the various facilities in the system, and may receive hundreds of paper invoices per month from these providers based upon the different waste streams and facilities for which waste disposal services have been provided. Often, due to the fact that each waste stream's economic structure is typically unique to that particular waste stream, the manner in which charges are incurred and services are invoiced will vary from stream to stream, and from facility to facility. For instance, solid waste invoices are often based on per ton pricing, while regular medical waste invoices are often based on per pound or per container. Invoices may also be broken down based upon container size and frequency of pick-up.
As a result, many healthcare systems are relegated to working with dozens of service providers and having to process thousands of different paper invoices. In addition, due to the sheer volume and complexity of the paperwork, it is often difficult to ensure that waste disposal services are being rendered in an efficient and cost effective manner. Billed rates may in some instances be inconsistent with the contracted rates, and invoices may include unexpected charges and fees.
Furthermore, waste disposal services rendered at particular service locations may be inadequate or excessive, leading to either poor service or excessive charges. As an example, a facility might have a three yard dumpster that is being emptied twice a week, but that is routinely only half full when it is emptied. By replacing the dumpster with a smaller dumpster, or reducing the pickup schedule to once a week, the same amount of waste could be handled for a much more cost effective price.
Conventional accounting practices provide little incentive for service providers to be more efficient, and provide limited information and options that could lead to improvement. Healthcare systems, on the other hand, typically lack the expertise and/or manpower to continually monitor their waste disposal services for accuracy or to identify potential areas for savings.
There consequently exists a need for managing the delivery and payment of waste delivery services in healthcare and other facilities.
The invention addresses these and other problems associated with the prior art by providing an apparatus, program product and method that validate service provider invoices for a customer to ensure that the waste disposal services associated with such invoices are both authorized to be performed and priced correctly in view of a contract between the customer and the service provider. In addition, in some embodiments of the invention, such invoice validation may be performed in connection with aggregating invoices from multiple service providers, paying those service providers, and generating on behalf of a customer a composite invoice that itemizes the waste disposal costs and services from multiple service providers. The composite invoice to the customer may also be electronic in format, offering additional efficiencies for the customer when the electronic invoice is received and processed at the customer's location.
Consistent with one aspect of the invention, therefore, a service provider invoice associated with delivery of waste disposal service is processed by receiving invoice data associated with a service provider invoice, the invoice data identifying at least one waste disposal service provided at a service location for a customer and a cost for the waste disposal service; accessing service location data for the customer to validate the waste disposal service provided by the service provider at the service location; and accessing contract data associated with a contract between the service provider and the customer to validate the cost for the waste disposal service.
The invention also addresses other problems associated with the prior art by providing a method, apparatus and program product that enable a third party to calculate, report and share in the savings of a customer resulting from assessing the provision of waste disposal services for a customer. A third party and a customer agree upon a cost reduction that the third party promises to realize for the customer, and to the extent the realized cost reduction for the customer exceeds the agreed-upon amount, at least a portion of the realized cost reduction that exceeds the agreed-upon amount is awarded to the third party. As a result, both the customer and third party benefit from the assessment of the customer's waste disposal services, and both are economically motivated to ensure that the provision of the customer's waste disposal services is efficient as possible.
Consistent with this aspect of the invention, therefore, a customer is billed for savings associated with waste disposal services provided by a plurality of waste service providers by determining a baseline cost associated with the provision of waste disposal services for the customer by the plurality of waste service providers; with a third party, assessing the provision of waste disposal services for the customer to identify at least one cost saving opportunity for the customer; determining a realized cost reduction resulting from implementation of the cost saving opportunity; and determining an amount due from the customer to the third party resulting from the realized cost reduction exceeding an agreed-upon cost reduction promised to the customer by the third party.
These and other advantages and features, which characterize the invention, are set forth in the claims annexed hereto and forming a further part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the invention, and of the advantages and objectives attained through its use, reference should be made to the Drawings, and to the accompanying descriptive matter, in which there is described exemplary embodiments of the invention.
The embodiments described hereinafter provide comprehensive waste billing assessment for waste disposal services supplied to healthcare and other facilities. Among other features, embodiments consistent with the invention enable a customer's invoices from multiple service providers, servicing multiple waste streams, to be collected and validated against the contracts between the customer and the service providers, identify and potentially correct any inconsistencies therein, and render payment for validated invoices. Furthermore, embodiments consistent with the invention may also consolidate and aggregate multiple invoices into a single composite invoice for a customer, broken down in a format that enables customer management to better understand the customer's overall waste management situation.
In addition, embodiments consistent with the invention enable a comprehensive waste billing operator to offer a customer a unique billing arrangement whereby the operator and the customer agree to share in the proceeds of a customer's savings. In particular, a customer may contract with a comprehensive waste billing operator to provide the herein-described services, and as a component of such an arrangement, may agree to pay the operator a percentage of the savings obtained by the operator as compared to prior to the initiation of comprehensive waste billing consistent with the invention. Thus, for example, a customer and operator may agree that, as per the contract terms, the operator will reduce the customer's waste disposal costs by 25% per annum, and that, for any savings realized beyond the 25% amount, the operator will be entitled to 50% of the savings. As such, the operator may bill the customer an additional amount of 50% of any calculated savings above and beyond the 25% saved by the operator.
A customer, within the context of the invention, is typically a receiver of waste disposal services, and more typically a receiver of waste disposal services for multiple waste streams and from multiple service providers. A service provider represents a provider of waste disposal services, and may represent a provider of multiple types of services and/or for multiple waste streams. In addition, a single legal entity may constitute several service providers in some instances. A comprehensive waste billing system operator is typically a third party that has contracted with a customer to handle the payment of service provider invoices on behalf of a customer. It will be appreciated in some embodiments, however, that a comprehensive waste billing system operator may only provide auditing or analysis services, and may not handle the direct payment of invoices. In still other embodiments, the operator may not be a third party, and may be affiliated with a customer, from the standpoint of internally analyzing and validating invoices on behalf of a customer.
The embodiments hereinafter focus on implementation of the above-identified services within the healthcare industry. As such, the types of waste streams that may be handled include waste streams such as solid waste, hazardous waste, regulated medical waste, confidential documents, recycled waste, electronic waste, etc. It will be appreciated, however, that the principles of the invention may be utilized in connection with managing the payment of invoices for waste disposal services utilized by different industries whereby the disposal of multiple types of waste streams is required, and where the types of waste streams may vary. Some aspects of the invention may also be suitable for use in connection with industries other than waste disposal. The invention is therefore not limited to the particular embodiments discussed herein.
Turning now to the Drawings, wherein like numbers denote like parts throughout the several views,
Each computer 12 is coupled to a network 14, which may be implemented using any combination of LAN's, WAN's, and the Internet. Each computer generally includes a central processing unit (CPU) 16 including one or more system processors and coupled to a memory or main storage 18, typically through one or more levels of cache memory (not shown). Furthermore, CPU 16 may be coupled to additional peripheral components, e.g., one or more networks 14 via a network interface 20, various input/output devices (e.g., a control panel, display, keyboard, mouse and/or dedicated workstation, etc.) via a user interface 22, and mass storage 24 (e.g., a DASD or one or more disk drives). Any number of alternate computer architectures may be used in the alternative.
Also illustrated as coupled to network 14 are a plurality of CWB client computers 26, which may be connected to computers 12 via private and/or public networks such as the Internet to access system 10 in order to enter contract, provider and customer data into system 10, perform billing assessments and otherwise manage the operation of system 10. In addition, system 10 may be linked over network 14 to one or more service providers 28 and one or more customers 30, e.g., to receive electronic invoices from service providers, to render payment to service providers, and to send reports and invoices to customers.
Each computer 12 is further configured to host a number of levels of software suitable for implementing comprehensive waste billing consistent with the invention. Shown resident in memory 18 is operating system program code 32, as well as waste billing system program code 34 and a database 36 within which service provider and customer data is maintained.
The discussion hereinafter will focus on the specific routines utilized to implement the above-described comprehensive waste billing system. The routines executed to implement the embodiments of the invention, whether implemented as part of an operating system or a specific application, component, program, object, module or sequence of instructions, will also be referred to herein as �computer program code,� or simply �program code.� The computer program code typically comprises one or more instructions that are resident at various times in various memory and storage devices in a computer, and that, when read and executed by one or more processors in a computer, cause that computer to perform the steps necessary to execute steps or elements embodying the various aspects of the invention. Moreover, while the invention has and hereinafter will be described in the context of fully functioning computers and computer systems, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various embodiments of the invention are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that the invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of computer readable signal bearing media used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of computer readable signal bearing media include but are not limited to physical, recordable type media such as volatile and nonvolatile memory devices, floppy and other removable disks, hard disk drives, optical disks (e.g., CD-ROM's, DVD's, etc.), among others, and transmission type media such as digital and analog communication links.
In addition, various program code described hereinafter may be identified based upon the application or software component within which it is implemented in a specific embodiment of the invention. However, it should be appreciated that any particular program nomenclature that follows is used merely for convenience, and thus the invention should not be limited to use solely in any specific application identified and/or implied by such nomenclature. Furthermore, given the typically endless number of manners in which computer programs may be organized into routines, procedures, methods, modules, objects, and the like, as well as the various manners in which program functionality may be allocated among various software layers that are resident within a typical computer (e.g., operating systems, libraries, APIs, applications, applets, etc.), it should be appreciated that the invention is not limited to the specific organization and allocation of program functionality described herein.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the exemplary environment illustrated in
System 10 relies on a rules-based validation engine 40 that applies a set of rules 42 to service provider invoices, such as electronic service provider invoices 44, in order to validate the invoices against one or more service provider contracts 46 to identify any inconsistencies between the services actually provided and billed by a service provider and the services agreed to be performed pursuant to that service provider's contract(s). Among the types of inconsistencies that may be identified include incorrect rates or amounts, services rendered for service points that do not exist, unauthorized services (e.g., too frequent pickups), services that do not match the service point capabilities (e.g., waste volumes that could realistically have been disposed in a particular container), waste streams not authorized to be serviced, etc.
The validation performed by validation engine 40 principally focuses on two types of validations. First, invoice validation processes service data in invoice data associated with a service provider invoice and attempts to ascertain whether any waste disposal service identified in the invoice data as being provided at a service location for a customer is accurate, e.g., by determining whether the service location actually exists, whether the waste stream is present at that location, whether the service provider has contracted or is otherwise authorized to perform the service at that location, whether a specified service item (e.g., container) is actually present at a location, etc. Also, format and data validation may also be performed on the invoice data.
Second, invoice validation processes cost data in invoice data associated with a service provider invoice and attempts to ascertain whether the cost associated with a waste disposal service identified in the invoice data is consistent with contract data for a contract between the service provider and the customer, principally to determine if a customer was incorrectly overcharged for the services rendered. The cost validation may incorporate accessing rate data associated with the service location in the contract and determining whether the cost is accurate, or at least within a specified tolerance, based upon the rate data.
Validation engine 40 also relies on a mapping matrix 48. As shown in
Mapping matrix 48 may also be used to map additional data relied upon by customers and service providers, e.g., billing or charge codes, service types, account numbers, etc. In one embodiment, for example, it is desirable to map both a customer's identification, and the customer's charge code, for a service point with a service provider's identification to facilitate a customer's accounting of service provider charges to the customer's internal accounts.
Mapping matrix 48 therefore enables the CWB system to map the identifiers used by service providers with the identifiers used by customers, such that invoices that reference particular service points can be validated against customer identifiers, and such that customers can have billing information for particular service points provided in a format that is compatible with the customers' systems. As a result, all waste stream activity can be matched and reported in formats that service providers, CWB system operators and customers can easily understand. Among other benefits, this enables a flexible, changeable, multi-level customer driven reporting hierarchy to be implemented so that activity can be reported to customers in whatever format is most desirable for the customer.
Returning to
To process an invoice, validation engine 40 receives an electronic invoice 44 from a service provider, e.g., via email or an electronic invoicing system, constituting a transaction for CWB system 10. In the vent a service provider cannot provide an electronic transaction, system 10 allows for paper invoices to be entered in an electronic format, e.g., via manual entry, scanning, and/or OCR, among others. In the alternative, invoices may be in paper format and scanned or manually entered by a CWB system operator. Validation engine 40 applies one or more rules 42 to the invoice to compare the invoice terms against the contract 46 for the service provider associated with the invoice, with mapping matrix 48 used to map service location identified by the service provider in the invoice with the customer's and operator's service location identifiers.
The validation engine, upon processing an invoice, determines that the invoice is valid or invalid. If invalid, e.g., due to a discrepancy such as an unauthorized service or an incorrect rate, the invalid transaction 54 is passed to a cleanup block 56, which may be automated or manually implemented, to fix the transaction. For example, the service provider may be contacted to revise and resubmit the invoice, or the invoice may be edited by the CWB system operator into a proper format. The revised invoice is then typically returned to the validation engine for reprocessing.
If the invoice is valid, the valid transaction 58 is then summarized in block 60 for accounts payable (AP), and forwarded to a common financial application, e.g., a general ledger or accounts receivable application, such that the invoice can be paid. In addition, the valid transaction 58 is passed to block 64 to apply customer pricing to the transaction for the purposes of invoicing the customer for the invoice. In this regard, the contract 66 between the CWB system operator and the customer is accessed to determine what, if any adjustments need to be made to the invoice prior to invoicing the customer. For example, if the calculated savings on the customer invoice exceed an agreed-upon amount, the customer may be billed a surcharge representing a percentage of the savings that were realized above the agreed-upon amount. Other adjustments, such as charges for performing comprehensive waste billing, adding a standard mark up percentage, etc., may also be performed.
The output of block 64 is a priced transaction, which represents the adjusted invoice. This transaction is forwarded to a common financial application 62, e.g., an accounts receivable application, in order to invoice the customer. In addition, the priced transaction may also be forwarded to a reporting tool 72 to enable various reporting and analysis operations to be performed. These reports may be used to provide supporting details for the invoice amount.
It will be appreciated that invoices may be processed individually, or may be collected and processed together in different embodiments. For example, it is typically desirable to compile priced transactions from multiple service provider invoices and provide a single, composite invoice to the customer. It may also be desirable to compile multiple invoices from the same service provider and process such invoices in a single batch. In addition, through the use of the mapping matrix, customer invoices may be generated with line items that identify appropriate charge codes for the customer. Customer charge codes may be tied to specific service locations, organizations, sub-organizations, locations, sub-locations, or any combination thereof, such that any charges presented by a service provider can be mapped to the appropriate charge codes for the customer. As a result, customer personnel receiving the composite invoice can readily ascertain the origins of the charges and allocate those charges to the appropriate accounts and/or business units. In the alternative, if the composite invoice is in an electronic format, the invoice can be directly imported into the customer's financial system, saving significant time and effort for the customer.
Now turning to
The input customer information also includes equipment information 108, representative of the location and other particulars for each service point for the customer. As noted above, a service point may represent any location whereby a waste disposal service is provided. The granularity of a service point may vary in different embodiments, and may be broken down, for example, into a single container, e.g., a garbage can, a sharps container, a dumpster, etc., and may identify the organization, sub-organization, location and sub-location of the item. For each equipment item 108, characteristic information about the item may be entered, e.g., the frequency of pickup 110, the size of the item 112. and the waste stream 114 with which the equipment is associated.
Likewise, for each service provider, service provider information is input as shown at block 120, including an input of the service locations 122 recognized by the service provider, and a list of service items 124 located at the service locations. For each service item 124, information such as frequency of pickup 126, size 128 and waste stream 130 is also input.
It will be appreciated that additional information may be entered for each customer and/or service provider, including, for example, address and account information, as well as supplemental information regarding routing of invoices and payments, contact information, formatting information for general ledger inputs, etc. In addition, it will be appreciated that information associated with a service provider or customer can be reused for different records, e.g., if the same service provider services multiple customers, or uses a set of known containers with known information (e.g., 3 yard dumpsters), in order to facilitate data entry into CWB system 10.
Data input in blocks 102 and 120 is provided to CWB system 10 and stored in the database thereof. In addition, contracts between the operator and customer, and between the customer and each service provider, are input using a contract setup routine 132, discussed in greater detail below. Once entered, the information may be used to perform several steps associated with analyzing and validating customer invoices, including invoice validation 140, contract validation 142, savings calculation 144, process reporting 146 and tolerance calculation 148. These processes are also described in greater detail below.
In one embodiment consistent with the invention, for example, each customer location may be identified by organization, sub-organization, name, address, city, state and ZIP code. The ability to provide notes may also be supported. For each customer service point, the service point may be associated with an organization, sub-organization, location and sub-location, and may be associated with a particular address, city, state, ZIP code, and name, and may be additionally associated with an abbreviation, a start date and a stop date.
In addition, for each service item identified for a service provider, that service item may be associated with a waste stream and service provider identifier. In addition, the operator can map the service item to an existing service point for a customer. This mapping is then stored in the mapping matrix such that the service point is associated with the customer and service provider. An additional CWB system identifier may also be input if desired.
In one exemplary embodiment, for instance, a CWB system operator, such as a project manager, may perform a customer audit upon processing of a new customer. In doing so, a customer's information would be set up by first entering the service provider information and authorizations for the customer, and optionally, entering any name and address information if not already entered. Then, customer defined codes and combinations may be created to differentiate between a customer's unique items (waste streams, frequencies, service containers, etc), and the authorized waste streams and waste containers may be entered for the customer. Service provider account numbers may also be mapped to specific service containers/locations to the location specified for a customer, and frequencies for pickup of specific service containers at specific locations may be defined.
In addition, as shown in block 156, rate sets may be assigned to locations or service items as per a contract. In addition, different rate sets and costs can be included based on date ranges, with the most recent rate sets taking precedence. Furthermore, as shown in block 158, costs may be assigned to rates or rate sets as per a contract, with rate sets assigned to any position in a hierarchy for an organization. In addition, rates and/or rate sets may be inheritable, e.g., by assigning rates or rate sets to an organization or sub-organization, and defaulting any service points within a particular organization or sub-organization to those rates or rate sets unless overridden for a particular service location.
From the aforementioned information, the contract is specified and added to an overall healthcare organization contract as shown at block 150.
A rate, for example, may be associated with a particular name and abbreviation, and may be activated or deactivated for a particular service point. For example, one exemplary rate might be �NONHAZ PHARM PP�, described as Non-Hazardous Pharma Waste Per Pound. It may be desirable to permit an operator to input, for that rate, a description, a contract type, and one or more rate parameters, constituting one or more rate calculations. A rate calculation, for example, may require entry of a calculation type, notes, one or more variables (e.g., invoice variables, line item variables, manifest variables, batch variables, month variables, savings variables, and may be based upon calculation types such as �add,� �divide,� �has no duplicates,� �is equal to,� �is greater than,� etc., which may be combined using one or more variables and constants to effectively generate a �rule� for the contract. A simple rate might be �$3.00 per pound,� where the rate is $3.00 and the rate calculation is �rate*weight�. A more complex rule for a particular service location might be, for example:
Any number of fields can be specified for a particular rate or rate set, e.g., quantity, weight, constants, contract costs, calculated costs, billed costs, cumulated numbers of calculations, etc.
In the aforementioned exemplary embodiment, setup of a customer's contract may incorporate defining rates and rate calculations (e.g., weight * disposal rate=disposal cost), as well as defining rate sets, e.g., different rates for different geographic zones, or for Large Quantity Generators vs. Small Quantity Generators). Rates may be assigned to rate sets, and service provider contracts created by assigning service providers and rate sets to a service provider's hierarchy nodes, and assigning actual costs to specific items as required. A customer's contract may then be created by assigning authorized service providers, assigning rate sets, assigning rate sets to a customer's hierarchy nodes, and assigning actual costs to specific items.
It will be appreciated that a wide variety of rates, calculations, exceptions, and rules may be implemented to cover practically any billing scenario for a service provider. Implementation of such rules would be well within the abilities of one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the instant disclosure.
Now turning to
If the data is not in a proper format, control passes to block 164 to determine if only minor changes are required. If more than minor changes are required, control passes to block 166 send the data back to the service provider for modification, whereby process 140 awaits the receipt of new data as shown at block 160.
If minor changes are required, block 164 passes control to block 168 to fix the data format, e.g., by prompting an operator to fix the data. Once the data is fixed in block 168, or if the data is determined to be of proper format in block 162, block 170 is next executed to verify the input data, e.g., to determine if the data is of a proper type (e.g., text or numeric), to determine if mandatory fields are present (e.g., totals). Block 172 then determines if the input data is in the correct format. If not, control passes to block 168 to prompt the operator to fix the format.
If the data is in the correct format, control passes to block 174 to process the service location data in the invoice. Specifically, block 174 determines whether the location specified in the invoice actually exists, e.g., by accessing the mapping matrix to determine whether a customer location exists for the specified service provider location. Block 176 then determines whether the waste stream specified in the invoice is serviced at the specified location, block 178 determines whether the service provider is authorized to pick up the specified waste stream at the specified location, and block 180 determines if the service item specified in the invoice (i.e., a container, dumpster, etc.) is present at the specified location. If each of the conditions in blocks 174-180 is met, the invoice is validated for that service location, and control can pass to the contract validation process 142. However, if any of the conditions is not met, control passes from the respective block to block 182 to determine whether the incoming data is accurate, e.g., by manual verification. If not, control passes to block 166 to send the data back to the provider for modification. Otherwise, control passes to block 184 to add any necessary data, and control returns to block 174 to reprocess the service location data in the invoice. In the event any discrepancies are encountered in blocks 174-180, a report or log is generated to show the outstanding discrepancies, which can then be manually reviewed and corrected prior to reprocessing.
It will be appreciated that process 140 as illustrated processes invoices that reference single service locations. In other implementations, an invoice may reference multiple service locations, and as such, a process similar to process 140 may be used to iterate through the data for each service location referenced in an invoice.
Now turning to
Based upon the comparison in block 194, block 196 determines whether the charges are accurate, or within a tolerance established for the contract (discussed in greater detail below). The contract amount, in this determination, may be determined by location, frequency, container type, waste stream, minimum charges specified in the initial contract terms, etc. If the charges are accurate, control passes to the savings calculation process 144. Otherwise, if a discrepancy is noted, control passes to block 198 to contact the service provider for an explanation, or to request a new invoice file. In addition, a discrepancy is logged in the system for later viewing of the error by an operator if desired.
Next, in block 210, the savings between two contracts, also referred to as the realized cost reduction, are determined by comparing each line item for a location with contract data from the selected contracts. As shown in blocks 212-218, for example, block 210 may be implemented by first comparing the line by line charges in each contract in block 212, and determining any one time charges or savings in block 214 (e.g., reduced equipment charges). Other savings may be based upon process changes that are not directly reflected in service provider cost, e.g., improvements in customer efficiency, improvements in labor costs, improvements in fuel costs, improvements in taxes/government fees, etc.
Next, in block 216 the data is stored in a table, and in block 218, an operator may be permitted to run date and/or waste stream queries for specific information in the table. At this point, the results of the queries may also be formatted for inclusion in a report, or the format of a savings report 220, output by process 144, may otherwise be configured by the operator. The savings report reports the relative savings that were or could be achieved between two contracts.
While other formats are contemplated, Table I below, for example, provides an example summary report that might be presented to a customer:
As also illustrated in
Next, the selected report is run in block 234, and output in block 236. Various types of report output formats may be supported, including, for example, a paper report 238, display on a user screen 240, or an electronic report 242. Once generated, the applicable report may be sent to the customer in the appropriate manner for the report output format, as shown in block 244.
For example, one suitable rule might be �if billed cost is greater than or less than the calculated cost by more than $0.05, issue warning.� Another suitable rule might be, �if weight of container is less than a minimum desired weight, issue warning.�
Next, as shown in block 251, the operator selects a tolerance filter. Blocks 252-256, for example, illustrate several exemplary tolerance filters that may be selected. In block 252, for example, the operator may select a tolerance value for the contract, representing the amount of deviation that is allowed for the charged amount. As shown in block 254, the operator may add information about the minimum weights for the containers at particular service locations, e.g., to identify when containers are underutilized. In block 256, an operator may enter information about monthly cumulative weights for the service provider, to identify when a deviation occurs from a customer's typical usage.
Once the tolerance information is entered, the information, rules and the verified invoice data from the invoice validation process 9 (represented in block 258) is passed to block 260 to compare the invoice data line by line with the established tolerance rules. Rules are then verified against the entire invoice file in block 262, for those rules that are not specified to particular invoice items (e.g., overall costs, cumulative weights, etc.) The resulting information is then stored in a reportable table in block 264 and a tolerance report 266 is generated thereby.
Next turning to
As shown in
Once the modifications are in place, post-contract service provider invoices are received by the CWB system in block 280, and as shown in block 282, the invoices are validated and corrected as necessary, in the manner described above. As a result, another potential savings opportunity that may factor into the savings calculation results from identifying a discrepancy between an actual cost and a contracted cost, and correcting the invoice so that only the contracted cost is paid to the service provider. Next, in block 284, the service provider invoices are paid, also in the manner described above.
Next, in block 286, typically at some time period, a realized cost reduction is calculated, representing the actual costs incurred by the customer compared to the baseline cost established above. Then, based upon this realized cost reduction, a customer savings charge is calculated in block 288, e.g., as a percentage of the amount the realized cost reduction exceeds the agreed upon cost reduction. Then, in block 290, the composite invoice is generated for the customer by aggregating the charges from multiple service providers, and the savings charge is included as a line item in the invoice. In addition, it will also typically be desirable to include in the invoice the data regarding the realized cost reduction and/or the calculation of the savings charge, so that the customer can see the savings that were realized compared to the baseline cost.
In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, for example, every month each service provider could send the CWB system a hard copy invoice as well as an e-file with the detailed charges capable of being processed by the CWB system. The e-file may contain all of the invoice information for every location, waste stream and service container that the service provider services for the customer. The file would be processed by the CWB System and initially validated for proper format. If columns were not in the correct format, information was missing, etc., a flag may be thrown to correct any formatting areas in the file. Once errors in format were corrected, the file would be reprocessed and individual lines would be validated. Information such as: account number exists, service container abbreviation exists, account number is tied a specific location for the customer, service container and waste stream provided are valid at customer service point, etc., would be validated. Once all individual line items were valid and approved, the file would be accepted by the system and processed.
Then, once the service provider format and invoice was verified, the costs provided by the service provider would be compared against the contractual amounts added during contract setup on a line by line basis. Each line item would be verified against the appropriate contract terms based on the rate set that is tied to the location and any applicable rates/calculations. The system could either flag any issues as warnings or fail the entire file. If the cost of a 30 yd Open Top was supposed to be $25/ton to dispose along with $130 to haul it away, the cost should be $180 for two tons of refuse to be handled. If the e-file did not show $180, the entire file could be rejected or that specific line could be highlighted for review but not cause the file to fail. A tolerance level may be added during contract setup that is utilized to determine if an e-file line should be highlighted or if it is valid, which is typically done so that rounding errors or other such issues are not marked as a problem. Once all e-file lines were validated against the contract, savings could be determined and special reports could be run.
In addition, once all charges were entered and accepted by the CWB system for a customer, management reports could be run and provided to individuals both within the customer and the CWB system. Files may be created that electronically update the charges with specific general ledger codes detailing who should be charged what.
Savings may be determined by comparing one contract vs. another. A customer's contract information may be validated and added into the CWB system as well as current contractual amounts. Once the e-file is validated it could be used to compare the cost between one contract, service provider or customer vs. another. If the costs are less it is a savings. The savings comparisons could be reported line by line or summarized based on waste streams, locations and time frames.
In addition, special reports or tolerances may be considered as special conditions that are treated similar to rates/rate sets. Calculations can be created or simple line by line comparisons can be shown that will flag any occurrences outside a tolerance predetermined and entered into the system. An example would be all 95 gallon containers for Medical Waste that weigh less than 150 lbs.
Now turning to
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I'm going to give it a shot to see what it is like. I have a feeling it will be mostly fermented out, but I would like a subtle fruit flavor to stay behind. Has anyone ever tried this?
well, I already bought a bunch, so I'm going to do it anyhow.
tell us how it comes out, I'm curious
Primary #1: Oatmeal Stout
Primary #2: APA
Primary #3: Edwort's Apfelwein
Primary #4:
Primary #5:
Secondary #1: empty
Secondary #2: empty
Bottled: Amber Ale, Hefeweizen, Apfelwein
Drinking: hard cider

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Category Archives: Developed countries
The Jomtien Conference in 1990 was a game changer for education
This blog looks back at the start of the EFA movement, from Jomtien, to Dakar, to today. It is the first in a series of blogs taking a retrospective view of the Education for All agenda and its subsequent implementation. Svein … Continue reading
Lessons from Dakar
This blog introduces a new series that will take a retrospective view of the Education for All agenda and its subsequent implementation. As we reach the 500 day countdown until the end of 2015, this series creates a space for … Continue reading
Domestic revenues will need to be mobilised to realise the 2014 GPE pledges
The Global Partnership for Education brought together governments and donors at its Replenishment Conference in Brussels last week. While donors fell short of the $3.5 billion target, governments stepped up to the mark. These governments will now need to work … Continue reading
Aid to education has fallen by 10% since 2010
A new EFA Global Monitoring Report policy paper, Aid reductions threaten education goals shows that aid to education has been on a downward spiral since 2010, putting the achievement of existing and future global education goals at risk. With 250 … Continue reading
We must shelve our hopes for aid to education from Australia
The news that Australia's aid budget will be cut by 10% over the next two years is worrisome for education financing. Ausaid is now closed and development has been merged into its foreign affairs and trade ministries. Combined, these two … Continue reading
Seeking a common global aspiration for education
The Global Education for All Meeting, which took place this week in Muscat, Oman, was the last major international gathering to help shape a post-2015 agenda before next year's World Education Conference in Incheon, Republic of Korea. The meeting aimed … Continue reading
Australia: Rich countries are also failing to ensure that the marginalized can learn
Russell is the eighth teacher to participate in our Teacher Tuesday campaign. He works in a school in Inverell, a New South Wales country town in Australia. Of the 680 students in his school, 125 are Aboriginal. Four of the 30 … Continue reading


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New Release: Pillars of Eternity, a new RPG perfect for fans of Baldur's Gate and Icewind Dale!
Some story
How to play
Character select
Before fight
Nice kick
Retaliate attack
Super combo....
Winners speech
Gato has trouble
Hotaru's good defend
Battle effects
Ninja style
Enter with smoke
Special attack
Young ninja's speech
Flame kick
Bonne Jenet hits the ground
Time to tea!
Flying kick
Kim throws Kevin
Hard hit in balls
Yep, Super Attack time
Kevin is cop
Freeman can fast attack
He can fast kick too.
All players love explosions
Wrestling technique
Tizoc tries fly
Throw & finish him!
Black Karate Master - Khushnood Butt
So fast... like lightning
Spinning kick attack
This attack effect is great
Fight on ring
Second player joins
Nice forest
Title screen.
Main menu.
Character select screen.
After choosing your character, you must select your T.O.P. set.
Here is a brief location of your foe to fight, for example: Here is the Live House, where lives Rock Howard.
Hotaru Futaba attacks Rock Howard.
Hotaru finishes Rock with her special move.
Hotaru launches Rock with a kick and make him enter to T.O.P mode.
After defeating Rock, Hotaru celebrates with Itokatsu the ferret.
Hotaru Futaba wins.
The title screen
Khusnood releasing a fire ball
A spectacular finishing move by Kim Dong Hwan
Kim Dong Hwan versus Gato
Gato throwing Kim Dong Hwan to the ground
Gato versus Kevin
As many other arenas in this game Gato's arena changes as the battle goes on
Hotaru Futaba lands a good kick
A beautiful sunset
Pigeons flying around add to the atmosphere
B. Jenet finishing of Rock Howard
B. Jenet versus Hokutomaru
Hokutomaru releasing his Kyuukyoku Ougi
Kim Jae Hoon sets Hokutomaru on fire
18 hit combo, ouch
Kim and Rock battling it out
More fancy footwork by Kim
Rock Howard about to release his shine knuckle
Rock hits Freeman with a rage run
A well timed raging storm can deal a lot of damage
Freeman wins
Freeman versus Terry Bogard
Terry's arena is an impressive one with plenty of moving obejcts in the background
A well timed elbow
Hotaru landing a hit
Terry charging up a buster wolf
Terry Bogard taking on Grant
A clash of titans
Character select.
A.I. dummy options in practice mode.
Practice mode keeps track of damage dealt.
Visual options. "Normal" focus.
Smoothing filter for "soft" focus.
Match start.
In survival mode, attack enemies and catch the powerups they drop.
Fireballs and magic attacks exist.
Impressive combo sets him aflame.
Bell tower level.
Fighting in the market.
Brawling on the strip.
Time your block perfectly for a "just defense."
Cutscenes appear throughout story mode.
Taking it to the ring.
Hitting ladies - even they're pirates - isn't nice.
Celebration animation.
Victory taunts from the winner.
A game documentation and review project. Information, credits, reviews, screenshots and more covering 145 video game platforms from 1971 to date!
MobyGames™ Copyright © 1999-2015
Blue Flame Labs. All rights reserved.
Terms of Use.
Privacy Policy.
"Reticulating splines."


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Sales figures for new fiction plummeted when the influential host decided to shake up the program's popular item in 2002, ditching new work in order to focus on classics.
But distraught authors, affected by the controversial move, wrote an open letter to the star, saying, "The readers need you. And we, the writers, need` you.
"Book Club members stopped buying new fiction, and this changed the face of American publishing."
It went on to plead with Winfrey to "consider focusing, once again, on contemporary writers in your book club".
The appeal was signed by 158 writers including Pulitzer Prize-winner Jhumpa Lahiri and The Joy Luck Club author Amy Tan.
Winfrey's influence on the book-buying public has proved to be huge--an Oprah's Book Club logo on a book cover boosts sales immeasurably--but she is reluctant to return to plugging new work as it had become "harder and harder to find books on a monthly basis that I feel absolutely compelled to share".
Article Copyright World Entertainment News Network All Rights Reserved.


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question about emAIL
can i get oe for tOshiba satellite pro C650 or is it no longer available and your opinion of microsoft live e-mail
If you're using Vista, the mail program is Windows Mail, which is very much like OE. If you have Windows 7, then you cannot use Windows Mail or OE, but can download Windows Live Mail, which is the closest thing to OE. Some Windows 7 users have gone to Thunderbird or another mail program, but I find Windows Live Mail to be most like OE. It takes some getting used to, and I miss OE, but we have to learn to take the changes for better or worse.
You said MS live email, if you mean Windows Live Mail, I like it. I did not like it at first, but I kept trying because I could not get Windows Mail or OE anymore. When I discovered the "quick access tool bar", I started using it. Now I like it fine. I looked through all the menu tabs and right clicked on what I wanted on the QA Bar then clicked on "Add to QA bar". It is not to different from OE now. I still have a problem with font size which involves rich text or plain. I put that icon on the compose so I can switch when I want to.
I like my email on my desktop so I can access it there rather than on line. I also get my gmail through WLM. I have windows 7 and had to adjust to a lot of things that I did not like, but I stuck with it and have adjusted to the changes.


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If you love an image (whether it's yours or someone else's) and want to make sure others get a chance to see it, you can "feature" it by choosing the "Spotlight" button.
When an image is Spotlighted, it receives enhanced visibility in premium spots throughout the site. Spotlighted images are rotated through these higher-visibility positions to ensure the best opportunity for the images to be seen by JPG users.
If you see a great photo that would make a perfect entry for one of our Shoot Out photo contests but it was uploaded by another user, now you can enter that photo in the contest and, if it wins, you get to share in the contest winnings.
Like a photo editor, if you've got an eye for great work, find it and submit it to a contest. If it wins, since you staked the entry fee, you'll take home part of the prize (the rest, of course, goes to the member who shot the image).
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22 responses
Donald Garrett gave props (15 Nov 2009):
Wonderful shot, Dan!!
Carlo Pagan gave props (15 Nov 2009):
Bella macro!! Prosecco? Bravo.
Dawn Duffield (Deleted) gave props (15 Nov 2009):
Beautiful, Daniele!!!
Christopher J Chalk gave props (15 Nov 2009):
Magical !!!!!!!!!!!
Zerina Phillip gave props (15 Nov 2009):
Amazing effect.
Latrenia Bryant gave props (16 Nov 2009):
Bruce Miller (Deleted) gave props (16 Nov 2009):
fun and pretty
Dhanny P (Deleted) gave props (16 Nov 2009):
superb!!! great effect
Regenia Brabham (Deleted) gave props (16 Nov 2009):
A very cool effect. I bet this would be really cool if you croped it and left out the room on the edges. Then you would have a great abstract.
John Linton gave props (17 Nov 2009):
Don Ho worthy.
Litz Go gave props (17 Nov 2009):
wow! great capture, Daniele!
Linda Houghton gave props (17 Nov 2009):
fantastic comp
Jüri Vissak gave props (17 Nov 2009):
Beautiful composition, colours and clarity! Well done.
Stefania Mela said (17 Nov 2009):
Mette sete! Bella.
Mary Brown gave props (18 Nov 2009):
Love those bubbles! I like Regenia's suggestion. She's such a pro. Let us know if you try it.
eithne mythen gave props (18 Nov 2009):
I like...
♥ Cairenn ♥ said (18 Nov 2009):
Great detail!!
Dunja Kolar gave props (19 Nov 2009):
good photo
Tori Lindo gave props (22 Nov 2009):
I feel like celabrating!
Donna Mullins gave props (22 Dec 2013):
So pretty for the theme!
Cindy Griff said (22 Dec 2013):
Cheers Daniele!
Saroj Swain gave props (24 Dec 2013):
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Visit create.airbnb.com »
Thanks for taking the time to report this user.
Your participation helps keep Airbnb a safe and trusted
community, and it doesn't go unnoticed!
I'm a librarian and a choreographer. My partner is an artist and set designer. We used to live in Brooklyn, but now live in Western Massachusetts. I like art, dance, theater, music, hiking, cooking, and eating.
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Sara and company were a lovely guests. She was great at communicating her plans too. I found it easy to chat with her upon their arrival. The yurt was left respectfully tidy and neat. I would highly recommend her as an AirBnB guest.
Sara was polite and clean, and she arrived on time. We highly recommend her!
Sara was very nice and extremely clean and respectful of the apartment. She was quite and followed all the house rules. I would have her back for sure. She mostly out and about and I never heard her upstairs.
Very nice guest, took good care of the apartment. Definitely recommending to the future hosts. Thank you!!!


text:
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
risk during erotic massageHi Dr Robert,I'm a worried...Recently I have visited an erotic massage salon. Before beginning the massage we took a shower together. The masseuse was naked and washed me, because it was my first time I didn't wash her. She used a different towel...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...Hi F,Your fears are unwarranted. Your HIV-acquisition risk from your rub-and-tug happy-ending massage is nonexistent. HIV testing is not warranted.Donation information for The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation can be found Read more »
HIV/STD risk from body to body massageHi Doctor,I recently visited a massage parlor for a body massage. The masseuse applied oil all over... Read more »
risk, second post- no ans find in my countryi post earlier and i am sorry to keep posting but is just i haven't receive an answer yet and i am... Read more »
Peripheral Neuropathy and HIV/AIDS...narcotics may be considered. Other treatments can include: Topical lidocaine patch called Lidoderm Acupuncture, massage, yoga, hypnosis, and meditation A visit to the podiatrist to discuss how to care for your feet and whatshoes... Read more »
Women, Depression and HIV/AIDS...herbal preparations used for depression that include St. Johns wort should not be taken with some HIV medications. Meditation, massage, yoga, breathing, and relaxation exercises are all alternative therapies that may help you feel better.... Read more »
How to Spot HIV/AIDS Fraud... What Is HIV/AIDS Fraud? Warning Signs of an HIV Fraud Common Sense About Unproven Treatments Questions You Should Ask Take Your Read more »
Women and HIV/AIDS... Table of Contents A Look at the Numbers Is HIV Different for Men and Women? Treatment in HIV+ Women: Efficacy, Side Effects, and Drug Interactions Gynecological Issues Read more »
Connect With Others
Am I Infected
Posted by delhiguy, 3 RepliesI am 30 YO guy. Worried that I may have got infected. I met this friend of mine on 5th of Dec 2010 which was just a causual meeting after 5 years. After having drinks she started touching me and I got aroused and we end up mating. While in act, she... Read more »
freaking out...new relationship with POS man...
Posted by plenty, 7 Replies...i have recently met and fell hard for a young man who is HIV positive. i am negative. we are refraining from anal intercourse and i have not given him oral sex. however, he did give me oral Read more »
Get The Facts
Posted by Anonymous, 2 Replies...http://www.pplm.org/Facts/hsc_fac/hiv.html WHAT IT IS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HOW IT IS Read more »
massage, fingering, rubbing, HIV, STD screen
Posted by mass, 2 Replies...sorry if it is stupid question. i had massage a few days ago. i fingered her and got some amount of fluid though i washed it away shortly. i suspect i left some fluid somewhere Read more »
Resource Centers
Guides for People With HIV


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5 Followers
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total episodes
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Hi there!
Glad to see otaku from CZ here! :D
Thank you for comment. I like your signature too.
Thanks Urzu :)
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text:
Hospitals in OPP AL
News and Links for Hospital Opp Al
Mizell Memorial Hospital: Welcome to Mizell. We are Mizell Memorial Hospital Mizell Memorial Hospital is an acute care hospital and has been a part of the healthcare system in Covington County for over sixty years. [http://www.mizellmh.com/]
Opp, Alabama (AL 36467) profile: population, maps, real ... Work and jobs in Opp: detailed stats about occupations, industries, unemployment, workers, commute. Average climate in Opp, Alabama. Based on data reported by over ... [http://www.city-data.com/city/Opp-Alabama.html]
Individual Hospital Statistics for Alabama The American Hospital Directory provides operational data, financial information, utilization statistics and other benchmarks for acute care hospitals. [http://www.ahd.com/states/hospital_AL.html]
[CaRP] Failed to open file: /var/www/carp/autocache/6a7459130332f4536d32befa3efb4e49
[CaRP] Can't open remote newsfeed.
Funeral Homes in OPP ALABAMA
Hospitals in OPP ALABAMA
Nursing Homes in OPP ALABAMA
Public Schools in OPP ALABAMA
Private Schools in OPP ALABAMA
Colleges in OPP ALABAMA
Nearby CitiesDistance from OPP AL to ANDALUSIA AL: 13.7 miles W
Distance from OPP AL to ELBA AL: 14.3 miles NE
Distance from OPP AL to SAMSON AL: 17.1 miles SE
Distance from OPP AL to FLORALA AL: 19.6 miles S
Distance from OPP AL to ENTERPRISE AL: 23.7 miles E
Distance from OPP AL to GENEVA AL: 28.9 miles SE
Distance from OPP AL to LUVERNE AL: 30.0 miles N
Distance from OPP AL to DALEVILLE AL: 32.1 miles E
Distance from OPP AL to GEORGIANA AL: 37.7 miles NW
Distance from OPP AL to OZARK AL: 38.3 miles E
Copyright © All rights reserved


text:
- March 11: Chrysler Alternator Lawsuit Says Owners Tired of Problems
- March 6: Chrysler Recalls 700,000 Minivans and SUVs To Replace Ignition Switches
- February 28: Fiat Chrysler Recalls 467,000 SUVs To Fix Engine Stall
- February 26: Over 25,000 Chrysler 200 Cars Might Need Transmissions Replaced
- January 31: Over 2.1 Million Cars with Defective Airbags Recalled Again
NHTSA — Electrical System Problems
2005 Chrysler Pacifica (Page 1 of 2)
CarComplaints.com Notes: Engine cradle rot is a serious problem in the 2004-05 Chrysler Pacifica. Chrysler admits they didn't apply enough coating to the vehicle's sub-frame during assembly, but only offered to cover a very small portion of the vehicles they messed up.
So what happens when your engine cradle rots? Well, the engine could fall out for starters. It could also cause problems with the suspension and other components but did I mention THE ENGINE CAN FALL OUT? The worst part is you might not know because there's no way to see the problem without getting under the car.
If you have a 2004-05 Pacifica, make sure to have your mechanic inspect your sub-frame for rust and corrosion.
5.7fairly significant
- Crashes / Fires:
- 0 / 2
- Injuries / Deaths:
- 0 / 0
- Average Mileage:
- 15,360 miles
About These NHTSA Complaints:
This data is from the NHTSA — the US gov't agency tasked with vehicle safety. Complaints are spread across multiple & redundant categories, & are not organized by problem.
So how do you find out what problems are occurring? For this NHTSA complaint data, the only way is to read through the comments below. Any duplicates or errors? It's not us.
electrical problem


text:
Jeff Grosso's Love Letters to Skateboarding
02.16.2011 //
Part 2 of the Monty grind
Part 2 of the Monty grind
Emerica has Justin Figueroa's B-Sides from Stay Gold playing online now. You can watch them here.
Slash gives an unbiased review of his Fallen pro-model with a Lizard King guest star.
Congrats to Charlie Thomas for winning Damn Am's TM of the Year award.
1031 has a new commercial featuring their rider Fritz Mead
Here's a sneak peek at some of the gnarly bangers that will go down in the full video.
Kevin Coakley, Jon Nguyen, Marty Murawski and Paul Shier went on an adventure to see our friends out in Ohio
Much of the country turns its attention to basketball with "March Madness" kicks off today. DC decided it was the perfect time to dig into our video archive and pull out one of our best videos – the DC Hoops video featuring some of our best pro skateboarders.
Check out this video with the Adidas Int'l team with a clip of Dennis Busenitz.
Ali's getting out of jail this week and Flip posted some of his footage to celebrate.
New tour video from Birdhouse's 2010 Euro trip. They also have a brand new logo up, and a new site in the works.
Check out this new Elissa Steamer video part.


text:
Very nice rainbow! Great picture! Beautiful!
Greetings cbjo
Please visit My Contest
Fantastic picture!. Very well done!
Thank you very much cbjo and oronbb for the nice comments and for the visit!
Greetings from Norway, Asbjørn
This picture is amazing! I´ve never seen such a kind of natural wonder, before.
Thanks for the visit and for the comment ts_Huehnchen! I agree with you, this was really an amazing rainbow!
Greetings from Norway, Asbjørn
Thanks a lot Zoli!
Kind regards from Norway, Asbjørn
ALLAH herşeye kadirdir.resimdeki olguyu insanoğlu yapamaz.
thanks for your foto, fantastic. marco
Thanks for nice comments!
Great photo!
Thanks for the comment and the visit Ladislav!
Regards, Asbjørn
Amazing shot!!! Greetings from Poland, Paweł
Thank you Paweł! It was an amazing sight too!
Greetings from Norway, Asbjørn
Amazing shot!! YS.
Thanks a lot maija1994 for the comment, the visit and the YS!
Something fantastic! YS, Olga
Thanks for the compliment and for the YS Olga!
Y Wow beautiful. And the pictures perfectly set together. Angela
Thank you very much for the nice compliment Angela! .. it was a very special sight too!
Photo taken in Surnadal, Norway


text: Share: Mashed Potato Recipes Looking for mashed potato recipes? Find delicious mashed potato recipes including garlic mashed potatoes, creamy mashed potatoes, mashed potato cakes and more mashed potato recipes. Recipe Spotlight Parmesan-Rosemary Mashed Potatoes I think mashed potatoes are a little bland—so I came up with my own version, adding cheese, garlic and rosemary. — Dawn Miller, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania View Parmesan-Rosemary Mashed Potatoes Recipe Sign up for Our Recipeof the Day Newsletter New recipes and fan favorites delivering daily inspiration! SIGN UP More Mashed Potato Recipes Sort: Highest Rated Alphabetical Contest Winning Newest < prev | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ... | next > Creamy Make-Ahead Mashed Potatoes Creamy Make-Ahead Mashed Potatoes Creamy mashed potatoes get even better when topped with a savory trio of cheese, onions and bacon. Plus, these potatoes offer make-ahead appeal. —JoAnn Koerkenmeier, Damiansville, Illinois View Recipe Garlic Mashed Red Potatoes Garlic Mashed Red Potatoes These creamy garlic mashed potatoes are so good, you can serve them plain—no butter or gravy is needed. This is the only way we prepare mashed potatoes. —Valerie Mitchell, Olathe, Kansas View Recipe Double-Baked Mashed Potatoes Double-Baked Mashed Potatoes Dress up an all-time favorite comfort food with savory fixings. This is an easy recipe that delivers big flavor. Better still, you can effortlessly double or triple it for a crowd. —Anna Mayer, Fort Branch, Indiana View Recipe Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Party Potatoes Party Potatoes These creamy tasty potatoes can be made the day before and stored in the refrigerator until you're ready to pop them in the oven (I often do that). The garlic powder and chives add zip, and the shredded cheese adds color. —Sharon Mensing, Greenfield, Iowa View Recipe Chicken Portobello with Mashed Red Potatoes Chicken Portobello with Mashed Red Potatoes Try this family-friendly chicken and mashed potato dish any night of the week. The comforting sauce pairs perfectly with both the chicken and creamy mashed potatoes. —Taste of Home Test Kitchen View Recipe Make-Ahead Potatoes Make-Ahead Potatoes There's no need to slave away making mashed potatoes at the last minute, not when this creamy, comforting potato side dish is so handy to prepare well in advance. Plus, it's an easy dish for people to serve themselves and it looks so appealing on a buffet. -Margaret Twitched, Danbury, Iowa View Recipe Texas Garlic Mashed Potatoes Texas Garlic Mashed Potatoes These creamy mashed potatoes get their flavor burst from garlic and caramelized onions. They're great with any meal. —Richard Markle, Midlothian, Texas View Recipe Pierogi Pasta Shells Pierogi Pasta Shells My family loves perogies, so I decided to create my own version. I took these to a Christmas party and they won rave reviews. When we left the party, I took home an empty pan—not a crumb to be found. —Kim Wallace, Dover, Ohio View Recipe Loaded Red Potato Casserole Loaded Red Potato Casserole "This potato casserole has the same flavor of the potato skins you can order as a restaurant appetizer," shares Charlane Gathy of Lexington, Kentucky. "It's an ideal dish for tailgating and potlucks." View Recipe Cheesy Mashed Potatoes Cheesy Mashed Potatoes Everyone who has tasted these creamy, cheesy potatoes asks how to make them. Since this comforting casserole bakes at the same temperature as my chicken bundles, I get it started in the oven and pop in the entree a little later. -Brad Moritz, Limerick, Pennsylvania View Recipe Sunday Dinner Mashed Potatoes Sunday Dinner Mashed Potatoes Sour cream and cream cheese add delicious dairy flavors to these potatoes. They're special enough to serve guests and can be prepared in advance. Since I'm a busy mother, that's a convenience I appreciate.—Melody Mellinger, Myerstown, Pennsylvania View Recipe < prev | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ... | next > Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT


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4 ways to lower and maintain soil pH
Why is our PH is so high despite the level of sulfur?
I am not a chemist however I have now been dealing with issues (native soil pH 8.4) for 2 seasons in the Mojave Desert. I have spent a lot of time trying to figure out the chemistry involved and it is quite complex since micro-organisms, irrigation water, and soil composition all factor into the final equation.
As you may be aware, elemental sulfur only modifies the pH of soil after it is oxidized by soil bacteria and converted to sulfuric acid. Secondly, the sulfur eating bacteria will only flourish if the right environmental conditions are met; Moisture, heat, and oxygen. If no oxygen is present, elemental sulfur may be digested by anaerobic bacteria producing toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. Its my understanding that elemental sulfur is unavailable to the plants as a nutrient and must be in a different form in order to be utilized by the plant. Conversely there may be forms of sulfur that cannot be utilized by soil bacteria.
If so, what can we do besides adding more sulfur to even out the PH a bit?
I don't believe that there is any likely hood that you will damage plants from excess sulfur fertilization. Its virtually unheard of.
I have used four different products to lower my soil pH.
Elemental Sulfur
The most commonly available elemental sulfur preparations with 10% bentonite clay, break down very slowly in the soil, may take years to be effective, and if the right conditions are not present, could be useless or detrimental. If properly utilized, elemental sulfur can be a powerful tool in maintaining a lowered pH over a long period of time but provides no immediate benefit.
Ammonium Sulfate
Fertilizing with ammonium sulfate will lower pH over time since sulfuric acid is formed during the break down of this chemical. This will not meet your immediate concerns.
Aluminum Sulfate
Another product that is commonly used is aluminum sulfate. Flower growers use it to lower soil pH around hydrangeas thereby turning them blue. You can think of this product as acid in powder form. When it contacts water it forms sulfuric acid (which you want), and aluminum (which you don't want). Excessive use of this product may cause aluminum toxicity.
Sulfuric Acid
The fourth, most effective, immediate way to lower soil pH is to add liquid sulfuric acid . The good part is that you will instantly change the pH of your soil.. The bad part is that this stuff is highly corrosive so you must take safety precautions very seriously. Contact will cause severe burns to your body. Read precautions on the bottle carefully.
I apply it prior to planting. In high concentrations it will sterilize the growing medium and kill vegetation that it comes in contact with. First, I dilute the product before application then later I thoroughly drench my planting beds with tap water to disperse the acid throughout my beds. After application you may consider tilling the soil and adding compost to recolonize the soil food web. I have planted within 24 hours of application with good results.
Concentrated sulfuric acid is found in the janitorial section of many national home improvement stores such as Lowe's and marketed as sulfuric acid "Drain Opener". It will be in a plastic bottle with a sealed clear plastic bag fully enclosing the bottle.
So there you have it, four very different products for acidifying your soil, each with its own unique pros and cons. And remember, its best to modify the soil pH in increments rechecking your results repeatedly, rather than over-correcting.
I welcome any corrections or discussion since I am always endeavoring to increase my understanding of soil chemistry and the soil food web.
I was under the impression that sulfur inhibits the growth of fungi. Since at least 90% of plants form mycorrhizal relationships, it seems that the use of sulfur would be a very bad thing.
I'm a little curious to know how soil can naturally have low pH. I know that rainwater can play a part. I also know that organic acids, the end-product of the decay of organic matter, can play a large part. Other than those two sources of acidity, how else does soil achieve the neutral or slightly acid state? What does Calcium and Magnesium bind to in order to reach a neutral pH.
I suppose the composition of the soil itself has a lot to do with its natural-state pH. Clay soils, because they are the end result of chemical weathering (as opposed to sand and slit, which come from mechanical weathering), is naturally disposed to being alkaline.
I am using elemental sulfur, 90% sulfur/10% clay, to lower soil pH, in our blueberry beds. It works well, taking about 6 months for an application to become effective. However, our soil conditions are different from the Mojave, I suspect. Our soil is fairly high in clay, with a pH around 7.6, but it also contains considerable organic content, decomposed leaves and grasses. I am adding compost to our soil when planting blueberry shrubs, and I am also mulching shrubs with shredded tree leaves, to help retain soil moisture. So there is a big dose of vegetable fiber being added to the soil, in addition to sulfur. I fertilize in the spring, each shrub gets a tablespoon of Miracle-Gro-acidic formula, dissolved in 4 gallons of water, in April and again in May. I know the pH is falling, from testing. Last year our blueberry shrubs had soil pH around 6.5, and this year, the pH range is 3.8 to 4.5, as tested. So it is clear that we have the correct bacteria for metabolizing elemental sulfur. I don't know to what extent mycorrhizal fungi are present. The shrubs are healthy and productive, so I suspect that we have fungi as well, but I haven't figured out how to test for that yet. With regard to native soil pH, we have lots of limestone here, as well as clay soil. To my knowledge, this is left over from the time when most of North America was covered by seawater. In northern Wisconsin, there are some soils with lower pH, caused by the accumulation of evergreen leaves on the forest floor, over thousands of years. I would think that volcanic ash deposits help lower soil pH, but the presence of decomposed vegetation seems to be a factor as well. The Pacific Northwest has both volcanic ash, and decomposed evergreen tree leaves.
Good points by both the OP and posters. In response to idaho gardener - besides the factors you stated, high rainfall can also cause low pH by washing out basic cations like Ca,K and Mg as their hydroxides.
Just wanted to add a couple things:
Ammonium sulfate has a one-two punch. Apart from hydrolyzing to sulfuric acid, the ammonia is oxidized to nitric acid by bacteria. Other ammonium salts, and ammonia itself, work in similar ways.
I think cost is the most important reason why liquid acids are rarely used, except in hydroponics.
Soil pH is a measure of how many, or how few, free Hydrogen Ions are floating around in the soil. A soil will be acidic if there are a lot of those free H Ions while an alkaline soil will have very free H Ions.
Perhaps this from Clemson Ubiversity can help.
Here is a link that might be useful: About Alkaline soils
I'm a little curious to know how soil can naturally have low pH. I know that rainwater can play a part. I also know that organic acids, the end-product of the decay of organic matter, can play a large part. Other than those two sources of acidity, how else does soil achieve the neutral or slightly acid state?
The parent material of the soil is the primary source of soil pH. Soils are made up of ground up rocks, created over the eons by erosion, wind and rain. And the chemistry of the rocks natural to various areas will give rise to a similar soil pH - basic or calcareous rocks (eg. limestone, basalt) will result in alkaline soil; acidic rocks (eg. granite, rhyolite) will generate an acidic soil.
Rainfall plays another major role. Rain and snowfall in unpolluted areas tends to have a moderately acidic pH of around 5.5. Pollution can lower that significantly ("acid rain"). In high rainfall areas (more than 30" per year), the passing of rainfall through the parent material leaches out basic cations like calcium, magnesium and phosphorus which are replaced by acidic cations like aluminum and hydrogen. For this reason, high rainfall areas tend to have acidic soils - low rainfall or arid areas tend to have more alkaline soils.
Clay can be either alkaline, neutral or acidic. Chemical weathering - as described above - can create acidic conditions just as easily as not.
Decomposing organic matter has the least amount of impact on a soil's pH - most likely because it has such a transitory existence. Conifers or needled evergreens do not make a soil acidic - the trees grow there in the first place because they prefer the acidic conditions that naturally exist. The decomposition of the needles - or any other OM - over time will release a small amount of carbonic acid but that only adds to the existing conditions. It doesn't create them. By far the two biggest players will be the underlying parent material and the amount of rainfall that area receives. That is why it is difficult to make any significant and permanent changes to a soil's natural or stasis pH - you cannot easily alter the parent material nor can you change the amount of rainfall.
dirtydan, have you had a soil test done to determine why your pH is so high? Where are you in the Mojave? What are you trying to grow that is having trouble?
As gardengal says, it is the parent material that sets up the pH. My soil is limestone rubble. The pH runs about 8. I supplement that with silicon sand as a topsoil. My lawn seems to generate small amounts of acidity but that is easily washed away in heavy rains. When that happens the iron binds with the calcium and my lawn turns bright yellow-green.
Pollution can contribute nitric acid as well as sulfuric acid depending on where you are. Nitric acid comes from high traffic areas where there are a lot of cars burning nitrogen along with oxygen in the air. Sulfuric acid comes from places where there are a lot of coal fired heat.
Also I don't see those as four different materials. They are all sulfur. Some may do other things but the active ingredient is sulfur. And I have not heard anything good about sulfur or sulfates and soil fungi.
Thanks to everyone for the interesting responses.
dirtydan, have you had a soil test done to determine why your pH is so high?
Unfortunately there is no one in this area that will do a soil test for less than $70 per sample. I recently found a link to University of Mass Amherst that offers soil tests for $13 so I am planning to send them some samples. http://www.umass.edu/plsoils/soiltest/soilbrochure2009.pdf
I use home test kits for nutrient and pH. I also have a Hanna pH meter that comes in handy for quick tests.
I don't know my native soil composition. Its pretty bad though. It could be described as dense gray clay with some occasional small pockets of white material. When dry, its is normally cracked and coated with a layer of frosty looking crystals that taste like salt. The salty crystals grow up the side of masonry, concrete and stucco walls. When wet, it turns to a slippery slime that will coat the bottom of your boots with a couple pounds of thick clay. It has no vegetative matter whatsoever.
I have been prepping my raised beds with compost, sand, clay, fertilizer and various sulfur products to lower pH.
Where are you in the Mojave?
I am located in the city of Lancaster, CA. This is the high desert north of Los Angeles at about 2,400 ft elevation. We only get about 5 inches of rain per year, most of it is in February. In fact we will probably not see any significant rain here until next fall or winter. The arid conditions are one of the reasons for the high soil pH and lack of organic mater, also the fact that we are almost entirely dependent on alkaline municipal water for irrigation.
What are you trying to grow that is having trouble?
When I first moved here I put tomatoes, squash, cucumber, melon, and several others in the unamended native soil. They were all killed or stunted from the salt or nutrient deficiencies. Iron chlorosis and micronutrient deficiencies were evident in the plants that didn't die immediately. The only exception were some tomatoes that I managed to save by side dressing with aluminum sulfate and a highly acidified nutrient solution, they remained quite stunted however and suffered from BER.
Since I have built raised beds and worked the soil, I have a productive garden and only seem to have problems with cucurbits in beds that have been freshly sulfured, and typical aphid and leaf miner infestations.
There are two main reasons as to why sulfur is the preferred material for acidifying soil.
1. Economics
Sulfur is one of the most plentiful and inexpensive elements on earth, said to comprise 2% of the mass of the earth. Sulfur is a byproduct of oil and gas refining and there is a massive oversupply of the material, especially in Canada where its is extracted from oil sands during refining.
- High concentrations are not toxic to vegetables.
Cucurbits being the exception. Avoid sulfur contact with the leaf surface of cucurbits.
Other possible acidifying agents (some impractical):
ammonium nitrate
liquid nitrogen
diammonium phosphate
acetic acid
hydrochloric acid HCl (also called muriatic acid)
phosphoric acid
Elemental sulfur has been used for centuries as a fungicide and miticide. I don't know if, or to what extent, it affects beneficial soil fungi. I suppose that a reduction in soil fungi is OK as long as our vegetables are not negatively impacted, and there is no damage to the environment. Once the sulfur it oxidized by soil bacteria I would speculate that soil fungi will return to pre-application population size.
Hey, dirtydan
You can get soil tests cheaper than that in your area. It just depends on how much information you want. You should try
Top Choices:
Perry Labs in Watsonville.
Soil and Plant Laboratory in Anaheim.
Good choice:
A&L Wetern in Modesto.
Last resort
Wallace Laboratories in El Segundo.
By looking at what you get on the UMass website I'd bet dollars to donuts that they're running a Meilich 3 extraction, which yields very unreliable results when run on alkaline soils. The above labs all use other extraction techniques that work a lot better for your alkaline soil.
I've done a bunch of work out in Lancaster and what you said here:
"It could be described as dense gray clay with some occasional small pockets of white material. When dry, its is normally cracked and coated with a layer of frosty looking crystals that taste like salt. The salty crystals grow up the side of masonry, concrete and stucco walls. When wet, it turns to a slippery slime that will coat the bottom of your boots with a couple pounds of thick clay."
sounds about right for Lancaster. ;)
I would bet you'll find high salinity and a sodium hazard (either ESP or SAR, depending on which lab you choose).
Sodic soil conditions can also bump your pH way up. That's on top of your already alkaline conditions. But, from what I know of the area and your description, I'm gonna say the pH will likely be the last thing you'll need to worry about.
Kimmsr, I couldn't agree more, in fact I am in the process of building my eleventh raised bed this week and I am experimenting with different soil compositions in each bed.
Gargwarb, thanks for the links to CA soil testing companies.
I agree 100%; The native soil here is a salt hazard. Fortunately I am using raised beds that can be leached by flooding for a few hours. Its an ongoing battle but I think I have the salt problem under control for now. Here are a few pictures from last year before I built raised beds, and pics from today. Care for a little salt with those vegetables?
I actually saved this little squash by digging it up and placing in a raised bed. It turned out to be a huge producer.
Here are pics taken today, a year later


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It is. It is. I love IT. Where are you, or where have you been, so far?
(It's still and always has been one of the destinations I am considering to finally settle and reside, one day. ;)
I was in Sassuolo, Modena & Parma. I am back in the UK now. It was just a 3 day trip.
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Regular Article
Large eddy simulation of interacting barchan dunes in a steady, unidirectional flow
Article first published online: 10 OCT 2013
DOI: 10.1002/jgrf.20149
©2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
Volume 118, Issue 4, pages 2089–2104, December 2013
Additional Information
How to Cite
2013), Large eddy simulation of interacting barchan dunes in a steady, unidirectional flow, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 118, 2089–2104, doi:10.1002/jgrf.20149., , , and (
Publication History
- Issue published online: 17 JAN 2014
- Article first published online: 10 OCT 2013
- Accepted manuscript online: 30 SEP 2013 09:16AM EST
- Manuscript Accepted: 17 SEP 2013
- Manuscript Revised: 7 SEP 2013
- Manuscript Received: 4 APR 2013
- Abstract
- Article
- References
- Cited By
- geophysical and geological flows;
- barchan dunes;
- turbulence simulation;
- large eddy simulation
[1] Barchan dunes are bed forms found in many sedimentary environments with a limited supply of sediment, and may occur in isolation or in more complex dune fields. Barchans have a crescentic planform morphology with horns elongated in the downflow direction. To study flow over barchan dunes, we performed large eddy simulations in a channel with different interdune spacings at a flow Reynolds number, Re∞≃26,000 (based on the free stream velocity and channel height). The largest interdune spacing (2.38λ, where λ is the wavelength of the barchan dune) presents similar characteristics to a solitary dune in isolation, indicating that, at this distance, the sheltering effect of the upstream dune is rather weak. Barchan dunes induce two counterrotating streamwise vortices, one along each of the horns, which direct high-momentum fluid toward the symmetry plane and low-momentum fluid near the bed away from the centerline. The flow close to the centerline plane separates at the crest, but away from the centerline plane, and along the horns, flow separation occurs intermittently. The flow in the separation bubble is directed toward the horns and leaves the dune at its tips. The internal boundary layer developing on the bed downstream of the reattachment region develops similarly for various interdune spacings; the development slows down 14.5 dune heights downstream. The turbulent kinetic energy budgets show the importance of pressure transport and mean flow advection in transferring energy from the overlying wake layer to the internal boundary layer over the stoss side. For closely spaced dunes, the bed shear stress is 30% larger than at the largest spacing, and instantaneous coherent high- and low-speed streaks are shorter but stronger. Coherent eddies in the separated shear layer are generated more frequently for smaller interdune spacing, where they move farther away from the bed, toward the free surface, and remain located between the horns.


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Category archives for Organisms
They absolutely refuse to touch themselves.
I found this picture on a site called "Wedding Flowers", which is kind of interesting, since 30% of yellow evening primroses reproduce asexually. I think that means it's the best wedding flower for marriages in which the partners intend to clone themselves.
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