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PLANNING YOUR FUNERAL Background Information Funeral Planning and Memorial Society of Manitoba December 8, 2010 In America, death is treated as an unexpected emergency. Instead of the last rites, we deal with the last crisis. It's no wonder funerals often seem awkward and painful. We are not prepared. The problem is that we are reluctant to talk about death. -Robert Fulghum, From Beginning to End: The Rituals of Our Lives (1995). Making our end-of-life decisions may be less fearful to face if we understand what happens to the body after death, and demystify the funeral options. -Lisa Carlson, Caring for the Dead: Your Final Act of Love (1998). January 2008 2 Contents Part 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 5 Four essential documents ........................................................................................................... 6 When should a lawyer be consulted? ......................................................................................... 6 Copyright ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Starting Out: Six Questions ............................................................................................................. 7 #1: Do You Want to Donate Your Body? .................................................................................... 7 #2: Do You Prefer Cremation or Earth Burial? ............................................................................ 7 #3: Do You Want a Service? ........................................................................................................ 7 #4: What Type of Funeral Do You Want? ................................................................................... 7 #5: If You Choose to Bury Your Body or Ashes, Where is it to Be? ............................................ 8 #6: Do You Have a Funeral Budget? ........................................................................................... 8 "Death Care" Vocabulary ................................................................................................................ 8 Some Definitions ......................................................................................................................... 8 Words Relating to Cremation ..................................................................................................... 9 Words Relating to "Earth Burial" ................................................................................................ 9 Part 2: The American Way of Death ............................................................................................. 10 Before the 20th Century: Home Funerals .................................................................................. 10 During the 20th Century: from "Home Funerals" to "Funeral Homes"..................................... 10 . Do Consumers Know What They Want? .................................................................................. 10 Choosing a Funeral Director or Funeral Home ......................................................................... 11 Part 3: The Funeral Business in Winnipeg .................................................................................... 13 "The Cost of Dying in Winnipeg" .............................................................................................. 13 Manitoba's Funeral Homes ....................................................................................................... 13 Winnipeg's Funeral Homes: ...................................................................................................... 14 A Voluntary Association of Funeral Directors ........................................................................... 16 Do It Yourself: A Funeral without A Funeral Director ............................................................... 16 Procedure .................................................................................................................................. 17 . Body Removal (or "Transfer") Services .................................................................................... 17 Part 4 The Three Ways to Dispose of Your Body .......................................................................... 18 1. Donation for Anatomical Studies or Transplant ................................................................... 18 2. Cremation ............................................................................................................................. 19 3. Earth Burial: Three Choices ................................................................................................... 21 Cemeteries ................................................................................................................................ 23 Mausoleums: a 4th way to dispose of your body! .................................................................... 23 . Part 5 Funeral Services and Memorial Services ............................................................................ 24 Part 6: The Costs ........................................................................................................................... 26 The Four Types of Costs ............................................................................................................ 26 Cost #1: The services of a funeral home ................................................................................... 26 Cremation: three choices .......................................................................................................... 26 Funeral Homes: prices for the simplest service they provide .................................................. 27 Cost #2: various items – depending on the type of funeral ..................................................... 27 Cost #3: a grave for the body or ashes ..................................................................................... 28 3 Cost #4: a memorial for the grave ............................................................................................ 29 How Are Funerals Paid For? ...................................................................................................... 29 Should You Pre‐pay? ................................................................................................................. 30 Consumer Tips from Books and Articles ................................................................................... 34 . Index ............................................................................................................................................. 36 Application for Membership ......................................................................................................... 39 4 Part 1 Introduction The Funeral Planning and Memorial Society of Manitoba (FPMS) is a non-profit, non-denominational organization which aims to provide its members with end-of- life information to assist them in making informed decisions for their final arrangements. We encourage members to pre-plan (but not pre-purchase) their choice of arrangements, to put these plans on paper and to share this information with family members or the person(s) most likely to carry out their wishes upon death. In addition, FPMS will store your Funeral Plan for future reference, providing the following conditions have been met: • your plan is complete and recorded on the FPMS My Funeral Plan form included in the end-of-life documents tab on this website; • your plan has been reviewed by a member of FPMS • you have considered alternative arrangements for storing your Funeral Plan. This website is the result of information gathered by members of FPMS. It outlines the many options available to you when determining your final arrangements. Included in the end-of-life documents is a printable form, at www.funeralsocietymb.org/End of Life Documents.html. You can complete this form so your family will have a record of your final wishes. Our main message: Include anything you want in your final plan. But, for your plan to be effective, you must complete and share it. One of the services FPMS provides is to offer a power point presentation to small groups on the subject of funeral planning. This has been well received but in so doing we have found that there is a lack of knowledge and understanding about the funeral industry in Manitoba. Occasionally the Free Press and Winnipeg Sun publish features on the subject but there is much more work to be done. FPMS is also in regular contact with the Funeral Board of Manitoba. In Manitoba, funeral directors and embalmers are licensed and regulated by this board, which operates under The Funeral Directors and Embalmers Act (2008). The website for The Funeral Board can be found at www.gov.mb.ca/funeraldirectorsboard/.. Lists of licensed funeral directors, licensed funeral homes, The Funeral Directors and Embalmers Act, the Annual Report, Code of Ethics and consumer complaints can all be accessed from this website. 5 The Public Utilities Board (PUB) of Manitoba also has regulatory powers over the funeral industry in Manitoba. The authority to regulate and license owners and agents of any cemetery, columbarium, crematory or mausoleum is given to the PUB under the Cemeteries Act (1999). A funeral director who accepts prepayment for a funeral must comply with The Prearranged Funeral Service Act (1988). To view these acts, go to the PUB website at www.pub.gov.mb.ca. Simplicity and dignity go well together. Familiarize yourself with what is required by law and what is optional, i.e., your choice. We encourage you to make your decisions while you are of sound mind and then to share your plan with your family, next of kin or a close friend who will take responsibility for carrying out your chosen plan. Four essential documents Everyone – especially senior citizens – should have the following documents: 1. A funeral plan that indicates what you want to happen when you die. 2. A power of attorney, to appoint someone to look after your financial affairs if you can't. 3. A health care directive (living will) to appoint someone to make your health care decisions if you can't. 4. A will, to dispose of your property after you die. When should a lawyer be consulted? We recommend consulting a lawyer specializing in Estate Planning concerning a power of attorney and a will. Few lawyers have any expertise in the other two documents, and most of us can do them on our own. 6 Copyright Copying and distributing this document for a non-profit purpose is invited and encouraged. For information on copying for any other purpose, contact the Funeral Planning and Memorial Society of Manitoba at 613 St. Mary's Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R2M 3L8. You can also leave a message (204) 452-7999..or email us at firstname.lastname@example.com. Starting Out: Six Questions A funeral plan requires answers to at least the following questions. #1: Do You Want to Donate Your Body? You might wish to donate your entire body for medical education (also referred to as "anatomical studies") or scientific research, or part of your body for transplant. But even if you wish to donate your entire body, it might be refused — for any number of reasons. So you must have a back-up plan, starting with the following choice. #2: Do You Prefer Cremation or Earth Burial? How do you want your body disposed of? Your choices are cremation or earth burial. #3: Do You Want a Service? Do you want a funeral service (with your body present) or a memorial service (your body is not present)? If so, where do you want the service held – and what do you want to happen at the service? #4: What Type of Funeral Do You Want? The answers to #2 & #3 will direct you to one of the following SIX basic types of funeral: Cremation 1. Immediate cremation with no memorial service. 2. Immediate cremation, followed by a memorial service – on the same day, or later. 3. A funeral service with your body present in a casket, followed by cremation. Earth Burial (of your entire body) 4. Immediate earth burial with a graveside service. 7 5. Immediate earth burial, followed by a memorial service – on the same day, or later. 6. A "traditional" funeral service – with your embalmed body present in a casket, whether open or closed – followed by earth burial. #5: If You Choose to Bury Your Body or Ashes, Where is it to Be? And what kind of memorial (marker or tombstone) do you want on your grave? #6: Do You Have a Funeral Budget? How much can you afford to spend — or how much are you willing to spend — on your funeral? The estimated average cost of a funeral is $5,000 to $10,000 – including a grave and marker. "Death Care" Vocabulary The words in each of the following groups mean much the same thing. ashes, remains, cremated remains, cremains (a contraction of "cremated remains"). coffin: an octagonal (eight sided) shape; casket: a rectangular (four sided) shape. dig up and fill in, open and close; opening and closing. "Open and close" applies to niches too. funeral industry, death care industry, funeral business, the dismal trade (old English). funeral parlour, mortuary, funeral home, funeral chapel. grave, lot (one grave), plot (two or more graves). remove a body (from the place of death), transport a body, body removal, transfer. traditional funeral, complete interment service, full service funeral (includes embalming, casket, viewing, earth burial). undertaker, mortician, funeral practitioner, funeral director. Some Definitions at need, pre-need: when you call a funeral home, you are either "at need" (someone has just died) or "pre-need" (you are planning someone's funeral – perhaps your own - but the person has not died). 8 body-snatching once referred to digging up a corpse, but it now refers to a funeral home picking up a corpse without authorization – such as after receiving a telephone inquiry for a price quotation. decomposition: the process by which a corpse turns to dust. "Ashes to ashes, dust to dust" is often quoted from The Bible: Genesis 3:19 and Ecclesiastes 3:19-20. Words Relating to Cremation cremation: the reduction of body mass by the use of intense heat, leaving only mineral residue. crematory, crematorium. There are three plural forms: crematoria, crematoriums, crematories. columbarium: a building, room or wall with compartments (niches) in which to store urns. inurn/inurnment: burying an urn in the ground, or placing an urn in a niche in a columbarium. minimum container/alternative container: the "minimum" varies from funeral home to funeral home. It is sometimes a plywood casket, a cardboard container, or a so-called "dignity box". Words Relating to "Earth Burial" earth burial: this term refers to burying the whole body (though of course cremains can be buried) embalming: injecting a corpse with chemicals to temporarily delay decay and to give the appearance of a life-like condition, usually for the purpose of viewing. viewing: the body is in an open casket; visitation or prayers: the body is in a closed casket. 9 Part 2: The American Way of Death Before the 20th Century: Home Funerals Before funerals became a business, the family and friends of a deceased person did everything required to dispose of the body, including washing and preparing the body for burial, constructing a casket, arranging a wake, and digging the grave. Heather Robertson, Grass Roots (1973) – referring to Winkler, Manitoba: Before 1949 [when a funeral home opened in town] the dead were simply planted in the front garden, close to the road so the headstones would be visible to passersby. The body was washed by the local women, stitched into a white cotton shroud, and laid out for a day or two in the parlour. Caskets were made by the village cabinet maker. Funeral invitations were circulated like chain letters: the first name on the list delivered it to the second, the second to the third, and so on. During the 20th Century: from "Home Funerals" to "Funeral Homes" What funeral homes now call a "traditional" funeral is based on the 20th century "traditions" of the funeral industry. Funeral homes can of course provide a valuable service, but some critics argue that a family's involvement is too often reduced to following a funeral director's directions and paying the bill. The critics suggest that a family's participation in arranging and conducting a funeral helps them to grieve. The prime example of a funeral home "tradition" is embalming. It began in modern times during the U.S. Civil War (1861-1865), and has been promoted by the industry as a necessary part of grieving and "closure". Critics argue for less emphasis on the body of the deceased, and more emphasis on celebrating his or her life. Do Consumers Know What They Want? It is said that a funeral is the third or fourth most expensive thing most people will buy in this life, after a house and a car, and maybe a wedding – and divorce. The average person is involved in arranging at least two or three funerals in a lifetime. Funeral directors like to say that they sell their customers only what the customers want to buy. But do their customers know what they want? Do funeral directors take time – do they have enough time – to explain all the options to every customer? Relying on a customer's pre-conceptions can save a lot of time. 10 ♦ Darryl Roberts (a former funeral director), Profits of Death: An Insider Exposes the Death Care Industries (1997): "There is one glaring difference between the funeral industry and other types of business. There is much more consumer knowledge available about nearly every other type of business…. When it comes to funeral and cemetery goods and services, the consumer woefully lacks the basic knowledge about what choices are available and what they should cost." Jessica Mitford, The American Way of Death, Revisited (1998): "Choice does not enter the picture for average individuals faced with buying a product of which they are totally ignorant, at a moment when they are least in a position to quibble. The cost of a funeral almost always varies … according to what the traffic will bear." ♦ Darryl Roberts, Profits of Death: An Insider Exposes the Death Care Industries (1997): "Death is often ignored until one has no alternative. But by then, the death merchants have us right where they want us: vulnerable, emotional, susceptible, and with checkbooks in hand…. Many of the people I met during my years in the funeral business were fine people. By and large, they are good folks, but they are business people first and foremost. Their motives are too often fueled by profit…. "Funeral directors assume you will deal more easily with your grief if you buy the most expensive services. They assume you want to purchase the best for the most, to show family and friends how much you cared for the deceased." Choosing a Funeral Director or Funeral Home Jessica Mitford mentions an unusual fact: the fewer funeral homes there are in an area, the lower their prices tend to be; the more funeral homes there are in an area, the higher their prices tend to be. Mitford suggests a reason for that: people arranging a funeral rarely shop around. Of course, we all would choose a funeral director based on their integrity and trustworthiness. However, it is for the consumer to decide how to recognize and measure these attributes. Lisa Carlson, Caring for the Dead: Your Final Act of Love (1998): "According to a 1995 study for the funeral industry [in the U.S.], almost 90% of people do not shop around for a funeral: 11 • 45% pick a funeral home that served someone else in the family; • 33% call the nearest funeral home; • 11% pick a funeral home based on perceived ethnic or religious affiliation." 12 Part 3: The Funeral Business in Winnipeg "The Cost of Dying in Winnipeg" On October 7, 1997 the Winnipeg Free Press published several articles by reporter Paul Wiecek under the headline "The Cost of Dying". The following are excerpts from those articles. * * * A Free Press investigation of the local funeral industry found wide price disparities among funeral homes are commonplace An industry spokesman said the price range is a function of the goods, services and facilities supplied. Among other findings: • Some of the major funeral homes in Winnipeg have been bought up by corporate funeral chains. The names remain the same • The markups on coffins vary widely. • Cremation is becoming the funeral of choice in Manitoba. Here are a few pointers to keep from paying top dollar when planning a funeral: • As with any large purchase, shop around • Ask questions when you go to funeral homes for price quotations. • Embalming: During the Free Press survey, several funeral homes warned against not embalming, saying airborne pathogens from an unembalmed body pose a health risk — but health experts say there is no danger. • Be careful of purchasing pre-paid funeral plans. Many are not portable if you move away, and at least two studies have found that you're typically better off putting money into a mutual fund or some other secure interest-generating account. The studies found that such funds generate more than enough interest to offset any increased funeral costs. Manitoba's Funeral Homes Manitoba has about 86 funeral homes and 226 licensed funeral directors to handle the 10,000 deaths that will occur each year in the province. For a complete list, go to www.funeraldirectorsboard.mb.ca and click on Licensed Funeral Directors. 13 Winnipeg's Funeral Homes: Aboriginal Funeral Chapel 724 Selkirk Ave. 586-7700 Bardal Funeral Home & Crematorium 843 Sherbrook St. 774-7474 Arbor Memorial Services (A Canadian Corporation with head office in Toronto) Chapel Lawn Funeral Home 4000 Portage Ave. 885-9715 Desjardins Funeral Chapel 357 Des Meurons 233-4949 St. Glen Eden Funeral Home 4477 Main St. 338-7111 Glen Lawn Funeral Home 455 Lagimodiere 982-7550 Blvd. Cropo Funeral Chapel 1442 Main St. 586-8044 Dignity Memorial (owned by Service Cooperation International with head office in Houston, Texas) Green Acres Funeral Home and Cemetery Hwy. 1 & Narvin 222-3241 Road Klassen Funeral Home 1897 Henderson 338-0331 Hwy Thompson Funeral Home 669 Broadway Ave. 783-7211 Thompson "In the Park" Funeral Home and 1291 McGillivray 925-1120 Cemetery Blvd. E. J. Coutu & Co. Funeral Directors 680 Archibald St 253-5086 Friends Funeral Services Inc. 2146 Main St 339-5555 Kilcollins Cremation Services 724 Selkirk Ave. 782-3541 Knysh Funeral Chape 1161 Fife St. 582-0973 14 Korban Funeral Chapel 907 Main St 956-2193 LeClaire Brothers Funeral Products & Services 603 Erin St. 775-2220 Mosaic Funeral, Cremation & Cemetery Services 1839 Inkster Blvd. 275-5555 Neil Bardal Inc. 3030 Notre Dame 949-2200 Ave. Prairieland Aboriginal Funeral Home 447 Selkirk Ave. 226-7581 Transcona Funeral Chapel 1800 Day St. 222-6677 Voyage Funeral Home & Crematorium 1531 Pembina 284-7500 Hwy. Voyage Funeral Home & Crematorium 220 Hespeler Ave. 668-3151 Wheeler & Harder Funeral Chapel Inc. 211 Regent Ave. 224-1525 Wojcik's Funeral Chapel & Crematorium 2157 Portage Ave. 897-4665 Wojcik's Funeral Chapel & Crematorium 1020 Main St. 586-8668 Laws that Govern the Funeral Industry in Manitoba 1. The Board of Administration The authority to license and regulate funeral directors and embalmers is given to the "Board of Administration" established under the Manitoba Funeral Directors and Embalmers Act (referred to below as the FDEA or the Act.). The Board has seven members, the chair being an appointed civil servant. Two members are funeral directors. An annual report is published each spring listing names of those licensed. Information from this report is included on our website. The Board of Administration has published a Code of Ethics which can be accessed on their website. The Board has also developed a consumers' brochure which is available at all Manitoba funeral homes. Funeral Directors and Funeral Homes MUST be Licensed The FDEA sets out the requirements to become an embalmer and funeral director, and to practice as one. The Act gives the Board the power to make regulations about such matters as the content of training courses. It's all in the Funeral Directors and Embalmers Regulation (2009). 15 The Act prohibits anyone from acting as a funeral director or embalmer, or operating a business as such, without a license. The Board handles complaints by and about funeral directors, and has the power to cancel a license. The Board is located at 254 Portage Ave, Winnipeg, R3C OB6; telephone 947-1098; fax 945-0424; www.funeraldirectorsboard.mb.ca. 2. The Public Utilities Board The authority to regulate and license owners and agents of any cemetery, columbarium, crematory or mausoleum (with specific exceptions) is given to the Public Utilities Board (PUB) under the Cemeteries Act (1999). A funeral director who undertakes to provide the funeral services of another person under a prearranged funeral must comply with the Prearranged Funeral Act (1988). To view these two Acts, go to www.pub.gov.mb.ca. The Public Utilities Board is located at 400-330 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg; telephone 945-2638. A Voluntary Association of Funeral Directors According to its website, the Manitoba Funeral Services Association is a non-profit organization that provides a service for funeral directors and funeral homes across Manitoba. It is "dedicated to the advancement of funeral service through support to the public, as well as our members [who are funeral directors]." Every province has such an association. It is a voluntary association, with no disciplinary powers. Some funeral directors and funeral homes do not see any benefit to membership, and are not members. Do It Yourself: A Funeral without A Funeral Director The law allows a body to be disposed of without the help of a licensed funeral director. This definition is from The Vital Statistics Act: "lay funeral director" means any person other than a [licensed] funeral director who takes charge of a dead body for the purpose of burial, cremation or other disposition. Some facts • When a corpse is "free to go", the law does not require that it be moved by ambulance or hearse. • The law does not require a body to be buried in a casket. A sheet or shroud will do. • A casket is not required for a burial in the three cemeteries operated by the City of Winnipeg. 16 • A casket can be made at home Some inspiration These books tell how some individuals took matters into their own hands and buried their own dead: • Doug Smith, Big Death (2007): pages 106-108. • Xavier Cronin, Grave Exodus: Tending To Our Dead in the 21st Century (1996): chapter 7. • Lisa Carlson, Caring for the Dead: Your Final Act of Love (1998), pages 17 to 40. It is advertised as "A complete guide for those making funeral arrangements with or without a funeral director." • Ernest Morgan, Dealing Creatively with Death (14th edition, 2004), pages 62-63 and 95- 96. Procedure The Vital Statistics Act requires a doctor to complete Part 2 ("Medical Certificate of Death") of a "Registration of Death" form within 48 hours of the death, and forward it to the Department of Vital Statistics. The body can be released to the "lay funeral director" after he or she completes Part 1 of the form, which is available from Vital Statistics (254 Portage Ave., 947-1098) or a funeral home. The V.S. office also provides a "burial certificate", which is required before a cemetery can authorize a burial. In the case of cremation, an "authorization to cremate" is provided, and is required by the crematory. Body Removal (or "Transfer") Services • Winnipeg First Call telephone 257-0877) is a family-owned business, established around 1970. It will move a body to a crematorium • Winnipeg Funeral Transfer Service (telephone 956-2882) is a family owned business established in 2002. It will remove and shroud a body from the place of death for a fee. It has a holding facility in Winnipeg, where a body can be kept and refrigerated for a fee. It has cardboard containers for cremation, and airtight metal liners for transporting a body that is not embalmed within 72 hours. These two companies appear to share a common office. 17 Part 4 The Three Ways to Dispose of Your Body These are the choices: donation, cremation, burial. Other choices, such as "plastination", might be available in future. 1. Donation for Anatomical Studies or Transplant You can donate your entire body, or you can donate parts of it for transplant. Donating your entire body For information about donating your body for anatomical studies, call the Department of Human Anatomy in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Manitoba for a copy of the booklet Service after Death: Information on Leaving One's Body for Anatomical Studies. Telephone 789-3652. The University will not accept a body from which any organ or tissue is taken for transplant. It's all or nothing at all. When a corpse is accepted, the University arranges and pays for an eventual cremation. A service is held each year at Brookside Cemetery to honour all those whose bodies have been donated. Of course, a memorial service for any of the deceased can be held in the usual way, at any time after his or her death. If you decide to donate your body, it might not be needed when the time comes. So you must have a back-up plan, which begins with choosing between cremation and earth burial. Donating parts of your body For information on • organ donations, call Transplant Manitoba – Gift of Life Program at 787-1897. • tissue donations, call the Tissue Bank at 940-1750. • corneal donations, call the Lions' Eye Bank at 788-8419. Even if you choose to donate, you must still choose between cremation and earth burial of the rest of your body. 18 2. Cremation Every corpse eventually turns to dust, either by cremation or by slow disintegration in a grave. As the Bible says (Genesis 3:19, God speaking to Adam), "You are dust, and to dust you shall return." Cremation is used in most of the world, and approved by all the major religions. Incidentally: the Vatican approved cremation in 1963. Some rates of cremation • Italy, Ireland and Brazil: less than 4%. Japan: 99%. Britain: 1945: 10%; 2000: +70%. • U.S.: first cremation: 1876; 1939: 3%; 1970: 4%; 1998: 24%; 2005 (estimated): 40%. • Canada: 1970: 6%; 2004: 36%; 2010 (estimated): about 50%. Cremation is more common in B.C. (about 80%), among members of memorial societies (more than 90%), and among older people. • Manitoba: 1982: 15%; currently: about 50%. In Winnipeg: 50 to 60% – and increasing. Why do people choose cremation? These are some of the reasons mentioned in the many books referred to in this document: • cremation can be – and usually is - less expensive than earth burial. • -cremation is regarded as simpler, less emotional, and more convenient for planning funeral services. • separation of family members: this is reflected in the decreasing number of "family plots". • aging: our population is aging and living longer; some people outlive most friends and family. • one way or the other, it's "dust to dust": cremation replicates the process that a buried body undergoes, but more quickly and without the image of slow decomposition (even with embalming). • environmental concerns: cemeteries can be sources of pollution, and can affect water tables. • land use: where land is scarce, the rate of cremation is higher. Japan's rate is 99%. 19 The cremation process From Darryl Roberts, Profits of Death: An Insider Exposes the Death Care Industries (1997): "Cardboard or wood caskets and even canvas body bags are most commonly used. The doors to the retort [cremation chamber] are opened and the body [and container] slid inside. The retort is heated to about 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit. Most retorts are fueled by natural gas. Most of the human body is water, and the balance of bones is composed primarily of calcium phosphate. The application of the intense heat of the cremation evaporates the water. The flames then incinerate the muscles, flesh and organs. Most of the bone structure will crumble, but will not be reduced to ashes. "The process takes an average of one to two hours, depending on the temperature in the retort, and the size and condition of the body. "The smokestack is subject to environmental laws, and emits minimal amounts of residue. When the process is complete, the mostly grey ashes are removed, any bone fragments are pulverized, and all placed in a box or urn. The average person yields five to seven pounds of cremains." Note: there is no health hazard in dealing with ashes. After 1,500 degrees, they are sterile. Participating in the process: tips from a Winnipeg funeral director Some crematories have facilities that allow a service to be held outside a window that gives a view of the cremation chamber in which the casket is placed. You might at least want someone to watch the process: criminal charges have been laid in other jurisdictions where the purchased casket was switched or the body not cremated. Some crematoriums charge extra to have witnesses, or limit the number of witnesses, or both. If you wish, you can turn the switch to start the process. You will not see the casket on fire unless you look into the peephole that is usually provided. Crematories in Winnipeg and Manitoba The Public Utilities Board has licensed (under The Cemeteries Act) nine crematories in or near Winnipeg, and another nine outside Winnipeg: Beausejour, Brandon, Carman, Dauphin, Flin Flon, Portage la Prairie, Russell, Selkirk and Swan River. Every funeral home has access to one of the crematories and can provide "cremation services". 20 What is done with the ashes? Cremains are usually placed in an urn and buried in a cemetery or placed in a columbarium. But as time goes by, more alternatives – some of them rather bizarre – have developed: • scattering in a park, on a golf course or cottage property, or over a river or lake. • placing the ashes in a locket or picture frame containing a picture of the deceased. • firing the ashes into the air – or even into outer space. • using the carbon given off in the cremation to make a diamond. If ashes are buried, is an urn required by law? No. But some private cemeteries require that an urn be used.. Is it legal to scatter remains? Manitoba law does not prohibit the scattering of human ashes. The Litter Regulation under The Environment Act of the province and the Anti-Litter By-law of the City of Winnipeg prohibit the distribution of "ashes", but the definition of "ashes" in both laws does not include human ashes. Prohibitions under federal law: the definition of "waste" in the Canada Water Act and of "deleterious substance" in the Fisheries Act is so broad that it must include cremains – and therefore scattering is prohibited in waters under federal jurisdiction. Of course, scattering ashes on any property should be done only with the permission of the owner of the property – whether it is private property or public property. 3. Earth Burial: Three Choices Caskets For most of the 20th century, the first question a funeral director would ask a customer was, "What kind of casket do you want?" - because almost every funeral involved a casket. Funeral homes built their profits into the price of the caskets, and still do to some extent. But the increased rate of cremation is changing that. One of the biggest factors in the cost of a funeral is a casket, ranging in prices from several hundreds to thousands of dollars. Darryl Roberts, Profits of Death: An Insider Exposes the Death Care Industries (1997): 21 "Caskets are big business, and provide the highest profit margin of all the goods and services a funeral director provides…. There is no casket or vault that will keep out the elements for all time. There is nothing that can prevent the disintegration of the casket, nor stem the flow of water into a vault…. Embalming is chosen by some people for religious or cultural reasons, or because they think there is no alternative. And some people – including many funeral directors – believe that mourners overcome their grief more easily when they can see with their own eyes that the deceased is indeed dead. It is sometimes said that the customs in most areas of the world are to assist a deceased body to decay. North American practice seems to be to do everything possible to deny the inevitability of decay. Darryl Roberts, ,Profits of Death: An Insider Exposes the Death Care Industries (1997): "The truth is that injecting the body with a formaldehyde solution retards the natural decomposition by only a few days…. A corpse represents practically no infectious risk. A body that is dead of a non-communicable disease presents virtually no threat at all…. We've seen embalming become an American institution, while the rest of the world regards it as an anomaly." Jan Wong in "Dying for a Discount" in The Globe and Mail (November 30, 2002): "Decomposition can start overnight…. The owner of a crematory says, half-jokingly, embalming is so invasive that everyone should be made to watch a five minute video before signing [to authorize it]." Coriolis (an anonymous Toronto funeral director), Death Here Is Thy Sting (1967): "It is strange that people would entrust the remains of their loved ones to the care of a total stranger with only the vaguest idea of what he is about to do." Jessica Mitford shocked America with her description of the embalming process in The American Way of Death (1963). This is how she introduced the description in her 1998 update: "No law requires embalming, no religious doctrine commends it, nor is it dictated by considerations of health, sanitation, or personal daintiness…. If the funeral men are loath to discuss the subject, the reader may be equally loath to go on reading at this point. For those who have the stomach for it, let us part the curtain. Others should skip [from page 45] to the bottom of page 49." 22 Is embalming required by law? The only Manitoba law relating to embalming is in the Diseases and Dead Bodies Regulation under The Public Health Act. Section 58 of the Regulation requires that a body be embalmed if it is to be transported within the province and will not reach its destination within 72 hours. But even then, the body does not have to be embalmed if it is shipped in a coffin constructed of (or lined with) metal or some other impervious material and is airtight – or if the coffin is placed in "a tightly constructed outer container constructed of (or lined with) metal or other impervious material and [airtight]. If a body is shipped to a destination outside the province, the laws of the destination apply. Outer Containers: Liners and Vaults An outer burial container can be placed in a grave to receive a casket or urn. The container is intended to protect the contents of the casket or urn, and to keep the ground from settling. A grave liner is an un-sealed concrete box covering the top and sides of a casket or urn. A burial vault is a sealed, one piece box made of concrete or metal, surrounding a casket or urn. Is a liner or vault required by law? No, but some privately owned cemeteries require them for caskets or urns – or both. Cemeteries There are more than 50 cemeteries in Winnipeg. Private cemeteries are free to set their own rules, including a requirement that a casket or an urn be set in a liner or vault. Mausoleums: a 4th way to dispose of your body! A mausoleum is a building used for storing (or "immuring" or "interring") caskets. It is sometimes referred to as "above-ground burial. It can be several times more costly than an earth burial. 23 Part 5 Funeral Services and Memorial Services In everyday language, "funeral" includes everything involved in disposing of a corpse. More technically, a funeral service is a service with the body present, and a memorial service is a service without the body present, usually because it has been cremated or buried. Should You Have a Service? Many people say that they don't want a service to be held after their death, perhaps forgetting that a service is for the benefit of those who live on. Your friends and relatives might feel a need to pay their respects, pay tribute, and share their thoughts and feelings about you. This is an important subject to discuss with the people who are most likely to arrange your funeral, because even if you don't want a service, they could have one anyway. You won't be heard to object! Robert Fulghum, From Beginning to End: The Rituals of Our Lives (1995): "Martha [planning her own funeral] would have settled for the least expense and trouble: immediate cremation, ashes scattered, and no funeral. Her children agreed about cremation, but for reasons they found hard to express, they wanted her ashes placed in a nearby cemetery, and they wanted a memorial service of some kind…. With her children, she purchased a plot in the cemetery. She gave them suggestions about the service…." Location: Where Are Services Held? A funeral service (a service with the body present) is usually held in a place of worship or funeral home, partly because those buildings are equipped for moving a casket in and out of their premises – and they usually have lots of parking. Since a memorial service does not involve a casket, the service can be held in a home, hotel, restaurant, art gallery, pub, park, garden, boat, cemetery, place of worship, funeral home – or even a golf course. Some golf courses have so many services or scattering of ashes that players complain about the disruption to their games. 24 Memorial service – also known as a "Celebration of Life" A memorial service can be religious or secular (non-religious). Secular services are becoming more popular, sometimes led by a person known as a "celebrant" (or "secular officiant" or "non-denominational funeral officiant") who can prepare the service and deliver the eulogy. There are at least two such people in Winnipeg. They can be contacted through a funeral home. The public library has books on how to conduct a service. For example: Amanda Bennett and Terence Foley, In Memoriam: A Practical Guide to Planning a Memorial Service (1997). 25 Part 6: The Costs According to the Globe and Mail (2005), Canadians spend an average of $7,000 to $10,000 for a funeral, including a cemetery plot. The cost of a funeral is not tax- deductible. The Four Types of Costs A simple fact: the more elaborate the funeral, the more it is likely to cost. The possible costs of a funeral can be divided into these four parts: 1. The services of a funeral home – for one of the six types of funerals. 2. miscellaneous items (flowers, cars, etc.) – depending on the type of funeral. 3. a grave for the body or ashes. 4. memorial (a flat marker or an upright tombstone) for the grave. Cost #1: The services of a funeral home The Funeral Board of Manitoba has published a brochure which is available at all Manitoba funeral homes. Here you will find a wealth of pertinent information. The Code of Ethics of The Funeral Directors and Embalmers of Manitoba mandates that a funeral director must give you a no-obligation, itemized, written estimate of the services and products you have selected for the deceased within the first meeting. With this document in hand, you should be able to "shop around" at other funeral homes and compare apples to apples. Of course, the cost will depend on what you buy. Starting prices for the services of a funeral home There are at least SIX basic types of funerals. Generally speaking, the first one in the following list is the least expensive, and the last one is the most expensive. But it depends on what you buy! Cremation: three choices 1. Immediate cremation (or "direct cremation" or "direct disposal"), with no service at the funeral home. This is usually the simplest and least expensive choice — if one buys only the basics covered by the fee. 2. Immediate cremation, followed by a memorial service at the funeral home. 26 3. A funeral service (with the body present in a casket) followed by cremation-this can be the most expensive choice, partly because it includes the cost of both a casket and cremation. A casket can be purchased (and cremated with the body) or rented. The rental charge can more than the purchase price of some caskets. Earth Burial: three choices 1. Immediate earth burial (or "direct burial" or "direct disposal"), with a graveside service. We are told that this kind of funeral is quite rare, except in movies. 2. Immediate earth burial, followed by a memorial service at the funeral home. 3. A "traditional" funeral service at a funeral home, with the embalmed body present in a casket, followed by earth burial. Funeral Homes: prices for the simplest service they provide "Immediate Cremation, No Service (at the funeral home)" This page is about a cremation arranged by a funeral home – but without a service at the funeral home. We are told that the total time required for a funeral home to provide this service is about three hours, and consists mostly of the home filling in standard forms – and waiting for a doctor to sign the Death Certificate and for someone to sign an "Authorization to Cremate". Buyer beware – of "Upselling" Some funeral directors have cautioned that a low price might be used only to attract business, and with the expectation that a customer is likely to buy more than what the low price covers. Prices can change at any time – and are usually negotiable You will find addresses, telephone numbers and advertisements in the Yellow Pages under "Funeral Directors". Cost #2: various items – depending on the type of funeral Publishing a death notice/obituary The cost depends on how long it is, whether it includes a picture, and the day of publication. 27 Costs relating to a service • Flowers • Fees of clergy and musicians • Catering: • Use of premises: there is usually a fee for the use of premises for a service or reception. • Stationery: a register for attendees to sign, "order of service" cards, thank you cards, and so on. Death certificates (proof of death) There are two types of certificates: • Funeral Director's Death Certificate: this can be used as a proof of death for most purposes except the Land Titles Office and large insurance claims. Funeral directors usually provide three or four of these certificates as part of their service fee. • Certificate of Death - Department of Vital Statistics (Province of Manitoba): $25 each. Urns: from wicker baskets to stuffed animals An urn is not required by law. Cremains can be simply poured into the ground or buried in a $5 wicker basket or a cookie jar – unless the rules of the cemetery don't allow it. Bill Belcher (retired) makes wooden urns for a reasonable price (call 256- 0045). A recent (and odd) innovation: Huggable Urns (U.S.) sells pillows and stuffed animals, each with a pouch for cremains. Earth burial: miscellaneous costs • A casket is often the largest expense • Clothing for the deceased can be bought, but there is probably something in the closet that will do. • A limousine or hearse (or both): the cost might be included in a funeral home's "package" fee. Cost #3: a grave for the body or ashes A good place to obtain prices for a grave — if only to compare with other cemeteries — is the Cemeteries Branch of the City of Winnipeg, which operates three cemeteries: Brookside Cemetery (since 1878), Transcona Cemetery (since 1914), and St. Vital Cemetery (since 1937). 28 Those cemeteries average about 1,000 burials every year — 80% of them at Brookside. The office is located at Brookside Cemetery, 3001 Notre Dame Ave. Telephone 986-4348 for a price list – and a map of the grounds. Several sites have plaques about some famous residents. . Grave Liners and Burial Vaults Some cemeteries may require a grave liner or burial vault. Expect to pay from hundreds to thousands of dollars, partially depending on whether the liner is for an urn or coffin. Cost #4: a memorial for the grave As with caskets, the sky's the limit. See about 20 Winnipeg companies under "Memorials" in the Yellow Pages. There will also be an installation charge at the cemetery. How Are Funerals Paid For? Answer: usually from the estate of the deceased. If the estate does not have enough assets to cover the costs of the funeral, any person who signs a contract with a funeral home – or with anyone providing a service relating to the funeral – will likely have to pay some or all of the cost out of his or her own pocket. Benefit programs Benefits under the following programs are not automatic. Someone (usually the person named as executor in the deceased's will) must apply for them. 1. Canada Pension Plan: it pays a maximum of about $2500 as a death benefit – if the deceased ever contributed to the Plan. About 20% of eligible people do not apply for this benefit. There is no deadline for application. Call 1-800-277-9914 or search the CPP on the internet. This payment, like every other payment under the CPP, is taxable income. 2. Employment and Income Assistance Program (government of Manitoba): If a person dies while receiving income assistance (sometimes called "welfare"), an amount might be payable. An agreement with the Manitoba Funeral Services Association sets out the products and amounts payable. Call General Information Line: 945-4437 (Winnipeg) or 1-877-812-0014 (outside Winnipeg). 29 3. The Department of Indian and Northern Affairs (government of Canada) — referred to as INAC or DIAN: assistance might be payable if the deceased has status under the Indian Affairs Act and is receiving income assistance at the time of death. INAC describes it as a program of "last resort", which means that payment will be made only if no other funds are available. An agreement with the Manitoba Funeral Services Association sets out the products and amounts payable. Call 983-2842. 4. The Last Post Fund pays the funeral costs for a veteran –depending on the value of the estate. 5. Manitoba Public Insurance Corporation (Autopac) will pay funeral costs, up to a maximum, when death results from a traffic accident. Call 985-7200. 6. The Victims' Bill of Rights Act (Manitoba): When a person dies as a result of a criminal act. there may be an amount payable. Call 945-0899 or 1-800-262-9344. 7. Workers Compensation: When death occurs on the job, there is an immediate cash payment to the estate and a later lump sum. Call 954-4321 or 1-800-362- 3340. The Workers Compensation Act may be found at www.wcb.mb.ca. Click on WCB Laws. Should You Pre-pay? Everyone agrees that pre-planning is a good idea. There is less agreement about pre-paying. The opposing opinions are illustrated by these headlines: Winnipeg Sun (February 18, 1996): "Pre-paid funerals called rip-off". Winnipeg Free Press (July 22, 2002): "Pre-pay funeral, rest in peace". Two ways to pre-pay After you plan your funeral with a funeral home, and the home tells you what the funeral will cost, you can pre-pay the cost in one of two ways: • Buy a pre-arranged funeral plan with one payment, or many payments over time. At least 88% of payments are required under The Prearranged Funeral Services Act to be placed in trust until the contract is cancelled or the person dies. The other 12% may be retained by the company – but some companies place 100% in trust. As of 2003, about $40 million are in trust under about 15,000 contracts in Manitoba. The Public Utilities Board (government of Manitoba) licenses companies to sell these plans, audits the trust accounts, and handles any complaints. Their website is at www.pub.mb.ca. 30 The Board does NOT set, regulate or approve the prices • Buy an insurance policy for an amount that will cover the quoted cost of the funeral, and name the funeral home as beneficiary. The policy cannot be sold to you by a funeral director unless he or she is licensed as an insurance agent by the Insurance Council (988-6800). For information on this type of policy, call the Canadian Life and Health Association: 1-800-268-8099. This approach is now more popular than the one mentioned above. The Pre-arranged Funeral Act does not apply. Some questions to ask about a pre-paid funeral plan • Ask to see the seller's license. Make a note of the name and date on the license. • Coverage: how many of the four types of costs are covered? Is it just the funeral service? Or just cemetery costs (a grave, and a flat marker or upright tombstone)? Or is it everything? • Purchase money: in the case of a pre-paid plan, how much of the purchase money will be placed in trust (the required 88% — or more)? Where will the money be placed (name of bank or trust company)? Will you receive reports? If so, how often — and what will be in them? • Cancellation: can the plan be cancelled at any time? How? Will there be a refund? If so, how much? • Transfer: if you move, can the plan be transferred to another province or country? • The named funeral home: are your survivors required to use the funeral home named in the pre-payment documents? What happens if the funeral home goes out of business? • Can you change the plan? If so, how? Do you have to cancel the contract and start over? Pre-paying for a grave — and selling an unused grave You can buy a plot in a municipal cemetery or private cemetery at any time, but the sale is final and there is likely no cancellation provision or refund. If you buy and later decide to sell, you can advertise, but plots are difficult to sell. The number of sold and unused plots is a problem in some cemeteries. Why are plots not used? People move, or forget about the purchase, or leave no record of it. 31 Under The Cemeteries Act, the Public Utilities Board approves the prices of cemetery plots in cemeteries that are operated for profit. But the PUB does not set or regulate the prices for non profit cemeteries. A Regulation under the Act requires that at least 35% of the purchase price of a plot be placed in trust for "perpetual care" of the plot. Pre-paying for a marker or tombstone You can buy a flat marker or upright tombstone any time. Of course, the sale (inscription and all) is final. Arguments for and against Pre-paying FOR: If you buy now, before prices rise, you will freeze today's prices. AGAINST: If the funeral you want is moderately priced (under about $5,000) any price increase could be small, given the competitive environment in Winnipeg. Prices might even go down with changes in the funeral industry – such as through internet shopping and competition from more crematories FOR: If you make the decisions now, you and your family will have peace of mind. AGAINST: That is a good reason to pre-plan, but not necessarily to pre-pay. If you pre-pay, you might be less inclined to change your pre-paid plan later, because changing a funeral plan is easy, while changing a pre-paid contract is more complicated. Rather than pre-paying, it can be just as convenient to save the cost of your funeral in a bank account, bond or whatever. FOR: If you buy now, you can choose the funeral home you want. AGAINST: When your time comes, that funeral home might not be around. It could be out of business, or purchased by a corporation – and even corporations go out of business. The people who arrange your funeral might feel obligated to use any home you choose, even if there are good reasons to go elsewhere. FOR: If you pre-pay, you control the amount that will be spent on your funeral. AGAINST: If the people who arrange your funeral decide to do something different than what you have planned - such as if they decide (perhaps with encouragement from the funeral home) to buy a more expensive funeral – that is the funeral you will have, and any additional costs that are "reasonable" can be charged to your estate. It's sometimes called "pay now – pay later" – and adding insult to injury. The best way to control the cost of your funeral is to make a funeral plan, set a price limit, and make sure that your next of kin (and any other people who are likely to be involved in carrying out your plan) agree to follow your plan. 32 FOR: When you buy a pre-paid plan, the money goes into trust; you do not receive the interest, so you don't have to pay taxes on the interest. If you put that money into a bond or GIC, the interest is paid to you — and you must pay tax on it. AGAINST: When interest is paid to you, it is indeed taxed — but the rest of the money is yours. The interest on the money in a pre-paid plan goes to the funeral director! More Information on Funeral Planning The Public Library has many good books on this subject, here listed from newest to oldest: • Tom Jokinen, Curtains: Adventures of an Undertaker-in-Training (2010): an account of what the author discovered about the gap in time between death and burial from a Winnipeg point of view. • Doug Smith, Big Death: Funeral Planning in the Age of Corporate Deathcare (2007): a description of the current funeral industry – and advice on planning - by a Winnipeg writer. • Katherine Ashenburg, The Mourner's Dance: What We Do When People Die (2002). The author considers how people have dealt with death, historically and currently. • Ernest Morgan, Dealing Creatively with Death: A Manual of Death Education and Simple Burial (14th edition, revised and updated, 2001, 160 pages): with 14 editions since 1962, Morgan must be doing something right. • Abdullah Fatteh, At Journey's End: The Complete Guide to Funerals and Funeral Planning (1999, 338 pages). The author lives in Florida. He is a lawyer, doctor, teacher, coroner and author. His book is both an overview of the subject, and a practical guide to arranging a funeral. • Lisa Carlson, Caring for the Dead: Your Final Act of Love – (1998, 640 pages). It's described as "A complete guide for those making funeral arrangements with or without a funeral director." It's big, but most Canadian readers will be interested in just the first 175 pages. The rest is a state-by-state review. • Jessica Mitford (1917-1996), The American Way of Death, Revisited (1998, 274 pages). This is a revised edition of her exposé of the funeral industry in The American Way of Death (1963), which inspired many changes in the industry and U.S. law. The 1998 edition reviews all that. Her philosophy: "You might not be able to change the world, but you can embarrass the guilty." 33 • Darryl Roberts, Profits of Death: An Insider Exposes the Death Care Industries (1997, 229 pages). The author was president of a "funeral corporation" for 20 years. This is an easy and interesting read. • Xavier Cronin, Grave Exodus: Tending To Our Dead in the 21st Century (1996, 254 pages). This is an insider's interesting overview of the funeral industry's past, present and future. • Robert Fulghum, From Beginning to End: The Rituals of Our Lives (1995, 273 pages). This enjoyable book is an easy read, filled with practical advice and interesting anecdotes. • Gregory Young, The High Cost of Dying: A Guide to Funeral Planning (1994, 110 pages). It's a thin book, but packed with lots of useful information. He once owned a chain of funeral homes. • Kenneth Iverson, Death to Dust: What Happens to Dead Bodies (1994, 650 pages!). The Texas doctor covers every imaginable topic relating to death, in an amusing and instructive way. The web has lots of information. For example: "Funeral Consumers Alliance" (formerly named Funeral and Memorial Societies of America) has lots of information, and links to other websites. Consumer Tips from Books and Articles 1. First and most importantly, prepare a funeral plan! 2. Your memorial: consider how you want to be remembered. By having a big funeral and tombstone? By giving to family and friends? By donating to charitable organizations? Or? 3. Discuss your funeral plan with the people who are most likely to arrange your funeral. Even if you pay for your funeral now, the people who arrange it can change it when the time comes, and any additional fees that are "reasonable" can be charged to your estate. It is therefore a good idea to try to obtain their agreement to follow your plan. 4. Go shopping! A wise consumer obtains at least three quotations before buying an expensive item. Funeral homes sell products that can be very expensive. Take your funeral plan - and a friend or two! 34 5. Remember: a funeral home is a business, and funeral directors sell goods and services. 6. Don't be shy about calling a funeral home for an appointment. Funeral directors are used to meeting people to discuss their funeral plans, and providing price quotations. Ask for a tour! 7. Be ready to ask questions! It's the consumer's best protection. 8. Prices are almost always negotiable. In some ways, it's like shopping for a car. 9. A low price can become expensive! Some funeral homes quote low prices only to attract customers, and then pressure the customers to buy more than what the low price covers (called "upselling"). 10. Buying items (including caskets) separately is usually less expensive than buying everything at one funeral home. But it usually takes more time, unless there are people to share the work. 11. Caskets and vaults: buying either or both of them is not like buying a car or television: when the casket and vault are buried, they are gone forever. If you buy a casket, consider buying from a "casket discounter". Winnipeg has one: LeClaire Brothers at 603 Erin St. at Portage Ave. 12. Cemeteries: if your funeral plan includes burial of your body or ashes in a cemetery, go to two or three cemeteries (and at least one owned by a municipal government) for price quotations and a list of their requirements on such things as liners, vaults, markers and tombstones. 13. Start your "obit", if only to make it easier for someone to finish it when it's needed. If you want a picture to go with your published obituary, pick one (some obits have two). If someone dies unexpectedly and there is no funeral plan, one approach to planning is for the family to sit down and put together a funeral plan – perhaps using the document "My Funeral Plan". One or two people who are not part of the immediate family (such as a daughter-in-law or a friend of the family) can then take the plan to two or three funeral homes to obtain information and price quotations. 35 Index Administration, Board of, 15 crematories, 20 alternate container, 9 crematorium, 9 anatomical studies, 18 crematory, 9 Anti‐Litter By‐law, 21 Cronin, Xavier, 17, See articles, 34 death certificate, 28 Ashenburg, Katherine, 33 death notice, 27 ashes, 8, 21 decomposition, 9 association, 16 dig up, 8 at need, 8 Diseases and Dead Bodies Regulation, 23 benefit programs, 29 dispose of body, 18 Bennett, Amanda, 25 do it yourself, 16 Board of Administration, 15 documents, 6 body, 8 donate body, 18 body bag, 20 donation, 18 body removal, 17 earth burial, 7, 9, 21, 27, 28 body snatching, 9 Embalmers and Funeral Directors General body transfer, 17 Regulation, 15 books, 17, 33, 34 embalming, 9 Brookside Cemetery, 18 Employment and Income Assistance budget, 8 Program, 29 burial, 7 Environment Act, 21 Canada Pension Plan. See environmental laws, 20 Canada Water Act, 21 Fatteh, Abdullah, 33 Carlson, Lisa, 11, 17, 33 fill in, 8 casket, 8, 16, 20, Fisheries Act, 21 Cemeteries Act, 32 Foley, Terrence, 25 cemteries, 23 Fulghum, Robert, 34 certificate, 28 funeral, 7 closed casket, 9 pre‐paid, 13 coffin, 8 funeral director, 11 columbarium, 9, 21 funeral directors, 10 consumers, 10 Funeral Directors and Embalmers Act, 15 container, 9 Funeral Directors and Embalmers Act, container, 9 15 containers, 23 funeral home, 10 corneal donations, 18 funeral parlour, 8 corpse, 16 funeral service, 24 cost, 26, 27 grave, 8, 26, 28, 29 costs, 26, 28, 29 grave liners, 29 cremains, 8, 21 home funeral, 10 cremation, 7, 9, 26, 27, , , Indian and Northern Affairs, 30 36 inurn, 9 Public Utilities Board, 16 Iverson, Kenneth, 34 Registration of Death, 17 Last Post Fund, 30 Regulation, 15 law, 16, 23 remove body, 8 lawyer, 6 Roberts, 20 lay funeral director, 16 Roberts, Darryl, 11, 20, 21, 22, 34 license, 15 Robertson, Heather, 10 liners, 23, 29 scatter, 21 Litter Regulation, 21 service, 7, 24 lot, 8 shipping, 23 Manitoba Funeral Services Association, 16 Smith, Doug, 17, 33 Manitoba Public Insurance, 30 the D, 20 marker, 32 tissue donations, 18 mausoleums, 23 tombstone, 32 Medical Certificate of Death, 17 traditional funeral, 10 memorial, 26 transfer, 8 memorial service, 7, 24, 25 transplant, 18 minimum container, 9 upselling, 27 minium container, 9 urn, 9, 21, 28 miscellaneous items, 26 vault, 29 Mitford, Jessica, 11, 22, 33 vaults, 23 Morgan, Ernest, 17, 33 Victim's Bill of Rights. See niche, 9 viewing, 9 obituary, 27 visitation, 9 organ donations, 18 Vital Statistics, 17 pay, 30 Vital Statistics Act, 16, 17 paying for funeral, 29 vocabulary, 8 plot, 8 web, 34 prayers, 9 Winnipeg Prearranged Funeral Services Act, 30 cost of dying, 13 pre‐need, 8 funeral homes, 13 pre‐paid funeral, 13 Winnipeg First Call, 17 pre‐payment, 30, 31, 32 Winnipeg Funeral Transfer Service, 17 pre‐planning, 30 Wong, Jan, 22 price, 26, 27, 28, 29 Workers Compensation, 30 proof of death, 28 Young, Gregory, 34 Public Health Act, 23 37 38 Funeral Planning and Memorial Society of Manitoba Application for Membership Please enclose the $15 membership fee ($25 for two in the same household). This is one‐time fee for a lifetime membership, with no additional fees. Name (Mr./Mrs./Ms) ______________________________________________________ The name of any additional person at the same address who is applying for membership: ________________________________________________________________________ Address: ________________________________________________________________ Postal Code: _________________________ Telephone: __________________________ Email address (for Society use only):__________________________________________ Please help the Society in its planning by answering the following questions. 1. How did you learn about the Society? _____________________________________ 2. If you have been involved in any way with a funeral service or memorial service, please describe the experience. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. Would you be interested in doing volunteer work for the Society? ________________ If so, what type of work do you prefer to do? ___________________________________ Please send this membership application and payment to: Funeral Planning and Memorial Society of Manitoba 613 St. Mary's Road Winnipeg, Manitoba R2M 3L8 39
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Pronunciation: (ôr'furd), Strict Standards: Non-static method FenSites::linkTo() should not be called statically in /site/html/dictionary/port-orford-cedar.html on line 77 [key]
1. a tall tree, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, of coastal Oregon, having flattened, scalelike foliage and wood highly valued as timber.
2. the fragrant wood of this tree. Also called Lawson cypress, Oregon cedar.
Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.
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Hauptbeschreibung Der vorliegende Sammelband enth�lt Aufs�tze und Vortr�ge, die im Rahmen des von der VolkswagenStiftung finanzierten Projekts zur Erforschung des Zivil- und Wirtschaftsrechts der Staaten des Kaukasus und Zentralasiens auf einer Konferenz an der Universit�t Bremen im April 2008 vorgelegt wurden. Diese Tagung war bereits die zweite... more...
Civil Society in Central and Eastern EuropeColumbia University Press 2014; US$ 26.99
As well as promoting debates about liberal democracy, the dramatic events of 1989 also bought forth a powerful revival in the interest of the notion of civil society. This revival was reflected mainly in two broad tracts of literature. The first was primarily focused on the events surrounding the Solidarity movement in Poland and the tumultuous events... more...
Civil Society and Politics in Central AsiaThe University Press of Kentucky 2014; US$ 50.00
The five Central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan constitute an area of increasing importance in global politics. The region currently serves as the main route for transporting American and NATO supplies and personnel into Afghanistan. Its Turkic Muslim peoples share ethnic and religious roots with China's... more...
Party System Formation in KazakhstanTaylor and Francis 2011; US$ 160.00
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Central Asian states have developed liberal-constitutional formal institutions. However, at the same time, political phenomena in Central Asia are shaped by informal political behaviour and relations. This relationship is now a critical issue affecting democratization and regime consolidation processes in former... more...
Ethnicity, Democracy and Citizenship in AfricaAshgate Publishing Ltd 2015; US$ 109.95
This book explores two kinds of citizenship deficits: those experienced by the Nubians in Kenya and, more centrally, those which represent the limits of citizenship theories. The author argues for an understanding of citizenship as made up of multiple component parts: status, rights and membership, which are often disaggregated through time, across... more...
Keywords in Australian PoliticsCambridge University Press 2006; US$ 48.00
Keywords in Australian Politics outlines the main meanings of over one hundred words essential to understanding contemporary Australian politics. more...
Yes, PremierUniversity of NSW Press 2005; US$ 32.95
The focus of Yes, Premier is on the big names of state and territory Labor politics: Carr, Beattie, Bracks, Rann, Gallop, Martin, Stanhope and Bacon/Lennon. The book includes a chapter on each state or territory, and in each case focuses on the leader who has led their party to power and so created this unprecedented and historical situation. more...
Westminster LegaciesUniversity of NSW Press 2005; US$ 41.95
Examines the ways in which the Westminster system has influenced the shaping of responsible government and democracy across Asia, Australasia and the Pacific. It also examines the ways the Westminster system has been adapted in these different countries in the light of local practices and traditions. more...


text:
Privacy Policy
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Administration & Information
Wyoming Board of Funeral Service Practitioners
PLB Home Page
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Application Instruction & Forms
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Welcome to Our Website!
Mission Statement
The ultimate responsibility of the Board is to safeguard the health, safety and welfare of the citizens of Wyoming by ensuring that those individuals licensed to provide Embalming and Funeral services in the state are duly qualified.
Meeting Announcement
The Wyoming State Board of Funeral Service Practitioners has scheduled a meeting for Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 10:00 a.m. to be held at the Department of Workforce Services, 100 W. Midwest, Casper, Wyoming.
The agenda includes Executive Session to administer the Funeral Service Practitioner examination, approval of minutes, financials, continuing education review,The Conference Annual Meeting report, Rules and Regulations, and other items properly brought before the Board.
Members of the Board are: Dr. Wendy Braund, Department of Health, Cheyenne; Greg Crandall, Evanston; Ross J. Gorman, Douglas; Greg Searls, Cheyenne; and Michael Worden, Newcastle.
The meeting will be held according to the Wyoming Administrative Procedures Act. If you wish to attend this meeting and you require reasonable accommodation, please contact JoAnn Reid at (307) 777-3507, fax (307) 777-3508, or e-mail
. Communication impaired persons may also contact us via Wyoming Relay (TTY) at 1-800-877-9965.
Public Notice
Public notice is hereby given that the Wyoming State Board of Funeral Service Practitioners intends to act on the following proposed rules. These are new rules necessary to administer the Funeral Service Practitioners Act. These rules and regulations are proposed by authority of the Board to regulate the qualifications and establish standards of performance for persons licensed as Funeral Service Practitioners in Wyoming. These rules provide for enforcement and proper administration of the provisions of the Funeral Service Practitioners Act. These rules will replace chapters 1 through 13 of the previously filed rules and regulations of the Wyoming State Board of Embalming.
Written comments should be submitted to the following address no later than October 31, 2014:
Wyoming State Board of Funeral Service Practitioners
2001 Capitol Ave RM 104
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Or by email at firstname.lastname@example.com
A public hearing will be held by the Wyoming State Board of Funeral Service Practitioners if requested by twenty-five (25) persons, by a governmental subdivision, or by an association having not less than twenty-five (25) members. Requests for a hearing should be directed to the agency at the above address by the date specified above. Notice of the hearing will be provided to all persons making a timely request therefore.
Commenters may request a statement of principal reasons for overruling the consideration urged by the commenter. If requested, the statement will be issued either prior to or within thirty (30) days after agency action.
Proposed Rules
The Wyoming Funeral Service Practitioners Act took effect on July 1, 2014. For a copy of the new Act, please click
, or contact our office at 307-777-5403.
Contact Information
JoAnn M. Reid
Emerson Building, Rm 104
2001 Capitol Avenue
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Phone: 307-777-3507
Fax: 307-777-3508
email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Hang tight!
Recipe by Renee
"This is a recipe from my family's cookbook. The flavor can be enhanced by pouring 1/2 cup of wine or sherry over cake while still warm."
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2 cups
2 cups
white sugar
4 cups
all-purpose flour
1 teaspoon
baking powder
1 cup
candied cherries
1 cup
candied pineapple chunks
3 cups
chopped pecans
1/4 teaspoon
2 teaspoons
vanilla extract
This recipe brings back wonderful memories from my childhood. My mom used to bake a nut cake every year for xmas. Recipe was lost through the years, Her's had no fruit. This is my second year to bake this cake. Thanks for the great recipe.
Margie Henderson
My mil used to bake this for christmas every year and never shared the recipe! I can't say i blame her, it's an awesome recipe. She got it from a southern newspaper years ago. I made it last year after cleaning out her kitchen and finding the clipping destroyed by water damage. I found it here and made it for my husband who was so happy to see it on christmas eve. It is like a fruit cake but so much better. Thanks melly
3 Ratings
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Franklin Nut Cake
Serving Size: 1/14 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 14
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 719
Calories from Fat: 410
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See how to make a pumpkin spice cake with a simple glaze.
A moist, tender coffee cake with a sweet, crunchy pecan topping.
See how to make a moist, delicious pistachio cake.


text:
I'm trying to improve my OOP skill. Recently, I've read an article that has this code structure:
When I code, I just do something like this:
How do I do something like the above..."multiple-passing" or whatever it's called. I think it's cool if I can make my code be able to do that...just looking at the code...I'm impressed.
Can somebody post a code something replicating the above...I want to try it too. I want to learn how^^


text:
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CV: Celebrating Celebration
Posted by
August 19, 2010
at 01:59 PM CST
It's hard to believe that Celebration V officially started one week ago today! As a special "no fan left behind" treat, here is a gallery of what went down during the
Celebrating Celebration
It went pretty much as previous opening ceremonies went, with a rundown on what fans could expect throughout the convention, complete with panel breakdowns, special guests, and a few video clips (which I did not record).
The stage was designed to be reminiscent of Hoth, with snowy stalgmites and stalactites in the background, that could actually change color...pretty cool.
After a warm-up by the DJ and comedian host (whose names I'll look up later), a fun photo gallery was shown honoring the various outfits worn by the world-famous Steve Sansweet. The man has truly done it all: dressed up as Darth Vader, an Imperial Officer, R2-D2, Slave Leia, an Ewok, a Tusken Raider, in a Japanese kimono, and even Gene Simmons of KISS...but nothing could prepare the crowd for this year's suit...which looked like it was made out of a classic bedsheet set. Steve rode out on a landspeeder, proud of his "one-of-a-kind" suit, until someone else walked out onto the stage wearing an identical one. Drama ensued!
After a short greeting to the fans, there was a cool video montage of famous Star Wars celebs greeting the fans in honor of the 30th anniversary of
The Empire Strikes Back
A local bellydancer named Amira Sa'id then treated the audience to a short routine, which left everyone speechless, including Steve. But only for a short time...
Next up was Pablo Hildalgo, who talked about what the programming schedule would be like for the weekend. There was over 800 hours of content planned between the various stages, impossible to see it all, unless your name is Jamie Madrox.
The LucasArts games were shown, first the logo or packaging, followed by a teaser clip: The Clone Wars Adventures, The Old Republic, and The Force Unleashed II.
Star Wars artist Randy Martinez took the stage next, singing an original song dedicated to his real-life sweetheart Denise Vasquez (who sadly was unable to make the trip to Orlando), proving that Randy is also talented in the musical arts!
Ashely Eckstein came out next, talking about the cool Her Universe fashion show that was planned for the weekend, and even called out the ForceCast's own Jimmy Mac to honor his word by dancing on the stage. (By now, I'm sure you have seen the results... ;))
Steve then went on to talk about more of the programming, such as the speed dating, Commitment Ceremony Chapel, Jedi Training Academy, Laser Tag, the G4 Hoth Ice Bar, and much, much more.
Video clips of spotlights on artists Drew Struzan and Ralph McQuarrie were shown, and more guest speakers came out, ending with Jay Laga'aia performing for the audience.
All in all, there was a little something for everyone...a great way to kick off the show.
Check out the full Celebrating Celebration gallery
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A New Proof - Kenner Star Wars Packaging Design 1977-1979
Moving into our nineteenth year of shooting
Star Wars
collectibles, we pause for a moment to consider legacy. Our photography is obviously recognizable because of the blue background, but looking further back, especially after we published The Man Who Shot Luke Skywalker galleries last December, we've put our minds to offering more classic Kenner backgrounds to our galleries. Follow this link to
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text:
Good place to get topsoil from?
I am thinking about buying topsoil. But the quality of the topsoil may be very different, I heard. And soil is important for growing balanced nutritious vegetables.
Can you please reccomend a good place to buy it somewhere in Pierce or King County?
Thanks, Bboy!
They usually say: "We have good topsoil" and I am not really specialist in recognizing good from bad. I just thought may be someone knowledgeble about topsoil in our area would reccomend particular reputable business where they sell good topsoil. Anybody, please?
Topsoil is whataever someone scraped from the sucae while developing, or otherwise working, in an area. No standards exist. Look at it before you purchase to make certain it doesn't already have some of the nasty weeds you want to avoid.
As with other retailing bark and soil sold here is dominated by the same products coming from the same few wholesale suppliers serving the region. The ideal situation would be finding someone excavating and selling good natural soil from an old lake bed or similar situation. I think most places nowadays will instead have artificial mixes rather than real soils. An example which I think is promoted for vegetables gardens, among other uses is called "3-Way".


text:
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text:
Seems like Google is trying to recreate the fame they had with the guitar they did when they celebrated Les Paul's birthday. Now, for Robert Moog's birthday, they've turned it to a moog synthesiser. Since the guitar got really popular, we should see where this goes.
Google Moog Synthesizer
Last posted
Jun 12, 2012 at 12:56AM EDT.
May 23, 2012 at 03:30PM EDT
5 posts from 5 users
Yeup there's already quite a few compositions on YouTube, not to mention custom google links to the songs. There's an event entry in the works, feel free to request editorship!
I spent an hour dicking around with this thing… it was just there.
I'll add some stuff to the video section
The moog already has an entry, and I've been a co-editor with a parent entry for all the google doodles. It seems to me that the Doodles in general are getting some spread, espicially with the more interactive ones.
I swear, if it was a VST, I would play it all day.


text:
Training Hearts, Teaching Minds
Book by Starr Meade
Teaching the Shorter Catechism has never been easier. This book of daily readings . . aids memorization by devoting six days per question, explains the catechism in simple language, provides six different meditations on the main points of each question. … Learn MorePaperback $15.00 $12.00 Add to Cart
A Biblical Guide to Love, Sex and Marriage
Book by Derek Thomas
"This book is about marriage and its relationships. As we study this together, we will base much of what we say on the Song of Solomon. Interpreting this book of the Bible has been a controversial issue for many years. … Learn MorePaperback $14.00 $11.20 Add to Cart
Jesus the Evangelist
Book by Richard Phillips
Rev. Richard D. Phillips digs into the early chapters of the Gospel of John to discover principles you can use for Christian outreach that were modeled by witnesses for Jesus and by Jesus Himself. Phillips unfolds biblical principles for evangelism … Learn MoreHardcover $19.00 $15.20 Add to Cart
Also available in two other formats
Jonathan Edwards' Resolutions and Advice to Young Converts
Book by Various Authors
Nichols opens with a brief introduction to Edwards' historical context, the events of his life, and a brief note on the two texts themselves. "Resolutions" paints a picture of a young minister whose strength and trust lie in his God, … Learn MorePaperback $4.00 $3.20 Add to Cart
Truths We Confess: A Layman's Guide to the Westminster Confession of Faith (Vol. 1-3 Set)
Book by R.C. Sproul
Timeless truths — viewed in their enduring relevance. In his three-volume exposition of the Westminster Confession of Faith, R.C. Sproul writes with both insight into current issues and clarity for lay readers. The resulting commentary will long serve the church … Learn MoreHardcover - out of stock $69.00 $55.20 Backorder
Sammy and His Shepherd
Book by Susan Hunt
In Sammy and His Shepherd, veteran children's writer Susan Hunt takes youngsters on a delightful trip through Psalm 23 from the point of view of a sheep named Sammy. Sammy lives happily under the care of his faithful shepherd. But … Learn MoreHardcover $17.00 $13.60 Add to Cart
Also available in three other formats
Grace and Its Fruits
Book by John Calvin
Large numbers of people were drawn to the ministry of John Calvin (1509-64), one of the principal figures in the sixteenth-century Reformation, and, such was their respect for him that, when he died, almost every person in Geneva attended his … Learn MoreHardcover $17.00 $13.60 Add to Cart
After Darkness, Light: Distinctives of Reformed Theology; Essays in Honor of R.C. Sproul
Book by Various Authors
After Darkness, Light celebrates Dr. R.C. Sproul's four decades of ministry. The motto of the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformers was, "After darkness, light." As a Reformer in the church today, Dr. Sproul has helped spark a resurgence of Reformed theology. Proclaiming the … Learn MorePaperback $15.00 $12.00 Add to Cart
The Spirit of Revival: Discovering the Wisdom of Jonathan Edwards
Book by Various Authors
The Distinguishing Marks of a Work of the Spirit of God by Jonathan Edwards is one of the great classics of revival literature. A key figure of the Great Awakening, Edwards wrote this important discourse in 1741 just after the … Learn MorePaperback $18.00 $14.40 Add to Cart
Also available in one other format
What Is the Christian Worldview?
Book by Philip Ryken
As we are bombarded by the culture around us, it can be difficult to think according to the Christian worldview. This handy booklet summarizes the basics of the Christian worldview and develops the implications of creation, fall, redemption, and glory … Learn MorePaperback $5.00 $4.00 Add to Cart
Invigorate Your Church
Book by Archie Parrish
At a time when people are looking for new ways to invigorate their church, Archie Parrish demonstrates that prayer and dependence upon God are the keys to the church's well-being. Archie Parrish, the president of SERVE International and a member … Learn MorePaperback $7.00 $6.72 Add to Cart
A Heart For God
Book by Sinclair Ferguson
A Heart for God is written out of the conviction that the world's greatest need, and the contemporary church's greatest lack is the knowledge of God. In a popular, readable style it draws us to an awareness of the character … Learn MorePaperback $9.00 $7.20 Add to Cart
Christless Christianity: The Alternative Gospel of the American Church
Book by Michael Horton
Is it possible that we have left Christ out of Christianity? Are the faith and practice of American Christians today more American than Christian? Have we allowed the church to be taken captive to the prevailing culture? These are the … Learn MoreHardcover $20.00 $16.00 Add to Cart


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WRMC is providing a God send to women who need the truth. They do it in such love and compassion that the results speak for themselves. I attended several of their classes to learn first hand the alternative to abortion. It melted my heart. From that day forward I've put aside a set amount for a monthly donation. I hope to do it the rest of my life or until abortion is overturned in this country. With man all things seem impossible but with God all things are possible.
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