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The chair is noted as being 42 inches high. Please confirm this is the total height of the chair from the floor, including the legs.
Am very pleased with this chair. I ordered two and they look very elegant in my sitting room. The color is not a true ivory as others have stated, but this is not a problem in my room. It has a yellowish green tint....
Lummi Ivory Leather High-back Chair
Kick back and relax with this high-back ivory leather chair. This chair features a stunning walnut finish and sleek polyurethane-coated leather upholstery. Perfect for your living room or bedroom, this chic seat is sure to complement your home decor.
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ITEM#: 12420220Bring sophistication and class to your living room with the Lummi ivory leather high-back chair. This furniture piece is constructed of wood and dyed top grain aniline leather.
- Wood has a walnut finish
- Upholstery material: Fully dyed thru cow leather with polyurethane coating
- Seat height is 17.25 inches
Assembly Required
Avoid placing your furniture in direct sunlight and maintain at least two feet between furniture and heat sources. Aniline and Protected leathers are especially sensitive to direct sunlight. Use a professional cleaner to help resist staining and prevent overall soiling. For oil based stains, use a professional degreaser.
|Contemporary Modern
|Leather Wood
|Chair Type
|Accent Chairs
|Assembly Required
|Chair Back Height
|High Back Standard
|Furniture Frame Material
|29 in. D x 26 in. W x 42 in. H
|Wood, Leather, Foam
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Am very pleased with this chair. I ordered two and they look very elegant in my sitting room. The color is not a true ivory as others have stated, but this is not a problem in my room. It has a yellowish green tint.Read More
I ordered these chairs last week and they came right on time. But the reason as to why they are horrible is because the ivory color has a green tint to it. Its not just a subtle green tint, its noticeable. The body frame and craftsmanship was horrible. The leather corners looked like they were stitched by an 8 year old and the chairs legs were off balance. I hate the time I wasted to assemble one as I had ordered two, but they are both sent back and they are just horrible.Read More
The chair is very comfortable
I put the chair together. All the parts were there also the tools. I was easy to assemble.Read More
Chairs appear to have a green tint
The chairs are well built , but do have a green cast to them. They were definitely different than ivory as we had some pillows on them that had ivory in them and could tell there was a dfifference. I would not buy these chairs again.Read More
Fantastic !
I was looking for a chair that, indeed, needed to be assembled for it was to be placed in an upstairs loft with a narrow door way. I did not really know what to expect, but the ivory color would go with my décor, so I bought the chair. Carrying the individual pieces up the stairs was a breeze. Assembly was simple. The bolts used to assemble are very, very substantial. I have used this chair extensively in the past month since it was received. The leather is soft, yet thick. The seat was firm at first, but as now become extremely comfortable while still providing great support. The chair is quite heavy in a good way. No tipping or undue sliding. The color is ivory with an ever so slight greenish tint. The room I put the chair in has green accents so this minor deviation is not a factor.Read More
Well the color is way off. This is definitly a pale green color. There is absolutely nothing cream, white or even beige about this chair. Chair isnt comfortable at all. I'm really thinking about returning it--however--after spending the time putting the darn thing together I'm not sure I have the paitents to take it apart. This is my first disappointment with overstock.com. I'm hoping this will be the last disappointment simply becasue I dont do well with imperfection when it comes to products bought with my hard earned money.Read More
Title is misleading, chair is not white.
If you want economical leather chairs and are willing to decorate a room around them then definitely buy a pair of these. If you are trying to match these chairs into a neutral rust, beige, cream theme, forget it. They simply are too green. Light green, but green none the less. Don't be fooled, I tried them in incandescent light, florescent light and pure sunlight, didn't matter, still green. You can see, I really wanted these chairs to work someplace in my house. Would have given this product 5 stars if the color had been white or cream. As it was green and a huge inconvenience to get them to UPS, I rated 3 stars. Otherwise I loved them. Sent them back, I have no green color in my house and Overstock credited my account.Read More
I actually think this chair is very comfortable but I bought it because I wanted a WHITE chair. The leather is good quality with no noted imperfections. However, the chair is a light yellowigh greenish ivory color and looks terrible in the room it was chosed for... It was difficult to assemble and didn't assemble quite right with one side slightly more ajar than the other. Additionally there is a velcro piece that is suppose to go under the seat but doesn't sit quite right. One of our pets pulled it off and it can't be reattached using the velcro provided... It would be a nice addition for $100-200 but not at +$xxx.Read More
Great chair! Great buy!
You can't beat the price and the almost free shipping charge! the shipping was incredibly fast, and the chair was pretty easy to assemble. It is an ivory color, which works well for me, as stark white leather tends to look cheap. As previous reviews stated, they are not the most comfortable chairs, however they are not all that bad. From the picture you can tell, that because of the high Straight back they are not going to serve as good lounge seating (as opposed to plush round back chairs). I purchased 2 chairs and they look beautiful in my living room, they are paired with a gray sofa and robin's egg blue accents. I am beyond pleased with this purchase, and would highly recommend them!Read More
I give it a 7 out of 10
The chairs were easy to assemble and I did not have the issues putting together as described in some of the other reviews. The one thing I disliked is that the bottoms of the chair & loveseat are fabric attached with Velcro. You can see the fabric at the bottom of the chair as it is not possible to get it completely flush like you would if the fabric was stapled in place. I found that the best possible solution was to attch the velcro at the front of the chair first and stretch as tightly as you can on sides securimg the back last.Read More
Questions & Answers
Hello, tcrosby2. Hope your day is going well. This chair is 42 inches high. However, it is currently out of stock. Items are restocked as they become available but we cannot predict when or guarantee an item will be restocked. Please feel free to check back with us periodically to see if the item has returned. Thank you for shopping with us and contact us again with any further questions.
How deep is the seat area? (I don't understand how chairs don't provide this info...full dimensions PLUS seat dimensions) If the seat is too deep requiring a pillow, that's very uncomfortable for me.)
We don''t have the seat depth measurement, but we will be happy to research it for you.
What color is this chair? Reviews have comments of it being white to cream to green. Is it real leather?
The color is cream. The chair is leather.
What part is assembly required on this item?
This requires light assembly. Meaning, the legs would need to be assembled, part of the back section, ect.
Shopping Guides
Tips on Decorating with Leather Chairs
Leather furniture is prized for its many qualities, including but not limited to, durability, attractiveness and luxurious style. When you're ready for your living room furniture to speak volumes, then you're ready to look into leather chairs. For tips on decorating with leather chairs, read on and get ready to make your living room, dining room, drawing room or den the most inviting room in your home.
How to Care for Living Room Chairs
Whether your living room chairs are upholstered in leather, fabric, or microfiber, they will require some care. Each type of material has different needs. Here are a few maintenance tips to ensure your chairs will last for many years.
How to Find Great Cheap Leather Chairs
Leather furniture adds a rich and comfortable atmosphere to any room, but leather can be expensive. While there are leather chairs that are $500 and up, it is possible to find high-quality, beautiful leather chairs for under $200. If you'd like a leather chair but you don't want to spend a lot of money, you'll just need to consider a few factors before you start shopping to make sure your affordable leather chair is a good choice for your home.
Leather Chair Care
It's no surprise that leather chairs reside at the center of home style and fashion. These beautiful chairs are comfortable and look fabulous in any home. You usually see a leather chair sitting in a living room or library, and -- just like any other piece of furniture -- they need regular maintenance. Performing necessary leather chair care should be done on a regular basis. If you care for your leather furniture, it will reward you with many years of quality service.
Fact Sheet on Rocking Chairs
Few furniture items are as rambunctious and yet comforting as rocking chairs. Whether related to folks rocking on their porches on outdoor rocking chairs with a cup of coffee or youngsters rocking back and forth for the thrill, rocking chairs are enjoyable for people of every age. In the grand scheme of things, rocking chairs are a fairly modern invention. In a short period of time, rocking chairs have become a fixture in living rooms, lounges, patios and more. Still, here are a few things you might not know about rocking chairs.
FAQs about Buying a Leather Armchair
Anytime you buy furniture online, you may have questions, and this is especially true for living room furniture. After all, your living room is used by everyone from your children to your guests, so it has to do a lot. A leather armchair is a popular choice for seating in a living room because it is at once beautiful as well as durable. If you're thinking about buying a leather living room chair, be sure to read our answers to the most frequently asked questions about them, so you can shop with confidence.
How to Choose a Chaise Lounge
When you're ready to relax in your own living room, it's time to consider a chaise lounge. A chaise lounge is a long chair designed to support your head and legs while you recline. A traditional lounge chair has either a low back that runs the length of the chair or no back at all. Looking almost like a modified sofa, a chaise lounge is best used for a single, reclining person, but it can accommodate several people sitting upright. How do you choose the chaise lounge that's right for you? Read on to find out.
How to Compare High Chairs
High chairs come in many varieties, including traditional wooden high chairs, adjustable plastic high chairs and baby chairs that attach directly to your kitchen table. In addition to the many types of baby high chairs, booster seats are also available. Booster seats are placed on an adult-sized chair and are perfect for toddlers and older children. When comparing baby high chairs and booster chairs, it's important to put safety first. Choosing the features that will make your life easier and selecting a baby chair design that suits your dining room or kitchen is also important. Let us help you compare baby feeding furniture for your lifestyle.
How to Make Chair Slipcovers Fit
If your furniture is looking worn and outdated, why not update it with a stylish chair slipcover? Chair slipcovers are an inexpensive way to revive the look of old furniture in just a few minutes. Whether you need to update your dining chairs or a living room chair, you'll want your new chair slipcovers to fit properly. Here's how to get a snug, stylish fit.
How to Care for Leather Chair Seats
From office chairs to kitchen and dining room chairs, leather seating is beautiful and can maintain its beauty for a long time if cared for properly. All chair seats are subjected to food crumbs, food and drink spills and even perspiration. Removing these substances, especially liquid spills, from leather chairs is essential to prevent fading and damage to the leather. Cleaning and maintaining leather furniture rarely takes much time, if done regularly, and can protect your chairs and other leather furniture for many years.
Living Room Chairs Buying Guide
When you're shopping for the best chairs for your living room, you'll want to choose pieces that are not only comfortable and stylish but also durable enough for family and friends to sit on for years. This buying guide will help you find the living room chairs that fit your style and your living space. To start shopping for the perfect chair, consider size, style, and materials.
Best Rooms to Furnish with Leather Chairs
Adding a few leather chairs to any room instantly introduces an aura of sophistication and comfort. For thousands of years, leather has been used for furniture and other dependable items because it is both durable and attractive. Although you can't go wrong with quality leather chairs in any room, some rooms in your home shouldn't go without one or two.
How to Clean Fine Leather Furniture
The rich appearance of leather and its reputation for durability make it a popular choice for furniture. Regular conditioning and cleaning of fine leather is important in ensuring that your leather sofa or chair remains supple and less likely to develop cracks. Taking the time to care for your leather living room furniture will extend the life of the items and keep the surface looking just as good as the day you made your purchase.
Best Ways to Use Accent Tables
Whether you're looking for a place to set drinks or a way to divide a room with style, coffee tables, sofa tables, and end tables are the solution. Accent tables can be the perfect finishing touch for your living room, making the space more functional and fashionable. If you need a companion to your vintage-inspired velvet couch or want a piece that will perk up your contemporary leather chairs, try adding an accent table. Here are the best way to use them in your living room.
How to Clean a Leather Recliner
Whether it's in your living room or in the man cave, your leather recliner needs to get cleaned now and then. If it's Dad's favorite spot to watch the game -- and eat snacks at halftime -- then it probably even needs regular deep cleaning. Fortunately, cleaning a leather reclining chair is surprisingly easy. You'll be able to make your leather furniture feel fresh and clean in no time.
Patio Chair Buying Guide
Outdoor living and dining has become the definition of the good life, and to enjoy it, you need patio chairs and other patio furniture. With so many patio chairs to choose from, you may feel a bit overwhelmed at the prospect of furnishing your garden and patio. Fortunately, this patio chairs buying guide will walk you through your options so you can sit back and relax that much sooner.
5 Uses for Stacking Chairs
When you want seating that's both compact and functional, stacking chairs are a good solution. Stackable chairs don't have moving joints, making them extra sturdy. You can unstack them quickly for an outdoor party or for entertaining guests and then stack them up and tuck them away in a garage or corner of the home just as quickly. Whether you're looking for a set of durable patio chairs for the summer or comely chairs to use in the living room year-round, stackable chairs may be what you're looking for. Keep reading to find out about five different uses for stacking chairs that you could implement around your home.
Easy Chairs Fact Sheet
Any overstuffed recliner or comfortable padded chair may be referred to as an easy chair. These cozy chairs, usually laden with features, are designed for relaxation. Often used in living rooms, dens or recreation rooms, easy chairs and recliners are the perfect spot to unwind with a good book or watch a movie. Take a look at the easy chairs fact sheet below to learn more about these cozy pieces of furniture.
Chair Covers Quick Guide
Are your chairs looking dingy or worn? Wear and tear from years of use or from pets can make the fabric on the outside look old before the inside is worn out. If your chairs are still sturdy, don't replace them yet. Instead, use chair slipcovers to give them a fresh, new look. It's an easy, affordable way to update living room chairs and dining room chairs alike.
How to Decorate with a Blue Sofa
We all have that one piece of furniture we love. Whether it's a blue sofa or loveseat, a red leather chair or a knotty pine wood bookcase that has seen better days, it will forever be a part of your home. If you have one special piece of furniture that you must coordinate into the rest of your decor, do it with style by coordinating colors. Blending a blue sofa into an existing living room, den or recreation area is simple. By adding colorful accents such as pillows, rugs and window treatments, you can easily integrate your favorite blue sofa into your design scheme. Look below to learn how to decorate with a blue sofa.
Shipping & Returns
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Items must be returned in new or unused condition and contain all original materials included with the shipment. More Details
FINAL SALE EXCLUSION: Items marked as FINAL SALE are not returnable unless the problem you experience is the result of our error.
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Our standard shipping method is ground shipping. We also offer expedited shipping for most items. Your final
shipping cost and estimated delivery timeframe will be available at checkout.
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* For your protection, all orders are screened for security purposes. If your order is selected for review, our Loss Prevention Team may contact you by phone or email. There may be a two business day delay to process your order.
** Most Oversize orders are delivered within 1-4 weeks. Some orders may take 6 weeks to be delivered.


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A detergent product comprising: (i) a foaming composition which includes: a surfactant, a detergent builder and less than 25%, by weight, of water; (ii) a propellant gas; and a (iii) a container. The viscosity of the foaming composition, measured at 20° C. and 1 atmosphere, using a Brookfield viscometer, No. 2 Spindle at 60 rpm, is less than 700 mPa·s.
1. A packaged product for cleaning textile fabrics comprising
(i) a foaming composition comprising, by weight:
(a) from 30 % to 90 % of a surfactant, the surfactant including at least an anioinc surfactant;
(b) from 10 % to 90 % of a detergent builder;
(c) from about 1% to 60% of a solvent selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, short chain alkyl ethoxylates, glycerol, butyl diglycerol ether and mixtures thereof;
wherein the foaming composition comprises less than 15% by weight, of water; and
(ii) a propellant gas;
(iii) a container;
wherein the propellant gas comprises carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, or mixtures thereof and the viscosity of the foaming composition, measured at 20° C. and 1 atmosphere, using a Brookfield viscometer, No. 2 Spindle at 60 rpm, is less than 700 mPa·s.
2. A packaged product according to any of claims 1 wherein the propellant gas further comprises an organic propellant.
3. A packaged product according to claim 2 wherein the organic propellant comprises propane, butane, pentane, hexane, or mixtures thereof.
4. A packaged product according to claim 1 wherein the foaming composition further comprises enzymes.
5. A product according to claim 1 wherein the foaming composition further comprises a soil release polymer.
6. A product according to claim 1 wherein the foaming composition comprises from 10% to 50% of a detergent builder.
7. A method of cleaning textile fabrics using a packaged product according to claim 1 comprising the steps of:
(i) dispensing the foaming composition from the container in the form of a foam having a bulk density less than 250 g/l on to textile fabrics, and
(ii) distributing the foam, either by mechanical agitation, or by hand, over the textile fabrics
(iii) removing the foam residue from the cleaned textile fabrics.
8. A method of cleaning textile fabrics according to claim 7 whereby water is used to presoak or rinse, or presoak and rinse, the textile fabrics, wherein the weight ratio of water to dry fabric is less than 1:1.
9. A method of cleaning textile fabrics comprising the steps of:
(i) preparing a detergent foam according to claim 1;
(ii) dispensing the detergent foam from the container;
(iii) dissolving the foam in water to form an aqueous solution; and
(iv) either subsequently or simultaneously agitating the textile fabrics in the aqueous solution.
The present invention relates to a packaged product comprising a foaming composition and a propellant gas packaged within a container. In particular the packaged product is a foam dispensing aerosol container.
It is well known in the aerosol industry that there is a need to move out HFC propellants on account of their environmental profile. The replacement choice has mostly been the low molecular weight hydrocarbons such as propane, butane, pentane, hexane, etc., but these are flammable gases which may not always be suitable for use inside confined appliances with potential ignition sources. For these reasons, the industry is seeking a move to more environmentally friendly chemicals.
Replacing the organic propellants, such as those listed above, by non-liquifiable propellant gases presents new problems. Unlike more conventional liquifiable organic propellant gases, gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide cannot be liquified at the pressures obtainable in an aerosol container (i.e. typically 10 to 12 bar maximum). As the foaming composition is progressively emptied out of the aerosol canister the carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide in the headspace cannot be replenished as would be the case with liquifiable propellants, and consequently the pressure in the headspace drops. If the headspace pressure drops too low it will no longer be possible to dispense a foam from the aerosol container.
Attempts to address this problem have included the use of microporous structures to adsorb non-liquifiable propellant gas (such as carbon dioxide), thereby providing a "reservoir" of gas from which the headspace pressure can be replenished.
EP-A 0 385 773, published on Sep. 5, 1990, discloses a gas storage system comprising a polymeric material, such as hydrogel, having microvoids functioning as interstitial stores for gas.
DD-A 246 784, published on Jun. 17, 1987, discloses cosmetic and pharmaceutical foam aerosols containing 5-50% of CO2-charged aluminosilicate. It is claimed that filling rates are high, pressure peaks are avoided, and pressure is substantially constant up to complete emptying of the aerosol package.
The applicants co-pending European Patent Application number 94870189.1, filed on Dec. 5, 1994, discloses a foaming detergent composition for cleaning textile fabrics which may be dispensed with the aid of propellants including hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) or low molecular weight hydrocarbons.
Foaming compositions which are concentrated in terms of active components, and have a correspondingly low water content may not be suitable for dispensing with carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide because the aerosol container cannot be completely emptied. Furthermore microporous gas adsorbant agents may be undesirable for economic reasons.
The present invention is concerned with a means of delivering a concentrated foam without the need for microporous gas adsorbant agents.
The object of the invention is to provide a packaged product comprising a foaming composition comprising a surfactant system and wherein the foaming composition comprises less than 25% by weight, preferably less than 15% by weight, of water; a propellant gas; and a container; such that the foaming composition may be completely dispensed from a container by an environmentally-friendly (inorganic) propellant gas.
A further object of the invention is to provide a low water composition which reduces the formation of HCO3 - ions when carbon dioxide is the propellant gas. The formation of these ions results in lower propellant gas efficiency because the carbon dioxide is converted into bicarbonate.
A further object of the invention is to provide a low water composition suitable for maintaining enzymes in a stable state. In particular the compositions of the present invention are suitable for use with detergent enzymes.
According to the invention these objects are achieved by a packaged product as specified in claim 1 in which the viscosity of the foaming composition, measured at 20° C. and 1 atmosphere, using a Brookfield viscometer, Spindle No. 2, at 60 rpm, is less than 700 mPa·s and preferably less than 500 mPa·s and the propellant gas comprises carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, or mixtures thereof.
In order to achieve the required viscosity control the foaming composition may further comprise a viscosity reducing, organic solvent, such as those selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, short chain alkyl ethoxylates, glycerol, Carbowax, butyl diglycerol ether, or mixtures thereof.
Preferably the foaming composition comprises at least 18% by weight of the surfactant system consisting essentially of anionic surfactant and, optionally, nonionic surfactant.
In one embodiment of the invention, the propellant gas is selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, or mixtures thereof.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention the propellant gas further comprises an organic propellant such as propane, butane, pentane, hexane, or mixtures thereof.
In a further aspect of the invention a method of cleaning textile fabrics using the foaming compositions described herein is provided. In a particularly preferred method, very low amounts of water can be used in order to effect the cleaning method compared to conventional washing processes in very dilute aqueous solutions. This results in less lower energy requirements to heat water, and in environmental benefits including lower demands on waste water treatment.
Foam is a coarse dispersion of gas in a relatively small amount of liquid. The foams of the present invention are a continuous liquid phase comprising a composition, and a dispersed phase comprising a gas. Typically, the gas "bubbles" of the dispersed phase can vary in size from 50 micrometers to several millimeters.
In general, the quality of the foam is determined by assessing various foam quality attributes, such as: 1) the appearance of the foam as it is determined by the uniformity of the bubble size distribution, as well as by the actual bubble sizes, wherein small and uniformly sized bubbles are generally preferred; 2) the thickness of the foam as it is determined by the apparent foam viscosity, wherein a greater apparent foam viscosity is generally preferred; 3) the density of the foam which is preferably less than 250 g/l, more preferably less than 150 g/l, and most preferably less than 100 g/l; and 4) the drainage of the liquid from the foam upon standing on a solid surface, wherein slow drainage of the liquid is generally preferred.
Preferred components of the detergent foam will now be described in more detail.
Water-soluble salts of the higher fatty acids, i.e., "soaps", are useful anionic surfactants in the compositions herein. This includes alkali metal soaps such as the sodium, potassium, ethanolamine, ammonium, and alkylammonium salts of higher fatty acids containing from about 8 to about 24 carbon atoms, and preferably from about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms. Soaps can be made by direct saponification of fats and oils or by the neutralization of free fatty acids. Particularly useful are the ethanolamine, sodium and potassium salts of the mixtures of fatty acids derived from coconut oil and tallow, i.e., monoethanolamine, sodium or potassium tallow and coconut soap.
Useful anionic surfactants also include the water-soluble salts, preferably the alkali metal, ethanolamine, ammonium and alkylolammonium salts, of organic sulfuric reaction products having in their molecular structure an alkyl group containing from about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms and a sulfonic acid or sulfuric acid ester group. (Included in the term "alkyl" is the alkyl portion of acyl groups.) Examples of this group of synthetic surfactants are the alkyl sulfates, especially those obtained by sulfating the higher alcohols (C8 -C18 carbon atoms) such as those produced by reducing the glycerides of tallow or coconut oil; and the alkyl benzene sulfonates in which the alkyl group contains from about 9 to about 15 carbon atoms, in straight or branched chain configuration, e.g., those of the type described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,220,099 and 2,477,383; and methyl ester sulphonates. Especially valuable are linear straight chain alkyl benzene sulfonates in which the average number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is from about 11 to 13, abbreviated as C11 -C13 LAS.
Other anionic surfactants herein are the alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonates, especially those ethers of higher alcohols derived from tallow and coconut oil; coconut oil fatty acid monoglyceride sulfonates and sulfates; salts of alkyl phenol ethylene oxide ether sulfates containing from about 1 to about 10 units of ethylene oxide per molecule and wherein the alkyl groups contain from about 8 to about 12 carbon atoms; and salts of alkyl ethylene oxide ether sulfates containing from about 1 to about 10 units of ethylene oxide per molecule and wherein the alkyl group contains from about 10 to about 20 carbon atoms.
Other useful anionic surfactants herein include the water-soluble salts of esters of alpha-sulfonated fatty acids containing from about 6 to 20 carbon atoms in the fatty acid group and from about 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the ester group; water-soluble salts of 2-acyloxy-alkane-1-sulfonic acids containing from about 2 to 9 carbon atoms in the acyl group and from about 9 to about 23 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety; alkyl ether sulfates containing from about 10 to 20 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and from about 1 to 30 moles of ethylene oxide; watersoluble salts of olefin sulfonates containing from about 12 to 24 carbon atoms; and beta-alkyloxy alkane sulfonates containing from about 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the alkyl group and from about 8 to about 20 carbon atoms in the alkane moiety.
Water-soluble nonionic surfactants are also useful as surfactants in the compositions of the invention. Indeed, preferred processes use anionic/nonionic blends. Such nonionic materials include compounds produced by the condensation of alkylene oxide groups (hydrophilic in nature) with an organic hydrophobic compound, which may be aliphatic or alkyl aromatic in nature. The length of the polyoxyalkylene group which is condensed with any particular hydrophobic group can be readily adjusted to yield a water-soluble compound having the desired degree of balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic elements.
Suitable nonionic surfactants include the polyethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols, e.g., the condensation products of alkyl phenols having an alkyl group containing from about 6 to 16 carbon atoms, in either a straight chain or branched chain configuration, with from about 4 to 25 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alkyl phenol.
Preferred nonionics are the water-soluble condensation products of aliphatic alcohols containing from 8 to 22 carbon atoms, in either straight chain or branched configuration, with from 1 to 25 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol, especially 2 to 7 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of alcohol. Particularly preferred are the condensation products of alcohols having an alkyl group containing from about 9 to 15 carbon atoms; and condensation products of propylene glycol with ethylene oxide.
Other preferred nonionics are polyhydroxy fatty acid amides which may be prepared by reacting a fatty acid ester and an N-alkyl polyhydroxy amine. The preferred amine for use in the present invention is N--(R1)--CH2(CH2OH)4--CH2--OH and the preferred ester is a C12-C20 fatty acid methyl ester. Most preferred is the reaction product of N-methyl glucamine (which may be derived from glucose) with C12-C20 fatty acid methyl ester.
Methods of manufacturing polyhydroxy fatty acid amides have been described in WO 9206073, published on Apr. 16, 1992. This application describes the preparation of polyhydroxy fatty acid amides in the presence of solvents. In a highly preferred embodiment of the invention N-methyl glucamine is reacted with a C12-C20 methyl ester.
Semi-polar nonionic surfactants include water-soluble amine oxides containing one alkyl moiety of from about 10 to 18 carbon atoms and 2 moieties selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups and hydroxyalkyl groups containing from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms; water-soluble phosphine oxides containing one alkyl moiety of about 10 to 18 carbon atoms and 2 moieties selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups and hydroxyalkyl groups containing from about 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and water-soluble sulfoxides containing one alkyl moiety of from about 10 to 18 carbon atoms and a moiety selected from the group consisting of alkyl and hydroxyalkyl moieties of from about 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
Ampholytic surfactants include derivatives of aliphatic or aliphatic derivatives of heterocyclic secondary and tertiary amines in which the aliphatic moiety can be either straight or branched chain and wherein one of the aliphatic substituents contains from about 8 to 18 carbon atoms and at least one aliphatic substituent contains an anionic water-solubilizing group.
Zwitterionic surfactants include derivatives of aliphatic quaternary ammonium phosphonium, and sulfonium compounds in which one of the aliphatic substituents contains from about 8 to 18 carbon atoms.
Useful cationic surfactants include water-soluble quaternary ammonium compounds of the form R4 R5 R6 R7 N+ X-, wherein R4 is alkyl having from 10 to 20, preferably from 12-18 carbon atoms, and R5, R6 and R7 are each C1 to C7 alkyl preferably methyl; X- is an anion, e.g. chloride. Examples of such trimethyl ammonium compounds include C12-14 alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and cocalkyl trimethyl ammonium methosulfate.
Other surfactants that may be used in the compositions of the present invention include C10-C18 glycerol ethers, C10-18 alkyl polyglycoside and their corresponding sulphated polyglycosides, alkyl ester sulphonates, and oleoyl sarcosinate.
Enzymes can be included in the foaming compositions herein for a wide variety of fabric laundering purposes, including removal of protein-based, carbohydrate-based, or triglyceride-based stains, for example, and for the prevention of refugee dye transfer, and for fabric restoration. The enzymes to be incorporated include proteases, amylases, lipases, cellulases, and peroxidases, as well as mixtures thereof. Other types of enzymes may also be included. They may be of any suitable origin, such as vegetable, animal, bacterial, fungal and yeast origin. However, their choice is governed by several factors such as pH-activity and/or stability optima, thermostability, stability versus active detergents, builders and so on. In this respect bacterial or fungal enzymes are preferred, such as bacterial amylases and proteases, and fungal cellulases.
Enzymes are normally incorporated at levels sufficient to provide up to about 5 mg by weight, more typically about 0.01 mg to about 3 mg, of active enzyme per gram of the composition. Stated otherwise, the compositions herein will typically comprise from about 0.001% to about 5%, preferably 0.01%-1% by weight of a commercial enzyme preparation. Protease enzymes are usually present in such commercial preparations at levels sufficient to provide from 0.005 to 0.1 Anson units (AU) of activity per gram of composition.
Suitable examples of proteases are the subtilisins which are obtained from particular strains of B. subtilis and B. licheniforms. Another suitable protease is obtained from a strain of Bacillus, having maximum activity throughout the pH range of 8-12, developed and sold by Novo Industries A/S under the registered trade name ESPERASE. The preparation of this enzyme and analogous enzymes is described in British Patent Specification No. 1,243,784 of Novo. Proteolytic enzymes suitable for removing protein-based stains that are commercially available include those sold under the tradenames ALCALASE and SAVINASE by Novo Industries A/S (Denmark) and MAXATASE by International Bio-Synthetics, Inc. (The Netherlands). Other proteases include Protease A (see European Patent Application 130,756, published Jan. 9, 1985) and Protease B (see European Patent Application Serial No. 87303761.8, filed Apr. 28, 1987, and European Patent Application 130,756, Bott et al, published Jan. 9, 1985).
Amylases include, for example, a-amylases described in British Patent Specification No. 1,296,839 (Novo), RAPIDASE, International Bio-Synthetics, Inc. and TERMAMYL, Novo Industries.
The cellulase usable in the present invention include both bacterial or fungal cellulase. Preferably, they will have a pH optimum of between 5 and 9.5. Suitable cellulases are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,307, Barbesgoard et al, issued Mar. 6, 1984, which discloses fungal cellulase produced from Humicola insolens and Humicola strain DSM1800 or a cellulase 212-producing fungus belonging to the genus Aeromonas, and cellulase extracted from the hepatopancreas of a marine mollusk (Dolabella Auricula Solander). suitable cellulases are also disclosed in GB-A-2,075,028; GB-A-2,095,275 and DE-OS-2,247,832. CAREZYME (Novo) is especially useful.
Suitable lipase enzymes for detergent usage include those produced by microorganisms of the Pseudomonas group, such as Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 19.154, as disclosed in British Patent 1,372,034. See also lipases in Japanese Patent Application 53,20487, laid open to public inspection on Feb. 24, 1978. This lipase is available from Amano Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan, under the trade name Lipase P "Amano," hereinafter referred to as "Amano-P." Other commercial lipases include Amano-CES, lipases ex Chromobacter viscosum, e.g. Chromobacter viscosum var. lipolyticum NRRLB 3673, commercially available from Toyo Jozo Co., Tagata, Japan; and further Chromobacter viscosum lipases from U.S. Biochemical Corp., U.S.A. and Disoynth Co., The Netherlands, and lipases ex Pseudomonas gladioli. The LIPOLASE enzyme derived from Humicola lanuginosa and commercially available from Novo (see also EPO 341,947) is a preferred lipase for use herein.
Peroxidase enzymes are used in combination with oxygen sources, e.g., percarbonate, perborate, persulfate, hydrogen peroxide, etc. They are used for "solution bleaching," i.e. to prevent transfer of dyes or pigments removed from substrates during wash operations to other substrates in the wash solution. Peroxidase enzymes are known in the art, and include, for example, horseradish peroxidase, ligninase, and haloperoxidase such as chloro- and bromo-peroxidase. Peroxidase-containing detergent compositions are disclosed, for example, in PCT International Application WO 89/099813, published Oct. 19, 1989, by O. Kirk, assigned to Novo Industries A/S.
A wide range of enzyme materials and means for their incorporation into synthetic detergent compositions are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,553,139, issued Jan. 5, 1971 to McCarty et al. Enzymes are further disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,457, Place et al, issued Jul. 18, 1978, and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,219, Hughes, issued Mar. 26, 1985, both. Enzyme materials useful for liquid detergent formulations, and their incorporation into such formulations, are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,868, Hora et al, issued Apr. 14, 1981. Enzymes for use in detergents can be stabilized by various techniques. Enzyme stabilization techniques are disclosed and exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 3,600,319, issued Aug. 17, 1971 to Gedge, et al, and European Patent Application Publication No. 0 199 405, Application No. 86200586.5, published Oct. 29, 1986, Venegas. Enzyme stabilization systems are also described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,519,570.
The foam of the present invention can contain neutral or alkaline salts which have a pH in solution of seven or greater, and can be either organic or inorganic in nature. The builder salt assists in providing the desired density and bulk to the detergent granules herein. While some of the salts are inert, many of them also function as detergency builder materials in the laundering solution.
Examples of neutral water-soluble salts include the alkali metal, ethanolamine, ammonium or substituted ammonium chlorides, fluorides and sulfates. The sodium, ethanolamine and ammonium salts of the above are preferred. Citric acid and, in general, any other organic or inorganic acid may be incorporated into the present invention.
Other useful water-soluble salts include the compounds commonly known as detergent builder materials. Builders are generally selected from the various water-soluble, alkali metal, ethanolamine, ammonium or substituted ammonium phosphates, polyphosphates, phosphonates, polyphosphonates, carbonates, silicates, borates, and polyhydroxysulfonates. Preferred are the sodium, ethanolamine and ammonium salts of the above.
Specific examples of inorganic phosphate builders are sodium and potassium tripolyphosphate, pyrophosphate, polymeric metaphosphate having a degree of polymerization of from about 6 to 21, and orthophosphate. Examples of polyphosphonate builders are the salts of ethylene diphosphonic acid, the salts of ethane 1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid and the salts of ethane, 1,1,2-triphosphonic acid. Other phosphorus builder compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,159,581; 3,213,030; 3,422,021; 3,422,137; 3,400,176 and 3,400,148, incorporated herein by reference. In general, however, phosphates are preferably avoided for environmental reasons.
Examples of nonphosphorus, inorganic builders are sodium and potassium carbonate, bicarbonate, sesquicarbonate, tetraborate decahydrate, and silicate having a molar ratio of SiO2 to alkali metal oxide of from about 0.5 to about 4.0, preferably from about 1.0 to about 2.4.
Another component of the foaming compositions useful herein comprises nonaqueous, viscosity by reducing, organic solvent (s). The term "solvent" is used herein to connote non-surface active or low surface active materials that dissolve into the detergent composition matrix having a vicosity reduction effect on the composition. This effect is generally a result of their interaction with the surfactant-water system present in the formulations preventing the formulation of liquid crystal phases. The term "solvent" is not meant to require that the solvent material be capable of actually dissolving all of the detergent composition components added thereto.
The non-aqueous organic materials which are employed as solvents herein can be liquids of high or low polarity. High polarity liquids, suitable as solvents are for example short chain alcohols (ethanol, propanol, propane-diol, etc), short chain aldehydes (methylal, acetaldehyde, etc), short chain ketones (acetone, propanone, etc) and short chain ethers.
Other polar materials useful in some cases are glycerols, glycols and short chain ethoxylated alcohols (short chain nonionic surfactants)
The short chain nonionic surfactants for use herein are alkoxylated alcohols accordig to the formula:
R O (A)n H,
wherein R is a C6 to C10 straight or branched, hydrocarbon chain and n, representing the average ethoxylation degree, is from 1 to 10, or mixtures thereof. A is ethylene oxide or propylene oxide or mixtures thereof.
Suitable surfactants for use herein can readily be made by condensing alcohols having the desired chain length with propylene or ethylene oxide, or mixtures thereof. Suitable short chain alkoxylated for use herein are commercially available from several suppliers, for example Dehydrol O4® from Henkel (C8EO4), Mergital C4® from Sidobre (C8EO4), and Imbentin AG/810/050® and AG/810/080® from Kolb (respectively C8-10EO5 and C8-10EO8).
Suitable types of low-polarity solvents useful in the nonaqueous liquid detergent compositions herein include alkylene glycol mono lower alkyl ethers, lower molecular weight polyethylene glycols, lower molecular weight methyl esters and amides, and the like.
A preferred type of nonaqueous, low-polarity solvent for use herein comprises the mono-, di-, tri-, or tetra-C2 -C3 alkylene glycol mono C2 -C6 alkyl ethers. The specific examples of such compounds include diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropolyene glycol monoethyl ether, and dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether. Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether are especially preferred. Compounds of the type have been commercially marketed under the tradenames Dowanol, Carbitol, and Cellosolve.
Another preferred type of nonaqueous, low-polarity organic solvent useful herein comprises the lower molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEGs) . Such materials are those having molecular weights of at least about 150. PEGs of molecular weight ranging from about 200 to 600 are most preferred.
Yet another preferred type of non-polar, nonaqueous solvent comprises lower molecular weight methyl esters. Such materials are those of the general formula : R1 --C(O)--OCH3 wherein R1 ranges from 1 to about 18. Examples of suitable lower molecular weight methyl esters include methyl acetate, methyl propionate, methyl octanoate, and methyl dodecanoate.
The nonaqueous, organic solvent(s) employed should, of course, be compatible and non-reactive with other composition components, used in the foaming compositions herein. Such a solvent component will generally be utilized in an amount of from about 1% to 60% by weight of the composition. More preferably, the nonaqueous, organic solvent will comprise from about 5% to 40% by weight of the composition, most preferably from about 10% to 25% by weight of the composition.
Foam stabilising agents may also be employed in the compositions of the present invention. Especially preferred are alyphatic alcohols such as straight chain saturated alcohols of 12 to 18 carbon atoms e.g. cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol and mixtures thereof.
Polymers including polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylamide, polypeptides, polysaccharides, cellulose derivatives; and also natural and synthetic gums and resins such as guar gum, xanthan gum, carageenan, sodium alginate and caseinate may also be used in the present invention.
Textile fabrics are any materials made from cloth, including garments such as shirts, blouses, socks, skirts, trousers, jackets, underwear etc, and also including tablecloths, towels, curtains etc. The definition of textile fabrics as used herein does not include carpets and similar floor coverings.
Textile fabrics which are to be used in the present invention are commonly made by weaving or knitting. Many different fibres may be used to produce woven, knitted or other types of textile fabric including synthetic fibres (such as polyester, polyamide, etc.) and natural fibres from plants (such as cotton, hemp) and from animals (such as wool, angora, silk). Blends of different fibres are also commonly used.
It is important to distinguish between the foam of the present invention and the suds which are commonly encountered in everyday washing process. The foam of the present invention is much more concentrated and comprises less water than conventional suds. The foam of the present invention comprises less than 25%, and preferably less than 15% by weight of water. The foam of the present invention preferably comprises at least 18% by weight, and preferably at least 25% by weight of a surface active agent. Most preferred foams for use as cleaning compositions comprise at least 10% by weight, preferably at least 20% by weight of anionic surfactant.
On the other hand, suds, which are formed in conventional washing process when detergents are diluted prior to washing, are formed from quite dilute solutions typically 100 g of product in 10 liters of water. The result is a wash liquor which comprises about 99% by weight of water. A layer of suds may form on the surface of the wash liquor, the composition of the suds being similar to that of the wash liquor itself. The surfactant content of the suds will normally be much less than 1%, typically less than 0.3%. Consequently the difference between the foam of the present invention and the suds of a conventional washing process will be understood.
It will also be recognised by the man skilled in the art that suds are often considered undesirable in the washing process and antisuds agents are often employed to reduce or control them. In a washing process in which the solution of detergent active agents is the medium of transport of the actives to the fibre surface, the presence of suds can diminish washing performance. This is because the detergent actives which are in the suds are no longer dissolved in the washing liquor itself, and are not therefore efficiently transported to the fibre surface.
The packaged product of the present invention comprises a sealed container, such as an essentially cylindrical bottle, having a dispensing means such as a nozzle. The container contains the composition and propellant gas. Suitable containers may be made from any material, especially aluminium, tin-plate, plastics including PET, OPP, PE or polyamide and including mixtures, laminates or other combinations of these. Foam is dispensed when the nozzle is activated and the detergent is released together with the propellant gas. The propellant gas expands to form many "bubbles" within the composition thereby creating the foam.
Propellant Gas
The propellant gas of the present invention comprises carbon dioxide, or nitrous oxide (especially N2O), or mixtures thereof. Most preferred is carbon dioxide. Minor amounts of low molecular weight hydrocarbons, such as propane, butane, pentane, hexane, may optionally be included provided that flammability requirements are not exceeded.
Various ways to pressurise the propellant gas are known in the art. For example the gas may be pressurised at the time of packing. The product may be physically separated from a compressed gas by a membrane such as rubber under tension. Alternatively a means for pressurising the gas subsequently by mechanical action may be provided (so-called "pump and spray" systems).
Various apparatus for delivering foams are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,364,031 issued on Nov. 15, 1994 entitled "Foam Dispensing Nozzles and Dispensers Employing Said Nozzles". Any nozzle or nozzle/valve assembly which provides a means for releasing the mixture of detergent ingredients from the container and provides a foam is suitable for use in the present invention. The Precision Valve Company (Valve Precision in France) supplies a range of nozzle assemblies for various applications including shaving foams and carpet cleaners under various trade names including City®, Montego®, Power Jet®, Vulcan® and Visco®. Nozzles which disperse the foam both horizontally and vertically (when the container is held upright) are available. Metering nozzles which dispense a predetermined amount of foam are also available and useful in the present invention. Metering valves are disclosed in WO9108965 (Precision Valve Co) and EP-A 616953 (3M Co). In order for the apparatus to be effective in the method of the present invention it should deliver the foam at a rate of at least 3 g per second of foam from the sealed container, more preferably at a rate of at least 10 g per second.
Method of Cleaning
The method of the present invention may be used to wash textile fabrics by hand (referred to herein as "handwash"). The foam is dispensed onto or around the textile fabrics to be washed, and then the foam is thoroughly distributed over the textile fabrics, if necessary, by agitating the textile fabrics and foam by hand. It is believed that the high surface area of the foam enables the active ingredients to be well-distributed over the surface of the textile fabrics. Furthermore it is believed that the intimate proximity of the active, non-diluted foam to the textile fabrics promotes excellent cleaning.
The textile fabrics may be left to soak in the foam for anything up to several days, or even weeks. However it is preferred that the soaking time is between 1 minute and 24 hours, preferably between 5 minutes and 4 hours.
If desired any foam residue may subsequently be removed from the textile fabrics. For example the residue may be rinsed out using clean water or it may be removed from the textile fabrics by applying a vacuum. Water is used to presoak or rinse, or presoak and rinse, the textile fabrics, wherein the weight ratio of water to dry fabric is less than 1:1.
The method of the present invention is particularly well-suited to hand washing of delicate textile fabrics. In particular textile fabrics comprising high levels of wool or silk may be advantageously treated in this way. One particular benefit is a marked reduction in local fabric damage which may occur when conventional laundry processes are used. In conventional laundry processes the composition, the soiled textile fabrics and water are all brought together in a suitable container. At the beginning of the process there are very high local concentrations of active ingredients as they begin to dissolve in the water, but before they have been homogeneously distributed in the water. Such high local concentrations in solution, if they happen to be present on or close to the fabric can cause local fabric damage. This is especially true in the case of high local concentrations of bleaching agents and optical brighteners in solution. This type of local fabric damage is avoided according to the method of the present invention. Because all of the active ingredients are uniformly distributed throughout the large volume of the foam there are no local concentrations of active materials which might cause fabric damage.
A typical handwash composition will comprise some or all of the following components : surfactants (anionic, nonionic, cationic, amphoteric, zwitterionic), detergent builders and chelating agents, soil release polymers, optical brightener, dye transfer inhibition polymer, perfume, enzymes, colorants.
Surfactants are preferably present at a level of from 10% to 90% by weight of the composition, preferably 20% to 80% of the composition, more preferably from 25% to 50% of the composition and most preferably about 30% by weight of the composition.
Detergent builders such as fatty acids, citric acid, succinic acid, phosphate, zeolite are preferably present at a level of from 10% to 90% by weight of the composition, preferably 10% to 50% of the composition, more preferably from 12% to 20% by weight of the composition.
Chelating agent such as phosphonate are preferably present at a level of from 0% to 5%, more preferably from 0.1% to 3% by weight of the composition.
Machine Wash
The method of the present invention may be used to wash textile fabrics in a conventional washing machine or, alternatively, if no added water is required, in a conventional drying machine (both cases referred to herein as "machine wash") . The foam of the present invention is simply dispensed into the drum of the machine either before or after the soiled textile fabrics have been loaded.
Most commercially available washing machines have automatic washing cycles, and many of these cycles start by the addition of water into the machine drum. However, to fall within the scope of the present invention it is necessary for the concentrated foam to be thoroughly dispersed over the textile fabrics without being dissolved in solution. Preferably this is achieved using a washing machine with a washing cycle in which the drum is rotated several times (thereby distributing the foam) before any water is added. However, this does not exclude the step of presoaking the textile fabrics prior to the treatment with the foam from the present invention.
If water is to be added at a later part of the cycle most of the foam components will be dissolved or dispersed in the water, probably resulting in a layer of suds in the machine. As noted above, these suds which have a high water content and a low surfactant content should not be considered as foam within the meaning of the present invention.
The wash cycle may be completed by any combination of washing, rinsing, conditioning and/or drying steps, during any one of which additional wash or rinse additives may be introduced into the machine drum.
The compositions suitable for machine wash foams are similar to those described above for handwash foams.
A. Foam Density
A glass beaker, 62 mm internal height, 111 mm internal diameter, is degreased with a standard soap solution and well rinsed with distilled water. The beaker is filled with foam until overflowing, excess foam being immediately scraped off using a straight edge wiped across the top edge of the beaker. The difference in weight of the full beaker (W2) minus the empty beaker (W1) is the weight of foam. The volume of the beaker (V) is known. Foam density is calculated by (W2-W1)V.
B. Foam Stability in Air
A glass beaker, 62 mm internal height, 111 mm internal diameter, is degreased with a standard soap solution and well rinsed with distilled water. The beaker is filled with foam until overflowing, excess foam being immediately scraped off using a straight edge wiped across the top edge of the beaker.
The time taken for the foam to collapse to half the total volume of the glass beaker is an indication of the foam stability in air. In this test the time taken for the foam to collapse to half the height of the glass beaker is measured and recorded.
Liquid laundry compositions were prepared by mixing the components according to the compositions in Table 1. Then each composition was packed into metal containers, each container having a nominal capacity of 405 cubic centimeters. The cans were filled with 250 ml of liquid detergent and then were pressurised with carbon dioxide while shaking, until it equilibrates to a can pressure of about 10 bars of carbon dioxide at about 20° C.
All the cans are fitted with a 3×1.0 mm diameter standard valve (Code No. 045380 supplied by Valve Precision), without a dip tube and a straight whipped cream nozzle. In order to expel the foam out of the can, the can must be in an inverted position.
The cans were allowed to rest for a day at room temperature (about 20° C.) before the testing for the foam characteristics is performed. Immediately before the testing is done, the cans were thoroughly shaken by hand to ensure homogeneity of the components inside the can. All foam densities and stabilities were measured based upon the first discharge of foam from the filled aerosol container.
The results of the methods described above are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Liquid Matrix Compositions__________________________________________________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7__________________________________________________________________________Alkyl sulphate 7.44 7.44 9.57 7.97 10.10 7.44 9.57Alkyl ethoxy sulphate 6.38 6.38 8.20 6.84 8.66 6.38 8.20Nonionic C12/C15 E7 10.62 10.62 13.65 11.38 14.41 10.62 13.65NMG 4.06 4.06 5.22 4.35 5.51 4.06 5.22Fatty acid 8.79 8.79 11.30 9.42 11.93 8.79 11.30Citric acid 0.87 0.87 1.12 0.93 1.18 0.87 1.12Propane diol 9.65 9.65 12.41 10.34 13.10 9.65 12.41Ethanol 0.68 0.68 0.87 0.73 0.92 0.68 0.87Monoethanolamine 7.52 7.52 9.67 8.06 10.21 7.52 9.67Ethoxylated TEP 0.31 0.31 0.40 0.33 0.42 0.31 0.40Phosphonate 1.34 1.34 1.72 1.44 1.82 1.34 1.72Soil release polymer 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.16 0.20 0.15 0.19PVNO 0.24 0.24 0.31 0.26 0.33 0.24 0.31Enzymes 0.691 0.691 0.89 0.74 0.94 0.691 0.89CaCl2 0.020 0.020 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.020 0.03Boric acid 4.500 4.500 5.79 4.82 6.11 4.500 5.79PTMS 0.030 0.030 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.030 0.04Perfume 1.200 1.200 1.54 1.29 1.63 1.200 1.54PEG 200 30.00 20.00 10.00Glycerol 25.00 25.00C8EO4 5.00 5.00Methylal 10.00Xanthan GumAcetoneHexylene GlycolAmyl acetateShellsol Degreaser 55Water 5.51 15.51 7.08 5.90 7.48 5.51 7.08TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 100__________________________________________________________________________ 8 9 10 11 A B C__________________________________________________________________________Alkyl sulphate 9.51 9.57 9.57 9.57 10.63 9.57 7.44Alkyl ethoxy sulphate 8.16 8.20 8.20 8.20 9.11 8.20 6.38Nonionic C12/C15 E7 13.58 13.65 13.65 13.65 15.17 13.65 10.62NMG 5.19 5.22 5.22 5.22 5.80 5.22 4.06Fatty acid 11.24 11.30 11.30 11.30 12.56 11.30 8.79Citric acid 1.11 1.12 1.12 1.12 1.24 1.12 0.87Propane diol 12.34 12.41 12.41 12.41 13.79 12.41 9.65Ethanol 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.97 0.87 0.68Monoethanolamine 9.61 9.67 9.67 9.67 10.74 9.67 7.52Ethoxylated TEP 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.44 0.40 0.31Phosphonate 1.71 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.91 1.72 1.34Soil release polymer 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.21 0.19 0.15PVNO 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.34 0.31 0.24Enzymes 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.99 0.89 0.69CaCl2 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02Boric acid 5.75 5.79 5.79 5.79 6.43 5.79 4.50PTMS 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03Perfume 1.53 1.54 1.54 1.54 1.71 1.54 1.20PEG 200GlycerolC8EO4Methylal 10.00Xanthan Gum 0.50Acetone 10.00Hexylene Glycol 10.00Amyl acetate 10.00Shellsol Degreaser 55 10.00 30.00Water 7.04 7.08 7.08 7.08 7.87 7.08 5.51TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 100__________________________________________________________________________
NMG is C12/C14 N-methyl glucamide.
Ethoxylated TEP is ethoxylated tetraethylenpentamine.
PVNO is polyvinylpyridin-N-oxide.
PTMS is propyl trimethoxysilane.
ShellSol Degreaser 55 is a blend of 95 C9-C11 isoparafins and 5% aliphatic C7-ester plus a corrosion protection agent, commercially sold by Shell Chemicals.
C8EO4 is Dehydrol® supplied by Henkel.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Summary of Results__________________________________________________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7__________________________________________________________________________Liquid MatrixSurfactant (%) 36.44 36.44 43.42 38.19 45.17 36.44 43.42Water (%) 5.51 15.51 7.08 5.90 7.48 5.51 7.08Viscosity (mPa · s) 264 180 451 610 470 450 175Foam propertiesDensity (g/L) 78 95 100 107 80 108 66Stability (min) 8.0 11.0 n.a. 18.0 11.0 9.0 1.7Empty Can Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes__________________________________________________________________________ 8 9 10 11 A B C__________________________________________________________________________Liquid MatrixSurfactant (%) 43.25 43.42 43.42 43.42 46.91 43.42 36.44Water (%) 7.04 7.08 7.08 7.08 7.87 7.08 5.51Viscosity (mPa · s) 260 114 234 224 885 940 1700Foam propertiesDensity (g/L) 78 70 78 78 91 85 266Stability (min) 10.0 1.2 5.0 2.5 n.a. >30 >30Empty Can Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No__________________________________________________________________________
The foaming compositions of each of examples 1 to 12 had a viscosity of less than 700 mPa·s at 20° C., and in each case it was possible to empty the package completely. Comparative examples A to C had a viscosity greater than 700 mPa·s, and it was not possible to empty these packages completely.
For the purposes of these examples, a can was considered to be completely emptied if more than 80% by weight of the contents was discharged. It is generally preferred however that at least 85% by weight, and preferably at least 90% by weight of the contents should be discharged.
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So Dogfish Head is supposed to release their gluten free beer to distribution sometime this month or next. As a non-GF beer drinker I am a huge fan (spending part of my life in Southern DE certainly helped) of DFH and think it is a great move for them. My girlfriend who does have a gluten problem is even more excited than I am. What do you GF think of this release?
More to my point while reading about the beer it was mentioned that sorghum and buckwheat honey made up the fermentables (there were strawberries in there too but not sure what this contributed). The buckwheat honey supposedly added a barley like body that is the missing thing in most GF beers. Does anyone have any experience with using buckwheat honey and possibly a sorghum to honey ratio that worked well?
Primary: O'Shields Irish Stout
Secondary: None
On Tap: Sudoku Chocolate Porter
I recall seeing some discussion on this sometime ago, back when I was first trying to figure out the basic beermaking process. I haven't tried it yet since I haven't had the honey, and that buckwheat honey has a particular flavor to it. The mead makers say it gives things a barnyardy flavor, so I'd probably go light on the buckwheat honey.
(I have eaten buckwheat honey several times, and still have a 3 oz jar in my cupboard. I just haven't wanted to get a gallon or so for testing purposes yet.)
Primary: Sake
Secondary: GF Czech Lager
Waiting to be kegged, Italian Primitivo
Kegged&Ready: GF Orange&Coriander, GF Honey Lager, GF chocolate ale, GF English ale, Island mist (zinfandel), Island mist (cbry malbec).
Bottled: Infected Mead, Dry Hard ciders, Accidental Sorghumwine, various unnamed.
As a gluten free drinker I'm just excited that something else is on the market.
Hoping it makes it to Australia (although I'm not holding my breath).
In Australia I can access one brand easily, one slightly less and one barely at all. Although there are many out there in the US and UK.
My gluten free home brewing blog.http://gfhomebrewing.blogspot.com/
Drinking: Hopped Honey IPA
Fermenting: 2 Ciders with S-33 Yeast, Summer Pale Ale and a West Coast IPA
Planning: Belgian Triple, Blood Orange Wit and American IPA
All gluten free.
I just saw that Sam Calagione is going to be on the Sunday Show this week, talking about gluten free brewing, and promoting the release of this beer. Should be an interesting listen.
I also like the Billabong GF but it is so dam expensive. What bottle shop in WA has DFH?


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Bug remedy recipe
I found a bug recipe that uses 2T cooking oil? with 2 T baby shampoo in a gallon of water to use in a spray mister. The claim is that it kills scale, mites, aphids, mealies, etc. Do any of you use this? Any input? ~ Mary
I think the easiest method of controlling insects is to use a soap and water solution. Use a soap and not a detergent, Palmolive is a soap vs Dawn which is a detergent. Just a small amount of soap, say 1/2 a tsp in a spray bottle is good enough. Spray all leaf surfaces and repeat in two or three days to get any newly hatched critters.
Using an oil is more dangerous for plant health because you can burn the leaves in hot weather or bright light. It's best to spray anything is shady conditions but you will have far less problems if you skip the oil. Products like Neem oil work well and they shine the leaves up but they also can cause burns if conditions are too bright. Neem oil also had insecticidal properties vs regular oils which smother insects.


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Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
C. L. LANGS May 13, 1952 BREAST COVER Filed Feb. 14, 1949 INVENTOR. CHARLES L.LANGS www Patented May 13, 1952` UNITED STATES i PATENT OFFICE BREAST COVER Charles L. Langs, Grosse Pointe Park, Mich. Application February 14, 1949, Serial No.'76,228
3 claims. 1
This invention relates generally to breast covers, and concerns itself more particularly with improvements in breast covers `of the type having individual breast pockets independently attachable to the body of the wearer without the use of straps or similar fastening means.
It is one of the objects of this invention to independently secure the breast receiving pockets to the body of the wearer laterally beyond the breasts by a ring secured to the inner side of each breast pocket at the periphery of the latter and having an adhesive on the exposed face.
It is another object of this invention to provide an arrangement whereby the individual breast covers may be used repeatedly without impairing the holding qualities by supplying a plurality of attaching rings adapted for successive application to the breast covers at the inner sides thereof.
In accordance with this invention each time the breast covers are used, an attaching ring is applied to each cover in superposed relation to the ring previously applied. This arrangement enables repeated use of the breast covers, and at the same time, assures securely fastening the covers in place.
The foregoing as well as other objects will be made more apparent as this description proceeds, especially when considered in connection with the accompanying drawing, wherein:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic front elevational View showing a breast cover forming the subject matter of this invention;
Figure 2 is a sectional view of the breast cover shown in Figure 1;
Figure 3 is an elevational view of an attaching ring of the type used in connection with the breast cover shown in Figure l;
Figure 4 is an enlarged sectional view taken on the line 4--4 of Figure 3;
Figure 5 is an enlarged sectional view of a part of the breast cover showing several rings of the type shown in Figure 3 attached thereto; and
Figure 6 is a fragmentary enlarged sectional view through a modified construction.
The breast covering forming the subject matter of this invention comprises individual cup-shaped pockets, one of which is designated in the drawing by the numeral Iii. The pockets I 0 are, of course, used in pairs, but since both pockets are identical, only one need be shown and described. The dimensions of the pockets I0 vary depending upon the size of the breasts to be accommodated, and the material from which the pockets are formed may also vary from a relatively stiff or reinforced material to a highly flexible or soft material.
Notwithstanding the particular material selected, the breast pockets are independently secured in place without the use of strips or equivalent fastening means. Each breast cover A pocket Ill comprises a portion II shaped to revbody of the wearerlaterally beyond the breast and is attachable to this portion of the body by a ring I3. The ring `I3 is stitched or otherwise secured to the inner face of the flange I2, and has an adhesive coating I4 on the exposed face of the type adapted to adhere to the skin of the wearer upon being pressed against the body. There are various different types of adhesives available tothe trade which are suitable for the above purpose. Any of the surgical types of adhesives or adhesives which are nontoxic, odorless and moisture repellent may be used. Regardless of the specific type of adhesive selected, it is preferred to protect the adhesive prior to use with a covering I5 of a material which may be readily stripped from the adhesive when desired.
Adhesives of the above general type tend to lose their tacky characteristics after use, and thereby limit repeated applications of the breast covers. In order to overcome this objection, a plurality of separate rings I6 are supplied. The rings I6 are formed of some inexpensive material, such for example. as paper or cloth, and are preferably coated on opposite sides with an adhesive Il. As shown in Figure 4 of the drawings protective coverings I8, similar to the cover I5, are applied to opposite sides of each ring I6. The rings I6 are successively applied to the ring I3 in superposed relation in the manner shown in Figure 5 of the drawing and enable repeated use of the breast covers.
While as stated above it is preferred to provide adhesive coatings at opposite sides of the rings I6, nevertheless, satisfactory results may be obtained with rings having an adhesive coating on one side only. In instances where the above arrangement is resorted to, the uncoated face of the rings are applied to the adhesive coating previously used to secure the breast covers to the body, and this procedure is usually satisfactory, beca-use the used adhesive is ordinarily suiiiciently tacky to adequately secure one of the rings thereto.
The embodiment of the invention shown in Figure 6 of the drawing is similar to lthe one previously described, except that the ring I3 is omitted from the Ilange I2. I'hus when it is desired to apply breast covers of the type shown in Figure 6 of the drawing, it is rst necessary to secure one of the rings I 6 to the inner face of the ange I2.
It follows from the foregoing that lthe individual breast covers are independently secured to the body of the wearer without the use of straps or other visible fastening means. Also the breast covers may be repeatedly applied which is advantageous since it permits using Y ner materials in the manufacture of the covers. The breast covers are, of course, packaged in pairs, andianynumber `of'separate rings I6 maybe included in the package.
What I claim as my invention is:
1. A breast cover comprisinga cupped breast receiving pocket, a flexible annular flange extending outwardly and continuously around the periphery of said pocket and adapted to overlie an area of the body of a wearer laterally beyond the breast, a flexible ringcorrespon'dingf in size and contour to the ange arranged in superimposed relation to the inner surface of said flange and adapted to overliethe area aforesaid oi the body Ylaterallybeyond'th'ebreast, one of the adjacentfs'urface's 'of -the "ii'ngan'd flange having 'a coating of "pressure sensitive "adhesive thereon Vfor"securing'said ringv to the fange iin the aforesaid relation," an'da coating of 'pressure sensitive adhesiv'ef on the 'inner surface' of "said ring` for `'securing the cover tothe 'body'of the wearer, said 'flange 'and "ring 'beingsufciently flexible' to v'readily "conform to such area -of ythe body'of'the wearer.
Y2. A breast "cover comprising'a cupped breast receiving pocket,V a lexible"l annularv ange Textending outwardly 'andcontinuously around the periphery of said'pocket and."adapted`t0 overlie an area 'of the" bodyv f'a"wearerflaterally be yond the' breastfa flexible i'i'ng corresponding in size and contoiirfto 'said 'flange arranged in superimposed relation to 'the 'inner"surface' of the 'angeard adapted 'to overlie the area aforesaid'"of the' body'lh' ally'beyon'd 'the breast,rthe outer surface' ofsjad ring" 'andi the inner surface only of said flange having a coating of pressureV sensitive adhesive thereon for securing said ring to said flange in the aforesaid relation. and a coating yofl pressure sensitive adhesive von the inner surfaceof said ring for securing ithe cover to the body of the wearer, said flange and ring Ubeing sufciently flexible to readily conform to such area of the'body of the wearer. K
3. VThe breast cover set forth in claim 2 in Vwhich a removable protective covering is at- Y tached to the inner surface of said ring by the Aadhesive thereon.
REFERENCES CITED UNITED STATES: PATENTS Number Namer Y VDate V1,250,875 rHeuchan "Decj 18, '1917 1,723,018 Dunlap Augifi, 1929 1,783,512 Mather "Dec. l2, `1930 '1,942,489 Pfefferle Jan.",9,"19'34 2,030,135 Carpenter Feb. `11, 1936 2,079,426 Schottenfels, May,` 4,' 1937 2,147,375 Lazzari Feb. 14, 1939 2,191,545 'Schneider A'-Felo. 27,' 1940 2,292,024 Dreher -Aug. V4, 1942 2,344,781 VMullen Mar. 21, 1944 2,553,825 Langs May 22, 1951 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date `508,399 V`Great Britain -lJune30Q1f939
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Featured Stories
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Grandpa Joe "stretches" out the show tonight with MORE extended versions of some great tracks!
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Episode three focuses on the power of two, highlighting past and present duos. Join us as we share the music of two emcees sharing the beat.
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MINI Cars
The vehicles offered by MINI are for those who enjoy the finer tastes in life. For enthusiasts and MINI aficionados, photos and technical specifications further fuel the desire to understand and gain more knowledge on their favourite vehicle.
MINI Cars in India
MINI Countryman26.55 to 37.50 lakh
MINI 3 Door31.85 to 34.65 lakh
MINI Convertible32.50 to 32.50 lakh
MINI 5 Door35.20 to 35.20 lakh
Our Coverage on MINI in India
MINI Car News
First rendering of Mini Clubman Vision Gran TurismoMini has release the first set of rendering images of the Mini Clubman Vision Gran Turismo virtual racer which will be available on the popular Gran Turismo 6 game for Sony PlayStation 3. Get the latest updates for all automobile news on ZigWheels.comRead More..
MINI Car Reviews
2015 Mini Cooper S 3-Door First reviewWe have driven the new Mini Cooper S, a petrol powered rocket. Here's a quick look at the car. For prices, specifications and pictures of the new Mini Cooper S check out ZigWheels.comRead More..
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The Mini Cooper S will only be available in 3-Door form and will be priced around Rs 33 lakh. Mini is also planning enthusiast events for Mini owners in the near futureRead More..
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We drive the new 5-door Mini to see if it is as exciting as the conventional 3-door version. The Mini Cooper Diesel 5-door goes up against the Mercedes-Benz A-Class and the BMW 1 Series.Read More..
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May 17, 2010
John T. "Jack" Lupton III, who founded The Honors Course and served on the USGA Executive Committee in 1983, died on May 16 at the age of 83 in his hometown of Chattanooga, Tenn.
The grandson of Coca-Cola Bottling's wealthiest owner, Lupton was best known for his visionary leadership and generous donations
"His generosity is legendary, and frankly, often anonymous," wrote Dick Horton, the executive director of the Tennessee Golf Association, adding that Lupton made a $4 million gift to the Tennessee Golf Foundation to create Golf House Tennessee, which set the standard for junior golf facilities.
Former USGA president William C. Campbell once wrote:
"Jack's contributions to the USGA have been unique." Campbell said. "To my knowledge, he has never declined to help the USGA with money or anything important to the game."
In 1983, Lupton created The Honors Course, a Pete Dye design in Ooltewah, just north of Chattanooga, that was built on the principles of the amateur creed. A friend of Bob Jones, Lupton wanted to found a club that characterized and epitomized the nine-time USGA champion. Even the club's logo is very simple: the Martin Condon Tennessee State Amateur Trophy above the words The Honors Course. He also named various holes on the course after well-known amateur golfers.
Since its opening, the club has hosted three USGA competitions (1991 U.S. Amateur; 1994 Curtis Cup Match and 2005 U.S. Mid-Amateur). A fourth, the USGA Senior Women's Amateur, will be contested in September 2011.
"Jack Lupton was a giant of a man," former Chattanooga mayor and U.S. Senator Bob Corker told WRCB-TV in Chattanooga. "When most had given up on Chattanooga, he saw the great potential that existed in the community that he loved and rallied us around his dream for the city we enjoy today. Not only was he enormously generous, he was willing to risk his reputation on civic endeavors like the Aquarium and was an inspiration to all of us. He was both a mentor and friend to me and I will miss him greatly."
Fourteen years ago, Lupton sold the world's largest Coca-Coca bottling company for $1.6 billion. Lupton used some of those monies to help finance many local Chattanooga projects, including a $25 million gift to the University of Tennessee-Chattanooga. He also helped raise nearly $50 million for the Tennessee Aquarium. Other donations went to helping primary health care, elementary and secondary education, and arts and cultural activities.
In 2007, the Tennessee Valley PBS television station produced a 15-minute segment about Lupton's philanthropic exploits and his impact on the Chattanooga community.
A memorial service is scheduled to be held at 4 p.m. on May 18 at the Church of the Good Shepherd on Lookout Mountain. A private reception and burial is to follow.
Story written by USGA communications staff writer David Shefter.
The USGA and Chevron have committed to using the game of golf to encourage students in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) disciplines.
This commitment has led to the creation of extensive golf-focused STEM teaching tools, and has resulted in charitable contributions to support golf-related
programs through Eagles for Education
At U.S. Open Championships the Chevron STEM ZONE™ is an interactive experience highlighting the science and math behind the game of golf through a variety of hands-on exhibits and experiments.
The partnership has also produced educational materials such as the Science of Golf video series and a nationally-distributed newspaper insert which are provided to teachers as tools to enhance existing curriculum in schools. These lessons teach the science behind the USGA's equipment testing, handicapping, and agronomy efforts.
For more interactive experiences featuring golf-focused STEM lessons, visit the partnership homepage.
Rolex has been a longtime supporter of the USGA and salutes the sportsmanship and great traditions unique to the game. This support includes the Rules of Golf where Rolex has partnered with the USGA to ensure golfers understand and appreciate the game.
As the official timekeeper of the USGA and its championships, they also provide clocks throughout host sites for spectator convenience.
For more information on Rolex and their celebration of the game, visit the Rolex and Golf homepage.
IBM has partnered with the USGA to bring the same technology, expertise, and innovation it provides to businesses all over the world to the USGA and golf's national championship.
IBM provides the information technology to develop and host the U.S. Open's official website, www.usopen.com, as well as the mobile apps and scoring systems for the three U.S. Open championships. These real-time technology solutions provide an enhanced experience for fans following the championship onsite and online.
For more information on IBM and the technology that powers the U.S. Open and businesses worldwide, visit http://www.usopen.com/IBM
Lexus is committed to partnering with the USGA to deliver a best-in-class experience for the world's best golfers by providing a fleet of courtesy luxury vehicles for all USGA Championships.
At each U.S. Open, Women's Open and Senior Open, Lexus provides spectators with access to unique experiences ranging from the opportunity to have a picture taken with both the U.S. Open and U.S. Women's Open trophies to autograph signings with legendary Lexus Golf Ambassadors in the Lexus Performance Drive Pavilion.
For more information on Lexus, visit http://www.lexus.com/
Together, American Express and the USGA have been providing world-class service to golf fans since 2006. By creating interactive U.S. Open experiences both onsite and online, American Express enhances the USGA's effort to make the game more accessible and enjoyable for fans.
For more information on American Express visit www.americanexpress.com/entertainment


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Continuing the legacy as one of the most recognized names in security, Interlogix affirms a long-standing commitment to market-leading brands. As a convenient one-source provider for our customers, our goal is to provide reliable and intuitive products that meet existing and future security needs. This means you can source your entire system from one provider rather than from different providers across the market. This delivers a hassle free installation and in the unlikely event of any problems occurring easier troubleshooting by the Interlogix support team.
With offices all over the world including the USA, Latin America, Australia and Canada there is always Interlogix office near you. This means that you expect only the best support and aftersales service.
For warranty information click here: http://www.interlogix.com/resources/customer-support/Return_and_Warranty_Policy.pdf
Contact Us
Tel: (888) 286-8889 opt. 2
Support: firstname.lastname@example.com
One of the biggest names in the industry Samsung boasts some of the best image sensor technologies on the market. Over the past 30 years they have refined their production techniques, manufacturing some of the world's best-performing security cameras, digital video recorders and network control systems.
Samsung provide a comprehensive range of products and complete solutions ranging from city surveillance to the protection of streets, airports, ports, industrial facilities and military installations. Samsung's world leading imaging technology coupled with cutting edge design makes their equipment some of the most reliable and adaptable available so you can rest assured that you are safe with Samsung.
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Samsung Security
Tel: +1 888 595 2288
Fax: +1 972 245 7333
Korea Technology & Communications (KT&C) is a dynamic CCTV camera company developing and manufacturing CCTV products utilizing the power of digital technology.
KT&C designs, manufactures CCTV products with the vision of providing highest quality and design to their customers. All R&D and manufacturing is conducted in house so they take a product from the design phase all the way through testing and deliver it to the end user. This allows KT&C to maintain the highest levels of quality control and keep production costs to a minimum.
Established in Korea 1996 (KT&C) has rapidly expanded into the international market with offices in the USA, China and Australia. Along the way they have earned a reputation for excellent customer service and aftersales support so as a (KT&C) customer you can rest assured that you are in good hands.
For warranty information click here: http://www.ktncusa.com/english/viewforum.php?f=19
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- Flush Mount for UltraView Rugged Domes
- Construction: Aluminum
- Finish: Powder coated
- Inside Corner Mount for UltraView Rugged Domes (use with DR-RWM wall mount)
- Construction: Aluminum
- Finish: Powder coated
- Pendant Mount for UltraView Rugged Domes
- Construction: Aluminum
- Finish: Powder coated
- Wall Mount for UltraView Rugged Domes
- Aluminum Construction
- Powder coated Finish
- Easy Installation
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- Wall Mount Bracket for KPT-SPDN231
- Pole mount adaptor for SBP-300WM
- Indoor/outdoor use
- Steel material
- Applicable camera
- Can be used to mount camera enclosures onto a wall or the ceiling
- For indoor/outdoor environments
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Summary for Ross
Average price per square foot for Hamilton OH was $72, an increase of 0% compared to the same period last year. The median sales price for homes in Hamilton OH for Dec 14 to Mar 15 was $112,000 based on 104 home sales. Compared to the same period one year ago, the median home sales price decreased 11.5%, or $14,500, and the number...