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Apparatus is disclosed which may be utilized as an energizing circuit for the ignition of fluorescent lamps and other gas discharge luminescent devices. The circuit directs energizing signals to gaseous discharge tubes at a voltage sufficient to intitiate ionization of the gases therein. The signals are characterized by having a predetermined frequency in the range from about 20 kilohertz to 10 megahertz. Thereafter, the circuit lowers the voltage and current of the signal delivered to the tubes to a level sufficient to maintain gas ionization. Significant power savings are realized over conventional ballast circuits with the apparatus of the present invention.
1. In a transformer-coupled oscillator circuit for generating a high frequency signal across the secondary of the transformer to energize flourescent tubes, said oscillator circuit including at least one transistor and a DC power source with first and second terminals, the improvement comprising:
a ferromagnetic pot-core transformer having first and second primary windings and a secondary winding, said second primary winding coupled between the first terminal of the DC power source and the collector of each said transistor;
a first parallel R-C circuit having one end thereof coupled to the base of each said transistor and the second end thereof coupled to the second terminal of the DC power source;
a second parallel R-C circuit having one end thereof coupled to the base of each said transistor;
a bias resistor coupled between the second ends of said first and second R-C circuits;
a serial combination of a third parallel R-C circuit and the first primary winding, coupled between the first terminal of the DC power source and the second end of said second R-C circuit; and
an emitter resistor coupled between the emitter of each said transistor and the second terminal of the DC power source.
2. The oscillator circuit of claim 1, wherein it comprises four transistors.
3. The oscillator circuit of claim 1, wherein the breakpoint frequency of the first and third parallel R-C circuits is less than 500 Hertz.
4. The oscillator circuit of claim 1, wherein the energizing signal at the secondary of the pot-core transformer is substantially a sine wave.
5. The oscillator circuit of claim 1, wherein it further comprises a circuit breaker which is coupled between said first end of the second parallel R-C circuit and the base of each said transistor.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 564,369 filed Apr. 2, 1975, and now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to circuits for providing a high frequency energizing signal to electrical energy utilization devices.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The traditional measure of the efficiency of energy utilization in luminescent sources is a parameter called "efficacy", which is the ratio of luminous flux output (lumens) to total power input (watts). For example, the efficacy of present day fluorescent tubes is about 55 to 65 lumens per watt as compared to a figure of about 40 lumens per watt for typical incandescent lamps. Solely from the standpoint of energy utilization efficiency, therefore, it would seen desirable to employ fluorescent lamps for most lighting needs.
However, as relatively efficient as they are when compared with some light sources, present day fluorescent lamps fall far short of the efficiencies theoretically possible. Fluorescent lamps, just as do all gaseous-discharge tubes, require a high voltage to initiate current flow across the lamp terminals. This is due to the fact that there is an infinitely high impedance existing in the tube prior to ignition. Ignition occurs when the gases inside the tube are ionized, thus permitting current to flow between the electrodes at each end of the tube. Once a gaseous-discharge tube has ignited, it exhibits a negative resistance characteristic, and, some sort of current control device is typically utilized to limit the current to the tube. These current limiting devices are referred to as "ballasts."
Typically, a fluorescent lamp ballast includes circuitry adapted to direct a high voltage (which may be as high as 1000 volts) to the gas tube electrodes. This high voltage is necessary in order to force electron emission from those electrodes and thereby initiate ionization of the gases in the tubes. One or both of the electrodes generally comprises a filament which has the capacity of more readily emitting electrons when heated and subjected to such high voltage.
One disadvantage with a present day mercury vapor fluorescent lamp circuit involves the loss of energy in the operation of the ballast and in the heating of the filament electrodes. Another disadvantage is that the lifetime of the lamps is controlled principally by the mechanical integrity of the filaments. Once the filaments break and cease to emit electrons the lamps no longer function, even though the light producing components of the lamp (the gases in the tube and the phosphorus on the tube walls) remain functional.
It is generally acknowledged that the energization of fluorescent tubes with high frequency signals is more efficient than standard ballast circuits. For one reason or another, however, these systems have not been commercially feasible. Apparently, in prior art circuits too much energy is lost in the switching and amplification of transistors and in the operation of the power transformer. Another factor which may have been encountered is the fact that bulb life is greatly reduced and the ends of the tube tend to become blackened due to current distortions in the tube caused, at times, by the introduction into the tube of signals carrying too many harmonics.
The present invention may be characterized as an energizing circuit for the ignition of fluorescent lamps and other gas discharge luminescent devices. The energizing circuit of the invention comprises a DC voltage source. Coupled to the DC voltage source is an oscillator circuit adapted to generate energizing signals at a fixed frequency, predetermined in optimum value by the size and characteristics of the energy utilization device to be energized, which frequency may be in the range between about 20 KHz to about 10 mHz. The waveform of the energizing signal approximates a sine wave. The oscillator circuit comprises at least one transistor.
An embodiment of the energizing circuit of the present invention includes a ferromagnetic pot core power transformer which is operable over a wide range of frequencies. The ferromagnetic pot core includes first and second primary windings and a secondary winding, with the first primary winding coupled between one terminal of the DC supply and the collector of each transistor. A fluorescent tube is coupled across the secondary winding of this transformer.
An embodiment of the energizing circuit also comprises a first, second, and third parallel R-C circuits, a bias resistor, and an emitter resistor. The first R-C circuit, second primary winding of the ferromagnetic pot core transformer, and the bias resistor are coupled in series between the two terminals of the DC power supply. The second R-C circuit is coupled between one terminal of the bias resistor and the base of each transistor. The third R-C circuit is coupled between the base of each transistor and the second terminal of the DC power supply. An emitter resistor is coupled between the emitter of each transistor and the second terminal of the DC supply.
It is a feature of the present invention that the operating lifetimes of gaseous discharge lamps are greatly extended due to the elimination of the requirement of having filament electrodes, even though the present invention is adaptable to and can be used on tubes containing filament electrodes.
In the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is an electrical schematic diagram which illustrates one embodiment of the electrical energizing circuit of the present invention.
FIGS. 1A and 1B are graphic representations of the ideal waveform of the signal at points 650 and 651 in FIG. 1 and which have been observed at corresponding points in the embodiment of FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 is an electrical schematic diagram which illustrates a preferred embodiment of the electrical energizing circuit of the present invention.
It will be appreciated that the present invention can take many forms and embodiments. Some embodiments are illustrated and described to give an understanding of the invention. It is not intended that these illustrative embodiments should in any way limit the invention.
With reference now to FIG. 1, there is shown one embodiment of the energizing circuit of the present invention. It comprises DC power source 600, resistors 601 through 604, capacitors 605 through 609, ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610, transistor 620, and diode 615. The first terminal of resistor 601 is coupled to the positive voltage output of DC power source 600, to the first terminal of capacitor 605, and to the end winding of primary 610a of ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610. The second terminal of resistor 601 is coupled to the second terminal of capacitor 605 and to the end winding of primary 610b of ferromagnetic pot care transformer 610. The start winding of primary 610b of ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610 is coupled to the first terminals of resistors 602 and 604 and capacitor 606. The second terminals of resistors 602 and capacitor 606 are coupled to the base of transistor 620 and to the first terminals of resistor 603 and capacitor 607. The emitter of transistor 620 is coupled to the anode of diode 615, and the cathode of diode 615 is coupled to the second terminals of resistors 603 and 604 and capacitor 607 and to the negative output of DC power source 600. The first terminals of capacitors 608 and 609 are coupled to the start winding and the end winding of secondary 610c of ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610. A load 611 may be conveniently connected across the second terminals of capacitors 608 and 609.
It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that there are many methods by which DC power source 600 may be implemented. As shown in FIG. 1 however, it preferably comprises bridge rectifier 600a for full wave rectifying of the AC input signal applied to step down transformer 600b, resistor 600c for adjusting the voltage output of DC power 600, and capacitor 600d for filtering the full wave rectified AC input. Potentiometer 600c is preferably adjusted so that the voltage at the positive output is approximately 90 volts with respect to ground.
When switch 600e of DC power source 600 is engaged, a positive voltage appears at the positive output of DC power source 600. At this time, current will flow through the parallel RC circuit comprised of resistor 601 and capacitor 605 and into the primary 610b of ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610. Current will flow out the start winding of primary 610b into resistor 604 and into the parallel RC network comprised of resistor 602 and capacitor 606. The current flowing through the RC network of resistor 602 and capacitor 606 continues to flow through the parallel RC network comprised of resistor 603 and capacitor 607 to the negative side of DC power source 600. It should be apparent, therefore, that shortly after DC power is applied to this embodiment of the energizing circuit of the present invention that the base-emitter junction of transistor 620 becomes slightly forward biased.
Because the base-emitter junction of transistor 620 is forward biased, current may flow from the positive terminal DC power source 600 through primary 610a of ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610, and through transistor 620 and diode 615 to ground. Because of the mutual inductance between primary 610a and 610b, the flow of current in primary 610a will induce a voltage at the start winding of primary 610b which is indicated by reference number 650 in FIG. 1. This voltage will be positive with respect to ground, and will cause increased current flow into the base of transistor 620. Transistor 620 is, therefore, driven further into conduction, which enables more current to be drawn by transistor 620. As transistor 620 goes further into conduction, more current will be passing through primary 610a of ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610. This increase in current causes an even higher voltage to be induced at the start winding of primary 610b which causes the transistor to go further into conduction. In other words, because of the mutual inductance between primaries 610a and 610b, a positive feedback occurs between the collector and the base of transistor 620.
After a short period of time, the rate of change of current through primary 610a will approach zero. When this occurs, the electromagnetic field developed in ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610 by current flowing in primary 610a collapses and a reverse or back electromagnetic force (EMF) is generated across primary 610a. Again, because of mutual inductance between primaries 610a and 610b, a voltage is induced from primary 610a to 610b. This induced voltage causes the voltage at point 650 to begin to decrease. Consequently, the voltage at the base of transistor 620 decreases, which drives transistor 620 in the direction of cutoff. Furthermore, at this time the voltage at the end winding 651 of primary 610b begins to increase. The voltage at the base of transistor 620 becomes negative which cutsoff transistor 620. When the reverse EMF is no longer present, current begins to flow in the initial direction, and the process repeats itself.
The voltages present across primaries 610a and 610b are reflected to the secondary 610c of ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610 and are used to drive the load of 611.
In the preferred embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 1, the values and/or types of components utilized are shown below in Table 1.
TABLE 1______________________________________FIG.DESIGNATION COMPONENT VALUE______________________________________600c Potentiometer 2500 ohm (max)600d Filter Capacitor 1500 mfd, 100v601,602 Resistor 5.6K ohm, 1 watt603 Resistor 12K ohm, 1 watt604 Resistor 7.5K ohm, 5 watts605 Capacitor .02 mfd, 1000v606,607 Capacitor .05 mfd, 1000v608,609 Capacitor .003 mfd, 6000v620 Transistor for NPN 2N 5804610 Ferromagnetic Pot core Transformer______________________________________
Still referring to FIG. 1, the high frequency signal generated by the circuit of the present invention is produced at a voltage level sufficient to excite the gases inside the tube to ionization. This, of course, leads to the release of ultraviolet and visible radiation. Taking a standard fluorescent tube as an example, both argon and mercury are present as gases in the tube. The argon molecules are brought to their ionization potential by the high voltage signal and begin to ionize. It is then the movement of the argon ions coupled with the high frequency oscillations of the field which cause ionization of the more predominant mercury atoms. The mercury ions in turn give off the desired radiation as the electrons in their outer shells move from one energy level to another. A chain reaction of collisions among the mercury atoms as the high frequency signal continues at a reduced voltage has the effect of maintaining the overall ionization state. Apparently, the higher the frequency of the electric field oscillations, the more excited the mercury atoms become, the more collisions there are among the atoms in the tube and the greater the degree of ionization and emitted radiation. It is a unique aspect of the phenomenon produced by the energizing circuit of the present invention that, in the frequency ranges mentioned, as the frequency is increased the current through the lamp may be decreased to a point where exceptionally low levels of power are being consumed in lamp operation. Impressing a high frequency signal into the tube at a sufficient voltage causes ionization of the argon at its fundamental ionization potential. Since argon has a higher ionization potential than mercury, the ionized argon atoms will cause ionization of the mercury atoms.
Still referring to FIG. 1, the illustrated circuitry oscillates at a high frequency to ignite and operate load 611, which, for example, may be a fluorescent tube. By high frequencies it is contemplated to refer to the range of about 20 kHz to about 10 mHz. It should be understood that the concept of the present invention is operable at frequencies lower and even higher than the range limit heretofore given. However, it has been found that at frequencies below about 20 kHz audible noise problems are experienced. Noise can be lessened considerably or even eliminated by a number of different procedures, such as by dipping transformer windings in liquid rubber or other suitable material, or by employing well-known noise suppression techniques to the signal at the output of ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610. Generally speaking, for a given circuit configuration and a given lamp load, there will be a minimum frequency below which the gas molecules will not remain sufficiently agitated to maintain full lamp ignition. While this may be calculated theoretically where the excitation level of a particular gas combination is known, it is more readily predetermined by first choosing a power transformer for the particular lighting load to be anticipated (as will be explained below), and thereafter feeding a range of frequencies through the transformer to a representative load by means of a frequency generator device. Using such a technique the optimum frequency for a given load may also be predetermined. The higher the frequency of the excitation signal, the lower the value of the source current and voltage necessary to sustain continued device performance. Since power utilized at a constant voltage is directly related to the amount of current, power savings may be realized at higher frequency operation. However, for a given lamp load and a given circuit configuration and power transformer, there is also a point above which lighting intensity, as well as overall system efficiency, begins to decrease. For luminescent tubes optimum luminosity will be obtained at various frequencies depending upon the type, size and number of lamps to be energized as well as the nature of the power transformer and the characteristics of the gases in the tube.
According to the principles of the instant invention, ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610, across which the luminescent gas discharge tube or other electrical energy utilization device is connected, is of critical design. The ferromagnetic pot core of transformer 610 is constructed of a high ferromagnetic permeability ferrite material having the following essential characteristics:
a. A very fine grained crystalline structure of iron oxide (Fe2 03) with other metallic oxides of bivalent metals such as nickel, manganese, zinc, magnesium and the like combined with ceramic bonding materials. This produces a core having ferromagnetic properties (an extremely strong greater than 70% or more molecular alignment in one direction) but which is also a poor conductor of electricity. Therefore, such cores are useful where cores made from ordinary materials which are good conductors would cause too great a loss of electrical energy.
b. the magnetic field in the core is perpendicular to the windings as opposed to straight and parallel fields in other transformers.
c. the ability to be used over a wide range of frequencies. This is due to its ability to realign its molecular structure as polarity reverses on half cycles in accordance with its AC characteristics depending upon the frequency input.
d. the construction of the ferromagnetic pot core is such that when an electric current is passed through the windings, magnetization is along the cube edge axis of the crystalline structure. This vastly improves the operational characteristics of the core.
e. a high resistivity (between about 104 to 109 ohms) and negligible eddy current losses in an alternating magnetic field.
One suitable ferromagnetic pot core is known in the art as SIFERRIT type T26, sold by Siemens A.G.
A second feature of ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610 is the use of the same diameter wire in both the primary and secondary windings. This unique feature is the result of the fact that no power factor lag need be built into the power transformer.
Design of the windings around the polycarbonate bobbin of the ferromagnetic pot core will be governed by a number of critical factors as will be appreciated by those in the art. The magnitude of the voltage output of the energizing circuit will be a function of the size of the pot core, the turns ratio between the primary and secondary windings and, to a lesser extent the diameter of the coil wire. The core windings must have their "start" in the same side and the "end" windings must be on the opposite side for optimum operation otherwise core losses will occur and signal characteristics will worsen. Therefore, for a particular lighting load, these factors will have to be balanced for optimum results. Generally speaking, the largest pot core and the largest wire diameter feasible for a particular output voltage and turns ratio requirement should be used. Of course, the inductance of the core windings must be tuned to the rest of the circuit.
In some applications it will be preferred to employ the core inductance as one element of the pulse generating circuit. In such a case it may be advisable to utilize two primary windings one of which will function as an inductance for a pulse generator circuit, such as a blocking oscillator, and the other operating to determine the amount of current and voltage induced in the secondary.
The insulating material around the primary and secondary windings should be of a high impedence, and also be highly resistive to heat.
As will be appreciated, the air gap between the ferromagnetic pot core halves plays a critical role in the funtioning of the transformer because of its direct relationship to the total inductance of the ferromagnetic pot core. Maximum efficiency is ordinarily achieved with as small a gap as possible. However, the gap may have to be adjusted somewhat in order to "tune" the pot core to the rest of the circuit.
One aspect of the ferromagnetic pot core which contributes greatly to the over-all value of the energizing circuit of the instant invention and differentiates it significantly from the prior art is its adaptability and efficient operation at different frequency levels. Thus, where it is determined that a particular electrical system requires a certain frequency for optimum operation, that frequency may be developed in the pulse generating circuitry without the necessity of employing a different pot core.
This feature also gives the circuit the adaptability of being able to be used in association with dimming circuitry to further conserve energy when high illumination levels are otherwise not required. One manner in which dimming may be accomplished is by lowering the voltage of the signal being directed into the lighting load. This may be done by decreasing the voltage into the circuit or at the base of the switching transistor as will be apparent to those skilled in this art or may also be carried out in some circuit embodiments by decreasing the inductance of the ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610. In all these instances, however, the frequency change has little or no effect on the energy transmission efficiency of the transformer.
The output from the secondary of ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610 is adapted so as to develop a voltage across the terminals of a luminescent gas discharge lamp sufficient to initiate ionization of the gases in the lamp. Current surges which would occur as a result of decreasing impedance once ignition of the gases in the lamp has taken place are prevented by placing a current limiting member such as a capacitor in series with the secondary of the transformer. Of course, care should be taken in assuring that the capacitor utilized has the proper voltage and thermal cycling ratings.
Because the present invention does not require thermionic emission of electrons in order to stimulate ionization of the gases in a luminescent tube, it is a feature of the invention that fluorescent lamps may be ignited without the necessity of the coiled filament electrodes present in fluorescent lamps now on the market. In fact, lamps which have had the filaments broken or destroyed for one reason or another are operable without limitation with the energizing circuit of the invention so long as sufficient gases remain in the tube. As an alternative to the expensive, breakable filaments, electrically conductive circular discs may be employed as electrodes in the lamps. Such circular discs should be highly polished and the interior tube ends should also be highly polished because the reflective quality of highly polished material will result in more ultraviolet wave length being converted into visible light than is presently accomplished. Thus, greater light efficiency is achieved since more ultraviolet wave lengths are reflected to phosphorous which then convert the UV wave lengths to visible light. Indeed, the lamps need not even be provided with electrodes as they have been traditionally known. All that is required is that the high frequency oscillating electric field generated by the circuits of the invention be impressed across the lamp so as to affect the gases inside the tube causing ionization.
The conductors connecting the secondary winding 610c of ferromagnetic pot core transformer with the terminals of the lamp should preferably be in shielded cables and/or have a broad, flat or square cross-sectional configuration. This will serve to attenuate any skin effect occurring during transmission of the high frequency signal. Of course, standard conductors will be operable.
The production of ultraviolet radiation and the transformation of such radiation into light takes place more efficiently with the circuit of the present invention because at higher frequencies the atoms are maintained at a higher energy level for longer periods of time. With reference to the fundamental quantum of angular momentum, an atom has a different quantity of energy in each of its angular momentum states. The state which has the least energy is the state in which the electron moves around the fastest and is called the ground state. In this state, the atom does not radiate at all. When the atoms are violently bombarded by collisions at high temperatures; or in an electron vacuum tube; or accelerated by electric fields, the atoms become excited to a higher state. The atom does not radiate at this higher state, but when it returns to a lower energy state is loses energy, and this is the energy radiated. The quantum theory further states that at a particular color or frequency of light, the amount of radiation from an atom will depend upon the total amount of energy losses in a quantum jump from the excited state to the lower energy state. The greater the energy jump, from the higher to the lower state, the bluer the light, or the higher the frequency. Knowing the mass of the electron; the amount of charge on it; and the allowed values of angular momentum, it is possible to predict the energy states to be attained and the amount of energy expended in order to produce a given color of light. It is also possible knowing the above factors, to predict the best gas which should be used in all types of light bulbs and tubes. For example, with a gas such as argon it is possible to generate many atomic lines at relatively low energy input. The radiations given off as the argon atoms descend in energy level from these higher quantum states to the ground state may be utilized in light production. At the same time, the energy absorbed by the gas as it attains each quantum jump to a higher excitation level will determine the resonant frequency level of the gas.
Resonance, therefore, is the point at which the gas system will most efficiently absorb energy. In order to obtain resonance, which is necessary at least at the ignition point, the frequency of the input signal must be matched as closely as possible to the natural frequency of whatever gas is contained in the gas discharge tube. This will also hold radiation losses to an absolute minimum, and reduce skin effection.
Still referring to FIG. 1, the illustrated embodiment of the energizing circuit comprises three parallel R-C circuits two of which are designated T1 and T2. The third R-C circuit comprises resistor 601 and capacitor 605. It has been found through testing that these R-C circuits and the values of the components comprising them are critical to the proper operation of the energizing circuit.
R-C circuit T1 prevents high voltage spikes from appearing between the base and emitter of transistor 620. R-C circuit T2 prevents ringing signals from being present in the base current to transistor 620. The values of resistor 601 and capacitor 605 in the third R-C circuit control the frequency of oscillation of the energizing circuit, and it has been found through testing that the values of components in R-C circuits T1 and T2 do not significantly affect the frequency of oscillation of the energizing circuit.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is illustrated the preferred embodiment of the energizing circuit of the present invention. It comprises rectifier circuit 200 and oscillator 201. The input of rectifier circuit 200 is suitable for receiving an AC input voltage 203, and the output of rectifier circuit 200 provides a DC voltage to oscillator circuit 201. Oscillator circuit 201 utilizes this DC input voltage to generate an energizing signal to load 202, which energizing signal is essentially a sine wave.
Rectifier circuit 200 comprises a transformer 200a which preferably reduces the magnitude of AC input voltage 203. The reduced AC voltage is full wave rectified by full wave rectifier 200b, which is preferably a bridge rectifier, as shown. Filter capacitor 200c is coupled across the DC output of full wave rectifier 200b as a ripple filter to provide a substantially DC voltage at the output of rectifier circuit 200.
Oscillator circuit 201 comprises parallel R-C circuit T3, ferromagnetic pot core transformer 211, parallel R-C circuit T2, parallel R-C network T1, bias resistor 216, transistors 209a -209d (which are connected in parallel), emitter resistors 210a -210d, and circuit breaker 208, all connected as shown.
Still referring to FIG. 2, the operation of the illustrated preferred embodiment is substantially similar to the operation of the oscillator circuit illustrated in FIG. 1. The oscillator circuit illustrated in FIG. 2 has been found, through testing, to have certain advantages over the oscillator circuit illustrated in FIG. 1, as hereinafter explained.
Ferromagnetic pot core transformer 211 preferably has each of the characteristics above recited with respect ot ferromagnetic pot core transformer 610 (FIG. 1). The serial combinations of: (1) Choke 212 and capacitor 214; and (2) choke 213 and capacitor 215 are coupled in series with the secondary 211c of ferromagnetic pot core transformer 211 as shown. One terminal of capacitor 214 comprises one output of oscillator circuit 201, and one terminal of capacitor 215 comprises the second output of oscillator circuit 201. Load 202, which may be one or more fluorescent tubes, it coupled between the two outputs of oscillator circuit 201.
One advantage of the preferred embodiment of energizing circuit over the FIG. 1 embodiments is the inclusion of circuit breaker 208 in the base circuit of transistors 209a -209d. If load 202 should become disconnected due to its failure or removal, the base current into transistors 209a -209d will increase. The circuit breaker trips when the base current reaches a certain level, thus preventing this increased base current from damaging transistors 209a -209d and permitting a significant power saving.
Another advantage of the preferred embodiment of the energizing circuit of the present invention is the utilization of transistors 209a -209d, which are connected in parallel. This parallel configuration allows the energizing circuit to deliver more power to load 202 than if only a single transistor were used.
Another advantage of the preferred embodiment of the present energizing circuit is the inclusion of chokes 212 and 213 and capacitors 214 and 215. The values of the components are chosen to aid in the suppression of radio frequency interference by attenuating any harmonics of the energizing signal which may be present at secondary 211c of pot core transformer 211.
The values and/or types of components which are utilized in the preferred embodiment of the present invention are given below in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________FIG. VALUEDESIGNATION COMPONENT and/or TYPE______________________________________200c Transformer Wayne Transformer 125v/68v200b Full Wave Bridge Gen. Inst. KBPC 806200c Capacitor 1200 mfd, 150v DC202, 206, 216 Resistor 7.5K, 5 Watt204 Resistor 5.6K, 5 Watt203, 205, 207 Capacitor 0.05 mfd, 1500v DC208 Circuit Breaker 150 ma w/140% override209a-209d Transistor RCA 2N6512210a-210d Emitter Resistor 0.5, 12 Watt211 Ferromagnetic Ferroxcube 4229 C-Al Pot Core Transformer 1600-387212, 213 Choke Ferroxcube VK 200204B214, 215 Capacitor 0.01 mfd, 3000v DC______________________________________
Still referring to FIG. 2, the foregoing remarks with respect to the operation of the parallel R-C circuits of FIG. 1 are equally applicable to the parallel R-C circuits of FIG. 2. It has been found through testing that the values of the resistor and the capacitor comprising each parallel R-C circuit are critical for proper operation of the energizing circuit.
The exact theoretical basis for choosing the values of the resistor and capacitor comprising each parallel circuit is presently unknown. It is believed, however, that the choice of these components is dictated by the type of transistor which is utilized and by the characteristics of the ferromagnetic pot core transformer which is utilized.
Still referring to FIG. 2, it will be noted that breakpoint frequency of parallel R-C networks T1 and T3 is approximately 425 Hertz and that the breakpoint frequency of parallel R-C network T2 is approximately 570 Hertz. Hence, signals having frequencies substantially above these breakpoint frequencies are believed to be attenuated by these R-C networks, thereby providing a "purer" DC signal to the bases of transistors 209a -209d.
In further testing of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the values of resistors 202, 204, and 206 were decreased. It was observed that: (1) The decrease in value of resistor 202 changed the frequency of the energizing signal; (2) the decrease in the value of resistor 204 resulted in ringing being present in the current to the base of the transistors 209a -209d; and (3) the decrease in the value of resistor 206 resulted in voltage spikes being present at the base of each transistor. Hence, although the theoretical basis of operation of the circuitry is not known, this testing tends to establish that there are optimum values of components for a given transistor and a given ferromagnetic pot core transformer.
The values of the capacitors in each of the parallel R-C circuits were also varied from the optimum values set forth in Table 2. When the value of these capacitors was increased, ignition of the fluorescent tube was still achieved, but the energizing circuit drew higher current. As the value of the capacitors was decreased, it was observed that ignition of the fluorescent tube could not be achieved.
It has also been shown through testing that fluorescent tubes which are energized with the energizing circuit of the present invention require significantly less power than fluorescent tubes which are energized by conventional ballasts. The results of these tests show a 30 to 40 percent saving in the power that is required to energize fluorescent tubes with conventional circuitry.
Additional testing has been performed on the preferred embodiment of the present invention to determine the power factor of the AC input voltage when the energizing circuit of the present invention is operating. It was found that this power factor was 0.78, which indicates that the energizing circuit of the present invention presents substantially a resistive load to the AC input voltage.
The foregoing description has set forth and described two embodiments of an energizing circuit for fluorescent tubes that actually works. It is believed that these circuits present a commercially practical means of energizing fluorescent tubes with high frequency energy.
Patent Citations
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Check out a few photos from the 2013 Weekend of Service.View Photos
Can't serve during Weekend of Service? Consider one of these projects that need some extra prep before the big weekend.
Projects that have low physical demands.
Projects suited for seniors or those who have physical limitations.
Projects reserved for specific ministries including student ministries, Spanish ministry and The Jordan.
Help cover the cost of supplies and equipment for 2015 Weekend of Service
Submit a form telling us about your group and we will respond with suggestions of projects that will fit your needs.
We are about to embark on our 5th Weekend of Service. This is where North Coast Church shuts down for the weekend of April 25-26 to mobilize a workforce of over 10,000 volunteers on over 400 projects at more than 100 sites that will generate an estimated $2 million in community improvements throughout North County. As a church we have been doing this since 2007.
The Weekend of Service is North Coast's bi-annual effort to unleash compassion in the surrounding community in a big and tangible way. Projects include renovations at dozens of public schools and community centers, skilled repairs at homeless shelters and non-profit facilities.
I saw people of all ages and I love the T-shirt "The church has left the building." The church may have left the building but those who worked brought the church with them.
The leadership and dedication that your group has exhibited over the years has been a true testament to the mission statement of North Coast Church.
Thank you for all that you did to help our school. I like that you painted the handball walls. Thank you for the pretty flowers.
Thank you all so much for your contribution and selflessness. The enthusiasm which NCC displayed is a great reminder of just how fortunate we at Casa de Amparo are—and also how involved in the local community NCC is!
We had 7,924 adults and 1,190 kids (age 14 under) fill 9,114 spots at 101 sites (250 projects).
We shredded 3,000 lbs. of material (1.5 tons). The environmental savings from the paper recycling are as follows: 26 trees, 570 gallons of oil, 5.5 cubic yards of landfill space, 6,000 kilowatts of energy, 10,500 gallons of water and 90 pounds of air pollution.
We collected and environmentally disposed of 14,991 pounds of eWaste.
We had 3,723 people come through the garage sale gate and we gave away 600 hotdogs to the people waiting in line for over 2 hours.
That, of course, doesn't even address the thousands of man-hours spend renovating, clearing, painting, building, constructing, cleaning, planting, clearing, paving, sanding, and so much more to improve and brighten non-profit, schools and community areas throughout the county.
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By Andrew Bansal
London-based traditional heavy metal quintet Amulet formed in 2010, and have been forging their way through the UK and European metal underground. After the 2011 release of their debut EP 'Cut The Crap', they devoted much time and effort into the creation of material for their first full-length album, simply titled 'The First', got signed to Century Media Records for a worldwide deal, and following the European release on September 22nd of this year, Amulet sit on their North American launch pad as 'The First' is set to be unveiled digitally on October 21st. Continue reading


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Akshay Kumar's upcoming 'Gabbar is Back' is the center of media attraction with so much of publicity going on. While the actor has been entertaining with punchy dialogues on Twitter, there had been no talks about Kareena Kapoor Khan as yet. The actress's look is finally out after so
Salman Khan and Kareena Kapoor's sizzling chemistry
Kareena Kapoor
Kareena Kapoor has turned down the offer to judge the dance reality show, 'Nach Baliye 7'. Producer Ekta Kapoor wishes to make the seventh season of the dance celebrity show high on glamour quotient and she has apparently approached Kareena to become one of the judges but the diva decently turned
Kareena Kapoor Khan was seen in a breath-taking avatar at the finale of Lakme Fashion Week. But the actress apparently got upset at the event. So what was it that upset her? It was the Sena protest that brought the grand show to a standstill. The incident took place on Sunday
Latest Bollywood News
- 'Bigg Boss 8' winner Gautam Gulati to debut with 'Udanchhoo'
- Sunny Leone revives Marilyn Monroe in 'Kuch Kuch Locha Hai'
- Sonakshi Sinha lashes out at Deepika Padukone
- Nithya Menon's 'OK Kanmani' audio to be launched on April 4
- CBFC invites religious gurus for 'Dharam Sankat Mein' screening


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My Roommate the Cylon
The Visitor
- Episode Description
In the midst of a botched date night, Bennett's girlfriend Jessica discovers the apartment has a strange visitor, leading the guys to tell her their secret: that one of them is a Cylon. What are the chances "her man" isn't a man at all? (About 33%, actually)
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A Retail Store Chain
Don't miss out on the most coveted look this season, Cargo Skinny Pants. Amanda Seyfried, Vanessa Hudgens, Sarah Jessica Parker, Rihanna, Kate Bosworth and Jessica Alba – have been seen wearing the J Brand Houlihan Skinny Cargo Pants and I haven't even gotten to half of them yet. These pants are so-in and so now!
Incorporate military-chic into your wardrobe with these J Brand cargo pants — a wardrobe must-have. Pocket and zip detailing add edgy appeal, so pair with sleek, simple pumps or chunky leather sandals. Top with a long cardigan, T-shirt or sequin top (for more dressy occasions).
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A Retail Store Chain
A fashion retail store.
Spanish retail clothing chain
An American clothing chain retail store


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Performance golf ball fitting focuses on finding the best ball for your game and lowering your score.
Be the first to hear about product introductions, surveys, promotions, and sweepstakes. Through Team Titleist News we will provide exclusive communication not available in any other forum.
Titleist offers the most precise club fitting experience in the game.
The full-set Titleist Golf Club Trial program provides golfers with an easy way to experience Titleist products on either the course or practice tee to help determine the right equipment for their game.
Need to customize headwear, gloves, bags, or golf balls?
Track your stats. Get video tips. Set goals for your golf game.
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Casey M
Last year
Last year
I just went to a Titleist Demo day today and the fitter suggested that I would fit perfectly into the original whiteboard D-series shafts for my driver and the heavier 96g version of the original blueboards S-series because he said they were stiffer and lower torque which was needed because I am an aggressive swinger. I have done a little research online and saw where a few people have gotten the original shafts for no up-charge. I was just wondering if this was true? If not, what is the up-charge and lead time on these shafts?
Thanks for your help!
HI Cathi,
I actually ordered a 913 F 4-wood with the original Diamana Blueboard 73g, but was told that Titleist did not offer the original Blueboard anymore and that the new Diamana S+ Blue 72 was the same as the original Diamana Blueboard, but just updated graphics. Is this true?
Thank you for your help.
The Plus Blue 72 is not the same shaft, but very similar. It is their next generation Blue Board - a combination of the Blue Board and the Kai'li.


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Smart phones
Apple addressed complaints of many Android users who switched from iPhone, saying they weren't receiving messages from iPhone users on their new devices. Apple offered a solution to the issue in a new web tool.
Review: Samsung Gear 2 Is Mostly BetterSamsung's updated smartwatch vastly improves the hardware, but an update to its Gear Manager software utility was a complete failure.
10 Key Points Of Office For iPhone, Android TabletsMicrosoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint for mobile devices are all now free for iPhone and Android users, but advanced features are reserved for paying customers.
Lenovo And Motorola Are Set For Take-Off In The U.S. Mobile MarketAfter finalizing its acquisition of Motorola from Google last week, Lenovo is set to make strides in the U.S. mobile market. Experts describe the deal as "bad news" for competing Android smartphone vendors, including Samsung.
Intel Capital Summit: Proof That Innovation Is WorkingExecutives from Intel and Lenovo share the steps their respective companies have taken to not only keep pace in an evolving market but to stay ahead.
Dell Targets Government With Fed-Friendly TabletThe Dell Venue 11 Pro meets U.S. government security standards out of the box with fingerprint reader and CAC card reader for two-factor authentication.
Microsoft Partners 'Excited' Over Microsoft-Dropbox PartnershipMicrosoft and Dropbox announced a partnership this morning, integrating Dropbox and Office 365 services. Partners call it an exciting opportunity, as they can now pitch Dropbox services to their customers.
10 Things To Know About The New Microsoft BandMicrosoft is the latest big-name player to throw its hat in the wearables ring. Here are 10 things to know about the Microsoft Band.
Google Blockbuster: Former Android Chief Andy Rubin Leaving After Nine YearsCo-founder of both Android and the mobile startup Danger leaving Google to focus on incubating technology hardware startups, according to a report.
IDC: Top Five Best-Selling Smartphone Brands Of Q3The worldwide smartphone market increased by 25.2 percent in the third quarter, according to a report from IDC. Here are the top five best-selling smartphone brands of the quarter.
With Motorola Mobility Buy Complete, Partners Expect Lenovo To Give Competitors A Run For Their MoneyLenovo Chairman and CEO Yang Yuanqing calls the deal a 'winning combination' while Lenovo partners believe it'll give the company a strong boost in the mobile enterprise.
FTC Lawsuit Alleges AT&T 'Misled' Customers, 'Throttles' Speeds Of Unlimited Data PlansThe FTC on Tuesday filed a complaint in federal court that accuses AT&T of misleading subscribers of its unlimited data plan. AT&T shot back and called the claims 'baseless.'
Partners Say CVS, Rite Aid Dump Of Apple Pay Could Pose Security RiskDrugstore chains CVS and Rite Aid are no longer accepting Apple Pay as a payment method. Partners and analysts said the move could risk customer security.
Head-to-Head: Apple iPhone 6 vs. HTC One M8The feature-rich HTC One holds up well against Apple's latest iPhone. The CRN Test Center compares the two smartphones.
Quarterly Sales Of Microsoft Surface Pro Closing In On $1 BillionMicrosoft reported 25 percent revenue growth for the September quarter, but restructuring costs held down profitability.
Amazon Reveals Costly Fire Phone Flop In Disappointing QuarterAmazon's September quarter left much to be desired, and it's safe to say the company's Fire Phone didn't help the results.
MetTel Unveils Mobile Solution With Cross Carrier PoolingMetTel's new mobile solution allows businesses with multiple wireless providers to consolidate billing and pool data allowances across networks.
7 Serious Mobile Application Security RisksThese dangerous coding and implementation issues can give attackers easy access to corporate data and personal information.
MobileIron Launches New Version Of Docs@Work To Secure Personal Cloud For BusinessThe latest version of the platform is designed to help businesses secure enterprise documents, even when it is being shared on an employee's personal cloud.
Head-To-Head: Apple iPhone 6 Plus vs. Samsung Galaxy Note 4Apple faces new competition from Samsung but is keeping its 64-bit edge. Here's how the iPhone 6 Plus compares to the Galaxy Note 4.


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Free Download New Hindi Pop Album Teri Aankhen (2011) By Various Artists Mp3 Songs
Tracklist And Download Link
Click Song Name For Individual Download (128 Kbps Direct Download Link)
01. Kehta Hai Dil – Shaan.mp3
02. Ya Khuda – Zubeen Garg.mp3
03. Jeele Harpal – Sunidhi Chauhan & Raja Hasan.mp3
04. Teri Teri Aankhein – Kunal Ganjawala & Seepi Jha.mp3
05. Jab Se Tum – Nikhil D Souza.mp3
06. Na Yeh Pyar Hai – Javed Ali & Charu.mp3
07. Saiyaan – Shilpa Rao.mp3
08. Rabba Ve – Altmash.mp3
09. Aaja Pyare Dhuvan Udaile – Mamta Sharma.mp3
10. Allah Mere Maula – Krishna.mp3
11. Teri Teri Aankhein (Remix) – Kunal Ganjawala, Bob & Seepi Jha.mp3
Download Zip File In A Single Click!!!
FileServe Link
MegaUpload Link
MediaFire Link
Outstndingly melodious songs….i would say bangalis should not hesitate to download this album…if they do they will only lose because, i again say, the songs are outstanding!
Sorry. No data so far.


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Fun Events
<![CDATA[Hunters' Education Class ]]>
Dates: Mon, 04/13/2015 - 4:30pm - Wed, 04/15/2015 - 10:00pm, The Cattaraugus County Sheriff's Office will be hosting a hunters' education class for the gun portion only on the following dates and time: Monday, April 13, 2015 and Wednesday, April 15, 2015 from 4:30 to 10:00 p.m. The class will be held at the Hideaway Archery in Dayton, New York.
<![CDATA[2015 Greater Olean Area Home & Garden Show]]>
Dates: Fri, 04/17/2015 - 10:00am - Sun, 04/19/2015 - 4:00pm, It's time for the Greater Olean Area Home and Garden Show.
<![CDATA[3rd Saturday Treks at Allegany State Park]]>
Dates: Sat, 03/21/2015 - 10:00am - Sat, 10/17/2015 - 12:00pm, A new hiking series called "3rd Saturday Treks" will be making its way into Allegany State Park's programming schedule beginning March 2015. As the name implies, these free, family friendly hikes will take place on the 3rd Saturday of each month from March through October.
<![CDATA[Chili Cook-Off Fundraiser for AACCD]]>
Dates: Sun, 03/29/2015 - 3:00pm - 5:00pm, See if you got what it takes to take home to honor of best Chili! Della Moore, the Director of the African American Center for Cultural Development has long standing been known as making the best chili in these parts. Come try for yourself or see if you can put her reign to an end! This is a fundraising event for the Center so show yourself support and go home happy!
<![CDATA[Lecture on Sojourner Truth]]>
Dates: Sat, 03/28/2015 - 2:00pm - 3:30pm, The President of the African American Center for Cultural Development, Ola Mae Gayton, will be presenting a lecture on Sojourner Truth. Sojourner Truth was an African-American abolitionist and women's right activist. Born into slavery, she later escaped to freedom in 1826 with her child. She gave numerous speeches on gender inequalities and helped recruit black troops, an
<![CDATA[Comedy Night at Good Times of Olean ]]>
Dates: Sat, 03/28/2015 - 7:00pm - 10:00pm, Come enjoy a night of drinks and laugh with Comedian Kenny Zimlinghaus, seen performing with Jerry Seinfield, Jim Gaffigan, Todd Barry, Kevin Pollock, Paul Reiser and many more in the past! He is a stand up comic living in NYC and heard every morning on the "Wak Up with Taylor" morning show on SiriusXM Stars channel 1D6. If you show your ticket at any of the Restaur
<![CDATA[Trout Season Opens!]]>
Dates: Wed, 04/01/2015 - 12:00am - Thu, 04/30/2015 - 10:00pm, Trout Season opens in our area on April 1st! The Enchanted Mountains provides some of the best Steelhead fishing opportunities in the Cattaraugus Creek. No matter if you're an avid angler or simply a fairweather fisherman (or woman) we have a place where you will surely be hooked!
<![CDATA[Weekly Stock Car Racing at Freedom Motorsports Park]]>
Dates: Sun, 04/19/2015 - 7:30pm - Sun, 05/31/2015 - 9:30pm, Here is the late April and May schedule for Freedom Motorsports Park, in Delevan, NY, which is a multiple use motorsports facility which includes a 1/3 mile dirt oval, two motocross tracks, and a TT Course for ATV's. Weekly stock car racing is on Friday nights at 7:30pm, May through
<![CDATA[SBU Theater presents "Story Theatre"]]>
Dates: Wed, 03/25/2015 - 7:30pm - Sat, 03/28/2015 - 9:30pm, The St. BonaventureUniversity's theater program is continuing preparations to present"Story Theatre" at the Regina A. Quick Center for the Arts March 25through March 28."Story Theatre," by Paul Sills, is a collection of different stories bythe Brothers Grimm and Aesop, performed by 15 actors who portraymultiple roles.
<![CDATA[Spring Break Art Camp for 4-7 year olds]]>
Dates: Mon, 03/30/2015 - 10:30am - Fri, 04/03/2015 - 12:00pm, Kids will have fun exploring their creativity and learning new skills in small groups with individualized attention. New artists (ages 4-7 years) can join ArtVenture Monday through Friday from 9-10 AM. The artists will travel the world of art from the comfort of the CCAC studio and discover different mediums each day.
<![CDATA[Saving the Fastest Animal on the Planet]]>
Dates: Sat, 04/11/2015 - 11:00am - 12:30pm, Join Pfeiffer Nature Center and DEC Wildlife Biologist, Connie Adams as she takes us on a learning journey about the Peregrine Falcon and Common Tern.
Dates: Sun, 04/12/2015 - 11:00am - 3:00pm, The Southern Tier Health Care System is hosting the Princess Party for girls ages 3 to 10.
<![CDATA[WGWE Polar Bear Plunge at Allegany State Park ]]>
Dates: Sat, 04/18/2015 - 11:30am - 1:30pm, It's simple. Grab your co-workers, people who belong in a group or organization – organize a team. Then have each team member get pledges, with $25 minimum pledge per person – to support their "Polar Plunge" efforts.
<![CDATA[Taste of the Southtowns for Gooseneck Hill Waterfowl Sanctuary]]>
Dates: Sun, 04/19/2015 - 11:30am - 5:00pm, Admission is free. There will be 44 food items priced from $1.50-$4.00 from 7 area restaurants, 50 Basket Chinese Auction and music by "The Rustic Ramblers" with Gene Hilts on Steel Guitar and "Wagner & Winston".
<![CDATA[Free Movies at the Ray-Evans Seneca Theatre]]>
Dates: Sat, 03/21/2015 - 2:00pm - 9:00pm, FREE Movies at the Historic Ray Evans Seneca Theater with showings of Big Hero 6 and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1.
<![CDATA[Easter Brunch Buffet]]>
Dates: Sun, 04/05/2015 - 10:00am - 4:00pm, Premier Banquet Center will be hosting an Easter Brunch with the Easter Bunny himself! Breakfast items offered in the morning and lunch items in the afternoon. Kids Buffet will also be available as well as rides on the Bunny Express. Age 3 and under is FREE!
<![CDATA[Ohi:yo' Spring Fling]]>
Dates: Sat, 03/28/2015 - 10:00am - 4:00pm, See the Smoke Dance Contest.
<![CDATA[2015 Daffodil Festival in South Dayton]]>
Dates: Sat, 03/28/2015 - 9:00am - 3:00pm, The South Dayton Daffodil Festival and craft show will be held Saturday, March 28.
<![CDATA[Pancake Breakfast with Fresh Maple Syrup at Moore's]]>
Dates: Sun, 03/01/2015 - 9:00am - Wed, 04/01/2015 - 6:00pm, It's that time of year when Moore's open their Pancake House and offers all-you-can-eat hot buttermilk pancakes and fresh maple syrup! Beginning March 1, hours are as follows: Tuesday - Friday 9am-6pm, Saturday & Sunday 8am-6pm, Closed Monday and Closed Easter Sunday.
<![CDATA[March Into Randolph!]]>
Dates: Sat, 03/07/2015 - 10:00am - 4:00pm, With Winter almost over, it's time to get outside! Get ready to "March" into Randolph on Saturday, March 7th! From 10am to 4 pm, participating businesses will give you a "Passport" – visit the stores, get your passport punched by at least five businesses, and enter your passport in a Raffle for a fun Gift Basket full of goods from these Randolph businesses!


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with gift ideas this Christmas Casuarina Square Top End Gift Guide 1 Gift ideas for her ............................................................................ 4 Gift ideas for him ............................................................................ 8 Win the Ultimate Territory Experience ........................................... 11 Gift ideas for the kids ................................................................... 12 Somerville Charity Gift Wrapping .................................................. 15 Blue Illusion – Now Open .............................................................. 15 Gift ideas for that special someone ............................................... 16 Party Season! ............................................................................... 18 Holiday Time ................................................................................. 20 Photos with Santa ......................................................................... 22 GPT Casuarina Square Gift Card .................................................... 23 Christmas Trading Hours .............................................................. 24 2 3 Bursting Give your special lady a gift with style that really counts this season. Whether it be for your mum, (5) sister, aunty, grandma or d Neck Top $79.95. Ruch ed Waist Noni B Jewelle a great friend, Casuarina Frill Skirt $129.95 Square has all the gift ideas to show her you care... From summer dresses to stilettos, the Christmas tree will be bursting with choice and style for your lucky lady. (4) (3) (1) Get the look (2) Susan (1) Body Shop Cranberry Joy Select Group - Bath and Shower Gel $20.95. Shimmer Lotion $22.95. Body Butter $29.95 (2) Lovisa Turq Eve Necklace $29.99 (3) Hoskings Jewellers Sterling Silver Cubic Sussan Gift PJ Set $34.95 Zirconia Drop Earrings were $29.95 now $12 (4) Spendless Shoes Atomic Shoes $49.95 (5) Zelows Mayet Handbag with Free Wallet – Available in Black/Tan, Brown/ Tan, Burgundy $49.95 4 5 Bursting with choice Clothing, accessories, Pearl Galleria New release colours of South homewares, books, bags Sea Pearl, Christmas Special (7) $380 each and shoes – stockings will be bursting this Christmas! (5) (4) (8) (3) (6) (9) (2) (1) Get the look Sarah Lyn Lingerie and Fashion (1) Price Attack De Lorenzo Ultimate Pack Valued over $100 now $49.95 (2) SUPRÉ Denim Shorts. $40 (3) Boutique are an iconic Darwin Angus & Coote Created Ruby with diamond pendant and earrings set $99.95 with any purchase over $75. (4) Goldsmith Jewellers Pandora Silver Bracelets from $89. Assorted Silver Beads from $39 (5) Adairs Home brand stocking gorgeous ladies Republic 'Aromatherapy' range. Diffuser $34.95, Room Fragrance $16.95, Soy Candle $19.95, Soap $12.95 (6) outfits and lingerie. Come and see (6) TS14+ Warrior Overlay Tank $89.95 and Eclipse Reversible Mesh Tank $79.95 (7) Dymocks Fast Fresh Simple the team today for free fittings was $39.99, now $27.99 (8) Dymocks The Distant Hours was $39.99, now $29.99 (9) Prouds 9ct freshwater pearl from qualified bra fitting experts. earrings Were $99. Now $49. 6 7 Bursting with brands Spoil him with a gift he never expected. The Darwin man may like his (6) fishing and camping, but he'll also love the gift that was wrapped with a touch of love. (4) The options and brands available for your selection will be plentiful this Christmas. (2) (3) Get t (5) he lo (1) E d Harr ok y Easy S tr (1) QBD Book Shop Music' by Andrew Zuckerman: 'A brilliant and inspiring photographic collection of $39.95 eet PV Chec k Shor music and musicians' was $75 now $55 (2) Dymocks Bligh was $49.99, now $34.99 (3) Adairs Mercer t and Reid Beach Towels $59.95 (4) Spendless Shoes Boatie Shoes $39.95 (5) Sterns Jewellers SEIKO Gents Chronograph Watch 100m water resistant was $625. Now $325 (6) The Drunken Goat Stand Clear Man Cooking Apron. Accessories not included $28 8 9 Bursting Win the Ultimate with range Territory Experience With over 185 stores, There's something he'll love every time (4) The GPT Group's Casuarina Square and the NT News are giving you the chance to win the (2) Ultimate Territory Experience. Our Top End is abundant with natural beauty, landmarks and wildlife and now you have the opportunity to see it all in complete luxury. Keep your eyes peeled for details of this exciting competition and how to enter by reading the NT News and shopping at Casuarina Square during December. (3) (5) (1) (1) Betts Goal Shoes $79.95 (2) Dymocks Lazarus Rising was $59.99 now $41.99 (3) Angus & Coote CITIZEN Eco Drive Chronograph 100M water resistant was $550 now $299. (4) Zelows Sab Mens Wallet – Available in Brown, Black, Style $29.95 (5) Ed Harry Easy Street Indiana Lions Tee $25 10 11 Bursting with suprises Christmas is so often about Give the lil' ones a magic the kids! Early mornings are surprise this season. Santa's inevitable so put a smile on helpers can find everything their dial with books, bags they need and more at and more from Casuarina Casurina Square. Square. (5) (1) Get t (2) (4) he lo L orna J ok ane L it t le (3) M is s R omper (1) Zelows Boys backpack - available in shark and robot print $19.95 (2) Adairs $19.99 Disney by Adairs Kids towels $19.95 (3) Prouds Time teacher watch was $69. now $39.95 (4) Spendless Shoes Starlet Shoes $24.95 (5) Dymocks Curious and Curiouser was $32.99 now $24.74 12 13 Bursting Bursting with ideas with brands As well as the many specialty Blue Illusion-Now Open stores, Big W and Kmart Blue Illusion is an Australian owned fashion and are great destinations this (4) homewares business with over 60 stores nationally, Christmas for pressies for providing French inspired women's clothing, the little ones! homewares, shoes, fashion accessories and jewellery. Now open at Casuarina Square, opposite The Coffee Club. Be sure to visit Blue Illusion's fabulous looking store and browse the new summer arrivals. (2) (3) Wrap your gifts and give something back this Christmas (5) Somerville Charity Gift Wrapping Have your gifts wrapped for you this Christmas Our Disability and Family Services together with and support a worthy cause. Somerville is a local administrators all form part of a 180 strong staff. community service which has been providing support to Somerville like many other charities must run disadvantaged Territorians for more than 45 years. successful fundraising activities. We have giftwrapping (1) As a not for profit charitable organisation Somerville are Christmas presents at Casuarina Square since 1990. (6) committed to achieving social justice. We live in a fast, This year the team will again be available to wrap your (1) Dymocks Grug Gift Set $29.99 (2) Adairs Adairs Kids 'Printed Velour' Towels $19.95 ever-changing, complex world that puts a lot of pressure Christmas presents at The GPT Group's Casuarina (3) Hoskings Jewellers CASIO Baby-G Watch Blue/Silver 100m Water Resistant was $199. on individuals and families, Somerville remains Square from Saturday 4 December – Friday 24 now $139. (4) QBD Book Shop Diary of a Wimpy Kid' by Jeff Kinney 'Laugh-out-loud fun' determined to right the wrongs. December opposite Dick Smith $14.95 (5) Dymocks Koala Lou Gift Set was $29.95 now $22.46 (6) Cold Rock Gift Voucher, perfect stocking fillers for the kids. 14 15 Bursting with gifts Amongst all the festivities, Christmas is also for Find inspiration and ideas for spending time with those (7) the special people in our life. closest to us What better time to shower our loved ones with special gifts straight from the heart? Give them something they will cherish forever. )8( (6) (2) (5) (4) Get t (3) he lo Sus ok san Sl eepwe (1) W h it e ar: Roman p r in t f ce R o s lo c k s p e (1) Prouds 18ct diamond dress ring (1.00ct) was $2499 now $1499 (2) Suzanne Grae Embellished ot gow bud Bubble Hem Top $49.95 (3) Diamond House Jewellers Princess Diamond Cluster Ring (3/4ct) was $59.95 n $1750 now $1195. (4) Lovisa Love Brushed Heart Pendant Necklace $19.95 (5) Nextra Exclusive range of photoframes from $19.99 (6) Lovisa Solid Heart Ring $9.99 (7) Angus & Coote Earring Set: 3 Pairs of 9ct gold earrings were $249 now $129 a set. (8) Jamaica Blue Perfect Christmas gift set for coffee 16 lovers under $35 17 Bursting with festivities Christmas Season is Party Portmans New sea son summer stock in store now Embrace the big wet and slip Season, Sizzle the Wet into styles that you'll love... Season with the latest looks (9) (10) for every festive occasion. and trends from many of our (7) fabulous fashion retailers. (8) So for work breakups, parties with friends or just a soiree on Mitchell Street, let us show you now to stand out from the crowd. (6) (11) (3) (4) (5) Get t (2) he look Sarah Ly Fa s h i o n L i n g e r i e (1) n Bout and (1) Lovisa Large Sequin Bangle $29.99 (2) Lovisa Anabel Hoop & Drop Sarah ique Ly Earring $24.99 (3) Suzanne Grae Sleeveless all over sequin top $59.95 Fa s h io n L in g e r ie n a (4) The Body Shop Eye Palette 01 $41.95 (5) Jacqui E Summer Dress, fa b u lo B o u t iq u e h n d u a $149.95 (6) Betts Brooke Handbag $34.99 (7) Prouds 9ct CZ pendant was o n t h e s n e w li n e , L v e a L e $119 now $59 (8) JA Self Textured Military Shirt-Sky $59.95 (9) Spendless y o u lo a w n , d e s ig n m o n a d e ok e Shoes Liza Shoes $49.95 (10) Price Attack $100 Off Stylistix Clip-In fe s t iv e fa b u lo u s w d t o m a ke o c c a s io ha Human Hair Extensions now only $199.95 (11) Zelows Miss Sabini Front n t h is t e v e r t h e Ruffle Bag $24.95 C h r is t 18 mas 19 Bursting w i t h a d v e n t u re Picnic at Litchfield? Latte in Melbourne? Or Massage Heading on a in Bali? Christmas holiday? Whatever your holiday choice, consider Day, night, inside, these handy travel companions outside, find all wherever you should land. (8) your holiday needs. (6) (7) (5) (3) (4) (2) Get t he lo (1) Dot ok ti M ia m i B (1) Lorna Jane Rustic Gym Bag $69.99 (2) Zelows Girls trolley case $29.95 (3) The Drunken Goat Remote $ 3 9 . 9 5 a n d e a u B ik in Control Cooler - Holds up to 12 cans/stubbies and 3 bottles of wine with ice $155 (4) Nextra For the sweet i tooth the ever popular Darrell Lea Christmas Nougat pudding $8.25 (5) QBD Book Shop Monsoon by Di Morrisey was $32.95 now $8.99 (6) Cold Rock Chill out this Xmas with Cold Rock's famous ice-cream puddings (7) Fone Zone Nokia 6110 Pre Paid. Classic, candy bar design that's easy to use and packed with features. $79 (8) Adairs Mercer and Reid 'Spiced Pear' Scented 3 pack of candles $24.95 20 21 Happy Snaps Give a Gift with Santa with 180 options The jolly man is back and The GPT Casuarina Square Gift is ready to smile into the Card is the perfect gift idea for camera for another season! those that want greater flexibility Enjoy your special moments with a wide range of and choice. Purchase a card today packages and prices from our photographers, Scene to Believe. that can be used at over 1,200 Come and visit the team in the food court during the participating stores nationwide.* following dates and times to create your Christmas memory Be it the latest bestseller, new season outfit or new release DVDs – you can be sure that there Saturday 20 Nov 12pm - 5pm Wednesday 8 Dec 10am - 4pm will be options galore this Christmas. 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About the Author
Alice Lipowicz is a staff writer covering government 2.0, homeland security and other IT policies for Federal Computer Week.
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Meet 100 women and men who are doing great things in federal IT.
Click here for the full list
Unisys Federal Systems' Venkatapathi Puvvada, this year's Eagle award winner for industry, stresses the importance of community.
Experts tell committee that business models, not technology, are the main obstacle to better sharing across systems.
Protests have delayed SEWP V, but industry experts say the contract vehicle offers agencies service and value that are hard to find.
The power of the individual informs FCW's coverage each and every day, but with the Federal 100, we take time to really spotlight and celebrate it. Get to know each of this year's winners.
The latest version of the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act purportedly protects companies from liability and individuals from government intrusion.
Popular CIO is headed for the private sector.
The Census Bureau hasn't established a time frame for its cloud computing plans, including testing for scalability, security, and privacy protection, as well as determining a budget for cloud services.
President Obama's proposal to boost government coordination with the private sector got a warm welcome in the House Homeland Security Committee.
The spy agency wants to better integrate cybersecurity into its traditional human intelligence operations.
BULL CRAP - Health Care is not effected by any of this. Their customers will show up. There a short ROI for IT projects that this would pay for. For those who are not doing this currently, it is by choice and there will be a better fiscal time for this kind of offer. Our Kids don't need to pay for this as well as everything else you short sighted visionaries have obligated them to pay for up to now.
This HITECH Act -- and $20 billion down-payment – is a grand first act toward establishing pervasive electronic health records throughout the U.S. Salting the mine with incentives for Medicare and Medicaid patients surely gets providers using HIT and building an EHR infrastructure (along with streamlining care for seniors and uninsured.) But, will that Medicare/Medicaid dose be enough to change the system for everyone else, most especially those in their teens, 20's and 30's who will benefit most from wellness, preventive care, and complete medical records over their lifetimes? How will such efforts expand beyond rural areas and selected populations? Are we ready to start creating portable records for uninsured children, or are we going to let them slip through the cracks in our imperfect information environment? The goal of comprehensive care first requires comprehensive records. Learn more: www.healthcaretownhall.com
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COLUMBUS, Ohio — A Central Ohio Transit Authority (COTA) passenger was critically injured when she became the victim of stray gunfire in the University District, according to The Columbus Dispatch.
Amy Develvis was shot in the head and was in critical condition, but is expected to survive. This is the second time in less than a week that a COTA bus has been shot. For the full story, click here.
ABQ RIDE is looking to model its plan after the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority's HealthLine, which is sponsored through a hospital partnership. Construction on the so-called ART system could begin in May 2016 with an in-service date of September 2017.
The service, which costs $6 a ride, asks riders to download the Leap app, creating an account, uploading a photo and adding a credit card that enables them to pay via a QR code.
Agencies ordering the company's products, which are now in at least half of all new U.S. and Canadian transit buses, include L.A. Metro, Chicago Transit Authority and New York City Transit.
The contract includes a firm order for 35 XN40 and 20 XN60 Xcelsior buses, with an option for another 150 XN40 and 100 XN60 over the next five years. All buses are to be powered by CNG.
The decision comes after the agency conducted an analysis and product review period. Implementation of the project began in February and all work is expected to be completed by the end of April.
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March 28, 2015 - 10:30 GMT
Kylie Minogue enjoys the best of Dubai ahead of her Dubai World Cup performance.
March 26, 2015 - 16:20 GMT
Lebanese singer Najwa Karam will be greeting fans tonight at the Kuwait Ice Skating Rink for Febrayer Kuwait.
March 26, 2015 - 15:10 GMT
Robbie Williams has changed the date he is coming to Abu Dhabi for his April concert.
March 26, 2015 - 12:46 GMT
Rumor has it that Donia Samir Ghanem isn't friends with Elissa, but that's not really the case!
March 26, 2015 - 11:35 GMT
Some haters are upset that Palestinian golden boy Mohammad Assaf is already getting his own biography film. That sacred place should be left for the legends with long careers.
March 26, 2015 - 10:52 GMT
Lebanese superstar Ragheb Alama could have been involved in a plane crash of his own.
March 26, 2015 - 10:42 GMT
During the inaugural edition of the Beirut Cinema Platform (BCP), organised by Beirut DC, DIFF's Enjaaz committee selected Syrian filmmaker Afraa Batous to receive post-production financial support for her documentary film Skin.
March 26, 2015 - 09:30 GMT
What would you do if your husband married another woman?
March 26, 2015 - 07:22 GMT
Rapper Tyga is returning to the UAE for a gig at People By Crystal. Will girlfriend Kylie Jenner be with him?
March 25, 2015 - 20:24 GMT
Kylie Minogue is coming this week to perform at Dubai World Cup, and here's the lowdown on her career up to date.


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Pronunciation: (res"i-tā'shun), Strict Standards: Non-static method FenSites::linkTo() should not be called statically in /site/html/dictionary/recitation.html on line 73 [key]
1. an act of reciting.
2. a reciting or repeating of something from memory, esp. formally or publicly.
3. oral response by a pupil or pupils to a teacher on a prepared lesson.
4. a period of classroom instruction.
5. an elocutionary delivery of a piece of poetry or prose, without the text, before an audience.
6. a piece so delivered or for such delivery.
Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.
See also:


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Weather Alert
Wind Advisory issued March 31 at 2:00AM PDT expiring March 31 at 11:00PM PDT in effect for: Kern, Tulare
BAKERSEFIELD, Calif. - A third Jersey Mike's Subs location opened in Bakersfield Wednesday.
In honor of the grand opening of the location near Ming Avenue and Buena Vista, for the next five days the location is raising fund for the Children's Miracle Network Hospitals.
Owners Stacy Knight and Carrie Asbury sent 10,000 coupons to the community, offering a free sub if you make a $1 donation to the charity.
"Our heart's really with the children and trying to help young kids and parents in times of need, so anything we can do to help, we're happy to do so," said Asbury.
The offer runs until Sunday with one of the coupons.


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Pineandlakes Echo Journal
Explosion destroys home in Chokio
Naked body found on golf course in Fertile
Mailbox explosions spark grass fires
Moorhead man found outside Fargo bar dies
Small plane crashes near Pine River
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Sandy McElwee
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In Our Prime - March 2015
PR-B Boy Scout Troop #73 to host pancake breakfast Sunday
Chef's Hat recipe: Rainbow Spring Salad
Chef's Hat recipe: Asparagus Strawberry Salad with Poppyseed Dressing
Chef's Hat recipe: Fresh Apple Salad with Grilled Chicken and Crumbled Cheddar
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Dan-ecdotes: The highs and lows of owning a cat, continued
Letters to the Editor: Corporate greed or malfeasance or both?
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March 26, 2015
Dan-ecdotes: The highs and lows of owning a cat, continued
Who's ready for another cat story? When I last wrote on this topic, I discussed how my wife and I adopted a cat, Luna, only to find out a few days later that she was about three weeks pregnant. Not long after, we had Luna and seven kittens in our two-bedroom apartment, which I can...
opinion / columns
March 26, 2015 - 2:51pm
March 25, 2015
Guest Column: Three budget priorities
We are just over halfway through this year's legislative session. As we approach the Easter break the focus will shift almost exclusively to producing the next two-year budget. My three top budget priorities remain: providing support across the elder and disabled health care spectrum;...
opinion / columns
March 25, 2015 - 2:20pm
As I See It: Are we a Christian nation?
That can be viewed as an actual, philosophical, rhetorical or a somewhere-in-between question. The definition of each of those terms and your particular perspective will influence how you might answer the question. I read a letter to the editor awhile ago wherein the writer came...
opinion / columns
March 25, 2015 - 2:07pm
The Last Windrow: Lots of time spent in the woods
There was a time before dual fuel. A time before solar heating. A time before heat exchangers and ground water heating. It was called "the woods" time. Last week I was able to borrow my brother's portable wood splitter. As I unloaded this piece of equipment from my trailer, I was...
opinion / columns
March 25, 2015 - 2:06pm
March 19, 2015
Cracker Barrel: Weeds Are Us
In his excellent book Second Nature, A Gardener's Education, Micheal Pollan offers some intriguing insights into a subject which has aggravated mankind for thousands of years: weeds. He begins by recounting his experiences as a novice gardener in love with "nature," dreaming of living...
opinion / columns
March 19, 2015 - 2:23pm
From the Left Hand Corner: Don't buy votes with state surplus
A week or so ago state Republican Party chair Keith Downey went to the State Office Building in St. Paul and held a press conference. No legislators who office in that building were present. Downey made quite a splash by announcing that our Legislature (and governor) should use up...
opinion / columns
March 19, 2015 - 11:35am
The Last Windrow: Could winter really be over?
If you've grown up close to the soil as I have, you notice little things that lead you to believe the winter is really over. Oh, I know the old proverb up in the the upper Midwest, "Don't count your chickens before they hatch!" But that phrase rings hollow as the southerly winds...
opinion / columns
March 19, 2015 - 11:27am
March 18, 2015
Vogt's Notes: Nothing beats family time
With a husband who works a night shift, a 19-year-old who works different hours every day, a high school senior who operates according to her own schedule, and a crazy work schedule myself, it's become nearly impossible for our family to have an old-fashioned, sit-down dinner together. We...
opinion / columns
March 18, 2015 - 3:07pm
March 13, 2015
Grims Tales: Don't make me look like a stalker
Virtually every week for the past two years I have been making constant phone calls to strangers. You see, the way it works is that we sit down as a team and come up with things we think might be news worthy. These things are often events from a local organization, something that...
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March 13, 2015 - 1:34pm
Guest Editorial: Empowering our local schools
As parents, we want to ensure that our children have the opportunity to achieve their dreams. Helping our kids reach their full potential requires a great deal of parental involvement - instilling in them strong values and the importance of hard work. While parental involvement is...
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March 13, 2015 - 12:03pm
The Last Windrow: My wild Irish rose
In about a week, I'm going to be dining on a dish that I wait for all year long. The repast has been thought of an ethnic dish, but hold on there pilgrim, it is not all you have been told it is. Yes, March 17 will see the green beer flowing from taps across the country. People...
opinion / columns
March 13, 2015 - 11:15am
March 12, 2015
As I See It: Where have they been?
I am shocked to the point of disbelief that basic welfare payments in Minnesota for some of the most needy have remained the same for almost the last 30 years. What have the all-caring, all-sensitive, all-seeing left wingers been doing during all those years?
opinion / columns
March 12, 2015 - 2:42pm
March 5, 2015
Dan-ecdotes: A welcome break from the norm
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March 5, 2015 - 2:26pm
Guest Editorial: Transportation funding must be based on solid numbers
Minnesota legislators have been asked by Gov. Dayton and various groups to support significant increases in the dedicated taxes used to fund our state's transportation system. We understand the need to invest in a safe, reliable, efficient and multimodal transportation system in...
opinion / columns
March 5, 2015 - 2:25pm
Cracker Barrel: Gateway to Spring
March, as everybody knows, is a changeable time of the year, chock full of surprises. Of all months, March seems the most volatile. Each day brings something unexpected, now raising one's yearnings for spring, now dashing one's hopes in a sleet storm. But those who make records of...
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March 5, 2015 - 2:09pm
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Gotta post a couple of pictures...Early spring
Everything is blooming so early here...the tulips and daffs are done. The azaleas almost finished.. the roses and clematis are budding out. The fringe tree is full bloom...
Louie Phillipe and I need to look up the name of the other one:
Lilac Dawn:
Fringe Tree:
Clematis H F Young:
Snowballs and azaleas:
Isn't spring grand!
Beautiful! Yep, Spring is grand; here in Texas we're scrambling to get everything done before the heat hits. It was around 90 today, but hope to get some cooler days ahead.
I really liked your picture of your Fringe Tree, I have a baby, bought it for half price in July (not the best time to be planting in Texas for sure), and it lived! My DH keeps asking me how tall it will get and I tell him 8-10 feet, right! :)
Uh Huh, at the very least! I am planning to shovel prune the other one. It is outgrowing the space and crowding the roses, and aggressive pruning hasn't slowed it...and it doesn't bloom as well as the small one.
Yes, trying to beat the heat is the name of the game...we were near 90 today, and I had a fan blowing on me while I worked and that really helps. But Spring is nice. Good luck with DH as your trr grows.
Gorgeous! That pink clematis steals my heart, and the snowball bush is wonderful. I tried one here, but it couldn't take the heat. Thank you for posting a photo of yours.
You're ahead of us by a bit- my clematis and fringe trees are just starting.
Beautiful photos. My fringe tree hasn't even budded yet! It is always the last to arrive up here even when spring decides to come early. Your clematis are gorgeous. Do you have the pink one climbing up into a tree? Or is that some sort of twig support?
that fringe tree photo helps me remember the one i had to leave behind in n.c. it was only 4 years old and in it's glory when we moved away to ca. it never leafed out until mid-june so i made sure to tell the new owners to just wait, it isn't dead, and it will be well worth the wait. i sure hope they did. i'm glad yours is thriving along with the rest of your beautiful gardens. min
Sorry, Annie, I just saw your message. I got Lilac Dawn from Vintage Roses as a band. They are the only ones I personally know of that have it. It is a floribunda and it really does bloom all spring, summer, and fall here. One of my absolute favorites...and it has a sweet fragrance.


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James Banks McFadden
Position: HB
Height: 6-2 Weight: 180 lbs.
Born: February 7, 1917 in Fort Lawn, SC
Died: June 4, 2005 in Ormond Beach, FL
High School: Great Falls
College: Clemson (school history)
Drafted by the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1st round (4th overall) of the 1940 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (14747th overall since 1950)
The research for this page was done by Scott Kacsmar.
Read his extensive three-part article (Part I - Part II -
Part III) for full details.
View complete leaderboards for game-winning drives and comebacks.


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