text:
The inverter circuitry requires minimal operating input power, is power factor correcting and may, if desired, include a dimming circuit. The circuitry further includes a runaway protection circuit which is activated upon sensing of a no load condition to place the inverter circuitry in a standby mode of operation.
1. An inverter circuit including circuitry components adapted to perform various functions, said circuitry including:
means for receiving an AC power input;
means for modifying said AC power received to a high frequency AC output supplied to a load;
means for storing a DC voltage;
means for providing power factor correction for the circuit by feeding back a portion of the high frequency AC output as a DC output voltage to said means for storing said DC voltage via a current limiting inductor and a DC blocking capacitor;
means for taking said stored DC voltage and providing same through a series of devices to a power unit and modifying the input in respect of a load placed upon said power unit;
said circuit further including means for sensing when the load is missing and allowing said power unit to remain in a standby mode of operation until a load is sensed; and further including means for selectively controlling the amount of power available to the load.
2. The circuit of claim 1 wherein said means for modifying said AC power received to a high frequency AC output comprise a resonant oscillator/inverter circuit.
3. The circuit of claim 2 wherein said oscillator/inverter circuit includes at least one transformer.
4. The circuit of claim 3 wherein said means for selectively controlling the amount of power available to the load comprises a dimming circuit which includes a variable resistor.
5. The circuit of claim 4 wherein said variable resistor controls the voltage on a capacitor in series with a saturating transformer, which voltage controls the frequency of said oscillator/inverter circuit.
6. The circuit of claim 5 wherein windings and material saturation flux density of the transformer are chosen so the transformer saturates after a predetermined period of time relative to the oscillator frequency.
7. The circuit of claim 6 further including a step up or a step down transformer between the source of high frequency voltage and the load.
8. The circuit of claim 7 wherein the inductance of a primary winding of the transformer is set to mirror the voltage of the inverter load.
9. The circuit of claim 8 including an H bridge converter.
10. The circuit of claim 9 wherein said H bridge converter comprises two bypass capacitors forming one leg thereof and two transistors forming the other leg thereof.
11. The circuit of claim 10 including a resonant tank comprising a transformer primary, a capacitor and an inductor.
12. The circuit of claim 11 wherein a center tap is provided between said bypass capacitors which forms an AC current bypass path from said resonant tank.
13. The circuit of claim 12 wherein said AC bypass path is centered between an absolute maximum and absolute minimum power supply voltage.
14. The circuit of claim 13 wherein said capacitor of said AC bypass path creates a blockage against DC power attempting to pass therethrough.
15. The circuit of claim 14 wherein said power capacitors are discharged when the input power level falls below that stored in the capacitors.
16. The circuit of claim 15 including a transformer which determines the frequency of oscillation of the oscillator/inverter circuit.
17. The circuit of claim 16 wherein said transformer is realized by a saturable inductor.
18. The circuit of claim 17 wherein the output from said transformer is directed through a series connected inductor and DC blocking capacitor, creating a frequency changing effect within the circuit.
19. The circuit of claim 18 wherein a starting circuit is provided for the oscillator/inverter circuit.
20. The circuit of claim 19 wherein said starting circuit includes a triggering device.
21. The circuit of claim 20 wherein said triggering device comprises a bidirectional trigger diode.
22. The circuit of claim 21 including means for disabling said trigger diode once said oscillator/inverter circuit is started.
23. The circuit of claim 22 wherein said oscillator/inverter circuit includes two transistors which are driven by said transformer in an alternating mode of operation.
24. The circuit of claim 23 wherein said alternating mode of operation is triggered by zero voltage crossings.
25. The circuit of claim 24 wherein said transistors alternately turn on into zero voltage at each crossing.
26. The circuit of claim 25 including means for controlling the voltage attained by said transformer.
27. The circuit of claim 24 wherein the resonant frequency is chosen to be slightly lower than the driving frequency for the transformer.
28. The circuit of claim 27 including a secondary transformer.
29. The circuit of claim 28 wherein said resonant tank is provided by the primary of the secondary transformer.
30. The circuit of claim 29 wherein a load is presented to the secondary transformer by an inductor placed in series with the primary of the transformer.
31. The circuit of claim 30 wherein two diodes are tapped into the primary of the secondary transformer for clamping voltage away to just prior to starting of the load.
32. The circuit of claim 31 wherein power generated by the first transformer is fed to and stored in the resonant tank of the secondary transformer.
33. The circuit of claim 32 including shutdown protection means.
34. The circuit of claim 33 wherein said shutdown protection means include a Zener diode, the breakdown voltage of which is chosen to mirror the voltage on the sense winding of the secondary transformer when the load is present.
35. The circuit of claim 34 wherein said Zener diode controls the function of a transistor which in turn controls operation of the oscillator/inverter circuit, such that, upon de-energization of the transistor, the oscillator/inverter circuit enters a quiescent, standby mode of operation.
36. The circuit of claim 35 wherein said transistor controls both sides of the oscillator/inverter circuit.
37. The circuit of claim 36 wherein said transistor is de-energized upon the sensing of a load present at the output of the secondary transformer.
38. The circuit of claim 36 wherein a fixed ratio may be set between the inductance on the primary of the first transformer of that of the secondary transformer.
39. An inverter circuit including circuitry components for performing various functions, said circuitry including:
means for receiving an AC power input;
means for modifying said AC power received to a high frequency AC output supplied to a load;
means for storing a DC voltage;
means for providing power factor correction for the circuit by feeding back a portion of the high frequency AC output as a DC output voltage to said means for storing said DC voltage via a current limiting inductor and a DC blocking capacitor;
means for taking said stored DC voltage and providing same through a series of devices including series connected transformers to a power unit and modifying the input in respect of a load placed upon said power unit;
said circuit further including means for sensing when the load is missing and allowing said power unit to remain in a standby mode of operation until a load is sensed.
40. The circuit of claim 39 wherein said series connected transformers cause a frequency shift in power generated therethrough which synchronizes with any fluctuations in input power, to maintain current levels to a load placed thereon constant.
41. The circuit of claim 40, wherein one of said series connected transformers is capable of being removed from the circuit when the load is removed from the circuit.
42. The circuit of claim 41 including a shutdown protection circuit.
43. The circuit of claim 42 wherein said shutdown protection circuit comprises a control winding on one of the series connected transformers, a sense winding on a load driving transformer, and a transistor which, when turned on shorts out the control winding through a diode bridge removing one of the series transformers from the circuit, reducing power in an inverter circuit being fed thereby.
44. The circuit of claim 43 further including a Zener diode which control the actuation of the transistor by engaging same when a voltage above its breakdown voltage is generated by the sense winding of the load powering transformer.
45. The circuit of claim 44 accommodating two sources of AC voltage for powering, thereof.
46. The circuit of claim 45 wherein input power from a low voltage source passes along a primary path wherein said low voltage is doubled.
47. The circuit of claim 46 wherein said primary path includes a voltage doubler when outputs a doubled DC voltage.
48. The circuit of claim 47 wherein input power from a high voltage source is passed directly through a secondary path including a full wave bridge rectifier.
The present invention relates to inverter circuitry for use in driving a load, such as fluorescent lamps, which is power factor correcting, which requires minimal operating power input, and which may, if desired, include a dimming circuit therein.
Heretofore, various circuits have been proposed for use in driving a load, such as a fluorescent lamp.
For example, the Nilssen U.S. Pat. No. 4,677,345 discloses a high-efficiency inverter circuit, more particularly a half-bridge device, which is especially suitable for energizing gas discharge lamps. The inverter preferably employs a series-connected combination of an inductor and a capacitor to be energized upon periodic transistor conduction. Transistor drive current is provided through the use of at least one saturable inductor to control the transistor inversion frequency to be equal to or higher than the natural resonant frequency of the inductor and capacitor combination. The inverter can develop a high output voltage to supply an external load connected to the inductor-capacitor combination.
Also, electronic ballast systems including means for selectively allowing full or partial transfer of source current or power therethrough have been proposed.
For example, a fluorescent lamp dimming switch is disclosed in the Burke U.S. Pat. No. 4,686,427 wherein an electronic ballast system for operating fluorescent lamps at full and partial brightness has a series reactance selectively switched into or out of the system by a reactance switch. The electronic ballast has an input filtering section, a voltage-clamped current source, and an oscillator whose frequency is determined in part by load reactance. Series filament capacitors provide lamp filament power control during starting and running at full and partial brightness.
Further, ballast circuits specifically designed for use with high intensity discharge lamps have also been proposed. Examples of such circuits may be found in the Shepard, Jr. U.S. Pat. No. 4,658,343; the Elms U.S. Pat. No. 4,506,195; the Kohler U.S. Pat. No. 4,375,608; and the Smith U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,616, to name a few.
As will be described in greater detail hereinafter, the circuit of the present invention differs from those previously proposed by providing a circuit which is power factor correcting, which uses part of the inverter output to provide the power factor correction, decreasing the amount of peak input current required for system function, and which may be provided with means for producing an output current which is variable between a predetermined minimum and maximum value.
According to the invention there is provided an inverter circuit including circuitry components for performing various functions, the circuitry including: structure for receiving an AC power input; structure for adjusting that power input to a desired output parameter and outputting same as a DC output; structure for taking the DC output and providing same through a series of devices to a power unit and modifying the input in respect of a load placed upon the power unit; the circuit further including structure for sensing when the load is missing and allowing the power unit to remain in a standby mode of operation until a load is sensed; and further being capable of including structure for selectively controlling the amount of power available to the load.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent upon perusal of the detailed description thereof and upon inspection of the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a detailed schematic of the inverter circuit of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a detailed schematic of the circuit of FIG. 1 which has been modified slightly to accommodate means for allowing selection of a desired level of output from the circuit.
Referring now to the drawings in greater detail there is illustrated in FIG. 1, one embodiment of the inverter circuit of the present invention generally identified by the reference numeral 10. AC power is provided to the circuit 10 through a conventional radio frequency interference filter circuit (not shown) at A and either B, or B', with B being used as the input for a source between 100 and 132 V AC and B' being used as the input for a source between 200 and 305 V AC.
Except for diodes D3 and D4 whose function will be defined later, when connected to A and B', the power from the source passes through a full-wave bridge rectifier formed by diodes D1, D2, D19 and D20, or, when connected to A and B, is configured in the style of a voltage doubling circuit. Capacitors C1 and C2 are relatively slowly charged by a DC voltage generated as a high frequency AC voltage within an oscillator/inverter circuit to be defined hereinafter, the voltage being rectified by further diodes to be defined hereinafter.
Resistors R1 and R2 are placed across the DC power capacitors, C1 and C2 to discharge them when the AC power is removed.
Diodes D3 and D4 isolate capacitors C1 and C2 from diodes D1 and D2 in order to prevent capacitors C1 and C2 from being directly charged by the power source. Instead, as described above, the charging of capacitors C1 and C2 is accomplished using high frequency current from an oscillator, to be defined, through inductor L1, capacitor C5 and diodes D5 and D6. As is described in greater detail hereinafter, this arrangement of components provides power factor correction within the circuit 10.
As will be defined in greater detail hereinafter, the circuit 10 drives a resonant circuit 16, consisting of a primary of a transformer T2, a capacitor C8, and an inductor L2.
Bypass capacitors C3 and C4 are provided to form one leg of an H bridge converter, the other leg of which is formed by transistors Q1 and Q2, to be described.
A center tap 12 is provided between capacitors C3 and C4 which connects to a high frequency AC current return line 14 feeding current back to this junction from a resonant tank 16 of the circuit 10. The bypass capacitors C3 and C4 provide a high frequency AC return path which is centered between the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum power supply voltages and keeps diodes D3 and D4 isolated from the high frequency AC current being produced, protecting circuit integrity.
This configuration produces a simple AC current bypass path, allowing the AC current within the circuit 10 to be effectively isolated from diodes D1 through D4, D19 and D20.
Diodes D5 and D6 are provided in the circuit 10 for power factor correction within the circuit 10. In this respect, diodes D5 and D6 charge capacitors C1 and C2 with power available at the output of oscillator/inverter circuit 20, via line 18 which includes inductor L1 and capacitor C5, capacitor C5 producing a DC blocking effect.
High frequency voltage generated on line 18 passes through inductor L1, which can be selected to control the charging rate for the DC storage capacitors C1 and C2, and through capacitor C6 which blocks any low frequency voltage, such as the input AC power, and allows only high frequency current from the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 to charge capacitors C1 and C2.
Charging of capacitors C1 and C2 is done in one of two manners with respect to input power connections A and B or A and B'.
Depending on the polarity of the input AC power, when the A and B' connection is used, either diode D5 or D6, depending on the polarity of the high frequency voltage on line 18, will charge both capacitors C1 and C2 in series.
The charging current through either diode D5 or D6 will return to the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 along line 14, via diode D19, the power source, companion diode D2 and capacitor C4, or via diode D20, the power source, companion diode D1 and capacitor D3, depending on the polarity of the AC power input.
Referring to the alternate power connection of A and B, charging current is supplied to either capacitor C1 or C2, depending on the polarity of the high frequency AC voltage on line 18 and the polarity of the AC input power. The charging current for capacitor C2 flows through C2, the power source, companion D1, capacitor C3 and along line 14.
The charging current for capacitor C1, on the other hand, flows through diode D5, capacitor C1, the power source, companion diode D2, capacitor C4 and along line 14.
When input power is below the value stored in capacitors C1 and C2, charge comes off capacitors C1 and C2 through diodes D3 and D4 to provide power to the circuit 10.
When input power becomes higher than the stored charge on capacitors C1 and C2, diodes D1-D4 provide power to the circuit 10, and some power is fed through inductor L1, capacitor C5, diodes D5 and D6 (and diodes D19 and D20 if B' is used) to store charge in capacitors C1 and C2 in a controlled fashion as described above.
The elements of the circuit 10 are judiciously arranged to provide a power factor which is higher than 0.90, with 0.95 being preferred.
To simplify reading of the circuit 10, it will be understood that the circuit 10 disclosed is, again, a resonant circuit 10 with the amount of charging current being provided to the capacitors C1 and C2 being controlled by the provision of inductor L1. The line 18 including inductor L1 and capacitor C5 originates at a junction of a second inductor L2 and transformer T1, which determines the frequency of oscillation of the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 without a resonant load thereon, i.e., by virtue of the saturation of the transformer T1 (such as, for example, a saturable inductor in the form of a small toroid running at 25-30 kiloHertz).
The current that flows through the transformer T1 will determine when the transformer T1 saturates and will determine the basic running frequency of transformer T1. Therefore, by directing the output of transformer T1 through series connected inductor L1 and DC blocking capacitor C5, a frequency changing effect is produced, based on the amount of current flowing to charge capacitors C1 and C2.
The DC supply voltage is made less erratic in this manner because the current being supplied for power factor correction is part of the current flowing through transformer T1, which influences the frequency of oscillation.
A starting circuit 22 for the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 includes diode D7, resistor R3, capacitor C7, a triggering device Q6 such as, for example, a bidirectional trigger diode (diac) Q6, and transistor Q1. When power is first provided to the oscillator/inverter circuit 20, current is supplied through resistors R6, R5 and R3 to capacitor C7 which will charge up until the breakdown voltage of diac Q6 is reached.
Diac Q6 will then fire a pulse of current into transistor Q1 which will then kick the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 to get it started. The oscillator/inverter circuit 20 may self start, depending on the transistors, temperature, etc., however in the circuit 10 disclosed, the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 is certain to start under most conditions.
After the circuit 20 has begun to run, diode D7, which is connected to the collector of transistor Q1, keeps the charge on capacitor C7 below the value that will fire diac Q6. In this way the production of spurious starting pulses is avoided.
The destruction of the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 would be inevitable if transistors Q1 and Q2 both turned on at the same time, so the charge on capacitor C7 is kept low by having diode D7 on the collector of transistor Q1, since transistor Q1 spends approximately half of its time essentially at ground.
Transistor Q1 will discharge capacitor C7 every half cycle and capacitor C7 cannot recharge quickly because the values chosen for resistors R5 and R6 are large. Thus, it takes time to build a charge in capacitor C7. Further, capacitor C7 is never allowed to fully charge, the charge thereon being pulled down by diode D7. This maintains diac Q6 turned off, after it has produced the single pulse to start the oscillator/inverter 20.
Once the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 is running, transistors Q1 and Q2 operate through feedback from transformer T1, providing an inversion, with current flowing through transformer T1 saturating the transformer T1 so that drive to the bases of transistors Q1 and Q2 will alternately switch on and off.
When utilizing a resonant circuit 10 as is done here, a resonant frequency is chosen which is slightly lower than the driving frequency of saturating transformer T1.
Once the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 is started, the resonant circuit 10 will resonate and will not allow the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 to restart in the opposite direction until the current passes through a zero voltage crossing, at which point, the other side of the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 will turn on.
A "dead" period is provided at the zero crossing to avoid turning on transistors Q1 and Q2 at the same time, and causing what is commonly referred to as shoot-through or cross-over. The provision of the "dead" period also provides for turning on of transistors Q1 and Q2 with zero voltage across them because current is still flowing in the opposite direction of the transistor Q1 and/or Q2, due to resonance.
Since a resonant current is not easily contained, a path must be provided for it, and depending on the side of the circuit 10 being considered, either diode D8 or D9 will turn on, conducting the resonant current. In other words, diodes D8 and D9 provide a discharge path for the resonant current to flow along before transistors Q1 and Q2 are turned on.
When either the transistor Q1 or Q2 turns on, it turns on into zero voltage because the respective diode D8 or D9 is already conducting, with the respective transistor Q1 or Q2 taking over until the next cycle starts, and so on, providing a very safe method of running the oscillator/inverter circuit 20, protecting the transistors Q1 and Q2, and allowing them to run cooler because they are not switching on into high voltage, but rather switching on at the zero voltage crossing.
Base resistors R7 and R8 simply provide resistances within the circuit 10 to reduce leakage in the bases of the transistors Q1 and Q2, and force onto the transistors Q1 and Q2 a particular bias level, while also providing a good resistive load for the secondaries of transformer T1.
In this respect, as known, it is difficult to drive into a diode junction, like a base emitter junction, which can present the appearance of being both inductive and capacitive. By using the resistances within the circuit 10, those impedances provide stable loads for the secondaries of transformer T1 and stabilize operation of the circuit 10.
Also, the breakdown voltage of the transistors Q1 and Q2 is raised when base resistors R7 and R8 are provided.
Thus, in essence, without capacitors C11 and C12, and the transistors and devices connected to them, to be described hereinafter, a basic oscillator/inverter circuit 20 running on its own, at a fixed frequency, is provided, with the circuit 20 being adjustable to produce, for example, a required light output, as will be described.
By the provision of capacitors C11 and C12, the switching time of the secondaries of transformer T1 is changed. This change is dependent on the amount of energy stored within each capacitor C11 and C12, with the amount of stored energy being dependent on: the voltage across the winding of transformer T1; the particular saturation flux of transformer T1, which is fixed; and the time that it takes to saturate, which is dependent on the voltage present. By providing capacitors C11 and C12, the voltage attained by transformer T1 is controlled.
Travelling around one loop of the oscillator/inverter circuit 20, choosing the path incorporating transistor Q2, the voltage across capacitor C12, the voltage across resistor R10, and the voltage across transistor Q2's base emitter junction must equal the voltage across the secondary of transformer T1; and the voltage on the secondary of transformer T1 will determine the frequency, or the time to saturation, of transformer T1.
Without providing transistors Q3 and Q4, the voltage present in capacitors C11 and C12 would assume a value based on known parameters, such as resistances, and the turns ratio of transformer T1, among others. Each time a transistor Q1 or Q2 is turned on its corresponding capacitor, C11 or C12, respectively, is charged up to a certain value, which is constant.
For example, when capacitor C11 is charging, transistor Q4 can be turned on to discharge capacitor C12.
Inversely when capacitor C12 is charging, transistor Q3 can be turned on to discharge capacitor C11.
Typically, depending on the amount of discharge, a residual voltage of approximately 0.1 volts up to 5 volts may remain. The range within which this residual voltage will lie can be chosen for a particular circuit, as required.
Upon discharging capacitor C11 or C12, the particular residual voltage provided becomes the voltage that will be applied to the next cycle in the process of saturating the transformer T1. Thus, the saturation time is controlled by the charge on the capacitor C11 or C12.
For full output current from the oscillator 20, the residual charge on capacitors C11 and C12 is reduced to minimum, causing the transformer T1 to reach its flux saturation point later. If there is a larger residual voltage provided, then the transformer T1 will spend less time reaching its flux saturation point thereby generating a higher frequency.
When driving a resonant circuit 16, described as including capacitor C8 and inductor L2, the closer the inverter frequency is to the natural resonant frequency of the load 16, the more power will be transferred to a load 17 on resonant circuit 16, for example, fluorescent lamps. Conversely, as the inverter frequency increases, and therefore moves away from the natural resonant frequency of circuit 16, the less power is transferred to the load 17.
To assure that "run-away", defined below, of the circuit 10 does not take place a protection circuit 24 is provided. A Zener diode D12 of the protection circuit 24 removes the effect of a resistor R20 by turning off transistor Q5 when the load is missing. This action allows capacitors C11 and C12 to charge fully, with no discharge path provided when transistor Q5 is biased off. Thus, discharge will not take place until transistor Q5 is turned on because transistor Q5 is the control means for transistors Q3 and Q4 which control the charging of capacitors C11 and C12, respectively.
Additionally, the voltage on capacitors C11 and C12 is controlled by turning on and off transistors Q3 and Q4, respectively which are controlled through diodes D11 and D10, respectively, through variable resistor R20 and transistor Q5.
To control transistor Q5, resistors R17 and R18 are provided to form a control voltage supply which has both positive and negative values referenced to circuit common 25 to control transistor Q5. The Zener diode D12, when the voltage increases, breaks down and conducts, generating a small voltage, effectively removing the effect of resistor R20, by turning off the transistor Q5, when the load 16 is missing.
When no load 17 is present on the secondary of transformer T2, voltage thereacross will be high. Since control winding 26 is also on transformer T2 its voltage will also be high, thereby charging capacitor C10 to a high voltage through diode D18 and current limiting resistor R13. The voltage on diode D10 reaches a level that surpasses the breakdown voltage of Zener diode D12 which conducts through resistor R12 and places a positive voltage, referenced to circuit common 25, on the base of transistor Q5, thereby biasing it off.
When a load 17 is present, Zener diode D12 does not break down, allowing transistor Q5 to turn on, allowing current to flow therethrough.
When even a nominal load 17 is present, the voltage across control winding 26 of transformer T2 is reduced as is the voltage across capacitor C10, which then causes diode D12 to be biased off and PNP transistor Q5 biased on through resistor R19. Current is then conducted through resistor R20, with charging of capacitors C11 and C12 being controlled by transistors Q3 and Q4 and resistor R20.
Any Zener voltage may be chosen as long as sensing of a load missing provides a high enough voltage to break down the Zener diode D12, thus blocking base current to PNP transistor Q5.
Returning now to the oscillator/inverter circuit 20, it will be understood that if Q1 is turned on, then its collector is connected down to its emitter, which is the common side of the power supply.
At that time, current can flow through resistor R20, diode D10, through the base of transistor Q4, through its emitter resistor R12, through resistor R10, through resistor R8, through transistor Q1, and back to the common point. The transistor Q2 has essentially been turned on by providing base current to it only when transistor Q1 is on.
In other words, the circuit 10 is always preparing for the next cycle by bleeding capacitor charge away to a predetermined value chosen by setting the variable resistor R20 or similar device, such as a photoisolator.
It would be possible with the circuit 10 to tie together several variable resistors R20 in one room for instance, and provide one controller for controlling them simultaneously, although some isolation might be necessary so that all the resistors R20 could be tied to one controller. Whatever means might be chosen, a variable resistance R20 to control the base drive on the transistors would be necessary to control the amount of collector current, which then discharges the capacitors C11 and C12.
The amount of discharge over the chosen time period of the cycle is dependent on the amount of current flowing. The amount of voltage remaining upon entering the next cycle depends on the amount of discharge, and the voltage controls the transformer parameter which sets up cycle frequency.
Turning now to the other side of the oscillator/inverter circuit 20, when transistor Q2 is turned on, and transistor Q1 is off, the path is more direct to the common point, through resistor R20, diode D11, the base of transistor Q3, through emitter resistor R11, resistor R9 and resistor R7.
The particular circuit 10 disclosed does not require the voltage on capacitors C11 and C12 to be identical, providing a benefit to the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 in that the currents are allowed to be different naturally, with the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 taking up such variations in the transistors and magnetics so no DC imbalance factors are generated, as explained below.
A further benefit of the circuit 10 is the provision of the AC coupling therein since it is impossible to perfectly balance both sides of the oscillator/inverter circuit 20.
There will always be some small difference and this difference is absorbed in capacitors that can assume slightly different DC levels while they are operating to bypass the AC parts of the circuit 10. In other words, this circuit 10 is tolerant of the variables which always exist in electrical components.
Within the particular circuit 10 disclosed, the load 17 here comprises inductor L2 in series with the primary of transformer T2. The inductance on the primary of transformer T2 forms the inductive part of the resonant tank circuit 16 which further includes capacitor C8. Capacitor C8 and transformer T2 are chosen to resonate at some high frequency, slightly lower than the natural frequency of saturation of transformer T1 to ensure that oscillator/inverter circuit 20 waits for the resonant tank 16 to reverse its energy flow. If energy were to come back before or at the same time that the opposite side of the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 was turning on, a system crash would take place.
By choosing the resonant frequency to be slightly lower than the driving frequency, a crash is avoided, by once again, providing the "dead" time period within the circuit 10, as defined above.
In this respect, the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 finishes before the energy in the resonant tank 16 can actually reverse itself. The oscillator/inverter circuit 20, that is, the saturation of transformer T1, is actually waiting to reverse itself until the resonant current has reversed itself. An appropriate wait time must be chosen inasmuch as too long a wait period will cause ringing, decreasing efficiency in energy transfer, while too short a wait period may produce a system crash.
The resonant tank 16 is provided in the primary of transformer T2. During starting, the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 is in a standby high frequency mode of operation, waiting for, in this example, the lamps to start, producing a situation similar to a no load situation, because the lamps are not electrically present until the gas is ionized and such starting may take a few milliseconds.
Within such a ballast, the resonant circuit 10 would be destroyed because energy would be released before the lamps could absorb it and the inverter/oscillator circuit 20 would become overloaded.
To eliminate this possibility, the frequency of the circuit 10 is set high, although not too high, in dependence on the load. Also, the frequency cannot be set so high as to protect the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 totally during starting and still start the load. Certain conditions always exist; for example in the case of fluorescent lamps, the lamps may need to be started at temperatures as low as fifty degrees Fahrenheit and lower as required, by circuit design. Some fluorescent lamps are harder to start than others, i.e., T-8 lamps, such as sold by Sylvania under the trademark Octron, and energy saving lamps are very hard to start, while ordinary lamps are easy to start.
Accordingly, two clamping diodes D14 and D15 are tapped into the primary of transformer T2 and will limit the voltage during the starting period by clamping the voltage away immediately before starting, acting as a "safety net" during conditions which may cause the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 to start while not controlled by either the shutdown protection circuit 24 or a dimming circuit, to be defined. In other words, these clamping diodes D14 and D15 take energy and dissipate it during any brief period of time before any circuit protection device is operative.
Then, timing becomes relatively unimportant. In this respect, one second is a long time in this type of circuit, inasmuch as only microseconds are needed for switching. Clamping diodes D14 and D15 can absorb energy for up to several minutes, giving devices in the circuit 10 a chance to work at their own pace, without need for fine tuning the devices, while still providing a viable ballast.
Once the circuit 10 is running, the output voltage is reduced. For example, fluorescent lamps are like most gaseous lamps; they require a high voltage to start and when they finally do conduct, they fall back to requiring only a relatively small percentage of the starting voltage for running.
When the circuit 10 is under a load, such as, for example, one consisting of two ordinary 40W fluorescent lamps, the voltage across the load will drop to approximately one hundred volts for each lamp in series. Consequently, the voltage at the tap 28 between diodes D14 and D15 is below the point at which the diodes D14 and D15 will conduct and they remain idle, unless clamped on during starting as described above.
The turns ratio of transformer T2 is chosen to provide enough voltage to start the load. Capacitor C9 acts as a DC blocking capacitor again because the fluorescent lamps, chosen in this example to represent the load, are notorious for not conducting the same in both directions. They become giant glass diodes and if such imbalance is not allowed for, DC imbalance factors begin to run in the transformers causing high peak current, which can be damaging.
In this respect, the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 operates at a frequency between 20 and 30 kHz which frequency is controlled by transformer T1. Transformer T1's windings and material saturation flux density are chosen so that transformer T1 will saturate after a period of time about 80% of the half cycle of the desired oscillator frequency and will remove base drive from whichever transistor, Q1 or Q2, is on.
During the remaining 20% of the half cycle time, energy stored in the resonant circuit 16 connected to the inverter/oscillator circuit 20 continues to flow through diode D8 or D9 depending on whether transistor Q2 or Q1 respectively was conducting.
Once the energy in the load has dissipated, capacitor C6, which has charged to a positive or negative voltage with respect to the power supply center-tap at the junction of C1 and C2, again depending on whether transistor Q2 or Q1 was conducting, supplies voltage to restart the oscillator circuit 20 in the opposite direction of the previous half cycle.
In this way, the inverter/oscillator circuit 20 can be made to cycle so that a high frequency, alternating voltage output is generated. This output may then be applied, directly or through a step-up or a step-down transformer, to various loads, such as fluorescent lamps in series or parallel connection, incandescent lamps such as low voltage halogen lamps or other loads.
Additionally, the inductance of transformer T1's primary can be selected such that it will "mirror" the inverter load's voltage. That is, if the load consisted of a step-down transformer for halogen lighting for example, the inductance of transformer T1's primary could be selected to match the inductance of the step-down transformer's primary in a fixed ratio.
If this ratio represented the voltage at which transformer T1 just saturates compared to the voltage on the primary of the step-down transformer at which the ideal voltage is maintained on the lamp load, the lamp voltage would be maintained at a constant level over all variations in the AC input supply. This "mirroring" effect will also benefit other types of loads connected to the oscillator/inverter circuit 20, especially a load connected by means of a resonant circuit since such resonant circuits will "run away" (draw large currents and produce very high voltages) if the load should accidentally be removed.
With respect to providing a "dimming" capability to the circuit 10 when such is used with fluorescent lamps, it will be understood that during normal operation transistor Q5 is biased on, and the setting of resistor R20 determines the voltages on capacitors C11 and C12 by way of transistors Q3 and Q4. The voltage on capacitors C11 and C12 controls the frequency of the inverter/oscillator circuit 20 by determining peak voltage at which transformer T1 saturates. This in turn changes the point on the resonant curve at which the oscillator 20 is running and provides variable current to the lamps and allows them to be dimmed.
In other words the variable resistor R20 controls how much power is supplied to the load, causing variations in power. The amount of discharge from capacitors C12 and C11 is controlled by discharging them through transistors Q3 and Q4 and resistors R12 and R9 controlled by current through diodes D10 and D1l, and resistor R20 which is a variable resistor. The more capacitors C12 and C11 discharge, the longer it will take for transformer T1 to charge them up again. That in effect also controls the frequency of the electrical inverter/oscillator 20.
Turning now to the slightly modified circuit 60 shown in FIG. 2, the frequency here is controlled by two transformers, T1 and T3. For the sake of simplicity like components are labeled identically to those in FIG. 1.
The inductance of the primaries of transformers T1 and T3 is selected such so that they will "mirror" the load on the oscillator/inverter circuit 20
That is, as AC power rises to its peak value and more current is drawn through transformers T1 and T3, the magnetic material saturates sooner than it would at lower voltages, causing the frequency to shift and vary in synchronization with the fluctuations of power on the input line. This, in turn, changes the point on the resonant curve at which the oscillator/inverter circuit 20 is running and provides essentially constant current to the load.
The protection circuit 24 of this embodiment has been modified slightly from that proposed in the circuit 10 of FIG. 1.
In this respect, the protection circuit 24 comprises a control winding 30 on transformer T3, a sense winding 26 on transformer T2, and a transistor Q5 which turns on and shorts the control winding 30 on transformer T3 through diodes D10-D13. If voltage on capacitor C10, which is the peak detected voltage of the sense winding 26 on transformer T2 rises above a level fixed by Zener diode D17, transistor Q5 is turned on and shorts control winding 30 on transformer T3 through diodes D10-D13, bypassing transformer T3 so that only transformer T1's frequency, which is much higher than the frequency generated by transformers T1 and T3 in series, has effect, reducing power in the oscillator/inverter circuit 20. At the same time the correct voltage for starting the fluorescent lamps is maintained in the circuit 10 with the control winding 30 of T3 also being used for power control in the circuit 10.
It will be understood that the higher the oscillator 20 frequency is, in a direction away from the resonant frequency, the less effect it has and the lower will be the actual power contribution. It will be understood that transformer T3 is used to feed the diodes D10-D13 and transformers T1 and T3 in series are used to determine the frequency and hence the power of the inverter/oscillator circuit 20, which feeds drive current back to transistors Q1 and Q2. Then, as the transistor Q5 turns on, shorting out transformer T3 increasing the frequency effectively when transformer T3's secondary is shorted, and will effectively also short the primary of transformer T3, taking transformer T3 effectively out of the circuit 10. This is because whatever happens in the secondary, is mirrored in the primary.
As described above the circuits 10 and 60 have a number of advantages, some of which have been described above and others of which are inherent in the invention. Also, modifications may be made to the circuits 10 and 60 without departing from the teachings of the present invention. Accordingly the scope of the invention is only to be limited as necessitated by the accompanying claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
a/c-heater blower motor problem.
i have a 01 wrangler sport and my heat/a/c blower only blew on the low setting. i changed the switch and it worked for a couple of days and stopped working completely. i changed the switch,resistor and blow motor and still nothing. what would cause this?
Im having the same problem, well for the most part. My blower only works on 1 2 and 4. I changed the motor and the switch, still the same.
Ok I found my problem. The small plug to the right of the defrost,floor,vent and ac selector was melted so I cleaned it up and plugged it back in and it works fine now.
I may have to check that out. Thank you for the info.
|All times are GMT -5. The time now is 08:56 PM.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The Fourth of July holiday consistently ranks as one of the deadliest holiday weekends for traffic accidents. Statistics gathered by NHTSA over the past 25 years show that, on average, about half of all deadly traffic crashes over the July Fourth holiday are related to alcohol. Last year, in Texas there were 337 alcohol related …
Tag Archive: traffic accident
Jun 29 2011
TxDOT: Drink, drive go to jail
June 29, 2011
Tags: drink, drive, Fourth of July, jail, P.A.S.S., traffic accident, TxDOT
Permanent link to this article: http://www.easttexasreview.com/txdot-drink-drive-go-to-jail/
Recent Stories
- Police Endorse Andy Mack March 24, 2015
- Why Do Some People Have Inner Peace While Others Do Not? March 22, 2015
- Rabies Advisory March 22, 2015
- The Student Debt Time Bomb March 21, 2015
- Bob Schneider to Play March 21, 2015
- FAMILY AFFAIR March 20, 2015
- Wiley Basketball Falls Short March 18, 2015
- Lindsey Park to Host Easter Egg Hunt March 17, 2015
- NETPHD Talks March 16, 2015
- How Do You Know God Loves You? March 15, 2015
- ▼2015 (99)
- ▼March (27)
- Police Endorse Andy Mack
- Why Do Some People Have Inner Peace While Others Do Not?
- Rabies Advisory
- The Student Debt Time Bomb
- Bob Schneider to Play
- Wiley Basketball Falls Short
- Lindsey Park to Host Easter Egg Hunt
- NETPHD Talks
- How Do You Know God Loves You?
- CASA Slates Blue Jeans, Ball Gowns
- Health on The Go
- Art Exhibit Slated
- City To Tackle Crime
- Nursing Homes: Medicare strengthens its rating
- Early College HS program
- Pine Tree High School Wins At UIL
- If God Gave You Unlimited Power, What Would You Do?
- Deadly Spring Breaks
- Where Texas Became Texas
- Foster Care, Adoption Interest Meeting coming
- Tyler Main Street Achieves Accreditation
- Working Ladies Support Casa
- Debate Tournament: JT Student Qualifies
- Spring Break: Safety Tips from DPS
- Round Up Begins
- Why Did Jesus Say We Must Enter His Kingdom With Childlike Faith?
- ►February (36)
- ►January (36)
- ▼March (27)
- ►2014 (146)
- ►2013 (403)
- ►2012 (439)
- ►2011 (679)
America Bible budget Carey Kinsolving Children Christ Christian Christianity college Debt Donald Kaul East Texas Education food free God government gregg county health IRS Jason Alderman Jesus jesus christ Jim Hightower job kids Kilgore Kilgore College library Longview Longview ISD Longview Regional Medical Center longview texas longview tx LRMC money school student tax texas tx Tyler Tyler ISD tyler texas UT Tyler


text:
Lead in Imagine's Preeto.
Television Celebrity Ranking
Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo (Forum)
Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat (Forum)
Sawaare Sabke Sapne - Preeto (Forum)
Check out the most updated and latest information about Ankita Sharma's on the Internet.We have 81 videos of Ankita Sharma including interviews, events, or public appearances.Ankita Sharma has over 648 Fans registered on India-Forums.com. We have 124 Television News articles related to Ankita Sharma.Do share your criticism, comments and feedback for the Actor on Ankita Sharma's comments page. We have over 79 Photos of Ankita Sharma to view and download including Ankita Sharma's Wallpapers.
Ankita Sharma Fan Club (648)
Comment on Ankita Sharma
(everything from quick facts, opinions, fanmails to controversies goes here)Join India Forums for free to comment on this celebrity. Have an account already? use Quick Login to comment.
Read more comments on Ankita Sharma
Ankita Sharma latest pics
Ankita Sharma's marriage pic
Here is the link:
Barun and you make a rockkking pair!
Happy B'day Ankita Sharma. Enjoy!
Edited on:06 February 2015 at 10:16pm
Ankita Congratulations dear
stay blessed
OMGee my Anki's getting married?! Heartiest congratulations babe, may you have a wonderful married life, you'll be a gorgeous bride omfg can't wait for pics!
Ankita Sharma engagement pics
Unable to post the pic of Ankita Sharma's engagement so I am sharing the link of the page:
Ankita Sharma is going to get married on March 9, 2015 to her BCL co-contestant Mayank Sharma in Delhi.
Ankita Sharma, I just came across the news of your engagement with Mayank Sharma. Congratulations!!!
All the Best for your new show Ashoka on colors.
Read more comments on Ankita Sharma
Disclaimer: India-Forums.com is not responsible for the accuracy or completeness of the contents of page, which have been supplied by a third party and have not been screened or verified.


text:
- Shopping Bag ( 0 items )
Posted January 24, 2014
Partially my fault...but I should have read the dimensions of the plate. It is VERY cute and if it were a little bigger it would have been perfect but the size of it does not make a very entertaining serving tray. 20 Hershey Kisses might fit...not much more.Was this review helpful? Yes NoThank you for your feedback. Report this reviewThank you, this review has been flagged.


text:
Stock Photo:
- Image ID: 116140756
- Release Information: Signed model release filed with Shutterstock, Inc
- Copyright: Svitlana-ua
High quality images curated from over 150 countries.
Over 40 million photos, vectors, illustrations, and more.
Simple and flat pricing by image or by month.
Over 230,000 images downloaded every day.


text:
The IAB reported a small sequential increase in ad spending, but figures are well below the year-ago period.
Spending on Internet advertising in the third quarter increased by about 2 percent from the trough hit during the second quarter but still came in well below the year-ago period, according to newly released figures.
In announcing their quarterly Internet ad revenue findings, the Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) and PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) said the Q3 2009 numbers show online advertising fared better than other ad sectors during the recession. However, the results reveal a 5.4 percent decline in spending compared to Q3 2008. During that quarter, Internet ad spending hit an all-time high of about $6.1 billion, according to the IAB and PwC. They said about $5.5 billion was doled out during the third quarter of this year.
"While all segments of the media industry have experienced declines, online advertising remains resilient and is once again showing signs of growth," PwC partner David Silverman pointed out in a statement.
Advertisers weren't the only ones spending more money online during Q3 of this year. The U.S. Department of Commerce recently reported that consumers spent $34 billion online during the quarter, an increase of 4.5 percent from Q2 and a 1.8 percent increase over 2008's third-quarter online sales figure.
Want to learn more?
Attend ClickZ Live New York March 30 - April 1. With over 15 years' experience delivering industry-leading events, ClickZ Live brings together over 60 expert speakers to offer an action-packed, educationally-focused agenda covering all aspects of digital marketing. Register today!
Mar 30-Apr 1, 2015
June 23-25, 2015
July 9, 2015
August 10-12, 2015
September 8-10, 2015
Hong Kong, May 5-6, 2015
A Buyer's Guide to Affiliate Management Software
Manage your performance marketing with the right solution. Choose a platform that will mutually empower advertisers and media partners!
Google My Business Listings Demystified
To help brands control how they appear online, Google has developed a new offering: Google My Business Locations. This whitepaper helps marketers understand how to use this powerful new tool.
May 6, 2015
12:00pm ET/9:00am PT


text:
Pillow Box-Pumpkin Kisses
By Kathryn Estry
Related Products
More By This Designer
|(5 Total Votes) | Rate It
Please sign in to rate this product! Log In
Product Categories
Product Information
- Type: Craftable Template
- Designer: Kathryn Estry
- Software Category: Holidays – Halloween
- Download Size: 20.7 MB (approximate)
Design Elements
- Page Elements: 5
Designer Notes
A fun box for Halloween treats. Just cut, glue, fold, and fill with goodies! Instructions included.
We're sorry, but something went wrong.
We've been notified about this issue and we'll take a look at it shortly.
Click here to return to the main scrapbookboutiqueonline.com page.


text:
It's taken eight years of planning, but within the next twelve months, work could begin on a new permanent supportive housing facility near Greenfield Lake. WHQR's Isabelle Shepherd reports the space would provide affordable housing for 40 disabled people.
Permanent supportive housing resembles ordinary rental agreements. The difference: It is geared towards the disabled, including veterans and the elderly.
A Wilmington homeless shelter has partnered with the international charity Feed the Children to provide boxes of food and other items to needy families. Good Shepherd Center supplied the more than 400 boxes Thursday afternoon. The group's Associate Development Director Logan White says they've seen an influx of people in the past few days because of the cold weather. She says the number one issue facing the homeless is affordable housing.
As the year draws to a close, WHQR is taking a look at some of the people, places, and products that have thrived during tough economic times.
For Wilmington resident Sheera Randolph and her three young boys, 2011 has been their family's first full year in permanent housing.


text: POPSUGAR Entertainment Big Rich Texas Big Rich Texas is Back, Sundays at 8/7C on Style by Sponsor 10/08/12 2 Shares Like us on Facebook New episodes of BRT every Sunday at 8/7C on Style! View Transcript » Transcript Read More Big Rich TexasAdvertorial Get the scoop with our daily newsletter Enjoy the latest news on the celebs you love. Young Hollywood TV Movies A Listers Sign up with What's Your Reaction? Thanks for your reaction Don't forget to share this with your friends! 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Reactions


text:
|Page (1) of 1 - 12/23/12
|email article
|print page
Tysons Corner, VA (PRWEB) December 23, 2012
Virginia Heritage Bank (http://www.vhbank.com) participated in the INPASS Annual Winter Orchestra Concert on Sunday, December 16 in the Woodson High School Auditorium.
The nights agenda consisted of a mixture of holiday and classical music played by the INPASS orchestra. Virginia Heritage Bank Chief Retail Officer, Betty Gillen, attended the event along with approximately 200 other attendees.
International New Praise Academic Support Society (INPASS) (http://www.inpass.me/) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit faith-based organization that seeks to foster spiritual, social, and intellectual growth of young musicians through contemporary classical praise music. As a U.S.-based organization with an international scope, INPASS brings people together from diverse geographic, economic, racial, and age groups in a unique space where contemporary classic music and faith intersect.
(Click here to place a textlink on this site)


text:
If you didn't take a picture, you weren't there. That's what they say. Today. I guess that means that I'm always there. Every time. Every place. 49 more words
Tags » Second Line
The Children of the Second Line
Second lines. They are a neighborhood thing. They are for everybody. Even though the parade is led by some specific group, anybody who wants to join in, can. 88 more words
Revolution. The Second Line.
You never know. Yesterday, when this picture was made, the temperature at parade time was in the low 80s. It was hot. It was humid. Rain was starting to fall. 144 more words
Mardi Gras Mambo
Hey Groovers, it's Carnival time here in South Louisiana! Mardi Gras is the best time of year, filled with dancing in the streets, parades, and plenty of great music. 122 more words
Second Line Birthday
Traditional New Orleans second lines are used to celebrate anything from weddings to funerals. When Melissa contacted me about photographing a surprise second line for her mother Margaret, I was excited about what she had in mind. 130 more words
Mardi Gras Indians
Surrounded by color. Jazz funeral and massive second line parade for Big Chief Bo Dollis of The Wild Magnolias.
Central City, New Orleans.
RIP Big Chief Bo Dollis 7 more words
The Other Side
Trumpet bells ringing
Bass drum is swinging
As the trombone groans
And the big horn moans
And there's a saxophone
Down in the treme
Is me and my baby… 41 more words


text:
Molecular Diagnostics Europe
13th April 2015
Lisbon, Portugal
Novel molecular-based tools are rapidly entering the clinic and creating a new paradigm in healthcare. Includes four conferences: Prenatal Molecular Dx, Cancer Sequencing, Advanced Dx for Infectious Disease, and Circulating Cell-Free Nucleic Acids.
Reproductive Medicine and Women's Health conferences worldwide
Listing 19 events (go back)
1 All
|1 All


text:
Senior Member
I will not name and shame, but someone I had just played with had an extremely vulgar name
It should be there
Mad Policecars
You're in a game with floating sticks attached to two hot air balloons.
You cut people in half and make them bleed to death.
You brutally kill opponents and at times destroy their fun.
Many champs center around boring the hell out of your opponents and making their opponents' laning absolute hell and make them not even want to play.
But you're offended by a name?
Send a ticket to the player support here.
© 2015 Riot Games, Inc. All rights reserved. Riot Games, League of Legends and PvP.net are trademarks, services marks, or registered trademarks of Riot Games, Inc.


text:
Rush Dallas Tickets
|Date & Time
Rush tickets at American Airlines Center,Dallas,TX on 5/18 7:30 PM
|Mon May 18 2015
|View Tickets
Frequently Asked Questions
Rush Dallas TX was rated
Q:Is the price of rush dallas tickets published online final?
A:Yes, the price of Rush Dallas Tx Tickets published online is final and inclusive of all charges. Check the instructions and order right away.
Q:Are there any rush tickets dallas, tx?
A:You can take your pick from our offered list of Rush Dallas tickets.


text:
We created Pandora to put the Music Genome Project directly in your hands
It's a new kind of radio –
stations that play only music you like
Kevin Gates
Selected Discography
Track List: "I Don't Know What To Call It" Vol. 1
Track List: In The Meantime
Track List: Luca Brasi 2: Gangsta Grillz (Explicit)
Track List: Luca Brasi Story
Similar Artists
https://m.so u n d c l o u d . c o m / g - f r e s h - 7


text:
A surgical instrument capable of being used to guide a thread inside a body and to cut the thread comprises a forceps jaw having first and second opposed surfaces each provided with a serrated portion and a cutting portion.
1. A surgical instrument having a forceps handle, a forceps jaw comprising a stationary jaw and a pivotable jaw, and a steel core connecting said forceps handle with said pivotable jaw for pivoting said pivotable jaw for selectively opening and closing said forceps jaw upon actuation of said forceps handle, the improvement which comprises: said stationary jaw having a first surface provided with a serrated portion and an indented portion; and said pivotable jaw having a second surface opposed to said first surface of said stationary jaw provided with a serrated portion that cooperates with the serrated portion of the stationary jaw, and a projecting ridge portion, opposite said indented portion and received therein when said forceps pivotable jaw is closed said projecting ridge portion being provided with a recess surface extending from one side of said projecting ridge portion proximate to said second surface toward a second side of said projecting ridge portion remote from said second surface so as to define a cutter on said remote portion wherein said recess surface defines an opening for introducing a surgical thread into said indented portion of said stationary jaw when said projecting ridge portion is received in said indented portion.
2. A surgical instrument according to claim 1 wherein said recess surface is concave in shape.
The invention relates to a surgical needle holder for an endo-ligature, endo-suture or the like with a forceps handle for actuating a forceps jaw composed of two jaw halves for holding a needle.
Needle holders of this type, especially Semm needle holders, are known to the market and widely used. The surgeon uses them to insert an endo-ligature, endo-suture or the like, this normally accompanying or assisting with an endoscopy.
The operation is performed merely by appropriate perforation of the peritoneum or the like, without using a scalpel to make a large incision, and the instrument is guided by a trocar.
However, especially when an endo-suture is inserted, either two trocars are necessary--one for the needle and thread holder and one for an appropriate scissor-like instrument for cutting off the thread after insertion of the suture--or the surgeon must change the instrument correspondingly frequently in one trocar.
Both are associated in every case with more effort by the surgeon and are relatively unpleasant for the patient. On the one hand, at least two perforations are required and, on the other hand, frequent changing of the instrument and the corresponding movement or change in position of the trocar may cause damage to muscles or vessels.
The inventor's object was to provide a surgical instrument which the surgeon is able to use both to guide a thread inside a body and to cut off this thread.
This object is achieved by providing a cutting device in the forceps jaw.
In the present exemplary embodiment, this cutting device follows serrations on the two jaw halves, which essentially serve to hold a needle.
However, the reverse arrangement is also within the scope of the invention, in which case the serrations would follow the cutter.
Every type of scissor-like cutting device is to be embraced by the concept of the invention. However, it is preferable for a ridge which has a cutter to be formed on one jaw half. This cutter is formed from the ridge by a concave grinding, the cutter itself having a concave design.
A recess in the other jaw half cooperates with the cutter or the ridge. When the forceps jaw is closed, the ridge with the cutter can enter this recess, with scissors being formed by the cutter with one edge of this recess. Of course, another design of the cutting device inside the forceps jaw is conceivable here too. For example, two ridges can each form one cutter, with the two cutters cooperating. In the region where the ridge on one jaw half engages in the recess on the other jaw half, a depression is formed in the latter. The effect of this depression is that, in the opened state of the forceps jaw, an approximately elliptical opening is produced with the concave shape of the cutter and forms an inlet for the thread to be cut off towards the opening of the forceps jaw. The effect of the concave shape of the cutter is that the introduced thread is no longer able to slip away towards the opening of the forceps jaw but is held.
This instrument can be used, on the one hand, to hold firmly and guide a needle or a thread with the front part of the jaw provided with serrations, while the adjoining part, the cutting part, is used to cut off the thread after the insertion of the suture.
Other advantages, features and details of the invention are evident from the following description of the preferred exemplary embodiment and with the aid of the drawing, where
FIG. 1 shows a partially sectioned, perspective view of an instrument according to the invention with the forceps jaw open;
FIG. 2 shows a top view of a diagrammatically represented inner surface of a movable jaw half of the forceps jaw shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 shows a front view of the forceps jaw shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 shows further details of the forceps jaw.
A surgical needle holder according to the invention, especially for producing an endo-suture and/or endo-ligature has, as shown in FIG. 1, a forceps jaw 1, a tube-like distance sleeve 2 and a scissors-like forceps handle 3.
Whereas one arm 4 of the forceps handle 3 is rigidly connected to the distance sleeve 2, one arm 5 is rotatable about an axis 6. A spring 7 is arranged so that, in the resting position, it holds the forceps jaw 1 in the closed position.
The forceps jaw 1 is formed from two jaw halves 8 and 9. One jaw half 8 is formed on the distance sleeve 2 and thus represents an extension of this distance sleeve 2.
Facing jaw half 8 is a movable jaw half 9 which is moved around an axis, which is not depicted in detail, within a recess 10 in the distance sleeve 2 with the aid of a steel core 11 or the like. When the arms 4 and 5 are spread in direction x by overcoming the force of the spring 7, the steel core 11 or the like is displaced in direction y within the distance sleeve 2. The core 11 is connected to jaw half 9 in such a way that the latter is opened by this forward displacement, i.e. reaches the spread position.
Jaw half 8 has serrations 12 which are connected towards the back, i.e. in the direction of the distance sleeve, to a depression 13. In the region of this depression 13 and as far as a region, which is not depicted in detail, of the axis part, which is likewise not depicted in detail, of the jaw half 9, jaw half 8 has an approximately rectangular recess or indented portion 14.
Jaw half 8 is opposed by jaw half 9. It also has serrations 15, with the teeth being arranged so that, in the closed position, they engage in the teeth of the serrated region 12 of jaw half 8. Connected to the serrations 15 there is formed on jaw half 9 an approximately cuboidal projecting ridge 16 which projects above serrations 15 and which, as shown in FIG. 2, has in its extension 17 a receiving fork 18 for the steel core 11 which moves jaw part 9. This ridge 16 fits exactly in recess 14 in the closed position, with ridge 16 and recess 14 having a slightly convex shape in their front faces 19 and 20 respectively.
A concave grinding 21 is formed in ridge 16 in the region of ridge 16 which, in the closed position, enters the recess 14 in the region of the depression 13 and forms a sharp cutter or blade 22.
When the forceps jaw 1 is closed, the cutter 22 runs exactly along a sharp edge 23 of the recess 14 (see FIG. 3 in particular) and, in this way, acts as scissors, with ridge 16 having the cutter 22 representing the upper blade.
Since, moreover, the cutter 22 which forms the upper blade has a slightly concave shape, when the forceps jaw 1 is open there is formed between ridge 16 or cutter 22 and the depression 13 an approximately elliptical opening into which a thread can be introduced from the direction of the opening of the forceps jaw 1 and can be cut off by closing the forceps jaw 1. This elliptical shaping of the cutter part means that an introduced thread is no longer able to slip out and is unavoidably cut off when the forceps jaw is closed.
With this instrument it is unnecessary, for holding the needle and thread and for cutting off the thread after insertion of the suture, either to change the instrument or to perform two interventions on the human body or use two trocars.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Norcross, GAUSA
April 15, 2014
Want to update tech skills
No introduction yet
About us…
Help support your Meetup
Welcome to the Atlanta HTML5 User Group (@atlhtml5 on twitter). HTML5 is the new hotness and it's time for the Atlanta development community to be a part of the fun. We are enthusiasts of HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, and related cutting-edge web technologies. We meet monthly with the industry's leading experts who talk about, present, and demonstrate the latest concepts, features, APIS (you name it!) in this cool new world, and answer all your burning questions.
To post to this group's mailing list, subscribe to: email@example.com
1,063 Members
1,613 Web Pros
4,735 Entrepreneurs
154 Emberists
838 Node.lers
333 Scala programmers
Meetup members, Log in
By clicking "Sign up" or "Sign up using Facebook", you confirm that you accept our Terms of Service & Privacy Policy


text: IMacros Jobs 1 was found based on your criteria Post a job. It's free! Create a Very Simple Imacro Script Fixed-Price – Est. Budget: $20.00 Posted March 28 2015 The job needed is very simple. I need to check the Trust Flow of thousands of domains. The Trust Flow is a metric used by MajesticSEO.com, and it can be checked here: https://majestic.com/reports/bulk-backlink-checker Unfortunately, even if you have a paid account like I do, it only allows 150 urls to be checked at a time, so manually checking 100,000s of domains is pretty impossible. This is what I need an imacro for. 1, It ... imacros-scripting javascript php web-scraping


text:
It's a great time to be alive. After years of needless and harmful prohibition, several states have finally come around to marijuana legalization. In started in the 1990s with medial legalization in California, and culminated in 2012 when Washington and Colorado voted in favor of recreational cannabis. The first recreational store opened in Colorado in 2014 and the rest is history. Downtown Denver and the surround area have as many medical and recreational dispensaries as they have Starbucks. Business is booming and the economy in Colorado is thriving as a direct result. Many people are opening businesses related to the industry, and you may very well be one of them. If you're thinking of starting a storefront to sell marijuana, your grow room is going to be a very important part of that. Take these seven tips into advisement before you open your store.
1. Air-Tight and Light Proof
First of all, you want your grow room to be an air-tight space. This will make temperature and atmosphere control a great deal easier. You won't be having to compensate for a drafty room and keeping your carbon dioxide levels steady will be a cinch. Additionally, you want your paneling to be light-proof, and you want to ensure there are no points for like to leak in. As you might know, having your crop flashed with light when it's sometimes dark can present major problems.
2. Flexibility
You may want to consider a modular marijuana grow room for this very reason. If you build your grow to fill a traditional room, you may run into problems when it comes time to expand. If business is successful, you may need to grow more product than expected, or you may decide to open additional stores. Either way, if you're in a static room, it's going to be difficult to expand. You'll have to move or remodel your space to fit your needs. On the other hand you don't want too much space for your grow initially. The solution is a modular grow room. Essentially you'll build a room within room in an existing building, storage space, or warehouse. Then, when it comes time to expand, you'll simple add on to your modular grow room. It will be easy, safe, and inexpensive.
3. Location is Important
It's a good idea to scout your location well before moving your grow their. Make sure that you're in a relatively safe area, as you will be growing a product that is a commodity in very high demand. Make sure that you have a well-lit property with the necessary security measures in place. Some businesses even put their grows on the same property as their storefront. This allows for getting product to the store easily, and cuts down on transport costs.
4. Cleanliness and Organization
First of all, you don't want to be mixing up strains. Your clients may be relying on the effects of a particular variation of cannabis, so make sure that you take utmost care when it comes to organization. Take care to also make sure that your grow is clean. This will help you avoid pests and other maladies. You'll be much more likely to put out a top shelf product.
5. Properly Installed Equipment
The last thing you want to deal with is improper wiring or faulty installation of lights and ventilation systems. Another advantage of going modular with your indoor marijuana grow rooms is that the companies that install them typically offer track systems for lighting and fans. That way you know your equipment will be safe and secure. It will also be easy to adjust things as needed. Moving a light to a different area of the room will be a breeze when everything is on a track system.
6. An Expert Grower
If you're getting into the cannabis industry and you're not an expert grower, you better hire one to work for or with you. In a lot of cases a master grower is going to want to be a partner, not an employee, at least when it comes to small businesses. You can build the prettiest grow room possible, but if you don't know how to grow you will be in big trouble. Competition is incredibly tough, especially in bigger cities like Denver. If you don't have a top quality product you probably won't succeed.
7. Have It Up to Code
The marijuana industry is heavily regulated. You're going to undergo multiple inspections before you can open your retail store. You may want to find a company who can build out a custom grow room that meets all building code needs as well as meet the requirements for state and local regulations. Don't let a simple oversight hold you back from opening your store.
Following these seven tips can get you head the right direction when it comes to running your own marijuana store.Comments Off


text:
Feb23 2015
March Madness
We are looking forward to seeing you for every minute of our March celebrations!
Saturday March 7 at Dover Downs Casino at 9pm
Friday March 13 at The Jetty at 8:30pm
Saturday March 14 at Claddagh Pub for Meet in the Street from 1:30-3:30pm
Saturday March 14 at The Tilted Kilt in White Marsh at 9pm
$5.00 Cover Charge in the tent
21+ only
RT @lindzw23: Glitter everywhere thanks to @HotTubLimo! Great show tonight boys! 😙 #tiltedkilt #StPatricksDay
03/15/2015 2:46 pm
Hey @connormcgregor4 how about a tickle battle? #daffodils http://t.co/vrwDHhNDob
03/13/2015 10:32 pm
Counting down the seconds till we get to spend the night with the @TiltedKiltPub crew on Saturday March 14th! http://t.co/M7wMCx0wUV
03/09/2015 3:37 pm


text:
Econo Lodge Potomac Mills
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this motel rated in the past?
Travelers also recommend:
- More recommendations
TripAdvisor Reviews Econo Lodge Potomac Mills Woodbridge
Travel Blogs from Woodbridge
Monumentally DC
... can see the influence that Paris has had on this city as far as layout and design concept are concerned. The Korean War memorial/sculptures are very moving and then the large WWII site up to the enormous pencil (Clark named) with the White House down one avenue and through to the Mall lined with museums to all things and topped off with ...
First day in Washington
Andrew spent a long time at the Air and Space museum, and plans to go back another day as he only managed to get around about 1/2 of it. He saw the original Wright brothers plane, the Spirit of St Louis, flown by Lindbergh across the Atlantic, plus other space things. He reports being in air and space "heaven"! ...
Night at the Musuem
... the Hirshhorn Sculpture Garden (which is one of the Smithsonian Museums). Now, I'll admit I'm not the biggest art fan and am a firm believer that modern art is just a load of junk but the art on show in the garden was really impressive and varied different types from a metal full size tree to a cartoon one dimensional wooden house (perhaps there's a possibility I could be converted).
After the Sculpture Garden I arrived at the Museum of Natural History and ...
What An Absolutely Awesome Day!!!
... Father who was one of my childhood heroes? I have always been a Jefferson fan. The man was simply amazing. Now that word is thrown around pretty casually by many today, but it truly fit this man. He was a lawyer, farmer, politician, patriot, inventor, scholar, and much, much more. His three main accomplishments were the writing of the Declaration of Independence (when he was 33), the Virginia Statutes of Religious Freedom (establishing ...
Rainy Day at Mount Vernon
... difficult to converse.
On our return trip we viewed a film on the bus that we had not had time to see at the museum. It was called "We Fight to Be Free" and was very interesting.
At arrival back in DC our bus dropped us off at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, while others chose to visit the Museum of American History. ...


text:
Staying healthy in college
Q. My daughter is going away to college this year. Any tips on how she can stay healthy and become responsible for her own medical care?
Going away to college carries a whole array of new responsibilities: academics, social life and personal health, to name a few. The topic of transitioning to college life is very broad, so I'm going try to focus on a few main health topics.
Healthy eating and sleeping habits are at the top of the list. Some studies show that only 11 percent of college students get enough sleep, and sleep deprivation has been linked to a poor attention span and lower GPA in comparison to college students who are well-rested. Therefore, sleep should be a priority for college students.
Poor sleep hygiene spills over into the poor eating habits category, because staying up late often leads to late night eating. On average, college students gain between 6-9 pounds during their first year at college. The best way to combat "the freshman 15" (or more accurately, "the freshman 7") is to avoid fast food, late night meals, frequent snacking and high-calorie beverages. Also, it is important to find time to exercise.
College students need to continue to have annual physical exams with their primary care physicians and make sure their vaccines are up to date, including a flu shot each fall. Girls should be educated about how to perform breast exams. Many people are not aware that testicular cancer is the most common form of cancer in American males between the ages of 15 and 34 years. Therefore, boys should be educated about testicular exams as well.
As a final note, make sure your daughter knows where to seek medical treatment should she become ill.
Moms Columns & Blogs
Entertainment Videos
Join the Discussion
Charlotte Observer is pleased to provide this opportunity to share information, experiences and observations about what's in the news. Some of the comments may be reprinted elsewhere on the site or in the newspaper. We encourage lively, open debate on the issues of the day, and ask that you refrain from profanity, hate speech, personal comments and remarks that are off point. Thank you for taking the time to offer your thoughts.


text:
Kyle Lamb: Movement Formation vs. Fighting Formation
PoliceOne Senior Editor, Doug Wyllie, speaks with Kyle Lamb, founder of Viking Tactics, Inc. Kyle has trained many law enforcement officers to focus on standing in a fighting formation in open shooter instances. By following the fighting formation technique, officers are more likely to stay safe and to also catch the suspect.
Join the discussion
Be the first
to comment
to comment
Kyle Lamb: Movement Formation vs. Fighting Formation
PoliceOne top 5
- 1 Video: Actress apologizes after dash cam refutes claim her son was racially profiled
- 2 Video: Knife-wielding man on rampage TASERed by UK cop
- 3 Video: Ariz. cop escapes death as gunman attempts to sneak up behind him
- 4 Rules for Texas police videos depend on who's holding the camera
- 5 The Dirty Dozen: Updating the '10 Deadly Errors' of policing


text:
Loading product details ...
Reviews (0)
Need Help?
Product Description:
Kid's New Balance® 750v3 Y :: A kid in motion tends to stay in motion. That's especially true when wearing the 750v3 with a fast performance upper, IMVEA midsole for cushioned support, and sculpted midsole with visual technology that's ready for all-day play.
Features & Benefits:
Your Help Is Here
Shop with confidence knowing your team of Fit Experts is waiting to answer all your questions. You can always find your perfect product and your perfect fit. Your Road Runner Sports Fit Experts will make sure you get exactly what you want and have tons of fun in the process! Give us a call, chat, or email!
Call 800-743-3206 to
Send us an email and count on a Fit Expert to reply to you as quickly as possible
You May Also Like
More Related Products
Kids' New Balance® 636 :: A gotta have it go shoe, the 636 will keep the spring in your step ...
Kid's NEW BALANCE® 760 :: Give your child the benefit of high performance stability at a great price. The kid's ...
Kid's New Balance® 750v3 I :: A kid in motion tends to stay in motion. That's especially true when wearing ...


text:
help 2cycle
looking for help
mucculloch mb290 gas blower. wont start. cleaned air filter. new spark plug (replaced with champion 855 dj7y).
dont know how to troubleshoot from here.
wanted to see if there was a spark. this is how i did it: i removed spark plug and reconnected to ignition wire and left it off the cylinder dangling. pull started and i dont see a spark.
thx for any advice!
rid: No Problem let us know how it goes . Hopefully the coil is not faulty . Sometimes also you may have a on/off switch causing the problem , if the plug does not show a bright blue spark try disconnecting the ignition switch (bypass) then try for spark .
Lot of possibilities here but one thing that is endemic with the small 2-cycles is fuel starvation. Prime it, set the choke, then figure out a way to block the air intake while you pull the starter. This will usually get one going. It could be as simple as gum/dirt blocking the fuel pickup. Because the mix in the tank is dark, you usually don't see the fuel pickup or any crud in the tank. Empty it and take a look. Next, the mixture adjustment screws may have turned or been turned. Open them both up about one turn and see what happens. 2-cycles love fuel, and most of them will run a lot 'wetter' than a 4-cycle, so you may have to play around with the mixtures to get it to start, run cold and take the throttle when hot.
Or it could be the coil or switch as ewalk said. Heck, it could be both!


text:
- News
- Local
- Sports
- Business
- Politics
- Opinion
- Lifestyle
- Entertainment
- Obituaries
- Classifieds
- Autos
- Housing
- Jobs
Minnesota's governor sided with special interests that opposed legislative input.
Governor Mark Dayton.
Photo: Glenn Stubbe, Star Tribune
Minnesota elected officials entering office swear to uphold the state and federal Constitutions. They do not take an oath of allegiance to the Lessard-Sams Outdoor Heritage Council, an advisory panel of 12 appointees who make recommendations to the Legislature each year on how to spend about $90 million in Legacy Amendment sales tax dollars.
This basic but critical fact bears noting in the aftermath of a bitter legislative battle that erupted this spring when Minnesota House lawmakers drew the ire of outdoors special-interest groups for not blindly approving the council's approved list of projects.
(The money for which the council makes recommendations flows from the 2008 Legacy Amendment sales tax increase dedicated to the arts, parks and trails, habitat, and clean water. The Outdoor Heritage Council recommends projects eligible for some of this funding, but the Legislature still must approve spending for these initiatives.)
Lawmakers didn't reject any of the council's chosen projects — an important point that got lost in the debate. What lawmakers did do was exercise their authority to make a tweak. They added funding for two relatively small initiatives — about $9 million for metro park improvements and additional aquatic invasive species safeguards.
The objections that followed were less about the projects' merits than about maintaining the myth that only the Outdoor Heritage Council's members are worthy and pure enough to allocate the money. Preserving a funding process that has worked well for many outdoors groups, who have projects funded through the council, was also a motivation.
"This is not an issue of the availability of funds. This is an issue of control and power and perceived 'authority' of a group which is only authorized to make recommendations,'' wrote former Minnesota Vikings great Paul Krause, now a Dakota County commissioner, in a letter sent to Gov. Mark Dayton.
In advocating for the two legislative projects, Krause was at odds with former Vikings head coach Bud Grant, who was a high-profile critic of perceived legislative meddling with the council's recommendations. Other groups that publicly objected to the two projects: Pheasants Forever, Ducks Unlimited, the Nature Conservancy, Minnesota Outdoor Heritage Alliance and the Minnesota Shooting Sports Association.
Rather than respecting the legislative process and the state Constitution, which places the power of appropriation not in the hands of unelected officials but with lawmakers accountable to voters, Dayton regrettably caved to these special interests.
The governor recently signed the legislation funding all of the council-approved projects. But after video recently resurfaced of a campaign statement about fighting anything that might "usurp" the council's authority, Dayton line-item vetoed the two new projects sought by legislators.
How exactly the legislation "usurps" the council's authority is unclear. Had lawmakers rejected the council's recommendations, that objection would have been more understandable. But lawmakers didn't subtract from the council's list — they added two projects.
Dayton's veto of the aquatic invasive species safeguards is even more puzzling given the admirable priority his administration has placed on fighting Asian carp and other invasives that threaten Minnesota's treasured waters.
The headlines accompanying Dayton's veto correctly said that he had sided with the council in the high-profile dispute. With the governor facing re-election in 2014, it's easy to see the benefits of his taking a politically expedient course of action popular with powerful special interests.
But the public should be alarmed by the disturbing message the governor's veto sent: that elected lawmakers should merely rubber stamp the spending recommendations made by the small, appointed Outdoor Heritage Council.
The council does good work and has dedicated, conscientious members. Nevertheless, it is not infallible. At Tuesday's council meeting, some members expressed concern that they hadn't given the metro parks proposal, which the governor vetoed after legislators sought it, enough scrutiny before rejecting it for funding when the project previously came before the panel.
The legislative process, while imperfect, is the most transparent way to allocate taxpayer money and plays a critical checks-and-balance role in ensuring accountability for Legacy dollars. Lawmakers' input should be respected, not sidestepped or denigrated.
A Star Tribune editorial. Follow the editorial board on Twitter | Facebook | Pinterest | Google+
The Opinion section is produced by the Editorial Department to foster discussion about key issues. The Editorial Board represents the institutional voice of the Star Tribune and operates independently of the newsroom.


text:
Md. cop shot in exchange of gunfire, suspect sought
Police were responding to reports of an armed man, the suspect ran into the woods after wounding an officer
By PoliceOne Staff
LAUREL, Md. — A police officer was shot Wednesday afternoon during an exchange of gunfire with a suspect who remains at large.
The officer, who has not been identified, was flown to the Maryland Shock Trauma Center in Baltimore and in serious condition, according to the Baltimore Sun.
Three officers were responding to reports of an armed man when the suspect immediately opened fire, striking one officer. The other two officers returned fire as the suspect ran into the woods. It is unclear if he was wounded.
The suspect is described as a black male, wearing a black jacket and gray pants, according to the report.
Recommended Suspect Pursuit
Video: Calif. police pursue stolen car scrawled with 'We support our local police'
Video: Armed Ga. suspect tries to run cars off road in high-speed pursuit
Video: Car bursts into flames after border agent deploys ECD
Join the discussion
Md. cop shot in exchange of gunfire, suspect sought
PoliceOne top 5
- 1 P1 Humor Corner: 25 signs that you're a cop
- 2 Video: Actress apologizes after dash cam refutes claim her son was racially profiled
- 3 Video: Armed Ga. suspect tries to run cars off road in high-speed pursuit
- 4 Video: Knife-wielding man on rampage TASERed by UK cop
- 5 Video: Ariz. cop escapes death as gunman attempts to sneak up behind him


text:
Lupin III Episode 13
You are going to watch Lupin III Anime Show for free with English Subs Episode 13 Online.
if Lupin III 13 are not working, please try one of the Video Mirrors.
Upload by: mica
Updated: November 13, 2012
You are watching Lupin III Episode 13 in High Quality English subbed. Lupin III Episode 13 is from Lupin III anime series. If you enjoyed Lupin III Episode 13 please share it with others! Please note that this Episode is hosted on a third-party video sharing website, and it is not affiliated with Chia-Anime.


text:
Perez v. City Univ. of New York
|New York sunshine lawsuits
|See also: Court cases with an impact on state FOIA
|(The cases are listed alphabetically. To order them by year please click the icon to the right of the Year heading)
|Find your State
Perez v. City Univ. of New York was a case before the New York Court of Appeals in 2005 concerning the application of FOIL to advisory boards at state universities.
This case established a number of important precedents:
The trial court ruled in favor of the students, determining that the Senate was a public body subject to the sunshine laws.
The first court of appeals overturned the decision, determining that the senate, as an advisory committee, was removed from FOIL.
The New York Court of Appeals overturned the decision of the first court of appeals, returning the decision to the original ruling by the supreme court. The court determined that the College Senate and Executive Committee serve a government function in that it was the sole entity that formed policy for the college. Further, its formation of policy functioned not only in an advisory capacity but in a critical determinative capacity because it held the entire task or proposing policy changes to the CUNY board of directors. The court defended this assertion, quoting the trial court stating, ""the college senate and the executive committee thereof constitute integral components of the governance structure of Hostos Community College. The senate and its executive committee perform functions of both advisory and determinative natures which are essential to the operation and administration of the college."[1] The court went on to outlaw the use of secret voting, despite its lack of mention in the open meetings laws, based upon requirements within the FOIL for public bodies to record detailed voting records of each member of a public body. Based on these two determinations, the court ruled in favor of the students and ordered the records of the meetings in question released and issued an injunction to compel future meetings to remain open to the public.[1]
|New York sunshine lawsuits
|See also: Court cases with an impact on state FOIA
|(The cases are listed alphabetically. To order them by year please click the icon to the right of the Year heading)


text:
Buffalo Hills Resort
Senecaville, Ohio
Phone: (740) 685-2808
Visit Campground Website
Sites: 400
Recent Rate: $12 6/2013
Latitude: 39.8898558578633
Longitude: -81.4373588562012
These reviews are the opinion of an RVParkReviews' member and not the views of RVParkReviews.com
Date of Stay: June, 2013 - $12.00
This is a membership RV Park and the $12 rate reflects our RPI membership. The park is undergoing expansion and renovation and will be quite a nice park when completed. The sites are gravel with concrete patios and full hookups. The Clubhouse has a TV lounge, game room, snack bar and exercise room. They also have a pool, hot tub, horseback riding and a fishing pond and paddleboats. These amenities are quite a distance from the RV sites. They also have Buffalo on site and a children's petting zoo. The park is located a short distance from Seneca Lake. It is worth the 12 mile drive off of I70 for a quiet stay. We camped at Buffalo Hills Resort in a Motorhome.Undo
12 Ratings
Port Clinton, Ohio
Pre-Register below to access free and enhanced features coming in the near future.
Access to marketing tools, ability respond to reviews and monitor performance as well as expanded listings.
Essential Marketing resources, page insights, daily reports, setup and manage notifications of newly posted reviews.
Expand your listing, Add photos and videos, update business details and more.
More Information about our Campground Owner Management and its enhancements are coming very soon. Features subject to change.


text:
Struthers rushes past rival
Opening the season against their rival, the Struthers Wildcats appeared to be in mid-season form, cruising to a 39-6 victory over Campbell.
Sponsored by:
Opening the season against their rival, the Struthers Wildcats appeared to be in mid-season form, cruising to a 39-6 victory over Campbell.
Niles' strong start helps the Red Dragons defeat Girard 38-19.
The Youngstown State University football team and several high school games on Thursday mark the opening day for football in the Mahoning Va…
A federal judge says the NFL and thousands of former players hopes to settle concussion-related lawsuits for $765 million.
Canfield's boys golf team defeated Fitch on Wednesday, 163-174.
The Mooney girls tennis team improved to 10-0 with a 4-1 victory over Gilmour Academy on Wednesday in State Match play.
The Niles' girls soccer team scored seven goals en route to a victory over Ursuline on Wednesday.
Howland girl's soccer team improves to 2-0 on the year after beating Austintown Fitch on Wednesday night.
A look at some of the early contenders for the Big 22 contest.
Crestview Rebels senior linemen Dustin Gorby has returned to play for the Rebels this fall after a year-long battle with acute lymphoblastic…
Former Youngstown State women's basketball star Brandi Brown will have the opportunity to continue her career at the professional level afte…
The No. 24-ranked Youngstown State football team opens its 73rd season on Thursday, Aug. 29, playing host to Dayton at Stambaugh Stadium. Ki…
Howland senior Seyla Perez scored four goals as the Tigers defeated Hubbard in girls high school soccer Monday evening.
Irish goalkeeper Trey Roller had 13 saves for Ursuline while Steven Pop racked up 15 for the Rockets.
Cardinal Mooney defeated East Palestine in high school volleyball Monday night.
Lakeview entertains Hubbard this Friday in a week one tilt.
The Hornets will begin the season on the road this Friday at Strong Vincent.
Cardinals defeat the Bulldogs in boys golf Monday afternoon.
Both Irish soccer teams beat the Potters on Saturday afternoon.
Dominic Menendez begins his first season as the head coach of the Howland Tigers.


text:
Shop now and get Free Value Shipping on most orders over $49 to the contiguous 48 states, DC and to all U.S. Military APO/FPO/DPO addresses.
We want to ensure that making a return is as easy and hassle-free as possible! If for any reason you decide that your purchase just isn't for you, simply return the item within 30 days of receipt and we'll cover the cost of return shipping. Learn more about our Return Policy.
We feature incredible coupon deals on TacProGear Belts. Belts from TacProGear are truly well known therefore we like to give the most excellent bargains we can have. OpticsPlanet coupon codes help you to save even more than at other sites. TacProGear Belts savings coupons that you discover here help you save big on things you already really want. You know we have some of the lowest prices offered, and extra voucher codes for TacProGear Belts makes the offers greater.
Connect with OpticsPlanet
Become our fan, follow us, & subscribe for the latest updates and deals
Subscribe to our email list
Sign up and receive $5 Off and get exclusive access to promotions, sales
events, pre-order sales & more!
Contact Information
Toll-Free: 800-504-5897
Intl.: 847-513-6201
Fax: 847-919-3003
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Hours of Operation
7AM-8PM CST Mon-Fri9AM-5PM CST Sat-Sun
Our Guarantees


text:
Full and Part time positions available in NewTown Gin Bar!
In our newly established Gin Bar in the New Town area, we are currently hiring bar and waiting staff. With over 100 gins and a fantastic new cocktail menu, we are looking to build on our existing team to entertain the increasing business levels.
- Permanent


text:
Was £18.50
Now £9.25
Now £5.55
70% Off
Save a total of £12.95
Pink woven checked nightshirt
Item No.1510101369
This woven oversized night shirt from Iris and Edie by Frost French has a pink checked design with picot trims. It has button fastenings with a single chest pocket and a dipped back hem.
This item is available for
UK Home Delivery Free (UK orders over £30) or £3.99
Delivered within 4 working days
Next or Named Day Delivery
7 days a week between 8am - 6pm
Monday to Friday - order by 7pm - £4.99
Saturday & Sunday - order by 6pm - £4.99
Next or Named Evening Delivery
7 days a week between 6pm - 10pm
Monday to Sunday - order by 10pm - £6.99
Collect from store the next day - FREE
Order before 7pm for next day collection after 12pm midday
Show participating stores
Full Delivery details
- 100% cotton
- Machine washable
- Tumble dry safe