text:
W.Va. Fire Apparatus Rolls, Firefighter Injured
Workers clean up the scene after the Milton fire engine crashed Friday.
Photo credit: Courtesy of WSAZ
A Milton firefighter was injured after his rig overturned while returning from a fire scene Friday.
"It was like a bomb exploded," Dan Jackson told WSAZ, "it went through the air. Everything was going everywhere."
Jackson told the TV station that the apparatus started going off the right side of the road. He suspected the driver overcompensated and then it hit a tree and rolled multiple times.
There was only one firefighter on the rig when the crash happened around 2 p.m.
Officials said the firefighter suffered non-life-threatening injuries.
"Adrenaline gets pumping a little bit harder when you hear it's one of yours," Assistant Fire Chief Bob Legg said.
The truck was destroyed in the crash.


text:
80-lb. Guide Gear ATV Broadcast Spreader
Item # WX2-116788
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- Details & Specs
80-lb. ATV Broadcast Spreader. SAVE BIG!
This ATV Broadcast Spreader is the best way to sow your wild oats! Wait, that doesn't sound right. But for seeding your feed plot or lawn with any free-flowing seed, this is the best. It will also spread ice melt and sand (not recommended for rock salt).
It has a high-volume, 1,900 cu. in., 80-lb. capacity, and all this:
- Simple quick-connect mount system fits most ATV front or rear racks with lever gauge mounting to either side.
- Easy-install wiring harness with on / off switch
- Sealed 12V motor mounted in the hopper for long life
- Rust-proof polyethylene hopper
- Comes with heavy-duty rain cover
- Weighs approx. 17 lbs.
- 22 1/2 x 16 1/2 x 14". 14 lbs.
A Spreader for your spread... get it here for less!Built to Sportsman's Guide's exact specifications, Guide Gear® stands for dependability, long-lasting quality and unmatched value! Guaranteed!
- Reviews
80-lb. Guide Gear ATV Broadcast Spreader is rated out of 5 by 22.Rated 4 out of 5 by DENNIS from the shopping experience was fine but after one pass at the food plot the spreader quick had to take it home and rewire the entire thing I guess I should have bought a better one disappointingDate published: 2014-07-23Rated 5 out of 5 by RONALD E / PHYL from The spreader works fine and is just what I expected. A shield to direct the product being spread would be helpful but is not hard to fabricate.Date published: 2014-04-08Rated 5 out of 5 by BRIAN from it works, The deer love itDate published: 2014-04-02Rated 4 out of 5 by WALTER from Appears to be a good product, I will know more when I run it, but it hooks up easyDate published: 2014-02-26Rated 2 out of 5 by JEFF I from Item was advertised to hold 80lbs of fertilizer or seed and it will only hold 50lbs. Does not attach very securely to handles with their provided screws. I purchased nuts and bolts and used handles I liked better off of an old Moultrie spreader. I do like the enclosed motor that I feel will last longer than the one used on the previous Moultrie spreader.Date published: 2012-09-26Rated 5 out of 5 by RONALD from good product..used the same unit for over 5 years w/no problems until my youngest grandson backed a tractor over it...Date published: 2012-06-05Rated 5 out of 5 by LUCIANO from Just as advertised fine tool ThanksDate published: 2012-06-04Rated 1 out of 5 by THOMAS from The item is advertised as an 80 lb spreader. That is extremely misleading as the capacity cannot hold a 50 lb bag of seed or fertilizer. I'm very disappointed with that. My only recourse is to never order these type of products online again.Date published: 2012-04-09

 What keeps the material from getting all over the ATV?

Asked by: Plot Stalker

 Unfortunately, this is not coming with a cover, to prevent that, at this time.
Answered by: CUSTOMER SERVICE

Date published: 2015-02-19

 Can it be used to spread whole kernel Corn ?

Asked by: Jamie

 While it doesn't state anything specific, I don't see why it couldn't.
Answered by: Customer Service

Date published: 2015-02-13

 How large are the discharge openings on the bottom of the hopper before it flows onto the impeller? Would like to use to spread fine cinder particals, would it work for cinders

Asked by: rcrr

 Unfortunately this product is currently on backorder so we are not able to measure the opening at this time. The spreader is designed for fine material like seed, ice melt, and sand. Using anything that is not the same size or consistency as these materials might jam up the spreader.
Answered by: Customer Service

Date published: 2015-01-27

 can this be use to spread rock salt?

Asked by: Judy

 It is not recommended for use with rock salt.
Answered by: Customer Service

Date published: 2014-12-23

2015-03-29T21:34CST

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cp_1, bvpage1

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clientName_sportmansguide

- Articles & Tips
Don't Forget
Evolved Harvest® pH MeterNon-Members $14.99 Buyer's Club $13.49
Antler King Mega Food Plot Starter KitNon-Members $21.99 Buyer's Club $19.79
You May Also Like
Bumper Buddy Jr. High - speed SpreaderNon-Members $84.99 Buyer's Club $76.49
80-lb. Guide Gear UTV / ATV Receiver Mount Spreader SeederNon-Members $159.99 Buyer's Club $143.99
Guide Gear ATV Harrow DragNon-Members $79.99 Buyer's Club $71.99

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Doug - if human nature was a little wiser perhaps we wouldn't need all these checks and balances. They certainly doesn't increase efficiency.
But if I'm responsible for money supply - then it's hard to argue that I'm not also responsible for dealing with large bubbles that might result from money that is too cheap (or too expensive). Though obviously the gyrations of the stock market would not keep me up at night.
Not dealing with nasty bubbles in an effective manner is what causes folks like fundamentalist to argue for a return to the gold standard. And I think we can both agree that that's not the right way forward.


text:
You're ready to have your book published, but don't know where to start.
Your head is cluttered with information. Do you need an agent? How should you go about getting one? Is it all even worth it? Should you self-publish? What are your other options?
One of the hardest things about writing a book is the never-ending parade of decisions you need to make. The same is true of publishing a book.
Whether it's a question concerning the placement of a comma or that of submitting to a particular publisher, it's easy to be intimidated by all these choices. For this reason, a lot of writers avoid thinking about these choices and just walk into publishing blindly.
But remember: The more you educate yourself, the better the decisions you'll make.
Knowing the basics will show you this process isn't so big and scary, after all. Try resources like Poets & Writers, which will help simplify the whole process for you. And prepare ahead for these decisions you'll have to make:
1. Major Publisher or Small Press?
The first decision you'll need to make is what type of publishing you want to aim for in a general sense.
Major Publisher
By "major," I mean the publishers responsible for most of what you might happen to pick up from a display in Barnes & Noble. Major publishers are generally looking for writers with a strong publication history, and you'll almost certainly need a literary agent to get in contact with them.
If you're interested in getting in with a large publishing house, you'll want to work on building your literary resume first and foremost. Start by submitting work to smaller literary magazines and gradually work your way up to more well-known publications. Keep in mind that if you start with a small publisher and do well, you're more likely to find success with a major one further down the road!
Independent Publisher/Small Press
Submitting your book to a small press is a good option to consider if you've never been published before or only published in lesser-known places. Publication by a small press isn't any guarantee of fame or success, but they'll offer you some resources in terms of promotion and distribution. Being selected by a small press also offers you the validation of making it out of the slushpile.
2. Do I Need a Literary Agent?
Deciding whether or not to hire an agent in the first place can depend on how ambitious you are when it comes to publication. If you're mostly interested in major presses (or any that don't accept unsolicited manuscripts), you're going to need an agent.
If you decide to seek an agent, start by looking at which agents have represented writers you admire. Use a resource like Agent Hunter, which offers a comprehensive database on how to find a literary agent and interviews with successful new authors.
3. Should I Self-Publish?
As you probably already know, self-publishing offers you the most control over your own writing, and allows you to keep the greatest percentage of sales. It's a great option to keep in mind even if you decide to try for traditional publication at any point. For some writers, self-publishing might be preferable from the get-go, or you may want to work with a traditional publisher and build a backlist first.
4. Where Should I Submit a Manuscript?
If you go with traditional publishing, but want to forgo a literary agent, you'll be left with the decision of where to submit. There's a lot of variety among presses accepting unsolicited submissions, and each has their own standards for publication and submission guidelines.
You'll want to do thorough research to find a publisher who's a good match for your writing. As with finding an agent, one of the best ways to do this is simply by reading what you like. Have fun with this part! Keep track of who publishes your favorite books, or sample previously published work from smaller presses to see which suits your tastes.
5. How Do I Know Whether to Sign a Book Contract?
A lot of writers may not even think of this as a decision. Being offered a book contract is the ultimate goal, so duh, of course you're going to accept it, right? But watch out!
It's important you understand everything stated in a contract before you sign it, including factors such as royalty amounts and when the book will be published. If you have an agent, they can help you with this part of the process. If you're on your own, make sure you get outside help if you need it.
As with any legal document, you don't want to sign a book contract until you thoroughly understand everything it says.
Self-publishing may seem deceptively simple compared with seeking traditional publication, but it comes with its own slew of pesky decisions you have to make. Just remember that whatever you choose, you don't have to do it alone! Here and elsewhere, you can find all the support and resources you need for writers looking to publish on any track.


text:
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text: The Fusion! wiki last edited by sniktawt on 09/29/14 08:44AM View full history Fusion!On the way to the Daily Globe, Spider-Man notices a car pile-up, and decides to help by moving the smashed cars out of the way. When he does so, the people yell at him for moving things, since the cops haven't made the report yet, and they won't be able to collect insurance. Spider-Man quickly makes his exit, thinking that he should leave the good deeds to the boy scouts. Meanwhile, at a research company, a scientist named Hubert Fussy is pleased, since a particle accelerator has been built for him, and he thinks it will help him become famous. Impatient to start, he decides to use it before it has been safety-checked, ignoring his twin Pinky's warnings about it. When he turns it on, he gets hit by raw energy almost immediately, and Pinky runs over to help him. However, when he touches his brother's skin, the two of them start to fuse together into one.Arriving at the Daily Globe a bit late due to the traffic accident, Peter meets the Globe's new circulation manager, a man called Rupert Dockery. Peter also meets a new photographer called Lance Bannon, who's rather blunt in the comments he makes. Peter then leaves and visits Aunt May, who's visiting Anna Watson in hospital. However, Peter's only been there a few minutes when his spider-sense starts tingling, and he quickly changes to Spider-Man so that he can find out what's wrong. He finds a glowing human-shaped figure, which leaps out of the window upon seeing Spider-Man without being harmed, despite that they're six floors up. Spider-Man asks it what it is, and the glowing creature replies that it's called Fusion. Spider-Man then tries punching it, which instead of hurting Fusion, causes Spider-Man to fly backwards. However, as Fusion continues walking along, it seems to start arguing with itself, and then splits into Hubert and Pinky Fusser. Hubert thinks it's amazing how they fused together, but Pinky doesn't care, and leaves Hubert. However, for some reason Hubert collapses, and falls in front of a train. Pinky then goes to save him, and when they touch, they once more turn into Fusion.Deciding that it's pointless to search for Fusion when he could be anywhere, Spider-Man changes to Peter Parker, and says goodbye to Aunt May and Anna Watson. After taking Aunt May to her nursing home, Peter changes back to Spider-Man, and goes looking for Fusion once more. On a hunch, he follows a cop car, and finds Fusion absorbing energy from cars nearby, hungry for the energy. After a few more fruitless attempts to punch Fusion, Spider-Man finds the two twins that make up Fusion arguing again, with Hubert wanting to go and absorb the energy from a nuclear reaction, and Pinky just wanting to stop being Fusion. Eventually Pinky once more attempts to separate the two into their normal bodies, and Spider-Man forces the two apart before knocking them out, stopping the rampage of Fusion.NotesFeatures the Hostess Twinkies Cakes ad, "Captain Marvel Defends The Earth!"Mary Jo Duffy's assistant editor credit taken from letters page header.


text:
Blue Green Canada is an alliance between Canadian labour unions, environmental and civil society organizations to advocate for working people and the environment by promoting solutions to environmental issues that have positive employment and economic impacts.
Blue Green Canada has always said good jobs and a cleaner environment go hand-in-hand. Little makes that case better than public transit.
Posted on Wednesday, March 11, 2015 - 11:18
This is a guest blog by Clare Demerse, Senior Policy Advisor with Clean Energy Canada
Posted on Thursday, August 28, 2014 - 11:03
This is a guest blog by Gillian McEachern, Campaigns Director for Environmental Defence
Posted on Friday, March 28, 2014 - 14:07
Learn more about how the green economy affects you


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text:
How big do geranium plants grow?
albert_135(Sunset 2 or 3)June 14, 2012
There is a motel in Mt. Shasta City, CA that has a plant which looks like a geranium to me. It is over five feet tall and spreads more than five feet. The very few sickly flowers look like they might be geranium, not as convincing as the plant. It is outside. If in a pot then the pot is buried. Could this be a geranium?


text:
I've always wanted to say this phrase and I guess after witnessing Nai and Dan's wedding, I've found the perfect time.
"It doesn't get any better than this!" :)
Congrats guys.
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text:
Here we have 20 pictures of a pregnant chick having her horny twat licked by a lesbian broad. Now, if this doesn't cause a litle bulge in the nether regions…just wtf does, I ask? See all the badness by clicking the pic below, and then go here to download all the naked pregnant women from this site to your desktop!
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Grey water Diverter Unit
Grey water Diverter Unit The ESA Envirowater grey water diverter unit allows you to maintain a healthy garden by keeping your soil moist. Grey Water Diverter How it works • Keep your garden green - By diverting your The ESA Envirowater™ grey water diverter is a laundry and/or shower water to your garden compact unit which is able to gather water being to maintain a beautiful, lush garden all year dispersed from your laundry and/or shower and round. divert it to your garden via a drip irrigated hose (not included). The unit complies with EPA • Safe & Easy to use - The automatic pump limitations on the storage of grey water disperses grey water straight to your garden & the overflow ensures no spills or leaks. Why divert • Compact & Stylish - This unit is available in Diversion is a no fuss, low cost way of re-using a 500 litre model or 80 litre as pictured. valuable water for your garden. Using an ESA Available in a range of different colours. Envirowater grey water diverter is inexpensive, simple and low maintenance. Divert your laundry water straight to your garden! Please note: This drawing is not to scale.
Pages to are hidden for
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text:
Sometimes, only a friend will tell you what they really think. Take the case of artist Ed Kienholz and curator Walter Hopps. Kienholz's over-life-size assemblage portrait of his friend, Walter Hopps Hopps Hopps—the inspiration for our collage meet-up this Saturday—is… More»
Happy Hug a Medievalist Day!
Featuring manuscripts curators hugging, a not-so-happy Iseult touching King Mark, Abelard embracing Heloise, a horseback hug (difficult stuff!), and hugging disciples from a gospel book.


text:
Observation of optically pumped intersubband emission from quantum wells
Optics News, Vol. 15, Issue 12, pp. 24-25 (1989)
Acrobat PDF (268 KB)
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No abstract available.
J. W. Bales, K. A. McIntosh, T. C. L. G. Sollner, W. D. Goodhue, and E. R. Brown, "Observation of optically pumped intersubband emission from quantum wells," Optics News 15(12), 24-25 (1989)
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text:
West Lebanon is a populated place located in York County at latitude 43.382 and longitude -70.951.
The elevation is 512 feet. West Lebanon appears on the Milton U.S. Geological Survey Map. York County is in the Eastern Time Zone (UTC -5 hours).
York County: Cities & Towns | ZIP Codes | Schools | Features (airports, churches, hospitals, etc.)
BIG Map |
Driving Directions |
Data Source - USGS GNIS FID: 578168
BOUNDARY MAPS: Town of Lebanon | York County
West Lebanon, ME
(< 0.1 mile)
Blaisdell Corners, ME (2.7 miles SSE)
Center Lebanon, ME (2.7 miles NE)
Melrose Corner, NH (2.7 miles SSW)
Milton, NH (2.7 miles NW)
South Lebanon, ME
(3.1 miles S)
East Rochester, NH (3.4 miles S)
Fernald Shore, ME (3.6 miles N)
Hayes Corner, NH (4.1 miles WNW)
Town House, NH (4.3 miles NNW)
North Rochester, NH
(1.9 miles WSW)
Welshs Corner, NH (9.7 miles WSW)
Hills Corner, NH (10.3 miles WSW)
East Barrington, NH (11.8 miles SSW)
Blueberry Ridge Trailer Park, ME (12.3 miles E)
Boyd Corner, ME
(13.3 miles ESE)
Oldfields, ME (13.8 miles SSE)
Parsonage Corner, ME (14.3 miles ESE)


text:
New generation micro-ingredients
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Corn Quality Service
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Positive effects for your business
Enzyme supplementation in animal feeds aids the overall performance of animals.
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Continuous research is carried out so the very latest technology is delivered to our customers.
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AB Vista appoints trio of team members for India business Research shows SARA is a risk throughout the grazing season AB Vista appoints new Commercial Manager for North America AB Vista to show benefits of optimised enzyme use at VIV Asia AB Vista appoints new Technical Director for Asia and the Pacific


text:
Book your room at The Station Hotel
Basic Double RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Basic Twin RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Standard Twin RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Standard Double RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Family Room (3)Max Occupancy: 3 guests (up to 2 children, 2 infants)
Basic Single RoomMax Occupancy: 1 guest
Family Room (4)Max Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)
Executive Twin RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Executive Double RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Junior SuiteMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)
Family-friendly Perth hotel with a restaurant
Collect 200 points
Simply enter your Nectar card number when prompted. Your points will be credited 30 days after you return from your trip.*Offers may apply
This family-friendly hotel is located in Perth, close to Perth Ice Rink, Fergusson Gallery, and Perth Art Gallery and Museum. Also nearby are St. John's Kirk and St. Ninian's Cathedral.
Hotel Features
In addition to a restaurant, The Station Hotel features a bar/lounge. Other amenities include complimentary wireless Internet access and 24-hour room service.
Room Amenities
Guestrooms have complimentary wireless Internet access, coffee/tea makers, and desks; rooms also include hair dryers and private bathrooms.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
Dining options at the hotel include a restaurant and a snack bar/deli. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary. Event facilities measuring 1000 square feet (90 square meters) include a meeting room. This Victorian hotel also offers an arcade/game room, a garden, and coffee/tea in the lobby. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
- Arcade/game room
- Total number of rooms - 70
- Number of floors - 3
- Bar/lounge
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Coffee/tea in lobby
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Elevator/lift
- Free WiFi
- One meeting room
- Restaurant
- Free self parking
- Year Built 1888
- Conference space size (feet) - 1000
- Snack bar/deli
- Conference space size (meters) - 90
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Garden
- Wedding services
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Bathtub or shower
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free WiFi
- Room service (24 hours)
- Individually decorated
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- Desk
Where to Eat
Full breakfasts are available for a surcharge between 7:30 AM and 9:30 AM.
Harling Restaurant - This restaurant serves breakfast, brunch, lunch, and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. A children's menu is available.
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Check-in time starts at 2:00 PM
Check-in time ends at 11:30 PM
Check-out time is 11:00 AM
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Pets allowed, Only dogs and cats are allowed
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Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Fee for full breakfast: GBP 9.95 for adults and GBP 4.95 for children (approximately)


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text:
Though some substantive achievement has been made in the region for overall development of children, compared with developed nations, South Asia needs to do more, Nepal Prime Minister Sushil Koirala said here.
Nepal Prime Minister Sushila Koirala has returned home after undergoing treatment for first stage lung cancer in the US.
Nepal`s Prime Minister Sushil Koirala has been diagnosed with chronic bronchitis and will undergo radiotherapy next week in a US hospital.
Sushil Koirala is set to become the next prime minister of Nepal with the support of the CPN-UML, ending months of political gridlock following last year`s elections.
Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi was sworn-in as Nepal`s new Prime Minister to head an interim government that will hold elections by June 21.
Pressure diplomacy is going on as the PM prepares to embark on a visit to Iran to participate in NAM summit.
Bhattarai, who returned home after attending a three day UN summit in Brazil yesterday has refused to step down.
Baburam Bhattarai, who was shown black flags on his arrival here from Brazil, on Monday refused to step down.
Nepal Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai said he is committed to hold the Constituent Assembly elections on November 22 and sought full cooperation from the elite Armed Police Force to hold the polls on the stipulated date.
A case was filed against the PM in the Supreme Court terming his move as unconstitutional and students started burning his effigies in the streets of Kathmandu one after another.
Addressing Parliament, Bhattarai of UCPN-Maoist party
said that "no one can weaken the national independence."
Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai introduced a "vision
paper" and said the government would now focus on governance.
Nepal PM said he took a calculated risk by wrapping up a BIPPA during his maiden official visit to New Delhi last week.
India and Nepal on Friday signed a Bilateral Investment
Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA).
Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai further urged the people of India and Nepal to unite.
Nepal Prime Minister Baburam
Bhattarai on Thursday went nostalgic as he recalled his wedding 30
years ago with a fellow comrade Hisila Yami.
The PM was under intense pressure from main opposition
parties for removing the
leader for his anti-national remarks.
Baburam Bhattarai has said he will resign if he fails to complete the peace process with Maoists.
The 11 senior
Maoist leaders found guilty of anti-India activities by the
Patna High Court.
Baburam Bhattarai will head a 13-member delegation to the
66th UN General Assembly meeting in New York.
Day in Pics: 30th March
Showbiz World - March 30, 2015
Cricket World Cup: Team India members return home


text:
Do Tell: Does This Product Make You Uncomfortable, Too?
by Pets
Like us on Facebook
In no way do I support the idea of leaving pets in a closed car, no matter the temperature or time you'll be away. However, I know from trips around town that many, many people still do this. It makes me sad to see pups trapped inside cars when I walk by but hey, what can I do?
That being said, for those people who believe just "running in" is OK, how do you feel about this
Walky Lock Car Lock? On the one hand, people are gonna do what they're gonna do and, while I don't agree, this product would at least offer more air and safe space for larger pets that couldn't still wriggle out. But I worry it could encourage those on the fence to try this practice on for size. What's your take on the Walky Lock?
beram1220 5 years
My dog LOVES going in the car with me and hanging out while I run in to grab a coffee or something. I'm not that stupid where I would ever leave him in the car if it was an uncomfortable temperature and never too long. If the weather is nice, how much worse is this than leaving your dog in a crate?
dm8bri 5 years
How is that stopping someone from reaching in and provoking or hurting or stealing your dog? That's where my mind went. I agree with everyone else, though, don't leave your dog in a car unattended for longer than 5 minutes.
greenapples1987 5 years
Personally, I do not take my dog anywhere with me if she will not be able to get out and go inside anyplace with me. I don't like the idea of leaving pets in cars for any lenght of time! I'm the type that always thinks, anything could happen!
Zivanod 5 years
I really don't like it. It looks unsafe for the pet. As well, I immediately thought about how much easier it might be for vandals to get into the car.
alba1 5 years
this looks very unsafe, i definitely would not use this on my car!
Katydid620 5 years
I hate this!! I have caused quite a stir in many parking lots on hot days when I see a dog in a car. I don't understand why people do this. Just leave the dog home!!!
tyffi 5 years
I don't like it. And, even for bigger pets I think it's still too dangerous. They won't get out of the car, but they could injure themselves. In general, I don't leave my dog in the car for more than 5 minutes - with at least two windows open.
Renees3 5 years
both my dogs would wiggle right through that NO problem. I will admit that I've left them in the car before, but not like for grocery shopping (which i've seen). I run by the PO and run in the put a package in the outgoing slot or something. Never more that like 2 min.
starangel82 5 years
I really don't like this Walky Lock. It looks like it could very easily come loose if the pet does try to get out then the door could come down on the pet. I also think some people think they could use it with a pet that is really too small, then the pet would get out and disaster happens. This is just a bad idea.
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Patented Apr. 18, 1 944 EMULSION COMPOSITION Charles B. Hemmlng, Parlin, N. 1., assignor to E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application May 17, 1941, 1 Serial No. 393,935
7 Claims. (01. 260-17) This invention relates to emulsions of organic polymers suitable for use as coatings or adhesives and more particularly to emulsions which produce highly water-resistant coatings on evaporation of the water, especially when followed by mild baking.
Several types of emulsions have been utilized in the paint, lacquer and adhesives industry. The oil in water type, that is, one where the organic polymer .is dispersed in the water phase, has proven to be of most commercial importance. Subclasses include those where the organic polymer is dissolved in a-suitable organic solvent or solvent mixture and the solution is dispersed in the water phase, and those where the solid polymer is dispersed in the water phase without the aid of solvents, although minor quantities of liquid plasticizers, solvents or other modifiers may be present. The dispersion of solid polymers can be accomplished in several ways including the highly eflicient commercial colloid mills of Plauson and others. A further class includes the emulsification of a liquid monomer in the water phase and then polymerizing the monomer to the polymeric form without the breaking of the primary emulsion.
It is fundamental in the formation of emulsions of the oil in water type to have present emulsifying agents and also normally a bodying agent is introduced to improve and stabilize the emulsion. These agents are soluble in the water phase and when the emulsion has been applied to the surface to be coated and dried the watersoluble materials remain in the film or coating, and as a result the coatings are affected by water and in some cases re-emulsification readily takes place. When the polymeric material is fusible, it is often possible to improve the water-resistance of the coating prepared from emulsions of solid polymers by heating sufflciently to fuse and further coalesce the polymer into a homogeneous coating. This procedure normally does not completely free the coating from its water sensitivity. Emulsions prepared from solutions of organic polymers are normally less sensitive to water due to the coalescing effects of the solvents.
It is an object of this invention to provide a means of more completely waterproofing a coating deposited from the emulsion form. A further object is the provision of emulsion compositions which when applied and the water expelled, will yield coatings highly resistant to re-emulsiflcation and to softening or marring when water is brought in contact with them. A further object is the provision of adhesive and coating compositions of increased usefulness. A still further obiect is the provision of a new and improved means of waterproofing organic polymer compositions deposited from emulsions.
This invention is primarily concerned with emulsions of organic polymers in which polyvinyl alcohol is used as the bodying agent and in preferred cases as the sole emulsifying and bodying agent to which has been added a complex or the Werner type in which a trivalent chromium atom is coordinated with a carboxylic acido group having at least 10 carbon atoms.
According to the Werner theory, atoms may exert auxiliary valences as well as the principal valences occurring in simple compounds. These auxiliary valences may act to hold various groups to the atom exerting them, and the atom exerting the principal and auxiliary valences may become the nuclear atom of a complex compound or complex ion.
With particular reference to chromium it has been found that the total number of groups which may be held within the complex by the combined principal and auxiliary valences is six. The groups so held are referred to as coordinated groups" and chromium is said to have a coordination number of six. Other groups may also be associated with the chromium, but when this is the case such additional groups are present as ions and are outside of the chromi-nuclear complex. Moreover, there may be more than one chromi-nuclear atom within the complex, the chromium atoms being linked together by reason of being coordinated \through common groups known as bridging groups.- With respect to each chromium atom, each bridging group occupies but a single coordination position, so that an additional five coordination groups may be present on the atom.
The preparation and general description of Werner complexes of this type are included in copending application Serial No. 358,479, filed by R. K. Iler on September 26, 1940, now Patent No. 2,273,040. Stearato chromic chloride is the name assigned to an important and useful member of this new class of compositions. Compounds of this class are characterized by their solubility in certain organic solvents, particularly the lower aliphatic alcohols, and also in water. The unique combination of an active chromic salt and relatively high concentrations of long chain fatty acid groups in the same water-soluble molecule, have led to theirwalue as waterproofing agents for paper, fabric, leather and other commercial water-sensitive materials. Unbelievably low concentrations have a pronounced waterproofing effect on paper.
The excellent combined emulsifying and bodying properties of polyvinyl alcohol, and its watersoluble derivatives in which appreciable hydroxyl groups remain as residues, have been recognized and disclosed for the preparation of ii metallic sols, the preparation of emulsions of many synthetic resins, the preparation of emulsions of cellulose derivatives, and the preparation of wax emulsions. It can be substitutedfor other hydrophilic bodying agents such as methyl cellul lose, gum tragacanth and gum ghatti. Although the polyvinyl alcohol contains potentially reactive hydroxyl groups, it has been found extremely diificult to convert it to a hydrophobic substance by any simple treatment with chemicals such as is formaldehyde, basic aluminum acetate, chrome alum, etc., all of which have been extensively used for waterproofing gelatin, casein, leather, etc. Acetylization, acylation and alkylation have been suggested as means of altering the hydrophilic properties, but the general schemes suggested havenot been eflective. p
I have found that the Werner complex compounds of the type disclosed by Iler, can be introduced into emulsions containing small amounts of polyvinylalcohol without appreciably affecting the stability or other working properties of the emulsion, that these emulsions can be stored if necessary and then when the emulsions are applied to surfaces and allowed to dry, a pronounced 80 waterproofing effect is obtained which is in proportion in part to the concentration of the Werner complex and in part to the degree of heating or baking applied to the coated object .or sheet. 85
Example 1 A composition prepared by emulsifying monomeric vinyl acetate in a dflute water solution of polyvinyl-alcohol and subsequently polymerizing by heating after the addition of hydrogen per oxide, had the approximate composition of and a final viscosity of 300 centipoises at 28 C.
This was modified to provide an adhesive oi the desired characteristic as follows:
Parts by weight Polyvinyl acetate emulsion 86.4 Dibutyl phthalate l 8.6 55
Stearato chromic chloride 16% solution in methanol 5.0
The dibutyl phthalate, ,although insoluble in 00 water, was easily incorporated by agitation probably because of the formation of an emulsion in the presence of the hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol. A sample of the polyvinyl acetate emulsion as described was compared with a sample from 05 which the stearato chromic chloride was omitted. Inv one test the samples were applied to glass plates and baked for one-half,ho ur at 125 C. The films formed were coherent, tough and had only a very slight opacity. The film containing 7 the stearato chromic chloride was found to be markedly harder and it showed better adhesion to the glass plate than the comparative material. when the plates were immersed in water the film without the stearato chromic chloride turned 1' white immediately, and in about 30 seconds had softened to the extent that preliminary re-emulsification was underway. Partial rehardening-of the film occurred when the water was evaporated, but the film had the translucency of ground glass.
The film containing the stearato chromic chloride was highly resistant to immersion and after 10 minutes showed only a slight trace of opalescence. curred even on prolonged soaking. A slight softening did take place but this effect was temporary and disappeared as soon as the film was dried. It was observed that the water was repelled from the surface of the stearato chromic chloride treated film.
In a second experiment the two samples were used to coat the back of a heavy pile carpet, where the object was to permanently secure the pile to the carpet base. After application the coated samples were dried for one-half hour at 125 C. Exposure of the dried film to a /l% soap solution for 20 minutes at 55 C. showed a great difference. The straight emulsion quickly turned white and after a few minutes had softened sufilciently to make it possible to remove the pile without difilculty. The stearato chromic chloride treated emulsion was substantially unaffected by the 20 minute treatment in the soap solution, so that while the untreated emulsion was useless as a carpet backing, the addition of the stearato chromic chloride produced a useful commercial adhesive coating composition.
In an additional test the two materials were applied as extremely thin coatings to a paperboard stock developed for the manufacture of milk containers. The coating was applied at. the rate of approximately one pound of solid coating per thousand square feet of paper and was coated on both sides. Drying was carried out by heating so to 235F. for 40 seconds. The paper coated with the stearato chromic chloride treated emulsion withstood a four-day soaking in water at room temperature without disintegrating, while the untreated emulsion turned white immediately following the application of the water, and the base paper rapidly lost its stiffness and soon started to disintegrate.
Higher concentrations of the stearato chromic chloride gave good results but without marked improvement and lower concentrations'gave definitely decreasing degrees of waterproofness. The practical range preferred as the result of experiment lies in the use of 20 to 70% of the stearato chromic chloride based upon the dry weight of the polyvinyl alcohol in the composition.
Example 2 An emulsion formed by colloiding water-wet nitrocellulose in a combination of plasticizers and volatile solvent and subsequently dispersing the colloid in a water phase containing polyvinyl alcohol had as its final composition Parts by wt. Nitrocellulose (l0 seconds-A. 8. T. M.
301 FormulaA 18.2 "r:::. a:
as o Denatured eth 0.5 n-Butyl alcoh 2.2 n-Butyl acetate 25.9
Water 8.6 Polyvinyl alcohol 2.5 P
To the above emulsion was added stearato chromic chloride in an amount equal to of the polyvinyl alcohol present.
No tendency of re-emulsiflcation oc- The solids content of the emulsion was reduced from 45.8% to 40% by weight by dilution with water to give a material suitable for test purposes. Films representing the emulsion with and without the stearato chromic chloride were prepared by casting on glass plates and dried for 30 minutes at 125 C. The films in both instances after drying were tough, coherent and of excellent transparency.
Resistance of these films to /2% soap solution was determined by soaking for 20 minutes at 55 C. After 3 minutes immersion, the film without the stearato chromic chloride turned white, swelled and softened considerably. A definite loss in adhesion-to the glass plate occurred. No further deterioration of the film occurred during the 20 minute test. n drying at room temperature, most of the whitish appearance of the film disappeared and a part of the original adhesion was regained.
During the immersion test the glass plate containing the dried emulsion film treated with stearato chromic chloride showed only a slight change in color and no film-swelling was evident. During the test a slight loss of adhesion occurred but this was not greater than 40% that of the untreated film. Substantially all of the original I degree of adhesion returned as the film of the stearato chromic chloride treated emulsion was dried. The use of the complex chromic salt thus greatly improved the water-resistance of the coatings produced from the nitrocellulose emulsion. This pronounced waterproofing efi'ect makes feasible the use'of higher concentrations of the hydrophilic polyvinyl alcohol than has been possible heretofore.
The stearato chromic chloride of Examples 1 and 2 was the Werner complex of chromium as described in Example 1 of R. K. Iler, Serial No. 358,479, filed September 26, 1940, now Patent No. 2,273,040. Similar complexes based upon oleic, arachidic, palmitic and similar long chain fatty acids having more than ten carbon atoms function in a similar fashion in the improved emulsion, and while varying somewhat in emciency, perform an effective waterproofing and hardening'of the dry coatings.
Example 3 To the unmodified polyvinyl acetate emulsion of Example 1, a. Werner-complex of chromium, best described as a rosin chromic chloride, in which rosin replaces the stearic acid of the stearato chromic chloride, was added in the form of a 26% solution in ethyl alcohol. The ratio of rosin chromic chloride to polyvinyl alcohol used was 3 to 10.
Films prepared using the rosin complex were found to be as water-resistant as those from the stearato chromic chloride. Thus, it is possible to use Werner complexes of cyclic acids such as abietic as well as those prepared from the higher aliphatic acids. 4
Other representative monomers from ,which emulsions of the type of Example 1 can be prepared are styrene, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid, vinyl chloride, vinyl esters, vinylidene chloride, butadiene, chloroprene and mixtures to secure interpolymers. 1 I
cellulose esters and ethers can be greatly improved through the use of the Werner complexes of trivalent chromium. These include cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose propionate,
- In addition to cellulose nitrate, emulsions of cellulose stearate, and mixed esters. Ethyl cellulose and benzyl cellulose are examples of the cellulose ethers. In the claims the term cellulose derivative refers to such water insoluble, filmforming derivatives.
Natural and synthetic resins, cellulose esters and cellulose ethers in general can be emulsified by dissolving in suitable solvents and dispersing in a water phase containing polyvinyl alcohol. Mechanical dispersions, particularly of thermoplastic polymeric bodies can also be prepared from a variety of natural and synthetic resins. Cellulose derivative emulsions in water-polyvinyl alcohol systems can be modified and greatly improved through the addition of the higher aliphatic and the cyclic acid chromium salt complexes of the Werner type.
Modifiers for the principal polymeric substances can frequently be added by dissolving them in the monomer, by dissolving in the solvents or by other suitable means.
A wide variety of plasticizers can be introduced by methods dependent upon the particular type of emulsion. A necessary requirement is that the plasticizing materials be inherently water-insoluble. Polar emulsifying agents may be required in the preparation of some emulsions to obtain suitable dispersions but in order to secure the maximum possible waterproofing, should be used in very minor amounts.
My emulsions are unusual in that the presence of the hardening, waterproofing agent does not seriously affect their stability. It is a well recognized fact that salts of the di and trivalent metals are powerful de-emulsifying agents. The degree of stability secured when using the organic chromium complexes of the Werner type is unexpected and permits the manufacture, storage and use of the emulsions under a wide variety of conditions. Prior to my invention it had been standard practice to apply the emulsion and to subsequently carry out a waterproofing treatment with materials such as formaldehyde, tannin, chrome alums, chrome salts or basic aluminum acetate. The waterproofing of casein and glue has been quite effective with these agents but they are in the first place inefllcient waterproofing agents for polyvinyl alcohol, and in the second place, they are not readily incorporated into emulsion without breaking it or rendering it unstable.
The stearato chromic chloride type waterproofing agent is, in addition to being a highly efiicient insolubilizing agent for polyvinyl alcohol, unusual in its compatibility and stability in the water phase of my emulsions. In addition to the primary waterproofing efiect, its use gives a film which is hig y repellent to wetti g, Produces a harder film, and improves the adhesion of the coating. All of these things are accomplished without markedly affecting the inherent physical properties of the principal polymeric organic material-which has been emulsified.
Many uses of the product of this invention will be apparent from the above description. Such uses include the treatment of wood, paper, textiles and other fabrics of all kinds. The dried films do not necessarily have to be baked or heat cured. Such films are useful in coating materials such as eggs, fruit, vegetables, and many other things of apparently divergent natures.
It is apparent that many widely difierent embodiments of this invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof; and, therefore, it is not intended to be limited except as indicated in the appended claims.
I claim:
1. A stable emulsion comprising a water insoluble polymeric organic film-forming material dispersed in a water phase containing an inherently water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol and a water soluble organic complex of the Werner type in which a trivalent chromium atom is coordinated with a carboxylic acido group having at least 10 carbon atoms.
2. A stable emulsion comprising a solution of a water insoluble polymeric organic film-forming material dispersed in a water phase containing an inherently water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol and a water soluble organic complex of the Werner type in which a trivalent chromium atom is' coordinated with a carboxylic acido group having at least 10 carbon atoms.
3. A stable emulsion comprising polymerized vinyl acetate dispersed in a water phase containing an inherently water-soluble p lyvinyl alco- 1101 and a water soluble organic complex of the Werner time in w ich a trivalent chromium ion is coordinated with a carboxylic acido group containing at least 10 carbon atoms.
4. A stable emulsion comprising polymerized vinyl acetate dispersed in a water phase containing an inherently water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol and a stearato chromic chloride.
5. A stable emulsion comprising a solution of nitrocellulose dispersed in a water phase contraining an inherently water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol and a water soluble organic complex of the Werner type in which a trivalent chromium atom is coordinated with a carboxylic acido group having at least 10 carbon atoms.
6. A stable emulsion comprising a solution of nitrocellulose dispersed in a water phase containing an inherently water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol and a stearato chromic chloride.
7. The composition of claim 3 in which the organic complex of the Werner type is present in an amount of 20% to 70% by weight of that of the .polymerized vinylacetate.
Referenced by
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For a small, basic business calculator, the Canon LS-555H 8-Digit Display Pocket Calculator packs plenty of features. Its fold-over cover prevents damage and keeps dust out, so it's ideal for both the office and on the road. It's large display makes it easy to read, and its large, soft plastic keys make it easy to use. Solar-powered with battery backup and an auto power off function to preserve battery life, the Canon LS-555H scores high points for reliability.
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This calculator was inexpensive. However, it functions quite well and it is easy to use. You press the on button for use and when you are finished you press the off button to turn it off saving on the battery life. I especially like the solar powered battery. It is very compact and would easily fit into a purse or jacket pocket if you needed to take it with you any place. I do not know about the durability as we just purchased the product. However it certainly looks sturdy enough and looks like it would last. I expecially like the fact that it flips closed thus protecting the keyboard.
Would you recommend this product? Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Cannon LS-555H Calculator
Comments about Canon® LS-555H 8-Digit Display Calculator:
I love this calculator. I had one once before and it lasted for years. It's easy to see and easy to use. It's lightweight so you can take it with you on the go.
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I still have one from 10 years ago, looks like they are the same. works great
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I was looking for a replacement for a similar Canon calculator I had had for many years. I like to be able to close it to be compact, but still have a comfortable keyboard that is not too small. I would recommend.
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Prosecutors in Los Angeles have filed lewd-acts charges against a second teacher for allegedly fondling at least one student at the beleaguered Miramonte Elementary School in Los Angeles.
Martin Springer was charged Tuesday with committing three counts of committing lewd acts on one girl, according to the Los Angeles Times, which reported that a law enforcement officer said that a second girl recanted her accusation against the teacher.
Bail for Springer was reportedly set at $300,000, while the judge said that the 49-year-old will be forced to wear an ankle monitoring device if released.
Tom Waldman, spokesman for the Los Angeles Unified School District told The Associated Press that the board voted unanimously to terminate Springer. He has 30 days to appeal the decision.
LAUSDA Superintendent John Deasy took a controversial step after Springer was arrested along with fellow teacher Mark Berndt when earlier this week he had the school's 128-person staff temporarily transferred out of the school for the remainder of the winter track.
Berndt was arrested after a year-long investigation after he allegedly committed lewd acts with 23 children aged 6-10 between 2005 and 2010, which allegedly included feeding the students cookies with his semen on them and taking pictures of students blindfolded with cockroaches in their faces.
Attorney Keith Davidson, who is representing one of the young clients in the case against Berndt, said that the student kept photos given to him by his teacher.
"They were souvenirs of this lesson on the sense of taste," Davidson said. "I've seen pictures of my clients, boys, bound, with their hands behind their back."
The district has now contacted former teachers and staff members who had been laid off during budget cuts to come back and temporarily teach at the school.
The school district is checking fingerprints, backgrounds and personnel files of those individuals who are interested in coming back to temporarily teach at Miramonte to ensure that they have no record of inappropriate behavior with children, Ramos said.
The school is expected to reopen to students on Thursday.
The current Miramonte staff will go to a non-operational school facility and undergo interviews with administrators and investigators.
Lawyer Brian Claypool told ABC News that he has identified a female teacher who would allegedly bring little girls to Berndt to be victimized.
"I reported to the L.A. County Sheriff's Special Victims Unit a new teacher who I believe patently aided and abetted the abuse Berndt was carrying out," Claypool told ABCNews.com.
Claypool said his accusation has come from conversations with at least three students or former students who said the other female teacher had a role in the alleged crimes.
"She was a teacher who would escort little girls into Berndt's classroom when he was all alone. Berndt would come over in the middle of day, whisper in her ear, and they would giggle, and then teacher would pick out two girls, escort them through a common door, so that they were stuck with a pedophile in this classroom. And that's where he was blindfolding them and spoon feeding them semen," he said.


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Local schools weigh in on negative lunch accounts
Students won't go hungry in most area school districts if their accounts are in the red.
Many eyes are on school policies after a recent survey was released showing most Minnesota schools withhold a hot lunch, and in some cases any lunch, to youngsters who can't pay.
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194 Optic Nerve and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer—Sek-Tien Hoh Review Article Evaluating the Optic Nerve and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer: The Roles of Heidelberg Retina Tomography, Scanning Laser Polarimetry and Optical Coherence Tomography† Sek-Tien Hoh,1MBBS, FRCS (Edin), FAMS (Ophth) Abstract Introduction: For many years, ophthalmologists have looked at the optic nerve head to evaluate the status of glaucoma. Clinical examination of the optic nerve head and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) is however, subjective and sometimes variable. Recent developments in computer-based imaging technologies have provided a means of obtaining quantitative measurements of the optic nerve head topography and peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness. Methods: Multiple searches using Medline were carried out. Additional searches were made using reference lists of published papers and book chapters. Results: Studies involving three imaging technologies namely, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, scanning laser polarimetry and optical coher- ence tomography were reviewed. Overall, these technologies were reproducible and demonstrate good sensitivity and specificity in the range of 70 to 80%. Inclusion of age and ethnicity normative database will make these technologies more effective in screening and diagnosis. Quantitative measurements provide useful parameters for monitoring of patients. Conclusion: There is no consensus on the best technology for assessing structural damage in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Therefore, as with any investigation, the clinician should exercise clinical correla- tion and judgment before instituting the appropriate treatment. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2007;36:194-202 Key words: Glaucoma, Imaging, Ophthalmoscopy, Optic neuropathy, Topography Introduction therefore, examination of the retinal nerve fiber layer may Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy with characteristic yield important diagnostic information.1,2 optic nerve damage and visual field loss. With the Clinical examination of the optic nerve head and retinal introduction of the ophthalmoscope by Helmholtz in 1851, nerve fibre layer (RNFL) is however, subjective, qualitative ophthalmologists were able to visualise changes of optic and variably reproducible. There is wide inter-observer nerve head associated with glaucoma. Von Graefe described and sometimes, intra-observer variability in between glaucomatous optic nerve damage as "amaurosis with different examinations.3 Accurate and objective methods excavation of the optic nerve". Later works improved our of detecting disc and RNFL abnormalities, and their understanding that glaucoma is a disease of the optic nerve progression, would facilitate the diagnosis and monitoring and is associated with nerve fiber loss. of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. The diagnosis of glaucoma can sometimes be difficult. A Stereoscopic optic nerve head photography is a simple two-prong approach is required during the assessment for and low-cost method that is extremely useful to the clinician. damage, that in detecting structural changes in the optic It allows a 3-dimensional and permanent recording of the nerve and determining functional loss in the visual field. optic nerve head appearance. The interpretation of For many years, ophthalmologists have looked at the optic conventional photography however, remains subjective nerve head to evaluate the status of glaucoma. In addition, and differences sometimes arise even amongst experts landmark studies by Sommer and Quigley have shown that examining the photographs on issues pertaining to retinal nerve fiber defects precede visual field loss and discrimination between normal and abnormal discs.3 1 Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Address for Correspondence: Dr Sek-Tien Hoh, Glaucoma Service, Singapore National Eye Centre, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com † Parts of this article have also been submitted for publication in the book titled Clinical Ophthalmology – An Asian Perspective (Elsevier 2005) Annals Academy of Medicine Optic Nerve and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer—Sek-Tien Hoh 195 Furthermore, the technique of acquiring the photographs RNFL in patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy may be difficult in patients with small pupils and media demonstrate good correlation with known properties of opacities. optic nerve head structure and visual function.10,13 OCT has also been demonstrated to provide useful information in The development of optic nerve head analysers such as patients with macular oedema, macular hole, epiretinal the Glaucoma-scope (Ophthalmic Imaging Systems, Inc, membrane, central serous retinopathy, congenital pits of Sacramento, CA) was an early attempt to provide a the optic nerve head, optic nerve head drusen, and macular quantitative assessment of optic nerve head and peripapillary degeneration. topography.4 This technology using computer raster stereography technique to determine the depth of the disc Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy was however limited by variability and poor resolution The Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (newest version, of images. HRT II; Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) is In recent years, innovations in computer-based ocular a confocal laser scanning microscope for acquisition and imaging technologies utilising the optical properties of the analysis of 3-dimensional images of the posterior segment. optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer provide a potential It enables quantitative assessment of retinal and optic nerve means of obtaining quantitative measurements of the optic head topography and precise follow-up of topographic nerve head topography and RNFL thickness. These changes. The HRT uses a 670 nm diode laser beam to scan technologies employ the use of lasers and exhibit some of the retina in a raster-like fashion. The presence of a confocal the characteristics of a good diagnostic tool such as high aperture ensures that only light originating from a particular sensitivity and specificity, good reproducibility, ability to plane is captured at any point in time. Planes which are detect change over time, simplicity in usage and out of focus are blocked by the aperture and do not reach interpretation and convenience for both patient and doctor. the detector. Confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy is a technology, Thirty-two consecutive 2-dimensional coronal section which is available commercially in an instrument known as images, each at a fixed focal plane equidistant to one the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (Heidelberg Engineering, another are acquired from the anterior portion of the optic Heidelberg, Germany,). Upon acquisition of a series of 32 nerve head to the retrolaminar portion. Each image contains optical coronal sections of the optic nerve, it generates a 256 x 256 pixels, with each pixel representing the retinal colour-coded topographic map of the optic nerve head. height at that location relative to the focal plane of the eye. This allows the examiner to have a quantitative 3- Stacking these images together layer-by-layer results in a dimensional assessment of the optic nerve head.5-7 3-dimensional image. The (retinal) surface height at each Scanning laser polarimetry is a technology embodied in point is computed; resulting in a matrix of height the GDx Nerve Fiber Analyzer (Laser Diagnostic measurements that is visualised as the topography image. Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA). It is a confocal scanning This allows quantitative assessment of the 3-dimensional laser ophthalmoscope with an integrated polarimeter, which properties of the retinal/optic nerve surface. evaluates the thickness of the RNFL by utilizing the A standard reference plane is established. This plane is birefringent properties of nerve fibers.8-10 As polarised parallel to the peripapillary retinal surface and is located light passes through the RNFL and is reflected back from 50 microns posterior to the retinal surface in a temporal the deeper layer, it undergoes a phase shift. This change, segment between 350 degrees and 356 degrees. The operator referred to as "retardation" is linearly correlated to the outlines the optic disc margin. This outline of the disc is thickness of the polarizing medium, and is computed to known as the contour line. The reference plane serves as a give an index of RNFL thickness. boundary between the neural rim and cup. Tissue within Optical coherence tomography (OCT, Zeiss-Humphrey the optic disc margin and above the reference plane is Systems, Dublin, CA) is a new, noninvasive, noncontact, considered to be the neural rim. Tissue within the disc imaging technology which can image retinal structures in margin and below the reference plane is optic cup. vivo with a resolution of 10 to 17 microns.11,12 It is analogous A topographic map of the optic nerve head is generated to B-scan ultrasonography except that light wave instead of using a software algorithm (Fig. 1). Stereometric analysis sound wave is used. Cross-sectional images of the retina provides a set of parameters useful for diagnosis of glaucoma are produced based on the temporal delay of back-scattered and for monitoring of disease progression. These include low coherence near infrared light (840 nm) from the retina disc area, cup-to-disc ratio, cup shape, height variation and a reference mirror. The anatomic layers within the contour, rim area, rim volume, maximum cup depth, cup retina can be differentiated (Fig. 1) and the retina and area, cup volume, RNFL cross-section area and mean RNFL thickness can be measured. Measurements of the RNFL thickness. March 2007, Vol. 36 No. 3 196 Optic Nerve and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer—Sek-Tien Hoh Reproducibility Good reproducibility has been shown in normals, glaucomatous subjects and glaucoma suspects with coefficients of variation ranging from 2.9% to 6.4%.14,15 Improved measurement reproducibility is achieved when a series of 3 examinations are obtained instead of a single image analysis.16 Therefore, it is recommended that 3 images are obtained and averaged to create a mean topographic image. Clinical Correlation Several studies have shown strong correlation between various optic disc measurements measured by HRT and functional measurements obtained using automated static perimetry.6,17 Brigatti and Caprioli6 showed statistical correlation between cup shape measure and achromatic visual field indices in patients with early to moderate Fig. 1. Topographic map (left) and reflectance image (right) display of the confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope. The regions coloured blue and glaucoma. Teesalu et al18 found a strong correlation between green are above the reference plane and represent the neuroretinal rim. The cup shape measure and short-wavelength automated red region is below the reference plane and represents the optic cup. The perimetry. Mistlberger et al19 found that RNFL thickness graphical display at the bottom displays the surface height variation along the contour line (optic disc margin). measured with HRT correlated with mean deviation of automated static perimetry and was able to differentiate glaucomatous from non-glaucomatous eyes. Sensitivity/Specificity Stereometric parameters obtained was able to differentiate normal and glaucomatous subjects.19,20 By combining several parameters obtained from the HRT, Wollstein et al reported a highest specificity of 96.3% and sensitivity of 84.3% to separate normal subjects and those patients with early glaucoma using the 99% prediction interval from the linear regression between the optic disc area and log of the neuroretinal rim area.20 This analysis, known as the Moorfields regression analysis has been incorporated into the latest HRT II software (version 1.5.0) (Fig. 2). Clinical Use Fig. 2. Moorfields regression analysis in the HRT II (Heidelberg Engineering, The HRT has potential clinical use in screening, diagnosis Heidelberg, Germany). The ratio of the neuroretinal rim area (green and blue) and detection of progression. Presence of an age-matched to the optic disc area (green, blue and red) in the sector is compared to a normative database and a software programme incorporating normal database; the sector is then classified as within normal limits (green check mark), borderline (yellow exclamation mark) or outside normal limits the Moorfields regression analysis allow differentiation of (red cross). The exclamation mark and red cross are not shown in this figure. normal from abnormal optic nerve heads. A fast, non- contact, non-invasive method for screening is possible. HRT provides an additional parameter to aid the clinician influence many of the stereometric parameters. The current in making the differentiating glaucoma from glaucoma normative database is limited and is based on Caucasian suspect. HRT provides objective parameters for monitoring eyes. An ethnicity based normative data may be required and longitudinal follow-up of patients, in addition to the for it to be more useful for Asian eyes. other conventional parameters described above. Scanning Laser Polarimetry Limitations Scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) is a noninvasive method The main limitations for the HRT are the need to establish for objective evaluation of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber a reference plane and the need for correct placement of the layer (RNFL) thickness by utilising the birefringent disc contour line. Any change in these two factors can properties of retinal ganglion cell axons. The parallel Annals Academy of Medicine Optic Nerve and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer—Sek-Tien Hoh 197 Fig. 3. Nerve fibre analysis of the right and left eyes with the GDx-VCC (Laser Diagnostic Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA). The top image shows the fundus or reflectance image. The second image from the top shows the retardation map which is converted to a retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness image. The RNFL thickness is colour coded based on the colour spectrum, with thinner regions displayed in blue and green and thicker regions displayed in yellow and red. The third image from the top is the deviation map. The location and severity of the RNFL loss are shown. Areas that fall below the normal range are colour coded according to the probability of normality. The graph at the bottom shows RNFL thickness measured along a measurement ellipse. The normal range is shown in the shaded area. arrangement of microtubules within the nerve fibre provides the thickness of the polarizing medium, and is computed to linear birefringence. Essentially, the system consists of a give an index of RNFL thickness. A detection unit measures confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope with an integrated the retardation of light returning from the eye and calculates polarimeter. As polarised light from a diode laser light the RNFL thickness at each retinal location on a 256 x 256 source (780 nm) passes the RNFL and is reflected back pixel image. Retardation measurements correspond with from the deeper layer, it undergoes a phase shift. This known properties of the RNFL, with areas of increased change, referred to as "retardation" is linearly correlated to retardation in the superior and inferior arcuate regions, March 2007, Vol. 36 No. 3 198 Optic Nerve and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer—Sek-Tien Hoh decreased retardation toward the periphery and overlying compensator devices. Variability in corneal polarisation blood vessels, and decreased retardation with age.21 Use of axis and magnitude may affect retardation a near-infrared light beam (wavelength 780 nm) minimises measurements.22,23 However, this has been addressed in the reflectance from the retinal nerve fibers and absorption by newer version of the machine. As an improvement to the the lens earlier versions of the GDx, the GDx-VCC has a built-in An anterior segment compensating device has been variable corneal compensator to determine and correct for incorporated into the machine to compensate for the anterior segment birefringence, from both the cornea and polarization effects of other ocular birefringent structures lens. Spurious RNFL thickness measurements may be such as the lens and cornea. The earlier versions of the obtained with anterior and posterior segment pathology instrument have a fixed system for compensation and such as ocular surface disease, media opacification and assume a fixed slow axis of corneal birefringence 15 extensive peripapillary atrophy.27,28 Caution should be degrees nasally downward and a magnitude of 60 nm. exercised when interpreting data in cases with previous Recent studies have shown that the magnitude and axis of keratorefractive surgery.29 corneal compensation are variable for different subjects.22,23 Optical Coherence Tomography This has prompted a change towards using a system with a variable corneal compensating device. This newer system Optical Coherence Tomography device which is available has been renamed the GDx-VCC (Laser Diagnostic commercially is manufactured by (Zeiss Humphrey System, Technologies, Inc., San Diego, CA). Dublin, CA). The early development of the prototype system was a result of collaborative work between scientists The GDx provides a set of parameters which include and clinicians at the New England Eye Center, RNFL thickness measurements, modulation measurements Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Lincoln and ratio measurements (Fig. 3). There is also a neural Laboratories. network derived value (GDx Nerve Fiber Indicator, NFI) which gives an indication of likelihood of glaucoma. The Low coherence near-infrared light (850 nm) from a manufacturer is currently improving its normative database super-luminescent diode laser is transmitted to the retina to allow for cross-sectional comparison and diagnosis. via a fibre optic delivery system. Backscatter from the With an improved database which is age and ethnicity retina is captured and resolved using a fiber-optic specific, this technology can potentially be a fast and interferometer. Modulating the reference mirror allows objective screening tool for glaucomatous patients. longitudinal data to be extracted. Cross-sectional OCT images of the retina are constructed from the backscattering Reproducibility information provided by 100 individual axial A-scans. A Good intraoperator measurement reproducibility with digitised, composite image of the 100 A-scans is produced low coefficient of variation has been demonstrated with on a monitor with a false color scale representing the SLP measurements.24,25 Hoh et al24 described excellent degree of light backscattering from tissues at different intra-operator reproducibility and showed that inter-operator depths within the retina. Images are corrected for movement variability can be minimised by using a single measurement artifacts during scan acquisition using an image processing ellipse from the baseline image and exporting it to technique of cross correlation scan registration. A newer subsequent images. version developed by Zeiss-Humphrey Systems allows scanning with up to 512 A-scans within a similar duration Sensitivity and Specificity of scan time of approximately 1 second. In a study comparing the summary data of HRT, GDx and Patients with a minimum pupillary diameter of 5 mm are OCT, the sensitivity and specificity of GDx has been required in order to obtain satisfactory OCT image quality. shown to range from 72 to 82% and 56 to 82%, respectively.26 Images may be acquired using either a linear or circular In a cross-sectional study comparing OCT and SLP, Hoh et scanning beam. Scanning acquisition time is approxi- al10 showed that SLP measurements was capable of mately 1 second. A circular scan of the RNFL is generally differentiating glaucomatous from non-glaucomatous eyes, performed with a diameter of 3.4 mm in order to avoid areas however, considerable measurement overlap exist between of peripapillary atrophy (Fig. 4). A computer algorithm the 2 groups. Later work by Greenfield et al23 showed that identifies and demarcates the signal corresponding to the correction for corneal polarisation axis has been shown to RNFL, and mean RNFL thickness measurements by quad- significantly improve the discriminating power of SLP for rants and individual clock hours are calculated detection of mild to moderate glaucoma. (Fig. 5). Normal RNFL thickness measurements are char- acterised by a "double-hump" appearance corresponding Limitations to the increased RNFL thickness along the superior and The early versions of the instrument used fixed corneal inferior poles of the optic nerve head. Annals Academy of Medicine Optic Nerve and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer—Sek-Tien Hoh 199 Fig. 4. Circular around the optic disc with optical coherence tomography (Zeiss Humphrey System, Dublin, CA). The image displayed corresponds with the circular scan starting temporally and moving superiorly, nasally and inferiorly and ending temporally. Fig. 5. Retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness measured with a circular optical coherence tomography scan around the optic disc. A computer algorithm identifies and demarcates the signal corresponding to the RNFL. Mean RNFL thickness measurements by quadrants and individual clock hours are calculated and shown at the bottom of the figure. The RNFL thickness chart shows a typical "double hump" pattern in a normal eye, with thick RNFL in the superior and inferior quadrants. Fig. 6. Notching of left infero-temporal neuroretinal rim. A healthy neuroretinal rim was observed in the right. Fig. 7. Left superior paracentral scotoma on Humphrey 24-2 threshold visual field examination (MD -2.62, P <2%). Right visual field examination was within normal limits. (MD +0.51). March 2007, Vol. 36 No. 3 200 Optic Nerve and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer—Sek-Tien Hoh Fig. 8. Thinning of the RNFL, demonstrated on the deviation map of Fig. 9. Inferior neuroretinal rim thinning of the left optic nerve seen in a HRT GDx-VCC scan which corresponded to the neuroretinal notching seen in II scan, as demonstrated in the topographic map (left). Red crosses in the the left eye. reflectance image (right) showed abnormal rim area to optic disc area ratio. Reproducibility ocular hypertensive and glaucomatous eyes. Retinal nerve Several studies have reported good reproducibility for fibre layer thickness measurements obtained with OCT the OCT.30,31 Schumann et al30 compared measurements of and SLP also demonstrated good correlation with visual RNFL thickness and retinal thickness using circular scan field indices. Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness measure- diameters of 2.9 mm, 3.4 mm and 4.5 mm. He also evaluated ments obtained with OCT also demonstrated significant the use of internal fixation as compared with external correlation with topographic measurements using CSLO.19 fixation targets. He found that a circle diameter of 3.4 mm The sensitivity and specificity of the OCT has been re- to be superior and that scans obtained with internal fixation ported to range from 76% to 79% and 68% to 81% targets were less variable compared with those obtained respectively.26 with external fixation targets. In a study by Gurses-Ozden et al, it was shown that a 4-fold increase in sampling density Limitation from 25 sampling points per quadrant to 100 sampling The earlier versions of the OCT were limited by points per quadrant significantly improved measurement the number of sampling points which is 100 points per reproducibility in glaucomatous eyes.32 scan and speed of scanning. This has however been addressed in the later versions of the instrument which saw Sensitivity and specificity an increase of sampling points to 512 points per scan In a cross-sectional study, comparing OCT with SLP in within an almost similar scan duration. Pupillary dilatation normal, ocular hypertensive and glaucomatous eyes, Hoh is required for a satisfactory peripapillary circular scan. et al10 found that OCT and SLP were capable of differen- At the time of writing, the manufacturers were in the tiating glaucomatous from non-glaucomatous eyes. How- process of building an age and ethnicity specific normative ever, considerable overlap was observed among normal, database. Annals Academy of Medicine Optic Nerve and Retinal Nerve Fibre Layer—Sek-Tien Hoh 201 imaging technologies for assessment of structural changes in the optic nerve and retinal nerve fibre layer. While questions arise regarding the actual benefit these instruments bring to the individual patient, the fact remains that these instruments have been shown to be accurate, objective, reproducible, non-invasive and fast. Sensitivity and specificity values fall in the range of 70% to 80%. There is tremendous potential for use of these technologies in screening, diagnosis and monitoring of glaucomatous patients. With increasing evidence for pre-perimetric changes in the optic nerve and RNFL before the onset of visual field changes, these instruments may be useful adjuncts to our current established methods of clinical examination, disc photography and perimetry. An on- going push towards improved normative databases that are both age- and ethnicity-based will make these technologies more effective as diagnostic and screening tools. In the meantime, quantitative measurements obtained by these machines provide useful parameters for monitoring of patients. Conclusion An effective and rapid screening tool for glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, would benefit communities not only in developed countries but also in the less developed countries of Asia. Careful and prudent use of these imaging Fig. 10. Thinning of RNFL in the infero-temporal sector of the left optic nerve seen on an OCT scan. The RNFL thickness graph also showed loss of the technologies in combination with telemedicine, may lighten "double-hump" pattern in the left eye when compared with the right. the load and reduce the strain that is placed upon the public heath systems of poorer countries. Case Report To date, there is no consensus on the best technology for A 56-year-old Indian lady with pigmentary glaucoma. assessing structural damage in glaucomatous optic Visual acuity was 6/9 in both eyes. Intraocular pressure was neuropathy. Therefore, as with any investigation, clinical 16 mm Hg in the right eye and 11 mm Hg in the left. She decisions should not be made on the basis of an isolated was on two anti-glaucoma medications for the left eye. test. The clinician should exercise clinical correlation and Optic nerve examination revealed inferotemporal notching judgment before instituting the appropriate treatment. of the left neuroretinal rim and healthy looking right optic Commercial interest: The author has no proprietary interest in any of the nerve (Fig. 6). Humphrey 24-2 threshold visual field products or techniques described in this manuscript. examination revealed a left superior paracentral scotoma with a MD of -2.61 (P <2%) (Fig. 7). The right visual field was within normal limits with MD of +0.51. A GDx-VCC scan showed thinning of the RNFL which corresponded to REFERENCES the neuroretinal notching seen in the left eye, as demonstrated 1. Quigley HA, Addicks EM, Green WR. Optic nerve damage in human in the deviation map (Fig. 8). The HRT scan showed glaucoma. III. 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decided to pop over for a drink as had heard so much about the place.
It turned out to look even better than i expected,great views fantastic grounds.
turned up on a busy evening i think there was a graduation bash taking place upstairs but was still able to get attention.
place look nice decor simple done up like a safari lodge.....but in a residential area.
i think its a great pace to have a drink/party.
i like places that nice grounds that are well looked after.
place was also very clean which was great.
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