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Is your resume in need of a little disruption?
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StartUpHire is the place to find Configuration-Engineer jobs in and near . Review the list below of Configuration-Engineer jobs. These Configuration-Engineer jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available. You can refine your job search for Configuration-Engineer jobs in by adding a job title, company name, or keyword to the search box above … or click the "Advanced Search" link for more options. Don't see the employment opportunity you're looking for? Check back soon for more Configuration-Engineer jobs in , or sign up for an email alert (link in upper left) to receive periodic updates on new Configuration-Engineer jobs in , .
Work Market is powering the freelance economy. We help businesses find, manage and pay their freelancers from a single platform. By 2020, more than 50% of the U.S. workforce will spend time as independent workers. Our software is transforming the multi-tr3/27/2015 New York City, NY Save This Job
City: Brookfield / State: WI Company Overview Connecture is the leading provider of Web-based information systems used to create health insurance marketplaces and exchanges. Its industry-proven solutions enable consumers,2/11/2015 Brookfield, WI Save This Job
Requisition Number15-0025 Post Date2/11/2015 TitleConfiguration Engineer CitySalt Lake City DescriptionOpen Position Title:Configuration Engineer Location:Salt Lake City UT Hiring Manager:Alice Westerfield, Healthcare and Life Sciences Overall Responsibilities: The Healthcare3/2/2015 Salt Lake City, UT Save This Job
Requisition Number15-0025 Post Date2/11/2015 TitleConfiguration Engineer CitySalt Lake City DescriptionOpen Position Title:Configuration Engineer Location:Salt Lake City UT Hiring Manager:Alice Westerfield, Healthcare and Life Sciences Overall Responsibilities: The Healthcare3/2/2015 Salt Lake City, UT Save This Job
SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIESWork to advance the course of human history and pave the way to Mars.SpaceX is a US based advanced technology company founded by residing CEO and CTO, Elon Musk. SpaceX builds rockets and spacecraft from the ground up including cutting edge3/19/2015 Hawthorne, CA Save This Job
Overview: Newgistics is looking for a Software Development Engineer who will be responsible for test planning, test execution, test automation and software configuration management for scalable enterprise-level system software applications. Responsibilities: Design, develop,3/20/2015 Austin, TX Save This Job
Overview: The Integration Engineer is primarily responsible for the technical on-boarding and configuration of all new clients. This includes working with internal and external technical resources to develop solutions based on client requirements. Work includes but is not3/20/2015 Austin, TX Save This Job
The Sales Engineer is the primary technical resource for a regional territory. This person will play the role of technical advisor and product evangelist. The SE is responsible for building technical understanding and credibility during the sale pro2/27/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Seeking a Sales Engineer with significant roots in the technology space coupled with recent sales experience. The Sales Engineer is the liaison between the Field SE Org and other Bit9 departments, ensuring prompt resolution to interdepartmental need2/27/2015 Pittsburgh, PA Save This Job
The Systems Engineer (SE) position at Silver Peak is responsible for overcoming and removing all technical barriers in the sales process. In this position you will work with a regional account manager to develop new business working directly with customer3/19/2015 Philadelphia, PA Save This Job
We are looking for a software engineer to design, build and deploy Carbon Black into "the cloud." You will be working closely with the core Cb dev team, tailoring the existing platform as needed. You'll also own any new component n3/26/2015 Waltham, MA Save This Job
We're looking for a server engineer that is equally comfortable diving into the nuts and bolts of building a "big data" server application as well as applying computer and network security expertise to shape and drive the product in a wa3/11/2015 Waltham, MA Save This Job
Quantcast seeks a passionate and skilled network engineer to bring proven experience and knowledge in large-scale network design, networking protocols, and best practices to our tight-knit Data Center Infrastructure group--the team charged with the design3/19/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Say Media, a global online publishing and technology company, is seeking an Operations Engineer, who will help us manage, maintain, and deploy key infrastructure and in tuned to the challenges of networking, monitoring and security. As a member of th3/18/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
We are looking for a Quality Assurance Engineer with a broad range of skills to join our team. In this role, you will work closely with the development team through the entire release cycle, from requirements gathering to production release, to assure the2/19/2015 Waltham, MA Save This Job
Netuitive a Reston, VA based company replaces human guesswork with behavior learning technology to automate performance analysis. The company?s software solution is offered as a service (SaaS) and on-premise, and allows users to visualize, isolate, and proactively address IT1/26/2015 Reston, VA Save This Job
JOB DESCRIPTION: The DevOps Engineer will play a key role in the TruCare development process by facilitating, managing, communicating and automating tasks for the deployment and configuration of frequent iterative feature builds for multiple development teams into test server3/2/2015 Bedford, MA Save This Job
Icontrol Networks? vision is to provide a connected home solution for every household, so people worldwide spend less time managing their lives and more time living them. Icontrol is making the connected home a reality through its software platforms, which are deployed by home2/24/2015 Redwood City, CA Save This Job
Category:Operations Locations:Emeryville, CA Position Type:Regular Full-time Description The responsibilities for the Senior DevOps Engineer position include deployment lifecycle providing consultative, proactive and reactive support to MobiTV customers. This will include1/25/2015 Emeryville, CA Save This Job
Phreesia is looking for a hands-on Senior Systems Engineer position who will gain intimate knowledge of Phreesia?s users, customers and architecture. This knowledge will be used to build and maintain our F5 / Cisco / VMWare / Nimble / Microsoft data center infrastructure to2/11/2015 New York, NY Save This Job


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Originally Posted by Jeffrey32
Jefferson's lack of free throw has a lot to do with reputation. His offense is built on avoiding contact and a soft touch, so even when he is fouled he has reputation of being a post player that is constantly moving to avoid contact rather than embracing it. Jefferson's game is modeled after McHale. How many times did McHale get to the line compared to Malone?
Besides GVC taking the issue to school, let's apply Occam's Razor here and call a spade a spade; Slow Al is a gigantic bitch.
Bless his heart.
Eenie-Meenie has badgered me and the mods about removing something he actually said because he's clearly completely sane.
Dfavors in just the last 3 games has matched Big Al's total FT production for the entire year...
Lakers Suck.
Originally Posted by The Thriller
Dfavors in just the last 3 games has matched Big Al's total FT production for the entire year...
in 80 less minutes! (has jefferson EVER had 14 fta in 1 game?)
Al should have shot a lot of free throws this game, Garnett was molesting him the whole game.
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Fixes a bug that could impact Wi-Fi
WPA2 personal seems to like... keep a connection now.I'll check WPA2 enterprise tomorrow.
I wonder if its more stable or tweaked the display settings?
My iPad 2 is fine with with wifi. In fact, it works great at work where my iPhone 5 can't even see the same wifi hotspot.What wifi-related problems are you having with your iPad 2?
»www.ilounge.com/index.php/news/c ··· ry-life/
Man that is a real bummer.I wish I could figure out my iPad at Starbucks problem.


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August 11, 2014Posted by Editor in blog
Blog PostsGUNS & TACTICS BLOG
August 9, 2014Posted by Editor in blog
Avoiding the PoseursSelecting a qualified and talented training provider requires due diligence in today's firearms culture. Read more
July 30, 2014Posted by Devin Viergever in blog
Adams Arms XLPDevin Viergever reviews the the Adams Arms XLP, a Piston System that fits under your handguard. Read more
July 28, 2014Posted by Chris Tran in blog
Executive ProtectionChris Tran joins Jadoti Day to combine the looks of high performance hardware with executive dress in this latest Tracerx Photography project Read more
July 23, 2014Posted by Doug Marcoux in blog, tactical parent
Form and Function: Unique-ARsIn this article, Doug shares what a new company is doing to help builders make their ARs truly one-of-a-kind creations. Read more
July 17, 2014Posted by Jody Lewis in blog, Jody Lewis
AR Pistol RevolutionMany have seen the SIG arm brace by now, but have you seen the dedicated pistol buffer tube made for it? Read more
July 16, 2014Posted by Jody Lewis in blog, Jody Lewis
Area 53 Limited Edition Border Patrol RifleWe get a first look at the Limited Edition Border Patrol Tracker Rifle from Area 53 Research & Development. Read more
July 15, 2014Posted by Jody Lewis in blog, Jody Lewis
Inline Fabrication: Reloading Made SimplerJody Lewis takes a look at streamlining your reloading to provide better ergonomics and improved performance. Read more
July 10, 2014Posted by Jody Lewis in blog, Jody Lewis
Special Ops Tactical GPR V2 RailJody Lewis reviews the newly introduced GPR V2 Gen 3 rail from Special Ops Tactical. Read more
July 9, 2014Posted by Aaron Coston in Aaron Coston, blog


text:
- What is sustainable intensification? Views from experts. Ambiguous term which may not signify a departure from current practice anyway. Ecological intensification instead?
- Intellectual Property Rights Access to Genetic Resources and Indian Shrimp Aquaculture: Evolving Policy Responses to Globalization. I kid you not.
- Patterns of Domestication in the Ethiopian Oil-seed Crop Noug (Guizotia abyssinica). Weirdness, for a domesticated crop, not due to its wild relative messing things up. What it is due to is a "mystery." Thanks, authors.
- Bio-Banking on Neglected and Underutilized Plant Genetic Resources of Nigeria: Potential for Nutrient and Food Security. Never even heard of some of these.
- Comparison of different Ocimum basilicum L. gene bank accessions analyzed by GC–MS and sensory profile. Among 12 cultivars in the Hungarian genebank, there are 5 distinct smell profiles. That actually seems quite a lot.
- The role of cultural ecosystem services in landscape management and planning. Sometimes, they can hold you back.
- Carbon farming via assisted natural regeneration as a cost-effective mechanism for restoring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. It can be a viable use of land in parts of Queensland, depending on the price of C.
- Ethnobotany of a threatened medicinal plant "Indravan" (Cucumis callosus) from central India. Cucumber wild relatives also medicinal.
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"As a business, we take customers to lunch all the time. We've had people in from Germany, Canada, California, Texas, New York and the Chicago area. They are ..."
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The Strangers(2008)
Three mysterious strangers terrorize a young couple in a remote house after they return from a wedding.
For more about The Strangers and the The Strangers Blu-ray release, see the The Strangers Blu-ray Review published by Martin Liebman on October 23, 2008 where this Blu-ray release scored 3.5 out of 5.
Starring: Liv Tyler, Scott Speedman, Gemma Ward, Kip Weeks, Laura Margolis, Glenn Howerton
Director: Bryan Bertino
» See full cast & crew
The Strangers Blu-ray Review
Lock the doors, turn out the lights, and invite 'The Strangers' into your home theater.
Reviewed by Martin Liebman, October 23, 2008
You're gonna die.
The Strangers is 87 minutes of despair and hopelessness. It may be one of the most depressing, disturbing, to-the-point films of the decade, brutally honest in its display of terror and fear. It is a movie without a reason behind the terror, leaving the audience as confused and frightened as the victims portrayed therein. The film furnishes a winning combination that offers just the right amounts of psychological terror and physical violence, and is reminiscent of 2007's Vacancy, although The Strangers is far more vague, depressing, and horrifying. There are several genuine shocks throughout the course of the picture, some, and one in particular, that any astute audience member will pick up on several minutes before they happen, and others, particularly in the film's climactic moments, that will shock and disturb audiences, offering horror fans an ending that perfectly concludes the depressed and confused tone of the picture while commenting on the true meaning of terror.
James (Scott Speedman, Underworld) and Kristen (Liv Tyler, The Incredible Hulk) return home from a wedding -- and after Kristen rejected James' marriage proposal. As the two deal with the aftermath of the rejected proposal, a stranger knocks on the door, asking for a person who does not live at the house. James later leaves to purchase cigarettes for Kristin, and while she is in the home alone, three masked individuals begin terrorizing her, first beating on the door and gradually making their way inside. James quickly returns after a panicked telephone call, and he and Kristin barricade themselves inside the house, hoping to survive the night.
Slow to build, the film's pace deliberately pulls audience members along, causing each to wait with bated breath for the introduction of the film's villains, villains who in the finest tradition of terror, remain anonymous, with vague-at-best motivations, no morals or scruples, the worst of intentions, and relentless in their delivery of fear and paranoia to their victims. This long sequence before the actual appearance of the strangers permits the film to enhance the character development between the two leads, James and Kristin. Despite their differences and clear love for one another, despite the rejected marriage proposal, there is never any doubt they will band together through the film's most trying times. Still, it makes them real people with genuine emotions that the audience is able to relate to. Because of this, the situation they are unwittingly thrust into becomes all the more real and terrifying, and allows the audience to feel closer to the victims and makes the film far more personal and the sense of peril and anguish far more palpable. The two primary characters undergo three kinds of hurt throughout the picture -- emotional pain caused by the pending termination of their romantic relationship, the psychological terror they endure at the hands of the masked strangers, and the physical violence inflicted upon them for no apparent reason. The film runs the gamut of emotions, taking the time to allow each one to take its toll on the characters, and by proxy, the audience. The film succeeds at several levels, the most obvious being its ability to make the audience feel as if they were in the same dire straits as the on-screen characters themselves.
The slow introduction of the films antagonists builds dread, and their gradual revelation, seen first in only shadows or in an out-of-focus corner of the screen, unbeknownst to the protagonists, makes for one of the better entrances in recent horror movie memory. The simple glimpse of a hooded figure lurking in the distance, barely in-frame, makes for spine-tingling scenes, and the almost agonizing build-up, taking more than a third of the film, makes it all the more horrific. The Strangers also uses sound effects to wonderful, bone-chilling effect. The strangers frequently beat on the front door, the booming repercussions heard and felt throughout the home, resulting in alarmed panic by both the protagonists and the audience. The broken record effect serves as a chilling backdrop to the introduction of the strangers. Looping over and over, the sound is nearly akin to fingernails on a chalkboard, an annoying, repetitious sound that might be a source of laughter elsewhere, but is used to frightening effect here. Suddenly, the needle is lifted from the record, signaling the presence of someone in the home.
The Strangers Blu-ray, Video Quality
The Strangers visit Blu-ray in a 1080p, 2.35:1-framed transfer. Most of the visuals throughout the film offer a mixture of shadows and poorly lit locations that are drenched in a soft golden, amber, or red hue. The color brightens up in a few flashbacks scenes of the wedding the characters attended in the early moments of the film. Here, colors pick up a bit though flesh tones appear pale but seemingly accurate. Detail is moderate throughout the film. There is a slight softness to much of the transfer. Take a scene after James has left to get the cigarettes and Kristen is left to wander the house. For all the trinkets and furniture, none of it stands out as particularly strong, and the image lacks realistic depth. The soft lighting clearly plays a part in this, and the disc seems to resolve the detail as best it can, given the lighting conditions and inherently straightforward style of filmmaking that does make the movie feel more intimate and immediately dangerous. Blacks appear crushed in certain scenes, but deep and accurate in others, and in some scenes, the blacks take on a hint of gray. The Strangers offers viewers a solid transfer, one that suits the dim, demoralizing look of the picture well.
The Strangers Blu-ray, Audio Quality
The Strangers invades Blu-ray with a well-mixed DTS-HD MA 5.1 lossless soundtrack. The sound is bass-heavy to add a palpable sense of foreboding to the beginning of the movie. It is extremely effective, and, along with the baritone voiceover, the film effectively signals the coming of something terrible. The music, at times, plays quietly in the corners of the soundtrack, almost as if it is forcibly hidden away, again a means of adding to the creepy atmosphere of the film. The track does well to create minor ambience in the early scenes, for example reproducing the sound of crickets chirping outside the house that sound as natural as if they were outside your own home on a sticky summer's night. The first knock on the door emanates from the rear channel. It becomes a loud, power-packed series of thuds that are just one more in what has been a string of sonic clues to set the mood for the film. A smoke alarm that goes off in chapter six sounds as real as it gets, that annoying high-pitched screech that is so effective in doing its job. A car crash in chapter 10 is loud but clean, the smashing and crushing of metal on metal a powerful moment in the film as each speaker practically throws shattered glass and twisted fenders into the living room. Surrounds are used prominently throughout the entire movie, and the film features a nearly nonstop barrage of the sounds of violence and terror played with pinpoint precision. From the slightest whisper to the loudest cry for help, from the most subtle nuance to the most violent crashes heard throughout the film, The Strangers relies as much on its soundtrack as it does its visuals to convey the terror of the film, and the Blu-ray does not disappoint in the least.
The Strangers Blu-ray, Special Features and Extras
The Strangers leaves much to the imagination, offering only minimal bonus materials. The Elements of Terror (1080i, 9:13) is first. This supplemental feature describes the film as "a new approach to the genre," a "terror" picture rather than a traditional horror film. The piece, through interview snippets with the cast and crew, presents viewers with the ideas behind the film, a look at the set, the capturing of the sounds, the challenges of acting in a film such as this, the make-up, and the visual effects. Two deleted scenes (480p, 4:51) are next. Finally, this disc is BD-Live (Blu-ray profile 2.0) enabled. The page offers previews for upcoming Blu-ray and theatrical releases, but no exclusive content.
The Strangers Blu-ray, Overall Score and Recommendation
The Strangers is a fine Terror movie, one that makes its point without spraying the camera with blood for 90 minutes. Rather, the film relies on fear of the unknown by placing both its characters and the audience in imminent peril. The film uses sound, visuals, a deliberately slow pace, and a gradual build-up of tension to tell its frightening tale, and the vague nature of the film, and the pure evil put on display, makes The Strangers a fine addition to the Terror film genre. Universal's Blu-ray release of The Strangers features a rather subdued video transfer that appears accurate to the film's intended look and a dynamic soundtrack that greatly adds to the palpable fear of the film. Unfortunately, the studio has skimped on the bonus materials. The Strangers makes for a fine addition to any Terror aficionado's Blu-ray library. Recommended.
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• This Week on Blu-ray: October 21-28 - October 19, 2014
For the week of October 21st, Starz and Anchor Bay are bringing the dystopian thriller Snowpiercer to Blu-ray. Other titles include Universal's similarly themed dystopian chiller The Purge: Anarchy, Sony's release of Jake Kasdan's disappointing comedy Sex Tape, ...
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Fisher-Price Infant and Preschool Toys
Buy 1, get 2nd free pickup at Toys"R"UsShop Now
Posted 1 day 8 hr ago
At Toys"R"Us, buy one select Fisher-Price infant or preschool toy and get a second toy for free. Shipping starts at $5.99, or get free shipping on orders of $49 or more. (In-store pickup is also available on many items.) Although many items are list price, the discount can effectively make each item 50% off and puts most toys at the best price we've seen. Deal ends April 4.


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Just an update to anyone who cares to know.....but i have had this bottle conditioning now for 3 weeks, and it came out VERY tasty. Lots of flavor from the hops, not much bitterness, but lots of sweet orange and sweet grapefruit flavors....just what i wanted as i wanted the full amarillo flavor to come through...thanks to all who offered advice..you guys rock!
Oh and this ended up being the final recipe:
Amount Item Type % or IBU
15.05 lb Pale Malt (2 Row) US (2.0 SRM) Grain 83.38 %
1.00 lb Cara-Pils/Dextrine (2.0 SRM) Grain 5.54 %
1.00 lb Honey Malt (25.0 SRM) Grain 5.54 %
1.00 lb Munich Malt - 10L (10.0 SRM) Grain 5.54 %
1.00 oz Amarillo Gold [8.00 %] (60 min) Hops 22.0 IBU
1.00 oz Amarillo Gold [8.00 %] (30 min) Hops 16.9 IBU
1.00 oz Amarillo Gold [8.00 %] (20 min) Hops 13.3 IBU
2.00 oz Amarillo Gold [8.00 %] (10 min) Hops 15.9 IBU
2.00 oz Amarillo Gold [8.00 %] (5 min) Hops 8.8 IBU
2.00 oz Amarillo Gold [8.00 %] (0 min) (Aroma Hop-Steep) Hops -
1.00 tsp Irish Moss (Boil 10.0 min) Misc
2 Pkgs Nottingham (Danstar #-) Yeast-Ale
Estimated Original Gravity: 1.078 SG (1.050-1.075 SG) Measured Original Gravity: 1.073 SG
Estimated Final Gravity: 1.018 SG (1.012-1.016 SG) Measured Final Gravity: 1.012 SG
Estimated Color: 8.9 SRM (8.0-14.0 SRM) Color [Color]
Bitterness: 76.9 IBU (40.0-65.0 IBU) Alpha Acid Units: 24.0 AAU
Estimated Alcohol by Volume: 7.82 % (5.00-7.80 %) Actual Alcohol by Volume: 7.98 %
Actual Calories: 329 cal/pint
Mash Profile Name: Single Infusion, Medium Body, Batch Sparge Mash Tun Weight: 9.00 lb
Mash Grain Weight: 17.05 lb Mash PH: 5.4 PH
Grain Temperature: 70.0 F Sparge Temperature: 168.0 F
Sparge Water: 3.38 gal Adjust Temp for Equipment: TRUE
Name Description Step Temp Step Time
Mash In Add 21.31 qt of water at 170.8 F 154.0 F 60 min
Mash Notes
Simple single infusion mash for use with most modern well modified grains (about 95% of the time).
Carbonation and Storage Carbonation Type: Corn Sugar Carbonation Volumes: 2.2 (1.6-2.4 vols)
Estimated Priming Weight: 3.7 oz Temperature at Bottling: 70.0 F
Primer Used: 3 Age for: 2.0 Weeks
Storage Temperature: 72.0 F
3/15/08-brewday started at 11:30 w chris. Done by 4:30. 153f mash temp. 185f sparge temp. Reused yeast from Nugget IPA. Pitched at 4:30..ferm started within 1 hour! Bubbly twice per sec at 70f for 6hours. Put in garage at 11:30 pm to get temp down.
4/19/08-bottling day. Did not do a secondary on this batch.Used 3 oz priming sugar for 4 gallons.
I know I am way late on this one but I have had my rye pale w/ amarillo conditioning for 13days now and tried one last night. I used an oz for my flavoring addition and this sucker packs a strong orange flavor w/ some subtle balsamic undertones. i dry hopped with an oz of amarillo and an oz cascade and you can hardly recognize the characteristic smells of the cascade over the strong orange smell of the amarillo. The beer is still very green and i think the orange flavors are a bit overwhelming at this point but i think in another couple weeks the centennial i used for the bittering addition will start to show up a little more and the orange flavors from the amarillo will mellow out. My big hop 5gallon batches always take forever to reach their apex.
Rye Malt 30%
All Grain


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Learn how easy it is to sync an existing GitHub or Google Code repo to a SourceForge project! See Demo
¡Hello everyone! I would like to know were I can read info or docs in order to
get a smaller basic image for my Gumstix (for example, I do not have
Bluetooth). I need to get any byte I can.
Regards, Lisandro.
<rata> hmm, el enchufe hace chispas...
<-- rata ha dejado este servidor ("Leaving").
<marga> ouch
Visto en #lugfi, irc.freenode.net
Lisandro Damián Nicanor Pérez Meyer
Here's my suggestions for getting a root filesystem for my verdex
that's well under 6 MB, using OE.
I copied gumstix-custom-verdex.conf and task-base-gumstix.bb from
com.gumstix.collection to their parallel place in my user.collection.
In user.collection/conf/machine/gumstix-custom-verdex.conf I only have
the following MACHINE_FEATURES enabled, all others are commented out:
MACHINE_FEATURES += "usbhost"
MACHINE_FEATURES += "serial"
MACHINE_FEATURES += "mmc"
MACHINE_FEATURES += "ethernet"
MACHINE_FEATURES += "fat"
Only include features you're going to use. (I sometimes include "sound".)
In user.collection/packages/tasks/task-base-gumstix.bb I have
commented out several components:
# kernel-module-usbserial \
# kernel-module-ftdi-sio \
# kernel-module-cdc-acm \
# kernel-module-sd-mod \
# kernel-module-scsi-mod \
# kernel-module-usbnet \
# kernel-module-usbmouse \
# kernel-module-mousedev \
# alsa-utils-speakertest \
# kernel-module-snd-pxa2xx-ac97 \
# kernel-module-snd-soc-gumstix \
In particular, the speakertest package has some big wave files! And
all those usb devices is overkill.
I then build only the minimal image, which leaves out several packages
that have large database files. Here's the script I run from the
top-level directory:
#!/bin/sh -u
rm -rf tmp/rootfs
for package in gumstix-kernel task-base-gumstix gumstix-minimal-image ; do
echo ${package}
bitbake -v -c rebuild ${package} || (echo failure: ${package} ; false) || exit 1
Your mileage will vary.
On Wed, Mar 19, 2008 at 11:23 AM, Hugh Secker-Walker <hsw@...> wrote:
> Here's my suggestions for getting a root filesystem for my verdex
> that's well under 6 MB, using OE.
¡Thank you very much! I'll post my result later!
Lisandro Damián Nicanor Pérez Meyer


text:
A method and apparatus for minimizing the environmental release of acids and toxic organic compounds from a waste incinerator-air pollution control train. The apparatus comprises an incinerator, a gas cooling means such as a waste heat boiler or quench chamber, a means for the partial removal of acid gases and dioxins by contact with either finely-divided alkaline solids or alternatively, by an alkaline solution in a spray drier-absorber, a dry solids collection means such as a fabric filter or electrostatic precipitator, a wet scrubber means for residual metal, dioxin/acid gas removal and an induced draft fan. In the method of this invention, the final wet scrubber stage operates without alkaline neutralization, but under scrubber acid concentrations and operating conditions that provide an exhaust gas within compliance limits of emission regulations. The contaminated liquor blowdown from the wet scrubber, which contains toxic organics and acids, is recycled back into the incinerator. The aqueous acid liquor blown down to the incineration is vaporized therein, most of the toxic organic content of the liquid is destroyed by the re-incineration, and the regenerated acid gases are largely removed by the first dry scrubbing stage.
1. A method for reducing the discharge of contaminated liquid streams in the treatment of hot waste incinerator exhaust gases containing hydrochloric acid gas, particulate fly ash, toxic metal oxides and toxic organic compounds, comprising the steps of:
contacting the exhaust gases from a waste incinerator with an alkaline material in an alkaline gas treatment stage;
reacting a major portion of the hydrochloric acid gas content of the exhaust gases with said alkaline material to form reacted spent alkaline material;
removing substantially all the reacted spent alkaline material, fly ash and toxic metal oxides from the gas in a solids separation stage;
treating the substantially particulate-free exhaust gases from the solids separation stage in at least two wet scrubber contact stages operating in series, each of said wet scrubber contact stages having liquid recycle therein in a liquid recycle loop;
absorbing in the scrubbing liquid of the wet scrubber stages substantially all of the residual hydrochloric acid and a portion of the toxic organic compounds from the substantially particulate-free exhaust gases;
operating each of said wet scrubber stages with separate aqueous acid scrubbing solutions without alkaline neutralization of said aqueous acid scrubbing solutions;
scrubbing the gas in successive wet scrubber contact stages with acid solutions of diminishing acid concentration;
evaporating water in a first wet scrubber contact stage to saturate and cool the hot gases from said solids separator stage;
taking off a portion of contaminated acid liquid from the first wet scrubber stage liquid recycle loop scrubbing solution as a blowdown stream in order to regulate the acid concentration in the liquid recycle circulating around said first wet scrubbing stage;
adding makeup water to the final downstream wet scrubber at a rate equal to that lost by evaporation plus blowdown from the first wet scrubber stage;
feeding liquid from a downstream contact stage to the next upstream contact stage to compensate for liquid depletion in said next upstream contact stage caused by blowdown and evaporation from the first wet scrubber stage;
collecting and conveying contaminated acid liquid blowdown stream taken off the first wet scrubbing liquid recycle loop to the waste incinerator;
incinerating the acid liquid blowdown stream in the waste incinerator for destruction of the toxic organic compounds and generating a recycle acid gas stream;
removing a major portion of the acid gas content of the recycle acid gas stream in said alkaline gas treatment stage; and
thereafter recovering a purified gaseous stream from said wet scrubbing stages.
2. The method of claim 1, in which the incinerator exhaust gases are treated with a spray of alkaline reagent in a spray-drier absorber in said alkaline gas treatment stage.
3. The method of claim 1, in which solids and particulates are separated, in said solids separation stage, in an electrostatic precipitator.
4. The method of claim 1, in which the liquid depletion of the scrubbing recycle solutions in upstream wet scrubber stages is made up by the addition of relatively less concentrated acid solution taken from the next successive downstream scrubber stage.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the incinerator exhaust gases are treated with a finely-divided dry alkaline solid in said alkaline gas treatment stage.
This is a continuation of appliction Ser. No. 08/319,087, filed Oct. 6, 1994, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/075,234, filed Jun. 14, 1993, now abandoned, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/712,475, filed Jun. 10, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,238,665.
Combustion off-gases from the incineration of medical and other wastes contain a variety of chemical compounds known to be inimical to human health. Among these combustion products are the acid gases, HCl and SO2, toxic metals compounds, and toxic organic compounds. The toxic organic compounds include materials such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons and chlorinated organic compounds. The latter compounds are carcinogenic in very small concentrations and typically comprise the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and, in particular, the chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans. For the purposes of this specification, "TOC" shall serve as the abbreviation for toxic organic compounds and shall denote 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-dioxin (TCDD), the penta-chloro-, hexachloro-, heptachloro- and octachloro- homologs, and the dibenzofuran analogs, as well as PCBs. Although efficient combustion at temperatures above 800� C. can reduce TOC to parts per trillion (ppt) levels, non-ideal furnace conditions, such as poor mixing, low temperatures and low oxygen concentrations, may exist in at least parts of an incinerator, and usual TOC emission levels from waste incinerators may be at least an order of magnitude higher than parts per trillion levels.
This invention relates to the removal of pollutants from the exhaust gases resulting from the incineration of wastes. The invention particularly relates to the removal of acid gases, toxic organic and toxic metal compounds from biomedical waste incinerator exhaust gases by a method and apparatus that minimizes emission of contaminants to the environment. This invention further relates to the removal of pollutants from waste incinerator exhaust gases by means combining both dry and wet scrubbing, but which avoids the production of a contaminated liquid byproduct waste stream and its release to the environment.
The incineration of medical and municipal wastes, which typically contain halogenated compounds in the form of plastics and solvents, yields relatively large amounts of TOC in the offgas, as well as the acid gases, HCl and SO2, and toxic metals. In the incineration of biomedical wastes, negligible amounts of SO2 are typically evolved, and the major acid gas in the exhaust gases is HCl. Three major types of prior art methods have been employed for the removal of these pollutants from incinerator flue gases: spray-dryer/solids-removal, dry alkaline solids gas contacting/solids-separation and wet scrubbing. Each of these methods are deficient in effecting the removal from the gas of one or more classes of the pollutants in incinerator off-gases.
Wet scrubbing comprises contacting of the combustion gases with an aqueous scrubbing solution in an efficient gas-liquid contactor. Typically, wet scrubbers use an alkaline solution of alkali metal or alkaline earth carbonate or hydroxide for neutralization of the absorbed acid gases. Wet scrubbers are highly efficient devices for the removal of the acid gases and the TOC components in the gas, but do not provide satisfactory removal of the particulates or toxic metals. Wet scrubbers also suffer from the fact that they produce a contaminated liquid blowdown stream.
Spray drier/absorption methods for incinerator off-gas treatment are of fairly recent origin, and a review of the various forms of this technology has been given by Kroll and Williamson, "Application of Dry Flue Gas Scrubbing to Hazardous Waste Incineration", Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, pp. 1258-1263, Vol. 36, No. 11, Nov., 1986. True dry scrubbing, i.e., removal of pollutants by means of dry alkaline powder contacting, is described by Muzio and Offen, in the Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, Vol. 37, pp. 642-653, May, 1987. Dry scrubbing comprises the introduction of a finely-divided alkaline solid material into intimate contact with the flue gas, followed by solids separation from the gas. The preferred reactant is hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide) although where economically or chemically justified, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate may be used as the alkaline reactant.
In the present context, "dry scrubbing" shall mean means for contacting hot combustion gases with a finely-divided alkaline solid at temperatures above the dewpoint of the gas, followed by a solids collector such as a fabric filter (baghouse) or electrostatic precipitator (ESP). Also in the present context, "spray drier scrubbing" shall mean means for contacting hot combustion gases with an aqueous alkaline solution or dispersion in a spray dryer, followed by a fabric filter or ESP collector.
Dry and spray-drier scrubbing processes, with ESP or baghouse filtration as solid separation means, can remove almost all of the particulates, as well as significant fractions of the acid gases and toxic metals in the flue gas from biomedical waste incinerators. For example, conventional dry scrubbing with hydrated lime can remove major fractions of the HCl in the gas, and dry scrubbing with sodium bicarbonate can remove major fractions of the SO2, as well as the particulate fraction. However, these methods fail to effectively remove the TOC class of pollutants and volatile toxic metals such as mercury.
The residual TOC levels remaining in the gas in both dry and spray drier scrubbing are typically not acceptable for environmental discharge. In the case of spray drier scrubbing, the addition of activated carbon in, or after, the spray drier scrubbing stage to effect more efficient dioxin and mercury removal is taught by the prior art. Moller, et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,698, reviews the art of activated carbon addition in, or downstream of, a spray drier scrubber for mercury and dioxin removal, and teaches the use of a powdered activated carbon as a supplement to spray drier technology to improve the removal of dioxins and mercury. The efficient removal of the pollutants with powdered activated carbon adsorbent in spray drier scrubbing occurs when sufficient water is evaporated to cool the flue gas to 110� C. -130� C. The latter gas-moisturizing condition engenders corrosion and/or failure of the solids separation equipment. Further, the use of activated carbon for dioxin/mercury removal from the gas phase is uneconomic, and requires secondary treatment of the contaminated carbon prior to disposal.
The deficiencies of the spray drier scrubber or dry powder scrubber can be compensated for by adding a wet scrubber gas treatment stage downstream of the dry scrubber stage. The wet scrubber will effectively remove the residual acid gases and TOC's that typically penetrate the dry treatment stage. Thus, an emission control system comprising a dry scrubber, or a spray drier/absorber, and a wet scrubber operating downstream on the filtered gas, will provide high removal efficiency for all classes of the toxic pollutants: acid gases, toxic metals, particulates and TOC.
The wet scrubber stage of an incinerator emission control system is typically operated with a scrubber recycle liquor solution containing an alkaline material, such as caustic, to neutralize the absorbed residual acid gases. The use of caustic neutralization in a wet scrubber has several disadvantages. Combustion gases from an incinerator contain carbon dioxide as a principal product of combustion, and, as an acid gas, carbon dioxide is absorbed by the alkaline scrubber solution. Unless the scrubber makeup water supply is "soft" water, that is, pretreated to remove calcium hardness, then insoluble calcium carbonate precipitates from the scrubber solution. This precipitate tends to foul and plug the scrubber, and continuous stable operation demands the use of softened water, which can become very expensive. Additionally, alkaline neutralization of the scrubbing liquor generates a solution of sodium chloride from the HCl content of the liquor. In order to keep the liquid solution from salting up, a liquid blowdown stream is typically taken off the wet scrubbing liquor recycle at a rate sufficient to avoid the precipitation of salt in the recycle solution. In most cases, the byproduct liquid stream from this wet scrubbing stage which is heavily contaminated with TOC's is passed either to a municipal or in-plant waste treatment system, which does not remove or destroy the major liquid contaminants.
The hazardous and toxic pollutants removed from the gas in the wet scrubber are thus eventually discharged to the environment in a form which can readily enter drinking water or recreational water supplies and thus expose the general public to these hazardous pollutants. In terms of dioxin content, the Environmental Protection Agency has recommended a 0.014 parts per quadrillion limit for the content of receptor bodies of water, so that waste streams discharging into existing water bodies must necessarily be very low in dioxin content. The contaminated liquid blowdown discharge is one of the major drawbacks to the use of wet scrubbers in waste incinerators off-gas cleanup.
Kokkonen, et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,743, teach the evaporation of alkaline wet scrubber liquor from the flue-gas scrubbing stage. Evaporation of the wet scrubber blowdown does not destroy the TOC contained in the liquor, it merely concentrates these toxic compounds, as well as the contained salt and the concentrated waste must be treated as a highly hazardous material. Evaporation within the air pollution control train is self-defeating, inasmuch as such a practice would quickly raise the gas concentrations of TOC, saturate the wet scrubber liquid with TOC, and discharge high TOC levels in the gas leaving the scrubber. Thermal destruction is known to be the only practical option for TOC-containing streams. However, incineration of the blowdown alkaline wet scrubber solution to thermally destroy the TOC content is not feasible because the salts and liquor alkalinity would rapidly attack and destroy the refractory lining of an incinerator. Continued discharge of the waste liquor stream from such wet scrubbing stages therefore represents an ongoing ecological threat which has not been satisfactorily resolved.
It is an object of this invention to provide a novel method and apparatus for the efficient removal of pollutants from the exhaust gas emissions resulting from the incline ration of wastes. It is another object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus which is capable of treating the waste incineration off-gases by means of sequential treatment stages in which the first treatment stage is a dry or spray drier scrubbing stage and the final stage is a wet scrubbing stage. It is a further object of this invention to remove particulates, acid gases, and toxic organic compounds from waste incinerator exhaust gases by a method and apparatus that minimizes emission of contaminants to the environment without the concomittant production of a liquid waste stream. It is still a further object of this invention to capture toxic organic and inorganic materials in a liquid scrubbing stream and to recycle the toxic materials to the combustion chamber and re-incinerate the organics, optimizing their destruction and preventing their emission to the environment. It is still a further object of this invention to recycle the toxic inorganic materials captured in a liquid scrubbing stream to an incinerator and to recapture these contaminants in a dry or spray drier scrubbing stage whose solid discharge materials may be disposed of in an environmentally secure form.
To achieve the foregoing objects, the apparatus of this invention comprises a means for waste incineration, an optional cooling means for the effluent combustion gases, a means for removal of the particulates plus a major fraction of the acid gas and toxic metals by dry or spray drier scrubbing/fabric, filtration means, and a final wet scrubbing means for efficient removal of the residual acid gases and toxic metals and organics. In the practice of this invention, the wet scrubber stage is operated without neutralizing alkaline compound injection and the acid liquid bleedoff stream from the wet scrubber stage is recycled back to the incinerator. The recycle stream contains only TOC, toxic metals and acids. The toxic organics in the liquid are largely destroyed by the re-incineration. The aqueous acid liquor blown down to the incineration is vaporized therein and the combined acid gas content of the effluent combustion gases resulting from TOC incineration, waste incineration and acid liquor recycle, is then removed to a major extent by the first-stage dry scrubbing/filtration means in the gas treatment train. Contaminants remaining in the gas after the first stage of gas treatment, principally TOC's, are removed in the final wet scrubbing stage. Scrubber liquid blowdown is sent back to the incinerator, where the recovered TOC is destroyed.
The wet scrubber means of this invention, located downstream of the dry scrubber or spray drier means, uses a caustic-free, salt-free, recycle aqueous acid solution as the absorbing medium. Fresh water is used as makeup to the recycle scrubbing liquid, and no neutralization is carried out. The process of water absorption of the acid gases sans neutralization results in a TOC and toxic metal-containing, salt-free, acid liquor blowdown which can be recycled back to the incinerator or secondary combustion stage, without causing damage to the furnace or to the furnace lining. Thus, wet scrubbing is carried out with acid liquor recycle and without alkaline neutralization of the liquor. Total blowdown recycle to the incinerator results in zero liquid discharge to the environment and no increase in TOC emissions with the gas.
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow drawing illustrating one embodiment of this invention in which dry reagent injection and fabric filtration is employed for first-stage removal of pollutants.
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow drawing illustrating an alternative embodiment of this invention in which spray-drier reaction and ESP solids separation is employed for initial removal of pollutants. It is obvious to-those skilled in the art that the dry injection contacting means of FIG. 1 can be employed with the ESP solids collection means of FIG. 2. Also, the fabric filter baghouse means of FIG. 1 may alternatively be employed as the collection means for the spray drier scrubber of FIG. 2. In both FIGS. 1 and 2, the wet scrubber comprises a single recycle liquor scrubbing stage, and the contaminated blowdown is re-incinerated in the incinerator.
FIG. 3 is a drawing illustrating another embodiment of this invention in which series wet scrubbers are used, and in which the primary wet scrubber operates with a relatively concentrated recycle liquor and the secondary wet scrubber operates with a more dilute recycle liquor, which embodiment allows more highly concentrated blowdown solutions and thus reduced rates of liquor feed to the incinerator, while achieving compliance levels of HCl emissions in the scrubbed gas.
In FIG. 1, the wastes are fed to the incinerator 1 through a ram or chute 2. The incinerator is heated by burning natural gas 3 in air 4 until the combustion of the wastes provides sufficient heat to sustain the necessary incinerator temperatures. Bottom furnace ash 5 is removed from the incinerator and the combustion exhaust gases 6 exit to a waste heat boiler 7. In the waste heat boiler 7 the boiler water feed 8 is converted to steam 9, and the gas temperature exiting the waste heat boiler is at a level compatible with either fabric filtration or electrostatic precipitator solids collection. Finely-divided solids, such as hydrated lime or sodium bicarbonate, are fed from a hopper 10 to a screw feeder 11 and then to a pneumatic feed line 13, supplied by a blower or compressor 12 operating on an air stream 14.
The pneumatically-conveyed solids are mixed with the incinerator flue gas in a distributor device 15 prior to gas 16 entry into a fabric filter baghouse 17. The fly ash and reacted alkaline solids are removed in the baghouse 17 and are conveyed to disposal or collection bins 18. The filtered gas 19 leaving the baghouse 17 enters a quench duct 20 in which the gas is evaporatively cooled by means of a water spray 23. Alternatively, recycle liquor 27 or blowdown acid solution may be substituted for all or part of the water spray 23. The cooled gas 21 enters a wet scrubber 22 in which the gas is contacted with recycle scrubbing liquor, taken from a reservoir 24 and recycled by a pump 25. Liquor is bled off the recycle liquid conduit 27 through conduit 29 and is directed to the incinerator through conduits 38 and 40, at a rate metered by flowmeter 39 and controlled by valve 33.
Conduit 38 contains a valve 33 which when open allows direct feed of the blowdown liquid stream to the incinerator through conduit 40. When valve 33 is closed, the blowdown stream 29 is directed to an accumulator reservoir 34 through a conduit containing an automatic control valve 32. With valve 33 closed, the contaminated liquor 35 is withdrawn from the reservoir 34 by means of a pump 37 and is sent through conduit 40 to the incinerator for disposal. An automatic control valve 32 operated by a liquid level controller 36 in reservoir 34 allows liquid blowdown from the scrubber recycle stream to enter the accumulator reservoir to compensate for liquor withdrawn by pump 37 and sent to the furnace through conduit 40.
FIG. 2 embodies the same incineration and wet scrubbing schematic as does FIG. 1, but utilizes alternative optional spray drier contacting and solids collection means for the primary pollutant removal stage. In FIG. 2, as in FIG. 1, the wastes are fed to the incinerator 1 through a ram or chute 2, and the preheating of the incinerator utilizes the same arrangement as is shown in FIG. 1. Bottom furnace ash 5 is removed from the incinerator and the combustion exhaust gases 6 exit directly to a spray drier-contactor 52. A lime slurry 51 is sprayed into the hot gas where it partially reacts with the acid gases, metal oxides and TOC's. The dried reacted solids leave the spray-drier both in solids discharge stream 53 and with the cooled gas stream 54. The gas stream 54 is conducted to electrostatic precipitator 55, where the dried solids and fly ash are removed from the gas and discharged in stream 56.
The cleaned gas 57 leaving the electrostatic precipitator 55 enters a wet scrubber 22 as in FIG. 1, with an identical recycle and downstream liquor flow arrangement as in FIG. 1. Again, the cleaned gas is exhausted by blower 30 to stack 31.
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which multiple wet scrubbing stages allow an increase in liquid acid concentration blown down to the incinerator and a proportional reduction in the blowdown rate going back to the incinerator.
In FIG. 3, the particulate-free gas stream 19 coming from the baghouse of FIG. 1 is quenched in the quench duct 20, and then flows through conduit 21 to the first wet scrubber 22. In wet scrubber 22 the gas is contacted with recycle aqueous acid liquor recycled from reservoir 24 by pump 25 through conduits 26 and 27. As in FIG. 1, blowdown liquid is taken off the branch conduit 29 of the pump discharge conduit 27 to either conduit 38 feeding back to the incinerator or to the blowdown accumulator tank 36 through the control valve 32. The gas from the first wet scrubber 22 leaves the scrubber through conduit 28. In FIG. 3, the gas leaving the first wet scrubber enters the second wet scrubber 41. The second wet scrubber comprises a recycle liquid reservoir 43, a recycle liquid contact stage 45, and a final makeup water contact stage 46. Dilute aqueous acid is recycled from liquid reservoir 43 through pump suction line conduit 26 through pump 44 and pump discharge conduit 49 to the recycle contact stage 45 where it contacts the gas entering the scrubber through conduit 28. The gas leaving the recycle contact stage 45 flows through contact stage 46 where it is contacted with makeup water introduced through conduit 42. The gas leaves the second scrubber 41 through conduit 47 and enters the blower 30 which discharges to the stack 31. Part of the dilute acid recycle liquor circulating through conduits 26 and 49 of the second scrubber is fed back through conduit 26 to quench duct 20 leading to the first wet scrubber stage at a rate in excess of the evaporation rate in quench duct 20. The excess acid liquid, concentrated by evaporation, enters the first wet scrubber 22 along with the quenched gas through conduit 21. The recycle acid liquor concentration in the first wet scrubber is thus maintained at higher acid concentrations than the recycle liquor of the second wet scrubber. The method of FIG. 3 allows reduced rates of liquor blowdown to the incinerator within the context of meeting the allowable acid emissions in the exhaust gas.
One thousand pounds per hour of medical wastes, containing an average chloride content equivalent to 26 lb/h of HCl, are burned in a hospital incinerator. The incinerator exhaust gas flow is measured as 2385 dry standard cubic feet per minute (DSCFM). The gas HCl concentration is 1563 ppmv. The hot gas leaves the incinerator at 1800[+]o[+] F. and enters a 2-pass waste heat boiler, where it is cooled to 410� F. The gas then enters a fabric filter baghouse having a cloth area of 1336 sq. ft. providing for a maximum 5:1 air/cloth ratio, using 14-foot long bags. Hydrated lime powder is introduced into the gas in the baghouse inlet duct by pneumatic conveyance at a rate of 52.8 lb/h, which is equivalent to a stoichiometric ratio of approximately 2.0, based on entering gas HCl content. The lime is dispersed in the hot gas in the baghouse approach duct by means of a vortex-inducing baffle.
In the baghouse, 80% of the entering HCl and toxic metals are removed by the lime. The solids filter cake discharged from the baghouse comprises 31.7 lb/hr of calcium chloride, an equal amount of unreacted Ca(OH)2, 2.04 lb/hr of fly ash and 1.525�10-7 lb/hr of TOC. The baghouse outlet gas contains 313 ppmv (5.21 lb/h) of HCl and 6.53�1010 -8 lb/h of TOC, equivalent to a TOC gas concentration of 7.315 nanograms per dry cubic meter (ng/DSCM).
The hot gases leaving the baghouse are quenched to the wet bulb temperature of 138� F. (58.9� C.) in a downflow qench duct prior to entering the wet scrubber. In the quench process, approximately 1.4 GPM of water evaporate. The wet scrubber employed for tailgas treatment is a horizontal crossflow spray scrubber utilizing recycle liquor sprays, operating at a rate of approximately 7 gallons/1000 CF, at a recycle acid concentration of 4% by weight HCl. No neutralizing agent is added to the acid, and the wet scrubber is fabricated of thermoplastic and thermoset resin materials which are fully corrosion-resistant to the acid.
After the wet scrubber treatment of the gas, the gas is exhausted to the atmosphere. By analysis, the HCl concentration in the gas is 10 ppmv, uncorrected, equivalent to an emission rate of 0.167 lb/h. The TOC concentration, expressed as standard NIH toxic equivalence factors, is 0.173 ng/DSCM, equivalent to a rate of 1.54�10-9 lb/h. The exhaust flow measures as 2385 DSCFM, equivalent to 4052.7 DSCM/h. The moisture content of the exhaust gas is 12.7 volume %, so that the exhaust rate of the wet gas is 2731 SCFM. The emission regulations stated for this hospital waste incinerator call for a TOC emission not to exceed 10 ng/DSCM, based on NIH toxic,equivalence factors, and an HCl emission not to exceed 30 ppmv, dry gas, corrected to 7% oxygen content. For a moist flue gas from a combustion process using excess air, applying the corrections for moisture and excess oxygen reduces the corresponding actual (wet, uncorrected) allowable HCl concentration to the range of 15-20 ppmv. The TOC emission requirement for this incinerator is 1.0 ng/DSCM. Both the HCl and TOC contents of the exhaust gas are well within compliance limits.
However, to maintain the recycle liquor concentration in the wet scrubber at 2% HCl, a scrubber blowdown stream of 30.2 gallons per hour (GPH), or 252 lb/h of solution, must be taken. This scrubber blowdown contains 5.04 lb/hr of HCl and a TOC content of 6.376�10-8 lb/hr, or 0.25 ppb. This concentration is several orders of magnitude above the EPA-recommended level for natural bodies of water. To avoid discharge of this stream, the contaminated blowdown stream is pumped back to the incinerator, where it is sprayed into the chamber and re-incinerated. This eliminates the possibility of release of the contaminated liquid stream to the atmosphere or groundwater, and provides for repeated destruction of the TOC and the recapture of the blowdown acids at high efficiency in the alkaline reactant of the dry scrubber or spray drier scrubber means of the gas treatment train.
In Specific Example 1, the 30.2 GPH of aqueous liquid injected into the incinerator represents an extra thermal burden on the furnace of about 252,000 Btu/h, and in some situations, this may be considered undesirably high. Further, the scrubber blowdown recycle-to-furnace evaporation load is proportional to the total HCl load from the furnace, and the recycle blowdown rate required to maintain the scrubber solution at constant HCl concentration will increase with recycle. This may eventually cause the HCl content of the gas leaving the wet scrubber to exceed the allowable limits. It is therefore desirable to: (a) treat the gas with the most dilute aqueous acid stream possible prior to its exhaust to the stack and (b) blow down the least amount of liquid to the furnace, i.e., the most concentrated acid. These objectives may be achieved by the method of the wet scrubber flow scheme shown in FIG. 3. The gas may be scrubbed in two or more scrubbers or scrubber stages in series, each with separate liquid recycles, with feed of makeup water to the secondary dilute liquor scrubber as shown in FIG. 3, and flow of the excess liquid from the dilute loop to the concentrated liquid recycle loop.
The operating parameters of the series scrubbers in terms of HCl concentrations in the respective recycle liquors may be determined from vapor pressure data. At typical wet bulb temperature range of 50 to 60[+]o[+] C., the partial pressures of HCl over its aqueous solutions are given in Perry's Chemical Engineers Handbook, Fifth Edition, page 3-62, as follows:
TABLE I______________________________________Vapor Pressure of HCl in mm Hg or ppmy Temp = 50� C. Temp. = 60� C.Wt. % HCl mm Hg ppmy mm Hg ppmy______________________________________2 0.0014 1.8 0.0038 5.04 0.0064 8.4 0.0165 21.76 0.0163 21.4 0.040 52.68 0.0344 45.3 0.081 106.610 0.0690 90.8 0.157 206.612 0.136 178.9 0.305 401.314 0.275 361.8 0.60 789.516 0.55 723.7 1.17 1539.5______________________________________
For the conditions of Example 1, with a gas concentration of 313 ppmv HCl and a gas temperature of 59� C. entering the first-stage scrubber, the recycle liquid concentration cannot exceed approximately 3% HCl by weight while maintaining the necessary 10 ppmv HCl equilibrium partial pressure in the exhaust gas. The scrubber may, however, be operated in accordance with FIG. 3 with a maximum of 11% HCl liquid recycle concentration (equivalent to the 313 ppmv HCl present in the entering gas) if a maximum of 3% by weight recycle solution is used in the secondary scrubber. Using the vapor pressure data in the HCl vapor pressure table, and a margin of safety in solution concentration similar to that used in the operation of the scrubber of Example 1, the primary wet scrubber recycle liquid has a concentration of 8% HCl and the secondary wet scrubber stage is operated with a recycle concentration of 2.6%. Under these conditions, 3.32 lb/h of HCl is removed in the first wet scrubber stage, and 1.55 lb/h of HCl is removed in the second scrubber stage. Blowdown is taken from the secondary scrubber recycle stream to the quench duct leading to the first scrubber at a rate sufficient to maintain the 8% HCl concentration in the primary scrubber recycle liquor. This rate is equal to the evaporation rate in the quench duct plus the blowdown rate from the primary scrubber recycle stream. The resulting blowdown rate to the furnace from the primary scrubber recycle stream is 63 lb/h, or 7.6 GPH, containing 5.04 lb/h of HCl. The consequent heat loss in the furnace is reduced by a factor of 4 compared to the use of a single wet scrubber stage in Example 1.
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Policy Briefs and Memos
DFER Indiana Releases DFER-INtake Wrap-up Report
May 29, 2013
Dear Friends,
Heading into early April, DFER Indiana (DFER-IN) produced an initial assessment of the education bills making their way through the Indiana General Assembly's 2013 session. We called this analysis of legislation our Midterm DFER-INtake since it was our "take" on the bills we found to be most relevant to our principles and policy priorities. At the time of its release, we indicated the legislature was facing some very important decisions that had to be made relative to education policy and reform: (1) They could enact legislation benefitting the state's students that would strengthen rigor, empower families and teachers, and emphasize smarter investments in teacher preparation and support; or, (2) They could pass legislation that retreats on the very policies that brought our state's education system to the top in the first place. Now that the legislature has adjourned for the year, it is time to see exactly what course the General Assembly took, by presenting the "DFER-INtake Wrap-up" report.
Culture of Countenance: Teachers, Observers and the Effort to Reform Teacher Evaluations
May 21, 2013
"Culture of Countenance" in Teacher Observations May Set New Evaluation Reforms Up for Failure If Not Addressed
In the "Culture of Countenance: Teachers, Observers and the Effort to Reform Teacher Evaluations," DFER Policy Analyst and former teacher Mac LeBuhn communicates that unless reformers can change the "culture of countenance" regarding teacher observations new reforms to evaluations will continue the same quality-blind practices.
Read "Culture of Countenance: Teachers, Observers and the Effort to Reform Teacher Evaluations," here.
DFER-Intake: A Mid-term Assessment of Education-Related Bills in IN
April 1, 2013
Dear Friends,
Much like the teams catching fire at the right time in the "NCAA March Madness," the state of Indiana has been on a major roll to improve our education system. The 2013 session of the Indiana General Assembly presents us, however, with a fork in the road at which we face two choices: (1) We can enact legislation that would benefit the state's students by strengthening rigor, empowering families and teachers, and emphasizing smarter investments in teacher preparation and support. Or, (2) We can pass legislation that retreats on the very policies that put us at the top in the first place.
Why Ed Reformers Must Make Sure President Obama is Re-Elected
May 14, 2012
In Why Ed Reformers Must Make Sure President Obama is Re-Elected, DFER Executive Director Joe Williams and DFER Director of Federal Policy Charlie Barone communicate the need for reformers to take an all-hands-on-deck approach to re-elect "education reformer in chief" President Barack Obama.
During his past four years in office, President Obama has been a stalwart leader for the education reform movement. We must all do our part to ensure he remains in office for another four years to continue the historic momentum of reform he has worked so courageously to advance.
Read the full report here.
Also, don't forget to review our recent policy brief on Mitt Romney: What Kind of President Would Mitt Romney Be on Education?
What Kind of President Would Mitt Romney Be on Education?
May 4, 2012
In What Kind of President Would Mitt Romney Be on Education?, DFER Policy Analyst Omar Lopez and DFER Massachusetts State Director Liam Kerr join DFER Director of Federal Policy Charlie Barone in forecasting the effects of a possible Romney administration on our education system.
And, based on the Olympic class waffling Romney has exhibited throughout his campaign on issues such as student loan interest rates, the DREAM Act, the education budget, and a federal role in education (or lack there of), their prediction is quite grim.
Read the full policy brief and view DFER's Education Report Card grading both Romney and Obama here.
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Blueprint for RevolutionRandom House Publishing Group 2015; US$ 16.00
A handbook for anyone who wants to effectively (and peacefully) improve your neighborhood, make a difference in your community, or change the world � Blueprint for Revolution will teach you how to ? make oppression backfire by playing your opponents? strongest card against them ? identify the ?almighty pillars of power? in order to shift... more...
Windows Phone 7 CompanionWiley 2010; US$ 19.99
Get the most out of your Windows Phone 7 device with this handyCompanion by your side! Windows Phone 7 Companion goes whereyou go-and goes beyond the basics to show you how to take advantageof Office features; work with pictures, video, and music; and tapinto Xbox LIVE so you can play real-time games with friends andfamily. Full-color screenshots... more...
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The American YMCA and Russian CultureLexington Books 2012; US$ 44.99
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Enhancing Value ChainsCenter for Strategic & International Studies 2013; US$ 29.99
Economic integration has been a focus of Asia-Pacific affairs for the last quarter century. To support and strengthen economic ties, governments in the region have pursued an array of integration initiatives, from the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum launched in 1989 to bilateral and regional trade negotiations currently underway. ... more...
Blueprint for RevolutionScribe Publications Pty Ltd 2015; US$ 20.99
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Digital WatermarkingElsevier Science 2001; US$ 97.95
Digital watermarking is a key ingredient to copyright protection. It provides a solution to illegal copying of digital material and has many other useful applications such as broadcast monitoring and the recording of electronic transactions. Now, for the first time, there is a book that focuses exclusively on this exciting technology. Digital Watermarking... more...
Zondervan Dictionary of Bible and Theology WordsZondervan 2009; US$ 12.99
This dictionary is designed to assist pastors and laypeople who use commentaries and other popular works on theology in understanding the technical and semi-technical theological terms that tend to creep into these books. The 1,800 definitions are far more helpful and easy to locate than what might be found in a general Webster?s type dictionary. more...
Dad's Guide to Pregnancy For DummiesWiley 2011; US$ 14.80
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Digital Watermarking and SteganographyElsevier Science 2007; US$ 96.95
Digital audio, video, images, and documents are flying through cyberspace to their respective owners. Unfortunately, along the way, individuals may choose to intervene and take this content for themselves. Digital watermarking and steganography technology greatly reduces the instances of this by limiting or eliminating the ability of third parties... more...


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5 Steps to Writing a Farm GrantWrite a successful grant proposal to fund your farming endeavors with these easy-to-follow tips. More »
5 Ways to Affect Farm PolicyNot satisfied with the status quo of agricultural policy? Use these tips to effectively communicate your small-scale-farming ideas to government officials. More »
Butterfly Farming ChecklistThinking about trying your hand at butterfly farming? Here are some items you'll need before getting started. More »
Will Small-Scale Farming Survive? Perhaps the farm-to-table movement is fueling the small-farm fire, but maybe it's not doing enough. More »
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Check out the new, mobile-friendly WineSpectator.com!
How to make the most of any walk-around event where you can sample dozens (or hundreds!) of wines
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From being attacked by bees to a word that doesn't quite translate to spilled Chardonnay, winemakers share their memories from crush
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From starting crush without a press to learning picking etiquette at the age of 6, winemakers share their memories from crush
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News & Features : Sommelier Talk
Which wine with which cut of steak? Find out from Drew Hendricks, who oversees the Grand Award-winning list at Pappas Bros. in Houston
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The weekend kicks off with an evening of hundreds of outstanding wines
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Passionate about wine? Wine Spectator magazine is looking for an enthusiastic copy editor in the New York office.
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Mar 30, 2015
My MS Is Not Your MS, or Is It?
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Castor plant in winter
Will my 5foot castor plant live in our cold winters? If NOT, should I bring it in the garage, keep it outside and wrap it up in plastic, or start over in the spring. Also WHEN is the best time to plant the seeds? Thanks for any answers!
I'm in WV and no they don't survive... I just collect the seed and start over in the spring... I have got at least 20 that are about 2 in tall out there now. They are really easy to grow and shoot up fairly fast...
Too much work just sow in spring :) Good luck!
Remember poisonous!!
As you've probably discovered by now, castor bean (Ricinus communis) is not cold hardy (at least not north of zone 9) so it is generally grown as annual, but in the tropics it actually grows into a small tree. I've never heard of anybody overwintering them indoors, but I suppose it's possible. They grow so fast (and get so big) that they are best started fresh from seeds every year.
I understood they were trees, rather than perennials. They are not usually hardy here but I did manage one for three years once--but they're SO BIG! Do you have a house where you can keep a plant that grows ten or fifteen feet tall in a year and a half? They also get really scraggly and not very attractive if they don't get lots of sun and heat. I love 'em, but I start 'em from seed. If another makes it thru the winter without help, that's fine, but I'm not sure they'd look good even in a greenhouse.
Can't believe this discussion is still going! Castor beans are (sub)tropical TREES that we grow as annuals in temperate zones because they have attractive foliage and grow so fast from seed in warm weather. They may resprout from the roots if frozen back in warmer zones but they are not plants you can easily grow indoors because of their size and requirements for heat and sun. A greenhouse, maybe. I doubt you could dig one up and bring it indoors because they have large and deep root systems.
Although castor beans are not root-hardy in zone 7, they are surprisingly cold-tolerant and will take temperatures down to freezing without showing damage (unlike some true tropicals like caladiums, which turn up their toes once temps go below about 60 degrees). I have usually had them grow from seeds that overwintered in the ground, even after the exceedingly cold 2002/2003 winter.
Sorry to disagree Johnnie, but:
The plant is definately an annual, not a perennial, nor a tree. Tropical Africa is its original home. The main trouble growing them indoors is adequate light. They will grow leggy to the degree they will not support their own weight unless grown in high light conditions.
Outdoors, I have grown them to 14 ft. tall. The leaves and succulent parts of the plant have always pretty much collapsed at the first frost.
Don't test this, but one or two beans chewed, will produce severe symptoms in adults and could be fatal to kids. Beans swallowed whole are not nearly as likely to produce symptoms. All parts of the plant are poisonous, but it is the seed that is most dangerous.
Here is a link that might be useful: Have a lOOk
Just because some websites call castor bean an "annual" doesn't make it one. But from the very page linked by tapla:
"The castor plant is a robust annual that may grow 6 to 15 feet (2-5 meters) in one season with full sunlight, heat and adequate moisture. In areas with mild, frost-free winters it may live for many years and become quite woody and tree-like."
The first sentence is written by somebody with a northern zone bias but the second sentence makes it very clear: castor beans are not annuals, even if most of us in northern zones grow them as annuals due to our cold winters. In the tropics (i.e., their native home) they live for several years and grow into shrubs or trees. Can I make this any more clear? If anybody needs more convincing, check out the link provided below, or any of these websites:
Here is a link that might be useful: Ricinus communis plant profile (USDA)
I did a GOOGLE search:
Castor bean annual yeilded 8,180 hits
Castor bean perennial yeilded 3,620 hits
Ricinus communis annual yeilded 3,210 hits
Ricinus communis perennial yeilded 1,800 hits
So the jury is out, but if majority rules......
A tree-like growth habit does not a tree make. Corn can be described as tree-like, and gets quite woody as well, but it isn't a tree. All trees are perennials and generally grow more than 20 ft. tall.
I'm just messin' with ya now. Based on the 20 or so websites I visited, I can see how anyone could make an excellent case for C.B. being a perennial. If it ever comes up again I'll have to say it can be either an annual or a perennial. ; ]
I do have a question: Since you've see them return as perennials, I'd like to know if they develop multiple stems in subsequent years.
Take care,
hey all,
tapa you said all parts of the plant are poisonous, but i was woundering if the leaves, dried, could be used for anything. i have seen some people drying them in the fall and i'm just woundering.
peace and green thumbs forever
Okay, okay - BUT - I want to know how to plant castor bean seeds in pots so that they'll come up faster (I'm in Michigan - halfway up the state on the West side). I read somewhere where you score the seed OR you pour boiling water over them (in the full moom - heck, I don't remember! - I read a LOT.) Anyway, does anyone remember what they have read on this?
Scoring the seeds isn't necessary. If you want to soak them in warm (NOT hot or boiling) water overnight before planting, you can. Scoring seeds too deep or using overly hot water could damage the embyro.
Wait until it warms up a bit more in your area before sowing, because once you start them, they'll need to be planted out in a couple weeks after germination. Once they're up, they're up, a foot tall just like that and ready to go out. Direct sow or start in quart or larger pot outside.
I have 6 Castor trees (red) that are 2 years old. They survive just fine if you bring them indoors over the winter. If they are in pots, then its easy. If you have to dig them up they might not live. All they need are a couple hours of light each day,and DO NOT water very much. They will go dormant and just need a little water once a week.
Castor Bean Trees are PERENNIAL. the only reason some people call them annual is because they grow so fast and are easier to just grow from seed every year.


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So I got this new laptop, an HP Pavilion that is equiped with an AMD Radeon HD 8400 GPU and an AMD Radeon HD 8670M GPU. The problem is that it's only utilizing the 8400, even though i have the power options on high. Another isue is that AMD CCC's dropdown menu for Switchable Graphics is blanch. So i cant change anything in there at all.
I have tried to look it up in the bios, but with no luck.
Any help is appritiated.
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Big Bedroom in really great house in Meanwood £425per month inc bills
Hello! We have a spare room in our brilliant super fun and friendly 4 bedroom house in Meanwood. It's got two bathrooms and newly refurbished to a really high standard!! Good points: Wood burning Stove + Wood Double Glazing, Central Hea
- Date available: 30 Mar 2015
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"Very good and very rich! They are easy to make, and make an excellent dessert." – kimdb
"Very good. I made half the recipe and it baked perfectly in 30 minutes. I also doubled the berries since I love berries. Will be made again and again." – koalagurl
"This makes a nice dessert or snack that won't make you feel guilty." – chicklet
Recipe of the Day
Moist Banana Raisin Bread
Whip up a batch of this delicious peanut butter and raisin banana bread, and enjoy the velvety smooth texture and rich flavors. You'll love it!
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text: I was told (by google searching) that Gazebo SVN is now compatible with OGRE SVN, but I always get the following annoying errors. Is it a OGRE error? Or a Gazebo error?? terminate called after throwing an instance of 'Ogre::InvalidParametersException' what(): OGRE EXCEPTION(2:InvalidParametersException): Sky dome material 'Gazebo/CloudySky' not found. in SceneManager::setSkyDome at OgreSceneManager.cpp (line 1782) Aborted Best Regards JIA Pei ----- Welcome to Vision Open http://www.visionopen.com http://www.visionopen.com -- View this message in context: http://www.nabble.com/OGRE-SVN-%281.7.0%29-doesn%27t-work-with-Gazebo-SVN-%280.8-pre3%29-tp20422318p20422318.html Sent from the playerstage-gazebo mailing list archive at Nabble.com.


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An examination of the interaction between the city of
Sarnia, Ontario and the many chemical and oil plants
that remain a part of its landscape.
Sarnia has a long standing relationship with industry and
is regarded as the most polluted city in Canada.
View more images and a larger preview at www.kasumovic.net .
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