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Pusha T News
Pusha T's "Numbers On The Board (Bloodsport Remix)" Is Also A Lyric Video
Listen to a remix of Pusha T's hit song and get to know some of the words along the way...
Listen to Pusha T's New Single "Who I Am" ft. 2 Chainz & Big Sean
We've already heard Pusha's amazing single "Numbers On The Board", and now we get to hear another exciting…
Similar Artist News
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14 Love-Grams Featuring Your Fave Pop Lyrics
Nicki Minaj, Taylor Swift, Ed Sheeran — we've got all their lyrics covered this V-Day
13 Unforgettable Moments from the 57th GRAMMY Awards
The biggest moments from music's biggest night.
Will Rihanna Perform 'FourFiveSeconds' At The 2015 GRAMMYs?
Find out if Paul McCartney and Kanye West will join the pop star onstage for her official comeback
Is This The Most Random GRAMMYs Performance Lineup Ever?
The 2015 awards show will host a bevy of totally different music genres — not to mention generations
North West Stars In Kanye's "Only One" Video
The very subject of Kanye's new song with Paul McCartney appears in the Spike Jonze-directed clip
Fifteen Tracks From The Best Artists Headlining Coachella 2015
Drake, The Weeknd, Florence + The Machine...need we say more? Stream our Spotify / YouTube playlist
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Year of the Booty: The 10 Best Songs About Buns, Hun
These ten tracks give love to the derriere like nobody's business. My Anaconda don't!
GRAMMY Nominations Preview 2014: Find Out Our Predictions
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15 Dollar-Dropping Songs for Black Friday
Today is all about the Benjamins, baby!
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These 10 Lyrics Prove Pizza Is The World's Greatest Food
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Dance Along with Kendrick Lamar in his "i" video
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SNL's Vanessa Bayer hosts a talk show starring the HAIM girls and their fellow famous pop stars!


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As of Tuesday, January 17, 2012
© Copyright 2015 Newton Citizen
Jaynes R. "Russ" Mobley, age 82, passed away Friday, January 13, 2012, after suffering a long illness. He is survived by his wife of 63 years, Alice M. Mobley: daughter-in-law, Deborah H. Mobley; granddaughter, Christina M. Yarberry (Michael S.); great grandson, Coile Yarberry; brothers-in-law, John A Pittman, Clyde Pittman (Carolyn), Jimmy Pittman (Barbara); dear friend, Mike T. Sewick; sisters-in-law, Joan Anglin (Glen), Brenda McElhannon (Sam), Louise Mobley; and several nieces and nephews. He was preceded in death by his parents Thomas T. and Ethel (Jaynes) Mobley, his son Gene Mobley, 4 brothers, and one sister. After retiring from Delta Airlines with 30 years service, he enjoyed tending his yard and keeping his granddaughter. A Memorial Service to Celebrate the Life of Russ Mobley will be held Sunday, January 22, 2012 at 2:30PM at Corinth Christian Church, with Pastor Don Hardison officiating. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to Rockdale County Animal Shelter, 1506 Rockbridge Rd., Conyers, GA 30012. Condolences may be sent or viewed at www.wagesfuneralhome.com. Tom M. Wages Funeral Service, LLC, A Family Company, Snellville Chapel 770-979-3200, has been entrusted with the funeral arrangements.
More like this story
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A Nightmare on Elm Street
Bloopers & Goofs
Freddy Krueger.. One of the most memorable and famous villains in cinema history
See the goofs, blunders and plain ole mistakes in the 1984
Horror / Occult
movie starring Heather Lagenkamp,
John Saxon
Amanda Wyss
et al.
Contributed by: Shears
In the last confrontation Nancy has with Freddy, you see her pushing him down the stairs. Yet if you look closely you can see the mattress that the "Stunt" Freddy falls on.
Contributed by: Zakiyyah
In the scene where Nancy is running up the stairs away from Freddy, you can see the place on the steps that is going to turn to goo under her feet before she steps on it.
When Nancy checks the time on her watch, she's wearing a sweater you don't see when the camera shows the wide view
Contributed by: Steven Murray
If you look carefully when Tina (Amanda Wyss) is first slashed by Freddy's claws on her torso, you can see as the blood starts to pour out, and Amanda pulls her hands up to stop it, her arm catches on the prosthetic and pulls it up slightly at the bottom left corner of the screen.
Contributed by: david shalkowski
When Freddy falls over the top banister you can see the crash pad on the stairs
Contributed by: david shalkowski
When Nancy is looking for Freddy in her final nightmare, Freddy is seen for an instant wearing his hat after Nancy pulled it off his head during her nightmare at the dream clinic.
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Here's a look ahead at the Patriots' training camp schedule:Wednesday, July 30 9:45-12:00 p.m. PracticeThursday, July 31 9:45-12:00 p.m. PracticeFriday, Aug. 14:30-5:30 p.m. Patriots 2014 Hall of Fame Induction of Ty Law. The event is free and open to the public.7:00-8:30 p.m. Patriots in-stadium training camp practice for Season Ticket Members (Gillette Stadium)Sunday, Aug. 3No practice, camp closedMonday, Aug. 4-Wednesday Aug. 6Patriots at Washington Redskins training camp for daily joint practices. Thursday, Aug. 77:30 p.m. 2014 Preseason Opener - New England Patriots at Washington Redskins (FedEx Field) ********* The Patriots will be hosting joint practice sessions with the Philadelphia Eagles on Tuesday, Aug. 12 and Wednesday, Aug. 13 prior to their preseason home opener on Friday, Aug. 15. The joint practices are scheduled to begin at 2:00 p.m. each day. Tuesday, Aug. 122:00 p.m. Patriots joint practice with the Philadelphia Eagles at Patriots training camp Wednesday, Aug. 132:00 p.m. Patriots joint practice with the Philadelphia Eagles at Patriots training camp Friday, Aug. 157:30 p.m. New England Patriots host the Philadelphia Eagles at Gillette Stadium The practice schedule throughout training camp is tentative and subject to change. Fans who plan to attend practices are encouraged to check the Patriots website for daily updates. Fans can also call the training camp hotline for updates by dialing (508) 549-0001.
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The building in the middle used to be a theater, not just a regular theater, but one of the first theather in Indonesia back in 1907.
Back then, there were two first theater in Indonesia located at Bandung City Center. It was not really a permanent bulding at first, only a semi permanent tent. The name of the theaters is De Crown Bioscoop owned by somebody named Helant, and the other one is Oranje Electro Bioscoop owned by Michel.
I couldn't find out which one is the one on the picture, but I'm quite sure its between those two..:)
Asia is the biggest continent on Earth, a darling little gem floating around in space.Hm, what is Asia? Who's in on it?China and India are safe bets for Asian nations. Korea, Japan, Thailand, you're fine.Europe? No. Europe would sort of be on the "Asian continent" if not for those pesky Ural mountains dividing things up in the middle, and then also the whole lineage of kings and wealth and nations and the EU and all that "give me my respect" stuff.Russia would probably be happiest as its own continent, so for now we'll leave it in "Eurasia" and just hope the natural gas supplies keep flowing.Pakistan and Afghanistan are dang close to Asia, but politically they show up in "Middle East" news stories an awful lot. Verdict: Eurasia.I guess we'll actually have to consider everything from Turkey on eastward to be "Eurasian", although the moniker seems overlappitory of the territory.The Asian economy is now officially raging like a wild furnace of lava that consumes everything in its path. Japan has had the largest individual economy in Asia for decades, but it is forecast that both India and China will outstrip Japan within twenty years.China is the largest holder of United States debt and is positioned to become the world's next superpower, provided that Godzilla doesn't return and decide to stomp everybody back into the Shang Dynasty.Text by Steve Smith.


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Planet Mikey
Chris Price joins Mike Mutnansky03/25/15
Chris Price joins Mut to talk about how Revis will heat up the Jets-Pats rivalry next season
Mut's rant over the Jets filing tampering charges
Mut opens his show talking about the New York Jets filing tampering charges on the Patriots
Lucy the Textress is back
Mikey, Mut, and Lucy are talking about all things New England sports, the Red Sox spring training, more Darrelle Revis and Jets talk, and some Bruins mixed in.
The Petty Patriots?
Manish Mehta went on Dale and Holley today and defended the New York Jets and the allegations of tampering leveled against the team, Mut and Villani discuss.
Buster Olney isn't very confident in the Red Sox
Mut and Villani are talking about Buster Olney's comments made earlier today on MFB, citing concerns over the Sox pitching staff and bullpen depth.
Tom Layman, Boston Herald, talks March Maddness hoops for...
Tom Layman of the Boston Herald joins Chris Villani to talk about the local teams competing in this year's NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament
Chris Borland is choosing health over money
Mut, Lenny, and Villani are talking about Chris Borland's decision to retire from the NFL after one season due to concerns about brain trauma and playing in the NFL.
Are the Patriots in trouble?
Mut gets the show going talking Patriots out of the gate. Both Herm Edwards and Stephen A. Smith made their opinions on the Patriots moves (or lack thereof) earlier today, just how concerned should Patriots fans be about the 2015 season?
Would Greg Hardy be worth the risk?
Mut and Lenny are talking Patriots. They talk about Greg Hardy, who Lenny says is a flat out bad guy and shouldn't even be in the conversation for the Patriots.
Planet Mut kicks off the week
Mut is in solo for Mikey, he talks about Vince Wilfork signing with the Texans, and the Patriots rumored interest in Greg Hardy.
Bernard Hopkins previews Kovalev-Pascal
Mikey talks to boxing great, Bernard Hopkins about the upcoming fight between Sergey Kovalev and Jean Pascal.
Lucy the Textress joins the program
Mikey, Mut, and Lenny are joined by a new textress, Lucy. They get to know Lucy a bit as well as talk about Darrelle Revis going to the Jets and the Patriots future.
Reaction to Revis heading back to the Jets
Patriots fans are making their thoughts on Darrelle Revis heading back to the Jets, whether it was a no-brainer that they should have re-signed him, or if they know what they're doing.
Revis is going back to the Jets, Mikey and Mut react
The news of Darrelle Revis heading back to the Jets breaks as Mikey, Mut, and Lenny give their thoughts on the Patriots not being able to retain him.
Dave Wedge talks about the Dzhokhar Tsarnaev trial
Mikey, Mut, and Lenny Megs are joined by Boston journalist Dave Wedge as he recaps this week in the Boston Marathon bombing trial.
The Rev Girls come in studio to talk MLS
Mikey, Mut, and Lenny are joined by the Rev girls, who are revealing the New Revolution uniform Tuesday at the House of Blues in Boston and talking about the Revs.
Bill "Spaceman" Lee talks Red Sox spring training andCuban...
Mikey, Lenny, and Maggie talk Red Sox baseball with Red Sox Hall of Famer Bill Lee, who is in Florida and out of the snow that's perpetually burying the area.
Kirk Minihane calls to clear the air with Mikey
Mikey gets a call from Kirk Minihane, who wants to clear the air with Mikey and get everything settled. It goes better than you think.
How best to speed up the pace of baseball games?
Mikey, Lenny, and Maggie are talking baseball, with pitchers and catchers reporting to spring training today. The pace of baseball games being what it is, they discuss some rules that MLB is looking into implementing.
SB Nation's Paul Flannery joins Mike Mutnansky, 2-19-15
Flannery joins Mut to break down the Isaiah Thomas trade to Boston and what it means for the Celtics this season and in the future. Paul also chats with Mut about the other deals that happened at the NBA's trading deadline
- Brighton, MA
- Sports Talk
- Entercom
- English
- Visit the station website Email the show Update show info


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Blue Marine Shipping, has acquired two new tankers that shall be leased by PEMEX Refinación for the next 10 years. On May 30, Blue Marine awarded two out of the five tender agreements in which PEMEX Refinación invited tenders in order to improve its fleet. The cost of these two new tankers, African Future and Torm Wabash, reached 85.8 million and 98.4 million dollars respectively. The tankers were previously owned by the Torm and Delmod Marine Companies, with which Blue Marine executed a buy-sell agreement.
Both tankers fulfill the recommendation of the International Maritime Organization, which establishes that ships without double hull, double bottom, or double side, shall be removed after 25 years. Thanks to this double structure, better operative conditions are guaranteed, as well as industrial safety and environmental protection, which are the main reasons for PEMEX Refinación to renew its current fleet.
Dorian LPG Ltd. today announced the commencement of operations of Helios LPG Pool LLC on April 1st, 2015. Helios LPG is jointly run by Dorian LPG and Phoenix Tankers Pte.
Stolt-Nielsen Limited announced the placement of senior unsecured bonds in a total amount of NOK 1,100 million in a new five-year bond issue carrying a coupon of 3M NIBOR plus 4.
The 16 MW Icebreaker for the Russian Ministry of Transport was launched at Arctech Helsinki Shipyard on March 25th, 2015. Before floating the vessel, she was


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Space where guests can cook their own meals
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
In the building, free or for a fee
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
In the building, free or for a fee
Continuous access in the listing
Breakfast is provided.
The listing can accommodate a gathering of 25 or more attendees
Easy access to the building and listing for guests in wheelchairs
Private or Shared
Free, in the building or nearby
Posted emergency information and resources
The Space
A brand new and modern double room/studio minutes away from Victoria Station in Central London.
If you are looking for a beautiful, comfortable and new private double room/studio in the centre of the most vibrant city in Europe, we highly recommend you staying at my place.
The studio is situated literally 8 minutes away from Victoria Station. Victoria Station is one of the biggest train, tube and bus stations in London.There you have access to three different tube lines (Victoria, Circle and District lines); Express trains to Gatwick airport and South West England; coaches to all the main airports - Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton. Also Trains and Coaches to many different cities throughout England and Europe.
By bus, tube, cab or even walking you can get to all of these places or landmarks within 25 minutes from the flat:
Big Ben and London Eye
Buckingham Palace
Tate Britain Museum
Trafalgar Square, National Gallery and National Portrait Gallery
Leicester Square and Covent Garden
Saint James Park and Green Park
Hyde Park and South Kensington Palace
Soho and China Town
Piccadilly Circus
Oxford Street
Madame Tussauds and Baker Street
Camdem Town
It's a bright, clean, modern, new, stylish and very comfortable private double room/studio flat. Maintained to a high standard, perfect for a couple or a single traveller.
The studio is in a recently renovated traditional Victorian House. The studio has brand new furniture and the kitchen is fully equipped with all the essentials required for your own catering needs; be it a quick breakfast or a romantic dinner.
Room Amenities:
- Clean linen and towels provided for each guest; depending on the length of stay they will be changed on a weekly basis;
- Complimentary bottle of wine upon arrival
- Free Wi-Fi internet connection
- Candles to warm up the atmosphere
- wardrobe with hangers and chest of drawers to store your belongings
- Separate toilet and shower (shared with just one more room)
- Modern and fully equipped kitchen
- Free mini bar with water, juice and soft drinks, beer and snacks
- Free tea and coffee making amenities
- Free light breakfast
- Maps and events flyers to help you to enjoy the city
- A professional washing machine and dryer is available in the communal area of the building.
- A Large variety of restaurants, cafes, and authentic local English pubs are around.
- Within one minute distance there are – English, Italian, Indian, Thai, French, Spanish, Brazilian, Mexican restaurants available
- Supermarkets (Sainsbury's, Marks and Spencer and Tesco) and Italian Delicatessen within 3-7 minute distance
- Cash ATMs within 2 minutes distance
- Fresh bakeries and coffee shops such as Cafe Nero, Pret a Manger, Le Pain Quotidien, Pimlico Fresh and Pauls within one block
- Small convenience stores / corner shops
No matter through which airport or train station you use to arrive in London, there is always an easy way to get to us. Just let us know in advance and I will tell you how!
If there is anything else that is unclear, please do not hesitate to contact me before you book.
Staying at Alessandro's apartment was absolutely great! Everything was clean and beautifully decorated and the shared bathroom was not a problem. He left some food for our breakfast and a bottle of wine, he was always available and sent us messages to make sure everything was ok - he and his housekeeper helped us with everything we needed. The location was great, we went walking everywhere and were very close to Victoria station anyway. The neighborhood was lovely, there are many places for dinner that we could enjoy and supermarkets to get everything we needed for the house.
A beautiful house and a great host, no doubt I will repeat whenever I get back!
The flat is exactly as described, and is indeed brand new. It was very clean when we arrived. The bathroom is shared with the flat next-door, but it was cleaned daily and thoroughly by the housekeeper, so that we didn't notice someone else was using it. In fact the whole building is well kept. The equipment at our disposal was quite sufficient to allow us to cook when we wanted to. The flat is well heated, which is important in winter. We received in advance all the necessary information to check in and out, so that everything went quite smoothly. Alessandro answered quite clearly and quickly all the practical questions we had to ask. This accommodation has a very central (and quiet) location, which made it very practical to visit central London. We heartily recommend it.
Ubicación perfecta. Limpieza en habitación y baños muy buena. Atención recibida muy cordial. Sin duda,para repetir y recomendar a mis amigos. Gracias!
Alessandro was welcoming and very helpful. We were allowed to store our luggage with him when we arrived earlier than the check-in time and also when we had to leave later than the check-out time. Checking in and out was also very easy.
The apartment itself was very clean and well equipped. Only downside is that there's no elevator and the apartment is reachable after climbing a few flight of stairs. Sharing the toilet and bathroom wasn't a problem as they were kept clean everyday by housekeepers.
Die Wohnung ist sauber, genau wie beschrieben und sehr zentral gelegen. Von der nahen U-Bahn Station Victoria kommt man überall hin (vor allem auch mit dem Bus!). Die Schlüsselübergabe hat auch ohne Probleme geklappt. Wir hatten ganz tolle Tage hier!
This proved to be in an extremely central position with easy access to the tube at Pimlico and the many buses available in the area.
The room was comfortable, clean and well stocked with tea, coffee and milk. A welcome bottle of wine and drinks both soft and beer available in the fridge.
The room itself was spotless and tastefully furnished with ample storage space and a table and chairs were provided. Toilets and shower were very clean and in fact were a credit to the cleaning staff who were also friendly and hardworking.
On the whole I would recommend this apartment. Thanks!
We were able to self check in to the apartment at 11:30pm which was very handy. Apartment was 10 mins walk from Victoria station, where the Gatwick express travels to -30 mins from Gatwick airport.
Apartment is clean but small, but not a problem as we were only there to sleep. We walked to Buckingham Palace easily, and also walked to Westminster Abbey, Big Ben, Trafalgar Square, Leicester Square, London Eye.
The bathroom and toilet was always clean. Breakfast and drinks, maps and a power adaptor were left in the apartment for us to use, which was really handy.
This host has 1578 reviews for other properties.View Other Reviews
I'm brazilian from Sao Paulo living in London since April 2009.
I'd describe myself as a passionate, enthusiastic and proactive person. I'm always following my dreams because they come true. I think every day is a good day!
Actually I'm running my own business, a property management company that cares about people.
I love cooking, wines, coffee, breath taking views, spending time with my family. I have a special passion for my close "soul" friends.
I'm crazy about traveling and all the discoveries I make every time I meet new people and visit new places.


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I don't really like the sound of "single use magic pins".
If you work hard to get the magic then it is not fun if its an single use ...
Well, that is what I think ...
I don't really like the sound of "single use magic pins".
If you work hard to get the magic then it is not fun if its an single use ...
Well, that is what I think ...
This month is Royal ...
In which VMK public room is this picture taken ?
SpoilerFantasyland in the Sky.
I'm quite confused about this also, but I think we'll have to wait and see exactly how this will play out before we jump to conclusions. Maybe by single use they mean you can't combine them to make them into multiple-star magic?
I am holding judgment until we see them as well. I think we are trying to wrap our heads around the pins being a lot like the magic pins we currently have and that is probably not the case.
We shall see.
Didn't he just talk about working hard to get them IN your inventory for to be satisfied with a job well-done? I guess that idea is long gone this week.
Either way, I'm waiting too. Hopefully not all of them will just leave us - because what is really the point then?
I also think that we aren't casting spells as much since they cause people to dc and new ones haven't been released recently.
I'm "For" it. It would be interesting to see something original in VMK.
OK.. Here is my honest opinion.
I was reading Yavn's newsletter, totally spazzing out, and then I see this junk.. Im thinking - what's the use, if you can only use it one time, right?? I mean, how will they be rare? The worse part, is, if u want to save it - you almost can't, bc they will expire! So now im like, what the heck?!? Something MUST have been wrong when they thought this one up..
Im sorry - Im TOTALLY against it - there may be ONE possibility to like it a BIT if the magic's any good.. but - gosh, one time use? NOT liking the sound of that..
Think about this. This once used magic pin is needed to get to a certain place to get the new magic carpet permenant pin quest, however miss the question after youve complete the once use part.. and they send you back behind to where you need to use that item again. Suddenly that becomes a lot more valuable doesnt it?
(notice i have no idea if this will actually happen. just a thought. and i have no idea if magic carpet magic is coming out. just a thought)
Take a look at my past signatures and avatars! And maybe some extra stuff! http://www.picturetrail.com/gallery/...ris221&x=0&y=0
im against it because you work so hard to get the pin and you use it one time and get it again waste of time i say
I hope that Coral Magic won't a "single" use magic pin.
(Maybe Coral magic will be the much talked about Davey Jones magic pin)
Maybe we have to see how long the "single" use items will last ...
But I still do not like the idee ...
This month is Royal ...
In which VMK public room is this picture taken ?
SpoilerFantasyland in the Sky.
i think it could be good i mean you could need the magic to open a part of vmk kinda like a key that you only need to use once
I'm "for" it, it'll definetly turn things up a notch.


text:
RunSalem Running Tours
New Liberty Street, Salem, MA 01970
0 people saved this
RunSalem takes people on running tours of Salem. Our guides will take you on a scenic tour of your choice, helping you see Salem on the go.
Of Note:
- Amenities: Accessible Facilities
Brew Woo – Worcester's Original Craft Beer Festival
Good drinks, good eats and good company are a great combination. And during the first...
Search All Listings Here.


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Welcome to The Golf Zone
March Hours
Monday – Thursday 10am – 6pm
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Muslim Women
Maintaining our religious identities within an American context
Posts filtered on Category
Peace, justice and education for all
Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. No, it's Burka Avenger. You were expecting Superman? The Burka Avenger, a new animated show on television in Pakistan, features a female Muslim teacher disguised in a tight black outfit with a cape and ninja-style head cover who throws heavy books and sharp pens at […] [Read More]
'A special assignment from God'
Lois Caulfield was a recipient of this year's Capital Area Council of Churches' James and Pearl Campbell Peace and Justice Award. She was honored for her work with the Community Caregivers, with the Clarksville Clothing Closet and with immigrants and refugees. Here's her interview with the Times Union, which was published on Aug. 3, 2013. […] [Read More]
Sharing a similar jihad
Even though the term "jihad" is often used to improve oneself by practicing self-restraint and pursuing a quest for knowledge, many people still think it means only "holy war" and conjure up images of violence and fighting. Here is a new perspective of jihad, one that shares the similarities of Christianity and Islam. Quoting verses […] [Read More]
Generous British Muslims
It seems British Muslims are pretty generous, donating to not only Islamic relief funds but also to non-Islamic causes, including a church. In total, they gave double the amount they had donated two years ago. This from Religion News Service: When it comes to donating to charity, Britain's small but fast-growing Muslim community comes out […] [Read More]
A travesty in the land of the 'free'
Saira Khan, an intern at Amnesty International USA's Security & Human Rights Program, was the author of the opinion piece that was published in the Times Union on July 25. A first generation American, she writes that she learned in fifth-grade that this country "was founded upon the principles of justice and democracy, all are […] [Read More]
Ramadan quick facts & domestic abuse/neglect
Salaam and peace, all – As we're in the 2nd third of Ramadan already, I've tried to spend more time on what my priorities are and should be. Before getting to the point of this post, here's a quick breakdown on common Ramadan Misconceptions/Facts: 1) Ramadan is not a month of starvation, believe it or […] [Read More]
Oh, how Pakistan has lost the message of its founder
"You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the state…We are starting […] [Read More]
Two years later, still waiting for answers
A column in today's New York Times from a grieving grandfather asks why his 16-year old grandson, an American citizen, was killed by a drone attack in Yemen. It has been almost two years since the killing of the teenager along with at least six civilians on Oct. 14, 2011, at an outdoor restaurant and […] [Read More]
What did you do on your 16th birthday?
Malala Yousufzai addresses the United Nations (web grab) You don't remember? Me neither. Not so for Malala Yousufzai, who will remember all her life what she did on her 16th birthday: She addressed the United Nations Youth Assembly in New York City. Malala said she came to speak for for education, justice and equality. She […] [Read More]
'Are you a Muslim or an Italian?'
That's right. It appears you have to choose to be one or the other if you are a Muslim living in Italy. Muslims make up Italy's second-largest religious group, but Islam is not an officially recognized religion in that country. I naively assumed all these years that since the Vatican has an Office of Islam, the […] [Read More]
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text: Welcome Open Thursday through Sunday for Lunch & Dinner!!! See what is in store for you at Fish Tales – watch our video below! Fish Tales Lakeside Grille is now open Thursday through Sunday for Lunch & Dinner for the Fall & Winter season!!! We open for lunch at 11:00 am and remain open through the day until 9:00 pm!!! Fish Tales Lakeside Grille is located in Hideaway Bay Marina in Flowery Branch, Georgia. Check out our reviews and promotions on Facebook and in each month's issue of Lakeside on Lanier. Fresh Seafood, Full Service Bar and Fantastic Customer Service make us the best dining experience on Lake Lanier!!!


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Lane Powell Counsel to the Firm John C. Pinkstaff was recently elected to serve as president of the board of directors for Child Advocates, Inc., Court Appointed Special Advocates ("CASA") for Clackamas County. Pinkstaff has been actively involved with CASA, serving on the board of directors for the past five years.
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Mar 19, 2011
Tonight the moon will be closer to Earth than it has been since 1993. Check out these Super Moon finds!
View Becca's other Treasury lists
Mar 19, 2011
Thank you for including our moon dancer in your celestial collection! I love it!
Yes, cannot wait to look for this tonight!
Saw the moon last night. Had a beautiful clear skyand the moon is amazingly bright! Hopefully another clear sky tonight!
Thank you for listing my print. XX
What a great idea for a treasury! Beautiful! Thanks for including my necklace. :)
cant wait to see it !! Thanks for including my man in the moon mixed media box :)
I love the vintage postcard from JSsJunk !
Now that I really study your choices, they are all wonderful!!
Glorious!! Thank you so much! :o)
Mar 20, 2011
Thank you seasonsart 1031 for including my postcard in your Treasury. It looks great and it's a wonderful idea!


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Top 10 Cheap Cars
The Best Bets for Your Budget
Flu season is upon us! Get proactive about your health with these all-natural immune system boosters from around the world.
Handcrafted using only the finest cocoa, GAYOT's Top 10 Chocolate Bars are a far cry from your typical checkout lane candy fix.


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Thurman Thomas was a key member of the Buffalo Bills teams that dominated the AFC in the early 1990s. He was equally good at rushing and receiving. His ability to catch balls out of the backfield was something that opposing defenses had a hard time trying to scheme against.
It was on September 4, 1988 in the Bills first game of the season that Thurman Thomas took the field in the NFL for the very first time. The final score that day showed Buffalo defeating the visiting Minnesota Vikings 13-10.
In that game, Thurman Thomas would score the first touchdown of the game to put the Bills up 10-0 at the end of the first quarter. This also meant he was the first Buffalo player to score a TD that season. He finished the game having carried the ball 18 times for 86 yards and a touchdown. He also caught two passes that day from Jim Kelly for a total of 27 yards.


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North County Sports Bulletin Board
Website: www.redsusa.com
What: Team registration for the Escondido Recreation Adult Softball League's winter/spring season.
When: Late registration available from Feb. 7-10 at an additional $30 per team.
Cost: $360 per team. Included in the cost are a 10-week regular season, postseason play and awards. Umpire and scorekeeper fees are additional.
More info: Preseason placement games begin this week, and the regular season begins the week of March 20 for men's, women's and coed teams.
Website: www.recreation.escondido.org for registration packets, or at City Hall for $2.
Phone: (760) 839-4691 for Escondido Recreation.
Flag football
What: Late registration for the Escondido Recreation Adult Flag Football winter season.
Who: Adult 6-on-6 Flag Football league is open to adults ages 18 and over. The season is scheduled to begin Jan. 25 with games to be played on Tuesday nights at Frances Ryan Park.
Cost: $450 per team or $50 per individual.
Website: www.flightactionsports.com
Phone: (760) 839-4691 for Escondido Recreation.
What: North County Junior Golf Association Tournament.
When: Feb. 13.
Where: Lomas Santa Fe Executive Course, Solana Beach.
Who: Juniors 5-16.
Cost: 18 holes, member $45; nonmembers $65. 9 holes, members $35, nonmembers $55. Fee includes green fee, snacks, awards and prizes.
Website: Register online at ncjga.com
What: North County Junior Golf Association Tournament.
When: Feb. 27.
Where: Twin Oaks Golf Course, San Marcos.
Who: Juniors 10-18.
Cost: 18 and noine holes, members $45, nonmembers $65. Fee includes green fee, range balls, snacks, awards and prizes.
Website: Register online at ncjga.com
What: Oceanside Women's 7-on-7 Outdoor Soccer League.
When: Registration under way.
Divisions: Beginner (Tuesday nights), Intermediate (Wednesday nights), Advanced (Wednesday nights).
Where: Luiseno Park or MLK Park.
Cost: $350 for resident teams; $400 non-resident teams.
Officials Fee: $15 per game.
What: Oceanside Men's 7-on 7-Outdoor Soccer League.
When: Registration under way.
Divisions: 21-and-older and 35-and-older.
Where: Luiseno Park or MLK Park.
Cost: $350 for resident teams; $400 non-resident teams.
Officials Fee: $25 per game.
More info: Mandatory managers meeting Feb. 17 at the Beach Recreation Center, 300 North The Strand.
What: Canyon Crest Academy is looking for a varsity girls coach.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
What: San Luis Rey Athletic Association sign-ups for the Amateur Athletic Union's Unlimited Weight tackle football teams for the 2011 spring season.
Who: Boys 8-14.
When: Season is March 1-June 10.
Phone: Dan Armentrout (760) 612-6634.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
What: North County Junior Golf Association 2011 Membership.
When: Year-round events for boys and girls all ages & skill levels
Where: Executive and championship golf courses in North County.
Who: Boys and Girls 5-18.
Cost: $65 annual membership.
Includes: Bag tag and $20 range card from the Carlsbad Golf Center. Active members are eligible for Youth on course, discounts on green fees, range balls, tournament entry fees, camps, clinics and private instruction – Emerickgolf.com
Website: ncjga.com
Contact: email@example.com
Phone: (760) 579-6634.
What: The Independent Umpires Association is recruiting new umpires for the upcoming season.
Who: Experienced umpires interested in adjudging ADULT Baseball.
E-mail: Max Wiltz at email@example.com


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Rivers still rising, but alarm not being sounded
MONTEVIDEO -- Water levels on the Minnesota River are continuing to rise at a faster-than-expected pace, but current forecasts are not sounding alarm bells for either Montevideo or Granite Falls.
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Offseason Blueprint: Broncos
Denver's projected lineup, cap situation, free-agent and draft targets
KC Joyner, Todd McShay, Field Yates | ESPN Insider
Links to every team:
With the 2014 NFL scouting combine in the rearview mirror and free agency about begin, Insider's experts have produced the Offseason Blueprint for all 32 NFL teams. Included are each team's offseason priorities, projected lineup, draft and free-agency targets, cap situation and much more.
This is the Offseason Blueprint for the Denver Broncos.
Front-office priorities
1. Cap maintenance. It starts in the form of salary reductions or releases of players such as CB Champ Bailey ($10 million against the cap), OG Chris Kuper ($5.9 million/cap) and TE Joel Dreessen ($3.1 million/cap).
2. With WR Demaryius Thomas and TE Julius Thomas set to become unrestricted free agents in 2015, WR Eric Decker will likely be allowed to leave via free agency, as will RB Knowshon Moreno since the Broncos have drafted young backs in each of the past two seasons (Montee Ball and Ronnie Hillman).
3. The return of LT Ryan Clady could mean Chris Clark will move to RT, where Orlando Franklin is scheduled to become an unrestricted free agent in 2015 -- he was exposed in the Super Bowl. Clark is signed through 2015 at what would be a ridiculously low cap number. The market will determine whether or not the Broncos can afford to re-sign free agent Zane Beadles, so look for them to draft a center or guard in the draft.
4. With Von Miller returning from a late-season ACL injury, and DE Shaun Phillips a 32-year-old free agent, finding a pass-rusher is a must. That's easier said than done, as supply falls far short of demand, but as has been mentioned for other teams, keep an eye on a guy like free agent O'Brien Schofield.
5. Age, health and unrestricted free-agent status all come into play with the top three corners on the roster. Only Chris Harris, who is coming off an ACL injury and was missed in the playoffs, is a sure bet to return due to his restricted free agent status. While Bailey's status is yet to be determined, Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie is likely to test the market, but ultimately having found a good fit with Denver, should return.
-Louis Riddick
Projected lineup
A look at 2014 locks and question marks in the lineup.
To read Insider's full article on the Denver Broncos' offseason priorities, projected 2014 lineup and cap situation, free-agent and draft targets and more, you must be an ESPN Insider.
Become an insider and get access to all our articles and tools.View Insider Benefits »
Magazine subscribers: activate your Insider account.
- Turning The Corner
- Shane Ray transformed himself in many ways to become a top prospect.
Merrill »
- Breaking Down Draft Capital
- The Saints are positioned to land impact players early in the draft. Who else is in a favorable situation?
Barnwell »
- Top 10 Impact Additions
- Darrelle Revis is just what the Jets' D needed. Which other '15 acquisitions will pay immediate dividends?
- Sando: Free-agency grades for all 32 teams
- Kiper: Perfect prospect-team draft fits
- Williamson: Top 10 impact signings, trades
- McShay: Winston's edge over Mariota | Top 10s
- Muench: Top draft targets for the 49ers


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T h' development, of digital digital video compression. In the wdeo technology m the 1980s view of shared technology between ha made it possible to use digital different segments of the informa- video compression for a variety of tion processing industry, the lnter- telecommunication applications: national Organization for Stand- teleconferencing, digital broadcast ardization (ISO) has undertaken an digital video: MI'EG is a standard codec and video telephony. effort to develop a standard for that responds to a need. In this situ- Standardization of video com- video and associated audio on digi- ation a standards committee is a pression techniques has become a tal storage media, where the con- forum where precompetitive re- high priority because only a stan- cept of digital storage medium in- search can take place, where man"- dard can reduce the high cost of cludes conventional storage devices facturers meet researchers, where video compression codecs and re- CD-ROM, DAT, tape drives, industry meets academia. By and solve the critical problem of inter- winchesters, writable optical drives, large, because the problem to be operability of equipment from dif- as well as telecommunication chan- solved was perceived as important, ferent manufacturers. The nels such as ISDNs, and local area the technology developed within existence of a standard is often the networks. MPEG is at the forefront of both trigger to the volume production of This effort is known by the name research and industry. Now that integrated circuits (VLSI) necessary of the expert group that started it: the work of the MPEG committee for significant cost reductions. An MPEG-Moving Picture Experts has reached maturity (a "Commit- example of such a phenomenon- Group-and is currently part of tee Draft" was produced in Septem- where a standard has stimulated the ISO-lEC/JTCl/SC2/WGll. ber 199O), the VLSI industry is the growth of an industry-is the The MPEG activities cover more ready and waiting to implement spectacular growth of the facsimile than video compression, since the MPEG's solution. market in the wake of the standard- compression of the associated audio ization of the Group 3 facsimile and the issue of audio-visual syn- MPEC Standard ACtlvitleS compression algorithm by the chronization cannot be worked in- The activity of the MPEG commk- CCITT. Standardization of com- dependently of the video compres- tee was started in 1988 with the goal pression algorithms for video was sion: MPEG-Video is addressing of achieving a draft of the standard first initiated by the CCITT for tele- the compression of video signals at by 1990. In the two years of MPEG conferencing and videotelephony about 1.5 Mbits, MPEG-Audio is activity, participation has increased [7]. Standardization of video com- addressing the compression of a tenfold from 15 to 150 participants. pression techniques for transmis- digital audio signal at the rates of The MPEG activity was not started sion of contribution-quality televi- 64, 128 and 192 kbitds per channel, without due consideration to the sion signals has been addressed in MPEG-System is addressing the related activities of other standard the CCIR' (more precisely in issue of synchronization and multi- organizations. These considera- CMTT/Z, a joint committee be- plexing of multiple compressed tions are of interest, not only be- tween the CCIR and the Ccl-IT). audio and video bit streams. This cause it is important to avoid dupli- Digital transmission is of prime article focuses on the activities of cation of work between standards importance for telecommunication, MPEG-Video. The premise of committees but most of all, because particularly in the telephone net- MPEG is that a video signal and its these activities provided a very im- work, but there is a lot more to digi- associated audio can be compressed portant background and technical tal video than teleconferencing and to a bit rate of about 1.5 Mbits/s input to the work of the MPEG visual telephony. The computer with an acceptable quality. committee. industry, the telecommunications Two very important conse- industry and the consumer elec- quences follow: Full-motion video Background: Relevant Standarcls tronics industry are increasingly becomes a form of computer data, The JPEC Standard. The activities sharing the same technology- i.e., a data type to be integrated of JPEG (Joint Photographic Ex- there is much talk of a convergence, with text and graphics; Motion perts Group) [lo] played a consid- which does not mean that a com- video and its associated audio can erable role in the beginning of puter workstation and a television be delivered over existing com- MPEG, since both groups were receiver are about to become the puter and telecommunication net- originally in the same working same thing, but certainly, the tech- works. group of IS0 and there has been nology is converging and includes considerable overlap in member- PreCOmpetltive ReSearCh ship. Although the objectives of The growing importance of digital JPEG are focused exclusively on video is reflected in the participa- still-image compression, the distinc- tion of more and more companies tion between still and moving image in standards activities dealing with is thin; a video sequence can be thought of as a sequence of still contribution of the CCITT expert Requirements. The purpose of the images to be coded individually, but group has been extremely relevant requirement phase was twofold: displayed sequentially at video rate. and the members of MPEG have first, precisely determine the focus However, the "sequence of still strived to maintain compatibility, of the effort; then determine the images" approach has the disad- introducing changes only to im- rules of the game for the competi- vantage that it fails to take into con- prove quality or to satisfy the need tive phase. At the time MPEG sideration the extensive frame-to- of applications. Consequently, the began its effort, the requirements frame redundancy present in all emerging MPEG standard, while for the integration of digital video video sequences. Indeed, because not strictly a superset of CCITT and computing were not clearly there is a potential for an additional Recommendation H.261, has much understood, and the MPEG ap- factor of three in compression ex- commonality with that standard so proach was to provide enough sys- ploiting the temporal redundancy, that implementations supporting tem design freedom and enough and because this potential has very both standards are quite plausible. quality to address many applica- significant implications for many tions. The outcome of the require- CMTTD Activities. If digital video applications relying on storage ment phase was a document "Pro- compression can be used for media with limited bandwidth, ex- posal Package Description" [E] and videoconferencing or videotele- tending the activity of the IS0 com- a test methodology [5]. phony applications, it also can be mittee to moving pictures was a nat- used for transmission of com- ural next step. Competition. When developing an pressed television signals for use by international standard, it is very broadcasters. In this context the CCITT Expert Group on VisuaI Te- important to make sure the trade- transmission channels are either k-phony. As previously mentioned, offs are made on the basis of maxi- the high levels of the digital hierar- most 'of the pioneering activities in mum information so that the life of chy, HZ1 (34 Mbits/s) and H22 (45 video compression were triggered the standard will be long: there is Mbits/s) or digital satellite channels. by teleconferencing and video- nothing worse than a standard that The CMTT/2 addressed the com- telephony applications. The defini- is obsolete at the time of publica- pression of television signals at 34 tion and planned deployment of tion. This means the technology and 45 Mbits/s [4]. This work was ISDN (Integrated Service Digital behind the standard must be state focused on contribution quality Network) was the motivation for of the art, and the standard must codecs, which means that the de- the standardization of compression bring together the best of academic compressed signal should be of techniquesat therateofpx64 kbitsis and industrial research. In order to high enough quality to be suit- where p takes values from one (one achieve this goal, a competitive able for further processing (such as B channel of ISDN) to more than phase followed by extensive testing chromakeying). While the technol- 20 (Primary rate ISDN is 23 or 30 B is necessary, so that new ideas are ogy used might have some com- channels). The Experts Group on considered solely on the basis of monalities with the solutions con- visual telephony in the CCITT their technical merits and the sidered by MPEG, the problem and Study Group XV addressed the trade-off between quality and cost the target bandwidth are very dif- problem and produced CCITT of implementation. ferent. Recommendation H.261: "Video In the MPEG-Video competition, Codec for Audiovisual Services at 17 companies or institutions con- MPEG StanClardization EfF0f-t px64 kbits" [i', 91. The focus of the tributed or sponsored a proposal, The MPEG effort started with a CCITT expert group is a real-time and 14 different proposals were tight schedule, due to the realiza- encoding-decoding system, exhibit- presented and subjected to analysis tion that failure to get significant ing less than 150 ms delay. In addi- and subjective testing (see Table I). results fast enough would result in tion, because of the importance of Each proposal consisted of a docu- potentially disastrous consequences very low bit-rate operation (around mentation part, explaining the al- such as the establishment of multi- 64 kbits/s), the overhead informa- gorithm and documenting the sys- ple, incompatible de&to standards. tion is very tightly managed. tem claims, a video part for input to With a tight schedule came the After careful consideration by the subjective test [5], and a collec- need for a tight methodology, so the MPEG committee, it was per- tion of computer tiles (program the committee could concentrate on ceived that while the work of the and data) so the compression claim technical matters, rather than waste CCITT expert group was of very could be verified by an impartial time in dealing with controversial high quality, relaxing the constraint .ZValUat"T. issues. on very low delay and the focus on extremely low bit rates could lead to Methodology. The MPEG method- Conuergence. The convergence a solution with increased visual ology was divided in three phases: phase is a collaborative process quality in the range of 1 to 1.5 Requirements, Competition and where the ideas and techniques Mbits/s. On the other hand, the Convergence: identified as promising at the end DIGITAL MULTIMEDIA EVSTEMS of the competitive phase are to be slightly simpler ones. The method- integrated into one solution. The ology for convergence took thr convergence process is not always form of an evolving document painless; ideas of considerable called a simulation model and a se- merit frequently have to be aban- ries of fully documented experi- doned in favor of slightly better or ments (callrd core rxperiments). '1 lx rx,,rl.in,rn~~ I\C,X usrd to re- wlvc which ol two or thrre alterna- tiws gave the bat quality subject to a reasonable implementation cost. Participation: Companies and lnstltutions having contributed Schedule. 'The schedule of MPEC; an MPEC video Proposal was derived with the goal of obtain- ing a draft of the standard (Com- I Company countrv Proposer I mittee Dratt) by the end of 1990. I AT&T USA AT&T I Although considerable, the amount of work was and staying on sched- I Bellcore USA Bellcore I ule meant many meetings, the Intel USA Bellcore members of MPEG-Video werr able to reach an agreement on a GCT Japan Bellcore Draft in September 1990. The con- I c-cube Micro USA C-Cube Micro. I tent of the draft has been "frozen" since then, indicating that only I DEC USA DEC I minor changes will be accepted, i.e., I France T&corn France France TeleCOm I editorial changes and changes only meant to correct demonstrated in- I Cost 211 Bis EUR France Telecom I accuracies. Figure I illustrates the MPEG schedule for the competitive IBM USA IBM and convergence phases. JVC Carp Japan JVC COrp MPEC-Video Reclulrements I Matsushita EIC JaIlaIl Matsushita EIC I A Generic Standard I Mitsubishi EC Japan Mltsublshi EC I Because of the various segments of the information processing indus- I NEC Corp. Japan NEC Corp. I try represented in the IS0 commit- tee, a representation for video on digital storage media has to support many applications. This is ex- pressed by saying that the MPEG standard is a genetic standard. Ge- neric means that the standard is independent of a particular appli- cation; it does not mean however, that it ignores the requirements of the applications. A generic stan- I Storage Media and Channels where MPEC could have Appllcatlons CD-ROM I dard possesses features that make it somewhat universal--e.g., lows the toolkit approach; it fol- it does not mean that all the features are DAT used all the time for all applica- tions, which would result in dra- Winchester Disk matic inefficiency. In MPEG, the wrltable Optical Disks requirements on the video com- pression algorithm have been de- I ISDN I rived directly from the likely appli- I LAN I cations of the standard. Many applications have been other Communication Channels proposed based on the assumption that an acceptable quality of video Wmmetrlc AppilWlOn~ of DIgItal Video September 188% Proposal Regis~atlon EleCtrOnlC PubllShlng Education and Training October 1999: Subjective Test Travel Guidance Videotext Point of Sale Games March 19go: DeUnlUon of video Algorithm EnteItalnttIent ImOVIeS) (Simulation Model 1) Convergenca September Isso: Draft Proposal J SvmmetrlC A~llfdons of advantages of the other media Mgltal video (recordability, random acces- EleCtrOnlC PubllShlng MPEC Schedule for the Competl- tlVe and COnvergenCe Phases sability, portability and low cost). l~roduction) The compressed bit rate of 1.5 Video Mall Videotelephone can be obtained for a bandwidth of Mbits is also perfectly suitable to Video Conferenclng about 1.5 Mbits/second (including computer and telecommunication audio). We shall review some of networks and the combination of these applications because they put digital storage and networking can constraints on the compression be at the origin of many new appli- eration of material for playback- technique that go beyond those cations from video on Local area only applications: (desktop video required of a videotelephone or a networks (LANs) to distribution of publishing); another class involves videocassette recorder (VCR). The video over telephone lines [I]. the use of telecommunication ei- challenge of MPEG was to identify ther in the form of electronic mail those constraints and to design an Asymmetric Applications. In order or in the form of interactive face- algorithm that can flexibly accom- to find a taxonomy of applications to-face applications. Table 4 shows modate them. of digital video compression, the the symmetric applications of digi- distinction between symmetric and tal video. Applications Of COmpreSSed Video asymmetric applications is most On Dlgital Storage Media useful. Asymmetric applications are Features of the Video Digital Storage Media. Many star- those that require frequent use of COmpreSsiOn Algorithm age media and telecommunication the decompression process, but for The requirements for compressed channels are perfectly suited to a which the compression process is video on digital storage media video compression technique tar- performed once and for all at the (DSM) have a natural impact on the geted at the rate of 1 to 1.5 Mbits/s production of the program. Among solution. The compression algo- (see Table 2). CD-ROM is a very asymmetric applications, one could rithm must have features that make important storage medium because find an additional subdivision into it possible to fulfill all the require- of its large capacity and low cost. electronic publishing, video games ments. The following features have Digital audio tape (DAT) is also and delivery of movies. Table 3 been identified as important in perfectly suitable to compressed shows the asymmetric applications order fo meet the need of the appli- video; the recordability of the me- of digital video. cations of MPEC. dium is a plus, but its sequential nature is a major drawback when Symmetric Applications. Symmetric Random Access. Random access is random access is required. Win- applications require essentially an essential feature for video on a chester-type computer disks pro- equal use of the compression and storage medium whether or not the vide a maximum of flexibility the decompression process. In sym- medium is a random access me- (recordability, random access) but metric applications there is always dium such as a CD or a magnetic at a significantly higher cost and production of video information disk, or a sequential medium such limited portability. Writable optical either via a camera (video mail, as a magnetic tape. Random access disks are expected to play a signiti- videotelephone) or by editing pre- requires that a compressed video cant role in the future because they recorded material. One major class bit stream be accessible in its middle have the potential to combine the of symmetric application is the gen- and any frame of video be decodable in a limited amount of Coding/Decoding Delay. As men- time. Random access implies the tioned previously, applications such existence of access points, i.e., seg- as videotelephony need to maintain ments of information coded only the total system delay under 150 ms with reference to themselves. A in order to maintain the converse- random access time of about second should be achievable with- 112 tional, "face-to-face" nature of the application. On the other hand, The requirements on the MPEG video com- out significant quality degradation. publishing applications could con- tent themselves with fairly long Fast FommrdlReverse Searches. De- encoding delays and strive to main- pending on the storage media, it should be possible to scan a com- tain the total decoding delay below the "interactive threshold" of about pression algorithm pressed bit stream (possibly with the help of an application-specific one second. Since quality and delay can be traded-off to a certain ex- have been derived directly from directory structure) and, using the tent, the algorithm should perform appropriate access points, display well over the range of acceptable selected pictures to obtain a fast delays and the delay is to be consid- forward or a fast reverse effect. This feature is essentially a more ered a parameter. the likely applications of the demanding form of random acces- Editability. While it is understood sibility. that all pictures will not be com- pressed independently (ix., as still Reverse Ployback. Interactive appli- cations might require the video sig- images), it is desirable to be able to construct editing units of a short standard. nal to play in reverse. While it is not time duration and coded only with necessary for all applications to reference to themselves so that an high compression associated with maintain full quality in reverse acceptable level of editability in interframe coding, while not com- mode or Eden to have a reverse compressed form is obtained. promising random access for those mode at all, it was perceived that applications that demand it. This this feature should be possible with- Format Flexibility. The computer requires a delicate balance between out an extreme additional cost in paradigm of "video in a window" in%- and interframe coding, and memory. supposes a large flexibility of for- between recursive and nonrecur- mats in terms of raster size (width, sive temporal redundancy reduc- Audio-Visual Synchronization. The height) and frame rate. tion. In order to answer this chal- video signal should be accurately lenge, the members of MPEG have synchronizable to an associated Cost Tradeoffs. All the proposed resorted to using two interframe audio source. A mechanism should algorithmic solutions were evalu- coding techniques: predictive and be provided to permanently ated in order to verify that a de- interpolative. resynchronize the audio and the coder is implementable in a small The MPEG video compression video should the two signals be de- number of chips, given the technol- algorithm [3] relies on two basic rived from slightly different clocks. ogy of 1990. The proposed algo- techniques: blxk-based motion This feature is addressed by the rithm also had to meet the con- compensation for the reduction of MPEG-System group whose task is straint that the encoding process the temporal redundancy and to define the tools for synchroniza- could be performed in real time. transform domain-(DCT) based tion as well as integration of multi- compression for the reduction of ple audio and video signals. Overview of the MPEC spatial redundancy. Motion- Compression Algorithm compensated techniques are ap- Robushess to Errors. Most digital The difficult challenge in the de- plied with both causal (pure predic- storage media and communication sign of the MPEG algorithm is the tive coding) and noncausal predic- channels are not error-free, and following: on one hand the quality tors (interpolative coding). The while it is expected that an appro- requirements demand a very high remaining signal (prediction error) priate channel coding scheme will compression not achievable with is further compressed with spatial be used by many applications, the intraframe coding alone; on the redundancy reduction (DCT). The source coding scheme should be other hand, the random access re- information relative to motion is robust to any remaining uncor- quirement is best satisfied with based on I6 X I6 blocks and is rected errors; thus catastrophic pure intraframe coding. The algo- transmitted together with the spa- behavior in the presence of errors rithm can satisfy all the require- tial information. The motion infor- should be avoidable. ments only insofar as it achieves the mation is compressed using vari- subsignal with low temporal resolu- tion (typically 112 or Ii3 of the frame rate) is coded and the full- resolution signal is obtained by in- terpolation of the low-resolution signal and addition of a correction term. The signal to be recon- structed by interpolation is ob- tained by adding a correction term to a combination of a past and a fu- ture reference. Motion-compensated interpola- Biiimnional Pmdicfion tion (also called bidirectional pre- diction in MPEG terminology) presents a series of advantages, not MPEG is quite flexible and will de- the least of which is that the com- pend on application-specific pa- pression obtained by interpolative rameters such as random accessibil- coding is very high. The other ad- able-length codes to achieve ity and coding delay. As an example vantages of bidirectional prediction maximum efficiency. in Figure 2, an intracoded picture is (temporal interpolation) are: inserted every 8 frames, and the TempOral Redundancy Reduction ratio of interpolated pictures to l It deals properly with uncovered Because of the importance of ran- areas, since an area just uncov- intra- or predicted pictures is three dom access for stored video and the ered is not predictable from the ""t of four. significant bit-rate reduction af- past reference, but can be prop- forded by motion-compensated in- Motion Compensation. erly predicted from the "future" terpolation, three types of pictures Prediction. Among the techniques reference. are considered in MPEG.* that exploit the temporal redun- l It has better statistical properties Intrapictures (I), Predicted pictures dancy of video signals, the most since more information is avail- and Interpolated pictures widely used is motion-compensated able: in particular, the effect of (P) prediction. It is the basis of most noise can be decreased by averag- (B-for bidirectional prediction). compression algorithms for visual ing between the past and the fu- lntrapictures provide access points telephony such as the CCITT stan- ture reference pictures. for random access but only with dard H.261. Motion-compensated l It allows decoupling between moderate compression; predicted prediction assumes that "locally" prediction and coding (no error pictures are coded with reference the current picture can be modeled propagation). to a past picture (Intra- or Pre- as a translation of the picture at l The trade-off associated with the dicted) and will in general be used some previous time. Locally means frequency of bidirectional pic- as a reference for future predicted that the amplitude and the direc- tures is the following: increasing pictures; bidirectional pictures pro- tion of the displacement need not the number of B-pictures be- vide the highest amount of com- be the same everywhere in the pic- tween references decreases the pression but require both a past ture. The motion information is correlation of B-pictures with the and a future reference for predic- part of the necessary information to references as well as the correla- tion; in addition, bidirectional pic- tures are never used as reference. recover the picture and has to be tion between the references In all cases when a picture is coded coded appropriately. themselves. Although this trade- off varies with the nature of the with respect to a reference, motion Interpolation. Motion-compensated video scene, for a large class of compensation is used to improve the coding efficiency. The relation- interpolation is a key feature of scenes it appears reasonable to MPEG. It is a technique that helps space references at about l/lOth ship between the three picture satisfy some of the application- second interval resulting in a types is illustrated in Figure 2. The dependent requirements since it combination of the type I !%B P B organization of the pictures in improves random access and re- BPBB..IBBPBB. duces the effect of errors while at the same time contributing signifi Motion Representation, Macroblock. cantly to the image quality. There is a trade-off between the In the temporal dimension, mo- coding gain provided by the motion tion-compensated interpolation is a information and the cost associated multiresolution technique: a with coding the motion informa- 52 tion. The choice of 16 x 16 blocks spatial correlation of the motion for the motion-compensation unit vector field (the differential motion is the result of such a trade-off, vector is likely to be very small ex- such motion-compensation units cept at object boundaries). are called Macroblocks. In the more The freedom general case of a bidirectionally Motion Estimation. Motion estima- coded picture, each 16 x 16 mac- tion covers a set of techniques used roblock can be of 'ype Intra, For- to extract the motion information ward-Predicted, Predicted Backward- or Average. As expressed from a video sequence. syntax specifies The MPEG how to represent left to in Table 5, the expression predictor for a given macroblock for the the motion information: motion vectors one or two per 16 x 16 sub- manufacturers... means the existence depends on reference pictures (past block of the picture depending on and future) as well as the motion the type of motion compensation: vectors: X is the coordinate of the forward-predicted. hackward- picture element, iiiVol the motion vector relative to the reference pic- predicted, average. The draft does not specify how such MPEG of a standard ture IO, mvp, the motion vector rel- does not prevent vectors are to be computed, how- ative to the reference picture II. ever. Because of the block-based creativity and The motion information consisrs motion representation however, of one vector for forward-predicted block-matching techniques are macroblocks and backward- likely to be used; in a hlock-match- predicted macroblocks, vectors for bidirectionally and of two predicted ing technique, the motion vector is obtained by minimizing a cost func- inventive spirit. macroblocks. The motion informa- tion measuring the mismatch be- tion associated with each 16 x 16 tween a block and each predictor ered are known to give good re- block is coded differentially with candidate. Let Mi be a macroblock sults, but at the expense of a very respect to the motion information in the current picture I,, v the dis- large complexity for large ranges: present in the previous adjacent placement with respect to the refer- the decision of tradeoff quality of blxk. The range of the differential ence picture I,, then the optimal the motion vector field versus com- motion vector can be selected on a displacement ("motion vector") is plexity of the motion estimation picture-by-picture basis, to match obtained by the formula: process is for the implementer to the spatial resolution, the temporal make. resolution and the nature of the VT= min~';~M D[I, (x) I,(; + ;)I motion in a particular sequence- Spatial Redundancy ReduCtlon the maximal allowable range has XfV Both still-image and prediction- been chosen large enough to ac- error signals have a very high spa- commodate even the most demand- where the search range V of the tial redundancy. The redundancy ing situations. The differential possible motion vectors and the se- reduction techniques usable to this motion information is further lection of the cost function D are effect are many, but because of the coded by means of a variable-length left entirely to the implementation. block-based nature of the motion- code to provide greater efficiency Exhaustive searches where all the compensation process, block-based by taking advantage of the strong possible motion vectors are consid- techniques are preferred. In the I PredIction Modes for MacroblocL In B-Picture Predictor PrediCtIOn ErrOr i. &I = 128 I,CXI- i, (XI 1 Forward Predicted i, (Xi = i. IX + mv.,I I, (XI - i, CXI / 1 Backward Prf+dlcted i, IX1= i, cX + mw I, (3 - i, 1x1 I 1 Average r, (Xl = 2 ri, IX + mv,,l + I2 (x + mv,,ll I, IX1- r, (Xl I field of block-based spatial redun- dancy techniques, transform cod- ing techniques and vector quantira- tion coding arc the two likely candidates. 'l'ransform coding tech- niques with a combination of visu- ally weighted scalar quantiration and run-length coding have been preferred because the DCT pres- ents a certain number of definitr advantages and has a relatively straightforward implementation; the advantages are the following: l The DCT is an Orthogonal Trzansform: Orthogonal 'rransforms arr filter-bank-oriented (i.e., have a frequency domain interpreta- tion). Locality: the samples on a DCT 8 x 8 spatial window are sutfi- - cient to compute 64 transform coefficients (or subbands). Orthogonality guarantees well- behaved quanrization in subbands. l The DCT is the best of the or- thogonal transforms with a far algorithm, and a very close ap- proximation to the optimal for a large class of images. l The DCT basis function (or Quantlzation. subband decomposition) is suffi- zig-zag scan, ciently well-behaved to allow ef- Run-length coding fective use of psychovisual crite- ria. (This is not the case with "simpler" transform such as Walsh-Hadamard.) In the standards for still image coding (IPEG) and for visual te- lephony (CCITT H.261), the 8 x 8 T DCT has also been chosen for simi- Ouantlzer with deadzone Qunntlrer with no deadzone lar reasons. The technique to per- (Nonlntm M-blocks) (Intra M-blocks) form intraframe compression with Reconstructed Remnsbuc1ed the DCT is essentially common in Motion-Compensated Interpola- tion TramfOrm Coding. Ouantization and Run-Length Coding Ouantizer Characteristics for tntra. and Non-lntra Blocks (stepsize = 2) DIGITAL MULTIMEDIA EVETEME the three standards and consists of particular quantization matrix for three stages: computation of the an application or even for an indi- transform coefficients; quantira- vidual sequence. A customized ma- don of the transform coefficients; trix can be stored as context to- and conversion of the transform gether with the compressed video. coefficients into {run-amplitude} pairs after reorganization of the data in a zigzag scanning order (see of Quuuantiiatun lnlra u. Nonintm Blockr. The signal from intracoded The flexibilitv of Figure 4). blocks should he quantized differ- ently from the signal resulting from the video seqiuence Discrete Cosine Tmnsfom. The Dis- crete Cosine Transform has inputs prediction or interpolation. Intracoded blocks contain energy parameters in MPEG is such that a wide in the range [-255, 2551 and out- in all frequencies and are very likely put signals in the range [-2048, to produce "blocking effects" if too 20471, providing enough accuracy coarsely quantized; on the other even for the finest quantizer. In order to control the effect of hand, prediction error-type blocks contain predominantly high fre- range of rounding errors when different implementations of the inverse quencies and can be subjected to much coarser quantization. It is as- spatial and temporal resolution transform are in use, the accuracy sumed that the coding process is of the inverse transform is deter- capable of accurately predicting low mined according to the CCITT frequencies, so that the low fre- H.261 standard specification [9]. quency content of the prediction error signal is minimal; if it is not is supported. Quantiration. Quantiration of the the case, the intracoded block type DCT coefficients is a key operation, should be preferred at encoding. to a particular bit rate (rate- because the combination of quanti- This difference between intracoded COIltd). zation and run-length coding con- blocks and differentially coded tributes to roost of the compression; blocks results in the use of two dif- Entropy coding. In order to further it is also through quantization that ferent quantize= structures: while increase the compression inherent the encoder can match its output to both quantizers are near uniform in the DCT and to reduce the im- a given bit rate. Finally, adaptive (have a constant stepsize), their pact of the motion information on quantization is one of the key tools behavior around zero is different. the total bit rate, variable-length to achieve visual quality. Because Quantizer for intracoded blocks coding is used. A Hoffman-like the MPEG standard has both have no deadzone (Le., the region table for the DCT coefficients is intracoded pictures as in the JPEC that gets quantized to the level zero used to code events corresponding standard and differentially coded is smaller than a stepsize while to a pair {run, amplitude). Only pictures (i.e., pictures coded by a quantizers for nonintrablocks have those codes with a relatively high combination of temporal prediction a large deadzone). Figure 5 illus- probability of occurrence are coded and DCT of the prediction error as trates the behavior of the two quan- with a variable-length code. The in CCITT Recommendation tizers for the same stepsize of 2. less-likely events are coded with an H.261). it combines features of escape symbol followed by fixed both standards to achieve a set of Modfied Qtumtizevs. Not all spatial length codes, to avoid extremely very accurate tools to deal with the information is perceived alike by long code words and reduce the quantization of DCT coefficients. the human visual system and some cost of implementation. The vari- blocks need to be coded more accu- able-length code associated with Visually weighted quantization. Sub- rately than others: this is particu- DCT coefficient is a superset of the jective perception of quantization larly true of blocks corresponding one used in CCITT recommenda- error greatly varies with the fre- to very smooth gradients where a tion H.261 to avoid unnecessary quency and it is advantageous to very slight inaccuracy could be per- costs when implementing bath use coarser quantizers for the ceived as a visible block boundary standards on a single processor. higher frequencies. The exact (blocking effect). In order to deal "quantization matrix" depends on with this inequality between blocks, layered structure. syntax many external parameters such as the quantizer stepsize can be modi- and Bit Stream the characteristics of the intended fied on a block-by-block basis if the Goals. The goal of a layered struc- display, the viewing distance and image content makes it necessary. ture is to separate entities in the bit- the amount of noise in the source. This mechanism can also be used to stream that are logically distinct, It is therefore possible to design a provide a very smooth adaptation prevent ambiguity and facilitate the 55 drcodmg process. .Thr xparauor, the overhead information (dis- ing and delay requirement- in layers supports the claims of placement fields, quantirer step- expressed in the sequence header gwwncz~ flexibilio, and rfficien~. size, type of predictor or inwr- in thr fields bit rate and buffer size. polator). The robustness of the The model of the video buffer veri- ~rnur~ify. 'l-he generic aspect of the compressed bit stream also depend* fier is that of a receiving buffer for MPEG standard is nowhere better to a large exwnt on the ability to the coded bit stream and an instan- illustrated than by the MPEG bit quickly regenrratr lost context tzmeous decoder so that all the data strezm,. The syntax allows for pro- after an error. for a picture ia instantaneously vision of many application-specific removed from the buffer. Within features without penalizing appli- Layered Syntas. The syntax of rl the framework of this model, the cations that do not need those fea- MPEG video bit stream contains six MPEG Committee Draft establisheh tures. Two examples of such "bit- layers (see Table 7); each layer sup- constraints or) the bit stream-by stream customization" illustrate the ports a definite function: either a way of the buffer occupancy-so potential of the syntax: signal-processirrg function (DCT, that decoding cao occur without Example I: Random access and Motion Compensation) or a logical buffer underflow or overflow. editabililv of mdeo stored on a comfmtw function (Resynchronization, Ran- hard dzsk. Random accessibility and dom access point). Dmdzn~ Proces.,. The MPEG drafr easy editability require many access standard defines the decoding pro- points; groups of pictures are of Bit Stream. The MPEG syntax [S] cess--not the decoder. There are short duration (e.g., 6 pictures, defines a MPEG bit stream as any many ways to implement a decoder 115 second) and coded with a fixed sequence of binary digits coosistem and the standard does not recom- amount of bits (to make editability with the syntax. In addition, the bit mend a particular way. The de- possible). The granularity of the stream must satisfy particular con- coder structure of Figure 6 is a typi- editing units (group of pictures straints so that the bit stream is to cal decoder structure with a buffer only coded with refererlce to pic- be decodable with a buffer of an at the input of the decoder. The bit tures within the group) allows appropriate sire. These additional stream is demultiplexed into over- editability to one-fifth of a second constraints preclude coded video head information such as motion XUrXy. information, quantize= Stepsire, macroblock type and quantized Example 2: Broadcar/ oucr nuuy DCT coefficients. The quantized channel. There are occasional re- DC7 coefficients are dequantized, maining uncorrected errors. In aod are input to the Inverse Cosine order to provide robustness, the Transform (IDCT). The recon- predictors are frequently reset and structed waveform from the IDCl each intra and predicted picture is I Picture Height I is added to the result of the prcdic- segmented in many slices. In addi- tion, to support "tuning in" in the I Pel ASP& Ratio I tion. Because of the particular na- ture of Bidirectional prediction, middle of the bit stream, frequent I Frame Rate I two reference pictures are used to repetitions of the coding context form the predictor. (Video Sequence Layer) are pro- I Bit Rate I vided. I Buffer Size I Standard and Oualitv COnfOrmanCe: EnCOder and Fkribdtly. The flexibility ot the Decoders MPEG standard is illustrated by the bit strearos that have "unreason- Bit Stream and Decoding Process. large number of parameters de- able" buffering requirements. The MPEG standard specifies a fined in the Video Sequence Every bit stream is characterized (at syntax for video on digital storage Header. Table 6 shows the video the sequence layer) by two fields: media and the meaning associated sequence header. The range of bit rate and buffer size. The buffer to this syntax: the decoding pro- those parameters is fairly large, and sizr specifies the minimum buffer cess. A decoder is an MPEG de- while the MPEG standard is fo- size necessary to decode the bit coder if it decodes an MPEG bit cused at bit rates about 1.5 Mbits/s stream within the context of the stream to a result that is within ac- and resolutions of about 360 p&i video buffer verifier. ceptable baunds (still to be deter- line, higher resolution and higher mined) of the one specified by the bit rates are not precluded. Video Buffer Venfivr. The video decoding process; an encoder is a buffer verifier [3] is an abstract MPEG encoder if it can produce a .!@cficiency.A compression scheme model of decoding used to verify legal MPEG bit stream. such as the MPEG algorithm needs that an MPEG bit stream is to provide efficient management of decodable with reasonable buffer- Encoders and Decoders. 'l'he s,ar,- 56 m DIGITAL MULTIMEDIA EVETEME ---*--------_ MacroBlock Type Schematic Block Diagram of the Decoding Process dad dclines only the bwstrcam syntax and the decoding process; manufacturers are entirely free to make good use of the flexibility of i A the syntax to design very high- I____M"6":""~_________I-J quality encoders and very low-cost decoders. The freedom left to man- ufacurers at the encoder covers such important quality factors as motion estimation, adaptive quanti- zation and rate control. This means I Six LaVeK of Syntax of the MPEG VlUeO Sit Stream I that the existence of a standard sequenceLayer: IRandom Access Unit: Context) does not prevent creativity and in- Group of Pictures Layer: IRandOm Access Unit: Video Coding) ventive spirit in implementing en- Picture Layer: IPrimary Coding Unit) Slice Layer: IResynchronization Unit1 coders. Macroblock Layer: (Motion Compensation Unit1 BIOCk Layer: (DCT Unit1 Resolution, Bit Rates and Quality The quality of video compressed with the MPEG algorithm at rates of about 1.2 Mbits/s has often been compared to VHS recording [I]. The qualificative VHS-like and bet- I Parameters of the MPEG Constrained Parameter Set ter than VHS have been used. The I Horizontal Size <= 720 pels I spatial resolution is limited to 360 samples per video line and the I vertical size <= 576 pels I video signal at the input of the I Total number of Macroblocks/picture <= 396 I source coder has 30 frames/s non- interlaced. For most source mate- Total number of MaCrOblOCks/second <= 396*25 = 330*30 rial, artifact-free renditions can be obtained, hut for the most demand- PiCtUre Rate <= 30 Frames/second ing material, it is at times necessary I Bit Rate <= 1.86 Mbits/second I to trade resolution for impair- me"ts. I Decoder Buffer <= 376832 bits I The flexibility of the video se- quence parameters in MPEG is re- sponsible for these characteristics: a wide range of spatial and temporal resolution is supported, and it has Perspectives of Application of the MPEC Algorithm beyond the capability of using a large range the Constrained Parameter Set of bit rates. It is, however, impor- tant to guarantee interoperability Format Video Parameters COrnDresSed Bit Rate of equipment using MPEG, without I SIF 352 x 240 30Hz 1.2-3 MbPS I forcing the equipment manufactur- ers to build very overdesigned sys- I CCIR 601 720 x 486 30HZ 5-10 MbPS I tems. For this reason a special sub- set of the paramerer space has been 1 EDN 960 x 486 30Hz 7-15 Mbps I defined that represents a reason- HDN 1920 x 1080 30Hz 20-40 MbpS able compromise well within the prime target of MPEG of address- mg video coded at about 1.5 Mbits/ ate stage as a Draft International 5. Hidaka, T., Ozawa, K. Subjective s. A "constrained parameter bit Standard (DIS) and a second review assessment of redundancy-reduced stream" was defined [3] with the process. Prior to the review process moving images for interactive ap- parameters shown in Table 8. itself, it is expected that a real-time plications: Test methodology and It is expected that all "MPEG" MPEG decoder will be demon- report. Sifll Pmemg: Image Come mu". 2, 2 (Aug. 1990). decoders be capable of decoding a strated. 6. JPEG digital compression and cod- constrained parameter "Core" bit In addition to the ongoing effort, ing of continuous-tone still images. stream. Or beyond the 'Core" bit- the algorithmic and technical ave- Draft IS0 10918. 1991. stream parameters, the MPEG al- nues opened by MPEG are making 7. Lieu, M.L. Overview of rhe px64 gorithm can be applied to a wide the concepts of digital videotape kbps video coding standard. Corn- range of' video formats. It can be recorders and digital video broad- mun. ACM 34, 4 (Apr. ,991). argued, however, that at those casting more likely to occur quite 8. MPEG proposal package descrip- higher resolutions and those higher soon. A second phase of work has tion. Documem ISOiWGRiMPEGi bit rates, the MPEG algorithm is not been started in the MPEG commit- 89%L28 (July ,989). necessarily optimal since the techni- tee to address the compression of 9. Video codec for audio visual ser- vices at px64 kbitsis. CCITT Rec- cal trade-offs have been widely dis- video for digital storage media in ommendation H.261, ,990. cussed mostly within the range of the range of 5 to 10 Mbits/s. LO. Wallace, G.K. The JPEG still- the "Core" bit stream (see Table 9). Picture compression standard. Corn- A new phase of activities of the Acknowledgments vw7l. ACM 34,4 (Apr. ,991,. MPEG committee (ISO-IECIJTCII Now that MPEG is widely recog- SCZIWGIl) has been started to nized as an important milestone in study video compression algorithm the evolution of digital video, the CR Categories and Subject Des&p of higher resolution signals (typi- author would like to acknowledge tom: c2.o [ComP"ter-Comm"nicPtion cally CCIR 601) at bit rates up to IO Hiroshi Yasuda, Convener of WG8 Networks]: General--Data communico- Mbits/s. under whose guidance both JPEC tions; 1.42 [Image Processing]: Com- pression (coding)-A#roxuruzle me&x& and MPEG were started and Leo- Conclusion Genera, Terms: Design, Standardize nardo Chiariglione, Convener ol don It is anticipated that the work of the WGI I without whose vision there Additional Key Words and Phrases: MPEC committee will have a very would have been no MPEG. The MPEG, multimedia, video compression significant impact on the industry author would also like to thank all and that products based on MPEG the technical teams that contributed are expected as early as 1992. In- proposals to the MPEG-Video test. deed, the concept that a video sig- and rno~t of all, the people that con- DIDIER LE GALL is Director of Re- nal and its associated audio can be tributed to putting together thr search a~ C-Cube Microsystems. He has compressed to a bit rate of about been involved with the MPEG standard- MPEG Simulation Models and 1.5 Mbits/s with an acceptable qual- ization effort since its beginning and is Committee Drafts. 0 currently serving as chairperson of the ity has been proven and the soh- MPEG-Video group at C-Cube Micro- tion appears to be implementable at systems. His current research interests low cozt with today's technology. I. Anderson, M. "CR quahty vtdeo at include signal processing, video com- The consequences for computer 1.5 Mbits/s. Nalwu21 Conznzunicalion pression algorithms and architecrure of systems and computer and commu- Forunz (Chicago, Oct. 1990). digital video compression systems. nication networks are likely to open the way to a wealth of new applica- 2. Chen, CT. and Le Gall, D.,. A Kth Author's Present Address: C-Cube tions loosely labeled "multimedia," order adaptive transform coding Microsystems, 399-A W. Trimble Road, algorithm for high-fidelity recon- San Jose. CA 9513,. emai,: djl@c3. because they integrate text, graph- struction of still images. In Proceed- p1a.ca.u ics, video, and audio. The exact ings of the SITE (San Diego, Aug. impact of "multimedia" is of course 1989,. yet to be determined, but is likely to lx very great. 5. Coding of moving Pictures and as- MPEG has a Committee Draft; sociated audio. Committee Draft of Standard *SO, ,172: ISOiMPEG the path to an International Stan- 901176. Dec. 1990. dard calls for an extensive review process by the National Member 4. Digital transmission of component Bodi&, followed bv an intermedi- coded r&vision signals at 30-34 Mbitsis and 45 Mbits/s using the dis- crete cosine transform. CCIR- CMTIX Document CMTTR. July ,988. 88
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I stop in often to pick up treats to bring when gathering with my girlfriends. We are never disappointed. I've also purchased their birthday cakes and been very happy. I don't however recommend the coffee. The espresso is overpriced and the regular coffee is bitter and tastes old.
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writing on paper "lacey" several times, wooden desk.
Sound of velcroFastener. I tryed record various noises with it. Recorded with Zoom H1 internal mic.
Cutting the onion inc. cleaning the layers.
it's a sound which using scissors to cut the paper.
Shoes getting together at Selfoss' guesthouse.
Some dried flowers and twigs in a vase being rustled. Occasional clink sound of vase.
Taking pills from plastic package. I take the package, bring one pill and get it back twice. At the end, ...
Various paper sfx
Recording of me flipping through some pages in a book, nothing fancy Recorded with Sony HDR PJ260V then edited with ...
Recordings made in the frame of The City Rings project January 2013. Sounds from objects that are beloved to the ...
Recorded with a Behringer B-1, this is the sound of an old book being handled.
A hand-water-sprayer from approx 1 meter away.
Brush hits
shoveling small stones in a bucket (sony pcm m10)