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Cerebral Cortex
Attentional Load Asymmetrically Affects Early Electrophysiological Indices of Visual
Redmond G. O'Connell1, Dana Schneider1, Robert Hester2, Jason B. Mattingley1and Mark A. Bellgrove1
1The University of Queensland, School of Psychology and Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia and2The
University of Melbourne, Psychological Sciences, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
Address correspondence to Dr Redmond O'Connell, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Lloyd Building, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2,
Ireland. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Recent behavioral studies suggest that asymmetries in visuospatial
orienting are modulated by changes in the demand on nonspatial
components of attention, but the brain correlates of this modulation
are unknown. We used scalp-recorded event-related potentials to
examine the influence of central attentional load on neural
responses to lateralized visual targets. Forty-five participants were
required to detect transient, unilateral visual targets while
monitoring a stream of alphanumeric stimuli at fixation, in which
the target was defined either by a unique feature (low load) or by
a conjunction of features (high load). The earliest effect of load on
spatial orienting was seen at the latency of the posterior N1 (190--
240 ms). The commonly observed N1 enhancement with contralat-
eral visual stimulation was attenuated over the right hemisphere
under high load. Source analysis localized this effect to occipital
and inferior parietal regions of the right hemisphere. In addition, we
observed perceptual enhancement with increasing load within the
focus of attention (fixation) at an earlier stage (P1, 90--140 ms) than
has previously been reported. These data support the view that
spatial asymmetries in visual orienting are modulated by nonspatial
attention due to overlapping neural circuits within the right
Keywords: attentional load, event-related potentials, N1, visual orienting,
visuospatial asymmetry
Although the control of attention typically relies on the
complimentary contributions of both cerebral hemispheres,
a rich functional imaging and human lesion literature indicates
that the right hemisphere plays a dominant role in directing
attention toward goal-relevant visual events (Mesulam 1999;
Corbetta et al. 2008). The importance of this hemispheric
specialization can be seen in patients suffering from left
visuospatial neglect due to right parietal damage. These
patients fail to orient to left-sided stimuli and typically have
their attention captured by sensory events arising toward the
right, leading to a pathological gradient of perceptual aware-
ness across space (Heilman et al. 1985; Driver and Mattingley
1998). Most neglect cases arise from damage to right
temporoparietal areas, with damage to corresponding regions
of the left hemisphere giving rise to mild or transient symptoms
(Husain and Rorden 2003; Rorden et al. 2006; Verdon et al.
2010). In addition to their lateralized spatial deficits, right
hemisphere patients with neglect often experience significant
impairment in nonspatial components of attention, including
reductions in information processing capacity and a difficulty
sustaining attention (Husain and Rorden 2003). The possibility
that these nonspatial deficits are functionally related to the
persistence of neglect has motivated further investigation of
the interplay between the different components of attention in
both healthy and disordered populations.
Recent neuroanatomical models propose that spatial atten-
tion relies on 2 distinct but related cortical networks (Husain
and Nachev 2007; Corbetta et al. 2008). Intentional shifts of
visual attention are directly mediated by a bilateral network of
dorsal frontal and parietal regions. Despite the fact that neglect
primarily affects attentional functions that have been ascribed
to this dorsal network, the condition is most commonly caused
by damage to a more ventral collection of frontoparietal
regions in the right hemisphere that are associated with
nonspatial attentional capacity (Culham et al. 2001; Schwartz
et al. 2005; Vuilleumier et al. 2008) and vigilance (Paus et al.
1997; Sturm and Willmes 2001). According to Corbetta et al.
(2008), the ventral network serves to bias the dorsal orienting
network toward goal-relevant, novel, or unexpected stimuli. In
support of this model, a functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) study of stroke patients with lesions that were
restricted to the ventral network identified a functional
imbalance in the structurally intact dorsal network with
decreased activation of right parietal areas and increased
activation of left parietal areas (Corbetta et al. 2005). These
data suggest that visual orienting is balanced by competitive
interactions between the 2 hemispheres and that this balance is
partly mediated by inputs from the ventral network. Several
studies have shown that this balance is not only disrupted by
structural damage but is also affected by increased demands on
attentional processes mediated by the ventral network.
Vuilleumier et al. (2008) conducted an fMRI study of patients
with right parietal damage but structurally intact early visual
attention-dependent activity in right retinotopic visual areas but
studied patients whose neglect symptoms had subsided over
time. No spatial bias was apparent when participants executed
simple speeded responses to lateralized stimuli, but a clear
neglect of left space emerged when task difficulty was increased
by including rare ''catch'' trials to which participants had to
right parietal patients, Peers et al. (2006) suggested that such
and right parietal patients exhibited a rightward selection bias
with increasing attentional demand.
Establishing the neural underpinnings of the relationship
between spatial and nonspatial factors in the neglect syndrome
is complicated by the fact that the underlying brain damage is
often widespread and can affect multiple cognitive systems.
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Studying these same phenomena in the intact brain therefore
has distinct advantages. In contrast to neglect patients, most
neurologically healthy individuals exhibit a subtle bias in spatial
attention that favors the left side under free viewing conditions
(Bowers and Heilman 1980; Nicholls et al. 1999, 2005). A
rightward shift of attention can be induced temporarily in
healthy participants, however, by increasing the demand on
nonspatial attentional resources (Peers et al. 2006; Dodds et al.
2008). To date, there has been little investigation of the neural
basis of this behavioral effect.
Event-related potentials (ERP) provide unparalleled temporal
resolution in tracing the cortical processes associated with
specific events or stimuli and have proven particularly valuable
in establishing the precise timing of the neural effects of top-
down attention (Luck et al. 2000). Attention amplifies activity
in visual centers from a very early stage following stimulus
presentation, with signals at attended versus unattended
locations being differentiated at or before the latency of the
P1 (around 100 ms poststimulus) and extending to the N1
component (around 200 ms poststimulus) and beyond (e.g.,
Luck 1995; Anllo-Vento et al. 1998; Hillyard et al. 1998;
Barnhardt et al. 2008; Kelly et al. 2008). Increasing the
commitment of processing resources ''within'' the region of
focused attention has also been shown to enhance visual
analysis but starting at the later latency of the N1 (Anllo-Vento
et al. 1998; Barnhardt et al. 2008).
The P1 component has been linked to initial sensory inputs
in the fusiform gyrus as well as to suppression of unattended
information, which serves to maximize signal levels at attended
locations (Luck 1995; Clark and Hillyard 1996; Natale et al.
2006). The N1 has been linked to a higher level stimulus
discrimination mechanism, which is also subject to modulation
by attention (Vogel and Luck 2000). Dipole modeling and
functional imaging studies have highlighted temporoparietal
contributions for the N1 (Fu et al. 2005; Natale et al. 2006).
These findings suggest that the N1 component indexes
processes that are mediated by the ventral attention network
that has been directly implicated in the neglect syndrome
(Husain and Nachev 2007; Corbetta et al. 2008). Both the P1
and the N1 components show an attentional asymmetry in
extrastriate cortex (Miniussi et al. 2002), exhibit preferential
enhancement over posterior scalp sites contralateral to the
visual field of stimulation (e.g., Hopfinger and West 2006), and
are disrupted in cases of unilateral neglect (Driver and
Vuilleumier 2001; Marzi et al. 2001).
Here we capitalized on the temporal precision of ERP to
determine whether attentional load at fixation can unmask an
asymmetry in electrophysiological markers of early visual
processing(P1 and N1), particularlywithinthe right hemisphere.
Healthy participants were required to detect sudden-onset
peripheral stimuli while performing a concurrent attention task
task was performed under 3 different levels of attentional load.
We had participants monitor a rapid central stream of
alphanumeric characters to detect targets defined either by
a unique feature (low central-load task) or by a conjunction of
features (high central-load task); in a third, no central-load
condition, participants fixated the central stream but were not
required to monitor the central stimuli or respond to them. By
approach differed from most load designs in which an
unattended visual stimulus is included in order to probe
participants' ability to filter out distracting information (e.g.,
Lavie 1995; Rorden et al. 2008). Thus, our design allowed us to
examine the effect of nonspatial load on orienting to brief,
lateralized target events. In line with evidence from neglect
(Corbetta et al. 2005, 2008; Peers et al. 2006), we reasoned that
increasing attentional load at fixation should weaken the right
hemisphere orienting response for left visual field targets and
produce a relative facilitation of processing for stimuli appear-
inginthe right (ipsilateral) visualfield. Thispatternof resultsin
the intact brain should recapitulate the behavioral results that
have been reported in both healthy controls and patients
suffering from the neglect syndrome (Russell et al. 2004; Peers
et al. 2006; Snow and Mattingley 2006; Dodds et al. 2008).
Materials and Methods
Forty-nine healthy, right-handed participants volunteered for this
experiment. Two participants were excluded due to excessive
artifacts in their electroencephalography (EEG) data (>40% data
loss) and 2 were excluded due to a technical error relating to
response acquisition, leaving a final sample of 45 participants. All
participants reported normal or corrected-to-normal vision and no
history of psychiatric diagnosis, head injury, or color blindness. All
participants gave written informed consent, and all procedures were
approved by the ethical review board of The University of Queens-
land. Ethical guidelines were in accordance with the Declaration of
Helsinki. Ages ranged from 18 to 47 years (M = 24 years, standard
deviation = 7.3).
Visual Attention Task
Participants were required to detect brief, peripheral visual targets
while monitoring a stream of alphanumeric stimuli at fixation for the
appearance of a probe item (see Fig. 1). Each trial consisted of a stream
of 8 central stimuli during which a single peripheral stimulus (an
asterisk of size 30 font) was presented in the left hemifield, right
hemifield, or not at all (catch trials) with equal probability. The 3 trial
types (left or right peripheral stimuli or no peripheral stimulus) were
randomly interspersed throughout each task block. During each trial,
participants were asked to indicate when they had detected
a peripheral stimulus by making a speeded mouse click response with
their right hand. At the end of each trial, they indicated whether the
designated central target had appeared by making an unspeeded yes/no
response on a keyboard. The task was performed under 3 different
conditions of central task load with identical displays used throughout.
In the no central-load condition, participants were asked to fixate on
the central stimulus stream and to monitor the periphery for the
appearance of any stimulus. In the low central-load condition,
participants were asked to monitor the central stream for the
appearance of any green item within the central stream of red digits
(effectively a pop-out event; Treisman and Gelade 1980) while also
monitoring for a peripheral target. In the high central-load condition,
participants were instructed to monitor the central stream for the
appearance of a red ''letter'' in the alphanumeric stream of red digits
(effectively a conjunction search task) while also monitoring for the
appearance of a stimulus in the periphery. Relatively greater attention
was required in the high than low central-load condition because, in
the former, the central target was defined by a specific conjunction of
features that were shared by the nontarget stimuli.
Central target items appeared in 50% of trials, and their temporal
position within the stream was randomized. To facilitate ERP analysis,
peripheral stimuli were only presented at 1 of 2 time points within the
central stream: at 800 ms (probe event 3, see Fig. 1) or at 2000 ms
(probe event 6). Peripheral stimuli never occurred simultaneously with
central targets.
The task was presented on a 29 3 47 cm monitor over a gray
background at a viewing distance of 50 cm with display set at
a resolution of 1024 by 768 pixels. Each trial started with a central
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fixation cross appearing for 400 ms. The 8 central stimuli were
presented in size 30 font for 400 ms each, with no interstimulus
interval. The total trial duration was therefore 3200 ms excluding the
fixation period. Two 2.5 3 2 cm rectangular placeholders were
presented along the horizontal meridian of the visual field at a distance
of 16 cm from central fixation in the left and right hemifields. Thus,
peripheral stimuli were presented at a visual angle of approximately
24?. Note that for the purposes of our data analysis, it is important to
distinguish between a ''trial,'' which refers to a full sequence of 8
central stimuli, and a ''probe event,'' which refers to an individual
stimulus within the central stream.
Participants were seated comfortably with their head supported by
a chin rest and were instructed to maintain fixation on the central
location at all times. Participants were instructed to avoid blinking or
moving their eyes during the central stream but were told that they
were free to move their eyes during the rest periods between trials.
The 3 load conditions were administered in separate blocks (within the
same testing session), the order of which was counterbalanced across
participants. Each participant completed 300 trials under no central
load, low central load, and high central load. A 5-min break was also
provided between each load condition.
Data Analysis
was detected and for which the central target was correctly identified as
being present or absent (for low and high central-load conditions).
Continuous EEG was acquired through the ActiveTwo Biosemi
electrode system from 64 scalp electrodes, digitized at 512 Hz. Vertical
eye movements were recorded with 2 vertical electrooculogram (EOG)
electrodes placed below the left and right eyes, while electrodes at the
outer canthus of each eye recorded horizontal movements. Data were
analyzed using BESA 5.2. Continuous EEG data were rereferenced off-
line to the average reference and segmented into epochs of –100 to
+900 ms surrounding events of interest. Epochs were baseline
corrected relative to the prestimulus interval (–100 to 0 ms), high-
pass filtered to 0.3 Hz, and low-pass filtered up to 35 Hz. The
continuous EEG was checked manually to exclude any segments with
visible eye movement artifacts. If an eye movement was detected
during a given trial, the entire trial was rejected from further analysis.
To eliminate EOG or other noise transients, any epochs with an
amplitude deflection greater than 90 lV were also rejected.
In analyzing the electrophysiological data, the principal goal was to
isolate the effects of increasing central task load on visual processing of
the peripheral stimuli. To differentiate load effects on central versus
peripheral stimuli, the ERP analysis was conducted in 2 stages. Trials
without a peripheral stimulus were analyzed first to isolate the effects of
attentional load on central stream processing. To account for potential
time-on-task or expectancy effects, separate central probe ERP were
generated for the third and sixth probe event in the stream. Central
targets (green item or red letter) were excluded from these averages to
ensure that the 3 load conditions were directly comparable. Next, ERP
were generated for trials in which a peripheral stimulus appeared, again
with separate averages for peripheral targets coinciding with probe
events 3 and 6. Because the peripheral stimuli always appeared
simultaneously with a central stream stimulus, a series of difference
waveforms (''peripheral difference ERP'') were also calculated by
subtracting the central stimulus waveform from the peripheral stimulus
waveform. This approach allowed us to isolate the activity that was
specific to processing of the peripheral stimuli. Only peripheral targets
that were correctly identified by participants were included in these
analyses. Statistical analyses of the peripheral stimulus ERP components
were conducted on the difference waveforms. Note that, unless stated,
all the significant main effects and interactions obtained from these
analyses of difference waveforms were replicated when we repeated the
procedure using the original peripheral stimulus ERP waveforms without
any subtraction. For brevity, we report only the former here.
Central stimuli elicited standard visual-evoked components (P1 and
N1) as well as a frontocentral positive component (P2f, see Fig. 3).
Peripheral targets also elicited P1 and N1 components, as well as
a bilateral occipitoparietal P2 and a centroparietal P3, but no P2f was
observed (see Fig. 4). The amplitudes and latencies of the P1, N1, and
P2 components were analyzed using a region of interest (ROI)
approach comprising electrodes PO3, PO7, and O1 for the left
hemisphere and PO4, PO8, and O2 for the right hemisphere (for
a similar approach, see also Thut et al. 2006). These electrodes were
selected because they showed the strongest difference between
ipsilateral and contralateral stimuli for the P1, N1, and P2 components
in the no central-load condition. Since the P2f and P3 were centrally
distributed and showed no effects of peripheral target side, the P2f was
analyzed at electrodes FCz and Cz and the P3 was analyzed at electrodes
Pz and CPz. The width of the latency window used to measure
component amplitudes was based on the duration and spatial extent of
each component in the grand average waveform and preliminary peak
detection conducted on individual subjects. The following latency
intervals were used to determine peak amplitude and peak latency
measures: P1 90--140 ms, N1 160--210, P2 270--350 ms, P2f 150--250, and
P3 350--600. A large window was used for the P3 due to substantial
latency differences across the 3 load conditions (see Fig. 5). The number
of trials entered into each participant's ERP average was found to be
equal across all levels of load, peripheral target side, and probe event
(3 vs. 6) after artifact rejection (M = 38, standard error [SE] = 0.4).
In order to identify the brain regions most affected by the load
manipulation, current sources were computed for the peripheral N1
component elicited using standardized low-resolution electromagnetic
tomography algorithm (Pascual-Marqui 2002). Sources were mapped
onto an average adult brain image from the Montreal Neurological
Institute average brain atlas using BESA (version 5.2).
Reaction times (milliseconds) for peripheral targets were analyzed
using a 3 3 2 3 2 analysis of variance (ANOVA) with factors of central
load (no vs. low vs. high), target side (left vs. right), and probe event (3
Figure 1. Schematic of a single trial of the visual attention task. Participants
monitored a continuous central stream of stimuli at fixation while also monitoring for
the appearance of a transient peripheral stimulus that appeared unpredictably to the
left, right, or not at all. The task was performed under conditions of no central load
(participants ignored the central stream), low central load (detection of a green digit),
and high central load (detection of a red letter). Participants were asked to execute
a speeded button press in response to peripheral stimuli. Detection of targets
appearing within the central stream was assessed at the end of each trial.
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vs. 6). P1, N1, and P2 were analyzed with a 3 3 2 3 2 3 2 ANOVA with
factors of load (no vs. low vs. high), target side (left vs. right), probe
event (3 vs. 6), and hemisphere (left vs. right). Because of their central
distribution, the P2f and P3 were analyzed using only the factors of
central load and target side. Main effects and interactions were
decomposed using simple planned contrasts. Because there were no
significant effects of probe event, we collapsed across the 2 event types
(3 and 6) in all the ERP plots (Figs 3, 4, and 6) to facilitate
Behavioral Data
Detection accuracy (percent correct) for the central task was
analyzed in each of the low and high central-load conditions
(note that central target detection was not required in the no
central-load condition). Since central target detection was
unspeeded, reaction times (RTs) were not analyzed. A robust
main effect of central task attentional load was found, F1,44=
44.02,P <0.001,withgreateraccuracyonthe centraltaskunder
low (M = 97%, SE = 0.004) than high load (M = 94%, SE = 0.007).
level of central task load. The side on which a peripheral target
appeared had no significant effect on central target detection.
Detection accuracy on the peripheral task was also
examined as a function of central load and target side. Accuracy
was high in all conditions (no load M = 97, SE = 2; low load M =
98, SE = 0.5; high load M = 95, SE = 1.7), and there were no
significant effects of load, side, or probe event. A significant
main effect of central load was observed for peripheral target
RT, F2,88= 105.3, P < 0.001. Responses to peripheral targets in
the high-load condition were slower than those in the low-load
condition (P
< 0.001), which in turn were slower than
responses in the no-load condition (P < 0.001). A significant
main effect of target side was also present, F1,44= 6.2, P < 0.05,
which reflected faster responses to targets appearing on the
left (M = 478 ms, SE = 10.3) than on the right side (M = 484 ms,
SE = 11.2). Although this effect of target side was numerically
small, it confirms a processing advantage for events occurring
in the left hemifield. Finally, there was also a significant main
effect of probe event, F1,44= 157, P < 0.001, which reflected
faster responses to peripheral targets appearing later in the trial
(P <0.001). There were no significant interactions of load, side,
or trial. Figure 2 shows the mean accuracy and RT data for the
central and peripheral tasks.
Electrophysiological Data
Effects of Central Load on Peripheral Target Processing
The effects of visual field and central load on ERP components
elicited by peripheral target stimuli are illustrated in Figures 3
and 4, respectively. Inspection of the horizontal electrooculo-
gram (HEOG) channels indicated that eye movement traces did
some small eye movement activity was apparent after peripheral
for the P1 and N1 components (onset around 250 ms).
Peripheral P1 (90--140 ms). There were no significant effects
of central load, target side, or probe event (F <1) on peripheral
P1 amplitude, but there was a significant main effect of
hemisphere, F1,44= 7.6, P < 0.01, driven by larger amplitudes
over the right than the left hemisphere. There was also a target
side by hemisphere interaction, F1,44= 5.6, P < 0.05, which
reflected enhancement of the P1 over scalp sites contralateral
to the visual field of stimulation.
Peripheral N1 (160--210 ms). There were no main effects of
central load, target side, probe event, or hemisphere on N1
amplitude, but, as with the P1, there was a significant target
side by hemisphere interaction reflecting enhancement by
contralateral visual stimulation leading to increased amplitude,
F1,44= 7.9, P < 0.01, and reduced latency, F1,44= 23.6, P < 0.01.
An additional, central load by target side by hemisphere
interaction was observed, F2,88= 4.8, P < 0.01 (see Fig. 5). To
Figure 2. Mean response times and detection accuracy for peripheral targets as a function of load and stimulus side. Faster responses to stimuli appearing in the left visual field
were observed at all levels of load, but accuracy was unchanged. Error bars represent SE.
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further explore this interaction, additional central load by
target side ANOVAs were conducted separately for the left and
right hemisphere ROIs. A significant load by side interaction
was indicated for the right hemisphere, F2,88= 3.4, P <0.05, but
not for the left hemisphere, F2,88 = 0.2, P = 0.8. Planned
contrasts indicated that the right hemisphere interaction
resulted from an increase in processing of right hemifield
stimuli and decrease in processing of left hemifield stimuli
between high and no central-load conditions (P < 0.05).
Peripheral P2 (270--350 ms). There was a significant main
effect of central load on the amplitude of the peripheral P2,
F2,88= 10.4, P <0.001 (planned contrasts high <low, P <0.001,
< no, P
< 0.001). The main effect of hemisphere
approached significance, F1,44= 3.9, P = 0.055, and indicated
larger amplitudes over the left hemisphere. There was a strong
side by hemisphere interaction, again reflecting contralateral
enhancement, F1,44= 36.9, P < 0.0001.
P3 (350--600 ms). There was a significant main effect of
central load on P3 peak amplitude, F1,44= 7.9, P <0.01 (planned
contrast high <low central load P = 0.06; low <no central load,
P < 0.01). There was also a significant main effect of probe
event, F1,44= 4.2, P < 0.05, with P3 amplitude decreasing from
probe event 3 to probe event 6. P3 peak latency was
significantly delayed by increasing central load, F1,4= 26.1, P
< 0.001 (planned contrast high vs. low load P = 0.3; low load >
no load, P < 0.01).
Effects of Central Load on Central Stream Processing
The analysis of central stream processing allowed us to explore
the effects of attentional load on stimulus-driven responses at
a single foveal location. Trials in which no peripheral stimulus
appeared were analyzed in order to isolate processing specific
to the central stream (see Fig. 6).
Central P1 (90--140 ms). A significant main effect of central
load on P1 amplitude was observed, F2,88= 5.4, P < 0.01, with
P1 amplitudes increasing as a function of load (high > low, P <
0.05, low > no, P < 0.01). There were no main effects of probe
event or hemisphere. Latency also increased significantly with
load, F2,88= 6.35, P < 0.01 (planned contrasts, high > low, P =
0.4, low > no, P < 0.05), but there were no other significant
main effects or interactions.
Figure 3. Grand average ERP waveforms elicited by peripheral targets over left and right hemispheric ROIs during the no-load condition. Relative enhancement of the P1, N1, and
P2 was seen over the hemisphere contralateral to the visual field of stimulation. The centroparietal P3 component was not affected by stimulus side.
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Central N1 (160--210 ms). There was a significant main effect
of central load on N1 amplitude, F2,88= 6.1, P < 0.01 (planned
contrasts, high vs. low, P = 0.6; low > no, P < 0.05). There was
also a main effect of hemisphere on amplitude driven by
a strong right hemisphere dominance, F1,44= 34.7, P < 0.001.
P2f (150--250 ms). The P2f component was seen in the
central stimulus waveforms only and was largest over frontal
scalp sites. A main effect of central load was seen for this
component, F2,88= 4.6, P < 0.05. Planned contrasts confirmed
that P2f amplitude was larger in the high-load than in the no-
load condition (P <0.05), but there was no difference between
the high- and low-load conditions (P = 0.8).
Source Analysis
As a further confirmatory step, we employed source analysis to
explore the central load by target side by hemisphere
interaction that was observed for the N1 component. To
isolate the load-specific effects, we created 2 new difference
waveforms by subtracting the no central-load peripheral
difference ERP from the high central-load peripheral difference
ERP for each of the left and right hemifield stimuli separately.
The source analysis indicated that the central load manipula-
tion produced a marked increase in activation of right superior
Figure 4. Grand average difference ERP waveforms isolating processing of peripheral targets as a function of central attentional load. The difference waveform was generated by
subtracting activity elicited by central stimuli that were not accompanied by a peripheral stimulus from the activity elicited by concurrent presentation of central and peripheral
stimuli. This plot is a combined average for all peripheral stimuli regardless of visual field in order to highlight the basic load effects on component amplitudes. While the early P1
and N1 were unaffected, increased central load produced a significant attenuation of the occipital P2 component and a delay in the peak latency of the centroparietal P3. The
HEOG channel data confirm that eye traces were equivalent across the 3 conditions.
Figure 5. Absolute amplitude of N1 elicited by peripheral stimuli as a function of
load, hemisphere, and stimulus side. The difference plot shows a contralateral
enhancement over each hemisphere (contralateral stimulus amplitude minus
ipsilateral amplitude) under no central load. Increasing attentional load specifically
affected spatial selection in the right hemisphere. Under high load, there was
a decrease in contralateral N1 over the right hemisphere accompanied by an increase
in the ipsilateral N1. This finding suggests that increasing central load produces
a rightward shift of the attentional field.
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occipital and inferior parietal cortex in response to right
hemifield stimulation. The load effects were not clearly
lateralized during left hemifield stimulation (see Fig. 7). Thus,
although central attentional load reduced the contralateral
orienting response within occipitoparietal cortex in both the
left and the right hemispheres, the increase in ipsilateral
processing was specific to the right hemisphere.
Although many attentional load paradigms entail attending to
one stimulus channel while ignoring others (e.g., Schwartz
et al. 2005; Rorden et al. 2008), the present paradigm explored
how orienting toward peripheral target stimuli is affected by
increasing attentional demands at fixation. As expected,
increasing the attentional demands of the central task pro-
duced an increase in the commitment of attentional resources
to the central location as evidenced by significantly enhanced
early visual processing (P1 and N1) of central probes and
a corresponding slowing of response times to peripheral
targets. The diminished processing of peripheral stimuli with
increasing central load was further confirmed by the attenu-
ation of the peripheral P2 and P3 components. In addition, we
found that central task load had an asymmetric effect on the
peripheral N1 component. Specifically, the processing advan-
tage for left hemifield stimuli observed over right hemisphere
electrodes was diminished with increasing central load. Within
the right hemisphere, this effect was driven by a reduction in the
N1 amplitude elicited by contralateral stimuli and a concomitant
increase in N1 amplitude elicited by ipsilateral stimuli. The
equivalent effect was not seen over left hemisphere electrodes.
These findings accord well with studies that have shown that
a subtle neglect-like pattern of behavior can be induced in
neurologically healthy participants by increasing nonspatial
attentional load (Peers et al. 2006; Dodds et al. 2008).
Furthermore, our findings are consistent with reports of
disruption to the N1 component in patients suffering from
the neglect syndrome (Driver and Vuilleumier 2001; Marzi et al.
2001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide
neurophysiological evidence that increasing nonspatial atten-
tional load specifically affects spatial orienting subserved by
right hemisphere brain networks.
Effects of Attentional Load on Spatial Attention
Under the no-load condition, the contralateral N1 elicited by
peripheral stimuli was relatively enhanced over both hemi-
spheres, but as load increased, this contralateral orienting
response became specifically attenuated over the right hemi-
sphere. This effect resulted from suppression of the contralat-
eral N1 together with a concomitant increase in responsiveness
to ipsilateral stimuli with central load. This finding is consistent
with existing neuroanatomical models in which asymmetries
Figure 6. Grand average ERP time locked to the onset of a central stimulus when no peripheral target was presented. Central stimuli were presented every 400 ms; thus, in this
1000 ms segment, there are 2 instances of the classic P1/N1 visual-evoked potential. Accompanying scalp topographies demonstrate the occipital focus for both of these
components. The amplitude of both the P1 and the N1 increased as a function of attentional load suggesting increased visual attention to central stimuli. An additional
frontocentral component (P2f) also increased in amplitude with central load.
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within the dorsal orienting network are mediated by the right
lateralized ventral attention network (Husain and Nachev 2007;
Corbetta et al. 2008).
The asymmetric effects of load on N1 amplitude were not
asymmetry with increasing load have been reported in unilateral
neglect (Lavie and Robertson 2001; Peers et al. 2006), but these
effects appear to be more difficult to replicate in neurologically
healthy participants. For example, Peers et al. (2006) reported
left visual field in neglect patients when the difficulty of a spatial
task was increased by the addition of a nonspatial dual-task
element. When Dodds et al. (2008) used an identical paradigm
with healthy participants, they observed no significant change in
bias, although a possible interaction with time-on-task was
highlighted. The severe capacity limitation associated with
neglect makes patients susceptible to the effects of attentional
load, whereas a greater increase in load may be required to
challenge the right hemisphere's dominance of lateralized
responses in the healthy brain. Although the use of simple
suprathreshold unilateral stimuli may have limited our ability to
detect subtle behavioral effects, robust asymmetries in electro-
physiology under load were observed. Increased interference by
ipsilesional distractors is common following damage to right
extinction (Marzi et al. 2001; Geeraerts et al. 2005; Snow and
Mattingley 2008). Our N1 data suggest that participants are more
likely tobe susceptible todistraction by stimuli in the right visual
fieldunder conditionsofhighload. Aninterestingissueforfuture
work, therefore, will be to examine whether nonspatial load
impacts on attentional bias in tasks involving bilateral presenta-
tions. The unique temporal sensitivity of our ERP measures
allowed us to observe a subtle electrophysiological asymmetry in
the absence of any overt behavioral change.
Previous source dipole modeling of the N1 has highlighted
a collection of generators within lateral occipital and tempor-
oparietal regions (De Sanctis et al. 2008; Fu et al. 2008; see also
Natale et al. 1996). The N1 arises from synchronous activity
within multiple brain areas, and it is likely that different
experimental manipulations will selectively affect different
generators (Miniussi et al. 2002). In the present study, the no
versus high central-load contrast revealed that the modulation
of the N1 by load was driven by an increased responsiveness to
right hemifield stimuli originating in an inferior occipitoparietal
region of the right hemisphere. The inferior parietal lobe has
been identified as a key locus of overlap between the dorsal and
the ventral attention networks (Husain and Nachev 2007;
Corbetta et al. 2008) and may act as a critical intermediary
between these 2 systems. Damage to the right inferior parietal
lobe is common in cases of neglect, which could account for
the co-occurrence of spatial and nonspatial deficits in this
syndrome (Mort et al. 2003).
Peripheral stimuli elicited 2 additional later positive wave-
forms that have been associated with higher cognitive stages of
stimulus processing, the occipitoparietal P2 and the centropar-
ietal P3. As in the case of the P1, the amplitude of the P2 varied
as a function of load and to an equal degree over the 2
hemispheres. The P3 component has been widely studied and
is broadly taken to reflect the efficiency of resource allocation
for a relevant stimulus (Polich and Criado 2006). Here, both the
peak latency and the mean amplitude of the P3 were negatively
affected by attentional load. This P3 result is consistent with
our finding of longer reaction times with load and suggests
slower information processing due to competition between
separate stimulus channels. The P3 was the only component
that was affected by the onset time of the peripheral target. P3
latency, which reflects stimulus classification speed (Polich and
Criado 2006), decreased significantly when the peripheral
target appeared later in the trial (probe event 6 vs. probe event
3). This result likely reflects increased target expectancy
toward the end of the trial and is consistent with the decreases
in reaction time that were observed. It should also be noted
Figure 7. ERP source analysis for the N1 using the standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography algorithm method to identify brain regions most affected by
increasing attentional load. Sources were identified after subtracting no-load ERP from high-load ERP for left and right peripheral targets. Increasing attentional load was
associated with a clear increase in activation within right inferior occipitoparietal regions in response to ipsilateral (right hemifield) stimuli.
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that while previous work has reported equivalent P1 and N1
amplitudes when stimuli are selected on the basis of nonspatial
features, such as color or shape (Hillyard and Anllo-Vento 1998;
Vogel and Luck 2000), the later P2 and P3 effects may arise in
part from the different stimulus discrimination requirements at
each level of load (O'Donnell et al. 1997).
Nonspatial Effects of Attentional Load
Analyzing the central stimuli using trials in which no peripheral
stimulus was presented allowed us to explore the effects of
attentional load on processing at a single attended location. We
found that both of the early visual components elicited by
central stimuli (i.e., the P1 and N1) increased in amplitude as
a function of central load. Consistent with the observation that
peripheral target RTs increased with load, the central P1 result
points to a suppression of perceptual processing outside of
fixation as the demands of the central task increase (Luck 1995;
Frey et al. 2010).
Since participants were not required to attend to the central
task in the no-load condition, any relative perceptual facilita-
tion seen under low or high load is likely to have a spatial
component as attention must be redistributed to include the
central location. Previous ERP work has indicated that one can
selectively focus on bilateral peripheral locations while
attenuating responses to central stimuli (Muller et al. 2003).
Miniussi et al. (2002) have also shown that the P1 and N1 are
enhanced when attention is focused at the center of gaze as
opposed to being divided across the 2 visual fields. In the
present paradigm, the low- versus high-load comparison
provides a purer measure of modulation within the focus of
attention, since responses were required to specific classes of
stimuli appearing at the central location in both conditions.
Enhancement of the central P1 component with increasing
levels of load, but identical visual stimulation, clearly indicates
that increasing the allocation of resources at an already
attended location can modulate activity within extrastriate
cortex. The extent to which the depletion of nonspatial
attentional resources contributed to the central N1 result is
more difficult to determine because there were no significant
differences between the low- and the high-load conditions. The
N1 is modulated by spatial attention and is also enhanced when
stimulus discrimination is required at an attended location
(Vogel and Luck 2000). Both of these factors could have
contributed to the increase in central N1 with load.
Modulation of the P1 by attentional load has been observed
previously in spatial selection tasks when comparing process-
ing at attended versus unattended locations (Handy et al. 2001;
Fu et al. 2008), but the earliest reported load effects within the
focus of attention have been at the latency of the later N1
component (Barnhardt et al. 2008). A distinguishing feature of
the present study was that attention was diffusely distributed
across the visual field in anticipation of a peripheral target
event, whereas the study of Barnhardt et al. (2008) employed
a paradigm in which participants were required to monitor
a single spatial location. The relative amount of attentional
resources available to be devoted to that single location is likely
to have been very high, perhaps raising the threshold above that
at which attentional load manipulations take effect. Previous
work has suggested that the attentional enhancement indexed
of attention across the visual field is likely to have reduced the
reduced capacity necessitated top-down enhancement of
perception at an earlier processing stage to effectively compen-
sate for the increasing attentional demands.
As noted previously, our load paradigm differs from those
selective attention because our peripheral stimuli were always
stimuli will decrease with increases in the load of a target task
not the primary focus of this study, our findings add a further
dimension to this literature by demonstrating that increased
central load causes a decrease in the processing of peripheral
stimuli even when these events occur at task-relevant locations.
An interesting question for future work will be to directly
compare the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of
increasing load at fixation on relevant versus irrelevant periph-
eral stimuli within the same paradigm.
In summary, we have undertaken an in-depth neurophysio-
logical analysis of the interaction between nonspatial atten-
tional load and visual orienting to peripheral stimuli. Increasing
load at fixation disrupted the neural response of the right
hemisphere to unilateral peripheral stimuli. We argue that this
asymmetry arises from a weakening under load of the
dominance of the right hemisphere for both spatial and
nonspatial components of attention. Our electrophysiological
data in healthy subjects may help to explain the coexistence of
both spatial and nonspatial deficits in patients with acquired
damage to the right cerebral hemisphere.
Australian Research Council (grant DP0770337 to M.A.B.);
National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant
(grant 569533 to M.A.B.) of Australia Career Development
Award and a National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia
and Depression Young Investigator Award.
The authors would like to thank Professor Ian Robertson and Dr Simon
Finnigan for their helpful comments during the preparation of the
manuscript. Conflict of Interest: None declared.
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text:
Want to Become a Successful Tenant? Rent Well can Help
Renting is more complicated than many people understand. It's a business relationship, and you need to understand your rights and responsibilities to be a successful renter.
Rent Well is a 15-hour tenant education class that helps you become a successful, stable renter by providing information that can help you build a positive relationship with your landlord. Additionally, if you have ever been denied housing, Rent Well can help you explore any screening barriers you may have, such as evictions, credit problems or criminal history. The class will walk you through steps to address those barriers and prepare you to be a successful, stable tenant in the future.
Who can benefit from the Rent Well Tenant Education Program?
What will I learn in a Rent Well Tenant Education Class?
How will a Rent Well Tenant Education Class help prepare me to be a successful renter?
When and where are classes held?
If you are a client of a community agency check with that agency first to find out if there may be a Rent Well class available for you.
Rent Well classes are held at a wide variety of community agencies for their clients and for those who meet their eligibility criteria.
The following are just a few of these type of offerings.
Multnomah County
Independent Living Resources
Eligibility: ILR provides the Rent Well Program to individuals with disabilities only. If you do not have a disability please contact one of the other Rent Well Programs listed.
Upcoming Training: Next class expected to begin in April
Location: 1839 NE Couch Street, Portland 97232
Dates: TBD
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Contact number for sign up: 503-232-7411
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Dates: Saturdays, 5:00pm-8:00pm - March 28 through May 2, 2015
Wednesdays, 10:00am-1:00pm - April 15 through May 20, 2015
Saturdays, 9:00am-12:00pm - April 18 through May 23, 2015
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Notes: This training meets once a week, for 6 weeks. There is no childcare available and only registered participants may attend. If you have disability needs, please let us know ahead of time so we can try to best accomodate.
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Salvation Army Portland Tabernacle
Location: 1712 NE Sandy Blvd, Portland OR 97232
Cost to public: Free
Dates: Tuesdays and Thursdays, 12:30pm-2:30pm - May 19th-June 25th
How to register -
Young Minds of Awareness
No current information available. Please call 503-975-7992 for any questions regarding the program.
SEI Community and Family Programs
No current information available. Please call 503-285-0493 for any questions regarding the program.
Human Solutions, Inc.
Registration will be done through random lottery. Please call 503-548-0211 during the designated time. Typically there are 4-6 spaces available to the public callers each month. If you are selected through the random lottery, you will be contacted. Please make sure your contact numbers are valid. If Human Solutions is unable to contact you, or leave a message and do not hear back from you by a provided deadline, they will move on to another participant. If you are not selected for the class space, you will not be contacted.
Upcoming Training: May 7, 2015 - May 28, 2015
Time: Thursdays 9:30am - 1:30pm
Location: Rockwood Building, 124 NE 181st Ave. Portland, OR 97230
Intake for lottery: April 1 - April 20, if you are selected you will be notified by April 24.
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Time: Thursdays 9:30am - 1:30pm
Location: Powell Office, 12350 SE Powell Blvd. Portland, OR 97236
Intake for lottery: May 1 - May 20, if you are selected you will be notified by May 26.
Upcoming Training: July 2, 2015 - July 23, 2015
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Location: Rockwood Building, 124 NE 181st Ave. Portland, OR 97230
Intake for lottery: June 1 - June 20, if you are selected you will be notified by June 25.
Upcoming Training: September 3, 2015 - September 24, 2015
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Location: Rockwood Building, 124 NE 181st Ave. Portland, OR 97230
Intake for lottery: August 1 - August 20, if you are selected you will be notified by August 26.
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Time: Wednesdays 3:30pm - 7:30pm
Location: Arbor Glen, 2609 SE 145th Ave. Portland, OR 97236
Intake for lottery: September 1 - September 20, if you are selected you will be notified by September 26.
Upcoming Training: November 2, 2015 - November 23, 2015
Time: Mondays 9:30am - 1:30pm
Location: Rockwood Building, 124 NE 181st Ave. Portland, OR 97230
Intake for lottery: October 1 - October 20, if you are selected you will be notified by October 27.
Transition Projects, Inc.
No current information available. Please call 503-280-4700 for any questions regarding the program.
Washington County
Community Action Serving Washington County
Next Training: Call Community Action at 503-640-3263 to register for next available series of classes.
Llame al 503-726-0821 para información acerca de otras clases de Rent Well en español.
Clackamas County Social Services
Next Trainings: Classes are ongoing and available. Classes usually take place on Mondays 11am-1:30pm in Oregon City and Tuesdays 5:00pm-7:30pm in Milwaukie. Call 503-650-5647 for intake and next available class.
Eligibility: Participants must be Clackamas County residents to be eligible for this class.
Notes: Participants must attend an intake screening, call for appointment.
Clark County,WA
Clark County Social Services
Next Trainings: Rent Well classes in Clark County are only offered through specific agencies for their clients.
Eligibility: Participants must be engaged in services through one of the agencies listed below, check with your case manager to see if a class is available.
Notes: Classes are offered through Share, Second Step Housing, CVAB, Community Services NW, The Salvation Army, Impact NW, TPI and the Vancouver Housing Authority.
The Longview Housing Authority in Cowlitz County, WA offers Rent Well classes through a partnership with Clark County.
Home Forward does not offer Rent Well classes.
Staff of non-profit organizations who wish to become certified instructors or landlords with questions about the program can contact Home Forward for more information.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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- Calvin Harris - blame (ft. John Newman)
- Calvin Harris - Pray to God (feat. HAIM)
New ringtones
- Major Lazer - Mash Up The Dance (Mungo's Hi Fi Remix)
- Christian Franke & Edward Simoni - 18 - Der Apfelbaum (Dance Version Edit)
- Eminem - Ed Sheeran & Rudimental Bloodstream
- Brad Paisley Feat. LL Cool J - Accidental Racist [Featuring L
- Meerkat - 321 we have lift off simples
- meercat - 321we have lift off simples
- The Hollywood Prime Time Orchestra - Equalizer
- tough love - So Freakin Tight
- schnuffel - KuschelSong - Schnuffel
- Elvis Presley - Baby, What You Want Me To Do


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Welcome to the UCL European Institute, UCL's hub for research, collaboration and information on Europe and the European Union.
Contact us
16 Taviton St
+44 (0) 207 679 8737
Defining a new political contract for the EU
The EU is faced with the challenges of fashioning practices and institutions that reconcile the conflicting demands on political representatives from their international partners and their domestic constituents. This has been particularly manifest in the eurozone recently, but it reflects a deeper challenge which also concerns non euro-area members such as the UK.
Prof Albert Weale (UCL SPP)
19 March 2015 More...
Starts: Mar 19, 2015 12:00:00 AM
Don't let the Paris murderers win
Professor Laborde warns against the reactivist response to
the Paris murders: they misunderstand the role played by free speech and by laïcité. Further, they allow criminals to
set the term of the debate on how to better facilitate Muslim integration if
Professor Cécile Laborde
26 February 2015 More...
Starts: Feb 26, 2015 12:00:00 AM
Britain and EU reform
Eeckhout revisits the question of EU reform, including different options for
and legal as well as political constraints of such reform.
Professor Piet Eeckhout
20 January 2015 More...
Starts: Jan 20, 2015 12:00:00 AM
Call for Student Representatives: Be the Voice of Europe!
17 October 2012
UCL European Institute, is looking for student ambassadors to attend its events and report on them. Representatives will be asked to write 400 to 600 words commenting and evaluating on the event, and the issues it raises.
These reports will be published on the European Institute's junior researchers' blog, as well as on the UCLU European Society's website and in its award-winning publication, EUREKA. This position offers a unique chance to meet with some of the most influential individuals on the continent.
We are looking for students with a broad range of interests, engaged with the debates of today's Europe. To apply to join the representatives' team, please attend one of the next European Institute events, write a report of 400-600 words, and send it to firstname.lastname@example.com by the 1st of November.


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Perla: LegalTech Startups Can't Fix BigLaw's Cyber-Security Problems
Competitor or Collaborator? What UpCounsel's Growth Means for BigLaw
Polsinelli Podcasts - Hedge Funds Now Using IPR Challenges
MacEwen on BigLaw's 'Hollow Middle', Shaky Vereins & Dentons in China
Special Report: The Hot-ish Swag at LegalTech New York 2015
Is the Patent Litigation Boom Coming to an End?
What is Bitcoin 2.0?
Will 2015 Bring New Regulations for Bitcoin Users?
Waldman: Stop Immunizing Websites That Allow Harassment
A Moment of Simple Justice - Snitching Ain't Easy
Data Privacy: The Next Frontier of Corporate Compliance
What are the Implications of Alice v. CLS?
After SoundCloud & Wunderlist: How Berlin plans to grow its startup scene
Diversity and Technology in Focus for Morgan Lewis's Incoming Chair
Diversity and Technology in Focus for Morgan Lewis's Incoming Chair
What Does the Supreme Court Ruling in Alice v. CLS Mean to a Software Entrepreneur?
A Moment of Simple Justice - Revenge Porn
Why Cyber Security?
How Fenwick Partners Caught the Tech Wave
This Week: Bipartisan, Bicameral Permanent SGR Fix Introduced... House Budget Committee Advances FY2016 Budget Proposal... National Coverage Determinations Proposed for Removal... HHS Releases Proposed Rules on EHR Incentive...more
The NAIC has begun its efforts to amp up state insurance department oversight of cybersecurity practices with the release of two documents for public comment. The first, entitled Principles for Effective Cybersecurity...more
In This Issue:
- Senate HELP Begins Innovation for Healthier Americans Hearings
- 340B Hearing Postponed; Written Testimonies Shed Light on Agenda
- Implementation of the Affordable Care Act
On Dec. 21, the FCC released its long-awaited Report and Order reforming its funding mechanisms for rural health care by creating a Healthcare Connect Fund (HCF) of $400 million annually....more
In This Issue:
- Health Care Data Breaches Becoming Major Concern
- Hospitals, Doctors Giving Patients Access Through Web Portals
- Number of Concierge Doctors Increases 30 Percent in 2012
- Hospitals Battle for...more
Businesses subject to HIPAA rules should take note of recent penalties imposed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS"). Penalties of more than $1 million each were leveled as a result of Security Rule...more
In This Issue:
- CMS Clarifies ACA's Federal Match Linked to Full Medicaid Expansion
- SCOTUS to Decide Pay-for-Delay Issue
- Two More Lawmakers Introduce Drug Compounding Legislation
- AHRQ Report Finds Teamwork...more
A November 29, 2012 report from the HHS Office of Inspector General (OIG) sets forth several recommendations to improve CMS's oversight of the Medicare and Medicaid EHR Incentive Programs. Specifically, the report expresses...more
On Nov. 16, 2012, the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (ONC) released a request for comment regarding Stage 3 meaningful use measures, taking a step forward in the ongoing effort to define...more
Originally published in Law360 on November 29, 2012
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recently affirmed the validity of the current methods for scrubbing patient records of identifying data under...more
The Senate approved the previously House-passed Taking Essential Steps for Testing Act (also known as the "TEST Act") this week, clearing the way for President Obama's signature and enactment. The legislation, which amends...more
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services recently issued final regulations and a final payment guidance that address reimbursement for laboratories furnishing molecular pathology services. While the publications answer...more
In 2012, there has been a continuation of the trend toward heightened regulation and enforcement of the privacy and security requirements under the Health Information Portability and Accountability Act ("HIPAA") and under...more
Pharmaceutical companies, medical device manufacturers, and biotech companies are gearing up for the January 1, 2013 deadline set by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ("CMS") for companies to begin collecting...more
Yesterday the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General (OIG) released the results of a study entitled CMS Response to Breaches and Medical Identity Theft. OIG had two objectives for commencing...more
Last week, the OIG published its FY 2013 Work Plan. The Work Plan summarizes new and ongoing reviews and activities that the OIG plans to pursue with respect to HHS programs and operations during FY 2013 and...more
Last week, the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General (OIG) released its Work Plan for Fiscal Year 2013 (Work Plan), detailing the areas OIG will be scrutinizing in 2013. On the Medicare side,...more
The march towards electronic health records ("EHRs") and health information exchange continues. It is worth noting a number of recent changes to the Medicare and Medicaid Meaningful Use programs governing incentives for...more
Originally published in Law360, New York (September 25, 2012, 7:57 PM ET)
The federal government's Monday warning to hospitals not to abuse their new electronic health records to charge Medicare higher rates serves as a...more
Secretary Sebelius and Attorney General Holder issued a joint letter to the American Hospital Association and four other associations representing hospitals and medical centers, warning of indications that some providers are...more
This is the third white paper in a series documenting Medicare's efforts to begin using 100--plus new CPT codes for molecular diagnostic tests. The codes were approved by the AMA CPT editorial panel in October 2010 and...more
On September 4, 2012, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) published final regulations (Final Regulations) establishing the Stage 2 meaningful use criteria for the Medicare and Medicaid Electronic Health...more
The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology coordinated its September 4, 2012, release of the 2014 Edition Electronic Health Record (EHR) Certification Criteria with the Centers for Medicare &...more
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services published the final rule establishing the Stage 2 meaningful use criteria of the Medicare and Medicaid Electronic Health Record (EHR) Incentive Programs. Eligible provider...more
On August 23, 2012, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS") and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology ("ONC"), both agencies of the Department of Health and Human Services...more
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By John Mallon
�Catholic Online 2004
The "Sexual Revolution" is a failure. But don't take my word for it, pick up a newspaper. Most of the great social problems of the day are the result of the abuse or misuse of sex: The worldwide pandemic of AIDS, dozens of other gruesome sexually transmitted diseases, abortion, abuse of women, sexual abuse of children, broken families, divorce... the list goes on.
A particularly sad story from the Associated Press, published in the Boston Globe on September 6, 2004, "Laconia woman denied morning after pill by pharmacist," illustrates this.
The story describes how a New Hampshire pharmacist refused to fill a prescription, on conscience grounds, for a young woman for the so-called "morning after pill" (also known as emergency contraception, and the brand name "Plan B") This caused the woman to become upset. According to the AP story she said, "I'm a single mother and I'm just trying to be responsible," then she said, "When I realized what he was saying, I pulled the car over in the parking lot and just cried."
Did it ever occur to her that in her life circumstances it was irresponsible to have sex? Did anyone ever teach her that? Had she ever met a man who respected her or loved her enough not to expect sex from her? What wen through her mind before putting herself in the position where she could become pregnant? We don't know. But it is sad.
The Catholic view always was and still is that sex is only intended for marriage. Yet this is a view that is widely mocked in today's world. I do not judge this woman, rather I see her as a victim of a culture that has lied to her. One wonders if she ever heard that sex outside of marriage was something to be avoided�not to mention sinful.
It is useless to argue about sin to those who do not believe. There is more than one generation that thinks talk of sin is just a "shame and blame" game, played by people who want to make others "feel guilty" or "control others."
What is lost is the notion that sin is something that harms us. The God-given moral law is something that warns us of danger. I like to think of the Ten Commandments as the "owner's manual" for our lives, and the roadmap of Reality�the Reality created by God.
Sexual sin especially has a way of damaging our emotions and our psyches. It can become an addiction which can destroy our capacity to love. Sexual intimacy, at its best, makes us vulnerable to another and that requires trust and a context of security and stability with another with whom it is safe to be vulnerable with; with whom we can build a home where it is safe to bring children into the world. This is why God gave us the sacrament of Matrimony.
Without this context sexual activity can leave us lonely, isolated, disoriented, cynical and afraid to trust. I could retire if I had a dollar for every woman of my generation�the generation that grew up with the sexual revolution� I've heard say, "I have a problem trusting men."
The "Sexual Revolution" with its contraception and abortion has not liberated women at all, but enslaved them to chemicals that distort the natural functions of their bodies and grisly surgical procedures that can leave them scarred for life both physically and emotionally.
It has also eviscerated relations between the sexes leaving genuine romance and true love seem like an impossible dream for many lonely people.
A man of character will marry a women he truly loves without pushing her into bed. He will care for her without blackmailing her into sex with the threat of loneliness.
The stupidly named, dangerous, "Plan B" morning after pill would not be "necessary" if Plan A were self-respect and keeping one's pants on. Unfortunately, an entire generation of young women has not been learned that. As for men, the "Sexual Revolution" has produced a generation of full-grown babies who whine and manipulate when they don't get sex on demand when they want it.
There was a great outcry when Pope Paul VI issued his great Encyclical Humanae Vitae which upheld the Church's prohibition on birth control. The Sexual Revolution was just beginning and many Catholics expected the Church to get on the bandwagon. But Pope Paul predicted what would happen if birth control became widespread and what he describes is exactly what we see around us in the world today. If you have never read this document do so. It was a clear word of prophecy to the Church and world.
As sin, birth control is harmful to us.
For example, the Population Research Institute of Front Royal, Virginia details the many dangers of the morning after pill on its website at www.pop.org, Weekly Briefings, March 5 & 12, 2004.
Proponents of the drug say it is safe, but that is simply a ...
Rate This Article
1 - 4 of 4 Comments
1 month ago
YES,, we really LOST MORE THAN WE GAINED
pretty women today aren't getting husbands much less women who are rather plain
TODAY there is a movement called MGTOW (men going their own way).. and how many MEN are not getting married from age 20-34, and its 70% (thanks to PORN)
its possible that, many of them don't even KNOW what a marriage is since of no fault divorce starting 47 years ago
and their friends were in the same predicament
6 years ago
"Had she ever met a man who respected her or loved her enough not to expect sex from her? What went through her mind before putting herself in the position where she could become pregnant? We don't know. But it is sad.
I do not judge this woman, rather I see her as a victim of a culture that has lied to her."
How is deciding that someone is a victim being forced into sex by a man who does not love them not judging them?
6 years ago
Yes, Nicole. But what about those who are not raped or forced?
6 years ago
Plan B is also provided to women who were victims of rape. I don't think they had a choice to keep their pants on.
Leave a Comment
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text:
My first real HD mov. I did some experimenting some time ago with my Canon 300d DSLR and Sigma 20mm f1.8 Flickering only seems prominent with the shorter exposure settings. With a keen eye on my watch, I manually triggered the shutter with a remote. I hope to try more of these once I finish building my invalvometer. Stitched together in Quicktime and Premiere Pro.
Eventually I hope to make a little short film, once I've perfected the technique and captured sufficient footage around the Wellington Region.
Music was sourced from creative commons.
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Chess was invented in the 6th Century in India during the Gupta reign but I was wondering how chess has developed since then. All I know is that you used to have to warn your opponent if you were attacking their Queen.
Any other facts? Maybe we could play a game that involves these rules?
chess is developed for making stretegies in war and they just make plans for set a trap in the war. they do demosntration at their place through chess.
Chess Players are also good at sport tactics as they can think moves ahead
I heard that back in the day you could only moves pawns one square...even on their first move
Thanks for the thread.
Other points: the pieces had different associations as Iran was the place of origin, the "knight", "rook", "bishop" etc., were different, these have Western connotations. In Asia there were different war animals and civil/military authorities of which chess provided symbolic transference.
I wrote a piece, "The transmissibility of chess as a discipline" where I talked about the symbolic significance of the pieces and their associations, etc..
Thank you everyone for the response maybe we could as chess.com if we could try and play online! With the ancient rules.
Eleanor - the engine that drives chess.com won't let you play by the ancient rules. However, if you can find a willing opponent, I know that Shatranj, the precursor of Chess in which pieces moved as described in this thread, is playable at iggamecenter.com, a free site.
Several other historical chess variations are also available there.
Very interesting forum Eleanor. Thankyou.
I recently read a book that deals with this topic: Birth of the Chess Queen, by Marilyn Yalom. It gives the history of chess and the names of the pieces (as well as their moves) of "normal" chess, as opposed to the changes that allowed the game to go nuclear ("Queen's" chess). If you are interested in this thread, I believe you'd love this book.
it hasn't developed! ;)
I wrote a piece, "The transmissibility of chess as a discipline" where I talked about the symbolic significance of the pieces and their associations, etc..
Andy, thanks for that. Actually my article had nothing to do with psychology.
It discussed how the analytical tools of chess can be applied to other disciplines, and also talked about possible symbolic significance of the pieces and their relationships. I'm sure there have been many people who have done much better.
BTW, Krogius' book was quite good.
Sam Sloan thinks chess was invented in China. Just sayin'.
The powerful
The powerful Queen was introduce in Italy in the 17th century.I read that.
But it was wrong. Chess of the Mad Queen was introduced no later than AD 1500, and rapidly spread through Europe.
why are chess players abandoning chess games
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Suggestion : add a "best of 3" option
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Faking a LOW rating to win !!
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Outcome of de la Maza's Seven Circles Program
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World as Lover, World as Self
A Guide to Living Fully in Turbulent times
By Joanna Macy
(Parallax Press, Paperback, 9781888375718, 260pp.)
Publication Date: October 2007
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A new beginning for the environment must start with a new spiritual outlook. In this book, author Joanna Macy offers concrete suggestions for just that, showing how each of us can change the attitudes that continue to threaten our environment. Using the Buddha's teachings on Paticca Samuppada, which stresses the interconnectedness of all things in the world and suggests that any one action affects all things, Macy describes how decades of ignoring this principle has resulted in a self-centeredness that has devastated the environment. Humans, Macy implores, must acknowledge and understand their connectedness to their world and begin to move toward a more focused effort to save it.


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Hypogonadism In Young Men
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Anal Cancer, HIV and Gay/Bisexual Men...both the consumer and provider communities need to be educated. It is critical that MSM talk to their medical providers about their sexual orientation, HIV status and sexual practices. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene found that nearly 40% of MSM do not come out to their provider. 8 Those who are open about their sexual orientation often do not know enough about anal cancer to request a screening. The gay...
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University of Minnesota, School of Medicine...Although the incidence of hypogonadism appears to be higher in HIV infected men it is not unclear to me what factors directly relate to that problem. There has been no clear association between antiretroviral Read more »
HypogonadismAbout how long after infection would Hypogonadism become an issue?Thanks for your time!
Response from Brian Boyle, M.D., J.D.
Cornell University, Weill Medical College...Hypogonadism generally occurs in patients with more advanced HIV disease/AIDS, but can occur in some men relatively early on in the disease. The commmon symptoms are fatigue, weight loss, loss of libido/sexual desire, erectile dysfunction Read more »
HypogonadismDear Doctors,How can I know when I have symptoms of hypogonadism or not ?Sincerely,TimDear Posted, I agree with Mark that if indeed you have not taken any anabolics even oral ones at the gym, then that testosterone is a little low. However, you do...
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Treatment of Hypogonadism in Men with HIV Infection...endocrine abnormalities have been reported in people infected with HIV. Among these, hypogonadism is well described, particularly as men progress to AIDS and in those who are wasting. Testosterone has both anabolic and androgenic effects.... Read more »
Endocrine Society Calls for Medicare Coverage of DXA Bone Density Testing to Be Extended to Men With Testosterone Deficiency... Chevy Chase, Md. -- Hypogonadism, also known as testosterone deficiency, affects 4-5 million men in the United States placing them at risk for developing osteoporosis. Despite the clear association of testosterone deficiency Read more »
The Prevalence of Hypogonadism in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving HAART... The prevalence of hypogonadism in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART (Poster Presentation TuPeB3180) Authored by M. Desyatnik, A. Baaj, A. Fisher (United Read more »
HIV Among African Americans...System -- United States, 2006. MMWR . 2008; 57(36):985-989. The Numbers New HIV Infections 1 In 2006, black men accounted for two-thirds of new infections (65%) among all blacks. The rate of new HIV infection for black men was 6... Read more »
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NYC Paid Survey: Black Men who Have Sex with Men, Ages 18-30
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NYC Paid Survey: Black Men who Have Sex with Men, Ages 18-30
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text: Montblanc LEGEND epitomizes a man that is confident and effortlessly virile. Limit 1 order per day. Price: $25.00 - $78.00 Notes of bergamot, lavender, white cedar, rose and sandalwood reveal a timeless masculine scent. Available in 3.3-oz. and 1.7-oz. Eau de Toilette. Fragrances are available in different concentrations. The concentration determines the strength of the scent. Perfume (Women's) contains between 20-40% of aromatic compounds making it the strongest and purest, richest and longest lasting of the fragrance line. Eau de Parfum (Women's) contains between 10-30% of aromatic compounds, making it the second strongest of the fragrance line. Eau de Toilette (Men's and Women's) contains between 3-5% of aromatic compounds. Eau de Cologne/Cologne Spray (Men's & Women's) contains between 2-5% of aromatic compounds. Eau Fraîche contains between 1-3% of aromatic compounds. More


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By James Flores — May 23, 2012 2:17pm
The first synthesizer I ever heard of was the Moog synthesizer! I was at that time a music minister (a physician now). The Moog synthesizer was so unique and changed the sound of the industry. Still able to recognize its sounds. Thank you for your contributions!
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Miami Police are calling for parents to do a better job of monitoring their children after a 14-year-old youngster is gunned down outside a vacant home – a house that neighbors say had become a trouble spot and a hangout for dozens of teenagers.
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Miami Police have identified a 14-year old killed in Miami drive-by shooting on Friday.
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Three people were shot, one fatally, in a Christmas night shooting in Overtown and police are still looking for the gunman.
Officer Recovering After Robbery Suspects Collide Into Cruiser
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Miami Police Lifer To Be Next Chief
Miami Police Chief Manuel Orosa doesn't retire until next month, but the city is already prepared with his replacement.
Exclusive: Miami Cops Implicated In Alleged Tow Truck Kickbacks
Three City of Miami police officers and two Public Service Aides have been relieved of duty following an 18-month investigation into allegations they received thousands of dollars in kickbacks from tow truck companies, CBS4 News has learned.
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Miami Police are searching for the person who shot and killed a man walking alongside a sidewalk in broad daylight.
Police: 82-Year-Old Man Accidently Hits 90 Year Old With Car
Police responded to a call Friday morning of an elderly man hit by car driven by another elderly man.
Caught On Camera: Booze Bandits Slip Spirits Under Clothes
Police are searching for two liquor store thieves that officers said stuffed some pricey booze into their clothes.
Police Make Arrest In Miami Murder
Police have arrested a man in connection with a murder in Miami.


text: Excerpted from The Mile End Cookbook by Noah and Rae Bernamoff. Copyright © 2012 by Noah and Rae Bernamoff. Excerpted by permission of Clarkson Potter, a division of Random House LLC. All rights reserved. No part of this excerpt may be reproduced or reprinted without permission in writing from the publisher.


text:
- The clown car door opens and ted cruz is the first one out.
- Rep Steve Kirby (D-29) our man on the floor of the house tells us about the budget. OUR mics go fuzzy, Steve's is clear.
- Ted Brown Music is having a fundraising concert tomorrow night to raise funds to help young musicians get an instrument to learn on. Susan Brittain Renville joins us to explain why music is SO important in young people's lives. Paul Sawtelle, saxophonist joins us. His band Paul Sawtelle & The Brotherhood of Soul will be playing tomorrow at Ted Brown Music along with Jessica Lynne & The Cousins. Paul and his drummer Maurice Bailey tell us about how they got started and what music has meant to them.
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Item: 463905 Model: 9780439155878
Scholastic "25 Read and Write Mini-Books That Teach Word Families" Book by Nancy I Sanders is ideal for teachers and students of grades PreK-1. Book encloses ready-to-photocopy pages and extension activities to enhance reading quality.
|Education Subject Matter
|Reading Comprehension
|School Grade
|Media Format
|Printed Book
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