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Episodic Memory in Dementia: Characteristics of New Learning that
Differentiate Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's Diseases
Eleni Aretouli1,*, Jason Brandt1,2
1Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
2Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
*Corresponding author at: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Meyer 218, Baltimore,
MD 21287-7218, USA. Tel.: +1 410-955-3268; fax: +1 410-955-0504.
E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (E. Aretouli).
Accepted 4 May 2010
Differences in the memory characteristics of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Parkinson's disease
(PD) were investigated with tests that assess learning and retention of words, line-drawn objects, and locations. Large groups of AD, HD, and
PD patients were administered the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) and the Hopkins Board (HB). Eight learning and
memory measures were subjected to discriminant function analysis. A 91% classification accuracy was achieved for the separation of cortical
and subcortical dementias and 79% accuracy for the discrimination of the three groups. The delayed recall of items was the best discriminator.
Receiver-operating curve analysis indicated up to 90% sensitivity and 90% specificity in differentiating the three diseases using the discri-
minant scores. Individual learning and memory measures of the HVLT-R and the HB provided very high sensitivity and specificity in dis-
tinguishing cortical versus subcortical dementias and modest accuracy in separating the two subcortical diseases.
Keywords: Episodic memory; Alzheimer's disease; Huntington's disease; Parkinson's disease
Group differences in the memory performances of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and
Parkinson's disease (PD) have been described often (Delis et al., 2005; Hodges, Salmon, & Butters, 1990; Kramer, Levin,
Brandt, & Delis, 1989; Noe et al., 2004; Paulsen et al., 1995; Pillon, Deweer, Agid, & Dubois, 1993; Salmon,
Kwo-on-Yuen, Heindel, Butters, & Thal, 1989; Tro ¨ster, Jacobs, Butters, Cullum, & Salmon, 1989). However, exactly how
robust those differences are, and how reliably individual performance on memory tests can predict the group membership,
have rarely been tested. Very few studies have attempted to quantify the accuracy with which the prototypical "cortical"
dementia (AD) and the prototypical "subcortical" dementias (HD and PD) can be differentiated.
Certain aspects of verbal learning have been found to differ between the cortical and subcortical dementias. On the
California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), AD patients typically display lower recall on learning trials, higher intrusion
rates, and worse recognition performance than either PD and HD patients, when groups are matched for either severity of
dementia or overall memory impairment (Delis et al., 1991; Kramer et al., 1989). Performance on subtests of the Wechsler
Memory Scale (WMS) reveals more rapid forgetting after a 30-min delay in AD patients than in HD patients (Tro ¨ster,
Butters et al., 1993; Tro ¨ster, Jacobs et al., 1989) or PD patients (Litvan, Mohr, Williams, Gomez, & Chase, 1991) matched
for dementia severity. However, on the Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), AD and PD patients have been
shown to exhibit similar levels of impairment on the learning trials and the recognition condition, and only on delayed
recall do AD patients perform worse than PD (Litvan et al., 1991). Moreover, recognition accuracy on the Hopkins Verbal
Learning Test (HVLT) was found to be similar in groups of HD and AD patients matched for dementia severity (Brandt,
Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25 (2010) 396–409
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doi:10.1093/arclin/acq038 Advance Access publication on 8 June 2010
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Corwin, & Krafft, 1992). Finally, a more recent study failed to reveal differences in any aspect of verbal memory in genetically
confirmed familial AD and HD patients (Arango-Lasprilla et al., 2006).
Subtle differences in verbal learning and memory have been reported even among groups with primarily subcortical disease,
although the evidence here is even more equivocal. Kramer and colleagues (1989) found higher rates of forgetting in PD
patients than in HD patients, whereas Massman, Delis, Butters, Levin, and Salmon (1990) reported worse recall and lower
performance on learning trials in HD than PD patients. HD patients have been reported to make more perseverations across
learning trials than PD patients, but their recognition accuracy is often higher (Kramer et al., 1989; Massman et al., 1990;
Zizak et al., 2005).
The vast majority of studies of differential memory impairment in the dementias have used verbal memoranda (word lists or
stories). On short-term spatial memory tasks, AD patients perform worse than PD patients, although both patient groups display
severely compromised learning and memory for locations (Sahakian et al., 1988). On the other hand, some researchers have
found AD patients to perform better than HD patients. The latter group had shorter spatial spans, needed more trials, and even-
tually learned the location of fewer abstract visual stimuli than AD patients matched for the level of dementia and premorbid IQ
(Lange, Sahakian, Quinn, Marsden, & Robbins, 1995). Similarly, Brandt, Shpritz, Munro, Marsh, and Rosenblatt (2005) found
that HD patients have a disproportionate impairment in memory for locations when compared with both AD and PD patients.
Despite the inconsistencies in the reported findings, the extant literature overall provides compelling evidence that there are
reliable differences in memory among the three disease groups. However, it does not allow us to determine whether these
differences are large enough to be detected on an individual level in clinical practice. The purpose of the present study was
to examine whether individual AD, HD, and PD patients could be correctly categorized (i.e., diagnosed) based on verbal
and visuo-spatial learning and memory characteristics and, thus, to contribute to the theoretical understanding of the nature
of the memory impairments in each disease. AD patients were expected to be identified by greater impairment in verbal learn-
ing and memory measures (especially on the delayed recall and recognition condition) compared with the patients with sub-
cortical diseases. It was further hypothesized that HD would be differentiated from both the AD and the PD patients by their
disproportionate impairment in memory for spatial locations. In order to test these hypotheses, we retrieved archival data on
two brief tests of learning and memory, the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) (Brandt & Benedict, 2001) and
the Hopkins Board (HB) (Brandt, 2003; Brandt et al., 2005) from large samples of AD, HD, and PD patients and performed
statistical classification analyses. To our knowledge, only a few studies have examined the ability of the HVLT-R to discrimi-
nate among dementing disorders (Brandt et al., 1992; De Jager, Hogervorst, Combrinck, & Budge, 2003; Shapiro, Benedict,
Schretlen, & Brandt, 1999), and no study has examined the discriminative accuracy of the HB.
Phase 1 Analysis
The purpose of Phase 1 was to determine whether learning and memory of words, line-drawn objects, and spatial location
can differentiate patients with AD, HD, and PD and to identify the aspects of test performance that best discriminate the three
Materials and Methods
AD Patients. One hundred thirty-five patients with the clinical diagnosis of probable AD were recruited from the Johns
Hopkins Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (ADRC). The diagnosis was made by an experienced behavioral neurologist
or neuropsychiatrist according to the criteria of the National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke and Alzheimer's
Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA criteria) (McKhann et al., 1984).
HD Patients. Ninety patients with definite HD were recruited during their annual research visits to the Baltimore Huntington's
Disease Project at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Diagnosis was based on a positive family history, the presence of clinical symp-
toms, and genetic testing. All patients had choreiform movements or voluntary motor impairment, cognitive or emotional
changes (Folstein, Leigh, Parhad, & Folstein, 1986), and all had an expanded triplet repeat mutation (CAG .36) in the
huntingtin gene (MacDonald et al., 1993; Myers, 2004).
E. Aretouli and J. Brandt / Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25 (2010) 396–409 397
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PD Patients. One hundred eleven patients with idiopathic PD were studied as part of their baseline evaluations in the Johns
Hopkins Parkinson's Disease Research Center (PDRC). The diagnosis was made by movement disorder specialists using the
UK Brain Bank clinical criteria (Hughes, Daniel, Kilford, & Lees, 1992).
Subjects were excluded if they reported any history of central nervous system disorder other than their group-defining
illness, or active systemic illness (e.g., cancer, hepatic disease). No patient had any evidence of more than one of the conditions
being studied. Formal neuropsychological testing was not part of the diagnostic process for any of the groups. Administration
of the HVLT-R and the HB was part of the "clinical core" of these studies for already diagnosed patients.
Dementia Severity. Overall level of cognitive impairment was evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE; Folstein,
Folstein, & McHugh, 1975).
Memory Tests. The HVLT-R (Brandt & Benedict, 2001) is a word-list learning and memory test that uses 12 words from three
semantic categories. One of five forms of the HVLT-R was randomly selected and administered according to standard instruc-
tions. The list is read to the participant on three consecutive learning trials. After each trial, recall of the words from the list is
requested. A delayed recall trial follows 20–25 min after the third learning trial. Finally, a yes/no recognition condition is
administered during which the participant is asked to identify the 12 target words intermixed with 12 distractor words.
The following scores were calculated: (a) sum of words correctly recalled on the three learning trials, (b) number of words
recalled on the delayed recall trial, and (c) recognition discrimination index (true positive minus false positive responses). In
addition, we calculated a new learning score recently proposed by Foster and colleagues (2009) as a very sensitive indicator of
total learning capacity, the cumulative word learning score (CWL). CWL is calculated by summing the words recalled on the
three learning trials and multiplying this by the difference between the higher of the second or third learning trial and the first
trial. Thus:
CWL = (Trial 1 + Trial 2 + Trial 3) × max|(Trial 3 − Trial 1),(Trial 2 − Trial 1)|
The HB (Brandt, 2003; Brandt et al., 2005) is a test of verbal and visuospatial learning and memory. Nine cards, each contain-
ing a line drawing of a common, easily namable object, are shown to the subject. The participant is first asked to name each
item and then to watch carefully as the card is placed on a 3 × 3 grid board. The subject's task is to memorize each item's
location. She/he is provided up to 10 trials to achieve two consecutive errorless placements of the cards on the grid. Each
wrong placement is corrected. Recall of the items and reproduction of their location is requested after 20–30 min. Four learn-
ing scores are derived from the HB: (a) errors to learning criterion, (b) trials to learning criterion, (c) delayed recall of items,
and (d) delayed recall of locations.
Measures of Functional Ability. Functional abilities were measured with three different functional impairment scales that were
used in the three research centers from which the patients were drawn. Specifically, the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale
(Hughes, Berg, Danziger, Coben, & Martin, 1982), the Huntington's Disease Activities of Daily Living (HD-ADL)
scale (Bylsma, Rothlind, Hall, Folstein, & Brandt, 1993; Rothlind, Bylsma, Peyser, Folstein, & Brandt, 1993) and the
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale (Lawton & Brody, 1969) assessed the functional abilities in the AD,
HD, and PD groups, respectively.
Motor abnormalities were measured with the Quantified Neurological Exam (QNE) (Folstein, Jensen, Leigh, & Folstein,
1983) in the HD patients and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-Part III (motor exam) (UPDRS) (Fahn & Elton,
1987) in the PD patients.
The data in the present study were collected retrospectively from patients who participated in the "clinical core" of the
ADRC, PDRC, or HD Center from 1994 until 2007. In each case, testing was completed within a 1-month period. The
Johns Hopkins University Institutional Review Board fully reviewed and approved the study protocols from which these
data were drawn. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legally authorized representatives.
Data Analysis
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 15. One-way ANOVAs were used to compare the demographic and clinical
characteristics of the three groups as well as their performances on the memory test variables. Post-hoc tests were used to
398E. Aretouli and J. Brandt / Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25 (2010) 396–409
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determine the locus of between-group differences on continuous variables. Age, education, and MMSE were entered as cov-
ariates in the analyses of learning and memory test variables, because the groups differed on these characteristics.
Linear stepwise discriminant analyses with jackknife classification matrices were conducted to determine whether the
HVLT-R and HB can discriminate (i) patients with cortical dementia (AD) from those with subcortical dementia (HD +
PD) and (ii) the three neurological groups from each other (AD, PD, and HD). These linear discriminant function models clas-
sify each case based on the discriminant functions derived from all cases other than that case. They are thus more conservative,
minimize bias, and provide a more realistic estimate of the ability of predictors to separate groups (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007)
than discriminant functions derived from non-cross validated classification analyses (where the "coefficients used to assign a
case to a group are derived, in part, from the case" (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2007, p 405). Because the patient groups differed in
their demographic characteristics and dementia severity, we computed two models for each discriminant analysis. In the first,
the independent variables were age, sex, education, and MMSE score. In the second, the eight learning and memory measures
(HVLT-R: Total learning, CWL, delayed free recall, and recognition discrimination index; HB: Learning trials to criterion,
errors to criterion, delayed recall of objects and delayed recall of spatial location) were added to the initial independent vari-
ables. For both models, variables were entered in a stepwise fashion (entry criterion F . 3.84; removal criterion F , 2.71).
The prior probabilities of group membership were set to .50 for the discriminant analysis of cortical versus subcortical and
.33 for the disease-specific analysis.
Group Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
As expected, there were large age differences among the groups, F(2,336) ¼ 141.83, p , .001, h2¼ 0.460. AD patients
were older than both HD and PD patients, and PD patients were older than HD patients (Table 1). The groups also differed
in the levels of education, F(2,336) ¼ 37.77, p , .001, h2¼ 0.185, with our PD patients having more years of schooling
than AD patients. The groups differed in sex distribution, x2(2) ¼ 19.76, p , .001, V ¼ 0.242; men predominated among
PD patients and women among AD patients. Finally, mean MMSE score differed among groups, F(2,336) ¼ 146.15,
p , .001, h2¼ 0.467. PD patients had the highest MMSE scores and AD patients had the lowest.
Group Performances on Learning and Memory Tasks
Even after adjusting for age, sex, education, and MMSE score, the performance on most of the HVLT-R and HB measures
was poorest in the AD group, whereas the performances of the HD and PD groups were comparable on all measures, except the
trials to criterion of the HB (Table 2). More specifically, AD patients performed worse than both subcortical groups (HD and
PD) on the following variables: HVLT-R CWL, HVLT-R delayed recall, HVLT-R discrimination index, HB total errors to
criterion, HB delayed recall of items, and HB delayed recall of locations. AD patients performed worse than PD patients
also on HVLT-R total learning. Finally, PD patients needed fewer trials to criterion than both AD and HD patients on the HB.
Cortical–Subcortical Classification
Demographic variables (age, sex, education) and the MMSE were entered into a stepwise discriminant function analysis to
determine how well these variables predicted cortical-subcortical group membership. The standardized canonical coefficient
Table 1. Clinical and demographic characteristics of Study 1 participants. Means (SD)
Alzheimer's disease (n ¼ 135)
74.64 (8.47)
12.83 (3.97)
3.91 (2.82)
19.72 (4.98)
0.95 (0.49) (range ¼ 0.50–3.00)
Huntington's disease (n ¼ 90)
50.56 (13.16)
14.82 (2.81)
6.97 (4.37)
26.13 (3.02)
14.64 (10.50) (range ¼ 0–39)
29.91 (16.08) (range ¼ 6–88)
Parkinson's disease (n ¼ 111)
65.78 (10.34)
16.57 (2.96)
9.59 (6.62)
27.47 (2.48)
12.56 (5.90) (range ¼ 8–30)
26.14 (14.35) (range ¼ 3–71)
Age (years)
Education (years)
Sex ratio (M:F)
Disease duration (years)
Functional ability*
Motor abnormalities**
*AD: Clinical Dementia Rating Scale; HD: Huntington's Disease Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire; PD: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
(IADL) Scale.
**HD: Quantified Neurologic Exam; PD: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale-Part III.
E. Aretouli and J. Brandt / Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25 (2010) 396–409 399
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for the MMSE was 0.754, for age was 20.550 and for education was 0.168. The overall model was significant (Wilks' l ¼
0.445, x2(3) ¼ 268.95, p , .001). Eighty-two percent of the AD patients were classified as having a "cortical" disease and
89.1% of HD and PD patients as having a "subcortical" disease. The overall cross-validated classification accuracy for the
entire sample was 86.3%.
A second stepwise discriminant analysis with the addition of eight scores from the HVLT-R and the HB as potential inde-
pendent variables revealed that four measures improved classification accuracy by only 4.5%. Standardized canonical discri-
minant function coefficients and significance of the model at each step is presented in Table 3. HB delayed recall of items
entered in the first step, and the HVLT-R delayed recall contributed most to the discriminant function in the final model.
The resulting equation accounted for an overall 90.8% correct jackknifed classification of patients (88.9% with cortical demen-
tia and 92% with subcortical) (Wilks' l ¼ 0.289; x2(7) ¼ 410.68, p , .001).
Disease-Specific Classification
Demographic variables (age, sex, education) and the MMSE were entered into the first stepwise jackknifed discriminant
function analysis to determine how well these variables predicted membership in one of the three disease groups. The
overall model was significant (Wilks' l ¼ 0.319, x2(6) ¼ 379.50, p , .001). Age, MMSE score, and education accounted
Table 2. Group performances on learning and memory tasks (unadjusted and adjusted for age, education and MMSE scores). Means (SE)
disease (n ¼ 135)
disease (n ¼ 90)
disease (n ¼ 111)
HVLT-R total learning
Unadjusted scores
Adjusted scores
HVLT-R cumulative word learning
Unadjusted scores
Adjusted scores
HVLT-R delayed recall
Unadjusted scores
Adjusted scores
HVLT-R discrimination
Unadjusted scores
Adjusted scores
HB total errors to criterion
Unadjusted scores
Adjusted scores
HB trials to criterion
Unadjusted scores
Adjusted scores
HB delayed recall of items
Unadjusted scores
Adjusted scores
HB delayed recall of locations
Unadjusted scores
Adjusted scores
10.66 (0.52)
15.09 (0.56)
19.81 (0.64)
16.84 (0.65)
21.21 (0.57)
22.60 (3.22)
35.11 (4.12)
58.61 (3.95)
52.43 (4.78)
72.26 (3.56)
61.88 (3.96)
0.65 (0.23)
2.28 (0.27)
6.76 (0.28)
5.57 (0.32)
7.09 (0.25)
6.07 (0.26)
3.88 (0.27)
5.41 (.33)
9.46 (0.33)
8.38 (0.38)
9.54 (0.29)
8.54 (0.32)
38.56 (1.33)
30.32 (1.61)
12.73 (1.64)
18.30 (1.87)
9.27 (1.47)
14.91 (1.55)
9.32 (0.23)
8.21 (0.29)
7.18 (0.28)
8.10 (0.33)
6.43 (0.25)
1.90 (0.18)
3.18 (0.20)
7.47 (0.22)
6.55 (0.24)
7.37 (0.20)
6.51 (0.20)
3.91 (0.19)
4.93 (0.24)
7.34 (0.24)
6.69 (0.28)
8.03 (0.21)
7.30 (0.23)
Table 3. Predictors, standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients, and significance of the cortical–subcortical dementias discriminant analysis at
each step
Step VariableStandardized canonical coefficients Wilks' Lambdap
HB delayed recall of items
HVLT-R delayed recall of items
Age (years)
Education (years)
HVLT-R total learning
HB trials to criterion
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for an overall 74.1% correct jackknifed classification of the patients (77% of AD, 73.3% of HD, and 71.2% of PD). Sex did not
contribute to the separation of the groups.
The addition of three HVLT-R and HB measures improved classification accuracy by 4.2%. Specifically, the HB delayed
recall of items, the HVLT-R delayed recall, and the HVLT-R total learning resulted in 78.3% of cross-validated grouped cases
correctly classified (Wilks' l ¼ 0.211; x2(10) ¼ 514.28, p , .001). 86.7% of AD, 74.4% of HD, and 71.2% of PD patients
were correctly classified. In general, AD patients who were misclassified into one of the other disease groups were younger
and had higher MMSE scores than those correctly classified. PD patients who were misclassified were also younger and
had fewer years of education. HD patients who were misclassified were older and more highly educated than those correctly
identified. HD patients were more likely to be misclassified as PD (22.2%) than AD (3.3%). PD patients were more likely to be
misclassified as HD (19.8%) than AD (9%). Standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients and significance of the
model at each step is presented in Table 4. Delayed recall measures had the highest standardized coefficients in the first func-
tion, and age and education had the highest coefficients in the second function. The first discriminant function accounted for
86.5% of the between-group-explained variance whereas the second accounted for the remaining 13.5% between-group var-
iance. Fig. 1 illustrates the combined group plot for the discrimination among AD, HD, and PD patients.
Consistent with a number of studies suggesting patients with cortical dementias have more severe learning and memory
impairments than patients with subcortical dementias (Noe et al., 2004; Paulsen et al., 1995), our findings show that AD
Table 4. Predictors, standardized canonical discriminant function coefficients, and significance of the disease-specific discriminant analysis at each step
Step VariableStandardized canonical
coefficients (Function 1)
Standardized canonical
coefficients (Function 2)
Wilks' Lambdap
HB delayed recall of items
Age (years)
HVLT-R delayed recall
Education (years)
HVLT-R total learning
Fig. 1. Combined groups plot for the discrimination among Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease groups.
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patients performed worse than those with PD and HD on two tests of new learning and memory, even when the overall demen-
tia severity was statistically controlled. The magnitude of the differences among the groups was sufficiently large that 91% of
patients could be correctly classified as having a primarily cortical or subcortical dementia and 79% could be assigned to their
specific disease group. Although differences also emerged between patients with PD and HD, the two subcortical dementias
were more similar to one another than they were to AD. Thus, PD patients were more likely to be misclassified as HD than as
AD, and HD patients were more likely to be misclassified as PD than AD.
A caveat to this interpretation of our findings is that age, education, and MMSE alone resulted in a high classification accu-
racy of the groups and the addition of learning and memory measures improved the cortical–subcortical dementia and the
disease-specific group assignment only by 4–5%. However, in the cortical–subcortical dementia classification, the delayed
recall of items from both tests contributed most to the discriminant function. Similarly, in the disease-specific discrimination
analysis, a delayed memory factor underlied the first discriminant function, which accounted for most of the between-group
variance. Age and education contributed most to the second discriminant function, which explained just 15% of the
between-group variance. Moreover, the dementia severity measure that contributed significantly to the classification of the
patients in the first discriminant models (the MMSE) includes items assessing working memory (serial 7s) and short
delayed recall (3-word recall). In addition, specific MMSE subscores have been shown to correlate highly with measures of
episodic memory (Carcaillon, Amieva, Auriacombe, Helmer, & Dartigues, 2009). Thus, the episodic memory items included
in the MMSE might have contributed to the high separation of the groups in the first discriminant analysis models.
Delayed recall of items on both the HVLT-R and the HB were the episodic memory measures that best discriminated the
groups. The performances of the three groups also differed on measures of learning (HVLT-R total learning, CWL, HB trials to
criterion). However, scores on these measures made only modest unique contributions to the separation of the groups in both
the dementia-type (cortical vs. subcortical) and disease-specific classification. More specifically, total learning of the HVLT-R
and trials to criterion made subtle contributions to the separation of the cortical–subcortical groups, whereas only HVLT-R
total learning added to the classification of the three diseases. Moreover, CWL, which is alleged to be a purer measure of learn-
ing capacity (in that it quantifies the rate of acquisition across trials regardless of the overall level of immediate recall perform-
ances [Foster et al., 2009]), did not contribute at all to the discrimination of the groups. The HVLT-R total-learning score, the
number of words recalled immediately after successive presentations of the stimuli, is a global measure of immediate free-
recall performance that relies heavily on learning capacity. However, it seems to have more discriminative value than the
ability to learn per se and the rate at which words are acquired across trials.
A possible limitation in the interpretation of our findings is that the three groups differed on demographic characteristics; for
example, PD patients had more years of education than AD patients. However, all of our analyses were adjusted for these
Phase 2 (Follow-Up) Analysis
The goal of the Phase 2 was to determine the sensitivity and specificity with which empirically derived cutting scores on the
HVLT-R and the HB can distinguish AD, HD, and PD patients matched for overall dementia severity.
Subsamples of AD, HD, and PD patients who participated in Phase 1 were selected so that the groups would be matched for
MMSE, F(2,88) ¼ 0.731, p . .05. Our selection criterion was an MMSE between 22 and 27, indicating early or mild dementia.
As a result, groups were also matched on education, F(2,88) ¼ 0.512, p . .05, and sex distributions, x2(2) ¼ 4.89, p . .05.
The AD and PD groups were of equivalent age (p . .05), but the HD patients were significantly younger (p , .001).
Matching the groups on age would have affected the representativeness of the sample. Our final sample included 29 AD,
30 HD, and 18 PD patients (see Table 5).
The same procedures as in Phase 1.
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Data Analysis
Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed in order to characterize the overall discriminating value of
each test and to determine the cut-off points that best distinguish the cortical group from each of the subcortical groups (posi-
tive groups: HD, PD; negative group: AD), as well as the two subcortical groups from each other (positive group: PD; negative
group: HD). In addition, ROC curves were constructed for the discriminant scores generated in Phase 1. It was predicted that
the variables that contributed most to the discriminant function, namely the HVLT-R delayed recall and the HB delayed recall
of items, would provide the cutting scores with the highest sensitivity and specificity.
The optimal cut-off scores (the score/point that maximized the sum of the sensitivity and specificity) are presented in
Table 6. The Function 1 discriminant score provided the highest level of discrimination of AD from HD patients. The next
highest discrimination accuracy was provided by the HVLT-R delayed recall score. The optimal cutting score on this
measure was 3.5, yielding a sensitivity of 0.83 and a specificity of 0.83 (Fig. 2a). Thus, 83% of HD patients obtained a
score of 4 or more on the HVLT-R delayed recall, whereas 83% of the AD patients recalled 3 or fewer words. The next
best measure for discriminating AD from HD patients was the HB delayed recall of items, followed by the HVLT-R discrimi-
nation index, and then HVLT-R total learning.
The highest level of discrimination of AD from PD patients was obtained with the HVLT-R delayed recall score (Fig. 2b),
followed by the Function 1 discriminant score. The HVLT-R recognition discrimination index, the HB delayed recall of items,
and the discriminant score derived from Function 2 were the next best discriminators.
The ROC curve analysis of the HVLT-R and the HB for the distinction of the HD and PD patients indicated that the dis-
criminant scores derived from Function 2 provided high discrimination accuracy, followed by those from Function 1. Scores
from individual test measures resulted in a less accurate classification. Among them, HVLT-R delayed recall score was the best
discriminator of the two groups (Fig. 2c), followed by the HB delayed recall of items, HVLT-R total learning, and the HVLT-R
discrimination index. All other variables resulted in classification only marginally above the chance level.
The HVLT-R and the HB provided very high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing patients with AD from patients
with subcortical dementias, even when groups are matched for overall dementia severity and the level of education.
However, they are less useful in discriminating among patients with specific subcortical disorders. Phase 2 analysis confirmed
our interpretation of the results from Phase 1 that performance on episodic memory measures underlies the high discrimination
of the groups and not dementia severity or demographic characteristics. One might argue that age differences might have con-
tributed to performance differences between the AD and the younger HD patients. We opted against matching these patient
groups on age, because a very young AD sample and a very old HD sample would not be representative of these clinical con-
ditions. Moreover, AD patients were age matched with PD patients who displayed similar patterns of learning and memory
scores as those of HD patients. In addition, although HD and PD patients were not age matched, their performances were
still more difficult to distinguish from each other than from AD patients' performances.
The individual measures of the HVLT-R and the HB achieved only a modest separation of the subcortical groups. However,
the discriminant scores, which represent the most effective combination of weighted predictor variables to maximize differ-
ences between groups, did accomplish a high degree of separation of all groups. After the discriminant scores, the next best
Table 5. Clinical and demographic characteristics of the three patient groups in Study 2. Means (SD)
Alzheimer's disease (n ¼ 29)
72.13 (7.99)
13.66 (3.18)
4.94 (4.40)
24.45 (0.99)
Huntington's disease (n ¼ 30)
51.02 (14.77)
13.87 (2.37)
6.59 (4.06)
24.67 (1.18)
Parkinson's disease (n ¼ 18)
73.62 (9.36)
15.22 (1.90)
10.91 (6.19)
24.67 (1.07)
Age (years)
Education (years)
Sex ratio (M:F)
Disease duration (years)
aAD, PD . HD.
bAD, HD , PD.
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Page 9
discriminator among groups was performance on delayed recall for both words and line-drawn objects. Finally, yes/no recog-
nition accuracy also provided very good sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing AD from both HD and PD patients.
General Discussion
Memory impairments are among the earliest and most devastating clinical symptoms of dementia (Brandt & Munro, 2002;
Paulsen et al., 1995; Salmon et al., 1989). Consistent with previous studies (Butters, Delis, & Lucas, 1995; Kramer et al., 1989;
Noe et al., 2004; Pillon et al., 1993), our findings indicate that different degenerative dementias have distinct patterns of
memory impairments, probably reflecting different pathological substrates. AD patients displayed more severe impairments
in learning and memory of both items' names and locations, regardless of mode of testing (immediate recall, delayed
recall, yes/no recognition), or modality of stimulus presentation (visual or auditory) than PD and HD patients. PD patients
needed fewer trials to learn the location of items than HD patients, but otherwise performed comparably with HD patients.
Thus, the subcortical dementias (HD and PD) were more similar to one another in pattern of memory performance than
they were to the prototypical cortical dementia (AD). Indeed, based on their characteristics of learning and memory, an HD
patient was more likely to be misclassified as a PD patient than an AD patient, and a PD patient was more likely to be mis-
classified as having HD than AD. Our findings therefore provide further support for the cortical–subcortical dichotomy (at least
at the level of the cognitive syndrome).
Specific measures of episodic memory, such as delayed free recall, were more effective than others in distinguishing cortical
and subcortical patterns of performances. In addition, delayed recall of names of items, presented either verbally or visually,
Table 6. ROC curves statistics for HVLT-R and HB scores
AUCOptimal cutting score Se SpCI (95%)
AD versus HD
HVLT-R total learning
HVLT-R delayed recall
HVLT-R cumulative word learning
HVLT-R discrimination
HB total errors to criteriona
HB trials to criteriona
HB delayed recall of items
HB delayed recall of locations
Discriminant score (function1)
Discriminant score (function2)a
AD versus PD
HVLT-R total learning
HVLT-R delayed recall
HVLT-R cumulative word learning
HVLT-R discrimination
HB total errors to criteriona
HB trials to criteriona
HB delayed recall of items
HB delayed recall of locations
Discriminant score (Function 1)
Discriminant score (Function 2)
PD versus HD
HVLT-R total learning
HVLT-R delayed recall
HVLT-R cumulative word learning
HVLT-R discrimination
HB total errors to criteriona
HB trials to criteriona
HB delayed recall of items
HB delayed recall of locationsa
Discriminant score (Function 1)
Discriminant score (Function 2)a
Note: AUC ¼ Area under the curve; Se ¼ sensitivity; Sp ¼ specificity.
aReversed positive value/reference group. On all other measures the subcortical groups are the reference group. In the PD versus HD analysis, PD is the refer-
ence group, unless otherwise specified.
404E. Aretouli and J. Brandt / Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25 (2010) 396–409
Page 10
differentiated all three dementias better than did delayed recall of locations. Previous studies have demonstrated the deterio-
ration of organization and content of semantic memory in AD patients (Chertkow & Bub, 1990; Rohrer, Salmon, Wixted, &
Paulsen, 1999; Salmon, Heindel, & Lange, 1999). The storage of new information into episodic memory is directly associated
with, and dependent upon, the recovery of information from semantic memory (Steven, Takashi, & Roberto, 2007; Tulving,
1995). This may help explain why AD patients perform more poorly on delayed recall of items compared with delayed recall of
locations. Moreover, memory of items presented visually may depend more critically on the inferior temporal lobe, where AD
pathology abounds (Arnold, Hyman, Flory, Damasio, & Van Hoesen, 1991), than does memory for spatial location. Why the
same episodic memory measure distinguishes between the two subcortical dementias is less clear and warrants further inves-
tigation. Finally, the ROC curves revealed that the recognition index (a score that reflects the ability to identify target items and
reject distractor items) also had discriminative power. This measure did not, however, remain in the final model in the stepwise
discriminant analysis probably because it shared a considerable variance with other independent variables.
The superiority of delayed recall over recognition accuracy in distinguishing primarily cortical from primarily subcortical
diseases has been debated. Several studies support the effectiveness of recognition accuracy in distinguishing between patients
Fig. 2. (a) ROC curve for HVLT-R delayed recall scores for discrimination of AD and HD patients. (b) ROC curve for HVLT-R delayed recall scores for
discrimination of AD and PD patients. (c) ROC curve for HVLT-R delayed recall scores for discrimination of PD and HD patients.
E. Aretouli and J. Brandt / Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25 (2010) 396–409405
Page 11
with cortical and subcortical dysfunction (Delis, Kramer, Kaplan, & Ober, 2000; Massman, Delis, & Butters, 1993). Whereas
AD, PD, and HD patients typically perform poorly on delayed free recall, only HD or PD patients exhibit substantial improve-
ment on measures of recognition discrimination (Butters et al., 1995; Delis et al., 1991; Deweer et al., 1994; Glosser, Friedman,
Grugan, Lee, & Grossman, 1998). On the other hand, several studies have shown that both recall and recognition are compro-
mised in HD and PD patients (Brandt & Munro, 2002; Brandt et al., 2005; Montoya et al., 2006; Solomon et al., 2007; Zizak
et al., 2005) and the best overall discriminator between groups with cortical and subcortical dementia is delayed recall (Noe
et al., 2004; Paulsen et al., 1995; Welsh, Butters, Hughes, Mohs, & Heyman, 1991). Our results suggest that both delayed recall
and recognition differentiate distinct dementias, but delayed recall has greater discriminative power.
Two main implications, both theoretical and clinical, can be drawn from the present study. First, our findings provide insight
into the nature of memory impairments in different degenerative diseases that can result in a dementia syndrome. Prominent
disease-specific memory impairments that can be captured by brief memory tests add to the existent evidence that there are
probably distinct underlying neurocognitive mechanisms that contribute to the differential impairment in the learning of
new information. Second, our findings are unlikely to be useful for differential diagnosis; the distinctions among AD, HD,
and PD are profound, and the diseases are not usually confused with each other. However, having HD or PD does not preclude
the possibility that a patient could at some point also develop AD. It is well documented in neuropathological studies that
coincident AD pathology may be present in PD patients (Boller, Mizutani, Roessmann, & Gambetti, 1980; Braak et al.,
1996; Emre, 2003). In a patient with a primary subcortical disease (PD and HD), a severe verbal-learning impairment may
be indicative of superimposed AD pathology.
A major finding of the present study concerns the effectiveness of both the HVLT-R and the HB in differentiating AD, HD,
and PD patients. In the present study, the inclusion of three variables from the HVLT-R and HB resulted in an 80% correct
classification of the AD, HD, and PD patients, and four measures from the same tasks produced a 91% correct classification
of diseases as primarily cortical or subcortical. Kramer and colleagues (1989) reported 76% classification accuracy of AD, HD,
and PD patients matched for their levels of immediate recall performances using nine measures of learning characteristics (e.g.,
rates of forgetting) and error types (intrusions) from the CVLT. Massman and colleagues (1993) showed that the CVLT rec-
ognition discriminability index resulted in a correct classification rate of 90% between patients with AD and those with HD,
whereas Delis and colleagues (1991) reported around 85% accuracy in classifying the same patient groups. However, a more
recent study by Delis and colleagues (2005) showed that traditional recall conditions of the CVLT-II (both short and long
delayed recall conditions, with and without cues) failed to differentiate AD and HD patients matched for dementia rating
scale scores. The Buschke Selective Reminding Test produced a 68% accuracy of group classification of AD and HD subjects
(Paulsen et al., 1995). Finally, Tro ¨ster and colleagues (1993) reported a 79% classification accuracy of AD and HD patients
using indices of the WMS-R. Thus, the HVLT-R and the HB were as good as or better than other memory tests that
require more time to administer in distinguishing different dementias.
Strengths of the present study are the large sample sizes, as well as the inclusion of three different dementias. The former
allows us to conduct the appropriate discriminant analysis and the latter to test the hypothesis that the pattern of memory
impairment is disease-specific as opposed to only reflecting differences in cortical and subcortical degenerative processes.
A conceptual and methodological issue that remains is how best to match groups of patients with different dementias
(Brandt & Munro, 2002). The failure to match groups on demographic characteristics, such as age and education, and
especially on dementia severity, or the application of different matching procedures may result in heterogeneous patient
samples and contribute to the discrepant findings (Graham, Emery, & Hodges, 2004). In our study, we defined dementia sever-
ity based on MMSE scores. Although it has received criticism, MMSE is still recommended and used as the primary instrument
for tracking/screening for dementia and describing dementia severity (Dubois et al., 2007). In addition, we followed two differ-
ent methodological approaches that resulted in consistent findings. First, in the discriminant analysis, we included all patients,
but controlled statistically for demographic differences and dementia severity. Second, in the ROC curves analyses, we selected
subgroups matched for dementia severity and education. Both methods revealed not only group differences, but also distinct
patterns of memory performances that predict group membership with very high accuracy. Thus, we conclude that our findings
that AD, HD, and PD patients display different patterns of memory impairment are robust.
An important caveat when interpreting our findings is the diagnostic accuracy of the AD and PD diseases. Although we
applied the standard clinical criteria to diagnose AD and PD, our patients had no autopsy that would pathologically
confirm their diagnosis. Consequently, some AD patients might ultimately have a different type of dementing disease and
some PD patients, especially those with major memory problems, might also have AD pathology. In addition, our HD and
PD patients had various degrees of cognitive impairment, as can be inferred from their MMSE scores and their ratings on
the functional scales. We opted against classifying patients with HD and PD as having mild cognitive impairment, dementia,
or neither, because (at one level) they all have cognitive impairments in more than one domain and functional impairments and
might therefore all have some degree of dementia. We thus consider such distinctions problematic (Brandt & Munro, 2002).
406E. Aretouli and J. Brandt / Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25 (2010) 396–409
Page 12
In summary, AD, HD, and PD patients display differences in patterns of memory performances of such magnitude that can
predict their disease-defining group membership. Delayed memory recall provides the highest discrimination accuracy
especially when comparing primarily cortical with subcortical dementias. Finally, both the HVLT-R and the HB can accurately
discriminate the three diseases.
This work was supported by grants of the National Institutes of Health to the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
[P01-NS16375 to the Huntington's Disease Research Center, P50-AG05146 to the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, and
P50-NS58377 to the Parkinson's Disease Research Center].
Conflict of Interest
J.B. receives royalties from Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc., on sales of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-
Revised. His relationship with the company is managed by the Johns Hopkins University in accordance with its established
conflict of interest policies. E.A. has no conflict of interest.
We thank Cynthia A. Munro, Ph.D. for her helpful comments on the manuscript.
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E. Aretouli and J. Brandt / Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 25 (2010) 396–409 409


text:
Over the years, critics have justly celebrated her work, and those who dismissed her for her tendentiousness have found themselves on the wrong side of history. The more time you spend with the poems, the more precise and revelatory they seem.
Read Whole Story
For Pablo Neruda in Chile in the 1930s, a poem was a more powerful vehicle than a newspaper, but in America in 2011, a prose piece in the Times gives not only a wider audience but a level of credibility a poem might not.
MEXICO CITY — More than 150 internationally known writers and artists are urging Mexican President Felipe Calderon to cancel mining concessions ...
Walt Whitman's legendary epic poem "Song of Myself" first appeared in 1855, self-published in Brooklyn by the then-unknown journalist and walker, who was 37 years old at the time.
The question of influence is a tricky one in the literary realm, but surely, if there are undeniable progenitors of today's collective poetry output, these are the ones.
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Engineering & Physical Sciences Blog
Engineering & Physical Sciences Blog
Dec 02, 2014
NIH: New Biosketch Format Required for Applications Beginning 1/25/15A new biosketch format will be required for NIH applications submitted on or after January 25, 2015 (NOT-OD-15-024). Key changes: Page limit extended to five pages Allows researchers to describe up to 5 of their most significant contributions to science, along with the historical background that framed their research. Investigators can outline the central findings of prior work and the... Read more
Nov 18, 2014
NSF Seeks Community Input for Topic Ideas for Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation (EFRI)The National Science Foundation (NSF) invites the research community to submit suggestions for topic areas to be considered for the FY 2016 Emerging Frontiers in Research and Innovation (EFRI) Program Solicitation. Learn more about current EFRI goals and topics at the EFRI program page. Refer to Dear Colleague Letter 15-018 for background and how to submit your candidate topic idea and one-page... Read more
Nov 17, 2014
UNH Research Digest ‒ October 2014The UNH Research Digest collects research news stories from across the University and provides brief summaries that showcase the breadth and depth of our research, scholarly activity, and artistic endeavors. Preview a few of October's stories below. Find the rest of the October Digest articles at the UNH Research Office web site: http://www.unh.edu/research/unh-research-digest. Fairchild... Read more
Nov 04, 2014
Nov 12th Discussion: Choosing and Using Citizen Science: Methods for Engaged Environmental ResearchResearchers, faculty, students, project coordinators, and volunteers are welcome to join the discussion,"Choosing and Using Citizen Science: Methods for Engaged Environmental Research" on Wednesday, November 12, 12:30 - 2:30 pm in Gregg Hall, Room 320. Ice cream will be served. Participants will hear examples and best practices for working with the public to advance research, and learn what... Read more
Oct 31, 2014
Fulbright Arctic Initiative Seeks ScholarsThe Fulbright Arctic Initiative will bring together a network of scholars, professionals and applied researchers from the United States, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia and Sweden for a series of three seminar meetings and a Fulbright exchange experience. Sixteen outstanding scholars from the U.S. and abroad will be selected to participate in the program as Fulbright Arctic... Read more
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text:
Scotts Mills has 1 schools. Some of the best schools in Scotts Mills are Scotts Mills Elementary School with a GreatSchools rating of 5/10 and a parent rating of 5/5 stars. The average GreatSchools rating for Scotts Mills public schools is 5/10, with an average student/teacher ratio of 18:1.
School data provided by National Center for Education Statistics, Maponics, and GreatSchools. Intended for reference only. GreatSchools Ratings compare a schools test performance to statewide results. To verify enrollment eligibility, contact the school or district directly.
Property is in very high demand and likely to sell quickly, even if it is overpriced or not in the best condition. Sellers receive multiple offers and the price is usually bid up above the seller's initial asking price.
Not enough data to determine market type. Consult a local REALTOR® for up-to-date market summaries
Trend data coming soon.
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|For Sale: 15
|New: 3
|Recently Sold: 4
|Reduced: 3
|Average Home Price
|Average Sold Price
|Property Records: 361
|Foreclosed: N/A
The average home price in Scotts Mills is $242,333, which is 18.9% higher than the average sold price in Scotts Mills ($203,750) . The average home price per square foot in Scotts Mills is $111 and about 1% of all homes in Scotts Mills sold in the last 6 months. For Scotts Mills home values, real estate prices, and city market trends, research the 361 property records or search our 4 recently sold or 15 homes for sale listings. The listings and properties in Scotts Mills are only a part of the 1,247,905 properties and 19,873 homes for sale in Oregon. Because of this, the average home price and average home value of Scotts Mills also influence the average home price $230,989 and average sale price $288,204 of Oregon. Listing counts, Scotts Mills home prices and home values in Scotts Mills are sourced daily from listing and property data on realtor.com®, which is the most up-to-date and accurate aggregation of real estate listings in the industry and includes approximately 800 regional MLSs and is the official website of the National Association of Realtors®.
|Median Age
|Median Household Income


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Active development
This game is stable but stil in development and new features are added regularly.
OpenDungeons0.4.9 (5 Jan 2015)
OpenDungeons is an open source, real time strategy game sharing game elements with the Dungeon Keeper series and Evil Genius.Genre: Construction and management, Strategy, Action
UnNetHack8 Dec 2013)
UnNetHack is a variant of the hugely popular roguelike game NetHack.Genre: Roguelike, Turn-based, Role-playing
Sky Rogue
by Polyhedron and nihilocratAlpha 22 (23 Dec 2014)
A simple, accessible-yet-difficult, fwooshy, "feel good" flight sim.Genre: Arcade, Flying / Aviation, Shooter, Action
You were on the way to a recycling process when fortunately for you, and unfortunately for the environment - you could accidentally run off.Genre: Arcade, Platform, Puzzle
by Zeno Rogue4.4 (2 Mar 2014)
You are a lone outsider in a strange, non-Euclidean world.Genre: Roguelike, Adventure
ChaosEsque Anthology26 Mar 2015)
ChaosEsque Anthology is a first person shooter.Genre: Shooter, Action
by Artplantfrequently updated
Entropy is a sandbox science fiction MMOG with a strong focus on freeform gameplay and large-scale space combat, and is available right...Genre: MMO, Action
Out of the Park Baseball16 Nov 2013)
Out of the Park Baseball ("OOTP") is the most sophisticated and best-selling baseball simulation game on the planet.Genre: Sports, Simulation
A simple Minecraft clone written in C using modern OpenGL (shaders).Genre: Role-playing
Warspear Online
by AIGRIND LLCfrequently updated
Create a Hero and battle monsters in a classic 2D MMORPG that has gained popularity with millions of players worldwide! In Arinar,...Genre: MMO, Adventure, Role-playing
by bitHuffel
Zenzizenzic is a fast paced twin-stick shoot 'em up.Genre: Arcade, Shoot 'Em Up
Hydra Slayer
by Zeno Rogue15.6 (23 Feb 2014)
Hydra Slayer is a Roguelike game focused on one thing: slaying Hydras.Genre: Roguelike, Turn-based, Role-playing


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Are you a fan of tactical trading card games? Has it always bothered you that you could not bring your trading cards to life? Yes? Then this free-to-play online game is just the game for you!
09/23/2013 05:53 am - The folks at GameFuse are jumping on the bandwagon to advertise a new game update. Be aware of second hand embarassment......more
05/29/2013 10:34 am - Are you a fan of trading card games? And do you really enjoy playing RPGs? Well, then this might be your lucky day. Kings and Lege...more


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#InspireOurYouth Starr Andrews introduced to skating at 3 yrs old watch her NOW
Starr Andrews was introduced to skating at the age of 3.…See More
November 7, 2010 from 2pm to 5pm – Glenwood Roller Rink Pastors Jeffrey & Vada Lang of Rhema Word Of Life Church & Ministries Center Presents "Let's Get Rolling"Hosted By: Simply Lumiah M. Lang www.IndustryBuzzZ.com Media Date: Sunday, November… Organized by Pastors Jeffrey & Vada Lang | Type: skating, event
October 8, 2011 from 4pm to 7pm – MLK Park & Family Entertainment Center JOIN DAYLIGHT MEDIA & MLK SKATING RINK on Saturday, October 8th from 4P ~ 7P as we Treat the YOUTH to SKATING*GAMES*MUSIC*FUN on the HOLIDAY WEEKEND! Location: 1219 W. 76th Street~Chicago **SKATI… Organized by Jennifer L. Day | Type: skating, party, bowling, kids, event, youth, birthday
March 9, 2012 from 5:45pm to 8:45pm – Glenwood Roller Rink 656 Holbrook Rd, Glenwood, IL. Skating party in honor of our Pastor, Elder W.J. Campbell's birthday. Tickets are $8. $10 at the door. Please contact James Perry (312-217-1124) for tickets. Organized by Min. James D. Perry | Type: gospel, skating, party


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Mailboxes damaged in Beltrami County, reward offered
The Beltrami County Sheriff's office has been "inundated" with complaints regarding damage to residents' mailboxes, according to a press release from the Sheriff's Office.
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Lafayette, IN, USA < change city >
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Okyne Media Lab
1341 West Fullerton Avenue
Chicago, IL, United States
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 3 weddings
Dan was our DJ, and he did a fantastic job. It has been 6 weeks since our wedding...
Jim Cerone, Wedding Ente...
Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
DJs, Coordinators/Planners
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
Absolutely amazing! He literally had the dance floor PACKED ALL NIGHT! I couldn'...
Event 1 Dj's
6358 N. College Ave.
Indianapolis, IN, United States
Bands/Live Entertainment, DJs
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
Wes with Event 1 DJs was our most professional vendor we worked with. He checked...
Diamond Dj Productions
Indianapolis, IN, United States
2 ratings, 2 reviews, 2 weddings
Awesome to work with, very professional and kept the dance floor packed
Event1 Dj's
Indianapolis, IN, USA
1 rating, 1 review, 2 weddings
Wes from Event 1 DJ's was great! He kept the night on track - everything importa...
Velocity Sound
West Lafayette, IN, USA
DJs, Bands/Live Entertainment
1 rating, 1 review, 2 weddings
Absolutely amazing. Bob and the other DJs at Velocity Sound are extremely profes...
J Ryan Entertainment
Indianapolis, IN, USA
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Our DJ did a great job. He keep the party going the whole time. The best part w...
Efusion Entertainment
Burlington, IN, USA
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Best DJ! They were available all day and did an awesome job following requests. ...
Justin Pugh
Kokomo, IN, USA
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Did exactly what we wanted and even showed up early to set up on our ceremony and...
Millenium Sound
3949 82nd Street
Indianapolis, IN, United States
1 rating, 1 review, 1 wedding
Did a fantastic job! Made our reception memorable and everyone (young and old) en...


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Hanging Basket Planters
LullabyF360March 19, 2014
Until we are moved into our newly built house, I have very limited space as far as vegetable gardening goes. Right now my garden in grown in notches dug out from the side of levee of my neighbor's pond. Even still, that is not a whole lot of space, so I am having to resort to container gardening also. I have seen a few photos of people using hanging baskets to maximize space. But what is appropriate to be grown in hanging baskets? I've only seen tomatoes, lettuces, herbs, & strawberries. Can beans also be suitable? Any root vegetables (beets, turnips, carrots, etc)? I am new to this idea & need help & tips.


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What does the Bible have to say about leadership? We're exploring this topic in our current series, "How to Lead".
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24 Simple Scrapbooking Layouts
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Dreaming of a White Christmas Scrapbook Layout
By: Jona Panesa for Best Creation
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If you want free Christmas scrapbook layouts, check out this one from Jona Panesa. The Dreaming of a White Christmas Scrapbook Layout is a great way to display Christmas photos of your children!
- Best creation winter wonderland GP 439, GP 438,
- Christmas paper GP 178, GP177
- Best creation Silver sticker
- Making Memories Tiny Alpha
- Adhesive -3d squares and helmar glue
- Fussy cut snowman and house from GP 178, and snowflakes from GP 177. Set Aside.
- Adhere silver sticker on winter wonderland GP 439.
- Cut a strip of paper from Winter wonderland GP 438. Adhere on the silver sticker the strip with the glittery side.
- Position and adhere the photos with the snowman and house. Use 3D squares for dimension on the snowman and house.
- Add the snowflakes using 3D squares.
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I love the snowman and the snowflakes. I love to scrapbook and this layout inspires me to make one very similar. It really puts me in the Christmas spirit. Beautiful layout.
Dec 17, 2010
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Searching for a tree...
Several years ago...at least 10...I saw a unique Christmas "Tree" in a catalogue. I saved that catalogue for years, but after moving last year, it got lost. Anyway, it was large, wrought iron, I think, and spiral or circles that progressed in size. You could decorate it bare, or wrap greenery around the circles. They even showed it with candles (which I would never do!) Anyway, I used to come here a few years back, and got the best inspiration. Anyone familiar with what I described???
I did a google for "Wrought Iron Christmas Trees" and several showed up.
Scroll down a bit and here's a tree that sounds like what you're talking about. It's cool!
Here is a link that might be useful: Tree
Thanks for checking. I have seen that one before, and I'm probably going to get it on overstock.com (it's only $119 there), but it isn't the one I saw in "some" catalogue, "some" number of years ago. It was solid rings, heavy.
But I'm glad you like the other one. It helps to have someone else like it.
Oh, I've gotten to where I like all different sorts of "funky" trees now!
Two years ago I broke down and bought a really nice white tree and it's just breathtaking in real life.
Now I'm seeing commercials for those bright pink, purple, blue, green trees and I want one of those too!
They're just so festive!
And you can put an iron tree just about anywhere because it would save space, wouldn't it? The decorating possibilities are endless!
If you get one, make sure to show us a picture after it's decorated.
I've never seen a wrought iron Christmas tree before but it is wonderful. Makes my head spin just thinking about the endless decorating possibilities. Please be sure and share as Oakley said.
I just got one for $69 from the Improvements Catalogue. It's the same one that Norm Thompson has and their's is $200! I had seen it last year but didn't get it. Bought it this year and it arrived last week. I'm still digging out ornaments to fill it up. It comes in several sizes.
Here is a link that might be useful: improvements catalogue
Thank you so much. I was able to cancel my Overstock.com order and I'm going to order here. I'll have to wait a couple of days, because they're sending a 15% off coupon by e-mail (they said it might take a few days to process), but for the extra $10 off, I can wait.
Is it relatively sturdy? It looks a lot nicer than the one I originally ordered.
I looked at the picture, I have one of those metal ornament trees but the top is different. Mine is full of pink balls. lol
oh my....the temptation to get that tree is really going to be hard for me to resist. Its wonderful, (and cats wouldn't climb it.) LOL
If I hadn't spent the day repacking and restoring a lot of my decorations, I would order this tree in a heartbeat.
But now, not sure I can justify getting one.
hugs, Karen
Grrrr...I thought all I had to do to post a picture was to drag in onto this message, like I do with facebook. (My son put it on my desktop. I have a Mac, if it matters.) Help! I even googled "how to post a picture on gardenweb", but I couldn't figure it out. Anyone good with simple tutorials?
If you don't want to open a Photobucket acct, you can use this link "Tiny Pic" & it will work for you. I just did this one...you click on download it, then right click on the 1st HTML & click copy...come to the message you are posting & click paste....it will look like gibberish...but when you preview you should see the pic. I love Photobucket tho...that's what I use ...but I keep albums there, too. It's free, both of them. Hope this helps. Jeanne S.
Here is a link that might be useful: Tiny Pic
I didn't want to type a lot, and not have the picture work, so this is my PS:
Jeanne, I wish I had asked for help sooner. It was so easy. (I used your link) And I love your tree.
Not to be a downer, but three years ago today we lost our beautiful 17 year old niece. She was "my" little girl, and spent a lot of the summer here. Anyway, Christmas hasn't been the same, but I still have my "children," (17 and 20 years) and I can't ignore this time of year. So we changed it up. I thought my boys would hate it ... but they don't. They actually like it. My dh? Not so much. Oh well.
The link is to the catalog, with the unadorned tree.
Here is a link that might be useful: The anadorned catalog version
Thanks everyone. Punk, I played around with it; lights all over it, wrapping the boughs around the "arms," swagging the boughs. In the end, the easiest was the best. You can't tell, but I have little white lights wrapped around the center post. And the boughs just on the outer most/upper most "loop" of the scroll. Total time to "decorate," was less that ten minutes. Now we're playing with ornaments.


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Looking for a creative pillowcase set design "Love Birds"
Paul J picked a winning design in their other graphic design contest. For just $145 they received 38 designs from 15 designers.
Here's a peek at the client's brief
Graphic design made easy
99designs gives you quality graphic design at an affordable price. Just tell us what you need, get dozens of designs and choose your favorite.


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Painting paneling
We just bought a house that is very outdated and paneled throughout! It's awful. I had a bad experience removing paneling in the past that had been glued and nailed. I ended up having to replace the drywall. This time I would like to paint it. I'm looking for advice as to what product to use to prime it and will I also need to sand it as well? Has anyone done this or have any advice?
Yes, I did a half wall of 60's paneling and it came out great.
This is my procedure (got advice from this forum which helped a lot).
1. Clean paneling well with Dirtex. Fill in and sand any imperfections. Some people actually fill in the vertical grooves to make it look smooth like drywall, but I didn't. As it was only a half wall, I had the goal of making it look like wainscoting.
2. Sand lightly to scuff up the surface. Vacuum and wipe with damp cloth to get all dust off.
3. Apply a blocking primer (not just an all-purpose primer). I used SW Pro-Block, but I think it's called something else now. Use a small roller to apply, then back brush to smooth. When dry, sand very lightly and vacuum/wipe.
4. Apply one coat of finish paint using roller and brush as above. Chinex brushes work well and leave a smooth finish. I used SW ProClassic Semi-Gloss paint. Don't overwork this kind of paint. BM Impervo or Cabinet Coat would work well, too.
5. Allow that coat to dry, then again sand lightly and vacuum/wipe.
6. Apply second coat of finish paint as above.
You should get great coverage and end up with a gorgeous smooth finish. Good luck.
Ditto to steps 1 & 2 listed above, but any good bonding primer should work. I like Zinsser BIN, but it's pretty transparent, so you may want to add some white colorant (2oz KX) to improve the hiding ability. Zinsser Cover Stain or even Bullseye 123 are other good options; all say they don't require sanding, though a smart painter will still scuff sand slick surfaces. Also, with slick surfaces, waiting a little extra time between priming and painting to let the primer cure is a good idea. I personally can't imagine sanding a wall in between coats, but I suppose it depends on what look you're going for. Furniture, sure, you want it smooth, but I don't mind a little roller texture on a wall.
Here is a link that might be useful: Young House Love Blog on Painting Paneling
Thank you both so much. I'm a bit overwhelmed by the process as I have the WHOLE house to do. At least we bought a relatively small house. I think I will like the look of using the brush with the roller. I have no plans to fill the gaps at this point but may try it down the road. They paneled the kitchen as well and I'm not sure I want to see painted paneling in there so maybe that would be my trial. Again, thank you!


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Andino Royal
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Bogota Part I: A Foodie City I could live in
... thankfully I ended up not needing. Most of the time it was warm and sunny, with some clouds and only one tropical rainstorm that ended up not lasting very long anyway. I was pleased. We stayed north of the historic center of the town, in a district called Zona G, that our friend, Jessica, had said was nearer the restaurants we wanted to go to. It was a great recommendation because we really loved walking around the area at night and we found ...
Beautiful Bogotá
... and progressive with plenty of well preserved historic buildings and a European feel overall. We saw endless bustling well dressed people on the move, loads of cool architecture and arty graffiti everywhere. Parts of it reminded me of Berlin and East London, that was until we arrived in La Candaria which felt more like a historic Spanish town with its cobbled streets, grand old houses with rustic doors and window shutters. It's a lovely place and rammed full of hostels, ...
Bogota: city of gold, art and policemen.
... sounded like the protection of a city park and watched bemused as people clambered to buy what looked like dried corn kernels from one stall.
The next day was a Sunday, meaning that the museums were free, so we took the opportunity to visit the world famous Museo del Oro (gold museum). As it was a Sunday it also meant that most of the inner city streets were closed to cars, with great swathes of Bogota�os taking to their bicycles. Accordingly, our short ...
Colombia, Mi Amor.
... methods;each family tends farms at varying altitudes of the Sierra, producing different crops to satisfy the range of their needs. They also raise cattle on the highlands.
--------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- --------------
So, I just sat down near the Kogui guy, he was on a chair, I sat about 10 feet from him, physically below him by sitting on the sand cross-legged. I stared ...
Carrying some extra weight
... only to be able to withdraw half of the price of the ring. So we walked back to the store where they decided they would come to my hotel by taxi and I could pay them the balance in US dollars; but we tried the eftpos machine one more time and bingo- it worked, adventure over :) So I noticed the effects of the altitude whilst we were visiting Monserrate- a niggly headache and slightly fuzzy round the edges. Here's hoping I acclimatize pretty quickly as I go ...


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Ronald Renuart
|Ronald "Doc" Renuart
|Member of the Florida House of Representatives
from the 17th district
|Assumed office
November 20, 2012
|Preceded by
|Lake Ray
|Member of the Florida House of Representatives
from the 18th district
|In office
November 18, 2008 – November 20, 2012
|Preceded by
|Don Davis
|Succeeded by
|Travis Cummings
|Personal details
January 5, 1964
Coral Gables, Florida
|Political party
|Tamara Ferrell Renuart
|Jennifer; Scarlett; Ronald, Jr.; (step children) Christopher; Shannon; Matthew; Ashley
|Alma mater
|University of Florida (B.S.)
Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.)
|Osteopathic physician
Ronald "Doc" Renuart (born January 5, 1964) is a Republican member of the Florida House of Representatives, representing the 17th District, which is based in northern St. Johns County, stretching from St. Augustine to Palm Valley, since 2012, previously representing the 18th District from 2008 to 2012.
Renuart was born in Coral Gables and attended the University of Florida, from which he graduated in 1986. While pursuing his first degree, he received an EMT certificate from Santa Fe College in 1985. Upon graduation, he attended Nova Southeastern University College of Osteopathic Medicine, where he received his Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree in 1990. After this, Renuart completed his internal medicine residency at the University of Florida Health Science Center Jacksonville, and enlisted in the Florida Army National Guard. From 1990 to 2010, he served as a medical officer in the National Guard, retiring as a Colonel and serving as a field surgeon, chief medical officer, and flight surgeon in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom, receiving the Florida Cross Medal and the Meritorious Service Medal in 2010 and the Order of Military Medical Merit in 2011.
Florida House of Representatives[edit]
In 2008, incumbent State Representative Don Davis was unable to seek re-election due to term limits and Renuart ran to succeed him in the 18th District, which included parts of southeastern Duval County and northern St. Johns County, stretching from St. Augustine to Neptune Beach. Over the course of the election, Davis passed away, creating a vacancy that was not filled until the general election. Renuart raced Jacksonville City Councilwoman Elaine Brown[1] and John R. Capra in the Republican primary, whom he easily defeated, winning 58% of the vote to Brown's 30% and Capra's 12%. In the general election, he faced Dave Smith, the Democratic nominee and the former President of the Concerned Taxpayers of Duval County, and independent candidate Daniel Walsh. Renuart defeated both opponents with ease, receiving 67% of the vote while Smith received only 30% and Walsh received 3%. When Renuart ran for re-election in 2010, he was opposed by Democratic nominee Tom Collins, a physicist. Renuart campaigned on his independence in the legislature, specifically noting that he broke with his party to oppose SunRail and casino gambling; he claimed that legalized casino gambling "would be too much of a moral plague on Florida families to justify potential revenues."[2] In the end, Renuart won in a landslide, building on his 2008 victory, winning 74% of the vote to Collins' 26%.
In 2012, state legislative districts were redrawn and Renuart was moved into the 17th District, which dropped the Duval County excursion of his previous district for a greater slice of St. Johns County. He ran for re-election, and in the Republican primary faced building contractor Mike Davis, who was endorsed by Associated Industries of Florida, one of Florida's largest business lobbies,[3] and community activist Kim Kendall. Renuart ended up defeating Davis and Kendall to win his party's renomination, but by a relatively slim margin; he won 39% of the vote to Davis's 31% AND Kendall's 30%. In the general election, he was opposed by independent candidate Rebecca "Sue" Sharp, whom he easily defeated, winning re-election with 72% of the vote.
- ^ Littlepage, Ron (August 28, 2008). "New era may be dawning in First Coast politics". Florida Times-Union. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
- ^ Hunt, David (October 22, 2010). "District 18's Renuart, Collings having a 'battle of brains'". The St. Augustine Record. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
- ^ Dixon, Matt (June 21, 2012). "AIF backs Mike Davis over incumbent Ronald 'Doc' Renuart". Florida Times-Union. Retrieved May 3, 2014.


text:
The Grand Canyon
Suranga Ruhunusiri
March 27, 2012
When gazing at the night sky, it is unavoidable to be mesmerized by its beauty. It has held us spellbound since the earliest man looked upon it and wondered what is out there. It has resulted in our endeavor to venture out there and to search for an answer to the question "What is our place in this grand scheme of things ?"
But when we look out there, sometimes we forget the beauty right here on planet Earth. That is why I have decided to submit a photo of one of the marvels of our own Earth—the Grand Canyon—to MySky. This was taken last December on a flight en route to Los Angeles.
One day, the astronauts who will visit Mars may get a similar glimpse of Valles Marineris.
—Suranga Ruhunusiri
Iowa City, Iowa
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Dictionary » B » Budding
(biology) The formation of an outgrowth from an organism, and is capable of developing into a new individual; gemmation.
(embryology) The process of embryo differentiation in which the old structures are formed in outgrowth from pre-existing parts.
(virology) The forming of a protrusion by certain viruses using a fragment of the host cell membrane in order to acquire their external envelope.
(general) That is beginning to develop; the state of producing buds.
Developing, flowering.
Budding is a common process in plants and fungi. It also occurs in certain animals, particularly the Hydra (sponges). In sponges, the outgrowth (bud) stays attached permanently while in fungi the bud stays for a while, and then detaches to grow fully as a new individual. Budding is a form of asexual reproduction since the process results in the formation of new individual but is a clone of the primary organism.
In viruses, budding is their means to leave the cell while not causing lysis to their host cell. In this way, the remaining viruses can still propagate within the host cell.
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... of Vacuolar Protein Sorting Pathway in Ebola Virus Release Independent of TSG101 Interaction. J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 15;196 Suppl 2:S264-70. Budding of Ebola virus (EBOV) particles from the plasma membrane of infected cells requires viral and host proteins. EBOV virus matrix protein VP40 ...
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Re: siphonophores
... species that floats, the vast majority swim underwater. 1) The initial zooid arises from a fertilised egg, the rest of the colony is formed by budding which is a type of asexual reproduction. I have no idea the mechanisms behind HOW the zooids become specialised but I do know that zooids that ...
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HIS3-MX6 selective marker in S.cerevisiae
Hi, I am facing some problems when I use HIS3-MX6 selection for budding yeast transformations. I was wondering if anybody had similar problems and would have a solution (like a specific way to transform yeasts with plasmids containing HIS3-MX). I try to ...
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Data analysis: DNA alignment HELP?
As genes encoding cyclin-dependent kinases had been cloned from Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the fission yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisae, the budding yeast, and human cells, investigators working in plant systems designed experiments to determine whether plants also possessed CDKs that functioned ...
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Curious about these fungi.
... a plastic cup with some old beer. I know they are likely Ascomycete and appear to exhibit some yeast like traits as far as the nuclear fission and budding, although they have some incredibly thick walls and there appears to be a lot of hyphae around as well, which could be some sort of interaction ...
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あらゆる[] 事[こと] を[] 考慮[こうりょ] に[] 入れれ[いれれ] ば[] 、[] 結果[けっか] は[] 私[わたし] の[] 期待[きたい] 以上[いじょう] だ[] 。[]
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Throw The Ultimate Luau! ▶
Scrap this fun and easy-to-make Hats Off To You Gift box for a recent graduate and place a small gift inside. Click below for step-by-step instructions.
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text: I like to consider myself a poet, and I think I've noticed something recently. On many of the forums that I go to, poetry is straying away from the rhythmic style that it used to be and is becoming more of a monologue. I'm an old fashioned person in a lot of ways, in my mannerisms, my morals and beliefs and the way I do things, and especially the way I write. I miss the smooth and steady rhyme of a poem, the way they used to be. I feel like poetry has become static and hard, a cold hard statement rather than a delicate verse. Any thoughts from other writers out there?