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Sheraton Vancouver Airport Hotel, Richmond
This upscale Sheraton hotel is 1 block from Richmond Centre's shops, 2 blocks from the Richmond Public Market, and 4 km (2.4 mi) from Vancouver International Airport. Downtown Vancouver is about 30 minutes away
Hotel Features.
Sheraton Vancouver Airport features a sports bar and grill, 24-hour room service, an extensive business center, and a garden courtyard with a pool and spa tub. The hotel has 23 meeting/conference rooms with a total of 21,000 square feet (1,890 square meters) of meeting space. A 24-hour fitness center, 2 saunas, a beauty salon, a beer and wine store, and a gift shop are also on site. Wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary in public areas. This Richmond, BC hotel is completely non-smoking.
Spacious guestrooms feature step-out balconies, 32-inch flat-panel TVs, and signature bedding. Wireless and wired high-speed Internet access is available for a surcharge. Other amenities include cordless phones, compact refrigerators, coffeemakers with Starbucks coffee, and desks with ergonomic chairs. Bathrooms offer makeup/shaving mirrors, Bliss bath products, and shower/tub combinations.
As a single traveller I found myself constantly made to feel a problem in the restaurant.…
not very convenient to places I need to be
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 020 3027 9803from £93
- Traditional Room
- Suite
- Club Room
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 390 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 6 floors
- Check-in time starts at 3 PM
- Check-out time is Noon
- Express check-in/out
Required at check in
- Credit card deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
- Minimum check-in age is 18
Travelling with others
- Babysitting/childcare
- Pets allowed *
Extra people
- Rollaway beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi and wired Internet access in public areas
- WiFi and wired Internet access in rooms *
- Free airport shuttle
- Self parking *
- Accessible parking
Other information
- Smoke-free property
- Resort fee included
Nearby Three Star Richmond hotels
In the hotel
- Restaurant
- Bar/lounge
- Poolside bar
- 24-hour room service
- Outdoor pool
- Ski storage
- 24-hour fitness facilities
- Spa tub
- Bicycle rentals nearby
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Business center
- Number of meeting rooms - 23
- Conference space
- Meeting rooms
- Conference space size (feet) - 21000
- Conference space size (meters) - 1890
- 24-hour front desk
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Laundry facilities
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Elevator/lift
- ATM/banking
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Rooftop terrace
- Garden
- Picnic area
- Television in lobby
- Disabled parking
- Accessible path of travel
- Braille or raised signage
- Accessibility equipment for the deaf
- Accessible bathroom
- In-room accessibility
- Roll-in shower
In the room
- Climate control
- Air conditioning
- Coffee/tea maker
- Iron/ironing board
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Premium bedding
- Pillowtop mattress
- Balcony
- Shower/tub combination
- Designer toiletries
- Hair dryer
- 32-inch LCD TV
- Pay movies
- Cable TV channels
- Desk
- Free newspaper
- WiFi (surcharge)
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Microwave (on request)
- Daily housekeeping
Top Richmond hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Richmond
- The Sutton Place Hotel - VancouverFrom
"Wonderful hotel. Friendly helpful staff. One night stop over on way to whistler with my son. A treat. All facilities you could wish for, great pool, comfy beds. Coffee machine…"Mar 7, 2015
- Four Seasons Hotel VancouverFrom
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Nearby hotels
Special features
Awards and affiliations
Green / Sustainable Property
This property participates in Green Key Eco-Rating Program, a program that measures the property's impact on one or more of the following: environment, community, cultural-heritage, the local economy.
Sheraton Vancouver Airport Hotel, Richmond's small print
Mandatory fees
The charges below are included in the total price displayed:
- Resort fee
Optional extras
Self parking costs CAD 18.97 per night
Rollaway beds are available for CAD 20 per night
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of CAD 20 per night
WiFi is available in guestrooms for CAD 10.95 per 24-hour period (rates may vary)
High-speed Internet access (wired) is available in guestrooms for CAD 10.95 per 24-hour period (rates may vary)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Thaysa Kamiji, Thiago Silva's ex wife, was apparently thrilled when she found out the former UFC light-heavyweight had been knocked out by Ted Holder in his World Series of Fighting debut. After a lo read news >>
Following his loss to Vasyl Lomachenko, Gary Russell, Jr. found himself in a strange place. Despite being prodigiously talented, his inability to deal with a big step up in competition left his poten read news >>
In a move that was quickly hailed by the MMA community, on Thursday, Brazil's MMA athletic commission overturned the results of a March 21 UFC bout between Drew Dober and Leandro Silva, which was sto read news >>
'Big Country' wasn't able to blast Alistair Overeem with his big right hand like he has done to several other opponents, and it's since been revealed that he broke his main weapon in the opening roun read news >>
And just like that, all is right in the MMA world. What Dana White wants, Dana White gets. Oh, and so does Drew Dober. The Brazilian Athletic Commission (CABMMA) announced earlier today (Thurs., Marc read news >>
In a big turn of events, the Brazilian athletic commission has turned Drew Dober's controversial UFC Rio loss to Leandro Silva into a no contest. Earlier this week, the Brazilian athletic commission read news >>
With the loss of its headliner and one of two title fights, next month's UFC 186 event has a new co-headliner, as well as a new main-card bout.Filed under: MMA Rumors, News, UFC read news >>
The CABMMA has released a list of medical suspensions following Saturday night's UFC Fight Night: Maia vs. LaFlare event. Just days removed from the entertaining night of fights in Rio de Janeiro, th read news >>
Anthony Pettis discusses his UFC lightweight title loss to Rafael dos Anjos at UFC 185 earlier this month. Anthony Pettis is still trying to come to terms with losing the UFC lightweight title to Raf read news >>
At UFC Fight Night 62, Ryan LaFlare suffered his first MMA loss in a bout with Demian Maia. Following the event, LaFlare received more bad news. Apparently, the up-and-coming welterweight contender i read news >>
Drew Dober's attempt to get his UFC Fight Night 62 technical submission loss to Leandro Silva turned to a No Contest appears to have fallen of deaf ears. read news >>
Anthony Pettis has watched his loss to Rafael dos Anjos five times. He still is not completely sure what went wrong, only that he felt mentally out of it from the moment he landed in Dallas. One thin read news >>
Many words have been written about Josh Koscheck since Saturday's loss to Erick Silva. Many more will be written in the coming days. There is something about nostalgia that tugs at the heartstrings. read news >>
With his fifth straight UFC loss, Josh Koscheck entered a rare territory on Saturday. Check out all the post-fight facts from UFC Fight Night 62.Filed under: Featured, News, UFC read news >>

subset: commoncrawl


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SWR, Inc.
B-294266: Oct 6, 2004
Additional Materials:
- Full Report:
Ralph O. White
(202) 512-8278
(202) 512-4800
(202) 512-8278
Office of Public Affairs
(202) 512-4800
SWR, Inc. protests the terms of request for proposals (RFP) No. M00146-04-R-9024, issued by the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) for the washing of various aircraft at three Marine Corps Air Stations (MCAS) in North and South Carolina. SWR asserts that the RFP, issued as a small business set-aside, instead should have been set aside for Historically Underutilized Business Zone (HUBZone) small business concerns.
We sustain the protest.
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- Smith and Nephew, Inc.B-410453
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Looking for more? Browse all our products here


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On top of the world and only minutes to downtown Asheville.!! Fabulous year round views.!! One of a kind property and location. . Seller will dig well and find water at minimum 2g/min. Buyer responsible for pump and line. Real estate sign located at possible homesite. Gated community. Members of LLC are licensed NC real estate brokers. Broker Agent family member. DB/page, taxes, etc. assigned upon closing.
Data Provided by North Carolina Mountains MLS


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Last week, the Securities and Exchange Commission announced an award payout of between $475,000 and $575,000 to a former company officer who reported information about an alleged securities fraud. While this is by no means the largest of the 15 payouts the SEC has made since the inception of the whistleblower program in fiscal year 2012 (the SEC awarded approximately $14 million to a whistleblower in October 2013, and roughly $30 million to a foreign whistleblower almost a year later), it is the first time that the SEC provided a whistleblower bounty award under the new program to an officer who learned about the alleged fraud through another employee, rather than firsthand.
Category Archives: Whistleblower
To Whom Must The Whistle Blow? SEC Asks Second Circuit for Deference on Scope of Dodd-Frank Whistleblower Protection
In an amicus brief filed earlier this month in Berman v. Neo@Ogilvy LCC, the SEC asked the Second Circuit to defer to the Commission and hold that individuals who report misconduct internally are covered by the anti-retaliation protections of the Dodd-Frank Act of 2002, regardless of whether they report the information to the SEC.
Corporate Whistleblowing: Key Issues In Responding to Possible Violations
The need to detect and investigate reported allegations of wrongdoing within a corporation has long been a fact of corporate life. In the last 15 years, however, a combination of circumstances has contributed to an explosion of activity in this area. Among the contributing factors was Congress' passage of laws and related agency regulations encouraging and, in some cases, mandating that employees report suspected corporate misconduct; creating financial incentives for employees to do so; and prohibiting retaliation against those who report. For companies, understanding their obligations pursuant to this statutory regime and the unsettled issues still surrounding it is crucial both for purposes of complying with applicable law and responding appropriately to alleged wrongdoing. Recently Orrick attorneys drafted an article for the Review of Securities & Commodities Regulation that discusses certain significant whistleblowing provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 ("Sarbanes-Oxley") and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ("Dodd-Frank"), as well as best practices for responding to tips where these statutes apply.
To view the full article, please click here.
Office of Whistleblower Annual Report (Version 2014); More of the Same or Progress on Dodd-Frank Objectives?
Check out this week's Employment Law and Litigation Blog post on the SEC's Dodd-Frank Whistleblower Program.
When the Whistle Blows, What Follows?
Real estate investment trust American Realty Capital Properties ("ARCP") recently announced the preliminary findings of an Audit Committee investigation into accounting irregularities and the resulting resignation of its Chief Financial Officer and Chief Accounting Officer. The events surrounding ARCP are a case study of how, within a matter of weeks, an internal report of concerns to the Audit Committee can lead to both internal and external scrutiny: an internal investigation and review of financial reporting controls and procedures, on the one hand; media coverage, securities fraud litigation, and an inquiry by the Securities Exchange Commission, on the other.
Second Circuit Holds Dodd-Frank Whistleblower Provision Does Not Apply Extraterritorially
Check out this week's Employment Law and Litigation Blog post on the Dodd-Frank Act's whistleblower retaliation provision.
Can You Hear the Whistle Blowing?: SEC Punishes Company that Did Not Address Fraud Allegations by Whistleblower
The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission recently announced the latest whistleblower bounty awarded under the Dodd-Frank Act, which authorizes rewards for original information about violations of securities laws. Whistleblowers can receive 10 percent to 30 percent of the money collected in an SEC enforcement action where the monetary sanctions imposed exceed $1 million.
SEC Charges Hedge Fund Adviser with Whistleblower Retaliation under Dodd-Frank
On June 16, 2014, the SEC issued its first-ever charge of whistleblower retaliation under section 922 of the Dodd-Frank Act, charging a hedge fund advisor and its owner with "engaging in prohibited principal transactions and then retaliating against the employee who reported the trading activity to the SEC." Read More
Commodity Futures Trading Commission Issues First Whistleblower Award
On Monday, May 19, 2014, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ("CFTC") issued its first award to a whistleblower under its Dodd-Frank bounty program.
The Commission will pay $240,000 to an unidentified whistleblower who "voluntarily provided original information that caused the Commission to launch an investigation that led to an enforcement action" in which the judgment and sanctions exceeded $1 million. The heavily redacted award determination on the CFTC's website does not reveal the name of the implicated company, the nature of the wrongdoing involved, the percentage of bounty the whistleblower received (which is required to be between 10 and 30 percent pursuant to the statute), or the factors considered in determining the percentage of the bounty.
Prior to this first grant of an award to a whistleblower under the CFTC's Dodd-Frank bounty program, there were 25 denials of award claims. The reasons for the denials primarily fell into one or more of several categories:
- the individuals provided information before the passage of Dodd-Frank;
- they did not file a form TCR as required by the regulations;
- they did not provide information "voluntarily" but rather in response to a Commission request; and/or
- the information did not cause the Commission to open or expand an investigation or significantly contribute to a success of a Commission matter.
Time will tell whether this first award will have any effect on the number of whistleblowers who report to the CFTC or the quality of information the Commission receives.
For Whom the Whistle Tolls in 2014
Momentum for the SEC's Dodd Frank whistleblower program is growing, and 2014 can be expected to bring continued expansion of the program and the number and types of whistleblower actions initiated by the SEC. The SEC's annual report to Congress reported that 3,238 whistleblower tips were received in 2013, up almost 10% from 2012, and awards to whistleblowers who provide information to the SEC are increasing as more substantive tips are received.
An investigation by the SEC into a whistleblower tip can take several years to culminate in an enforcement action, so the last year likely saw just the beginning of a wave of enforcement actions. Despite the fact that over 6,000 tips have been received through 2013, the SEC has issued only six separate awards to tipsters. Those awards have ranged from $125,000 to a record $14 million, representing 10 to 30 percent of the overall funds recovered by the SEC in these whistleblower cases. Read More


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The team looks for back-to-back Sebring victories and consecutive wins on the Tudor United SportsCar Championship circuit.
TRG-AMR team drivers Christina Nielsen, James Davison, and Brandon Davis are heading to Florida with one place in mind - the top step of the podium.
The exciting action of the 2015 Cooper Tires Prototype Lites Powered by Mazda gets underway with two rounds March 18-20 at Sebring International Raceway.
Turner Motorsport pilot set to campaign No. 97 BMW Z4 in historic 12 Hours of Sebring.
Eight previous class victories at North America's oldest sports car race.
Young American seeking payback after late-race Daytona heartbreak
Michael Shank Racing with Curb/Agajanian is eager to take on the iconic circuit with its new Honda-powered Ligier JS P2.
The team is now building towards three massive events coming up in the even busier month of March.
16 cars are entered in the main prototype class.
Risi Competizione is seeking its best finish since the 2003 race when it placed second overall in the GT class.
In last weekend's ROAR before 24 – the Daytona 24 Hours official test session – the team started strongly.
Darryl will be part of a five-driver line-up with German team Muehlner Motorsports America.
The Rolex 24 at Daytona International Speedway is just one of those events that everybody wants to be a part of, and that includes racers.
When the checkered flag falls on the 2015 Rolex 24 At Daytona at 2:10 p.m. Sunday afternoon, there's only one thing we now know for sure: The car that's the first under the flag will have earned the victory.
Cheng joins squad ahead of IMSA TUDOR debut at "World Center of Racing".
Gustavo Menezes rejoins RSR Racing for legendary sportscar showdown.
Two Audi customer teams to contest 24-hour race in Florida (USA).
The honor of representing a team with the rich heritage of Brumos Racing was not lost on Dempsey/Wright Motorsports.
Eight factory drivers at the wheel of the Porsche 911 RSR travels to Florida as the defending champions to contest the second season of this popular race series.
Repairs are underway on the Fifty Plus Racing "Endures for a Cure" Riley BMW Dinan following a spectacular crash during a test session at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach, Fla., last weekend.
The three-day test is the lone official IMSA test of the offseason.
Action Express Racing have been working hard to prepare for the new challenges of 2015.
Three-day test at Daytona critical for chances at Rolex 24
New Honda Prototype makes its debut on Friday.


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DVD Features;
An Interview with Roman Polanski,
The Ghost Writer: Fiction or Reality?,
The Cast of The Ghost Writer
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arrived quickly, exactly as described... would order again without hesitationPublished 13 days ago by audra donovan
This was a superb story and superbly done! I was captivated by the style and story from the opening scenes and it only got better. Read morePublished 23 days ago by mikey45
An eerie super stylish political thriller.The C.I.A. vs the Prime Minister? In the mood for a realistic political thriller? Read morePublished 29 days ago by zz top
Entertaining movie with a surprise ending. I didn't like the ending, but it was definitely a surprise.Published 1 month ago by Sky
Oddly suspenseful given the nature of being a Ghost Writer. I did find it rather peculiar that a movie would be based on the job that I do every day. Read morePublished 1 month ago by T. Mertell
A personal favorite movie, good pacing, story is intriguing as you try to follow the clues to the coverups.Published 1 month ago by Nonanon
I wonder if some heads-of-states are mind controlled with chip-implants already. Some seem to be parroting each other to the point of excess. Read morePublished 2 months ago by Martin TI
|From this Discussion
|Censored version
Yeah, I picked up the Canadian version. Sooo worth it!
Sep 27, 2012 by paper tiger | See all 2 posts
|Another Stinking *ss Flipper Disc, UGH!!!
I didn't order this for the same reason.
They can do what they want; companies should try to maximize profit. But they won't get my money for a flipper disc.
Jul 30, 2010 by Elo | See all 11 posts


text: Web exclusive! If you're serving syrup at breakfast or gravy at dinner, this sauceboat will help keep your table free of drips. Price: Price pending The exotic mix of floral patterns, leafy details and dazzling colors in the Sophia pattern create a beautiful backdrop for any occasion. Although contemporary in feel, this design was based on a Spode® original archive pattern. It is one of many in Spode®'s new bone china collection. Introduced in 2011, the new bone china collection was inspired by vibrant and artistic Spode® vintage designs. Bone china, perfected by Josiah Spode I in 1779, is renowned for its unique balance of translucency with strength and functionality. Dishwasher safe Microwave safe Warm oven only (up to 200 degrees F) Made of bone china 16-oz. capacity Imported More


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(Battlestar Galactica)
The anatomy of ships as if they were living creatures, drawn by Josh Lane. I hope he decides to do Moya.
(Star Trek, Star Wars, Firefly, Doctor Who, Battlestar Galactica)
Here's Everything You Missed from that Justin Bieber Roast
Amazon Dash Isn't an April Fools' Prank, So the Internet ...
Snapchat Cat Art Has Reached the Highest Level of Sophistication
Guy Annoys the Hell Out of His Coworkers With the Most Awful ...
Groupon's Social Media Team Absolutely Knows They're Selling ...
Monkey Meets Puppies for First Time, Wants to Snuggle them ...
Which Pokémon Do You Use to Fly?
Our Favorite Cheezburger App Submissions of the Week!
También puede ser amor
Cat Can't Bear Having Someone Sneak Up On Hiim
Pick Your Site Name
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Michigan not in market for QB
Recruiting analysis: Wolverines have 2013 commit in Morris, identify 2014 target
Updated: October 21, 2011, 4:52 PM ETBy Tom VanHaaren | WolverineNation
The quarterback position has been a major focus as of late with the Michigan team. All three scholarship quarterbacks that Michigan has on its roster are very different. Ranging in size from 6-foot to 6-4, Michigan offensive coordinator Al Borges has a wide variety with which to work. Going forward, however, the coaching staff has made it very clear it wants a pro-style offense. That means it will target pro-style quarterbacks as well. As WolverineNation evaluates each position at midseason, we also will look at what Michigan is doing in recruiting at each position.
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Tom VanHaaren | emailRecruitingNation
- Big Ten recruiting reporter
- Joined ESPN in 2011
- Graduated from Central Michigan
- Best Of The Bayou State
- Louisiana's best earned a trip to The Opening.
- Costello Picks Stanford
- ESPN Jr. 300 QB K.J. Costello commits to Stanford.
Story »
- A New Top Player Producer?
- Is Georgia now producing the most talent?


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My name is Amy Schalet. I am a professor of Sociology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. I'm American born, but grew up in the Netherlands, before returning to the US as an adult. Some of my passions in life are dancing -- I especially like to do and see modern dance -- music, nature, travel. I also like cooking, spending time with good friends, and reading.
I am an independent traveler -- I live alone, so have a lot of experience doing things on my own. But I also really enjoy getting to know other people, making conversation, and discovering new things. I am tidy and considerate of others -- don't talk loud after hours, etc. I love food, and will eagerly take recommendations for good restaurants, and coffee in the neighborhood.
I am about to visit Europe for the first time in 4 years (I am on sabbatical). I am very excited about this, since, much as I love living where I do, I have missed many aspects of the "European life". I will be in the Netherlands, Scandinavia, Great Britain, and Ireland.
This is my first time Using air B & B, but I have frequently stayed in other B & B's that are also in people's homes.


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Everett Gillison
Center City Job Fair For Ex-Offenders Is Canceled After 3,000 Show Up
The city was expecting about 1,000 people to show up, but about three times that number were standing in a line that wrapped around the Municipal Services Building, across from City Hall.
Tasco Grills Nutter's Chief Of Staff Over Rec Center Renovation Delay
A city councilwoman's anger over delays in renovations to a rec center in her district boiled over Tuesday at a budget hearing.
ACLU Says Philadelphia Cops Still Misusing 'Stop and Frisk' Procedure
A federal judge continues to oversee an agreement between the ACLU and the Nutter administration in which the police department agreed to better train officers on the use of "stop and frisk."
Disagreements Over Nutter's New Plans For How Courts Appoint Attorneys For Poor Defendants
A prominent criminal defense attorney is considering taking the Nutter Administration to court over its plans to revamp how attorneys are appointed to handle cases in which the defendant has no money.
Perhaps Signaling Unions, Philadelphia Gives Some Nonunion Workers 2.5% Hikes
The mayor's aides deny the move is meant to ratchet up pressure on the two municipal unions that have been without a contract since 2009.
Company Will Pay Philadelphia $1.85M For Finagling 'Women-Owned' Mandate
Amy Kurland, Philadelphia's inspector general, says the company formerly known as Prison Health Services (now called Corizon Health Inc.) had certified to the city that it used a women-owned business as a subcontractor.
City Officials Express Shock, Dismay at Reported Rape of Preteen in Rec Center
"We are outraged," said Philadelphia Parks and Recreation deputy commissioner Susan Slawson.
Deputy Mayor Says Philadelphia's Police Cams Are Being Corrected
The city controller says Philadelphia's long troubled crime surveillance camera system is still plagued by dozens of cameras that aren't working — or even hooked up. We're working on it, says an administration official.
Philadelphians Help Celebrate EMS Week
This is National EMS Week, when emergency medical crews in Philadelphia and elsewhere are honored for their work.
Ceremonial Groundbreaking Held For Philadelphia's New Tactical Police Facility
Officials were there to break ground for the building which will be home to the police department's SWAT, bomb squad, and K-9 units.
SEPTA Urges Sports Fans To Hop On An Express Train
As you make your plans for the day, you'll be facing extra congestion on the roadways as the Phillies game begins at 1:35 and the Flyers take to the ice at 3 p.m.
Nutter Aide Disputes Finding of Widespread Racism in Phila. Fire Dept.
Everett Gillison disputes a recent report that the Philadelphia Fire Department is "rife with racial division."
Testing Begins On New Philadelphia Fire Department Radios
The Philadelphia Fire Department begins testing new handheld Fire Department radios today, one key part of a sweeping overhaul of the city's problem-plagued emergency communications system.
City Officials Meet With 'Occupy Philadelphia' To Propose Relocation
Philadelphia city officials met with Occupy Philadelphia tonight to present the permit proposal to move the encampment from Dilworth Plaza to Thomas Paine plaza, across the street.
Company Offers Free Trial on People-Trackers In Philadelphia
The 1,500 free Lojack Safetynet bracelets will available for a half a year with no financial obligation to Philadelphians who have cognitive conditions like Alzheimer's disease, autism, or Down syndrome.


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This profile was last updated on 11/22/10 and contains information from public web pages and contributions from the ZoomInfo community.
Dr. Carl K. EicherWrong Dr. Carl K. Eicher?
Professor Emeritus
Phone: (517) ***-**** HQ PhoneEmail: c***@***.edu
Local Address: Lansing, Michigan, United States
Michigan State University
55 South Harrison Road
East Lansing , Michigan 48824
United States
Company Description: Professor Anil Jain's research group at Michigan State has been involved in biometrics research for over 15 years. He and his students have been pioneers in the... more
Pro2015_Iteration2_1.167[03] SEIDXWK-14


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Shocking Video: Howard County Parent Arrested At Education Forum
A Howard County man faces criminal charges after refusing to keep quiet at a state education forum.
Spread The Word! New Ad Lets People Know: Baltimore's The Place To Be
We know Baltimore is a great place to live and work, but one group wants to get that message out to everyone.
Living Dr. King's Dream: Morgan State Freshman's Speech Goes Viral
An emotional, eight-minute speech by a rising Morgan State student is going viral on the Internet. The speech comes on the heels of the 50th anniversary of the March on Washington next week.
Police Search For Out-Of-Control Drivers Caught In Viral Video
Out of control drivers at a popular car show at Marley Station Mall in Glen Burnie are now in the cross-hairs of police. Dozens of drivers were caught on tape doing burn outs and crossing lanes.
Police Say Man Was High On PCP When He Shot Friend, Climbed Fire Truck Naked
A series of crimes in Prince George's County ends with a suspect in police custody. What officers are blaming for a crash, shooting and the man's strange behavior?
Torrey Smith & Fiancee Release Rap Video About MSA Tests
Students around the state are preparing for some important exams this week.
Purple Pride Is Going Viral On YouTube
The Ravens' march to the Super Bowl is so exciting for some fans, they can't help themselves. They have to share.
Ravens Super Fan Receives Super Bowl Surprise After Video Goes Viral
Being a purple bird fan isn't easy, but somebody's got to do it. We met a Harford County fan who does it with passion—so much passion that he received the surprise of a lifetime.
Norris & Davis Interview Screaming Ravens Fan
105.7 The Fan's Morning Show, Ed Norris & Steve Davis, Talk to the Husband & Wife whose video of his reaction to the Ravens Broncos game has gone viral & is sweeping the web.
Wednesday, Dec. 26, 2012
Marty Bass and Jessica Kartalija had "Coffee With" Kevin Allocca. They talked about the top trending YouTube videos of 2012. Gigi Barnett had "People Are Talking" about the Power Plant Light Show.
Opinion: Romney's China Attacks On Obama Show Breathtaking Hypocrisy
Romney looks to come back from 47% don't pay taxes remarks and attacks on China trade. But Romney has so many vulnerabilities on China it is hard to understand why he would pick this issue.
Downtown Violence May Cause Decrease In Baltimore City Tourism
Recent beatings and fights have plagued the area in and around the Inner Harbor. Some worry they're having a chilling effect.


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There are no openings at this time. Please continue to check this site for opportunities. We also list our open positions with the UW Bothell career center.
We use students in every aspect of our work, from planning events to advocating in Olympia to communications and web design.
UW Bothell's economic impact to the state of Washington is $231.6 million. Our impact on the City of Bothell is $125.5 million.
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In the face of the modern liberal assault on Constitution-based values, an attack that has resulted in a federal government that is a massive, unaccountable conglomerate, the time for reinforcing the intellectual and practical case for conservatism is now. In a series of powerful essays, Levin lays out how conservatives can counter the tyrannical liberal corrosion that has filtered into every timely issue affecting our daily lives, from the economy to health care, global warming to immigration, and more.
Given the updated release of Steve Mariotti's classic The Young Entrepreneur's Guide to Starting and Running a Business on Tuesday, we decided...... READ MORE
Written by Doris Kearns Goodwin
Jason Millman Reporter, POLITICO Pro
Written by Sharyl Attkisson
Written by Michael Savage
Written by Ben Carson
Written by Dinesh D'Souza
Written by Dana Loesch
Written by Charles Krauthammer
Written by Henry Kissinger
Written by James Risen
Written by Mark Steyn
Written by Peter Zeihan


text:
It wont start if its cold and it shifts at the wrong time and lost alot of power
Lincoln Q&AAsk Your Question
All 1990 Lincoln Town Car questions
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I Just Replaced My at Because All the Acid Came Out The Bat . I Replaced Alterator, Starter Volt ...
constant battery drain and when batt cable hooked up car cranks itself solonoid?
with or without the key when battery cable hooked up engine cranks...was fine and one day went to...
my front headlights wont come on and my right front windows and left front windo
wont work can you help
can you check and torque the intake manifold on my 1989 lincoln towncar 5.0
i have a miss at idle as well as driving speed thanks don
how can I get the air to stop coming out the air bags and get the car started?
I Have a 1994 lincolin town car and been having problems with it starting, and the air coming out...
oops hooked up jumper cables backwards lost all comunication with strater,
1985 lincoln town car 302
seal an baering replacement rear end
how do i replace seals an baerins in this model car,dont have money.need your help.
Transmission and flasher signal woe's
why does transmission fluid leak everytime I start it up and after I cut it off and let it sit fo...
A/C wiring diragram for dash switch
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rear main oil seal
What is the estimated cost to replace the rear main oil seal?
fix windshield washer Location diagram
Location of windshield washer
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This week's top 10
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text: Uncle John's Bathroom Reader Germophobia by Bathroom Readers' Institute buy used Used & Rare price $11.69 new from$11.78 shop with confidence SPECIAL SHIPPING CONSIDERATIONS FOR USED & RARE ITEMS. Please see the special considerations for shipping Used & Rare items, including extended delivery times, possible import duties & taxes. Delivered in 3-5 weeks Publisher: Portable Press Condition: The following ISBNs are associated with this title: ISBN - 10:1607109018 ISBN - 13:9781607109013 Seller Comments: . Used-Good. Sound copy (Mild Reading Wear). May have scuffs or missing DJ. May have some notes, highlighting or underlining. "Our Business is Changing Lives." From the Publisher From the world leader in fascinating facts and amusing true stories comes a book full of tales of health care gone wrong. It''ll make you sick (with laughter). For more than 25 years, there''s always been a home in ''Uncle John''s Bathroom Reader'' for those stories about doctor visits or routine surgeries gone horribly wrong - the wrong limb getting amputated, the wrong person getting a transplant, the nurse who didn''t notice her patient had died? for three days. Because we never get tired of reading about big boo-boos (as long as they''re happening to someone else), here is a whole book of the troubling and funny stories of when good health care goes bad.   Read all about: * The woman who needed her gall bladder out? so she removed it herself * The man who waited in an emergency room? for three weeks * The heart surgeon who got caught drawing his signature on his work * And many more stories of dreadful doctors, hospital horrors, and bad medicine.


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Narrow your search
Aircraft and military manufacturer Boeing has been granted a patent on a system that is designed to prevent explosion shockwaves from harming a target.
Cutting the cord isn't always a straightforward process. Here's what you need to know.
In response to Netflix raising its price for customers who want 4K streaming, Amazon says its 4K video streams won't cost Prime subscribers an extra dime.
After 10 years of blowing stuff up and reality-checking hundreds of myths, co-hosts Grant Imahara, Kari Byron and Tory Belleci are leaving on the popular science TV program.
In total, Apple is awarded 55 new patents on Tuesday, but the most notable is a camera patent that may have been integrated into the original iPhone in 2007.
The Internet search-engine giant unveils updated statistics on "right to be forgotten" requests in Europe, showing it has approved more than half the requests.
Today, third-party apps can run JavaScript programs only with hobbled performance on Apple's mobile OS, but Apple's next version grants them the full performance Safari gets.
A newly granted patent would let you view friends, family and even pets from your mobile device as they move through their day.
The company awarded former Burberry CEO Angela Ahrendts a grant of 113,334 restricted stock units during her first week on the job.
The long-lost classic TV show "Doctor Who" returned to our screens on this day in 2005 -- so we raise our sonic screwdrivers to 10 years of timey-wimey fantasticness.


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Copyright, Permissions, Terms & Conditions, Privacy Policy, Ethics policy - Copyright © 2015, Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. This document may not be reprinted without the express written permission of Chattanooga Publishing Company, Inc.
'42,' the life story of Jackie Robinson, premieres tonight in Chattanooga, where the movie was partially filmed. Follow LIVE coverage of the VIP premiere at the Carmike Majestic 12 downtown.
The reception prior to the screening is from 7-9 p.m.


text: F**king great Flag By: drganja (More by author: Most viewed, Newest, Most Thumbs) previous next random - Fav + Fav Comment Talk about a good marketing strategy. Recommend tagsx +14 Views: 1611 Favorited: 2 Submitted: 08/19/2012 Share On Facebook Remove from favorites Add to favorites Unsubscribe from drganja Subscribe to drganja Seems you're using adblock :( This site costs a lot of money and time to run. It's also in danger of shutting down since everyone uses adblock and ads are used to pay the bills. You can donate here or just post some content so we get new visitors from google (who don't use adblock).


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Specials & Packages Discounts and Deals
We understand. You're trying to get the most Alaska that you can, without breaking the budget. A bit here, a bit there... it all adds up to money that could be better-spent on fresh Alaska King Crab legs with a garlic drawn butter. Or a fur-lined parka. Or an upgrade to business class.
We've collected all Seward Windsong specials on this page, for your convenience. If you live outside of Alaska and would like to hear about them by email, sign up for our newsletter, Notes from the North! Alaska residents, sign up for Puffin Pass news to hear about the special kind of last-minute deals that you and your family are uniquely positioned to take advantage of.
10% Off Rail & Cruise OvernightSave 10% when you ride the Alaska Railroad in the Adventure Class option to overnight at Seward Windsong Lodge and enjoy a National Park or Resurrection Bay cruise with Kenai Fjords Tours.
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text:
Downtown Phoenix office building off lockdown, now evacuated
A law office building near Thomas Road and Central Avenue in downtown Phoenix was on lockdown Wednesday for a couple of hours and has since been evacuated.
The building was initially on lockdown because of a potential security breach related to a shooting at a different Phoenix office complex where one person was killed and five more were injured.
"They said that they thought the person that did the shooting might be headed this way because the attorneys are right in the next building," said Nancy Botello.
Employees were not told circumstances of the lockdown but an email alerted them no one could leave the building.
The building was then evacuated, and employees were escorted to their cars by officers. They were told to be aware of their surroundings and to check their back seats.
Doors in the building had been chained from the inside.
KTAR's Bob McClay contributed to this report.
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- Fact or Fiction - Marie Osmond


text:
RB Donald Brown - San Diego Chargers
|5-11, 210
|Born: 4-11-1987
|College: Connecticut
|Drafted: Round 1, pick 27
Main Career stats Game Logs Game Recaps Split Stats Play-by-play Latest News
Week 21: bye week
Recent Stats and Projections
|at KC
Latest NewsChargers | Search for RB continues (Wed Mar 25, 09:01 PM) - The San Diego Chargers remain in search of a fourth option at running back after RB Ryan Mathews turned down their one-year contract offer in favor of signing with the Philadelphia Eagles earlier this offseason. The agent for Minnesota Vikings RB Adrian Peterson was dismissive at the notion of any potential trade to the Chargers Wednesday, March 25. The Chargers seem likely to address the need via the NFL draft. Only RB Danny Woodhead, RB Branden Oliver and RB Donald Brown are under contract for 2015. link to story
San Diego Chargers Team LinksDepth Chart Season Stats Targets Red Zone Game Logs
Staff Dynasty RankingsRB Dynasty - 74, 70, 70, 71
Footballguys ArticlesKings for a Day: Week 3 DraftKings Plays
Phil Alexander - September 19
Kings for a Day: Week 4
Phil Alexander - September 25
Inside the Injury Report: Week 6
Jene Bramel - October 8
Inside the Injury Report: Week 7
Jene Bramel - October 16
Inside the Injury Report: Week 8
Jene Bramel - October 23
Monday Injury Rounds: Week 6
Jene Bramel - October 6
Fanduel Tournament Plays and Strategies: Week 13
Steve Buzzard - November 29
Fanduel Tournament Plays and Strategies: Week 4
Steve Buzzard - September 27
Fanduel Tournament Plays and Strategies: Week 5
Steve Buzzard - October 3
Cracking FanDuel: Week 4
David Dodds - September 27
Articles from around the webPost-Draft Dynasty Ranks - RB
Mike Clay - May 21
Fantasy football backfield situations by team
Michael Fabiano - May 27
Free Agency Fantasy Impact: Running Backs
John Tuvey - May 29
Early Draftmaster Strategy & Observations from MFL10s
Scott Pagel - June 6
San Diego Chargers Top Five For 2014
Matt Southall - June 6
Top 5 RB Handcuffs
Shawn Siegele - June 14
A hundred fantasy football facts
Matthew Berry - June 30
Silva's July Rankings, 1-100
Evan Silva - July 2
Silva's July Rankings, 101-200
Evan Silva - July 5
Fantasy Football Sleepers & Values: Running Backs
John Paulsen - July 10


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Displays rectangular frames of all popular CCD chip sizes, including all Meade Pictor models and ST-4 through ST-8. Shows precisely the image size and orientation that appear on telescope eyepiece-holder, or use with Flip-Mirror.... Learn MoreModel#: 07568
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Meade Series 5000 Xtreme Wide Angle 9mm Eyepiece (2") #07750 features a staggering 100 degree apparent field of view... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: 07750(48 States)
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The finest zoom eyepiece available. High-resolution 7-element multi-coated optics, with 55 degree field at 8mm... Learn MoreModel#: 07199-2
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Meade 5-Year Sky Assurance Plan $1200.00-$1999.99Meade 5-Year Sky Assurance Plan $1200.00-$1999 ... Learn More
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The Meade Polaris 90mm German Equatorial is a perfect sized refractor for the beginner astronomer and comes with basic accessories and optics to make the first stargazing experience a memorable one!... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: 216003(48 States)
Meade - 108mm Dovetail Ring Set - includes 2 rings with quick adjust/lock and 3 point adjustment screws with Delrin tipsMeade 108mm Ring Set. Set of two 108mm inside diameter rings with 3 point adjustment screws. Part of the Series 5000 Auxiliary Equipment System. Equip your Meade LX90, LX200, or other SCT or ACF telescope with the best and maximize its performance today ... Learn More
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The Meade 10" Lightbridge is a true astronomical masterpiece. This dobsonian optical tube has abundance of high quality optics to enhance the results. It doesn't stop there however, portability is also an excellence in this scope! With Shroud... Learn MoreFREE SHIPPINGModel#: 1005-05-03-SHROUD(48 States)
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Founded in 1972 and public since 1997, Meade is a world leader in the design and manufacture of telescopes and accessories for amateur astronomers. The Company's innovative and technologically advanced products are recognized to be among the best in the world.


text:
330 8th Avenue Northeast
St Anthony West, Minneapolis, 55413
Commute to Downtown Minneapolis
Some errands can be accomplished on foot.
Many nearby public transportation options.
Flat as a pancake, good bike lanes.
Score Details
330 8th Avenue Northeast has a Walk Score of 68 out of 100. This location is Somewhat Walkable so some errands can be accomplished on foot.
This location is in the St Anthony West neighborhood in Minneapolis. Nearby parks include BF Nelson Park, Logan Park and Mississippi River.
Nearby schools include Sheridan Elementary School, Special Education School and Nonpublic SP Education Program.
The closest grocery stores are Sentyrz Supermarket, Surdyk's Liquor & Cheese Shop and Latino Groceries.
Nearby coffee shops include Modern Café Minneapolis, Maeve's and Matchbox Coffee Shop. Nearby restaurants include Emily's Lebanese Deli, McDonald's and Cali's Vietnamese Restaurant.
330 8th Avenue Northeast is near Dickman Park, St. Anthony Park and Logan Park.
There are good bike lanes and the terrain is flat as a pancake. 330 8th Avenue Northeast is very bikeable, biking is convenient for most trips. Bike sharing is available from Nice Ride Minnesota.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 330 8th Avenue Northeast.
330 8th Avenue Northeast has good transit which means many nearby public transportation options. Car sharing is available from RelayRides.
Rail lines:
888 Northstar-Big Lk-Elk Rv-Anoka-Coon Rp-Mpls
1.2 mi
Green METRO Green Line
1.3 mi
Blue METRO Blue Line
1.3 mi
Bus lines:
30 Broadway Crosstown - Westgate Station
0.1 mi
824 Ltd Stop - Northtown - Monroe - University - Mpls
0.2 mi
11 Columbia Heights - 2nd St NE - 4th Av S
0.2 mi
17 Minnetonka Blvd - Uptown - Washington St NE
0.2 mi
32 Robbinsdale - Lowry Av - Rosedale
0.3 mi
Car shares:
Bike shares:
View all St Anthony West apartments on a map.
Find a Minneapolis real estate agent who knows walkable neighborhoods. Links will open on our partner site Redfin.com.
330 8th Avenue Northeast is in the St Anthony West neighborhood. St Anthony West is the 26th most walkable neighborhood in Minneapolis with a neighborhood Walk Score of 70.
Moving to Minneapolis from another city? View our moving to Minneapolis guide.


text: Posh is a one stop shop. We carry from size newborn to womans clothing and everything in between. Some of our featured brands are: Mudpie, Ginger Snap, Lily Pulitzer, Kate Spade, Black Swan, Z supply, Others Follow, Lindsey Phillips, Jadelynn Brooke, Simply Southern and more! Any of these catch your attention? Check out our website, or our store front to find the lastest and greatest trends!


text:
A low cost circuit addition in the form of a capacitor of suitable value provides effective starting and operation of rapid start, preheat, and instant start fluorescent type gas discharge lamps along with their standard A.C. operated ballast transformer auxiliary devices at reduced power levels to achieve energy conservation with a concomitant reduction in light output and can usefully employed in illuminated areas where a reduction in lighting level would not effect the utility of that particular area. The capacitor is connected in series with the ballast primary winding and is of such value as to cause ferro-resonance to occur in the ballast transformer primary circuit, thereby providing a voltage magnification effect to aid the lamp starting, or ignition, process i.e., during the time interval between circuit energization and production of a stable arc, and to thereafter operation of the lamp with reduced arc current.
1. In a lamp-ballast system comprising an A.C. voltage source, a ballast transformer having a primary winding connected to the A.C. voltage source and at least one secondary winding, and at least one lamp connected to said secondary winding, the improvement comprising a capacitor connected in series between the A.C. source and the primary winding of the ballast transformer and having a capacitance value such as to produce ferroresonance with the ballast transformer so as to provide, after initial energization of the lamp but prior to arc ignition, a jump increase in the value of the ballast transformer voltage for a given value of the voltage applied by the A.C. voltage source and immediately upon arc ignition, a lowering of the voltage applied to the primary winding of the ballast transformer to a regulated level sufficient to provide stable arc operation, and so as to provide continuous regulation thereafter at a substantially constant voltage level.
2. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein a resistor is connected in shunt with said capacitor to provide a capacitor discharge path.
3. A system as claimed in claim 1 wherein the value of said capacitor is the minimum at which ferroresonance is produced.
4. In a lamp-ballast system, comprising an A.C. voltage source, a ballast transformer having a primary winding connected to said A.C. source and at least one secondary winding, at least one rapid start fluorescent lamp connected to said at least one secondary winding and including at least one cathode heater winding powered from said ballast transformer, the improvement comprising a capacitor connected in series between the A.C. source and the primary winding of the ballast transformer and having a capacitance value such as to produce ferroresonance and a resultant jump increase in the value of the ballast transformer voltage at a given value of the voltage applied by the A.C. voltage source so that a sufficient voltage is provided for the at least one cathode heater winding to provide heating of the lamp cathode while providing ignition of the lamp at a reduced arc current level.
5. A system as claimed in claim 4 wherein a resistor connected in shunt with said capacitor to provide a capacitor discharge path.
6. A system as claimed in claim 4 wherein the value of said capacitor is the minimum at which ferroresonance is produced.
7. A system as claimed in claim 4 wherein the at least one lamp comprises two 40 watt lamps driven by 120 VAC ballast and the value of said capacitor is at least 3 microfarads.
8. A system as claimed in claim 4 wherein the at least one lamp comprises two 40 watt lamps driven by a 277 VAC ballast and the value of said capacitor is at least 0.5 microfarads.
9. A method of operating a transformer-lamp system comprising an A.C. voltage source; a ballast transformer comprising a primary winding connected to said A.C. source and at least one secondary winding; and at least one rapid start fluorescent lamp connected to said least one secondary winding and including at least one cathode heater winding powered from said ballast transformer, said method comprising connecting a capacitor, in series between the A.C. source and the primary winding of the ballast transformer, of a value sufficient to produce ferroresonance with the ballast transformer so as to produce an abrupt increase in the transformer ballast voltage at a given value of the voltage applied from the A.C. voltage source, so as to provide adequate heating of the lamp cathodes and to provide ignition of the lamp and operation of the lamp at a reduced arc current level.
10. A system as claimed in claim 9 wherein a resistor is connected in shunt with said capacitor to provide a capacitor discharge path.
11. A system as claimed in claim 9 wherein the value of said capacitor is the minimum at which ferroresonance is produced.
The present invention relates to the control of ballasted fluorescent lamps and more particularly to apparatus for controlling starting and providing operation of such lamps at reduced power levels.
Fluorescent lamps of the type which use A.C. line operated ballast transformer auxiliaries are widely used in commercial and institutional buildings for illumination purposes. These buildings are generally overlit to insure that adequate light will be present for the worst case set of conditions, i.e., for night-time use with lumen depreciated, i.e., worn out, lamps or by a person having well below average visual acuity doing tasks requiring high lighting levels. Such overlighting can, of course, be reduced after it is determined what specific light levels are required for the tasks to be performed after a building is occupied. However, when standard ballasts and lamps are installed on a fixed distance ceiling grid, it is not always possible to reduce the lighting levels to those which meet minimum requirements and are also economical. For example, suppose a hallway has nominally 80 footcandles of conventional fluorescent lighting and it is later found that 10 to 20 footcandles would be adequate. The lighting level could be reduced approximately 15% with lower wattage "energy saving" lamps, i.e., standard 34 watt lamps, or by removing some of the lamps to reduce light levels. The latter unfortunately produces what is sometimes called "peak-and-valley" lighting. This type of lighting presents safety problems if for no other reason than the distance between the "on" lamps is increased so a light-dark or "peak-and-valley" lighting pattern is established.
The preferred approach is to keep all lamps "on" but, at a reduced power, thus reducing the light output level. The prior art includes a number of devices which permit some or all lamps to be operated at reduced power and light output levels. These devices are, however, generally limited to reducing the energy consumed to a maximum of 50% with a similar reduction in light output.
Manufacturers of this type of so-called "1/3" or "1/2" (33% and 50% reduction) "power reducers" usually accomplish this reduction by placing a capacitor (whose value determines amount of reduction) in series with one of the ballast transformer secondary leads and one of the lamp electrodes. However, if the lamp is of the rapid start fluorescent lamp type, such a connection is not possible due to the fact that the lamp electrode requires a two-wire path from a low voltage transformer winding which is close coupled to the ballast transformer primary. In particular, the connection in the secondary circuit of the ballast transformer cannot be because the case of the device is sealed, and to overcome this problem, prior art manufacturers add an external nominal 1:1 isolation transformer in series combination with the capacitor. This approach is more fully described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,954,316 (Luchetta et al). The need to add the isolation transformer also complicates the installation in that two of the ballast transformer secondary circuit wires (those going to the lamp) must be cut, and the insulation removed from the four ends, so the power reducer device can be connected. In addition, if the capacitor value is such that the current is limited to reduce energy consumption more than a nominal 50% of the rated energy consumption, the lamp will not ignite. Therefore, this type of secondary-installed "power reducer" is limited to capacitor values whose current limiting contribution does not inhibit lamp firing, i.e., those providing a nominal 50% reduction.
Other patents of possible interest include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,695,375 (Mendenhall et al); 3,235,769 (Wattenbach); 3,836,816 (Heck); 4,185,233 (Riesland); 4,207,497 (Capewell et al); 4,275,337 (Knoble et al); 4,399,391 (Hammer et al); and 4,496,880 (Luck).
The present invention relates generally to the starting and operation of fluorescent lamps with transformer ballast type auxiliaries driven by an A.C. voltage source power supply. The invention involves the provision of a range of low cost circuit insertion devices which, when connected in appropriate circuit relationship with the A.C. voltage supply and the primary winding of an existing ballast transformer, will reduce the energy consumption of the standard lamp-ballast transformer combination with a concomitant reduction of the light output. The invention also provides reliable starting of the fluorescent lamps in a manner conducive to long lamp life, limits the ballast and lamp current in relationship to the amount of desired energy consumption reduction, and contributes in a beneficial way to the overall electrical system power factor of a building or other installation as well as reduces lumen output depreciation of the lamps, cathode "sputtering" and the operating temperature of the ballast so as to extend the useful life of both ballast and lamps. These objects and advantages are achieved by exploiting the phenomena of ferroresonance as discussed below.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, a lamp-ballast system is provided comprising an A.C. voltage source, a ballast transformer having a primary winding connected to the A.C. source, and at least one secondary winding, at least one rapid start fluorescent lamp connected to the at least one secondary winding and including at least one cathode heater winding powered from the ballast transformer, wherein, in accordance with the invention, a capacitor is connected in series between the A.C. source and the primary winding of the ballast transformer which has a capacitance value such as to produce ferroresonance and a resultant jump increase in the value of the ballast transformer voltage at a given value of the voltage applied by the A.C. voltage source so that a sufficient voltage is provided for the at least one cathode heater winding to provide heating of the lamp cathodes while providing ignition, and operation, of the lamp at a reduced arc current level.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will be set forth, or apparent from, the detailed description of the preferred embodiments which follows.
FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of a prior art power reducer and ballast circuit;
FIG. 2 is a plot of current as a function of the emission of the cathode as a function of the temperature of the cathode showing the relationship of the cathode emission to the peak operating current of a lamp arc;
FIG. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of a "generic" ballast transformer (without lamps) incorporating the invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention wherein a series connected capacitor of suitable valve is employed to induce ferroresonance;
FIG. 5A is a plot of voltage distribution (capacitor and ballast transformer voltages as a function of the applied line voltage) without ferroresonance;
FIG. 5B is a plot of voltage distribution similar to FIG. 5A, with ferroresonance and without a lamp arc load; and
FIG. 5C is a plot of voltage distribution similar to that of FIGS. 5B, but with a lamp arc load.
Before considering the present invention, reference will be made to FIG. 1, which is generalized schematic circuit diagram of a prior art "power reducer" of the type which was discussed above, and which is disclosed in the Luchetta patent referred to above. The circuit includes an A.C. source eAC, a ballast transformer primary winding 1, a nominal three-volt autotransformer filament cathode heating winding 1a, a secondary winding 2, a power factor correction capacitor 3 connected in series with secondary winding 2, a starting aid capacitor 4, a pair of isolated, closely coupled filament cathode heater windings 5 and 6 (at nominally three volts), and a resistor 7 which is connected to ground. These components 1 to 7 form the basic ballast unit 8 for a pair of lamps 12 and 13. The "power reducer" device, which is denoted 9, comprises a 1:1 isolation transformer 11 connected as shown between ballast unit 8 and the lamp 12, and a capacitor 10 connected between the primary and secondary windings of the transformer 11. The disavantages of this approach were discussed above and this discussion will not be repeated here.
Further insight to the operation of a fluorescent lamp and ballast transformer systems may be useful in understanding the instant invention. In North America, the majority of fluorescent lamps employed are of the rapid-start class with transformer type ballasts, due to the prevalence of 120 V AC distribution. These lamps employ an oxide coated electrode at each end of the lamp which alternates between functioning as a cathode or anode, depending on the alternating polarity of the A.C. line. These electrodes (cathodes) must be heated to a temperature sufficient to provide an adequate level of thermionic electron emission and, in particular, a saturation thermionic emission current which must be greater at all times than the instantaneous peak of the lamp arc alternating current, in order to prevent the phenomenon of cathode "sputtering". Because such sputtering decreases lamp life, proper cathode heating of rapid-start lamps, as well as pre-heat lamps (whose firing depends on external heating of the lamp cathodes prior to ignition), is required if normal, much less extended, lamp life is to be obtained.
Referring to FIG. 2, this figure conceptually illustrates the emission characteristic as a function of the temperature of an oxide coated cathode as well as illustrates the fact that the saturation current (ITH) must always exceed the peak arc current. Failure to achieve this relationship will cause lamp life shortening cathode sputtering wherein the cathodes will physically emit material forming the cathode. This is evidenced by darkening at the ends of the lamp resulting from the cathode sputtered material being redeposited on the inside of the lamp tube. This overall process leads to an effect termed cathode "poisoning" and thus limits the useful lifetime of the lamp. Thus, as stated, improper cathode heating will shorten lamp life. Two references relating to electron emission are Chapter 17 of Reference Data for Radio Engineers (Sixth Edition), published by Howard W. Sams & Co., New York, 1977, and Electronics by Jacob Millman, Ph.D. and Samuel Seely, Ph.D. published by McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1951.
Cathode sputtering always occurs during the starting of fluorescent lamps due to "firing" before the available level of saturation thermionic emission current (ITH) exceeds the arc operating current. Thus a lamp which is turned on and off frequently will have a shorter useful life than a lamp which operates continuously. Similarly, a lamp whose cathodes are first heated sufficiently to achieve a saturation thermionic emission current ITH) greater than the available peak arc current and are then operated at a reduced arc current level will experience reduced "sputtering" and therefore have a longer life.
As discussed above, the instant invention exploits the ferroresonance effect, a phenomena which is complex and is not widely understood. The 1975 Second Edition of the IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms, on page 253, defines ferroresonance (transformer): "A phenomenon usually characterized by overvoltages and very irregular wave shapes and associated with the excitation of one or more saturable inductors through capacitance in series with the inductor".
The phenomena of ferroresonance has been studied sporadically over the years starting with the pioneering work of Guy Suits at the GE Research Laboratory in the 1930's. The literature is replete with phenomenological and analytical explanations of this general class of non-linear operation in A.C. circuits. Two papers which provide useful insight of a more current vintage are The Ferroresonant Circuit by George E. Kelly, Jr., January 1959 AIEE Transactions, Part I, Communications and Electronics, and the Theory of Ferroresonance, Jalal T. Salihi, January 1960 AIEE Transactions, Part I, Communications and Electronics. The Kelly paper focuses on the adverse effects of ferroresonance in A.C. power systems and is more phenomenologically oriented, with an emphasis on practical matters of implementation and observations. The Salihi paper is more theoretically oriented and provides a useful idealized analysis of the complex operation inherent in ferroresonant operation for the case of so-called "square loop" magnetic core materials. Together these two references provide a useful basis for understanding the operating modes described below.
Turning now to the present invention, and referring to FIG. 3, a generic representation is provided of a ballast transformer system incorporating the invention. The system includes an A.C. source, denoted EAC, a transformer primary winding 17, a core 18, a shunt 19 (providing loose coupling), a secondary winding 20, and heater windings 21, 22 and 23, all of which form a ferromagnetic core ballast transformer auxilliary 24 suitable for operating gas discharge lamps. This part of the system is conventional and the invention involves connection of a critically valued capacitor 14 in series with the voltage source eAC and the primary winding 17 of the ballast transformer 24. Capacitor 14 must be large enough that ferroresonance will occur. On the other hand, if capacitor 14 is of too large a value, the benefits of the present invention will be decreased or lost. The circuit dynamics are complicated because the ferroresonance effect is dependent upon saturation operation of the ferromagnetic core. The latter depends upon the voltage-time integral (i.e., flux) state observed across the primary winding. Thus, while the instant invention is "structurally" simple, the circuit operation involved is quite complex.
In the course of empirical tests and measurements conducted with a capacitor covering a range of values and connected in series with the primary winding of a ballast-transformer for two 40 watt rapid start fluorescent lamps, it has been observed that with nominal line voltage applied (eAC constant) to the circuit of FIG. 3, two distinct states of voltage distribution exist between the capacitor 14 and primary winding 17, depending upon the loading of the ballast transformer secondary windings. One state is that for the unloaded condition, i.e., with the windings effectively open circuited, while the other is that for a load characteristic of "fired" lamps. For example, it was found that the voltage for ballast transformer primary winding 17 is significantly higher than the voltage provided by the A.C. source eAC when no loading is present (either no lamps in the circuit or during the pre-lamp ignition time interval) and that after arc ignition (i.e, with the lamps in the circuit), the ballast transformer primary winding voltage is between 70% and 80% of the nominal value of the A.C. line voltage. Thus excellent lamp ignition, i.e., starting, properties are available, with sufficient arc sustaining current and cathode terminal heating voltage remaining after stable lamp arc ignition has occurred.
Referring to FIG. 4, a schematic circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention is provided. The voltage source eAC again represents the A.C. line voltage, which is usually either 120 or 277 VAC in the United States, although other line voltages can be used, and are used in other countries. The overall circuit of FIG. 4 is similar to that of FIG. 1 and similar components have been given the same reference numerals with primes attached. The block 8' represents a standard ballast transformer driving two 40 watt rapid start fluorescent lamps 12', 13', and a block 16 comprises a circuit insertion device consisting of a critically valued capacitor 14' and an optional capacitor discharge resistor 15 for discharging any residual capacitive stored energy upon circuit de-energization.
FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C respectively illustrate the voltage distribution for the generic circuit of FIG. 3 with the magnitude of the series capacitor 14 as a parameter when the applied voltage eAC is monotonically increased from zero to beyond the rated value of the ballast transformer primary winding 17. In particular, capacitors, corresponding to capacitor 14 and having a range of values, were series connected with the primary winding of a Universal Manufacturing Company ballast transformer (catalog no. 446-LR-TC-P labeled for 120 V operation of two 40 or 34 watt rapid start fluorescent lamps) in its unloaded (open circuit) state driven by a 0-130 V adjustable autotransformer. FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the voltage distribution between the capacitor 14 and the primary winding 17 of the ballast transformer without the fluorescent lamps connected to the ballast secondaries, i.e., for the unloaded condition. In FIG. 5A, there is no ferroresonance and both the capacitor voltage and ballast transformer voltage are substantially below the source voltage eAC. FIG. 5A shows that the voltage VC on a 1 microfarad capacitor 14 increases in a relatively linear manner, along with the applied A.C. voltage. It is noted that when fluorescent lamps are used to load the ballast transformer for this capacitor value, the lamps do not start due to the insufficient amplitude of the voltage on the ballast transformer secondary winding or windings.
However, if the value of the capacitor is increased to a value that produces ferroresonance, the voltages will increase and cause lamp ignition. In FIG. 5B, the value of capacitor 14 has been increased to a value (4 microfarads) at which ferroresonance is produced and the effect of ferroresonance can be clearly observed as a jump in both voltages for a critical value of applied line voltage. The capacitor voltage VC also increases but at a rate significantly less than the applied line voltage (eAC). Thus, as stated, at a critical applied voltage, and depending on the value of the capacitor 14, a substantial jump in both the capacitor voltage VC and ballast transformer voltage VBT occurs. The ballast transformer VBT jumps to nominally 100 V at the jump point and then shows a small increase from 100 V to nominally 130 V as the applied line voltage eAC is increased from nominally 60 volts to 120VAC. The capacitor voltage (VC) jumps to nominally 120 VAC with the applied line voltage eAC at nominally 60 volts and continues to increase steeply after the voltage jump as the applied line voltage increases from nominally 60 to 120 VAC. Therefore, since the ballast transformer primary voltage (VB) is at or above the applied line voltage (without loading since the fluorescent lmaps are not fired), the cathode heater voltages of rapid start ballast lamp combinations are at the high side of their tolerance and hence provide for rapid heating, and therefore produce minimal cathode "sputtering" when lamp firing occurs. Similarly, the ignition, or firing, voltage at the ballast transformer secondary is on the high side of its tolerance thereby providing good arc ignition characteristics when the fluorescent lamps are connected thereto.
Referring to FIG. 5C, a nominal 4 MFD capacitor 14 is used and the circuit is loaded by two 40 watt fluorescent lamps in a fired state. It will be noted that the primary winding ballast transformer VBT is reduced slightly below rated after lamp arc ignition. Furthermore, excellent regulation of the ballast transformer primary winding voltage VB) is produced when the applied line voltage eAC is varied from 70 to 130 VAC. The current flowing in the primary circuit of the ballast transformer is leading relative to the voltage (thus providing a leading circuit power factor) and both the RMS and peak values of the current are reduced from the rated RMS and peak values of a ballast transformer-lamp combination for normal rated operation (i.e., without the benefit of the use of a critically valued series capacitor as discussed and thus without the resulting ferroresonant effect produced thereby). As the value of the capacitor 14 is increased from a value where no ferroresonance is observed, a critical value of capacitance is encountered at which the characteristic ferroresonant jump occurs. For example, measurements have shown that a jump of about 15 volts occurs on a 2 MFD capacitor, as well as on the ballast transformer with an applied line voltage of 50 VAC. When the capacitor value was changed to 3.3 MFD, the capacitor voltage (VC) jumped from 35 V to 110 V and the ballast transformer jumped from 62 V to 85 V at a nominal 50 VAC of applied line voltage (VAC). All close-coupled secondary voltages jump, i.e., abruptly increase, in exact correspondence to the voltage on the ballast transformer primary. Thus, the cathode heater voltages also increase during the pre-arc ignition phase of the fluorescent lamp and thus rapid cathode heating is obtained.
Table 1 below is a table of measured electrical data covering a number of capacitors of different values used with a Universal Manufacturing Company ballast, catalog no. 446-LR-TC-P. It illustrates that different values of the series capacitor 14 provide different levels of power reduction. It was found that similar effects with minor changes occurred when equivalent ballasts of other manufacturers were used. The values of the capacitor required to obtain a suitable level of ferroresonance for stable arc control when using 277 VAC line voltages, and corresponding ballast-transformers adapted for such use, are obviously lower than the values used with 120 V ballasts. For example, the nominal 95 watt electrical load (of two 40 watt rapid start fluorescent lamps and a standard 277 VAC ballast) was reduced, by introducing the series capacitor of the invention, to 21, 39 45 and 69 watts when respective capacitor values of 1,2, 3 and 4 MFD were employed. Thus, while it is difficult to give specific values because of the variables involved, capacitance values of at least 3 MFD for 120 VAC systems and of at least 0.5 MFD for 277 VAC systems are preferred. Due to the voltage magnification effect across the capacitor, particularly during the pre-ignition phase, care must be taken to insure the capacitors have adequate voltage withstand insulation.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ Ballast XFM'R Ballast Watts Applied 446-LR-TC-P XFM'R Lamp Lamp 40 Watt Capacitor Line Primary Capacitor Cathode Primary Arc Arc Lamps & Value Voltage Voltage Voltage Heater Current Peak Current BallastItem In MFD (V AC RMS) (V BT RMS) (V C RMS) Voltage (I LINE RMS) Current (I ARC XMF'R__________________________________________________________________________11 4.3 120 95 156 2.7 V 0.26 A 0.135 0.040 17.521 8.0 120 96 144 2.7 V 0.458 0.280 0.110 34.231 12.3 120 94 126 2.6 V 0.613 0.360 0.165 50.841 16.0 120 94 116 2.4 V 0.734 0.440 0.225 58.351,2 0 120 120 N/A 2.0 V 0.78 0.640 0.385 926 1.0 120 70 85 2.5 V N/A3 N/A3 N/A3 N/A3__________________________________________________________________________ NOTES: 1 Measurements of items 1-5 were obtained with (2) 40 watt lamps (ignited) driven by a 120 VAC Universal ballast, Catalog #446LR-TC-P. 2 Measurements of item 5 were taken with ballastlamps combination fullon (no capacitor in circuit). 3 Measurements of item 6 were taken with a series capacitor of insufficient value (1 MFD) resulting in no ferroresonance jump.
In summary, due to the introduction of a series capacitor in the primary ballast winding circuit and the consequent ferroresonance effect, excellent pre-arc firing (ignition) conditions prevail in that an increase over the nominal A.C. source voltage is obtained to quickly heat the cathode (thus reducing the tendency for the cathode to sputter) and to ignite the gas discharge. This improved cathode heating and ignition results in longer cathode life, and hence lamp life, as well as provides for a high line voltage for lamp ignition purposes. After lamp ignition, the voltage applied to the ballast is automatically lowered from the A.C. line nominal level to a level which is still sufficient to provide stable arc operation and more than adequate cathode heating voltages. The latter is particularly so because the current limiting effect of the capacitor also lowers the peak lamp arc current. Consequently, a nominally lower saturation thermionic emission current (current ITH of FIG. 2) is acceptable with respect to lamp longevity. It is further noted that the reduction in the applied ballast operating voltage reduces the iron core losses while the reduced primary current leads to a reduction of the copper losses (I2 R) of the windings; thus the ballast transformer losses are substantially reduced. Accordingly, the ballast operates at a lower temperature (a critical life determining factor for a ballast) and, therefore, longer ballast life can be expected. The life of the lamps is further extended because of the decrease in cathode sputtering and in UV-phosphor destruction, the latter being due to the reduced arc current. Finally, the fact that the power factor of the reduced load lamp-ballast combination is leading tends to improve a overall system power factor of the building or other installation, this power factor being generally lagging in nature due to the motor load energy consumption segment.
Considering application of the instant invention to pre-heat lamps and ballasts, it will be evident that the starting benefits and other benefits described above will be present. However, it should be remembered that once the pre-heat lamps are started, the continuing requirement for cathode heating is dependent upon heating by the lamp arc, in accordance with the so-called internally heated cathode operation. Therefore, arc current reduction may have to be limited to achieve long life operation. Similarly, the heating of the cathodes in an instant start (Slimline) lamp are arc current dependent and the arc current reduction will have to be limited to achieve long life operation. Nevertheless, the instant start lamp, without a pre-heat cycle, can advantageously use the high voltage pre-ignition characteristic of the capacitor induced ferroresonance described above. The invention is also applicable to other types of gas discharge lamps such as the HID types, among others, and their associated ballast transformers.
Although the invention has been described relative to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that variations and modifications can be effected in the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scop and spirit of the invention.
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New Beginnings
So, I don't know quite how to say this, but I've finally come to grips with the fact that my novel-in-the-works, Season of Betrayal, needs a complete rewrite. Like, blank-page, start-over-new rewrite. I've moved all my files, all the drafts, all the outlines, all the character sheets, and all miscellany into a folder and moved it onto two flash-drives. This week I will start as fresh as the blank page I'll be writing on. I'll write the whole thing new with absolutely nothing from the old manuscript. That's just the way it's got to be. I've already got some exciting new ideas to hopefully move this book to the next level (whatever that means), and don't worry, I'll be sharing every exciting step with you. February has a lot of significant anniversaries in my writing career, so I am planning to party with those a little bit. Tally-ho!
An inconvenience is an adventure wrongly considered, right?