text:
Page 1
Address for correspondence:
Gholamreza Davoodi, Associate professor, Department of
Electrophysiology, Tehran Heart Center, North Kargar Street, Tehran,
14111713138, Iran. Tel: +98 21 88029600;
Fax: +98-021-88029731; e-mail: email@example.com
Received 23 November 2012; accepted for publication 31 January 2013.
The implantable cardioverter /defibrillator (ICD)
plays a great role in improving the survival of patients
who are at risk for sudden cardiac death1-2. Myocardial
injury, as detected by the elevation of cardiac specific
enzymes, has been reported following ICD insertion due
to both device-induced shocks and defibrillation thresh-
Detection of myocardial injury due to defi brillation threshold
checking after insertion of implantable cardioverter/defi brillators
Gholamreza DAVOODI, MD; Vahid MOHAMMADI, MD; Akbar SHAFIEE, MD, MSc; Ali KAZEMISAEID, MD;
Saeed SADEGHIAN, MD; Ali VASHEGHANI-FARAHANI, MD; Ahmad YAMINISHARIF, MD
Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
lators (ICD) is still a matter for debate. This study aimed to identify the eff ect of DFT checking during ICD implantation, compared with permanent pacemaker
(PPM) implantation, on the magnitude of myocardial damage as assessed by cardiac troponin-T (cTNT) and CK-MB.
Methods and results
A total of 133 candidates for ICD implantation were enrolled in the ICD group (mean age 60.66 ± 12.25 years; males
111 [83.5%]) as well as 130 candidates in the PPM group (mean age 69.56 ± 12.86 years; males 64 [49.2%]). DFT was controlled in all of the ICD patients.
Serum levels of cTNT and CK-MB were measured at baseline plus 8 and 24 hours following the procedure. The results were adjusted for age, gender, and
other confounding factors. The amount of cTNT rise after 8 and 24 hours in the ICD group was signifi cantly higher than in the PPM group (p < 0.001 for
both). These diff erences remained signifi cant after adjustment for confounding factors. The level of CK-MB rise after 8 and 24 hours was also signifi cantly
higher in the ICD group, although it lost its signifi cance after adjustment for age, gender and other confounding variables. There was no signifi cant rela-
tionship between the amount of energy delivered and enzyme elevation.
Elevation of cTNT and CK-MB after the ICD implantation was signifi cantly higher than that after the PPM implantation and may be
attributed to the DFT testing shock and resulting myocardial injury.
Possible myocardial damage caused by defi brillation threshold (DFT) control and its extent after insertion of implantable cardioverter/defi bril-
Implantable cardioverter/defi brillator – myocardial injury – defi brillation threshold checking – cardiac troponin T – creatine kinase MB.
old (DFT) checking3-5. Current data suggest that the
elevation of cardiac-specific enzymes following ICD
implantation, as an indicator of myocardial damage, can
influence the outcome in the treated patients6-8. None-
theless, the exact relationship between DFT checking
and the amount of cardiac specific enzyme release and
probable myocardial injury has not been clearly eluci-
dated yet.
Cardiac-specific troponins have been widely accepted
as specific markers of myocardial injury3. Cardiac tro-
ponin T (cTNT) is known as an important diagnostic
and prognostic tool in cardiovascular medicine9-10. High
cTNT levels are detected in acute coronary syndrome
and congestive heart failure as well as many other
cardiovascular disorders11-12. Moreover, manipulations
during electrophysiological interventions can create
myocardial injury of various degrees, which is well
detected by cardiac troponins3. Elevation of creatine
kinase-MB after DFT checking has been reported6,
Acta Cardiol 2013; 68(2): 167-172 doi: 10.2143/AC.68.2.2967274
Page 2
G. Davoodi et al.
but if it was not induced, other modalities (i.e. 50 HZ or
burst pacing) were used. DFT controlling was performed
by using 10-15 joules of energy initially. If the arrhythmia
failed to respond in the first step, the second step was
using 20-25-joule shocks (10 joules more than in the first
step). In case of failure of the second shock, maximum
output of the device (35-40 J, based on the device) was
given. External shock was reserved as the last resort in
case of failure of all internal shocks. The patients in the
ICD group were finally also compared for the relationship
of the cTNT and CK-MB elevation and the number of
shocks and the amount of energy delivered.
Blood assays
Venous blood samples were drawn at baseline for
measuring serum creatinine. A blood specimen for the
measurement of highly sensitive cTNT and CK-MB was
drawn from the antecubital vein before the procedure
and at 8 and 24 hours thereafter. Measurements of highly
sensitive cTNT and CK-MB were performed by using
an Elecsis 2010 analyzer (Roche Diagnostics, Indian-
apolis, Indiana, USA). Laboratory staff members who
did the measurements were unaware of the patients'
clinical condition. Cut-off points of the Tehran Heart
Center laboratory for cTNT and CK-MB were 24 ng/L
and 6 ng/ml, respectively.
Statistical analysis
Numerical variables are presented as mean ± SD
(standard deviation), while categorized variables are
summarized by absolute frequencies and percentages.
Continuous variables were compared using the Student
t-test or nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test whenever
the data did not appear to have normal distributions,
and categorical variables were compared using the chi-
square or Fisher's exact test, as required. Spearman cor-
relation was employed to evaluate the relationship
between the continuous variables. P-values less than 0.05
were considered statistically significant. All the statisti-
cal analyses were performed using PASW Statistics 18.0
(SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).
The general characteristics of the study population
and the baseline key variables are depicted in table 1.
There were no significant differences between the two
groups in regard to hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and
serum creatinine. However, the groups were significantly
different regarding age, gender, ejection fraction, history
of coronary artery disease and smoking.
although its specificity is much lower than that of cardiac
troponins13. There is, however, a significant correlation
between the elevation of troponins and CK-MB as indi-
cators of myocardial injury14.
The amount of any probable enzyme rise and thereby
myocardial injury that is attributable to DFT checking
compared with the amount of enzyme rise caused by the
implantation procedure per se has yet to be studied.
Therefore, this study aimed to identify the effect of DFT
checking during the ICD implantation, compared with
the PPM implantation on the magnitude of myocardial
damage as assessed by cTNT and CK-MB.
Study design and population
In this prospective study, subjects were recruited
from individuals admitted to the Tehran Heart Center
between September 2009 and March 2011. In total,
133 consecutive candidates for elective ICD implanta-
tion (mean age 60.66 ± 12.25 years; males 111 [83.5%])
were enrolled. The second group consisted of 130 sub-
jects who underwent elective PPM insertion within the
same period (mean age 69.56 ± 12.86 years; males
64 [49.2%]). Patients with a history of myocardial infarc-
tion, unstable angina, cerebrovascular events, surgery,
cardioversion, coronary intervention or angiography
within the previous 30 days, and electrophysiological
testing within 7 days preceding the operation were
excluded beforehand. Demographic characteristics and
medical history variables were recorded for each patient
during an interview and completed from the medical files
if necessary. Written informed consent was obtained from
all the subjects and the study was approved by the Research
Board of the Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of
Medical Sciences. This manuscript was prepared based
on the EASE Guidelines for Authors and Translators of
Scientific Articles to be Published in English15.
Implantation procedure and DFT checking
The implantation procedure, both for PPM and ICD,
was performed in the cath lab of the Tehran Heart Center
under local anaesthesia with lidocaine and also intrave-
nous meperidine hydrochloride. Indications for the ICD
implantation were primary and secondary prevention
based on the current guidelines16. The number of active
and passive leads was recorded in each group for final
comparison, as screwing active leads into the myocar-
dium may contribute to the increase in cardiac-specific
For DFT checking and after sedation with propofol,
arrhythmia was induced in most cases by T-wave shock,
Page 3
Myocardial injury following DFT
total of 119 RA leads in both groups, 119 (100%) patients
in the ICD group and 114 (95.7%) patients in the PPM
group had active leads. Also, from a total of 133 RV leads
in the ICD group and 130 leads in the PPM group, 133
and 124 patients had active leads, respectively. There
was no significant difference between the groups in
terms of the number of active and passive leads (p-value
= 0.16 and p-value = 0.17, respectively).
The mean energy delivered during DFT shock was
20.12 ± 11.92. The first DFT shock was successful in
112 (84.21%) patients and only 3 (2.25%) patients
responded to the third attempt. None of the patients
needed external shocks.
In 24 (18.04%) patients in the ICD group and
8 (6.15%) patients in the PPM group, cTNT level at
baseline was above 24 ng/L. CK-MB was above 6 ng/ml
Primary and secondary prevention were the main
indications for the ICD insertion in 60 (45.11%) and
73 (54.9%) individuals, respectively. In the ICD group,
14 (10.5%) patients received single-chamber ICDs,
65 (48.9%) received dual-chamber ICDs and 54 (40.6%)
received cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators
The major indications for the PPM implantation were
third-degree heart block in 76 (58.5%), sick sinus syn-
drome in 20 (15.4%), second-degree heart block in
13 (10%), and atrial fibrillation with low ventricular
response in 12 (9.2%) patients. Nine (6.9%) patients
received PPMs for miscellaneous reasons. Single-cham-
ber PPMs were implanted in 12 (9.2%) patients, while
111 (85.4%) patients received dual-chamber pacemakers
and 7 (5.4%) received triple-chamber PPMs. From a
Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients undergoing ICD and PPM implantation
ICD (n = 133)PPM (n = 130)
Age, (mean ± SD) 60.66 ± 12.2569.56 ± 12.86< 0.001
Male, n (%) 111 (83.5) 64 (49.2) < 0.001
Smoking, n (%) 26 (19.5)8 (6.2) 0.002
Hyperlipidaemia, n (%) 38 (28.6)28 (21.5) 0.2
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) 37 (27.8)23 (17.7) 0.05
Hypertension, n (%)56 (42.1) 67 (51.5)0.13
Coronary artery disease, n (%) 93 (70.5) 24 (18.4) < 0.001
Ejection fraction, %, (mean ± SD) 26.80 ± 9.38 52.52 ± 11.03 < 0.001
Serum creatinine, mg/dl, (mean ± SD) 1.06 ± 0.241.01 ± 0.22 0.06
Type of device < 0.001
Single-chamber 14 (10.5)12 (8.4)
Double-chamber65 (48.8)111 (85.3)
* p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.
54 (40.6)7 (5.3)
Table 2 Serum level of cTNT and CK-MB at baseline, 8 and 24 hours in ICD and PPM groups
cTNT, ng/L, (median [IQR])
19.11 [11.09, 24.48]14.42 [6.59, 20.61] < 0.001
8 hr44.30 [29.69, 84.90]24.61 [13.54, 43.30] < 0.001
24 hr 35.97 [22.89, 70.20]21.63 [11.44, 35.77]< 0.001
0-8 hr diff erence 22.02 [10.88, 48.21]11.02 [2.38, 24.55] < 0.001
0-24 hr diff erence
CK-MB mg/dl (median [IQR])
15.27 [6.39, 38.31] 7.54 [0.99, 17.88]0.001
2.71 [2.01,3.62]2.49 [1.86,3.24] 0.09
8 hr3.70 [2.70,4.90]3.06 [2.25,4.03] 0.001
24 hr3.22 [2.51,4.21]3.01 [2.38,3.54]0.02
0-8 hr diff erence0.94 [0.17, 1.65] 0.52 [0, 1.13]0.003
0-24 hr diff erence
* p-value<0.05 was considered significant.
CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB, cTNT: cardiac troponin T, ICD: implantable cardioverter/defibrillator, IQR: interquartile range, PPM: permanent pacemaker.
0.50 [0, 1.05]0.47 [0, 1.03] 0.43
Page 4
G. Davoodi et al.
devices and correlated this rise to the mechanical injury
during endocardial lead manipulation and interference
with cardiac venous drainage, resulting in less toxic
metabolite clearance from the heart18. Nevertheless, the
amount of the contribution of DFT shock in the rise in
cardiac markers is not well established.
During the implantation of ICDs, DFT checking is
performed to ensure the proper function of the system
and find the DFT level. Be that as it may, there is a prob-
ability that this shock can damage myocytes. Rise in
cardiac-specific enzymes during the ICD implantation
may be a sign of myocardial cell damage3, but it is not
clear how much of this damage is attributable to DFT
shocks and how much is related to manipulation and
direct mechanical trauma. The present study showed a
significantly higher rise in cTNT in comparison with
cases who received PPM with a more or less similar
procedure except for DFT checking, which can be related
to the DFT shock. Although there was a significant rise
in the cardiac specific enzymes following the ICD
implantation, the correlation between the amount of
energy delivered during DFT shock and the level of rise
was not significant in the present study.
in only 3 (2.25%) patients and all of them belonged to
the ICD group. Medians and interquartile ranges for
cTNT and CK-MB are shown in table 2.
Both cTNT and CK-MB had a significant rise after
8 and 24 hours in the ICD group (table 2). Similarly, the
serum level of both cTNT and CK-MB had a significant
rise in the PPM group, although it was within the normal
range in most cases. However, the mean level of the
cTNT rise after 8 hours in the ICD group was signifi-
cantly higher than that of the PPM group (median [IQR],
35.54 [10.88, 48.21] vs 19.15 [2.38, 24.55], respectively)
(figure 1). A similar finding was also observed for the
24-hour measurements. After adjustment for age and
gender with or without other confounding variables,
including smoking, history of diabetes or coronary
artery disease, and ejection fraction, the difference of
the cTNT rise between the groups remained significant.
Still, after adjustment for the abovementioned factors,
the CK-MB rise was no more significant.
Since some patients had an elevated level of cTNT at
baseline, we selected a subgroup of patients consisting
of 93 patients in the ICD group and 117 patients in the
PPM group with serum levels of cTNT within the nor-
mal range (< 24 ng/ml) to repeat the analysis and check
whether the enzyme rise in this group was also signifi-
cant. The results showed that the median rise of serum
cTNT after 8 and 24 hours in this subgroup was also
significantly different between the ICD and PPM groups
(p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). The median rise
of CK-MB was only significantly different after 8 hours
between the groups (p = 0.02) but not after 24 hours
(p = 0.47).
There was no significant relationship between the
energy delivered and rise in cTNT and CK-MB (for
cTNT the Spearman correlation was 0.08; p = 0.30; and
for CK-MB the Spearman correlation was 0.03; p = 0.67).
On the other hand, the number of DFT shocks did not
have any influence on the rise of either cTNT or CK-MB
(p = 0.18 and p = 0.41, respectively).
In the present study, we observed a significant rise in
the serum level of cardiac specific biomarkers, i.e. cTNT
and CK-MB, in patients who were treated with ICD
compared to PPM, which can be attributed to the DFT
shock following the ICD implantation. This rise may
exhibit some degrees of myocardial injury, although it
is not correlated with the amount of energy delivered
during DFT checking.
Cardiac troponins are sensitive markers for myocar-
dial injury17. Some studies have shown a rise in cardiac-
specific markers in the wake of implanting cardiac
Fig. 1 Comparing the median rise of cTNT (A) and CK-MB (B)
between the ICD and PPM patients.
Page 5
Myocardial injury following DFT
shocks and shows the increased risk from non-arrhyth-
mic death in those who receive the ICD discharges29.
This risk has been observed in patients receiving appro-
priate shocks as well as in those receiving inappropriate
shocks. The increased risk in the inappropriate shock
group can be attributed to the harmful effect of the
shocks on the myocardium and requires further elucida-
tion. It has been posited that by utilizing the new lead
technology, and limiting the number of DFT tests, safe
implantation with minimal myocardial injury can be
Our study has some limitations, first and foremost
amongst which is the fact that the sex ratio and mean age
of the patients as well as some few baseline characteristics
in the PPM group were different from those of the ICD
group. We tried to minimize their influence on the results
by adjusting for these variables in the statistical analysis.
The strength of this study lies in its prospective design
and the fact that it does not only comprise a large num-
ber of patients, but it also compares the results with those
patients undergoing a quite similar procedure.
In conclusion, elevation of cardiac specific biomark-
ers after the ICD implantation was significantly higher
compared to that of the PPM implantation, which can
be attributable to DFT shock. Although the exact mech-
anism of enzyme rise is still unknown, it may exhibit
some degrees of myocardial damage. Plausible solutions,
such as identifying the optimal level of energy delivered
during DFT checking, and perhaps skipping DFT check-
ing in specific patient groups in order to prevent further
complications, require more investigations.
The present study was supported by the Tehran Heart
Center and the Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
The authors would like to thank Mr. Roohzendeh and
Mr. Yaghoubzadeh, the laboratory supervisors of the
Tehran Heart Center, for their valuable assistance and
Dr. Arash Jalali for his help with the statistical analysis.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST: none declared.
The exact mechanism of cardiac enzyme release
following DFT or ICD shock is still a matter for debate.
In acute myocardial infarction, cardiac-specific enzymes
rise within 3-4 hours and remain high for several days
due to the gradual degradation of myofibrils and release
of the troponin complex19. Although damage to a small
number of cardiomyocytes is enough to elevate the
serum level of troponins20-21, some studies have posited
that troponins may be released from myocardial cells
without disruption of the cell membranes and cell necro-
sis and are from a cytoplasmic origin4, 22. On the other
hand, the mechanism of enzyme release in ablation and
hyperthermic exposure is thought to be a consequence
of injury to the sarcolemmal membrane23. Given that
the rise in cardiac specific enzymes was transient in the
present study and did not reach the levels usually seen
in acute myocardial infarction, we believe that this ele-
vation may be partly attributable to small and limited
cell injury rather than an extensive myocardial damage.
The rise of CK-MB within normal limits may be a good
proof for this assumption.
A baseline cTNT measurement above the upper
normal range was observed in 32 patients, 24 (75%) of
whom were in the ICD group. This elevation may be a
consequence of several different factors. It has been a
well-established fact that cTNT increases in patients
with congestive heart failure and has a positive correla-
tion with the severity of the disease24. Moreover, an
association between cTNT elevation and high-risk phe-
notypes of cardiac disease such as left ventricular hyper-
trophy, atrial fibrillation, sepsis, hypovolaemia, chronic
kidney disease, and diabetes has also been noted25. Since
we excluded patients who had undergone cardiac manip-
ulation within a 7-day period leading up to the device
implantation or had cardiac events within a 30-day
period before the procedure, the elevated level of cTNT
or CK-MB at baseline in the ICD group can be highly
attributed to other concomitant conditions, particularly
heart failure. The significantly lower ejection fraction
in the ICD group can be a good rationale to explain this
effect. However, we should not forget that cardiac tro-
ponins are highly predictive of future outcomes in car-
diovascular patients26-27. Also, low survival was docu-
mented in patients with elevated levels of cTNT28.
ICDs, albeit life-saving, may speed up the heart fail-
ure progress. The ICD shocks partly contribute to the
exacerbation of heart failure, and probably DFT shocks
are, therefore, no exception2, 7. On the other hand,
limited evidence suggests causal harm from the ICD
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The piper's calling you to join him,
the Ear Ringing is from Dark Spirits folks..do not Answer!
If you are hearing them..then there is a reason, find out why you are inviting dark spirits to seek you.
TV? what are you watching , Games? what are you playing? Studying Lightworking? Occult?
Start living right...Get with Jesus!
"Stairway To Heaven"
There's a lady who's sure all that glitters is gold
And she's buying a stairway to heaven.
When she gets there she knows, if the stores are all closed
With a word she can get what she came for.
Ooh, ooh, and she's buying a stairway to heaven.
There's a sign on the wall but she wants to be sure
'Cause you know sometimes words have two meanings.
In a tree by the brook, there's a songbird who sings,
Sometimes all of our thoughts are misgiven.
Ooh, it makes me wonder,
Ooh, it makes me wonder.
There's a feeling I get when I look to the west,
And my spirit is crying for leaving.
In my thoughts I have seen rings of smoke through the trees,
And the voices of those who stand looking.
Ooh, it makes me wonder,
Ooh, it really makes me wonder.
And it's whispered that soon if we all call the tune
Then the piper will lead us to reason.
And a new day will dawn for those who stand long
And the forests will echo with laughter.
If there's a bustle in your hedgerow, don't be alarmed now,
It's just a spring clean for the May queen.
Yes, there are two paths you can go by, but in the long run
There's still time to change the road you're on.
And it makes me wonder.
Your head is humming and it won't go, in case you don't know,
The piper's calling you to join him,
Dear lady, can you hear the wind blow, and did you know
Your stairway lies on the whispering wind.
And as we wind on down the road
Our shadows taller than our soul.
There walks a lady we all know
Who shines white light and wants to show
How everything still turns to gold.
And if you listen very hard
The tune will come to you at last.
When all is one and one is all
To be a rock and not to roll.
And she's buying a stairway to heaven.
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When Health Management Associates assumes control of Munroe Regional Medical Center from the Marion County Hospital District in the fall, the hospital district won't just go dark.
In fact, the citizen trustees appointed to oversee the hospital district say the process of handing over Munroe to the Naples-based company is a complex process of tying up loose ends.
There are vendor contracts that must be cancelled, outstanding patient bills that must be collected, employee pensions that must be closed out and more. But the hospital district doesn't have any paid staffers to handle these chores.
So the trustees recently tapped former Sheriff Ed Dean -- who has experience in the law, finance and business -- to help them deal with this tsunami of details.
And they got an unexpected bonus when Dean agreed to do it for free.
"They asked me, and I thought about it. It is a rather large task they have ahead of them for the wind-down," Dean said Thursday. "I came back to them and said I think I can help you but let me volunteer my services and see what I can do."
He quickly discovered that it won't be an easy task.
For instance, like every hospital, Munroe has to submit to audits to ensure that its admissions were proper. The hospital must justify each of the hundreds of admissions that Medicare audits.
HMA won't provide the staff and resources to justify admissions made before it took over Munroe, so it falls to the Hospital District to do so. Dean probably won't handle those audits himself but will recommend a course of action, which may involve hiring a firm with experience defending hospitals in these audits.
Dean will also have to recommend what to do about the 1,000-plus contracts that Munroe currently has with vendors and workers.
"HMA has to determine which ones it will assume and which ones it will not," Dean said. "And then the ones it will not assume, we will have to unwind."
In addition, there are years worth of financial and public records that must be preserved and protected, and the pensions of Munroe employees will have to be closed out when they become employees of HMA and enroll in that company's pension plan.
Dean said he has started talking to officials at other hospitals who turned their operations over to HMA to tap into their experience dealing with identical issues. Those include Bayfront Medical Center, which became an HMA property last year, and Sparks Regional Medical Center in Arkansas.
In many ways, Dean is well suited for this work.
A lawyer by trade, he provided legal services to several hospitals throughout Florida, including two in Sarasota and the publicly owned Marion County Hospital District here.
He also worked as an executive in the private sector. He was vice president of operations for Townley Manufacturing southeast of Ocala from 1975 to 1979; was vice president of Kysor Industrial Corporation; returned to Townley Manufacturing in 1983; and co-founded Pro Poly of America, a manufacturer of fire truck components, in 1996. Along the way, he also founded his own law firm, Dean & Dean, P.A.
Dean is best known, however, as the longtime sheriff of Marion County. Although he had never held public office and had never been a police officer, Dean was appointed to fill the remainder of Sheriff Ken Ergle's term when Ergle was arrested for embezzling public funds.
Even during his time as sheriff, Dean was involved in several high-profile efforts to transform local health care services.
When local hospitals complained that their emergency rooms were clogged with thousands of patients who simply didn't have any access to routine medical care, Dean led a private effort to create a community clinic that today serves thousands of low-income people a year under the name Heart of Florida Health Centers.
Complaints about poor inmate care at the Marion County Jail also prompted Dean to expel the private medical group that was providing the service and create a new group made up of local medical professionals.Copyright © 2013 Ocala.com — All rights reserved. Restricted use only.
As doctor's offices, urgent care centers and hospitals are seeing, flu season is active, with hospitalization rates close to what they were two years ago. Flu is one of the nation's leading causes of death, with roughly 24,000 people a year dying from flu and its complications. Latest figures released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show the flu hitting hard in all but seven states.More
Munroe Regional Medical Center has appointed Bob Moore Chief Executive Officer, effective today.More
View All News »
Patient Education Group
11:30 - Munroe LifeTime TimberRidge
View All Events »
Introducing: My Health Home patient portal is a secure online home for your inpatient hospital health information.
Jody Musto, Homasassa, FL "Munroe Regional is my hospital."
Marie Buchman, Dunnellon, FL"Munroe Regional is my hospital."
Audrey Boyles, Ocala, FL"Munroe Regional is my hospital."
Munroe Regional Medical Center
© 2010 Munroe Regional Medical Center


text:
Hey people! Does anybody out there know how long moisture will remain under tile? I had a water leak about 10 months ago and decided to change from tile flooring to wood but when I took up the tile in the room closest to the leak area the thinset appeared to be moist and of course dried up as it was exposed to air. Could the moisture last over 10 months or should I be concerned when I put the wood down...Any help would be appreciated! Thanks!
- Forum >
- Flooring & Stairs >
- moisture under tile
Hi Mgedge,
I don't have any exact time that the floor will stay wet but if you are replacing the tile with wood anyway I would remove all the tile so the drying process will be sped up......Mark Hammond
I don't have any exact time that the floor will stay wet but if you are replacing the tile with wood anyway I would remove all the tile so the drying process will be sped up......Mark Hammond
The drying time will vary depending on humidity, ventilation, and even the pourousness of the tile. However, it should definitely have dried completely in 10 months: it shoudl be dry in a week or so at most under normal conditions. I suspect that you have some other source of water in the area. It could be a new leak, it could be the old leak cropping up again, but it could also just be that someone spilled something shortly before you checked and didn't tell you.
[This message has been edited by Lawrence (edited June 16, 2002).]
You definitely should figure out the source of the moisture before laying wood floors. Tile is resilient to moisture problems, but wood will warp and decay in the presence of a leak like that.
Try laying a plastic sheet down in the suspect area and taping the ends to the subfloor, making sure the plastic covers the entire area of the previous leak. If water collects on the top, then you have a drip from the same (or other) leak. If on the underside, you might have water seeping up from below (rare, but it happens).
[This message has been edited by Lawrence (edited June 16, 2002).]
wet under toilet
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text:
This is Ocsar a very sweet but very shy boy that we can no longer keep do to moving. He is crate trained. good with kids and other small dogs. i to recommend walking him on a leash unless you have a fenced in yard as he likes the outdoors and it can be hard to catch him @ ...
Mar 29 -
Birmingham :
Jasper - Dogs & puppies
She is mix yorkie and chihuahua my name is Abel my phone number is 615-881-9084
Mar 21 -
Nashville :
Antioch - Dogs & puppies
She is mix Chihuahua and Yorkie my name is Abel My Telephone is 615-881-9084
He's Mix Chihuahua and yorkie he was born on January 30, 2015 my name is Abel My phone is 615-881-9084 my email is [email removed]
Soda is a 4 year old Chihuahua mix. He is neutered, current on vaccines, and heart worm negative. Call 931-698-0303 if you are interested in meeting this sweet guy.
Mar 16 -
Nashville :
Columbia - Dogs & puppies
Buddy boy is a blonde poodle Chihuahua mix. He loves being outside and considers himself the shop dog. He doesn't so he'd so would be good for someone who has alergies. $350.00
Mar 16 -
St. Louis :
Bingham - Dogs & puppies
I have 2 of the most precious little Chorkie boys around! They are out of AKC registered 6 lb yorkie mom -- and 4 lb black tricolor AKC registered Chihuahua dad...Dad has champion bloodlines and was shown him self!
The babies are charting to be very small as adults.. ...
Mar 6 -
Little Rock :
Vilonia - Dogs & puppies
What a wonderful mix of Shih Tzu and Chihuahua. One of a kind, perfect pocket pups.Small, but sturdy. Excellent apartment dwellers! Adult weights are expected to be 7 pounds when grown. Our puppies are started on crate and potty training. Our vaccination schedule prepares ...
Feb 24 -
Nashville :
Nashville - Dogs & puppies
Bugatti is looking for someone special to love. He is shy at first, but once he warms up he wants to cuddle and be held constantly. he is looking for a patient home that will appreciate his quirks. He is neutered, current on vaccines, and heart warm negative.
Feb 11 -
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Scotch is a laid back cuddle bug looking to spend some time on your couch. He is neutered, current on vaccines, and heart worm negative. Please call to set up a time to meet him. 931-698-0303
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text:
A sub-circuit based extraction method which extracts a multi-finger MOS transistor directly as a sub-circuit is described. By adding three marking layers, the method provides the layout extracted netlist with a complete list of device geometric parameters corresponding to the device properties as presented in the sub-circuit model based schematic netlist. By performing a layout-versus-schematic comparison based on all geometric parameters extracted, the layout checking is performed in a complete and accurate way where each device parameter is checked against the corresponding design schematic. This complete and accurate geometric parameter comparison enhances the confidence level of the layout physical verification.
1. A method of performing a physical verification of the layout of an integrated circuit comprising the steps of:
identifying transistors in a sub-circuit configuration that includes respective interconnections linked to each of said transistors;
measuring parameters of each of said sub-circuits, and comparing the measured parameters of each of said sub-circuits against corresponding parameters of a schematic netlist; and
determining if all of said comparisons returns a correct correlation, and reporting when any of said comparisons returns a mismatched correlation, said comparison being performed in a sub-circuit extraction mode when said transistor is identified as a sub-circuit; otherwise, said comparison being performed in a flat extraction mode.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. A method for creating a device layout comprising the steps of:
providing device model parameters that support an extraction of a list of device layout geometric parameters, said device model parameters comprising channel length (L), finger width (WF); number of fingers (NF), left diffusion length (DIFFL), middle diffusion length (DIFFM), and right diffusion length (DIFFR) of an FET transistor; and
providing specific marker shapes to define the device layout geometric parameters.
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. A program storage device readable by a machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the machine to perform method steps for performing a physical verification of the layout of an integrated circuit, said method steps comprising:
identifying transistors in a sub-circuit configuration that includes respective interconnections linked to each of said transistors;
measuring parameters of each of said sub-circuits, and comparing the measured parameters of each of said sub-circuits against corresponding parameters of a schematic netlist; and
determining if all of said comparisons returns a correct correlation, and reporting when any of said comparisons returns a mismatched correlation, said comparison being performed in a sub-circuit extraction mode when said transistor is identified as a sub-circuit; otherwise, said comparison being performed in a flat extraction mode.
This invention is generally related to the design of Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI) chips and, more particularly, to a method for performing a physical verification of the integrated circuit (IC) layout design.
Physical verification is typically divided into three areas: i) design rules checking, ii) circuit extraction and layout to be compared against a corresponding schematic representation, and iii) parasitic parameter extraction. Of particular interest is finding how the circuit extraction and layout are applied against a schematic (LVS) representation of a multi-fingered MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect-Transistor) layout to improve the confidence level of the physical verification process. Ultimately, the LVS comparison verifies the device layout properties and connectivity against circuit schematics.
As the integration of semiconductor process technology progresses with sub-100 nm lithography and 300 mm multi-part number wafers, the investment for processed wafers demands an increased level of confidence that the physical circuit layouts, (i.e., sets of drawings containing coordinates of rectangles drawn in different layers used to generate the masks for integrated circuit manufacturing) match the intended circuit schematic designs. The schematic or netlist of the circuit is simulated on a Computer Aided Design (CAD) tool to verify the circuit functionality.
A semiconductor integrated circuit layout, including the dimensional accuracy of the pattern shapes, must be efficiently verified with high level of accuracy. The method and the algorithm defining this process provide the aforementioned layout versus schematic verification.
A significant number of patents and publications exist that relate to the physical verification of integrated circuit designs. Typically, only the MOS transistor channel length (L), the channel width (W) or channel width per finger (WF), and the number of fingers (NF) are checked, a process that is globally referred to as flat layout extraction. The aforementioned features are deemed to be the most basic features of the MOS transistor at a level that cannot be broken down any further. This approach is illustrated in
A conventional IC layout extraction and LVS process are shown by way of the prior art flow chart illustrated in
In three related patents, U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,316, U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,791, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,404,030, a multi-finger MOS transistor layout is described. Comparing the single finger MOS transistor layout shown in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,316 describes a method of equally positioning the source and drain regions between multi-gates, the base resistance values of parasitic bipolar transistors in each finger MOS being equal to each other. Thus, each finger MOS transistor in the multi-finger MOS transistor is turned on simultaneously to enhance the electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection performance. In the analog and mixed signal circuit domain, the gate resistance of a MOS transistor is one major factor affecting the high frequency performance.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,789,791 describes how the gate resistance of a high-frequency multi-finger MOS transistor is reduced by shorting the ends of each of the gates by utilizing gate contacts, metal regions, vias, and a metal layer.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,404,030 describes the high frequency performance of a MOS transistor which is improved by linking the gates and by forming conductive vias in each gate finger. Therefore, the multi-finger strategy is preferred since it improves the performance of the device by reducing the gate resistance, equalizing the turn-on of each single finger MOS transistor and reducing the area occupied by the MOS transistor. This consideration has long dominated modem IC designs.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,009,252 describes a method for determining equivalencies between integrated circuit schematics and layouts using color symmetrizing matrices. The color symmetrizing matrices that are generated correspond to respective �child cells� in the circuit schematic. Child cells are characterized by having a number of symmetrical configurations that are electrically equivalent at the port level. The definition of child cells is advantageously used for a hierarchical LVS comparison algorithm. However, two electrically equivalent child cells may be matched inappropriately if the detailed cell attributes are not fully extracted and compared. In most cases, the channel length and width and the number of fingers are attributes to be extracted and compared in a flat extraction and LVS process. Other device attributes, such as the dimensions of the source and drain diffusions, the number of source to drain and drain to gate contacts, and the like, are not extracted and compared altogether. For way of example,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,794 describes an automated method for adding attributes identified on a circuit schematic diagram to an integrated circuit layout. Even though the process of adding an attribute or property of a device can be automated, no mention is made in this patent or other references on how to check the correctness of the added attribute.
Although flat MOS transistor modeling has been used for many decades and it is known that it runs the fastest, it lacks the flexibility and accuracy of a parameterized sub-circuit modeling. The use of sub-circuit models, which are hierarchical models based on flat FET models with technology specific elements and parameters added, has become a standard practice in industry. The parameterized sub-circuit models not only supports useful features such as statistical analysis, but they also increase the accuracy because of additional components such as gate resistance, gate tunneling current, number of device fingers, etc. Examples of features that can be added are: i) Additional circuit elements such as gate resistance, gate to source and drain tunneling current, and a modified body resistance; ii) Geometrical layout parameters so that the dimensions of the transistor can be specified in a more natural way; iii) New instance parameters such as a new set of device dimensions, a different number of device fingers or number of body contacts; iv) Instances when model parameterization can also be applied locally to a sub-circuit, such that local statistical supporting analysis of neighboring device variations can, likewise, be included; and v) Cases where the sub-circuit also allows adding customized features to the model.
Other related references are:
An article by M. Lee, R. B. Anna, Jui-Chu Lee, S. M. Parker, K. M. Newton entitled �A scalable BSIM3v3 RF model for multi-finger NMOSFETs with ring substrate contact�, published in the 2002 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 5, May 2002, pp 221�224, there is described a scalable RF (Radio Frequency) sub-circuit MOS transistor model using a commercial modeling tool to support a simple RC (Resistance and Capacitance) substrate network with well defined intrinsic parasitic parameters for Scattering Parameter (also referred to as an S-parameter, a common measure in RF technology) scalability. It is claimed that using a sub-circuit modeling strategy provides accurate and scalable modeling capability for high performance RF circuit design.
A gate level sub-circuit extraction algorithm is described in an article by W.-H. Chang, S. D. Tzeng, C. Y. Lee, entitled �A novel sub-circuit extraction algorithm by recursive identification scheme�, published in the 2001 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Vol. 5, May 2001, pp 491�494. Based on a recursive graph identification scheme, the proposed sub-circuit extraction algorithm can decrease the run time significantly and is technology independent.
Articles by N. Vijaykrishnan, N. Ranganathan, entitled �SUBGEN: a genetic approach for sub-circuit extraction�, published in the 1996 Ninth International Conference VLSI Design, January 1996, Pages: 343�345 and by Z. Ling, D. Y. Y. Yun, entitled �An efficient sub-circuit extraction algorithm by resource management�, published in the 1996 Second International Conference on ASIC, October 1996, pp. 9�14, describes a sub-circuit extraction algorithm to identify a sub-circuit in a large scale integrated circuit layout. The algorithm described by N. Vijaykrishnan et al. begins with a random population potential match and details a so-called genetic representation algorithm. In the paper by Z. Ling et al., an efficient approach is described to solve the subgraph isomorphism problem based on the resource management paradigm is transformed to extract sub-circuit.
An article by G. Yokomizo, C. Yoshida, M. Miyama, Y. Motono, K. Nakajo, entitled �A new circuit recognition and reduction method for pattern based circuit simulation�, published in the 1990 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, May 1990, pp. 9.4/1�9.4/4, a circuit recognition and reduction method to extract sub-circuit data corresponding to the critical path is described. When including all relevant parasitics and internal loading, the critical path can be optimized and the design can be improved substantially.
Comparing the combined methods described by W.-H. Chang et al., N. Vijaykrishnan et al., Z. Ling et al., to the method described by Yokomizo et al., the latter takes one more step, i.e., the circuit reduction, to further simplify the extracted sub-circuit when finding a critical path. However, the sub-circuit described in the combined publications is a combination of several MOS transistors and/or resistors, etc., but not a transistor level representation that can be used to improve the geometric property comparison accuracy.
Finally, the article by W. Kim, H. Shin, entitled �Hierarchical LVS based on hierarchy rebuilding� and published in the 1998 Design Automation Conference. February 1998, pp. 379�384, described a method for extracting sub-circuit(s) from a VLSI design and then performing layout versus schematic comparison hierarchically. Experimental results show that this technique is effective and efficient regarding CPU time and memory usage. Once again, since the sub-circuit usage at the transistor level is not suggested, the hierarchical LVS only provides increased accuracy and efficiency on the circuit connectivity verification. Increasing the accuracy of device property checking can only be achieved by using the sub-circuit based LVS method as proposed in this invention, where each critical property or parameter in a transistor sub-circuit level has to be compared and matched.
The typical prior art flat extraction method is described below. Referring back to prior art
Referring now back to
The extracted transistors look exactly the same to each other except for different notation names. Usually, after the primitive extraction, most LVS tools perform a reduction process intended to merge all the devices connected in parallel (the source and drain wiring are not shown) to one device. In this case, the final extracted netlist will be like Netlist (5).
The problem solved by the invention is that LVS checks all the layout geometric parameters after performing a sub-circuit based extraction. The prior art for the general layout physical verification process is shown in
As shown in
In summary, LVS is a critical step in the physical verification phase of the IC design process. Known solutions cannot extract a complete list of geometric parameters of a transistor and perform a complete parametric and connectivity verification. The invention solves this problem by incorporating three additional marking layers and utilizing a sub-circuit based extraction algorithm to extract a complete list of transistor geometric parameters. Followed by the sub-circuit based LVS method, the stated shortage of current extraction and LVS is resolved, resulting in an improved match of the IC layout to the design specification.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to perform an IC layout extraction using an improved sub-circuit method so that all the device geometric parameters can be properly and completely extracted.
It is another object to perform a layout versus schematic comparison based on the improved sub-circuit extraction method so that the LVS is complete and accurate to satisfy the high confidence level required for physical verification in an advanced IC design.
The steady down scaling of semiconductor device dimensions has been the main stimulus to the growth of microelectronics and computer aided VLSI design. The more an IC is scaled down, the higher its packing density becomes. The increasing size of chips, measured in either area or number of transistors, and the misuse of the large capital investment in fabricating and testing circuits that do not work, makes the layout analysis and verification an important part of physical design automation.
The inventive method treats a multi-fingered MOSFET layout as one entity, modeled as a sub-circuit. The method extracts as many geometric parameters as the sub-circuit model defines in the entity, and then compares these parameters against the schematic netlist. This method enables layout versus schematic comparison to be achieved in a more accurate and efficient way. To implement the invention, a minimum number of three marking layers are added to each MOS transistor layout.
In one aspect of the invention there is described an algorithm that fully supports the multi-fingered FET layout design. In contrast with the prior art, existing solutions extract each gate (polysilicon crossing active diffusion) as a seed layer, whereas the inventive method extracts a multi-finger FET as one entity. The prior art combines fingers in one entity that lacks the necessary information required to perform a complete LVS check (i.e., the number of fingers property is dropped during the reduction process, and the source and drain diffusion information is missing in the extraction process). Since the inventive method treats a multi-finger FET as one entity, it extracts as many properties as defined in the sub-circuit model (a simple list of the properties includes the channel length and width, the number of fingers, source and drain diffusion dimensions, and the like) and then compares these properties against the schematic netlist. With this method, the extracted properties are complete and the comparison process finds any discrepancies between the layout and schematic for all parameters defined in the model. This approach produces the most accurate comparison result.
In another aspect of the invention, the algorithm treats each FET as a sub-circuit and not as a flat MOSFET device and the sub-circuit based netlist resembles a schematic netlist. This is critical for passing many parameters (i.e., the number of fingers, drain and source diffusion geometries, local statistics, etc.) needed by the netlister/simulator for a downstream simulation and analysis. It also includes all the device properties in the extraction and comparison which translates into a more accurate verification and simulation.
Finally, the parasitic device extraction and post-layout simulation (360 in
The invention provides a method of performing a physical verification of the layout of an integrated circuit that includes the steps of: a) identifying transistors in a sub-circuit configuration that includes respective interconnections linked to each of the transistors; b) measuring parameters of each of the sub-circuits; c) comparing the measured parameters of each of the sub-circuits against corresponding parameters of a schematic netlist; and d) determining if all of said comparisons returns a correct correlation, and reporting when any of said comparisons returns a mismatched.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and which constitute part of the specification, illustrate presently preferred embodiments of the invention and, together with the general description given above and the detailed description of the preferred embodiments given below serve to explain the principles of the invention.
The invention will now be described first by way of extracting all the geometric parameters of a MOS transistor layout to be followed by a description of performing the sub-circuit based layout versus schematic comparison.
The main thrust of the invention is to extract the multi-fingered MOS transistor as one sub-circuit entity with all the geometric parameters such as the channel length and width, number of fingers, source and drain diffusion dimensions, and appropriate node connections included in the extracted netlist. To illustrate the inner workings of the invention, a parameterized sub-circuit MOS transistor with multi-finger layout is shown in
The key to recognizing a sub-circuit based MOS transistor and comparing each parameter and the connectivity of the parameterized sub-circuit is to treat the multi-finger sub-circuit based MOS transistor as one entity. This eliminates the reduction process of known LVS solutions, by which critical parameters such as number of fingers and diffusion dimensions are dropped or ignored. In order to make the algorithm operate with any LVS tool and for complicated layouts (i.e., layouts containing single-fingered or multi-fingered, flat model or sub-circuit model based, single or abutting devices), three LVS marking layers are added to the MOS transistor layout. They are: �Multi� (410, shapes with dashed line), �Left� (420, dotted-line), and �Right� (430, stippled line) as shown in
In most cases, the first step when extracting a device is to define its corresponding recognition layer or seed layer. The recognition layer is a physical or derived layer used to recognize a particular device. Pin layers and other auxiliary layers are also necessary to be defined by way of the recognition layer to derive or extract all the device properties. The basic constraint for the pin and auxiliary layers is that they physically contact the recognition layer. The sub-circuit modeled MOS transistor depicted in
The following Boolean operations will generate all the necessary pins and device properties for the multi-fingered sub-circuit based MOS transistor.
The device recognition layer FET_RECOG is defined by MULTI which contacts the area crossing PC and RX. The channel layer CHAN is defined by intersecting MULTI, PC with RX. There is more than one CHAN shape in a multi-fingered MOS transistor. The source and drain layer SD is defined by RX not intersecting PC, as it is usually the case. Left and right diffusions DIFF_L and DIFF_R are defined by the intersection of LEFT/RIGHT and SD, respectively.
After properly defining the recognition layer, the pin layers, and the auxiliary layers, all the device parameters NF, L, WF, DIFFL, DIFFM, and DIFFR are calculated accordingly. The extracted netlist can then be generated as Netlist (6).
After properly extracting all the geometric parameters, a sub-circuit based LVS process is performed to check the extracted device parameters and the corresponding connectivity information against the schematic netlist. To perform a sub-circuit based LVS, a schematic netlist built from a sub-circuit model is required. An illustrative sub-circuit based schematic netlist is shown in Netlist (7).
By comparing Netlist (6) to (7), it can be seen that the extracted netlist resembles the schematic netlist generated from a sub-circuit model approach. This results in a simple and feasible LVS verification process for a multi-fingered MOS transistor layout in a sub-circuit based design. Since each netlist includes all the geometric parameters that need to be checked with all the parameters corresponding to each other, the LVS verification will be a complete and accurate comparison.
It can now be concluded that the minimum requirement to properly extract all the layout geometric parameters of the transistor is by adding three auxiliary marking layers 410, 420, and 430 to each MOS transistor layout.
In summary, the present invention extracts a multi-finger MOS transistor (also known as logical transistor) directly as a sub-circuit as opposed to known solutions which extract one finger at a time (also known as a physical transistor) and perform the reduction on parallel gates. By adding three marking layers, the method provides the layout extracted netlist with a complete list of device geometric parameters corresponding to the device properties as presented in a sub-circuit based schematic netlist. As described in a highly complex layout example of two multi-finger devices with junctions abutted, adding the three marking layers is proposed as the minimum requirement to measure and extract all geometric parameters. The extraction with complete geometric parameters makes the layout versus schematic comparison more complete and accurate such that the layout physical verification confidence is significantly enhanced.
Whereas the present invention has been described in terms of several preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that numerous changes and modifications to the algorithm may be introduced without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, the present invention is intended to embrace all such alternatives which fall within the scope of the appended claims.
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Tony Nominee Adrienne Barbeau Joins High-Flying Cast of PIPPIN National Tour Tonight
by BWW News Desk - Mar 31, 2015
The Tony Award-winning hit Broadway musical PIPPIN welcomes Tony nominated ADRIENNE BARBEAU in the role of 'Berthe' in the national tour of PIPPIN in select cities! She begins performances in Ft. Lauderdale tonight, March 31st. (more...)
BWW Interviews: Colorado Native Annaleigh Ashford Talks Her Upcoming Cabaret Show and Her Denver Roots
by Chris Arneson - Mar 31, 2015
Broadway star and Denver native Annaleigh Ashford is bringing her hit cabaret show Lost in the Stars to the Garner Galleria at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts on April 11-12. (more...)
Renee Zellweger, Richard Sherman & More Set for ONE STARRY NIGHT ALS Benefit at The Pasadena Playhouse
by BWW News Desk - Mar 30, 2015
The ALS Association Golden West Chapter recently announce the honorees for its 2015 Gala - "One Starry Night: From Broadway to Hollywood,"a musical and entertainment extravaganza to be held on Monday, April 20 at the Pasadena Playhouse. (more...)
Greases Procurement Category Market Research Report from IBISWorld Has Been Updated
by BWW News Desk - Mar 30, 2015
SLWCHS Drama to Present ZOMBIE PROM, 4/30-5/2
by BWW News Desk - Mar 30, 2015
The St. Lucie West Centennial Drama Department proudly presents Zombie Prom, a musical, featuring music by Dana P. Rowe, and book & lyrics by John Dempsey. The production runs April 30-May 2, 2015 at 7:00 pm. (more...)
Andrea McArdle Set to Lead Media Theatre's HELLO DOLLY! Cast
by BWW News Desk - Mar 30, 2015
She's back where she belongs! 'Hello Dolly' starring Andrea McArdle is at The Media Theatre April 22 to May 24. Andrea McArdle returns to the award-winning professional music theatre venue after winning accolades as 'Mame' two years ago. (more...)
Mandy Gonzalez, Marcus Paul James, Telly Leung, Adam Pascal and More Set for SEASONS OF BROADWAY at BB King's Tonight
by BWW News Desk - Mar 30, 2015
Eden Espinosa, star of Wicked, Rent, Brooklyn, and more, recently joined 'Seasons of Broadway', set for BB King's tonight, March 30th. She will appear alongside previously announced special guest Lindsay Mendez and replaces Anthony Rapp, who had an unexpected conflict. (more...)
Top Stories You Missed on BWW This Weekend - 3/28-3/29/2015
by - Mar 29, 2015
Hottest Articles on BroadwayWorld.com from this weekend Sunday, March 29, 2015 - Sunday, March 29, 2015. (more...)
BWW TV Exclusive: Backstage with Richard Ridge- SAG Foundation Conversations Series with Stockard Channing!
by Backstage With Richard Ridge - Mar 29, 2015
Screen Actors Guild Foundation and Broadway World have partnered for filmed Conversations Q&A series to recognize and celebrate the vibrant theatre community in New York City and the union actors who aspire to have a career on the stage and screen. The most recent conversation featured stage and screen legend Stockard Channing, moderated by BroadwayWorld's Richard Ridge. Watch below to find out how things are going at It's Only a Play, her thoughts on her performance in Grease, and so much more. Check out the full interview below! (more...)
Back to East High: Revisiting the Cast of HIGH SCHOOL MUSICAL- Where Are They Now?
by BWW News Desk - Mar 28, 2015
It's been almost ten years since the Wildcats first crowded the halls of East High School, singing of a new start, the status quo, and of course, the big game. The first of three HIGH SCHOOL MUSICAL movies debuted on January 20, 2006, quickly becoming the most successful Disney Channel Original Movie ever produced. Launching the careers of a then-unknown set of teenagers, lots has happened to the cast since the last film wrapped in 2008. Much of the cast has continued in the musical tradition of the trilogy, taking on various roles in other musicals on stage and screen. Later this Spring, Vanessa Hudgens will become the second of the group to make her Broadway debut, as the title character in Gigi. In honor of her big debut, BroadwayWorld is recapping you on what's been up with the rest of the gang since Senior Year! (more...)
5 Tips For A Quick & Easy Spring Cleaning
by BWW News Desk - Mar 28, 2015
Photo Flash: Betty Buckley, Barbara Cook, Rex Smith and More Celebrate Shubert Theatre's 100th Anniversary in New Haven
by BWW News Desk - Mar 27, 2015
In recognition of its 100th Anniversary, New Haven's historic Shubert Theatre celebrated with a Gala Benefit on Saturday, March 21. This exclusive evening included an elegant sit-down dinner on the legendary Shubert Stage, dancing, theatrical entertainment and a tribute to honored guest stars. BroadwayWorld has photos from the event below! (more...)
STAGE TUBE: HEDWIG's Darren Criss Is 'Hopelessly Devoted to You'
by Stage Tube - Mar 26, 2015
Broadway's next HEDWIG Darren Criss is anything but shy, and boy, does he commit! Below, watch the star lip sync to Laura Osnes' rendition of 'Hopelessly Devoted to You' from the 2007 Grease revival cast album! (more...)
by BWW Staff - Mar 26, 2015
Robin De Jesus to Show #THESTRUGGLEISREAL at 54 Below This May
by BWW News Desk - Mar 26, 2015
54 BELOW, Broadway's Supper Club, presents Robin De Jesus in #TheStruggleIsReal on Monday, May 4th at 9:30pm. Hilarity and silliness ensues as Robin De Jesus tries to figure out why learning, growing up, turning 30 and 'becoming a better person' sucks. Expect to hear Broadway standards, 90?s pop, and today and tomorrow's hits. This is Robin's second show at 54 Below after his successful run with Crush to Crushed. (more...)
STAGE TUBE: Behind the Scenes with Hunter Foster and Bucks County Playhouse's NATIONAL PASTIME
by Stage Tube - Mar 26, 2015
Bucks County Playhouse (BCP) As the bats crack for the start of the baseball season next month, BUCKS COUNTY PLAYHOUSE begins its season with NATIONAL PASTIME, a new musical comedy about baseball and romance, playing April 2 to 19 at Bucks County Playhouse in New Hope, PA. Below, go behind the scenes with the cast and creative team in rehearsal in New York City! (more...)
RAISIN' CANE to Play Byham Theater, 4/16
by BWW News Desk - Mar 26, 2015
The Pittsburgh Cultural Trust announces the Pittsburgh premiere of Raisin' Cane: A Harlem Renaissance Odyssey, starring Jasmine Guy and The Avery Sharpe Trio, which will be performed on Thursday, April 16, 2015, at 7:30 p.m., at the Byham Theater, 101 Sixth Street, Pittsburgh's Cultural District. This event is part of the Cohen & Grigsby Trust Presents series, presented by the Pittsburgh Cultural Trust. The creative concept for this production was inspired by the classic 1923 Jean Toomer novel 'Cane' and works by the musicians, composers, poets and actors of the Harlem Renaissance. The Arizona Daily Star said, 'Cane is a sweet salute to Harlem's glory days' and the Dayton Daily News wrote the performance was 'Lively, informative, motivating and entertaining...' (more...)
Col. Bruce Hampton & The Aquarium Rescue Unit Come to CO, Beginning 7/29
by BWW News Desk - Mar 26, 2015
Referred to in a recent Relix feature as 'The Jamband Velvet Underground,' the influential dada-jam trailblazers Col. Bruce Hampton & the Aquarium Rescue Unit will return to rattle the landscape this summer with a series of live performances - than band's first since a much-talked-about 2011 reunion at the Georgia Theatre in Athens. (more...)
BWW Interviews: Christian Hoff From Child Actor to Midtown Man
by Heidi Scheuermann - Mar 26, 2015
Coming to New Orleans tomorrow night is an act that no JERSEY BOYS loving theatergoers, including myself, are going to want to miss! THE MIDTOWN MEN, four original cast members from the Broadway hit JERSEY BOYS (Christian Hoff, Michael Longoria, Daniel Reichard, J. Robert Spencer) have come together and have formed their own music group which brings to life the music of the 60's in what's sure to be an energy packed show. (more...)
Deborah Duncan and Jim Bernhard to Co-Host TUTS' 2015 Tommy Tune Awards; Nominees Announced!
by BWW News Desk - Mar 26, 2015
Theatre Under The Stars (TUTS) is pleased to announce the nominations and presenters for TUTS' 13th annual Tommy Tune Awards, which will be held on April 21 at 7:30 p.m. at The Hobby Center for the Performing Arts. The Tommy Tune Awards recognize and reward excellence in the production of musical theatre by high school students and their teachers. (more...)
Eden Espinosa to Step in for Anthony Rapp at SEASONS OF BROADWAY at BB King's
by BWW News Desk - Mar 25, 2015
Eden Espinosa, star of Wicked, Rent, Brooklyn, and more, has joined 'Seasons of Broadway' at BB King's on March 30th. She joins previously announced special guest Lindsay Mendez and replaces Anthony Rapp, who had an unexpected conflict. (more...)
El concierto 'Acústic Broadway' regresa al Circol Maldà
by Juan-Jose Gonzalez - Mar 24, 2015
El público de Barcelona podrá disfrutar de nuevo con este concierto teatralizado que pone en escena temas de algunos de los musicales más celebrados de los últimos 10 años en Broadway. Acústic Broadway vuelve a la Ciudad Condal en un ciclo de conciertos en la céntrica sala Circol Maldà. (more...)
STAGE TUBE: Betty Buckley Honored at Shubert New Haven's 100th Anniversary Gala
by Stage Tube - Mar 24, 2015
Betty Buckley recently accepted the 2015 Maurice Bailey Award for Outstanding Contribution to Musical Theatre, at the Shubert Theatre's 100th Anniversary Gala Celebration on Saturday, March 21, 2015. Check out her acceptance speech below, where she shared some of her experiences in the world premiere of 1776! (more...)
Tony Nominee Annaleigh Ashford Comes to the Venetian Room Next Month
by BWW News Desk - Mar 24, 2015
Bay Area Cabaret, the organization dedicated to presenting world renowned artists who expand the definition of cabaret, presents the versatile Tony-nominated Broadway and television star Annaleigh Ashford in her West Coast cabaret debut. (more...)
Photo Flash: In Rehearsal for World Premiere of NATIONAL PASTIME at Bucks County with Hunter Foster, Will Blum & More
by BWW News Desk - Mar 24, 2015
Bucks County Playhouse (BCP) As the bats crack for the start of the baseball season next month, BUCKS COUNTY PLAYHOUSE begins its season with NATIONAL PASTIME, a new musical comedy about baseball and romance, playing April 2 to 19 at Bucks County Playhouse in New Hope, PA. Below, BroadwayWorld brings you a first look at the cast in rehearsal! (more...)
Peter Jöback To Lead Swedish Revival Of The Phantom Of The Opera
by Isa Ponturo - Mar 24, 2015
It's official. Former Broadway and West End Phantom Peter Jöback is going to star in a Swedish revival of the original replica production of The Phantom Of The Opera in Stockholm 2016. (more...)
STAGE TUBE: Broadway Celebrates Stockard Channing at SIX DEGREES Party!
by Stage Tube - Mar 24, 2015
Earlier this month, the Lodge at Gallow Green at the McKittrick Hotel, hosted a party celebrating one of Broadway's favorite stars- Stockard Channing! Six Degrees of Stockard Channing was attended by all sorts of Broadway luminaries which, in the style of Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon, have some connection to Ms. Channing. Below, go inside the special event with Parade Magazine! (more...)
Betty Buckley, Lorna Luft & More Join FOLLIES Concert at Royal Albert Hall; Roles Finally Revealed!
by BWW News Desk - Mar 23, 2015
Betty Buckley, Lorna Luft, Charlotte Page, Peter Polycarpou, Amy Ellen Richardson and Jos Slovick complete the cast of Follies in Concert, with The City of London Philharmonic Orchestra, at the prestigious Royal Albert Hall, alongside ensemble members Sarah Bakker, CJ Field,Jennifer Davison, Emily Warner, Lucy James and Luke Fetherstone. (more...)
Ryan Scott Oliver Makes London Debut at the St James Studio Tonight
by BWW News Desk - Mar 23, 2015
West End stars Emma Williams, Eva Noblezada, Daniel Boys and Anton Zetterholm are to perform in a concert of the music and lyrics of award-winning US composer Ryan Scott Oliver at the St James Studio tonight 23rd March. RSO in London will feature music from Oliver's shows including Jasper in Deadland, We Foxes, Mrs Sharp and 35MM: A Musical Exhibition and the composer has traveled to London to host the concert. (more...)
Tony Yazbeck, Melissa Manchester & More Set for 54 Below This Week
by BWW News Desk - Mar 23, 2015
Coming up this week, 54 BELOW, Broadway's Supper Club, presents some of the brightest stars from Broadway, cabaret, jazz and beyond. To purchase tickets or for more information, visit www.54Below.com or call (646) 476-3551. (more...)
Broadway Babies - Meet the Broadway Class of 2015, Spring Edition!
by BWW Special Coverage - Mar 22, 2015
In the coming months, Broadway will welcome a fresh crop of productions- many of which will mark the Broadway debuts for a slew of talented actors. Whether they are fresh faces or established stars, these Broadway babies will soon take their very first bows on some of the grandest stages in the world. (more...)
Now Playing Onstage in Ft. Myers/Naples - Week of 3/22/2015
by BWW - Mar 22, 2015
Upcoming Shows - Week of 3/22/2015 for Ft. Myers/Naples (more...)
SINGIN' IN THE RAIN New Zealand, Asia's Richard Blacksell Talks How To Create Rain On Stage
by BWW News Desk - Mar 22, 2015
Richard Blacksell, SINGIN' IN THE RAIN's technical director, recently guested on Radio New Zealand National to talk about how SINGIN' IN THE RAIN creates rain on stage. (more...)
CABARET ON THE HUDSON Music Series to Feature Broadway's Original 'Sandy' from GREASE
by BWW News Desk - Mar 21, 2015
Carole Demas, Broadway's original 'Sandy' in Grease, has joined NiCori Studios and Productions and Irvington Town Hall Theater's fourth performance in the Cabaret on the Hudson series. (more...)
OUTSIDE MULLINGAR, LEND ME A TENOR & More Set for Peninsula Players' 80th Season
by BWW News Desk - Mar 20, 2015
Peninsula Players Theatre, America's oldest professional resident summer theater and Door County's theatrical icon, announces its 80th season, running June 16 through October 18, 2015. Nestled along Door County, Wisconsin's scenic shore, the Peninsula Players has been enthralling generations of audiences in its 600-plus seat, all-weather pavilion since 1935, presenting hundreds of pre-Broadway tryouts, world premieres, classic dramas, comedies and musicals. (more...)
Breaking News: Christine Ebersole, Tony Sheldon, James Snyder, Margo Seibert & More Will Lead All-Star Cast of EVER AFTER at Paper Mill Playhouse
by BWW News Desk - Mar 20, 2015
Paper Mill Playhouse has announced complete casting for the world-premiere musical Ever After, directed and choreographed by three-time Tony Award winner Kathleen Marshall (Anything Goes, Nice Work If You Can Get It), featuring a book and lyrics by Marcy Heisler and music by Zina Goldrich. (more...)
STAGE TUBE: DISENCHANTED! Cast Performs Post-Show Pop Medley
by Stage Tube - Mar 20, 2015
The original 'princess posse' of last fall's sold-out, NY premiere limited engagement of DISENCHANTED! just returned off-Broadway to Westside Theatre Upstairs (407 West 43rd Street) for an open-ended run. Below, watch them go 'pitch perfect' after a recent performance with an a cappella medley of some of their favorite pop hits! (more...)
Antoinette Comer, Elizabeth Casper & More Set for A NIGHT WITH KENT STATE UNIVERSITY at 54 Below
by BWW News Desk - Mar 20, 2015
54 BELOW?, Broadway's Supper Club, presents A Night with Kent State University on Friday March 27, 2015 at 11:30pm. A Night with Kent State University is a onenight only concert celebrating the alumni of The Kent State Musical Theatre Program?. The concert will feature performances from artists Antoinette Comer (current cast of Mama Mia!) Elizabeth Casper (Rock of Ages, Hair, Grease), Justin Gentry (Saturday Night Fever), Danny Caraballo (Buddy:The Buddy Holly Story), Colleen Longshaw (Kiss Me, Kate), Sarah Roussos (Hairspray) and others, and will include song selections from Broadway, pop, and Disney favorites. The performance will be directed by John Moauro (Hair) and assistant directed by Chris Richards?, with music direction by Vincent Ester?. Andrew Morton ?stage manages. (more...)
Trico Announces Global Reliability Conference
by BWW News Desk - Mar 20, 2015
Ray Quinn Joins Cast of THE SONGBOOK OF JUDY GARLAND Tour
by BWW News Desk - Mar 20, 2015
International theatre producer David King has announced that the singer-songwriter, actor and winner of hit TV shows Dancing on Ice, Dancing on Ice - All Stars, and Get Your Act Together, Ray Quinn, will be joining the UK Tour of JUDY - THE SONGBOOK OF JUDY GARLAND. Ray was runner up in The X- Factor in 2006, with his debut album going straight to number one in the UK charts, and has starred in many West End musicals including Legally Blonde and Dirty Dancing. (more...)
Ilana Gabrielle, Lindsay Lavin & More Set for Late Night at 54 Below Next Week
by BWW News Desk - Mar 20, 2015
Craving a show after the show? 54 BELOW, Broadway's Supper Club, is expanding its popular late-night series with fresh faces and hot new performances to keep the party buzzing into the wee hours. To purchase tickets or for more information, visit www.54Below.com or call (646) 476-3551. 54 BELOW welcomes you to loosen your tie and embrace the night at its upcoming events: (more...)
VIDEO: AMERICAN IDOL Takes on Show Tunes - Watch Performances from DREAMGIRLS, LION KING & More
by Caryn Robbins - Mar 20, 2015
The theme of last night's show was music from the movies, and several of the contestants chose to take on tunes from films which went on to be adapted to the Broadway stage (or vice versa!). (more...)
Billy Porter Talks DREAMGIRLS & Looks Ahead To LIVE FROM LINCOLN CENTER Concert
by Pat Cerasaro - Apr 1, 2015
Billy Porter looks back and looks forward! (more...)
BWW Review: INTO THE WOODS Bluray, DVD Offer Behind the Scenes Magic
by Matt Tamanini - Apr 1, 2015
Though the magic of the woods is not as spectacular on a TV as it was on the big screen, the vast majority of INTO THE WOODS' enchantment admirably makes the transition to the small screen. Last Christmas, Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine's beloved Broadway fairy tale took the big screen by storm with a star-studded movie adaptation, and last week Disney released DVD and Blu-Ray versions full of bonus features. Despite all of the extras on the disks, INTO THE WOODS' main draw is still its incredible stars. With a cast of Hollywood A-listers and Broadway alums, all of whom prove more than capable of handling Stephen Sondheim's uniquely intricate and intellectual music and lyrics, this very well might be the most effectively adapted movie musical of the past half century. The lush orchestrations, the gorgeous settings, and the spectacular cast are just as bewitching as they were in the movie theatre. (more...)
STAGE TUBE: Preview Billy Porter's BROADWAY AND SOUL Concert; Airs Friday on PBS!
by Stage Tube - Apr 1, 2015
Live From Lincoln Center - the pioneering, award-winning performing arts series - continues its 40th anniversary season with 'Billy Porter: Broadway and Soul' Friday, April 3, 2015. (more...)
BWW Interview: Fiorella Nolis racconta 'Annie Jr.' e la Children's Musical School
by Francesco Vittorino - Apr 1, 2015
Io e il team creativo della Children's Musical School abbiamo sempre avuto il desiderio di mettere in scena un musical solo per ragazzi, dove loro potessero essere protagonisti, Annie jr ci e sembrato il musical perfetto perche i ruoli per bambini sono numerosi. (more...)
JERSEY'S GIRLS to Transfer to Jermyn Street Theatre for Limited Run, May 12-31
by BWW News Desk - Apr 1, 2015
Following a sell-out run at St. James Studio last month, musical revue Jerry's Girls will transfer to Jermyn Street Theatre for a limited three week run from Tuesday 12 to Sunday 31 May 2015, with a press night on Friday 15 May. (more...)
HAPPY DAYS Musical to Play New Century Theatre, 4/24-5/17
by BWW News Desk - Apr 1, 2015
Minneapolis Musical Theatre (MMT) concludes its 2014-2015 season with Happy Days-A New Musical making its area premiere April 24-May 17, 2015 at Hennepin Theatre Trust's New Century Theatre. Based on the hit ABC television show "Happy Days," the musical features a book by the series' original creator Garry Marshall, with music and lyrics by Oscar, Grammy and Golden Globe winner Paul Williams. Happy Days is directed by longtime Twin Cities' director and actor Joe Hendren working with MMT's artistic director, Christian Unser. (more...)
Pushcart Players Bringing ALICE IN WONDERLAND to SOPAC, 4/11
by BWW News Desk - Apr 1, 2015
Pushcart Players, New Jersey's Emmy-nominated and award-winning theater for young audiences performs 'Alice in Wonderland' at South Orange Performing Arts Center on Saturday, April 11 at 2:00 pm. The performance offers a tea party immediately following, where cast members will visit new found friends enjoying cupcakes, assorted treats, lemonade, punch and photo opportunities. (more...)
At This Performance: Farah Alvin of Broadway's New Musical IT SHOULDA BEEN YOU!
by Tyler Peterson - Apr 1, 2015
BroadwayWorld presents the latest installment of our latest weekly feature, 'At This Performance' highlighting the work of some of Broadway's hardest-working actors - understudies and standbys! (more...)
Message Board
BWW TV: Laura Benanti & Christopher Fitzgerald Get Down & Dirty as Liesl & Rolf
Lady Gaga to Sing From Sondheim's Newest at the Tonys
Jeremy Jordan Stops The Show With 'Don't Rain On My Parade' At MISCAST 2015
Breaking: HONEYMOON IN VEGAS to Close on Broadway
STAGE TUBE: Watch Vanessa Hudgens Perform 'I Never Want to Go Home Again' from GIGI!


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text: Blade runner the final cut = 銀翼殺手 Ford stars as a tough Los Angeles detective in the year 2019, where his job is to track down genetically engineered androids/robots who are out to control the city. Film and video adaptations Yin yi sha shou Blade runner the final cut = yin yi sha shou 銀翼殺手 哈里遜福特 Hali, Xunfute. Feature films.


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This is the Grand River in the Elora Gorge in Ontario Canada. It is a beautiful place and you just never know what famous celebrities you may see there.
My own image was used as the background and edited in Photoshop CS3
dolphin courtesy of Nadiblob-deviant art
very creative robin, he looks right at home here!!
Thanks Linda! He was right at home…lol.
– Robin Webster
Great work, Robin… love the editing!
Thank you very much Barbara! :)
– Robin Webster
Great job,can't wait to go tothe gorge to check out the river dolphin :D
I always wanted to meet Flipper! I just couldn't believe my luck when I visited the gorge a couple of weeks ago! There he was! LOL….
Thanks Gary! :))
– Robin Webster
Fantastic shot.
Thanks Gerard! :))
– Robin Webster
Lol, looks good Robin
Thanks Sharon! :))
– Robin Webster
Well, you creative little genius, Robin!! You actually had me for a split second…until my rational mind finally kicked in! This is extremely creative and a wonderful image….such a great job on it!! Well done, my friend!
Well I am happy that I managed to make it look real Barb! It was fun to do. Thank you so much for the great comment and your wonderful compliment. I do appreciate it!
– Robin Webster
beautiful scenery….you could get lost there…lol
Ha ha yes George…Lost….
Thanks for the giggle!
– Robin Webster
very lovely work, Robin.. as usual, so creative!
Thanks so much Maureen! :) I think every river should have a resident dolphin! He he.
– Robin Webster
LOL!!!, I missed this big fish tale Robin, and he was swimmin' right towards me…Jules :-)))…Favor
Did I forget to say INGENIOUS! piece of work…Jules
:D Thanks!
– Robin Webster


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You can email me by clicking my name and looking for a form email link.
I did have several crash logs.
Ok, see your email.]]>
You just have to figure out how the frames in each animation works. There're certain animation states that doesn't allow throws. Train in the rooftop fight with Barabas a lot and you'll get an idea of when and how you can throw. For example, when Barabas is blocking your attacks while crouching and making ready to do an earthquake you're pretty much out of luck in terms of grabbing him.
I don't know how long you've played, but after a good handful of hours of experience with the combat mechanics it shouldn't be that hard to know when and where you're able to do a throw.
Practice, practice!
Ah I see now, that's exactly what I was looking for.]]>
Edit: I need to learn to read before I reply, god damn.]]>
I attempted to do a Thug Vs The World run but I got screwed over by a mod right away, figure I'd make this for now though.]]>


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The two car effort features an international roster with several previous race winners. Christian Fittapaldi, Mike Rockenfeller and the Frisselle brothers are joined by Felipe Nasr, Nelson Piquet Jr. and Joao Barbosa.
2012 Sunoco Rolex 24 At Daytona Challenge winner Felipe Nasr to return for 51st Rolex 24.
Sunoco Daytona Challenge press release
Christian Fittipaldi,Nelson Piquet Jr., Mike Rockenfeller, Joao Barbosa lead the two Action Express Corvette entries.
Michael Shank Racing press release
Michael Shank Racing with Curb/Agajanian press release
2 Cars, 1 Team look for a return to Daytona's victory lane.
Lynne Waite and Stella-Maria Thomas, F3 Correspondents
The No. 9 Corvette DP with Joao Barboas,Burt Frisselle and Mike Rockenfeller finished fourth, while Christian Fittipaldi, Brian Frisselle, Nelson Piquet Jr. and Felip Nasr came in ninth.
Daytona International Speedway press release
Daytona International Speedway press release
Sunoco Daytona Challenge press release


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Lorenzen Wright dead
Report: Lorenzen Wright found dead near Memphis
Jul 28, 2010, 5:20 PM EDT
The worst possible outcome from when Lorezen Wright went missing recently has apparently come true. Sources confirmed with the Memphis Commercial Appeal that a body found southeast of Memphis is that of Wright. The paper has the details. According to sources, a 9-1-1 call was made from Wright's cell phone on July 19. A Germantown…
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