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I'm a British/New Zealander. I love to travel, enjoy other cultures, food and people. As well as being a business woman, I'm a mother and writer. Also into mountain biking, hiking and other outdoor pursuits.
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It was fantastic meeting people so warm and friendly and trust we can meet each other in the future.
Naomi hat für ihren Mann James gebucht. Die Kommunikation mit ihr lief problemlos und James war sehr nett und freundlich. Er hat die Wohnung in einwandfreiem Zustand hinterlassen. Ich würde ihn oder beide zusammen jederzeit gern wieder als Gäste begrüßen. Auf jeden Fall zu empfehlen!
Naomi booked for her husband James. Communication with her was easy and James was very nice and friendly. He left the apartment in perfect condition. It would be a pleasure for me to host him or both as a couple another time again.
Highly recommended!
It was a pleasure to welcome Naomi and her family at my place. Communication was very easy to organize their arrival and I've found the house very neat and tidy after their departure. I would highly recommend them !
Naomi and her family were very clear about organisation without we had to ask them anything. My mother welcomed them. They told us there were very nice and they let us the appartement very cleaned. So I would said there are perfect guests and it would be a pleasure to host them again if needed.
Naomi is very nice, super clean and respectful. I definetely recommend her and would be happy to host her any time again


text:
1. a. epithelial
b. connective
c. muscle
d. nervous
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Winnipeg Free Press - PRINT EDITION
Docs show St. Boniface Hospital staff blamed vendor for operating room closures
Siemens flew in its top technicians from Calgary nine days after air-control system breakdown
For more than two weeks last winter, the 14 operating rooms at the province's second-biggest hospital were silent.
There were no doctors and nurses in scrubs, no beeps from monitors and ventilators. Instead, senior hospital staff were scrambling to reschedule surgeries at other city hospitals while cancelling hundreds more.
A programming problem with the new air-handling control system in St. Boniface Hospital's operating room area had caused cold air to enter uncontrolled, freezing heating coils early Jan. 22 and causing them to split.
Nobody died as a result of the crisis, but the situation stressed an already heavily taxed city hospital system. Documents obtained by the Free Press shed new light on what went wrong and why it took so long to fix the problem.
They suggest the vendor of the new air-handling control system being installed at the hospital, Siemens Canada Ltd., was understaffed in Winnipeg. They also show the new air-control system had not been fully tested at the time of the breakdown. And they raise questions about whether corners were cut to install the new system within budget.
More than once during the crisis, Siemens and hospital officials thought they were close to solving the operating-room ventilation problems only to have to go back to the drawing board. It wasn't until nine days into the shutdown that Siemens flew in its top technicians from Calgary to deal with the matter, the documents show.
Under provincial freedom of information legislation, the Free Press obtained copies of emails, meeting minutes and reports on the operating-room shutdown.
In an interview following the release of the documents, St. Boniface Hospital officials mainly defended Siemens' efforts during the crisis. However, the documents reveal a frustration with the vendor.
The hospital had wanted to replace its operating-theatre air controls with a new digital system last summer, but wasn't able to get Siemens to do the work at that time. If the job had been done then, frozen coils would not have become an issue.
New digital controls on one of two air-handling units that supply the ORs with clean air were installed without incident in mid-December. Work on the second unit was done in January. Everything seemed to be going fine until a routine backup generator test early on the morning of Jan. 22 exposed several deficiencies with the new controls. When dampers failed to close, cold air -- the outdoor temperature was -27 C -- entered the system, freezing several reheating coils above the operating room area, causing them to split.
Working quickly, the hospital cleaned up the mess, repaired the coils (obtaining new ones immediately would take too long) and prepared the operating rooms for service -- all within five days. Siemens reps were on hand throughout, attempting to deal with the issue, but problems persisted.
While Siemens was addressing the St. B operating room shutdown, it was also installing a new environmental-control system under a strict timeline at Misericordia Health Centre's new Maryland building. At times, both health facilities were competing for the services of the same people.
Late Saturday evening, on Jan. 25, in the fourth day of the OR shutdown, Stephen Cumpsty -- St. B's director of capital planning and property management, and the man in charge of getting the system fixed -- emails his counterpart at Misericordia. He notes a particular Siemens technician is scheduled to be at the Miz on Monday morning and then at St. B. that afternoon. "I'm not sure if there is any flexibility with your project," Cumpsty writes, "but I have stressed to Siemens that our ORs are a high priority to resolve as soon as possible."
In subsequent emails between the two officials, the Misericordia official laments "the lack of vendor resources locally."
Siemens Canada refused repeated requests for an interview for this story.
Another document stated the hospital's concerns with the company in blunt terms.
In a May 8, 2014 email to Siemens officials concerning a billing dispute arising from the vendor's work done during the crisis, Cumpsty writes: "To date (St. Boniface Hospital) has covered the costs of the repairs to the physical plant resulting from the water damage well exceeding the original project cost and subsequent invoices. However, we feel that the responsibility for this failure rests with the quality of the work and investigation conducted prior to installation and the resulting product that was installed by Siemens. The extended delay with completing the project, the lack of a robust local staff in Winnipeg, and the lack of a commissioning plan for the OR Building Automation System contributed to the system failure on Jan. 22 (20)14 and the resulting damage."
Still another document shows hospital officials later realized they should have pressured Siemens earlier in the crisis to get the help they needed. In minutes from a March 4 "final event debrief" on the operating room shutdown, under the heading 'Feedback from WRHA (Winnipeg Regional Health Authority),' the session agreed a "lesson learned" from the event was the need to involve high-ranking officials with the vendor in the process sooner.
Meanwhile, a consulting engineer retained by the hospital's insurance company to look into the cause of the air-handling system failure speculated "there may have been some cost-saving measures incorporated to get the project completed within budget constraints."
In a letter to QA Adjusting stamped 'draft,' SMS Engineering said "the design documents do not match the shop drawings submitted by Siemens."
The letter also noted: "The new (air) control system was put live without proper testing and commissioning of systems, nor was operating staff adequately trained prior to the system going live."
Looking back at the events six months later, senior officials with St. Boniface are grateful for all the help they received from hospitals across the city in helping to deal with the crisis. And they're philosophical about their dealings with Siemens during the shutdown.
"I think the hospital's response and the region's response to the issue was spot on," said Catherine Robbins, executive director of support services, filling in for the vacationing CEO Dr. Michel Tétreault. "There was such an immediate realignment of patient care services so that we could continue providing surgery services to patients (at other institutions)."
Robbins and officials with the Winnipeg Regional Health Authority say nobody awaiting surgery died because of the St. B shutdown.
The hospital is the cardiac surgery centre for Manitoba. However, officials noted many patients awaiting elective (non-emergency and non-urgent) surgeries throughout the Winnipeg hospital system had to wait longer for operations and this, no doubt, caused them stress. The surgery backlog was cleared up by March.
In an interview, Cumpsty refused to lay blame for the OR closures or the length of time it took to get them back in operation.
"I think the important thing to understand is that these (air-handling control) systems are very complex," he said. "There are quite a number of moving pieces to them. So when you're dealing with those complex systems, it's sometimes difficult to anticipate all the ripple effects."
The hospital officials acknowledged the system had yet to be fully tested when the failure occurred, but say that process was about to occur. It's not as though the hospital was going to close its operating theatres to conduct these tests. Surgeries had to proceed, they said.
Should Siemens' most senior technicians have arrived earlier instead of more than a week after the closures? For much of the OR downtime, it was felt the situation was under control. It was only when the system repeatedly failed, St. B officials say, that they realized they needed more help.
"I don't think any of us at the time realized that it was going to be a 19-day closure of the operating rooms," Cumpsty said.
Is Siemens sufficiently staffed in Winnipeg to meet the needs of Manitoba customers?
"I don't think staffing was a problem," said Robbins. "Many of these companies have sufficient staff in our province to deal with 99 per cent of the issues that arise. This was such an unusual occurrence that it required specially trained staff that aren't local."
Cumpsty denied suggestions corners were cut and things done on the cheap to complete the job within budget. "We got the budget that we asked for," he said.
He allowed there were places where the work done did not match the actual design, but he said those anomalies did not result in the system's failure.
"Those things would have come out and should have come out in the commissioning process," he said. "They weren't done out of a shortcut."
The cost of repairs to the hospital was $191,500. Insurance covered the first $25,000 of that, leaving the institution with net costs of $166,500.
Meanwhile, a number of enhancements were made to the air-handling control system as a result of the failure. For example, new operating room door seals, which had not been replaced since the early 1990s, were installed.
"We've put in better (air) pressure monitoring, we have temperature sensors now within the duct work that tells the system when cold air gets into the duct... so basically it goes into a locked-down mode... (when a problem occurs)," Cumpsty said.
Republished from the Winnipeg Free Press print edition August 9, 2014 A6
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Colonial Lodge Motel
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Welcome to the Colonial Lodge Motel, situated on the lakefront of stunning Lake Taupo.
Our modern, fresh, well designed Spa Suites will make your stay with us comforting and relaxing, a mere stroll along the lake connects you to the heart of Taupo.
The epitome of affordable luxury at it's finest, where corporate and executive stays are encouraged.
We have 8 Studio Units and 4 One Bedroom Units. The Studio Units have a queen and a single bed and will sleep up to 3 people .The 1 Bedroom Units have a queen bed in the bedroom, 2 singles and a sofa bed in the lounge and will sleep up to 5 people.
Features of the Units includes kitchen facilities, a spa bath, shower, dining table, 42 inch TV, SKY/ Freeview and free internet. The 1 Bedroom Units have a heat pump and a TV in the bedroom.,
The Motel has off sreet parking, a quest laundry and continental breakfasts are available.
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Groskreutz gets first ace at Litchfield GC
Bob Groskreutz needed only a single shot to dust Hole No. 7 at the Litchfield Golf Club on Tuesday.
He used a 21-degree hybrid to ace the 163-yard hold for his ever hole-in-one and the first of the season at Litchfield.
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Want to find out what's happening at the park? From holidays to special events, it's all right here.
Group and Educational Events
Each season, we host many events and special days for educational groups, scouts, associations and more. See our group events tab below so you can plan your trip today.
Spring Break
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School's out and thrills are in during Spring Break during April 11-26.
Opening Weekend
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You don't have to wait much longer. Six Flags New England opens for the 2015 season April 11-12.
DVD Drive to Benefit Baystate Children's Hospital
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Bring in your new and gently used DVDs.
Flashback Exclusive Ride Time
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Students will have the opportunity to participate in our education program, Six Flags Science Adventure.
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Celebrate the end of the school year with College Fest!
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The Benefits of Cloud Computing
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Although the benefits of cloud computing are clear, so is the need to develop proper security for cloud implementations. The following whitepaper provides an overview of key security issues related to cloud computing, concluding with the IBM Point of View on a secure cloud architecture and environment.
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Pennsylvania Senator, Pat Toomey, long a darling of the right wing of his party is likely to take heat from conservatives on his helping to broker a deal on gun sale and background checks. Political watcher, Dr. Terry Madonna told WNPV some wont like the bill, but other won't like the politics.
"It's a victory of some sort. The President's credibility, given Colorado and Connecticut and the high profile events he's done, this is important to the President."
Madonna says, whatever the fallout, it's likely to be softened by polling, which indicates 94-percent support for universal background checks in Pennsylvania. Madonna was a guest on the Wednesday Edition of Comment Please by Univest on AM1440 WNPV.
Heritage Action For America, a Washington, D.C. group opposed to legislation on extensive background checks for gun purchases is lauding a vote ob the issue. Federal lawmakers defeated a measure on the issue Wednesday. It was a bi-partisan measure by Pennsylvania Republican senator Pat Toomey and West Virginia Democrat, Joe Manchin. Heritage Action For America spokesman Dan Holler believes two important factors led to the 54-46 vote that defeated the amendment.
"We don't want to make criminals out of law abiding citizens, we want to go after the criminals. So that's number one. Number two, there needs to be a real effort at the state and local level, particularly between communities and families to try to head off stuff likes this. You can't have folks in Washington behind closed doors put some words on a piece of a paper and expect it to solve all the problems."
Holler was a guest on WNPV'S New AM-Edition this morning with Darryl Berger
Jim Bohannon, host of the Jim Bohannon show, weeknights on WNPV at 10, joined Darryl Berger on WNPV'S New AM Edition Monday morning to talk about gridlock in D-C.
"A Republican House, a Democratic Senate, a Democratic President and it's the same people, I'm sure who cast, what I call the straight paralysis are the first to whine about gridlock, if you don't like it, then make up your mind in 2014"
Bohannon says, there's some potential hope with bi-partisanship on gun control and immigration reform.
According to Montgomery County's Salary Board Listing, the Voter Services Director was let go. Joseph Passarella served in the position for several years. The Montgomery County Republican Committee is criticizing the move, saying that Passarella had a clean record and carried out his responsibilities with the highest form of integrity. However, during his tenure in the post, Passarella was accused of not properly registering voters. Passarella earned nearly 72-thousand dollars as the director. There's no word on a replacement.
Address: 1210 Snyder RoadLansdale, PA 19446
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Static Techniques (on code) (Static Analysis of code) performed on the code without executing the code Categories of Static Techniques • Manual • (Semi) Mechanised Static techniques vs. code testing • Code testing tries to characterize set of executions throughout one test case --- (minimal) coverage (of input similar executions by using classes of input data, of paths, others) is the most important issue • Static techniques characterize once set of executions; that's the reason to call qualify them as static techniques • Static techniques are usually used within a verification activity (i.e they may come before testing) • Static techniques and testing have complementary advantages and disadvantages; additionally, some static techniques during the testing to support the test case design Informal analysis techniques: Code walkthroughs • Recommended prescriptions – Small number of people (three to five) – Participants receive written documentation from the designer few days before the meeting – Predefined duration of meeting (few hours) – Focus on the discovery of defects, not on fixing them – Participants: designer, moderator, and a secretary – Foster cooperation; no evaluation of people • Experience shows that most defects are discovered by the designer during the presentation, while trying to explain the design to other people. Informal analysis techniques: Code inspection • A reading code technique aiming at defect discovery • Based on checklist (also called defect-guessing), e.g.: – use of uninitialized variables; – jumps into loops; – nonterminating loops; – array indexes out of bounds; – … Defect Guessing • From intuition and experience, enumerate a list of possible defects or defect prone situations • Defect guessing can also be used to write test cases to expose those defect Defect Guessing: Esempio • Nel caso di array o stringhe, ogni indice è compreso nei limiti della dimensione corrispondente? • Ci si riferisce ad una variabile non inizializzata? • Per i riferimenti attraverso puntatore/riferimento, la corrispondente area di memoria è stata allocata (dangling reference problem)? • Una variabile (eventualmente riferita tramite puntatore) ha tipo diverso da quello usato dal programma? • Esistono variabili con nome simile (pratica pericolosa)? Defect Guessing: Esempio • I calcoli coinvolgono tipi diversi e inconsistenti (ad es., stringhe e interi)? • Esistono delle inconsistenze nei calcoli misti (ad es., interi e reali)? • Esistono dei calcoli che coinvolgono tipi compatibili ma di precisione differente? • In un'assegnazione (x:=exp, x=exp), il valore sinistro ha rappresentazione meno precisa del valore destro? • È possibile una condizione di overflow o underflow (ad esempio nei calcoli intermedi)? • Divisione per zero? Defect Guessing: Esempio • Nelle espressioni che contengono vari operatori aritmetici, le assunzioni sull'ordine di valutazione e di precedenza degli operatori sono corrette? • Il valore di una variabile esce dall'intervallo ragionevole? (ad es., il peso dovrebbe essere positivo, …) • Ci sono usi sbagliati dell'aritmetica fra interi, in particolare delle divisioni? • Stiamo prendendo in considerazione adeguatamente la precisione finita dei reali? Defect Guessing: Esempio • Gli operatori di confronto sono usati correttamente? • Le espressioni booleane sono corrette (uso appropriato di and, or, not)? • Nelle espressioni che contengono vari operatori booleani, le assunzioni sull'ordine di valutazione e di precedenza degli operatori sono corrette? • Gli operandi di un'espressione booleana sono booleani? • La maniera in cui viene valutata l'espressione booleana ha impatto sul significato dell'espressione stessa (pratica pericolosa)? Correctness proofs A program and its specification (Hoare notation) {true} begin read (a); read (b); x := a + b; write (x); end {output = input1 + input2} proof by backwards substitution Proof rules Notation for: If Claim 1 and Claim 2 have been proven, one can deduce Claim3 Claim1, Claim2 Claim3 Proof rules for a language {F1}S1{F2}, {F2}S2{F3} sequence {F1}S1;S2{F3} if-then-else {Pre and cond} S1 {Post},{Pre and not cond} S2 {Post} {Pre} if cond then S1 ; else S 2 ; end if; {Post} while-do {I and cond} S {I} {I} while cond loop S; end loop; {I and not cond} I is called the loop invariant Correctness proof • Partial correctness proof – validity of {Pre} program {Post} guarantees that if the Pre holds before the execution of program, and if the program ever terminates, then Post will be achieved • Total correctness proof – Pre guarantees program termination and the truth of Post These problems are undecidable!!! Example {input1 > 0 and input2 > 0} begin read (input1); read (input2); x=input1; y=input2; div := 0; while x >= y loop div := div + 1; x := x - y; end loop; write (div); write (x); end; {input1 = div * input2 + x} Discovery of loop invariant • Difficult and creative because invariants cannot be constructed automatically • In the previous example input1 = div * y + x and y=input2 Combining correctness proofs • We can prove correctness of operations (e.g. operations on a class) • Then use the result of each single proof to make proof for complex modules containing these operations or complex combinations of these operations Example module TABLE; exports type Table_Type (max_size: NATURAL): ?; no more than max_size entries may be stored in a table; user modules must guarantee this procedure Insert (Table: in out TableType ; ELEMENT: in ElementType); procedure Delete (Table: in out TableType; ELEMENT: in ElementType); function Size (Table: in Table_Type) return NATURAL; provides the current size of a table … end TABLE Having proved these {true} Delete (Table, Element); {Element Table}; {Size (Table) < max_size} Insert (Table, Element) {Element Table}; We can then prove properties of programs using tables For example, that after executing the sequence Insert(T, x); Delete(T, x); x is not present in T An assessment of correctness proofs • Still not used in practice • However – possibly used for very critical parts of code or in high risk software! – assertions (any intermediate property) may be the basis for a systematic way of inserting runtime checks (instead of checking values of variables) – proofs may become more practical as more powerful support tools are developed – knowledge of correctness theory helps programmers being rigorous – well written post conditions can be used to design test cases Symbolic execution • Can be viewed as a middle way between testing and pure verification (but it is anyway a verification technique) • Executes the program on symbolic values (symbolic expressions) • One symbolic execution corresponds to many usual program executions Example (1) Consider executing the following program with x=X, y=Y, a=A (symbolic binding) 1 x := y + 2 x>a x <= a y := x + 3 a := a + 2 x := y + 2; 2 3 if x > a then a := a + 2; Build the else control graph! y := x + 3; end if; x := x + a + y 4 x := x + a + y; Example(2) • When control reaches decisions, in general, symbolic values do not allow to select a branch • One can choose a branch, and record the choice in a path condition • Result: < <a = A, y = Y + 5, x = 2 * Y + A + 7> symbolic binding <1, 3, 4> , Y + 2 <= A > execution path path condition Symbolic execution rules (1) symbolic state: <symbolic_binding, execution_path, path_condition> • read (x) – removes any existing binding for x and adds binding x = X, where X is a newly introduced symbol • write (expression) – output(n) = computed_symbolic_value_expression (n counter initialized to 1 and automatically incremented after each write statement) Symbolic execution rules (2) • x:= expression – construct symbolic value of expression, SV; replace existing binding of x with x=SV • After execution of a statement of a path that corresponds to an edge of control graph, append the edge to execution path Symbolic execution rules (3) • if cond then S1; else S2; endif • while cond loop…endloop – condition is symbolically evaluated • eval(cond) – If it is possible to state eval(cond) true or eval(cond) false then execution proceeds by following the appropriate branch – otherwise, make a choice of true or false, and conjoin eval(cond) (resp., not [eval(cond)] to the path condition Symbolic execution and testing • The path condition describes all data are required for the program execution follows the execution path • Usage of symbolic execution for testing: – identify one execution path (I.e. a sequence of arrows in a control graph) – symbolically execute the execution path (if possible) – chose data that satisfy the path condition • These data allow to execute that path and therefore are a test case for the path. Example (1) found := false; counter := 1; while (not found) and counter <= number_of_items loop if table (counter) = desired_element then found := true; end if; counter := counter + 1; end loop; if found then write ("the desired element exists in the table"); else write ("the desired element does not exist in the table"); end if; Example (2) 1,2,3,5,6,2,4… is not possible! found := false; counter := 1; 1 (not found) and counter <= number_of_items (found) or 2 counter > number_of_items table (counter) = desired_element table (counter) < > 3 desired_element 4 found:= true 7 6 write "the desired 5 counter:= counter+1 element does not exist in the table" 9 8 write "the desired element exists in the table" Why so many approaches to testing and analysis? •Testing versus static techniques •Formal versus informal techniques •White-box versus black-box techniques •Fully mechanised vs. semi-mechanised techniques (for undecidable properties) •… view all these as complementary OO Unit Code Defect Testing Test Case Design Objectives • Coverage is the always the key point (what things are covered by the test cases). • • Minimality of this coverage is the other key point (do not write two distinct test cases for discovering same defects). Some techniques for making test cases • General defect testing – The tester looks for plausible defects (i.e., aspects of the implementation of the system that may result in defects). To determine whether these defects exist, test cases are designed to exercise the code. • Specialized defect testing: Class Testing and Class Hierarchy – Inheritance does not obviate the need for thorough testing of all derived classes. In fact, it can actually complicate the testing process. • Scenario-Based Test Design (defect but also acceptance testing) – Scenario-based testing concentrates on what the user does, not what the product does. This means capturing the tasks (via use-cases) that the user has to perform, then applying them and their variants as test cases. Two levels of test • Test of one class – Test single operations (white and black box) – Test sequences of operations (random test) – Test sequences of states (behavior test) • Test of sequences of operations and states is because in object-oriented code, expressing the expected-behavior or what the program does in term of input and output is not possible; therefore, the codomain R is described by sequences of operations or states • Test of several classes with interacting objects Esempio Visual Paradigm for UML Standard Edition(Universita di Torino) RichiestaInterna +pulsante premuto() +qual è il peso() +è possibile fare una richiesta per il piano del pulsante premuto?() +dimmi i pulsanti da illuminare() +disabilitarepossibilità di fare richieste per lo stesso piano() Pre: pulsante P premuto Post: la richiesta R è memorizzata qual'è peso; è possibile…; dimmi pulsanti da illuminare…;… Esempio Visual Paradigm for UML Standard Edition(Universita di Torino) Motore +avviaremotore() +diminuirevelocità() +fermarsi() avviare;diminuire; fermare; Esempio Visual Paradigm for UML Standard Edition(Universita di Torino) Account Le operazioni sono +open() +setupAccount() "indipendenti" a parte alcuni +deposit() vincoli che possono essere +balance() +withdraw() espressi con pre e post +finalwiithdraw() condizioni +close() open; setupAccount; deposit; Behavior Testing The tests to be empty set up designed should open acct setup Accnt acct achieve all state coverage [KIR94]. deposit (initial) That is, the deposit operation sequences should working acct cause the balance withdraw credit Account class to accntInfo make transition withdrawal through all (final) allowable states dead nonworking acct close acct Visual Paradigm for UML Standard Edition(Universita di Torino) Account +open() +setupAccount() +deposit() +balance() Figure 14 .3 St at e diagram f or A ccount class ( adapt ed f rom [ KIR9 4 ] ) +withdraw() +finalwiithdraw() +close() Black box! OO Software: Inter-Class Testing • Inter-class testing to exercise interactions between classes: – For each class, use the list of class operations to generate a series of random test sequences of operations. The operations will send messages to other classes. – For each message that is generated, determine the destination class and the corresponding operations. – For each operation in the destination class (that has been invoked by incoming messages), determine the messages that it transmits. – For each of the messages, determine the next level of operations that are invoked and incorporate these into the test sequence White box if based Black box if based on on class code! sequence diagrams! OO Software: Additional tests • New issues – inheritance – genericity White box! – polymorphism – dynamic binding • Open problems still exist How to test classes of a hierarchy? • "Flattening" the whole hierarchy and considering every class as a totally independent unit – does not exploit incremental class definition • Finding an ad-hoc way to take advantage of the hierarchy A simple technique test case design for class hierarchy • A test case that does not have to be repeated for any heir • A test case that must be performed for heir class X and all of its further heirs • A test case that must be redone by applying the same input data, but verifying that the output is not (or is) changed • A test case that must be modified by adding other input parameters and verifying that the output changes accordingly Black Box testing: concurrent and real-time software • Non-determinism (of events driving the control flow) inherent in concurrency affects repeatability of failures • For real-time software (i.e. with time constraints), a test case consists not only of usual input data, but also of the time when such data are supplied (events) output input events Software Testing in the large Software Testing Strategy In the small: component testing unit test integration test Defect testing In the large system Validation test (acceptance) test Elaborated from Pressman Software Architectures and Integration Testing • Software architectures provides at least the structure of a complex software; therefore, it is natural to perform testing on integrated code by following the architecture Call-return Layered Object-oriented What should be tested! • We have tested units according to the expected behavior and (some forms) of unexpected behavior • This is largely related to functional requirements and to discovery related defects in code units; testing as such is therefore related to the correctness of code and is performed on code with possible inputs (EB) or potential inputs (P), without attention to how inputs are provided and where the software is installed • What about non-functional requirements? They are usually related to other quality attributes than correctness. • We need to talk about a software system (not just the software but the software installed and running) for talking about the software running in its environment! The software system is then part of the whole system and it is therefore a subsystem of it (as many others). Software System and Software software code system BB/WB system Operating software system systems, software system Middleware,Co mpilers, (sub-system) Interpreters, N° BB/WB of installation of BB/WB the same BB/WB module, environment parameters Perfect technology assumption! Assumptions during the requirement engineering! Separate concerns in testing Testing for correctness is not enough, e.g.: – Overload (stress) testing (reliability) – Robustness testing (test unexpected situations) (safety) – Performance testing (test response time) –… • These tests are typically related to some software quality attributes and non-functional requirements and usually performed on the software system (or subsystems) not on single units Testing Activities in the Software Process System Requirements User System Test Manual Software Requirements planned Acceptance Test Engineering SRS Tested (analysis model) software system planned Architecture Design Software System Test SRS The word "system" Design Integrated Model modules refers to the "whole system" and to the Detailed planned "software system". Integration Test The software Design system implicitly encompasses Module Tested hardware and design modules allocation of software on Coding Unit test hardware. Code Levels of Testing Type of Testing Performed By • Low-level testing – Unit (module) testing Programmer – Integration testing Development team Independent Test Group • High-level testing – System testing Independent Test Group – Acceptance testing Customer/End Users Integration Testing Unit Testing • Done on individual units (or units of modules) • Test unit with white-box and black-box • Requires stubs and drivers • Unit testing of several units can be done in parallel What are Stubs, Drivers ? • Stub e.g. module e.g. to test B call hierarchy in isolation – dummy module which simulates the functionality of a module called by a A Driver given module under test • Driver – a module which transmits test cases in the form of B B input arguments to the given module under test and either prints or interprets the results produced by it C Stub for C Come si fa a Esempio fare il test di Read (x,y,a); call P(x,y); if integrazione? x=…then write (test ok) P(x,y) else write (test not ok) x := y + 2; if x > a then Driver a := a + 2; else y := x + 3; a := F(x, y) end if; x := x + a + y; P x := y + 2; if x > a then x y a := a + 2; else Stub for F y := x + 3; a := STUB_F(x, y) If x<y then y=x+5 end if; x := x + a + y; If x>y then y=x+7 Come si fa a fare il test della Esempio seguente unità? Esecuzione simbolica, dirà che prima della chiamata di x := y + 2; F(x,y): if x > a then a := a + 2; x=Y+2, a=A e y=Y+5 (con else Y+2<=a) y := x + 3; Definizione dei test cases di P a := F(x,y) (per esempio Black Box): end if; x := x + a + y; Es. A=5, Y=1, X=7 Per cui deve essere noto l'output di F(3,6) Come si fa a fare il test di integrazione? Esempio P(x,y) Driver x := y + 2; if x > a then a := a + 2; else P y := x + 3; a := STUB_F(x, y) x y end if; x := x + a + y; Stub for F Possibili Inputs Input Input Output Identificare i test per F x y 2 5 9 cases per P Indicare 3 6 19 manualmente i possibili outputs Come si fa a Esempio fare il test di Read (x,y,a); call P(x,y); if integrazione? x=…then write (test ok) P(x,y) else write (test not ok) x := y + 2; if x > a then Driver a := a + 2; else y := x + 3; a := F(x, y) end if; x := x + a + y; P x := y + 2; if x > a then x y a := a + 2; else Stub for F y := x + 3; a := STUB_F(x, y) Write (x) end if; x := x + a + y; Read (y) Integration Testing • Test integrated modules (i.e. integrated code) • Usually focuses on interfaces (i.e. calls and parameters passing) between modules (defects are in the way modules are called) • Largely architecture-dependent Integration Test Approaches • Non-incremental ( Big-Bang integration ) – tests each module independently (black and white box) – combines all the modules to form the integrated code in one step, and test (usually black-box) • Incremental – instead of testing each module in isolation, the next module to be tested is combined with the set of modules that have already been tested – With two possible approaches: Top-down, Bottom-up Comparison Non-Incremental Incremental • requires less stubs, drivers • requires more stubs,drivers • module interfacing defects • module interfacing defects detected early are detected late • finding defects is easier • finding defects is difficult • not all modules should be implemented for starting test • results in more thorough testing of modules Top-down Integration • Begin with the top module in the module call hierarchy (represented as a structure chart) • Stub modules are produced – But stubs are often complicated • The next module to be tested is any module with at least one previously tested superordinate (calling) module (depth first or breadth first ways) • After a module has been tested, one of its stubs is replaced by an actual module (the next one to be tested) and its required stubs Example of a Module Hierarchy A B C D E F H Top-down Integration Testing Example: A Stub B Stub C Stub D Top-down Integration Testing Example: A B Stub C Stub D Test cases written for A are reused Stub E Stub F Test cases white and black box for B should be combined with test cases written for A Bottom-Up Integration • Begin with the terminal (leaves) modules (those that do not call other modules) of the modules call hierarchy • A driver module is produced for every module • The next module to be tested is any module whose subordinate modules (the modules it calls) have all been tested • After a module has been tested, its driver is replaced by an actual module (the next one to be tested) and its driver Example of a Module Hierarchy A B C D E F H Bottom-Up Integration Testing Example: Driver E Driver F E F Bottom-Up Integration Testing Example: Driver B B E F Test cases white and black box for B Comparison Top-down Integration Bottom-up Integration • Advantage • Disadvantage – a skeletal version of the – the program as a whole does program exists early not exist until the last module is added • Disadvantage – required stubs could be expensive No clear winner • Effective alternative -- use hybrid of bottom-up and top-down: - prioritize the integration of modules based on risk - highest risk modules are integration tested earlier than modules with low risk Regression Testing • Re-run of previous test cases to ensure that software already tested has not regressed to earlier defects after making changes (or integration) to the software • Regression testing can also be performed during the entire life a software • Reusability of test cases is the key point! Types of System and Acceptance Testing (Sub)System Testing • Process of attempting to demonstrate that system (or subsystem) does not meet its original requirements and objectives as stated in the requirements (specification) document i.e. it is a defect testing • Usually, it is not only a code testing but a test on the software system • Test cases derived from – "system" objectives, user scenarios, possibly during system engineering or early requirement engineering – requirement document and software requirements specification (analysis model) – expected quality stated during the design engineering – additional aspects related to deployment of code Usual Types of Software System Testing • Volume testing – to determine whether the system can handle the required volumes of data, requests, etc. • Load/Stress testing – to identify peak load conditions at which the system will fail to handle required processing loads within required time spans • Usability (human factors) testing – to identify discrepancies between the user interfaces of the system (software) and the human engineering requirements of its potential users. • Security Testing – to show that the system's security requirements can be subverted Usual Types of Software System Testing • Performance testing (also as code testing) – to determine whether the system meets its performance requirements (eg. response times, throughput rates, etc.) • Reliability/availability testing – to determine whether the system meets its reliability and availability requirements (here availability is related to failure; however availability may only be related to "out of service" situations not necessarily related to failures) • Recovery testing – to determine whether the system meets its requirements for recovery after a failure Usual Types of Software System Testing • Installability testing – to identify ways in which the installation procedures lead to incorrect results • Configuration testing – to determine whether the system operates properly when the software or hardware is configured in a required manner • Compatibility testing – to determine whether the compatibility (interoperability) objectives of the system have been met • Resource usage testing – to determine whether the system uses resources (memory, disk space, etc.) at levels which exceed requirements • Others Alpha and Beta Testing Acceptance testing performed on the developed software before its released to the whole user community. • Alpha testing – conducted at the developer site by End Users (who will use the software once delivered) – tests conducted in a controlled environment • Beta testing – conducted at one or more customer sites by the End Users – it is a "live" use of the delivered software in an environment over which the developers has no control Stop conditions for Defect Test When to Stop Defect Testing ? • Defect testing is potentially a never ending activity! • However, an "exit condition" should be defined, e.g.: – Stop when the scheduled time for testing expires – Stop when all the test cases execute without detecting failures but both criteria are not good Better Code Defect Testing Stop conditions • Stop on use of specific test-case design techniques. • Example: Test cases derived from – 1) satisfying multiple condition coverage and – 2) boundary-value analysis and – 3) …. – …. – all resultant test cases are eventually unsuccessful (i.e they do not lead to failures) Better Code Defect Testing Stop condition 1 • Sia ND il numero dei difetti • Inserire nello unit un insieme di difetti NDI • Far eseguire il test (a qualcuno che non conosce i difetti inseriti) attraverso un certo numero di tecniche • L'efficacia di tale test è quindi: – NumeroDifettiInseritieScoperti/NumeroDifettiInseriti (NDIS/NDI) • Nell'ipotesi che i difetti siano simili si può dire che – (NDS/ND)=(NDIS/NDI) e quindi ND=NDI*NDS/NDIS ove NDS è il NumeroDifettiScoperti Better Code Defect Testing Stop condition 2 • Miglioramento con due gruppi indipendenti di test che trovano X e Y difetti, di cui Q sono comuni • ND, numero totale dei difetti, è quindi pari a ND=X*Y/Q (poiché si ipotizza che X/ND=Q/Y) System Testing Stop condition • Stop in terms of failures (rate) to be found and therefore in term of time to be spent in testing • This stop condition is closely related to the reliability of the software system Test Automation Steps in Test Cases definition and Execution Test Test Test Test cases data r esults r eports Design test e Prepar test un R pro gram e Compar results cases data ta with test da to test cases Test tools est T case Specifica tion gener ator Sour ce Test est T case Or acle code manager Dynamic Unit Test est results T anal yser being tested pr edictions Execution File Sim ula tor r epor t User interface comparator Repor t est T r esults gener ator r epor t Debugging • Task for locating and correcting defects in software code • It can start when a failure has been detected • It usually performed during test • Need sometime the definition of an intermediate concept, error i.e. a situation leading to the failure and due to the defect • Requires closing up the gap between a fault and failure – watch points – intermediate assertions What is seen from an defect (fault) error failure external observer The What is recognized as cause discovering discovering non correct situation Autodebugging, System management and Fault-tolerance • Detect errors and alert on them, may stop or may not stop the execution (leading to failure) • Detect errors and undertake a fault management strategy (recovery, alternatives etc.) that allows to tolerate the fault! Performance, Reliability Testing Quality Assessment for subjective quality attributes Performance • Types of performance analysis (can also be applied to code) – Worst case analysis • focus is on proving that the (sub)system response time is bounded by some function of the external requests and parameters – Average behavior • Analytical vs. experimental approaches, an both may concern the (software) system: – Queue models, statistics and probability theory (Markov chains) – Simulation – Others Correctness review • Correcteness is an absolute feature of software with a binary result (the software is correct, the software is not correct) • Typically, correcteness is expressed in term of functional requirements or component specifications derived from functional requirements • Less important for real systems where hypotheses (made during requirement engineering or as perfect technology assumptions) on which these systems are built are only true in probability or sometime false • Correcteness can be reformulated as: – Reliability (probability to work without failures over a time period) • Robustness (management of unexpected situations (i.e. failures elsewhere)) • Safety (probability that something does not happen) Reliability (1) • There are approaches to measure reliability on a probabilistic basis, as in other engineering fields, i.e. the probability the (software) system will work without failure over a period of time and under some conditions (shortly, probability to do not fail within a time frame) • Unfortunately, there are some difficulties with this approach: – independence of failures does not hold for software If x>0 then write(y) else (write(x); write(z);) X is wrongly assigned to 7 instead of X is wrongly assigned to 0 instead of 6; Z is wrongly assigned 1; Z is wrongly assigned Reliability (2) • Reliability is firstly concerned with measuring the probability of the occurrence of failures • Meaningful parameters include: • average total number of failures observed at time t: AF(t) • failure intensity: FI(t)=AF'(t) • mean time to fail at time t: MTTF(t)=1/FI(t) • mean time between failures MTBF(t)=MTTF(t)+MTTR(t) (MTTR corresponds to time needed after a failure, to repair) • Time is the execution time but also the calendar time (because in part of the software system can be shared with other software systems) Basic reliability model • Assumes that the decrement per failure observed (i.e., the derivative with respect to the number of observed failures) of the failure intensity function is constant – i.e., FI is a function of AF FI(AF) = FI0 (1 - AF/AF∞) where FI0 is the initial failure intensity and AF∞ is the total number of failures • The model is based on optimistic hypothesis that a decrease in failures is due to the fixing of defects, sources of those failures Af(t)=Af *(1- exp(-t* )) AF law AF Basic model FI(0) FI(t) AF t Uso del modello base Af(ti)=Af*(1- exp(-ti* )) Stima: Af e Calcola il tempo t per cui Af(t)=Af(T) + 1 ove T è il tempo cui si è arrivati con il test e si sono osservati Af(T) failure (quindi Af–AF(T) indica il numero di failure ancora osservabili) Fare il test per almeno affinché il sistema sia eseguito per almeno t-T in modo da osservare un ulteriore failure, se vi sono ancora difetti Assessment of subjective (less factual) quality attributes • Quality assessment on code of subjective quality attributes • Consider quality attribute like maintainability, reusability, understandability … • There is the need of metrics Internal and external attributes of quality Software quality attributes Internal quality (also called external attributes) attributes e Number of procedur parameters bility Maintaina tic xity Cycloma comple Structure Comprehensibility e Prog ram siz in lines of code Por tability or Number of err messages bility Usa ua Length of user man A metric l evaluated by McCabe's source code metric • Cyclomatic complexity C on the control graph is C = e - n + 2p – Where e is # edges, n is # nodes, p is # connected components • McCabe contends that well-structured modules (i.e. high quality) have C in range 3 .. 7, and C = 10 is a reasonable upper limit for the cyclomatic complexity of a single module – confirmed by empirical evidence Halstead's software science • Tries to measure some software qualities by measuring some quantities on code, such as – n1, number of distinct operators in the program – n2, number of distinct operands in the program – N1, number of occurrences of operators in the program – N2, number of occurrences of operands in the program N= n1 log2 n1 + n2 log2 n2 (length of the program) V = (N1+N2) log2 (n1+n2) (volume of the program) --- error in Pressman, N instead of N1+N2 Halstead's software science • Other than software qualities, quantities on code can be used to estimate interesting features of code • Mental Effort (effort required to understand and further develop a program) E = [(n1) (N2) (N1+N2) log2(n1+n2)] / 2(n2) • Estimated Number of Defects B= E(2/3) / 3000 Esempio if ( A > 1) and ( B = 0 ) then n1 = 6 (inclusi operatori logici) X = X / A; N1 = 8 if ( A = 2 ) or ( X > 1) then n2 = 3 X = X + 1; N2= 7 E=[(n1) (N2) (N1+N2) log2(n1+n2)] / 2(n2) E=[6 7 (8+7) log2(6+3)]/2 3= 333 (circa) Conclusioni • Testing in generale (anche in relazione con la verifica e la validazione e la più generale assicurazione di qualità, distinta in previsione della qualità e valutazione della qualità) • Testing Componenti Convenzionali (Black – White box) • Tecniche statiche (di Verifica) e Conventional Unit Code Testing (Inspection, Walkthrougth, Symbolic Execution, Correcteness Proof) • Testing Componenti Object-Oriented • Testing in the large (Integration and System Testing) • Testing attributi soggettivi di qualità (diversi da correttezza, affidabilità, robustezza, safety e prestazioni)
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The actress tends to her injured pooch Ziggy in Toronto. Plus: Denise Richards, Nick Lachey, Kirstie Alley and more
Credit: X17
Published: Thursday Jun 01, 2006 | 04:00 PM EDT
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Let's Stop Pretending that the Second Amendment is for Only 'Self-Protection' and 'Recreation'
Vice President Biden has been on a roll lately. As he crusades against our Second Amendment rights, he has become, apparently, more and more irate as people pose questions directly to the heart of his unconstitutional crusade.
Earlier this week, he sat for an interview for Parents Magazine and got incredibly testy when asked about his efforts to ban what the left deems "assault weapons" and what effect a prohibition on them would have considering the lack of effectiveness of a prohibition on drugs.
After he had a juicebox and a good, long nap, Joe was back at it. Yesterday, Biden went to Connecticut to once again, pounce on the collective sorrow of a nation in the aftermath of the horrific shooting in Newtown.
Insisting that the world had changed since Newtown and that Americans do not need effective weapons, Biden evoked the "Do it for the children" rhetoric and asserted,
"We have to speak for all those voices, speak for those 20 beautiful children, who died 69 days ago, 12 miles from here."
Biden also took exception with the truthful accusation that he and President Obama are seeking to curb our Second Amendment rights. Noting the recent encounters he has had on social media sites where people had the audacity to ask him about his efforts, Biden seemed upset about Americans being hesitant to simply give up their rights.
"'It's amazing some of the questions that seep in,' Biden complained, insisting that the Obama administration was not going to take away gun rights from law-abiding citizens.
'Not true!' Biden insisted.
Biden also criticized gun rights supporters, saying they were wrong for thinking they needed so-called 'assault weapons.'
'They say assault weapons like the AR-15 are needed for self-protection and recreation. They are not!' Biden shouted. 'There are plenty of ways to protect yourself and recreate without an AR-15!'"
No, Joe; our assertion is not that we need them for self-protection and recreation. Our assertion is that those are just a couple of the uses for rifles.
It's our fault, really; we should really not dignify the left's questions of, "Why do you need an 'assault weapon'?" Let's not pretend any further that the burden is on us to justify why we need a right that is already guaranteed to us. Let's stop feeding the narrative that our rifles are only for shooting tin cans, deer or the occasional intruder.
The truth is, if Joe, Barack, Dianne or anybody else have any questions as to why I need an AR-15, I suggest they read carefully the wording of the Second Amendment- especially the part about it not being infringed.
And while we're on the subject, I will also not be explaining why I wish to remain free from unreasonable searches and seizures, why I wish for due process and why I will not be quartering soldiers in my home.
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Another Recall Election On The Way: Democrats May Lose Control Of Colorado Senate Over Gun Control
Remember when Democrats were declaring that Republicans would pay a huge price at the ballot box for opposing gun control?


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Sullivan County 2015 Tentative Budget
Chairman Samuelson's 2014 State of the County Address
NY State Storm Recovery Website
Establishing a Standard Workday for Elected Officials
Sullivan County Ethics Law (September 25, 2013) 2015 Solid Waste Appeals Form
2015 Solid Waste Appeals Form
This directory has been compiled carefully from the best available sources of information and is believed to be correct at the date of publication. It is subject to changes which occur from time to time through death, resignation or removal and the election or appointment to fill such vacancies.
Inquiries about this directory should be directed to:
Clerk to the County LegislatureSullivan County Government Center100 North StreetMonticello, New York 12701Telephone: (845) 807-0435
Prepared by the Sullivan County Legislative OfficeEdition: January 2015


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2012-01-10 - Swedish war correspondents SABATON proudly present the first dates of this year's Swedish Empire Tour and comment: "This is the biggest tour we have done in Sweden so far – tickets will be available from January 11th on. The tour will be extended to other countries over the time, so stay updated through our website and Facebook page!"
Swedish tour dates
2012.10.21 – Stockholm Arenan
2012.11.27 – Malmö KB
2012.11.28 – Kalmar Palace
2012.11.29 – Karlskrona Idrottshallen
2012.11.30 – Huskvarna Folkets Park
2012.12.01 – Norrköping Flygeln
2012.12.04 – Uppsala Konserthuset
2012.12.05 – Sundsvall Stadshuset
2012.12.07 – Piteå Norrmalmia
2012.12.12 – Linköping Garden
2012.12.13 – Lund Mejeriet
2012.12.14 – Ekebo Nöjeskällan
2012.12.15 – Örebro Conventum Arena
|Linked bands
SABATON - »Heroes« Deluxe Edition revealed!
2015-03-12 14:30 - Today SABATON announces the US release of the »Heroes«: Deluxe Edition, a 3-disc limited edition deluxe version, out on April 7th. Details
SABATON – 'Sabaton OpenAir Germany' announced
2015-01-08 18:00 - Swedish Heavy Metal heroes SABATON have just announced a new and very special kind of festival. So, there is the 'Sabaton Open Air/Noch ein Bier Fest' in Germany! Details
SABATON – return to North America in 2015 ...
2014-11-11 11:20 - Globally-charting Swedish metal band SABATON – who devastated U.S. and Canadian stages with their boundless energy this past year opening for ICED EARTH and most recently ... Details
SABATON – lyric video on 'Night Witches' ...
2014-10-15 14:20 - Swedish Heavy Metal institution SABATON released their seventh full-length record »Heroes« on May 16, 2014 via Nuclear Blast and reached some of the highest chart entries ... Details
SABATON – BATTLE BEAST announced as ...
2014-07-21 13:00 - Today, Swedish Heavy Metal heroes SABATON announce Finnish labelmates BATTLE BEAST as well as Dutch Symphonic Metal band DELAIN as the official supports for their 2015 ... Details
SABATON – »Heroes« enters charts world wide
2014-05-30 10:30 - The new SABATON longplayer »Heroes« just came out, and reached fantastic chart entries all around the world – including #1 in Sweden, #2 in Finland, #3 in Germany, #4 in ... Details
SABATON – »Heroes« out now!
2014-05-16 04:00 - Today is the day – the new SABATON longplayer »Heroes« hits the stores! The media feedback was immense, some international quotes: "This album is gonna be huge, no doubt ... Details
SABATON – reveal video clip for 'To Hell ...
2014-05-15 02:00 - After yesterday's premiere through Sweden's most popular newspaper AFTONBLADET, today the video clip of SABATON's new hymn 'To Hell And Back' is revealed worldwide. Enjoy ... Details
SABATON –Second Track-by-Track video online!
2014-05-14 00:00 - Only few days left until the release of SABATON's new longplayer »Heroes«, out on May 16, 2014 via Nuclear Blast. Today, you can watch the second episode of SABATON's ... Details
SABATON – Album Stream & First Track by ...
2014-05-12 00:00 - Only few days left until the release of SABATON's new longplayer »Heroes«, out on May 16, 2014 via Nuclear Blast. Today from 19.00 CET on, you will be able to stream ... Details


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New to Typophile? Accounts are free, and easy to set up.
I came across this site while googling for logos made up of certain typefaces. Needless to say, it was very helpful, searching through archived message boards. Thanks, Google and Typophile.
I'm a first year student in the Visual Communications program at Chemeketa Community College in Oregon. This term I took Typography 1. Tomorrow is my final in the class. Everything that happened between registration and now is somewhat fuzzy...
I've heard from many former students that Type 1 is the hardest class of the whole program. I don't know about the whole program, but it was the most intense class I've had yet. Now don't get me wrong, I'm not afraid of hard work, and I'm not afraid to get my hands dirty. I am one of the few students who really enjoyed the class. Going into the class I was unsure what it would even be about, let alone how there could be a whole class on just typefaces. Now I know better, and am glad there are more in-depth Typography classes further down the road in the program. I can now pretty accurately identify more fonts than I thought I could, or at least their classification. Most importantly, I got to design and actually print two big type book projects, consisting of only type, that I am actually proud of.


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Blue, Green, and Brown Posters
Blue, Green, and Brown Posters is quite faithful and makes a terrific wall decoration, the product dimension is 28 x 37 inch and the price is $34.99. If you're trying to search top recommended Blue, Green, and Brown Posters with low-cost price, this item is the admirable deals for you.
Blue, Green, and Brown Posters is glowing and good-looking with lush colors. The paper was a standout peculiarity poster paper with a bright finish. The one is fantastic replacement of the current well-known actors and those that made a significant area in the film and television. This one was done primarily because each commodity displayed only one film on one screen. Display the produce the way the theaters do with these cool movie poster lightboxes. If you have a space on your wall to fill, Blue, Green, and Brown Posters is a singular and cheap way to do just that. This item is a immoderately superb poster, well printed and swift shipped in a protective poster case. This produce is the sizethat was certainly used to print theater photograph. Thisposter is hand designed and printed by MarkRothko. These are printed on high property paper and ready for framing. These measure , are printed on twinkling paper, and are originally made in sets of eight per movie for display in theater lobbies.


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VIEWS: 10 PAGES: 5 CATEGORY: Online Business POSTED ON: 3/9/2013
What Beginners Should Know About SEO Anyone who has spent any time creating a website or blog, whether it's for business or personal use, has most likely heard the term, SEO. If you're new to the scene, you can probably tell that it's important and it has to do with getting people to view your website, but that's where your knowledge of it ends. The reality is that if you want your website to not only thrive but survive in this technology era, you have to understand and practice SEO. It's not a benefit, but a necessity. What is SEO? SEO stands for Search Engine Optimization. What that means is that you are finding more viewers by promoting your website and increasing your ranking on different search engines. The higher up on the list of results you are on a search engine's page, the more chances you have of someone choosing yours. Most people pick off the first page, usually one of the first 3-5 options. If someone is looking for something specific, they might go to the second page. If they still can't find what they are looking for, in most cases they just start a new search. Do I need SEO? The only answer to this question is yes. All successful websites have someone that is charge of SEO. While it's true that you can gain a larger following by promoting through social media, most people still rely on search engines such as, Google and Bing, to help them find what they are looking for. Since that is where most people are going, you need to make sure you are putting yourself in the right spot to target them. How do I start? Do your research. There are tons of free 'how-to' guides on the internet about SEO. You need to realize up front that it takes a lot of time and effort to get started and to keep going. Many companies have an employee whose sole responsibility is SEO. If that is not an option for you, commit yourself to learning this skill. There are different ways you can make sure your website is coming up higher on search engine rankings. When people type a word into a search engine, the results that come up are websites or blogs that have the search word set as a keyword. When you create your website make sure that you are selecting important keywords, phrases and categories. Another way is through linking. How you link to others and how others are linked to you is extremely important. A blog is an excellent way to build backlinks. You are able to have guest posters on your blog that will link back to their site. You can also write articles for other blogs and have a backlink to your site. Choosing the right kind of blogs to have relationships with will help get more traffic to your site. When done right, linking can benefits both parties. Keywords and links are an easy way to start. It can get much more complex as you go along, but it's doable. Just know that even a little bit of effort will go a long way when it comes to SEO.
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What If You Stuck A V8 Made Of Two Motorcycle Engines In A Subaru BRZ?
Some gearheads love horsepower. Some love torque. Some love RPM. This car is for that third group. »
Some gearheads love horsepower. Some love torque. Some love RPM. This car is for that third group. » 2/12/15 10:01am 2/12/15 10:01am
I've had this conversation with a couple of very smart people in the car world and I haven't heard a good answer yet: why does everyone love rear-wheel drive now? » 12/16/14 4:50pm 12/16/14 4:50pm
This is Formula Drift Pro Ryan Mountain Man Tuerck climbing 2,000 feet up Vermont's Burke Mountain in his 'street' Scion FR-S complete with 2JZ swap. Unreal. » 12/16/14 1:00pm 12/16/14 1:00pm
If you were not already aware, this is the greatest Toyobaru in the country. It's the Nameless Performance GT-86 and it will be tearing a rear-drive hole in the American rally scene this year. » 11/20/14 2:43pm 11/20/14 2:43pm
I knew I didn't have long with the Subaru BRZ, a morning at most. So I got up early and pointed north to the best backroads I know. » 11/14/14 3:00pm 11/14/14 3:00pm
Maybe more than anything else, the Scion FR-S, Toyota GT86 and Subaru BRZ trio are platforms: easy to buy, easy to strip, and very much rear-wheel drive. This has led to some rather audacious engine swaps. » 11/07/14 6:05pm 11/07/14 6:05pm
What would you do if you just finished building a stripped, caged, stroked 2JZ Scion FR-S? » 10/28/14 12:25pm 10/28/14 12:25pm
What's better than drifting? Drifting on a mountain next to gigantic drops. » 8/18/14 1:00pm 8/18/14 1:00pm
[Ryan Tuerck in his FR-S follows Dai Yoshihara in his BRZ at Formula Drift: New Jersey yesterday. Dai eked out the win in the very close Battle of the Toyobaru Twins. Photo Credit: Raphael Orlove] » 6/22/14 5:46pm 6/22/14 5:46pm
The Scion FR-S owner's manual warns against "sudden braking, acceleration, and steering" as it may "cause tire slippage" and "reduce your ability to control your vehicle." Formula Drift Pro Tony Angelo does not heed these kinds of warnings. » 5/20/14 11:35am 5/20/14 11:35am
The Scion FR-S and the Subaru BRZ have been widely hailed as some of the best (relatively) cheap, fun cars of the past few years. But they've always had one major complaint. Their engines are a bit, how shall we say, underpowered. Famed British engineering firm Cosworth aims to change that. » 5/19/14 8:00pm 5/19/14 8:00pm
Everyone is talking about the Scion FR-S like it doesn't offer enough power for the money. Here are ten new cars that may make you rethink that judgement. » 2/28/14 11:00am 2/28/14 11:00am
Everyone knows about high performance bargains, but what is the cheapest horsepower offered from the factory? » 2/27/14 11:30am 2/27/14 11:30am
Traditionally, when snow and ice and dreary cold winter days roll around, the sports car goes into hibernation in the garage. Forget that. Snow tires, steelies, and spins are where it's at. » 12/24/13 1:00pm 12/24/13 1:00pm


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Henkell Trocken Rosé Sekt N/V, Germany
Price: $14 | Score: 86/100
Every time I taste this, I marvel at its value. So fresh and bright, its pale salmon colour gives way to off-dry, citrus raspberry, baked apple notes. The attack is soft, a bit foamy, but with enough sweet red fruit and acidity to please. It is highly affordable and perfect for luncheons, picnic, patios and large family gatherings.
La Vieille Ferme Cotes du Ventoux Rosé 2011, Rhone Valley, France
Price: $14 | Score: 86/100
You will love the pale salmon, copper colour, and its bright floral, strawberry jam, licorice, spicy fruity aromas. The attack is food friendly, dry and fresh with a slightly austere palate. Flavours are a mix of strawberry, cherry jam, licorice and toasted floral flavours. Always a fresh bet for summer with plenty of citrusy fruit. Try it with veal kebabs.
Fort Berens Pinot Noir Rose 2012, Okanagan Valley
Price: $18 | Score: 87/100
Fort Berens wines always display a light hand — a bonus in B.C., where our best whites and pinks should be light and ethereal. Look for a candied strawberry/pink grapefruit nose and palate. It's quiet, smooth, fresh and fairly long on the palate with a pinch of mid-palate sweet ness followed by hint of citrus in the finish.. This rosé is made from Pinot Noir and should be very food friendly with salmon, chicken, goat cheese, summer sausage or sip solo.
Joie Re-Think Pink! Rosé (iii) 2012, Okanagan Valley
Price: $21 | Score: 87/100
Much like last year, the colour is a candied red signalling its Pinot Noir/Gamay mix of fruit. The base is Pinot Noir at 60 per cent, Gamay 30, and Pinot Meunier and Pinot Gris five/five. It has a touch of smoky caramel on the nose and just a hint of sweetness in the back end. In between, there are sour cherries, citrus, dried herbs, rhubarb and cranberries. A food rosé with serious bent.
Tinhorn Creek 2 Bench Rosé Oldfield Series 2012, Okanagan Valley
Price: $23 | Score: 87/100
Year four is a 51/49 blend of Cabernet Franc and Syrah off Diamondback Vineyard on the Black Sage bench. Love the orange pink colour. Just on the edge of being sweet, this is the perfect foil to spicy summer salads and sushi. The style is light and fun. with a mix of sweet cherries, cranberries, and dried herbs and citrus. Drink all summer.
Domaine du Dragon Cuvée Prestige Rosé 2012, Provence, France
Price: $24 | Score: 89/100
The Dragon Cuvée is made in the eastern Provence close to Cannes from old vines and the soil is unusually all chalk. The colour is a super pale salmon; the attack is weighty with fresh strawberry, with flecks of orange peel and wet stone minerality. There is delicacy but with some power suggesting it can stand up to a variety of mid-weight foods: salmon, mussels, clams or a Cobb salad.
The biggest sale of the year, on now! Find almost $4 million worth of items such as cars, trips, furniture, gift cards and more at discounts of up to 50% off. Don't miss out as savvy shoppers will move fast to take advantage of these deep discounts. Sale ends Wednesday, April 1, at 9 p.m. Like it? Buy it before its gone. Brought to you by The Vancouver Sun and The Province.


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If you're in the area and haven't been, it's worth the time to visit Clark's Trading Post. I've probably been close to 12 times now over the past 28 years and while the novelty...
read more
If you're in the area and haven't been, it's worth the time to visit Clark's Trading Post. I've probably been close to 12 times now over the past 28 years and while the novelty has worn off a little for me, it's worth it for the nostalgia alone.
Once inside, all activities are included with the cost of admission. Their...
I have been at Clark's Trading Post and White Mountain Central RR
This place has great gifts to show where u hvae been in the white mountains and also has many other features also.
There is sonething for everyone old and young.You can also ride the RR and even have a lunch on the train for a very low price.Plus...
I love the bear shows! The train ride is a cute and fun adventure, but watch out for the wolf man!:) Segway tours are awesome! I would go back soon.
This is an amazing place for kids. My parents would take us there many a summer and I continue the tradition. Lots of fun things for them to do. Bumping boats, segways, train ride, workshops and lots of fun stuff. Highly recommended.
To say Clark's is unique is an understatement. It is a wonderful place for the whole family. Lots to see and do. Take your time in the museums and historical buildings. There are so many great things to see and many cool antiques. Follow the history of the Clark family, their early dog sledding days and history with training black...
Step back in time where there are no animatronics and it is just fun! The bear show is charming for young and old...nothing like watching a bear eat ice cream! The train ride is exciting from start to finish as you wonder where the Wolfman will pop up next. You might want to save the water boats for last....you WILL...
This is a place where generations of families return to.
I loved it as a kid and then loved bringing my children there and now bringing my grandson it never disappoints. Always a fun time. We never drive by without at least stopping to take a peek at the bears.
A great family attraction! Lots of fun for kids and adults that like to bring out the kid in them! They have bear shows, that are a lot of fun, the train ride where you are being chased by the wolfman, Merlin's Mystical Mansion where you feel like you are being turned upside down, and also Tuttles Rustic House where...
Not being from New England, I was told that I should visit Clark's Trading Post when I went to New Hampshire. I suppose it had a few novelties, such as the Bears and museums; however, most attractions were very corny and child oriented. I suppose I am glad I can say that I have now been to Clark's Trading Post......
I have heard of the Clark's bear shows since I was a kid. We finally visited last summer. I walked in with somewhat of an attitude! - and a concern for the treatment of these bears that do tricks. It was obvious to me from the start of the show, the absolute love and concern this family has for these...
Register now for free — and start getting automatic notification of new reviews, responding to traveler feedback, adding new photos to your listing and much more.
I wonder if you could help we would like to book 2 rooms at the Hotel in July/August 2015 just wondering when it is possible to book our rooms at The White Palace for 2015?
Who can we contact to arrange this?
Kind regards
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|Wilderness Tripping - BWCA & Beyond
|New Topic
|Printer Friendly Version
Posted by: kayakkarl on Mar-18-12 11:03 AM (EST)
a friend i hiked the AT with in Me & NH used it. worked great for him. he even put a cup on it for coffee in morn. can't do that with mine. i used http://www.antigravitygear.com/caldera-kitchen-for-the-agg-3-cup-pot.html
Wall Mount Boat Racks
PFD's (Life Jackets)
Gedi Convertible Helmet
|Table of Contents


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Here's a little exercise that gives you a chance to flex your mixed-media stitch muscles and produce a little piece of fabric art.
I'm a sucker for bag and purse patterns. If they feature appliqué hexagons or are made with a fun, contemporary fabric, so much the better.
Several years ago I was helping a friend clean out her neighbor's sewing room and we came across a beautiful piece of handwork. It was a hand-pieced patchwork block from a Grandmother's Flower Garden quilt and it captured my heart immediately. Not only was it pretty and colorful, it also told an intriguing story.
As you read this, picture me curled up on a comfortable chair by the fire, hand sewing. Although that's probably not the case, it's certainly what I would like to be doing on a cold, snowy day, wouldn't you?
Hand-sewing techniques and embroidery are so much easier if you use the right tools. Sharp needles, tiny scissors, and exquisite threads are in every sewing kit, but the humble thimble is often overlooked.
I've found that setting aside 15-20 minutes a day of "play time" works for me. Whether it is spent hand quilting, making a patchwork quilt for a friend, or spreading paints or inks on fabric in my studio for some surface design fun—it doesn't matter to me as long as I am tapping into my creativity.
I enjoy raw-edge appliqué for many reasons. It's certainly a faster way of appliqué quilting than than hand appliqué and I like the extra texture it brings to my fiber art.
In this free eBook, Sewing Techniques for Quilters: 5 Free Articles on How to Sew a Quilt Including a Sewing Tutorial on English Paper Piecing, we give you four options for how to sew a quilt from expert quilt artists, plus a basic guide to sewing machine techniques, including a quick reference guide to basic tools and terms.
Our foremothers knew how to make a quilt using only what they had, from scraps of fabric to natural dyes. But, quilt making the frugal and eco-friendly way was easier for them:
As you read this I am on vacation, happily snuggled in on a chair by the fire with my pug, Elvis, peacefully hand stitching.
Right now, I'm looking for quick quilting projects to make. Running through the file of quilting ideas I keep in my head, I remembered these sweet little free-motion stitched stockings by Diane Rusin Doran from Quilting Arts Gifts 2011.
When I first laid eyes on Dijanne Cevaal's "Blue Travelers' Blanket," a rich example of appliqué quilting, I fell in love with it.
How did you learn to quilt? In my family, the women passed down needlecraft techniques like sewing, embroidery, knitting, and quilting.
Two of the most creative words in the English language—and least when it comes to fiber art—have to be, "What if?"
Last week I blogged about tricks for machine stitching in circles. Today, I thought I'd share how to appliqué a circle.
© 2015 F+W All rights reserved.Use of this site signifies your agreement to the Terms and Privacy Policy, updated March 2007


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Town Square
Helicopter pilot, Menlo-Atherton grad James Rowen dies at 32
Original post made on Dec 29, 2009
Read the full story here Web Link posted Tuesday, December 29, 2009, 8:31 AM
Comments (1)
a resident of Atherton: Lindenwood
on Dec 29, 2009 at 6:48 pm
Does anyone know how Mr. James Rowen passed away? He has a beautiful face, smile and he was so very young. My husband was bipolar and I noticed that the parents wanted donations to go to that organization. Any info would be of help to me.
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Continuation of Office Cap Discussion
By Steve Levy | 9 comments | 2,659 views
By John Raftrey and Lori McCormick | 1 comment | 1,932 views
"Its Not About the Nail"
By Chandrama Anderson | 3 comments | 1,326 views
Ramen shop replaces Muraccis in Los Altos
By Elena Kadvany | 5 comments | 1,323 views
Sharing Milestones
By Cheryl Bac | 0 comments | 1,171 views


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Spring Commencement will take place on Friday, May 1, for Ph.D. & Master's students and on Saturday, May 2, 2015 for Bachelor's students. The Bachelor's Commencement will be split into two ceremonies. Graduates and their families are also invited to the President's Graduation Celebration on Friday afternoon. For more information, visit our Spring 2015 information page.
Spring RSVP period is now open! Students must submit their RSVP by March 13. Click here to submit your RSVP today.
If you have questions, please be sure to visit our FAQ page. You may also contact our office by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com.
Thank you, and we look forward to seeing you at Commencement!


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Millman v. Coldwell Banker Real Estate Services, LLC et al
|Arlene Millman
|Scott Comer, Coldwell Banker Real Estate Services, LLC and NRT LLC
|Case Number:
|April 16, 2013
|New York Eastern District Court
|Central Islip Office
|Presiding Judge:
|Arthur D. Spatt
|Referring Judge:
|William D. Wall
|Nature of Suit:
|Labor: Fair Standards
|Cause of Action:
|29:201 Fair Labor Standards Act
|Jury Demanded By:
Access additional case information on PACER
Use the links below to access additional information about this case on the US Court's PACER system. A subscription to PACER is required.
Access this case on the New York Eastern District Court's Electronic Court Filings (ECF) System
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Stussy Girl Wear Aqua V-Neck Pullover Hoodie
Item # 190461
Buy 1 Get 1 50% off
Stash Points: 0
What is this?This is the number of points you get in The Zumiez Stash for purchasing this item. Stash points are redeemable for exclusive rewards only available to Zumiez Stash members. To redeem your points check out the rewards catalog on thestash.zumiez.com.
The Stussy Girls Wear Aqua V-pullover sweatshirt has a loose athletic fit, light sweatshirt material, front kangaroo pocket, and an adjustable hood.
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The University of Louisville invites you to step inside a literary time machine this week as the Axton Literary Festival explores time travel in the written word. The three day festival, featuring a multitude of speakers, workshops and activities, launches this Wednesday, April 11th and hopes to return to the present on Friday, April 13th.
Upcoming Events
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Subscribe to The Weekender, Louisville's weekly guide for where to go and what to do!
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Filter by content types:News stories Blog posts Feature articles Polls Image galleries
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Poll: How many displays are hooked up to your main PC?
In the wake of our detailed look at AMD's Eyefinity multi-display technology, we're wondering just how many of our readers use more than one...
Poll Question: • How many displays are hooked up to your main PC?
Type: News story Tags: Displays
Poll: What will be the best PC game of the season?
It's that time of year again. Days are shorter, the weather is colder, folks are putting up decorations and prepping for the holiday shopping rush,...
Poll Question: • What will be the best PC game of the season?
Type: News story Tags: Gaming
Poll: What's the best PC game of 2008?
Say what you will about the latest AMD and Nvidia graphics cards; most folks use them for the same purpose: playing games. With the year...
Poll Question: • What's the best PC game of 2008?
Type: News story Tags: Gaming
Poll: Which PC game are you most looking forward to this year?
In case you haven't noticed, there's a boatload of new games heading to PCs and consoles before the end of this year. From Bethesda's
Poll Question: • Which PC game are you most looking forward to this year?
Type: News story Tags: Gaming
Poll: Do you play games on your PC?
With a war raging right now between the proponents and detractors of the PC as a gaming platform, we thought we'd poll our trusty...
Poll Question: • Do you play games on your PC?
Type: News story Tags: Gaming
The TR Hardware Survey: What's in your main PC?
We're unveiling a new feature today, the TR Hardware Survey. As its name suggests, this feature's goal is to give both us and you, the...
Poll Questions: • Processor • Graphics processor • How much did your graphics card cost at the time of purchase? • Chipset • Motherboard brand • Memory size • Total internal hard drive storage capacity • Primary optical drive type • Sound card • Number of displays • Main display type • Main display size • Main display aspect ratio • Main display resolution • Primary operating system
Type: News story Tags: CPUs Graphics Motherboards Multimedia Storage Displays Memory Operating systems
Poll: What is today's best-looking PC game?
We're resurrecting our poll today with a question that folks who frequently game on the PC probably ask themselves every so often: just what is...
Poll Question: • Best-looking PC game
Type: News story Tags: Gaming
|Friday night topic: quadcopters!
|Weekend Shortbread
|The TR Podcast video 173: Torquing the Titan
|Report: AMD R&D spending falls to near-10-year low
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Wide fit black '251' twin seam lace derby shoes
Item No.0840104111
Black '251' plain everyday twin seam tie shoes by Loake, made in polished black leather for a glossy sheen. Handcrafted in India. Features leather soles with Good year welted construction.
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- Wide fit
- Upper: leather
- Lining: leather & manmade materials
- Sole: manmade materials
- Upper: leather
- Lining: leather
- Sole: man made materials
- Goodyear welted sole
- Lining: leather & manmade materials
- Sole: manmade materials


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Tall grass prairie species in the garden
I recently put in a large bed along the property line/fence in my front yard. This is an urban setting in a neighborhood where the gardens are all quite small and filled with the usual foundation plantings of shrubs and not much else.
The bed is planted with Miscanthus sinensis 'Gracillimus' , purpurescens, and Huron Sunrise closest to the fence and back of the bed with three plants of each variety. The rest of the bed is interplanted with about a dozen little bluestem, echinacea pallida, Echinacea Flame Thrower, Asclepias tuberosa, Pearly everlasting, blue flax, Salvia nemerosa, catmint, blue hair grass, blue oat grass, Baptista Solar Flare and Russian Sage.
I am finishing the area that runs along the front of the house beside a large low growing gold Juniper. There will be blue oat grass, Opuntia, Yucca, and various other grasses. I am going to add some height using grasses but am unsure of my choices. I have Panicum Dallas Blues as well as two small pots if young Indian Grass as well as Side Oat Grama Grass and seeds for Big Bluestem.
Will Big Bluestem and Indian Grass seed too aggressively for an urban garden even though it will be quite natural in appearance? Will Side Oat Grama Grass do well interplanted or will it tend to spread instead of clump?
All three ( Big Bluestem, Indiangrass and Side Oats Grama) are easily grown from seed, so if the seeds ripen and are broadcast, they will create volunteers, especially in a favorable garden environment. Only you can decide if it's "too aggressive."
Side Oats is a bunching sod-former, like the other two. The extent of the sod will expand in time.
Thanks Don. I ended up using all of the grasses, keeping in mind their tendency to spread. Hopefully I won't be plucking too many grass seedlings out of the Opuntias.
I'm going to try some big bluestem, snowy woodrush, and Prairie dropseed from seed as well.
You'll love Luzula nivea. I started about a dozen small clumps from seed about 10 years ago, and now have several large patches of it throughout the garden. It's mostly evergreen for me, and from the hairy foliage to the gorgeous blossoms, it's a real winner.
Do you recall if you stratified the seed? I suspect I'll have to wait until next season to add this one to the garden. The woodrushes look like an interesting group. I have a soft spot for woodland sedges as well. My favorite sedge has to be our native plantain leafed sedge, an incredible plant to see growing in a large colony.
Thanks Don. I will wintersow the seeds and hopefully have a nice crop of new plants next spring. I already feel like expanding the front bed so that I will have room for the Echinacea paradoxa, Eryngium yuccifolium, Prairie Dropseed, and Big Bluestem that I will be wintersowing as well.
Scottyboi I will take some photos once the plants put on some size. The grasses for the most part were gallon sized or larger but the milkweeds and Echinacea pallida were in small 4" pots so they will take a while before they look like much.


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I made a short story based on the Ted Talk given by Zak Ebrahim. Hope you enjoy! It's my first piece of serious... : Religion And Spirituality » Read
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