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Tetrafluoroethylene fine powder resins are described which have surprisingly high extrusion pressures and molecular weights which make them useful in post-paste extruded stretching operations. The resins are made by using a permanganate polymerization initiator and controlling its rate of addition.
1. An aqueous dispersion which contains dispersed particles of polymer, which polymer is a non-melt-fabricable tetrafluoroethylene polymer prepared by the aqueous dispersion polymerization procedure in which the last portion of the polymerization is slowed down by stopping addition of initiator so that the end point is at least 5% longer than if initiator addition is continued to the end of the reaction, characterized in that
(a) the primary particle size is between 0.1 and 0.5 microns;
(b) the standard specific gravity is less than 2.190;
(c) the rheometric pressure is at least 250 kg/cm2 ;
(d) the uniformity of strength is at least 75% throughout a lubricant loading range of 4 weight percent which 4 weight percent range is within a lubricant loading level range between 10 and 25 weight percent, at a stretch rate of 100%/second,
(e) the uniformity of stretch is at least 75% throughout a stretch rate of between 10 and 100%/second at a lubricant loading level of 17%, and
(f) the stress relaxation time is at least 400 second.
2. The aqueous dispersion of claim 1 in which the polymer is tetrafluoroethylene homopolymer.
This is a division of application Ser. No. 621,798, filed June 18,1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,369.
This invention relates to novel tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) fine powder resins, and particularly to such resins that have good stretch performance.
Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) fine powder resins are non-melt-fabricable and are commonly processed by paste extrusion wherein the powder is mixed with a lubricant and is then discharged through a paste extruder to obtain films, tubes, tapes, protective coating on wire and the like.
Such paste extruded films, tubes and tapes can be rapidly stretched in unsintered form to form a strong material that is porous to water vapor but not to liquid water. Such a material is useful in providing "breathable" fabric material for garments, tenting, separatory membranes and the like. Heretofore, the resins useful in making such paste extruded stretched films exhibited a sensitivity to lubricant loading levels and to stretch rates that necessitated careful control over tne loading level used in order to ensure a good stretched product.
It is desirable to improve on these known resins by providing improved TFE fine powder resins that are not as sensitive to lubricant loading levels and which have improved stretchability. This invention is directed to such resins and to such processes for obtaining them.
This invention provides an unsintered non-melt-fabricable tetrafluoroethylene fine powder resin characterized in that:
(a) The primary particle size is between 0.1 and 0.5 microns; preferably between 0.15 and 0.3 microns,
(b) the specific surface area is greater than 5 m2 /g, and preferably greater than 10 m2 /g,
(c) the standard specific gravity is less than 2.190, and preferably less than 2.160,
(d) the rheometric pressure (sometimes referred to as extrusion pressure) is at least 250 kg/cm2, and preferably at least 350 kg/cm2,
(e) the uniformity of stretch is at least 75% throughout a lubricant loading range of 4 weight percent which 4 weight percent range is within a lubricant loading level range between 10 and 25 weight percent at a stretch rate of 100%/second.
(f) The uniformity of stretch is at least 75% throughout a stretch rate of between 10 and 100%/second at a lubricant loading level of 17%.
(g) the stress relaxation time is at least 400 seconds measured at 393� C.
In a preferred embodiment, the uniformity of stretch is at least 75% throughout a lubricant loading range of between 17 and 23 wt. % at a stretch rate of 100%/second; and also is at least 75% throughout a stretch rate of between 22% and 100%/second at a lubricant loading of 17 wt. %.
These resins have an unusual insensitivity to lubricant loading levels, have high stress relaxation times (dwell times), and can be stretched at low stretch rates even at high lubricant levels, whereas prior art resins do not possess this feature.
This invention also provides a process for preparing tetrafluoroethylene resins by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene, and, optionally, a small amount of a selected copolymerizable fluorinated medium in the presence of a substantially non-telogenic anionic surfactant present in an amount which maintains colloidal particles of polymerization product in dispersed form, said process being carried out by contacting tetrafluoroethylene and, optionally, said selected comonomer, in the presence of at least one polymerization initiator defined by the formula XMnO4, wherein X is a cation that forms a water soluble salt with the MnO4 anion (preferably X is hydrogen, ammonium, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal), and wherein the XMnO4 is added optionally as a precharge and intermittently or continuously, and where the XMnO4 last addition occurs so that the reaction slows down and the end point is at least 5%, preferably 10%, more preferably 20%, longer in comparison with a reaction where initiator addition is continued to the end of the polymerization.
This process produces an aqueous dispersion of the resins of this invention. These dispersions are themselves useful for coating metals and fabrics. On coagulation, the resins are obtained.
The polytetrafluoroethylene resins of this invention are referred to by those skilled in the art as tetrafluoroethylene fine powder resins. The term "fine powder" has attained a special meaning in the art. It means that the resin has been prepared by the "aqueous dispersion polymerization" process. In this process sufficient dispersing agent is employed and agitation is mild in order to produce small colloidal size particles dispersed in the aqueous reaction medium. Precipitation (i.e., coagulation) of the resin particles is avoided during the polymerization.
There is another polytetrafluoroethylene material called "granular polytetrafluoroethylene resin" which is prepared by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene by a process in which little or no dispersing agent is employed and agitation is carried out vigorously in order to produce a precipitated resin. This process is called "suspension polymerization".
The two polymerization procedures produce distinctly different products. The "granular" product can be molded in various forms, whereas the product produced by the aqueous dispersion method cannot be molded but must be fabricated by dispersion coating or by coagulating to obtain fine powder and then adding a lubricant to the powder for paste extrusion. In contrast, granular resin is incapable of being paste extruded.
Tetrafluoroethylene may be polymerized alone in the process of this invention to obtain a fine powder homopolymer resin of the invention. In addition, tetrafluoroethylene may be copolymerized with copolymerizable fluorinated ethylenically unsaturated comonomer provided the amount of comonomer is not sufficient to cause the resulting polymer to become melt-fabricable or to change the characteristics of the resins of this invention.
Representative copolymerizable fluorinated ethylenically unsaturated comonomers are represented by the formulas ##STR1## wherein R1 is --Rf, --Rf --X, --O--Rf or --O--Rf --X in which --Rf is a perfluoroalkyl radical of 1-10 carbon atoms, --Rf -- is a linear perfluoroalkylene diradical of 1-10 carbon atoms in which the attaching valences are at each end of the linear chain, and X is H or Cl; R2 is F, --Rf or --Rf --X; and R3 is H or F. A dioxole may also be employed, of the formula ##STR2## where Y is ##STR3## and X and X' are F or Cl and Z and Z' are each alkyl or fluorinated alkyl of 1-6 carbons.
Representative copolymerizable fluorinated ethylenically unsaturated comonomer includes hexafluoropropylene, perfluorohexene-1, perfluorononene-1, perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether), perfluoro(n-propyl vinyl ether), perfluoro(n-heptyl vinyl ether), perfluoromethyl ethylene, perfluorobutyl ethylene, ω-hydroperfluoropentene-1, 3-hydroperfluoro(propyl vinyl ether), and the like, or mixtures thereof such as a mixture of hexafluoropropylene and perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether). Preferably the comonomers are selected from perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ethers) of the formula Rf --O--CF═CF2 ; or perfluoro(terminally unsaturated olefins) of the formula Rf --CF═CF2 ; or perfluoroalkyl ethylenes of the formula Rf --CH═CH2, wherein Rf is perfluoroalkyl of 1-10 carbon atoms.
By the term "non-melt-fabricable" is meant a tetrafluoroethylene polymer whose melt viscosity is so high that the polymer cannot be easily processed by melt fabrication techniques. Generally the higher the molecular weight of the polymer, the higher the melt viscosity. A melt viscosity above which tetrafluoroethylene polymers are non-melt-fabricable is 1�109 poises. The melt viscosities of non-melt-fabricable polymers are so high that molecular weights are usually measured indirectly by a procedure which gives the standard specific gravity (SSG) of the resin. The SSG of the resin varies inversely with molecular weight; as the molecular weight increases, the numerical value of the SSG decreases.
In the process of this invention, tetrafluoroethylene monomer, optionally along with ethylenically unsaturated comonomer, is admixed or contacted with an aqueous medium containing dispersing agent and polymerization initiator. The polymerization temperature and pressure are not critical provided the reaction profile recited above is used. Temperatures useful to decompose XMnO4 are desirable to obtain high molecular weight near the surface of the resin particles formed. Ideally the temperature will be between 50�-125� C.; and preferably between 65�-100� C. A practical, but noncritical, pressure can be between 15-40 kg/cm2, and preferably 25-40 kg/cm2. The polymerization is ordinarily carried out in a gently stirred autoclave.
The dispersing agents used are anionic, substantially nontelogenic dispersing agents. Commonly employed dispersing agents are fluorinated carboxylates containing 7-20 carbon atoms, such as ammonium polyfluorocarboxylates. The amount of dispersing agent present will be sufficient to stabilize the colloidal dispersion. It may be ordinarily between about 1000 ppm and about 5000 ppm based on weight of water employed in the aqueous dispersion. The dispersing agent may be added prior to initiation of polymerization or may be added in increments as described in Punderson U.S. Pat. No. 3,391,099.
If desired, a paraffin wax (i.e., a saturated hydrocarbon having more than 12 carbon atoms) that is liquid at the polymerization temperature may be employed as described in Bankoff U.S. Pat. No. 2,612,484. Usually, the wax is employed in an amount between 0.1%-12% by weight of water in the aqueous dispersion.
Polymerization is effected by mixing the foregoing described ingredients under the conditions specified above. Mixing is ordinarily carried out by mildly agitating the aqueous polymerization mixture. Agitation is controlled to aid in preventing premature coagulation of resin particles produced in the polymerization. Polymerization is ordinarily conducted until the solids level (i.e., polymer content) of the aqueous mixture is between about 15 and 60 percent by weight of the mixture.
By the term "substantially non-telogenic" used in the definition of the dispersing agent is meant that the polymer produced has an SSG (standard specific gravity) substantially the same as the SSG of a polymer produced without the dispersing agent present. SSG is a means of measuring the molecular weight of the polymer produced.
The initiator has the formula XMnO4 where X is a cation that forms a water-soluble salt with the MnO4 anion, preferably hydrogen, ammonium, alkali metal, or alkaline earth metal. Preferably the initiator is potassium permanganate. The initiator may be added to the polymerization vessel optionally as a precharge, and/or in increments, or continuously during the polymerization, provided that a reducing agent, such as oxalic acid, is preferably present to form a redox couple with the HMnO4. Oxalic acid can be added as such, but it is also formed in situ as a product of TFE oxidation.
The initiator amount added to the polykettle may vary depending on the molecular weight of the product desired. Generally, this amount will be 0.1-100 ppm and preferably 1-25 ppm, based on aqueous charge.
The reaction is generally carried out in acidic medium. Succinic acid is a common acid and is preferred because it also prevents coagulation. When the medium is acidic, the XMnO4 generally forms the acid HMnO4 in situ. Buffers may be used to control the pH. A complexing agent for manganese, such as a phosphate, may be added to prevent MnO2 from forming.
On completion of polymerization, the dispersed polymer particles can be coagulated by high speed agitation. The particles can then be collected and dried.
Non-melt fabricable tetrafluoroethylene fine powder resins produced by the process of this invention exhibit excellent stretch performance at elevated temperatures, e.g. 300� C., even at stretch rates below 100% per second, to result in a stretched material that is strong and breathable but impervious to liquid water. The resins are of high molecular weight, having an SSG of less than 2.190. They have a high rheometer pressure which is at least 250 kg/cm2. They have a primary particle size between 0.1 and 0.5 micron. By "primary" is meant the size of the colloidal resin particles measured prior to coagulation. The resins also have a specific surface area greater than 5 m2 /g.
In addition, the resins of this invention have several unusual stretch features. First, the resins can be paste extruded over a wide range of amount of lubricant additive present. Normally fine powder resins are sensitive to the amount of lubricant present during paste extrusion and as the amount is varied, the properties of the paste extruded product will vary widely. Uniquely, with the resins of this invention, the amount of lubricant can vary widely, e.g. from at least over a loading range of 4% within a total range of 10 wt % to 25 wt % with no significant loss of stretch uniformity and smoothness of surface at a stretch rate of 100%/second. This is an insensitivity to organic lubricant loading levels that is not ordinarily seen in other fine powder resins. Suitable organic lubricants include hexane, heptane, naphtha, toluene, xylene, and kerosene products such as Isopar K and E. In general these lubricants will have a viscosity of at least 0.3 centipoise at 25� C. and will be liquid under extrusion condition. Preferably they will contain paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics and small amounts of olefin.
In addition, the resins of this invention exhibit an unusual insensitivity to stretch rate. Most fine powder resins exhibit varying stretch performance properties as stretch rates are varied. But surprisingly when the stretch rate of a resin of this invention was varied between 10% per second and 100% per second, the stretched product exhibited no significant change in stretch uniformity or surface smoothness at a lubricant loading level of 17 wt %. Specifically, the uniformity of stretch was at least 75%. This means that an ink mark made at the center of a paste extruded beading before stretching did not move more than 25% from the center of the stretched product.
In addition, the stress relaxation times of the resins of this invention are significantly greater than for most other fine powder resins.
The resins of this invention are useful in any of the paste extrusion applications that known tetrafluoroethylene fine powder resins are useful.
(1) Raw Dispersion (Primary) Particle Size (Avg)
RDPS was determined from the absorbance (scattering) of a dilute aqueous sample at 546 millimicrons using a Beckman DU spectrophotometer and is based on the principle that the turbidity of the dispersion increases with increasing particle size, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,036,802.
(2) Standard Specific Gravity (SSG)
SSG was measured by water displacement of a standard molded test specimen in accordance with ASTM D1457-69. The standard molded part was formed by preforming 12.0 g of the powder in a 2.86 cm diameter die at a pressure of 352 kg/cm2, followed by the sintering cycle of the preform of heating from 300� C. to 380� C. at 2� C./min, holding at 380� C. for 30 min, cooling to 295� C. at 1� C./min and holding at this temperature for 25 minutes, after which the specimen is cooled to 23� C. and tested for specific gravity.
(3) Rheometer Pressure
Rheometer pressure was measured in accordance with ASTM D1457-81A, section 12.8, except that the resin was not sieved before mixing with the kerosene lubricant and the preform was made in a 26 mm diameter extension tube at 300 psi.
(4) Specific Surface Area (SSA)
SSA was measured by a "Quantasorb" surface area analyzer sold by Quanta Chrome Corp. The analyzer was calibrated by the B.E.T. method.
(5) Stretch Test
a. Preparation of Test Specimen
A sample of the resin was screened through a 2000 microns sieve. One hundred grams of this resin was admixed with the desired amount of Isopar K lubricant at room temperature by shaking in a glass jar of 6 cm inside diameter and rolling for 4 min. at 64 rpm. It was then preformed at room temperature in a tube 26 mm diameter�23 cm long at 400 psi. The preform was then paste extruded at room temperature through an orifice 2.4 mm in diameter into a uniform beading. Land length of the orifice was 5 mm. The extrusion speed was 84 cm/min. The angle of die was 30�. The beading was dried at 190� C. for 20 minutes.
b. Stretch Test
A beading of resin was cut and clamped at each end leaving a space of 50 mm between clamps, and heated to 300� C. in a circulating air oven. The clamps were then moved apart at the desired rate to the desired length. The stretched specimen was examined for uniformity of stretch, even appearance and surface roughness. The % uniformity was calculated as follows: ##EQU1## (6) Stress Relaxation Time
The specimen for the relaxation time measurement was made by stretching a beading, as in Stretch Test, at 60% per second and 1500% total stretch. Stress relaxation time is the time it takes for this specimen to break when heated at 393� C. in the extended condition. For a short period of time when the specimen is placed into the oven, the temperature drops somewhat, e.g., to 375� C. and it takes about one minute for the oven to return to 393� C. Stress relaxation time is the time starting from placement of the test specimen into the oven.
A 36-liter polykettle was charged with 20.9 kg of demineralized water, 600 g paraffin wax, 13 g ammonium perfluorooctanoate (C-8) dispersing agent, and 2.5 g succinic acid to reduce adhesion formation. The contents of the polykettle were heated to 75� C., evacuated of air, and N2 purged. The contents of the polykettle were agitated at 46 RPM. The temperature was increased to 80� C. Tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) was then added to the polykettle after evacuation until the pressure was 2.75�106 Pa. Two hundred seventy (270) ml fresh, clear KMnO4 solution (0.50 g/l) was added at 100 ml/min. After the polymerization began, as evidenced by a drop in pressure, tetrafluoroethylene was added to maintain the pressure at 2.75�106 Pa. After 0.9 kg tetrafluoroethylene had reacted, a solution of 45 g C-8 in 1000 ml water was pumped in at 50 ml/min. After 30 minutes from the start (kick-off) of the reaction, the temperature was raised to 90� C. Additional quantities of the KMnO4 solution (0.50 g/l) were added according to the following schedule:
______________________________________KMnO4, ml Time from kick off, min______________________________________65 1065 2065 30______________________________________
The total KMnO4 added was 0.2325 g. No KMnO4 was added after 52% of the TFE had been polymerized. The reaction was 26% longer than if KMnO4 addition had continued until the end. After 14.1 kg tetrafluoroethylene had reacted, the feed was stopped and the polykettle was vented, evacuated, and purged with N2. The contents were cooled and discharged from the polykettle. The supernatant wax was removed. The dispersion was diluted to 15% solids and coagulated in the presence of ammonium carbonate under high agitation conditions. The coagulated fine powder was separated and dried at 150�-160� C. for three days.
The polymer properties are given in Tables I and II. The total reaction time from tetrafluoroethylene pressure up to feed off was 74 min compared to 123 min for Comparative Run B.
Example 1 was repeated, except that:
the succinic acid amount was 0.5 g
additionally 0.1 g dibasic ammonium phosphate was added inhibit formation of MnO2
the polymerization was carried out at a constant temperature of 90� C.
an additional 65 ml of KMnO4 solution was also added after 40 min from start of reaction or kick-off (KO). The total KMnO4 added was 0.265 g. No KMnO 4 was added after 61% of the TFE had been polymerized. The reaction was 34% longer than if KMnO4 addition had continued to the end.
The polymer properties are given in Tables I and II. The extrusion pressure was high. The total reaction time was 89 min compared to 123 minutes for Comparative Run B. The use of the phosphate had no detrimental effect on the resin properties.
Example 1 was repeated, except that:
the water amount was 20.0 Kg.
0.07 g ZnCl2 was added.
no succinic acid was used.
120 ml of the 1.0 g/l KMnO4 solution was initially added at 100 ml/min.
after 3.6 Kg TFE had reacted, another 120 ml of the 1.0 g/l KMnO4 solution was injected at 100 ml/min.
after 5 Kg TFE had reacted, the temperature was raised to 90� C.
after 8.7 Kg TFE had reacted, another 60 ml of the KMnO4 solution was injected at 100 ml/min. No additional KMnO4 was added after 62% of the TFE had been polymerized. The total KMnO4 added was 0.30 g. The reaction was 17% longer than if KMnO4 addition had continued to the end.
The polymer properties are given in Tables I and II. The extrusion pressure was high. The total reaction time was 118 min.
This Example shows excellent stretch even under the condition of 23 wt. % of lubricant loading.
Example 1 was repeated, except that additional 65 ml of the KMnO4 solution was also added after 40 min and again after 50 min from kick-off. The total KMnO4 added was 0.2975 g. No KMnO4 was added after 94% of the TFE had been polymerized. The reaction did not slow down near the end of the polymerization.
The polymer properties are given in Tables I and II. The extrusion pressure was low. The total reaction time was 56 min. Even though the reaction time was shorter vs Example 1, the product performance was unsatisfactory because of continuous supplying of the initiator to the reaction mixture until about the end of the polymerization.
The polykettle described in Example 1 was charged with 20 kg demineralized water, 600 g paraffin wax, 13 g C-8 dispersant, and 10 g succinic acid. After a tetrafluoroethylene pressure of 2.75�106 Pa was obtained, 120 ml ammonium persulfate solution (1.0 g/l) was added at 100 ml/min, at 75� C. After 0.9 kg tetrafluoroethylene had reacted, a solution of 45 g additional C-8 in 1000 ml water at 50 ml/min. was added. The temperature was maintained at 75� C. After 14.1 kg tetrafluoroethylene had reacted, the feed was stopped and the polykettle was allowed to react down to 1.72�106 Pa before venting. Fine powder was obtained after processing as in Example 1.
The polymer properties are given in Tables I and II. The extrusion pressure was high but the total reaction time was 123 min. The stretched specimen severed during the test under the conditions of 23 wt. % lubricant loading level.
This example shows that the use of a commonly used initiator, such as ammonium persulfate, causes substantially longer reaction time than KMnO4 and that the resin performance deteriorates at the higher lubricant loading level covered.
Comparative Run B was repeated, except that:
19 kg water was precharged
60 ml ammonium persulfate solution (1.0 g/l) was added after tetrafluoroethylene pressure up
a polymerization temperature of 90� C. was used
a total 16.36 kg tetrafluoroethylene was reacted
the polykettle was vented immediately
The polymer properties are given in Tables I and II. The extrusion pressure was unsatisfactory. The total reaction time was 93 min.
This example shows that with a commonly used initiator, such as ammonium persulfate, a short reaction time caused by using higher temperature is accompanied by inferior resin performance.
A 36-liter polykettle was charged with 20.9 kG of demineralized water, 600 g paraffin wax, 7 g ammonium perfluorooctanoate (C-8) dispersant, 5 g succinic acid, 0.1 g diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and 0.40 g zinc chloride. The contents of the polykettle were heated to 70� C., and repeatedly evacuated and purged with TFE. After the final evacuation, 6 ml of perfluorobutylethylene (PFBE) were added to the kettle. The contents of the kettle were agitated at 46 RPM. The temperature was increased to 80� C. TFE was then added to the kettle until the pressure was 2.75�106 Pa. Two hundred seventy (270) ml fresh, clear KMnO4 solution (0.50 g/1) were added at 100 ml per minute. After the polymerization began, as evidenced by a drop in pressure, TFE was added to maintain the pressure at 2.75�106 Pa. After 0.9 kg TFE had reacted, a solution of 51 g C-8 in 1000 ml water was pumped in at 100 ml per min. After 5 min from the start of the reaction, the KMnO4 solution (0.5 g/l) was pumped in at the rate of 6.5 ml/min until 7.7 kg TFE had reacted. The total KMnO4 added was 0.26 g. After 14.1 kg TFE had reacted, the feed was stopped and the kettle was vented, evacuated and purged with N2. The contents were cooled and discharged from the kettle. The supernatant wax was removed. The dispersion was diluted to 15% solids and coagulated under high agitation conditions. The coagulated fine powder was separated and dried at 150�-160� C. for 3 days. 0.02% PFBE was present.
No KMnO4 was added after 55% of the TFE had been reacted. The reaction was extended 49% over that if KMnO4 addition had continued to the end.
The polymer properties are given in Tables I and II.
The PFBE content in the resin was determined by Fourier Transform (FT) IR spectroscopy. Ten mil cold pressed films were prepared and spectra were obtained on Nicolet 7000 FT IR spectrophotometer at a resolution of 4 cm-1. The --CH2 -- bending vibration at 880 cm-1, was used, calibrated using NMR analysis. The absorbance at 880 cm-1 was calculated by taking the difference between absorbances at 888 and 880 cm-1. For PFBE comonomer, the calculation used is as follows: ##EQU2## where t=thickness in mils and A=absorbance.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ Comparative Runs Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 A B C__________________________________________________________________________Total Reaction 74 89 118 99 56 132 93 (2)Time, (Min) (1)RDPS, micron 0.210 0.234 0.258 0.216 0.198 0.252 0.237SSG 2.161 2.159 2.160 2.146 2.169 2.166 2.168Specific Surface 10.4 8.0 8.6 10.7 7.9 11.1 10.5Area, m2 /gRheometer Pressure, 349 379 368 449 239 390 295kg/cm2 (RR = 400:1)Stress Relaxation 615 690 690 510 (3) (3) 555Time (seconds)__________________________________________________________________________ (1) From TFE pressure up to TFE feed off. TFE reacted is 14.1 kg (2) TFE reacted is 16.36 kg (3) Sample broke during stretching
TABLE II______________________________________In the Table, the numbers show the % uniformityof stretch at the conditions described and the letterindicates surface smoothness at the conditions shown. Comparative Runs Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Ex. 4 A B C______________________________________Uniformity of 75A 80A 83A 88A D 78B 61Cstretch at lubri-cant loading of 17%and stretch rate of22% per second (4)Uniformity of 84B 80B 89A 80B 45C D 72Cstretch at lubri-cant loading of 23%and stretch rate of100% per second (5)Uniformity of 95A 92A 85A 90A 24C 97A 79Bstretch at lubri-cant loading of 17%and stretch rate of100% per second (5)Uniformity of 75B 83B 94B 77B D D 72Cstretch at lubri-cant loading of 23%and stretch rate of22% per second (4)Uniformity of 77B 84B 94A 83B D D Dstretch at lubri-cant loading of 17%and stretch rate of10% per second (5)Uniformity of 75B 96A 97B 97B 65C 68C 46Cstretch at lubri-cant loading of 10%and stretch rate of100% per second (5)Uniformity of 79B 83B 95B 78B D D 54Cstretch at lubri-cant loading of 25%and stretch rate of100% per second (5)______________________________________ (4) 1000% total stretch (5) 1500% total stretch A Smooth even appearance B Slightly uneven appearance C Uneven appearance D Specimen severed (broke) during stretch test
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Frito....pour the water in the mash tun, stir it for a minute or two, and then vorlauf. I actually wait the ten minutes before vorlaufing, but I've also read that it's not really necessary.
I bottled my Haus Pale Ale 10 days ago, but I couldn't wait any longer. I cracked one open tonight.....sooo good! I am really looking forward to this after a few more weeks.
Thanks Ed!!
I brewed this for the first time on 22 Dec using a RIMS system and substituting WLP001. It fermented pretty vigorously for about 1.5 days. The OG was 1.051 and today, 29 Dec, the gravity is 1.012 (using a Precision Hydrometer). The color is right on and it tastes fantastic right out of the primary! No wonder it's so popular. I'll definitely be brewing this as a standard. I plan to keg it in TAD mini kegs.
Just finished brewing the all grain version. OG is 1.054 and I pitched WYeast 1056. I loved my mini-mash version of this beer - can't wait to taste this one!
Whoops... I accidentally made this with 4 lbs of VM instead of 2... this should be interesting.
Anyone get a tomato flavor from this?
I noticed lately from a few pales I have drank that they had a tomato flavor which I do not really like.
I've only done the one, and didn't note anything like that.
I'' have to keep an eye out in the future. What yeast did you use?
Safale -05
We floated a keg of this on New Years Eve. Great stuff.
"Dad always thought laughter was the best medicine, which I guess is why several of us died of tuberculosis"

subset: commoncrawl


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American historian receives Norway's Holberg Prize
The awards committee said the 81-year-old Detroit native, who received the award in a ceremony in Bergen, won for her work showing "how particular events can be narrated and analyzed so as to reveal deeper historical tendencies and underlying patterns of thought and action."
The Holberg Prize was created in 2003 by the Norwegian government to honor work in the humanities, social sciences, law and theology. It was named in memory of Norwegian playwright and author Ludvig Holberg, who lived from 1684 to 1754....
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Shel Barry Silver - 6/10/2010
Comparing the Holberg Prize AP squib printed on today's Breaking News list against the parts omitted suggests that the latter probably hold more historical interest than the former (see below). While this would probably be true of the opening paragraphs (or 'head') of any straight news story from a wire service; today's instance was not unique. Recently, I've seen many similar. Moreover, today's instance didn't even end with an ellipse indicating omitted material...
Is there an HNN policy for editing the news list, or for indicating a longer & even more substantive original piece? Could you use some more editorial volunteers? I could probably do a few hours a week.
"The Holberg Prize citation praised Davis as "one of the most creative historians writing today" whose work has inspired a generation of younger historians and promoted "cross-fertilization between disciplines."
"In her acceptance speech, Davis said narrative history has allowed contemporary historians to abandon old dogmatic views of history and "work frankly toward forms of common knowledge."
"In comments published on the Holberg Prize website, she described her work as "decentered" and "pluralistic" history, "where what happens in a woman's workshop or a villager's hut or at a printer's press can count as much as decisions at a king's council or a meeting of a Faculty of Theology."
- A grandmother's trove of Civil War photos goes to Library of Congress
- Tribes See Name on Oregon Maps as Being Out of Bounds
- Holy Haystacks! Researchers Have Officially Discovered A New Monet
- Joan Baez, Sly Stone, Steve Martin, Ben E. King -- all honored by the Library of Congress
- StoryCorps to Launch Global Expansion With $1M TED Prize
- OAH denounces anti-gay legislation signed by Indiana governor
- Emory's Leslie Harris says we should remember the racist roots of American colleges as we think about what went wrong at OU and other schools
- Stanford historian looks to the U.S. Postal Service to map the boom and bust of 19th-century American West
- U.S. historian denounces Japanese scholars' statement over wartime sexual slavery
- Timothy V Johnson Named Head of Tamiment Library


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Slave to the Needles #3
by A J
Did you say that you love knitting? Well, we just found the zine for you! Aimee is clearly very attached to her ...Add to Cart $3.00
Navigating the Space Between Brilliance & Madness
by Sascha Altman DuBrul and The Icarus Project
A reader and road map of bipolar worlds. This is a product (co-authored by Ashley McNamara) built from the many ...Add to Cart $10.00
Please Don't Feed the Bears: A Vegan Cookbook
by Asbjorn Intonsus
In the vein of the classic Soy Not Oi cookbook, Please Don't Feed The Bears compiles three issues of the ...View Details $9.00 19 comments
Dream Whip #14
by Bill Brown
Bill Brown's Dream Whip zine is a raw little chunk of America, full of darkened crop-fields and desert moonlight and ...Add to Cart $10.00 17 comments
I Hate This Part of Texas #5
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Stories Care Forgot Book
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An anthology of zines from and about New Orleans. For years the Crescent City's thriving punk and zine community has ...Add to Cart $15.00
Girl / Boy #2
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Rob Noxious (The Fall of America) teams up with Shyla Ann to talk about gender roles in extreme depth! They each ...Add to Cart $4.00 2 comments
Things are Meaning Less, 1st Edition
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We have a dozen returned copies of the first edition of Al Burian's "Things Are Meaning Less" that are a little ...Add to Cart
Xtra Tuf #5: The Strike Issue
by Moe Bowstern
Meet Moe Bowstern: writer, fisherwoman, and tough cookie. Moe is a woman working in the male-dominated ...View Details
Chomsky on Anarchism
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We all know what Noam Chomsky is against. His scathing analysis of everything that's wrong with our society reaches ...Add to Cart
Community Bike Cart Design #1
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Frugal Vegan's Harvest and Holiday Survival Guide
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Green Zine #14
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Once a true fanzine devoted to Green Day, this zine has now evolved into literary prose devoted to the strengths of our ...Add to Cart $3.00 14 comments
The Next Best Place DVD: Short Films by Bill Brown
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You can take Bill Brown out of Texas, but you can't take the Texas out of Bill Brown. His films are vast and ...Add to Cart $25.00
Saugus to the Sea
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Debut novel about the underground in L.A., as well as a search for a road (hence the title) from filmmaker and ...Add to Cart $12.95
Recipes for Disaster: An Anarchist Cookbook
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Gift Certificate!
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Dream Whip #13
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So much magic awaits in the pages of this fat, rubber-banded, handwritten object of hand-size art that I don't know ...Add to Cart $5.00
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Redefining Our Relationships: Guidelines for Responsible Open Relationships
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The Flow Chronicles
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H&G stickerpack #2
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Things are Meaning Less
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Typewriter T-shirt
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WSIB gave $12M to Ontario Federation of Labour over 10 years to train workers →
March, 2015, CRANBERRY TOWNSHIP, Pa. – MSA's Custom Products group offers individually designed solutions for customer monitoring, control and data acquisition applications. Our design flexibility allows our custom products to meet virtually any gas monitoring need, as each custom system… →
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Recipients will be recognized at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition, May 30 — June 4, in Salt Lake City, Utah →


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Pullman Sanya Yalong Bay
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Day 6! Beach, sunburn and chips!
... staring at the sea and then move their arms and a guy who was pretending he wasn't following and filming us, when he obviously was! Lol! We had a walk down the bay and seen some typical Chinese fishing boots being pulled up to the beach. You could also see little crab holes in the sand, little crabs sprinted in and out of them! At nearly the end of the bay there was a clothes stall in the middle of the beach, quite random! Haha. Clíona had read that there was another bay in ...
Day 6, china is strange but 26 degrees!
... besides today's breakfast).
Quickly found a spot on the beach and it was time to relax! Towels out, suncream on (not enough :/ tell you about that later) bikinis/shorts and we were ready! Again some staring was going on, but Des kept an eye out so the guys wouldn't take pictures of us. One little girl walked up to us, stopped and just stared at Cl�ona. Could see the amazement in her eyes. Miriam wasn't sure if she thought it was cute or ...
Day 5! Sanya
... had a bottle of water in her bag. Had to split up in two's for the train. Miriam and Clíona had seats in section 5 of the train while Des and Cian had seats in section 1. Both sections were nice and clean. Had a little coupé that we shared with other people. In section 5 a family with kids were sitting in the coupé right next to us. The kids weren't really quiet but sure that didn't bother us, but the man sitting opposite us wasn't ...
Day 5, haikou and sanya!
... friendly! We passed paddy fields, palm trees, forest covered hills and the dirty smog seemed to gradually disappear.
Sanya! Blue skies! Sun! Warmth! Yay! There was a queue for the taxi stand, so got our sunglasses out and queued up, people standing next to us couldn't stop staring, made feel Des like we were superstars!2 other girls were very amazed by Cliona's piercings, one was trying to explain to the other that you could also have a tongue ...
Day 2- We Arrived To Sanya,China. Sanya Was A Small Town 10 Years From Now.But Now Its One Of A Great Tourism Place Of China.Nice Work Done By The Government And People Of China.
After Immigration We Went To Beach.On The Beach.We Enjoyed Out There.
From The Beach We Went To The Supermarket,Different Type Of Sweets,Drinks Were Available ...


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Foster kids find college help after 'aging out'
RICHMOND, Va. Community colleges in several states are working to establish stronger support systems for former foster-care children, who are more likely to wind up homeless or in jail than earn a degree as they struggle to overcome unstable lives.
Among them is Virginia, where the Community College System's Great Expectations program uses grants and donations to provide money for tuition, transportation and living expenses. It also connects more than 120 students with mentors, career counselors and other help at seven of the state's two-year schools.
Many other states have started their own initiatives to help youths in foster care once they "age out" of the system and venture into adulthood. And it's needed: More than a quarter of foster-care youth will be incarcerated and more than 20 percent will be homeless before age 25, according to a 2007 report by public-policy group Pew Charitable Trusts.
Only 20 percent of foster-care youth nationally will seek education beyond high school, and fewer than 3 percent are expected to graduate from college.
"I never thought I'd ever get my high school diploma, and never thought I'd start college at 17, too," said Andrea Hatcher, who dropped out of high school and was shuffled among group homes and foster care in different cities after her mother lost custody of her when she was 14.
Hatcher, now 18, hopes to pursue a nursing degree now that she's completed her nursing assistant certificate at Southside Virginia Community College through the program, which started this school year. She regularly communicates with her academic adviser, who helped her navigate the education system and kept her on task.
In California, higher-education officials set up a support network for former foster children in the state's 110 community colleges, and the state's four-year systems offer similar help for housing, financial aid, academic advising and other needs. A 1996 state law called on state schools to expand services for former foster youth.
Federal legislation that took effect in 2003 helped such initiatives, said John Emerson, a postsecondary education adviser for Casey Family Programs, a foster-care advocacy group. It provided an initial $42 million, allocated to every state based on its percentage of foster-care youth, to cover up to $5,000 annually per student for college or job training.
And when Congress reauthorized the Higher Education Act last fall, it required some federally funded programs to target students who had been in foster care, including initiatives that help low-income students pursue postsecondary education.
Giving foster-care students money for college or career-training courses opens the door but doesn't help them overcome poor academic preparation, lack of family support and homelessness, Emerson said.
"We've heard from students who have enrolled in college so they can find a place to sleep," he said. "They're using their survival skills to find a place to stay and food to eat – let alone transportation and health insurance."
Nationally, more than 800,000 children are in the foster-care system, according to the National Working Group on Foster Care and Education, a coalition of child-welfare groups.


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Maybe and maybe not. Regardless, I have no problems not being college educated or others having the ability to articulate better than me. I do have a problem with people who condescend me and others for what we "lack" according to "your" standards and that of your friends in our spelling or word usage.<quoted text>
Actually, I believe it was more of a mistake in word usage on your part, not a typo. I don't use spell check for non-business applications.
It makes me wonder what your real reason and purpose is here on the threads. Cause the way you treat others kinda contradicts what you claim is your purpose or cause.
Education is a great privilege and gift to possess and not something to be taken for granted. On the same note, education does not always come from schools, universities and books.
Even the best scholars do not have all the right answers or understand everything in life to a tee. But to condescend others for not possessing what you obvious have in the area of education, is weak at best. I can only guess people like you have this over abundance of knowledge, yet somehow do not know what to do with it, let alone know how to use it. So, you bully the saps that are not college educated or just lack in their writing and spelling skills. OOH RAH. You go girl. We all have our purposes in life. Even if it's in the virtual world.


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Bemsha Swing
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Bemsha Swing composed by Thelonious Monk. Arranged by Mark Taylor. For Jazz Ensemble. Young Jazz Classics. Grade 3. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.7011251).
Using a nice mix of small group playing contrasted with full ensemble sections, here is a very playable chart on this distinctive Monk standard. An alto/trumpet duet starts things off, followed by a statement with six horns plus guitar and vibes on the theme. Also included are solos for trumpet and alto sax.
1 - FULL SCORE 16 pages
1 - ALTO SAX 1 2 pages
1 - ALTO SAX 2 2 pages
1 - TENOR SAX 1 2 pages
1 - TENOR SAX 2 2 pages
1 - BARITONE SAX 2 pages
1 - TRUMPET 1 2 pages
1 - TRUMPET 2 2 pages
1 - TRUMPET 3 2 pages
1 - TRUMPET 4 2 pages
1 - TROMBONE 1 2 pages
1 - TROMBONE 2 2 pages
1 - TROMBONE 3 2 pages
1 - TROMBONE 4 2 pages
1 - DRUMS 2 pages
1 - VIBES 2 pages
1 - PIANO 4 pages
1 - GUITAR 2 pages
1 - BASS 2 pages
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Bemsha Swing
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For fine dining at Walt Disney World, make a reservation for the award-winning Victoria & Albert's restaurant. Located at Disney's Grand Floridian Resort, Victoria & Albert's is known for exemplary service and gourmet cuisine.
Posts under 'Table-Service'
Review: Lunch at Spice Road Table in Epcot's Morocco Pavilion
Spice Road Table in Epcot's Morocco Pavilion is nearly one year old! We're celebrating it's (almost) birthday by enjoying a variety of tapas and sangria, while sharing what's changing and what's remaining the same at this Table Service Restaurant.
More Details of Trader Sam's Grog Grotto Revealed at…Disneyland!?
We are getting a few glimpses into more of the planning behind Trader Sam's Grog Grotto, coming Summer 2015 to Disney World's Polynesian Resort Village!
What's New Around Walt Disney World: December 11, 2014
We're exploring Disney World and finding out what's new in EPCOT, Hollywood Studios, and Downtown Disney. Updates include menu changes, new items, completed refurbishments, and ongoing construction.
Cinderella's Dining Experience at Citricos with Magical Add-On Options
Cinderella's Dining Experience at Citricos in the Grand Floridian will be available during the refurbishment of Cinderella's Royal Table in the Magic Kingdom. Princess dining is popular in Walt Disney World. Now, add-on options are available to enhance the experience for little princesses.
Be Our Guest Restaurant To Offer Table Service Breakfast? We Think So…
We have some big news out of Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom today — details that Be Our Guest Restaurant may soon begin serving breakfast! Get the details here!
News! Booking Begins TODAY for 2015 Star Wars Weekends Dining Packages
The popular Star Wars Weekends dining experiences will return to Disney's Hollywood Studios for 2015. Jedi Mickey's Star Wars Dine at Hollywood and Vine and Star Wars Dine-In Galactic Breakfast at Sci-Fi will feature Star Wars characters and more!
Review: Porterhouse for Two at Yachtsman Steakhouse in Disney's Yacht Club Resort
We are dining at Yachtsman Steakhouse in Walt Disney World today as we try one of their newest entrees — the 32 Ounce Porterhouse for Two!
Review: Breakfast at Captain's Grille in Disney's Yacht Club Resort
Join us as we take in breakfast at Captain's Grille, located in Walt Disney World's Yacht Club Resort!
New Restaurants May Be Coming Soon to Disney's Animal Kingdom
We have news today about expansions coming to Disney's Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World — including the possibility of some brand new restaurants!


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Teacher exam fraud case ends; four agree to stop teaching
Published: August 20,2014
Tags: case, Cedrick Wilson, Charles Ray Lee, Clarence Mumford, Corey Holmes, court, crime, education, exam, Janett Dixon, Jermaine Johnson, law, legal, Memphis City Schools, Nia Kimble-Harris, Praxis, public education, public school, scam, SCANDAL, scheme, school, teach, teacher, teacher license, teaching, test, trial, U.S. Attorney's Office
MEMPHIS, Tenn. — Four people caught in a teacher certification test fraud scandal have agreed to stop teaching, ending the federal case involving a long-running scam that affected students in Arkansas, Mississippi and Tennessee, prosecutors said yesterday.
Janett Dixon, of Northport, Alabama; Corey Holmes, of Metcalfe; Charles Ray Lee, of Magee; and Nia Kimble-Harris of Memphis are four of 40 former teachers who have received diversion agreements for their participation in the test fraud scheme led by Clarence Mumford, the U.S. attorney's office in West Tennessee said yesterday.
Mumford, a longtime educator, pleaded guilty in February 2013 to arranging for people to take Praxis certification tests on behalf of aspiring teachers in the three states. He is serving seven years in prison.
From 1995 to 2010, teachers paid Mumford up to $3,000 each to hire ringers to take reading, writing, math, physical education and other exams on their behalf. Mumford's fee included fake driver's licenses he made for test-takers, who showed them to proctors at examination centers.
The teachers then used the passing scores to get jobs in public school systems.
Mumford, a former guidance counselor and assistant principal in the Memphis City Schools system, paid the test takers hundreds of dollars for each test. Still, federal prosecutors said he made $120,000 in the scheme.
Investigators identified about 100 tests taken on behalf of at least 50 people.
Prosecutors called the case unique because of the length of the scheme and its wide-ranging consequences. Prosecutors said the scam affected thousands of public school students who ended up being taught by instructors who never qualified for their positions. Some teachers involved in the scheme had repeatedly failed the tests on their own.
One defendant failed the reading and writing exams 11 times before a ringer passed the tests for him. Nine Mississippi districts that hired teachers helped by Mumford were characterized as "low performing," prosecutors said.
Coaches made up a significant number of defendants. They included Cedrick Wilson, a former University of Tennessee wide receiver who played for the NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers, and Jermaine Johnson, who coached Memphis' Melrose High School to a state championship in 2010.
In all, 13 participants have been convicted of felonies, and 10 are serving prison terms. That's in addition to the 40 former teachers who reached deals in which they were stripped of teaching licenses and ordered to pay restitution to school districts that employed them.
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2 Responses to "Teacher exam fraud case ends; four agree to stop teaching"
Long-running teacher certification fraud case comes to an end. | Mississippi PEP Says:
August 20th, 2014 at 8:30 am
[…] Four people caught in a teacher certification test fraud scandal have agreed to stop teaching, ending the federal case involving a long-running scam that affected students in Arkansas, Mississippi and Tennessee, prosecutors said yesterday. […]
Teacher Certification Fraud Ring Leader Sentenced to Prison, Fine - One World News Says:
August 27th, 2014 at 12:22 pm
[…] said the full extent of the scandal will never be known because Mumford burned boxes of paperwork implicating him after test proctors became aware of the illegal test takers in […]
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For the perfect mix of girly and tough, the Bedazzled by Nocona Belt Co. features rows of sparkly genuine cut glass crystal rhinestones and bronze-colored nailheads. The Bedazzled's structured belt gives way to a pretty floral and rhinestone removable buckle, which adds a chic touch to any outfit. The belt is 1 1/2" wide and the buckle 3 1/4".
Belt sizes are to center hole and adjustable 2" in either direction. Available in Brown (pictured).
Once you cinch up your very first belt from Nocona Belt Company, you'll be ready for more! A branch of M&F Western Wear, Nocona manufactures western style belts, buckles, handbags, wallets, and jewelry for men, women, and children. Nocona Belt Company provides the total package – from great craftmanship to endless style. Family owned since 1969, M&F and Nocona have built a reputation on quality and durable western accessories for over 30 years. Always in demand for their cool cowgirl and cowboy chic belts and accessories, Nocona Belt Company provides must-have fashion items all year round.
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First Ginger...Any advice
I just received my first ginger plant. It looks very healthy and had a great root system. I need any advice anyone can give. I know nothing about this plant. Many web sites offer information, but many varying. I trust those who have been successful growing them, so HELP!!
Thanks, Lori
I'm also new at Gardening in the South. We moved here from Colorado over a year ago now. What a huge difference in gardening. Anyway, we moved into a house that has ginger in the front entry to the house around a huge white bird of paradise. The kind of ginger that I have is Alpinia Zing?.
I've got to take another course in Botanical names. he he LOL
It's currently blooming and has beautiful white bell or trumpet shaped flowers on a stalk, with yellow in the throat.
I don't think it's getting as much shade as it needs where it is, because the one in the front is yellowish looking and the one that gets more shade is beautiful dark green with yellow varigation. My question is how do you transplant them without killing them? I want to put it across the walk way from the one that looks so beautiful. Please help. :>)
That's Alpinia Zerumbet. You can't kill it. It will bloom in shade or sun but the leaves look better when given some afternoon shade. I've dug this plant up so many times and moved it around I can't count. And each time, most of the stalks die so I now just cut them off and let the new growth come out. But my stand of this ginger is massive. If your stand is small, and you can dig up the whole clump, you might be successful is keeping it growing. Sharpen you shovel good. It's not an easy dig.


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Be Confident (Hebrews), Repackaged
- Occasion▼▲
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Product Description
Product Information
|Format: Paperback
Number of Pages: 192
Vendor: David C. Cook
Publication Date: 2008
Dimensions: 8.25 X 5.50 (inches)
Availability: In Stock
Series: Warren Wiersbe BE Bible Study
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Publisher's Description
Hebrewswritten by Christians, to Christians, and for Christiansis loaded with spiritual truth accessible to any believer looking to grasp the importance of faith. Penned at a politically unstable time, Hebrews targets believers tempted to abandon their faith and slip back into the rules and regulations of Judaism.
In our politically unstable day of "wars and rumors of wars" (Mark13:7), we can all understand the quest for stability. But there is only one source of rock solid security.
There was a time for rules and sacrifices. Then Christ came as the perfect, spotless Lamb to atone for sin once and for all. Respected pastor Dr. Warren W. Wiersbe will show you that by focusing on the reality of the unseen first, an overwhelming desire for intimate friendship with God will follow.
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RicksterHarrisburg, PAAge: 55-65Gender: male5 Stars Out Of 5July 10, 2013RicksterHarrisburg, PAAge: 55-65Gender: maleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5As a Sunday School teacher of the three-campus CrossPoint United Methodist Church located in Harrisburg, PA. and suburbs thereof, I have found and taught several books of the Bible using Warren W. Wiersbe's "Be series" Bible studies as dynamic guidance from before the creation of our universe and earth right on up to Christ's return to establish the "new heaven and earth." AMEN.
wyoyouthWyomingAge: 45-54Gender: male4 Stars Out Of 5Well written in a style easy to read.December 21, 2012wyoyouthWyomingAge: 45-54Gender: maleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5This review was written for Be Confident: Live by Faith, Not by Sight - eBook.I needed materail to teach an adult class on the book of Hebrews. Most commentaries just didn't fit the bill as far as making the material usuable for today's christian. This book does exactly that. I highly recommend it!
Richard Lee5 Stars Out Of 5Excellent study guide of this book of doctrinesJune 8, 2012Richard LeeQuality: 4Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5Excellent value and Wiersbe is one of the best! You won't be disappointed
lovetobakeRenton, WA5 Stars Out Of 5EXCELLENT BOOK ON HEBREWS!!May 25, 2012lovetobakeRenton, WAQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5This is my first book by Warren Wiersbe and it was so great that I am going to keep reading his other "Be series" books. I learned so much from him and he explains things so well. He exalts Jesus Christ in all his writings, that you can't help but worship and love Jesus more as you study God's Word with the help of these books. I highly recommend them!
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6 December 2012 5:41 PM, PST | Hitfix | See recent Hitfix news »
Los Angeles (AP) — New York's Times Square is getting a little bit Jersey for New Year's Eve. MTV says "Jersey Shore" stars Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi and Jenni "Jwoww" Farley and comedian Jeff Dye will host the network's live New Year's Eve special from Times Square. "MTV's Club Nye 2013" will also feature performances from Ke$ha, Ne-Yo, Sean Kingston, Rita Ora and others. Ke$ha described the final night of the year as a time when people come together to celebrate "in a sweaty, drunken, dance-fueled orgy of bliss." Polizzi said she is hoping to use "a leopard bedazzled microphone" for her »
- AP Staff
Similar News ItemsSean Kingston
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"Jersey Shore" (2009)
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Visit Massachusetts State Parks
Beaches, wooded parks, parkways, and reservoirs - All of these places make up the Massachusetts State Parks. You can find a place to go in all regions of the Commonwealth from Pittsfield to Boston and Gloucester to Provincetown. Each one offers activities and amenities.
Enjoy all that Massachusetts has to offer in its numerous State Parks!
Find a park by region
MassParks Visitors Survey
DCR strives to maintain clean, safe and enjoyable facilities and values your opinion. If you have visited a Massachusetts State Park, could you let us know how we are doing in our Visitors Survey


text:
Originally written on We Should Be GM's | Last updated 11/16/14
I'm going to stray away from the Phillies business today. I hope everyone can handle not discussing the greatness of the Fightins for one day. Instead, I'm just going to point out a few things I saw in the last few days that kind of made me angry.1) I was perusing the vast wasteland that is Facebook and I came across this post at the official page of the New York Yankees.Queuing up a clip of one player striking out three times and posting it on a social network is probably an unnecessary piece of propaganda, but I wouldn't have batted an eye if it wasn't for that tacky headline. Pettitte takes Harper 'to school?' Really? Poor, out-dated trash talk on Facebook? I thought the great Yankees would be above that sort of classlessness.So, I think the Nationals should respond. They should post the exact same video with the title, "One of these players is 19. The other is an admitted steroid user who contributed to destroying the integrity of baseball by jamming needles into his buttock and...
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See our store section for gifts by different stores
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Create your own personal gift registry. Register for any item, from any store, for any occasion. Find the gift registries of your family and friends.
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Coastal Harvest Fresh Centerpiece
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Wonders of the Season Illuminated Holiday Tabletop Tree with Deer
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Thomas Kinkade Blessings of the Season Angel Tree Sculpture
Thomas Kinkade Musical Tabletop Centerpiece Crystal Candle
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Handcrafted copper flower bowl - perfect for flowers!


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The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) will launch a $3.5 million engineering and environmental analysis that will pave the way to replace the Rochester Amtrak station with a new Rochester Intermodal Transportation Center that will integrate passenger rail together with bus transit and automobile transportation.
"The existing station, which is not handicapped accessible, was constructed 33 years ago and was designed to be temporary until a permanent station is built," said NYSDOT Commissioner Joan McDonald. "This project is part of Governor Cuomo's economic development agenda: that by better connecting New York State through passenger rail we will be doing our part to rebuild New York's economy. A new intermodal transportation center will play a critical role in the region's and state's economy."
McDonald noted that new funding enhances an existing $1.5 million federal grant secured by U.S. Rep. Louise Slaughter. The Federal Railroad Administration amended the grant, increasing the total to $2.9 million, also thanks to Slaughter's efforts. NYSDOT is providing $600,000 in state funding, bringing the total to $3.5 million.
The existing Rochester Station, owned by Amtrak, was constructed in 1978 as a temporary facility. The building and platforms are not ADA compliant and have greatly deteriorated in the past decade. By fully funding the preliminary and environmental activities, this project will be ready to apply for final design or construction funds in the future.
This project will also provide improved connections to other modes of transportation, including the Greyhound/Trailways bus service and Rochester Regional Transit Service city buses and taxis.
The grant funds preliminary engineering and environmental work for the configuration of the track and platforms at the new Rochester Intermodal Transportation Center conducted by NYSDOT and project scoping and preliminary engineering activities for the Rochester Intermodal Transportation Center facility to be conducted by the City of Rochester.
NYSDOT and the City of Rochester will be working closely together, along with other project partners including Amtrak, CSX Transportation, Rochester Genesee Regional Transportation Authority, NY Trailways, Adirondack Trailways, Genesee Transportation Council and others.
Scott Evans will be partnering with Ryhan Cornell and Claude Payne to work with customers in Kentucky, North and South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia.
Custom Coach & Limousine's 34 passenger TS 30s are equipped with top features such as 110-volt plugs, Alcoa Durabright wheels, block heater, cordless mic, rear camera, rear window, a REI A/V system and woodgrain floors.
The groups urged planners to add parking near the National Mall for the millions of people who will visit by bus and car over the next several months, kicking off with the National Cherry Blossom Festival.
In their meetings, UMA members shared information about their own businesses and rallied for backing of three critical needs: opposition of FMCSA's proposal to raise the Federal financial responsibility limits, support of Rep. Barletta's proposal to remove CSA scores from public view until the data used to calculate the score can be improved, and support to preserve the current charter service rule.
David Cooper of Pacific Coachways Trailways in Garden Grove, Calif., was presented by Bob Crescenzo, VP, safety & loss control, at Lancer Insurance, the awards event sponsor.
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HAVE: free in indy - east side, irvington
ademink(z5a-5b Indianapolis)June 30, 2008
On the curb - free to first person to come. Will post when items are gone.
Huge box of green liriope. One Andorra juniper. One Virginia Creeper. One sad little bucket of lamb's ear that will come back but looks like dooky right now. LOL
52 N. Layman Ave.


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So I am 37 weeks tomorrow and had an ultrasound today. He is estimated to be 9 lbs 6 ozs!! I about died! My first two boys were right at 8 lbs but they were about 2 weeks early, so we figured this little guy would be a bit bigger, but this big?? So now we have to discuss a c section or not. I would really rather try natural but am so afraid of him getting stuck and being hurt. Don't know what to do!!
Really big baby!
Posted 01/16/2013
Women can birth big babies and your body has previous experience. Also, ultrasounds can be so wrong.
Posted 01/16/2013
On the flip side, I had an ultrasound the same day my daughter was born and it was only off by 2oz.
Calling all geek/gamer moms..beam on up, scottie
Posted 01/16/2013
these measurments aren't accurate. my friend 7lbs baby ended up beign 4lbs10oz!!!
Vanessa mommy to:
Castalia, EA/TEF 30 weeker, 03/09. Ophelia, 01/13.
Posted 01/16/2013
I've only heard one person who had a very close ultrasound. Her kiddo was, we'll just call him 10 lbs (it was like an ounce difference). She delivered him vaginally and didn't have any problems with it.
She has full blown diabetes and is a tall woman. I think unless you have risk factors or are very small, very narrow, etc. you can probably birth whatever you grow.
I'm only worried about that head circumference, my husband has a HUGE noggin.
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Is it time to potty? Most 2-year-olds can't stay dry all day and all night. Read More
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Your little one's a budding conversationalist now. Read More


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Latest comments | Highest rated
Chevy Volt: The Enviro-Friendly Way Of Destroying Value [View article]Mar 27, 2013. 07:12 PM | 12 Likes |Link to Comment
Julian, ExxonMobil has been investing about $100 million dollars over ten plus years in the Global Climate Energy Project at Stanford U as part of a $250 Million program to encourage basic research in new low or no CO2 emitting energy technologies. Stanford has expanded the project to include other institutions and researchers around the globe to try to find the best ideas to support. Even though great ideas have been tried and tested, including solar and energy storage the best idea which XOM has invested in is using Algea to convert CO2 in water to oil precursors. This is a project with superb scientists associated with Ventner in La Jolla. So far Exxon has committed $500 million to this project. But after several years of work XOM has concluded that it will take at least another 20 plus years to see commercial feasibility. So Mr. Tillerson's comment has substantial meat on the bone. Exxon had invested in battery technology with hopes to commercialize it, but again the time scale of impact is way down the road. Exxon had a solar business, but it became clear that the technology was nitche technology, not transformative. Without energy storage of scale and cost solar is a valuable nitche technology, despite even NJ forcing electric companies to put single solar panels on power poles around the state to feed the grid, Any of these can make money if the taxpayers or rate payers pick up the bill. TESLA was able to declare that it made money because the state of California forces automakers without electric vehicles to buy credits from TESLA. So far this year that has yielded $69 Million or so, and likely will lead to over $200 Million to offset losses in the base electric vehicle and other technology sales. So lets not fool ourselves.
Jun 2, 2013. 08:45 AM | 10 Likes |Link to Comment
Oil: The Clock Is Ticking [View article]Nov 14, 2010. 02:34 PM | 8 Likes |Link to Comment
You fail to consider a number of points. First, CO2 levels are indeed rising, but temperature has not been for a substantial period of time. Even 1000 ppm CO2 is not dangerous to human health, despite your claim otherwise. Second, are you serious about TESLA as the solution? Where is the majority of the electricity used come from? Fossil fuel burning plants!! It can be shown without too much effort that in terms of total system, well to wheel, a hybrid vehicle generates substantially less CO2 than an all electric one. And has the potential to do so much faster than building more all electric ones. The worst technology solution is an all electric car, even though the TESLA S is a beautifully designed and built car which performs admirably. But it is definitely a solution for the 1%, or more likely to 0,05%. You dismiss H2 as a fuel and Fuel Cell EVs as a potentially major help. With abundant natural gas it is possible to generate the pure hydrogen to fuel FCEVs This is essentially a hybrid without an IC, it uses a FC to generate the electric power on-board the vehicle, The major vehicle manufacturers all will introduce FCEVs into the commercial market by 2015. They have spent billions to bring these ready to market. Initially they will loose 10's of thousands on each vehicle sold, but it ten years or so the market can grow and cost go down to make a vehicle proiftable at around $30K selling price. So what is missing? H2 refueling networks. That is where the need for investment comes in, and so far there is little innovation in the market place, and huge resistance from the usual sources funding innovation. Velocys, now owned by Oxford Catalyst company has commercialized a microchannel steam methane reformer that could generate hydrogen at service stations on demand. Under development is a new microchannel reformer by a small start-up, Power and Energy Inc in PA which has the potential to carry the Velocys design to the ultimate level of efficiency, reliability, low cost and even smaller footprint. I am sure there are many other options underway elsewhere. If you talk to the likes of GM, Toyota, Honda, Kya, Ford, etc. you will discover that they are much more confident about their FCEVS technology than battery technology. And they are making their bets along those lines for the future.
Jun 2, 2013. 08:26 AM | 7 Likes |Link to Comment
ExxonMobil (XOM) knew in 1984 that adding the chemical MTBE to gasoline to make it burn more thoroughly would triple incidents of groundwater contamination, lawyers for New Hampshire say at the opening of an $800M trial. XOM says the federal Clean Air Act overrides the state claims, and it was complying with a U.S. mandate to supply fuel that would burn more cleanly. [View news story]Jan 14, 2013. 06:57 PM | 7 Likes |Link to Comment
Officials Wake Up to Peak Oil [View article]Apr 4, 2010. 09:51 AM | 6 Likes |Link to Comment
Energy Storage Performed Poorly in Q4 [View article]Jan 2, 2010. 09:15 AM | 6 Likes |Link to Comment
Julian, good luck to you and your investments. In terms of who is doing a con job, well I leave that to the readers and the future to tell.
Jun 2, 2013. 09:38 AM | 5 Likes |Link to Comment
Analysts Are Wrong About Exxon [View article]Aug 10, 2012. 10:26 AM | 5 Likes |Link to Comment
Tesla Motors vs. Toyota: The gloves are off [View news story]Sep 12, 2014. 10:13 AM | 3 Likes |Link to Comment
Algae Biofuels Have a Promising Future [View article]Nov 13, 2009. 10:06 AM | 3 Likes |Link to Comment
Solar Market Declines for First Time Ever [View article]Nov 13, 2009. 09:59 AM | 3 Likes |Link to Comment
Hydrogen-Fueled Cars Become a Thing of the Present [View article]
On Nov 03 12:07 PM GhostOfSpec wrote:
> Hydrogen is a loser technology in the near-term future. Steven Chu
> is completely correct. There are WAY too many problems:
> 1) There are no hydrogen mines or wells. Hydrogen is an energy storage
> system not a source. To create hydrogen we reform natural gas or
> do electrolysis of water. Well, it would be better to simply burn
> that natural gas or use that electricity in EVs.
> 2) There is no hydrogen distribution infrastructure. But every house
> does already have a source of electricity.
> 3) Hydrogen is very difficult to store and transport. It is the smallest
> element and thus leaks through even very small holes. And great pressures
> are needed to store a reasonably quantity.
> 4) Fuel cells are still expensive and use expensive previous metals.
> Fuel cell experts Ballard Power abandoned the mobile fuel cell market
> . . . that should tell you something.
> The less money we waste on the hydrogen pipe dream, the betterNov 3, 2009. 10:26 PM | 3 Likes |Link to Comment
Tesla's Competitors Are Beginning To Give Up The Electric Car Race [View article]Jun 18, 2013. 04:05 PM | 2 Likes |Link to Comment
Carlkoo, I actually know quite a bit about EVs. Your facts are simply wrong. Yes, electric motors are more efficient than IC, though diesel is about 30% more efficient than gasoline engines. There are also substantial additional efficiencies available with advanced engine and integrated system design, probably good for another30%. The carbon footprint of EV, assuming electricity is from fossil fuel source I about the same, maybe a touch higher than current ICs Major environmental issues with battery recycle, as well as battery manufacture. So on and on...
Current battery prices are large and lifetime of battery system is unknown. Significant fraction of TESLA cost is in batteries. Of course at ~ $100K cost for Model S they can handle that. Even the Nissan Leaf is hurting over battery cost, they are eating a lot of it waiting for new and better technology. I am sue that it is coming, just not clear exactly when.Jun 2, 2013. 12:13 PM | 2 Likes |Link to Comment


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The Woman Alive Program
The Woman Alive Program provides affordable physical activity programs to women on limited income in order to increase their capacity to care for their own health. The Woman Alive Leader's Manual displays how partnerships between two or more agencies can be an excellent method of pooling resources to offer an effective and affordable program.
The Woman Alive Leader's Manual is available in both English and French [PDF order form 69 KB] and is designed for community recreation professionals, public health departments, and other organizations working with women on limited incomes.
Come join this unique program at the following locations:
- Dempsey Community Centre: 613-247-4846
- Foster Farm Community Centre: 613-828-2004
- Jack Purcell Community Centre: 613-564-1050
- Kanata Leisure Centre: 613-591-9283
- Lowertown Community Centre: 613-789-3930
- Overbrook Community Centre: 613-742-5147
- Plant Recreation Centre: 613-232-3000
- South-East Ottawa Community Health Centre: 613-737-5115
For additional questions or to receive some health promotion resources, call Ottawa Public Health Information at 613-580-6744.


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Dr. Robert M. Fixler, MD
- 3120 Burnet Ave Ste 302
Cincinnati, OH 45229
- 2 Locations
- (513) 281-6044
Dr. Robert M. Fixler graduated from the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine in 1984. He works in Cincinnati, OH and 1 other location and specializes in Dermatology. Dr. Fixler is affiliated with Bethesda North Hospital, The Jewish Hospital and UC Medical Center. He speaks English and French.
Gender: Male
Languages Spoken: English, French
Medical School: University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Graduated 1984
*This physician has multiple office locations. See Office Information for details.


text:
How do I contest a parking citation?
You may request an Administrative Review.
How much time do I have to contest a citation?
Payment or an administrative review is required within 21 days or further penalties will be assessed. If you fail to request a review or pay the citation as directed, vehicle registration will be withheld.
How do I obtain a copy of a citation?
You may obtain a copy by calling (831) 758-7363. If no...
Police Activities League
The Salinas Police Activities League is a non-profit organization providing recreational and educational activities for young people within Salinas. Boys and girls, between the ages of 5 - 18, are eligible to participate in Salilnas PAL activities.
Salinas Police Activities League prides itself on providing FREE programs, events and activities for the youth within the City of Salinas. Our primary focus is on social, cultural, recreational and educational programs, events, and activities that will grow with your child. PAL strives to mentor and teach strong character skills such as teamwork, honesty and integrity. Our educational activities expose our youth to positive experiences that many have not encountered before.
Many programs are coached or chaperoned by committed police officers. Officers who believe in the philosophy that to build a better future for Salinas, you have to start with the youth.
If you're interested in joining PAL, or participating in any way, visit their website at Salinas PAL.


text:
State's foster homes may be next to go smoke-free
DULUTH -- The "no-smoking" sign will be on for homes with foster children, if a bill in the Minnesota Legislature is passed.
The legislation would follow the lead of St. Louis, Lake and Beltrami counties, which already require foster homes to be smoke-free, said Jill Doberstein, Duluth-based program manager for tobacco control with the American Lung Association in Minnesota.
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GENEVA/WASHINGTON – Many financial institutions measure and report their own greenhouse gas emissions, but the real impact is in their value chains. In 2013, only six percent of financial companies in the FTSE Global 500 reported any emissions associated with lending and investment to CDP.
The next round of international climate talks, in Warsaw, is rapidly approaching. This year's Conference of the Parties (COP19) is not expected to yield dramatic breakthroughs, but it is an important stepping stone in the lead up to the Paris negotiations in 2015.
The recent IPCC report reminds the world that the current course is not sustainable. The world urgently needs to transition to a low-carbon trajectory in order to meet the climate challenge.
The Green Climate Fund: From Inception to Launchby and -
A year after its inaugural meeting, the Board of the Green Climate Fund (GCF) left its fifth meeting in Paris earlier this month with a collective sense of urgency. The GCF is expected to become the main vehicle for disbursing climate finance to developing nations, so the decisions made at this most recent meeting significantly impact the future of climate change mitigation and adaptation. Encouragingly, Board members stepped up to the important task before them, making progress across several key issues. Their decisions made it clear: The GCF's inception phase (referred to officially as "the interim period") is over—the focus now is on funding it and launching its operations.
The New Climate Economicsby -
This post was written by Lord Nicholas Stern, president of the British Academy, and Felipe Calderón, former president of Mexico and a WRI Board member. It originally appeared on Project Syndicate.
This Friday, in its latest comprehensive assessment of the evidence on global warming, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change will show that the world's climate scientists are more certain than ever that human activity – largely combustion of fossil fuels – is causing temperatures and sea levels to rise.
In recent years, a series of extreme weather events – including Hurricane Sandy in New York and New Jersey, floods in China, and droughts in the American Midwest, Russia, and many developing countries – have caused immense damage. Last week, Mexico experienced simultaneous hurricanes in the Pacific and in the Gulf of Mexico that devastated towns and cities in their path. Climate change will be a major driver of such events, and we risk much worse.
This puts a new debate center stage: how to reconcile increased action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions with strong economic growth.
Global Efforts to Tackle Poverty and Climate Change Must Come Togetherby -
When the secretary general, Ban Ki-moon, takes the floor of the UN general assembly this week, he will address two of the most pressing challenges of our time: poverty and climate change.
Water Risk on the Riseby -
This article first appeared in Project Syndicate
Water is never far from the news these days. This summer, northern India experienced one of its heaviest monsoon seasons in 80 years, leaving more than 800 people dead and forcing another 100,000 from their homes. Meanwhile, Central Europe faced its worst flooding in decades after heavy rains swelled major rivers like the Elbe and the Danube. In the United States, nearly half the country continues to suffer from drought, while heavy rainfall has broken records in the Northeast, devastated crops in the South, and now is inundating Colorado.
Businesses are starting to wake up to the mounting risks that water – whether in overabundance or scarcity – can pose to their operations and bottom line. At the World Economic Forum in Davos this year, experts named water risk as one of the top four risks facing business in the twenty-first century. Similarly, 53% of companies surveyed by the Carbon Disclosure Project reported that water risks are already taking a toll, owing to property damage, higher prices, poor water quality, business interruptions, and supply-chain disruptions.
The costs are mounting. Deutsche Bank Securities estimates that the recent US drought, which affected nearly two-thirds of the country's lower 48 states, will reduce GDP growth by approximately one percentage point. Climate change, population growth, and other factors are driving up the risks. Twenty percent of global GDP already is produced in water-scarce areas. According to the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), in the absence of more sustainable water management, the share could rise to 45% by 2050, placing a significant portion of global economic output at risk.
Designing Greenhouse Gas Reporting Systems: Learning from Existing Programs
Mandatory reporting programs help build a strong foundation to manage greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and strengthen countries' capacity to adequately tackle climate change. This working paper provides insight into the factors influencing the design and development of reporting programs and...
The Norwegian Fast-Start Finance Contribution
Norway is one of the largest contributors to climate finance in the world, relative to the size of its economy. In 2010 and 2011, the majority of Norway's fast-start finance (FSF) was channeled through multilateral institutions and supported mitigation activities in developing countries, with a...


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Trivest recaps Advanced Discovery
Trivest Partners has recapitalized Advanced Discovery. No financial terms were disclosed. Advanced Discovery is a provider of eDiscovery services and solutions for law firms and corporations.
Trivest Partners has recapitalized Advanced Discovery. No financial terms were disclosed. Advanced Discovery is a provider of eDiscovery services and solutions for law firms and corporations.
Trivest Partners collected $415 million for its latest fund. Trivest Fund V came in above its original target of $325 million and accepted commitments up to its $400 million cap. The additional $15 million came from Trivest's partners. Shannon Advisors acted as placement agent while Greenberg Traurig provided legal advice.
Private real estate investment fund manager AIC Ventures has purchased the 250,000 square foot industrial facility of Grimes, Iowa-based Ryko Solutions, a portfolio company of Trivest Partners. Ryko Solutions is a manufacturer of full spectrum car wash equipment and a car wash service supplier in North America. PRESS RELEASE AIC Ventures, a private real estate […]
Trivest Capital is out marketing a fifth fund targeting $325 million.
Trivest Partners is recapitalizing Group III International, maker of outdoor products. Abacus Finance Group, which was the administrative agent and joint lead arranger for the $32.5 million senior secured credit facility, was joined in the financing by Madison Capital Funding LLC with legal counsel provided by Goulston & Storrs LLP.
Trivest Partners has recapitalized Ryko Manufacturing Co., a maker of automated car wash systems, acquiring a majority of the business. Financial terms of the deal were not released. Ryko's management team will continue to lead the day-to-day operations of the company. Rykos was formed in 1973 and is based in Grimes, Iowa.
Trivest Partners said Tuesday that it has recapped AM Conservation Group. Financial terms were not disclosed. Charleston, S.C.-based AM Conservation supplies and designs energy and water conservation products. Trivest, of Coral Gables, Fla., is a private investment firm.
Pamlico Capital of Charlotte, N.C., acquired ATX Networks from Trivest Partners. Members of management re-invested in partnership with Pamlico Capital to complete the transaction. Financial terms were not disclosed. ATX Networksof Ajax, Ontario, provides radio frequency management equipment.
Box-Board Products Inc., a portfolio company of Trivest Partners, has acquired B&N Containers Inc., a maker of custom corrugated boxes for the Southern Virginia region. No financial terms were disclosed.
Trivest Partners has promoted Jorge Gross Jr. to principal. He had joined the firm as a vice president in 2006.
Trivest Partners, a private equity firm based in Miami, has hired Todd J. Gross and Kevin M. Lyons as Associates. Previously Gross was at Banc of America Securities as an investment banking analyst and Lyons was a Raylond James & Associates investment banking analyst. Press release: Trivest Partners IV, L.P. ("Trivest"), announced today that Todd […]
Trivest Partners has closed its fourth fund with $325 million in capital commitments. The Miami-based firm focuses on founder/family-owned business in North America, and had raised just under $320 million for its third fund in 2001. Hudson Partners served as placement agent, while limited partners include Morgan Creek Capital Management, Parish Capital, AIG Investments, Credit Suisse, Southern Farm Bureau Life Insurance Co. and GE Equity.