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A process for the disposal of waste comprising the steps of passing a waste into a sealed container, purging the sealed container of oxygen, mixing pressurized oxygen and hydrocarbons so as to produce heat directed to the sealed container, and heating the interior of the sealed container to a temperature of greater than 2700° F. An inert gas is introduced to the interior of the sealed container so as to displace oxygen. Water is dissociated so as to separate hydrogen and oxygen components. The separated oxygen is pressurized to greater than 1000 p.s.i. The water is heated to a temperature of greater than 2000° F. in an oxygen-free environment.
1. A method of generating heat comprising:
dissociating water in a high temperature oxygen-free environment so as to separate a hydrogen component and an oxygen component from said water;
pressurizing said oxygen component to a pressure greater than 1000 p.s.i.;
mixing the pressurized oxygen with hydrocarbons; and
igniting the mixture of said pressurized oxygen and said hydrocarbons.
2. The method of claim 1, said step of dissociating comprising:
transmitting water into a reactor having a temperature greater than 2000° F.; and
injecting an inert gas into said reactor so as to displace oxygen from said reactor.
3. The method of claim 2, said step of dissociating further comprising:
mixing sodium hydroxide with said water prior to the step of transmitting said water into said reactor.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of:
transmitting said hydrogen component of the dissociated water into a storage vessel; and
transmitting said oxygen component into a storage vessel.
5. The method of claim 1, said step of mixing comprising:
delivering said oxygen component to a venturi nozzle;
delivering said hydrocarbons to said venturi nozzle; and
mixing said oxygen component and said hydrocarbons within said venturi nozzle.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising the step of:
delivering said hydrogen component to said venturi nozzle such that said hydrogen component mixes with said hydrocarbons and said oxygen component.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of:
heating a reactor to a temperature of greater than 2000° F. by the ignited mixture of said pressurized oxygen and said hydrocarbons, said reactor for dissociating said water into a hydrogen component and an oxygen component.
8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of:
heating a sealed container to a temperature of greater than 2700° F. with the ignited mixture of said pressurized oxygen and said hydrocarbons, said sealed container for receiving waste material.
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat. application Ser. No. 07/398,246, filed on Aug. 24, 1989, and entitled "Apparatus and Method for the Disposal of Waste". This application is issuing as U.S. Pat. No. 4,934,286 on June 19, 1990.
The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for the disposal of waste. More particularly, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods for generating heat for the high temperature combustion of a product.
Garbage and waste are produced in communities in great quantities. This garbage and waste must be disposed of in a variety of ways. The disposal of various kinds of garbage and waste in large quantities in cities is one of the important new administrative problems facing city government. Typical methods for the disposal of garbage include discharging garbage into the sea for reclamation and burying garbage underground. However, there are great problems, such as pollution of sea water and difficulty in getting land, associated with these methods. The general trend at present is directed toward the disposal of garbage by complete incineration. However, and unfortunately, the prevailing technique for the disposal of garbage is by incineration, a method used which burns garbage on fire grates with large quantities of air supplied, thus creating a number of associated problems.
It has been found that the use of large quantities of air produces large quantities of exhaust gases, thereby creating and exacerbating air pollution. Since the combustion temperature of garbage is relatively low, the residue of burnt garbage cannot be made completely harmless. A great deal of environmental pollution is caused by such effluents from this incineration process. Since the combustion of garbage on fire grates is unstable, the efficiency of heat recovery is low and it is difficult to effectively use the heat generated by the combustion and garbage. Additionally, vast space is occupied by the fire grates. This requires a large area for the combustion site. Furthermore, there is a difficulty in getting the sites for the construction of large incinerating plants because of the environmental problems associated therewith.
Recently, disposal methods have been proposed which attempt to solve some of the problems associated with thermal decomposition. Essentially, the garbage is introduced into an incinerator with the heat necessary for thermal decomposition so as to produce a generated slag and gas. There are two processes that are available--a process which uses external heat as an intense heat source necessary for thermal decomposition and a process which utilizes heat generated by the partial oxidation of the garbage with air or oxygen supplied. In the former process, since an external heat is used, the problem lies in economy. In the latter process, since combustion gas gets mixed with generated gas, the calorific value of generated gas is decreased, disadvantageously making the usefulness of the generated gas inferior to that of the former process.
Another problem facing city governments is the disposal of toxic or hazardous materials, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) These are toxic and hazardous compounds whose use is being withdrawn or prohibited because of the irreversible harm to the health and the environment. These materials must be managed and disposed of effectively. In addition to polychlorinated biphenyls, there are also organophosphorous, organonitrogen, and organometallic compounds, as well as other materials, that exist in massive quantities and demand effective means of disposal. The majority of the toxic compounds are in a complex matrix format often combining organic and inorganic compounds or fractions, and in these cases, little or no disposal technology is available.
Various methods have been used for disposing of these toxic wastes, including thermal destruction, chemical detoxification, long-term encapsulation and specific landfill methods. With the exception of high temperature incineration, little success has been demonstrated for the safe disposal of highly toxic or extremely persistent waste, such as PCB's. The methods that have been tried have either not been able to handle anything but homogenous waste feed streams or they have only been able to handle relatively low concentrations of toxic compounds in the waste materials. Further, very few of the disposal methods tried to date have been able to develop to operate on a commercial scale.
Of the many methods tried for the disposal of toxic or hazardous wastes, thermal destruction has been the most promising. However, the toxic waste materials are usually very stable organic molecules, and they require long dwell times at high temperatures to effect thermal destruction. Some combustion or incineration systems can achieve the necessary conditions, but the facilities required are very large scale, and often the products of the combustion process present as much of a disposal problem as the original toxic wastes.
In the past, attempts have been made to use electric plasma arcs to destroy toxic wastes. An electric plasma arc system, being essentially pyrolytic, overcomes many of the deficiencies of an incineration or combustion process. The volume of gaseous products produced is much less. As a result, the equipment is substantially smaller in scale. Laboratory demonstrations have shown that a plasma ar is capable of atomizing and ionizing toxic organic compounds, and these atoms and ions usually recombine into simple products. While residual toxic materials are formed, these can be captured, so that no significant amount of toxic material is released to the environment.
Unfortunately, such pyrolytic destruction of waste materials is not suitable for a commercially viable system. Often, the gaseous products that are released into the environment can contribute to various forms of air pollution. In addition, the release of such gases causes concern among the various regulatory authorities in control of the destruction of such toxic materials. Furthermore, and importantly, such plasma arc, pyrolytic methods of waste destruction are extremely costly processes. The cost of the power needed to operate lasers, plasma arcs, or various other methods, cannot be justified on a large scale garbage disposal basis. Furthermore, the by-products of the combustion process are not acquired for later sale or cost offset.
Various United States patents have attempted to address the issue of waste disposal by high temperature incineration process. U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,841, issued on May 19, 1987, describes a municipal trash destruction system in which hydraulic systems move the rubbish, garbage, and other municipal trash into a processor. The processor includes a trash processing zone, a fractionating system, a combustion zone, a heating exchange zone, a waste heat recovery system, and a precipitator for cleaning the emissions prior to release into the atmosphere. U.S. Pat. No. 4,644,877, issued on Feb. 24, 1987, describes the pyrolytic destruction of toxic and hazardous waste materials. The waste materials are fed into a plasma arc burner where they are atomized and ionized. These materials are then discharged into a reaction chamber to be cooled and recombined into product gas and particulate matter. The product gas is then extracted from the recombining products using a scrubber. The product gas may then be burned and utilized as a fuel. U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,448, issued on Sept. 22, 1987, describes the dissociating of toxic compounds by an electric arc (e.g. 12,000° F.) in an airtight chamber charged with oxygen. U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,300, issued on July 26, 1988, shows a method and apparatus for the pyrolysis of waste products. In this invention, the waste materials to be pyrolyzed are efficiently dehydrated prior to introduction into the pyrolysis retort using microwaves generated by a large microwave generator. After the waste material is dried, the initial ignition of the material is accomplished by using a high intensity laser beam. Laser ignition is continued until sufficient methane and other volatile gases are produced for burning in a burner unit to sustain the pyrolysis reaction. U.S. Pat. No. 4,667,609, issued on May 26, 1987, describes the destruction of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons by passing the material through a sealed, negatively pressurized, high temperature furnace. The temperature in one zone of this process is maintained at 2,900° F. so as to effectively destroy the contaminating hydrocarbons. U.S. Patent No. 3,575,119 shows an apparatus for disintegrating and incinerating a concentrated slurry of solid organic material. Material passes through an arcuate tunnel having a plurality of arc electrodes spaced therealong. These electrodes cause the temperature to abruptly raise from about 2,000° F. to about 15,000° F. so as to dissolve the bonds between the carbon and the other atoms.
In the past, various techniques have been used to create high temperature burning systems. Typically, these rely on vast quantities of fuel. It has been found that the expense of attaining such destruction of waste could not justify the technique for the destruction of waste. Whenever vast quantities of fuel are required to attain a desired temperature, the cost of such fuel becomes an important consideration when evaluating the merits of a waste disposal system. As such, it was difficult to justify the benefits of the pyrolysis of waste since the cost of such waste destruction is so expensive.
Various U.S. patents have attempted to create large temperatures by the dissociation of water. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,848,250, issued on July 18, 1989 to J. M. Wunderley, describes a refuse container in which refuse is injected into an ignition chamber so as to ignite a readily burnable material. Water in the refuse reacts with the carbon to produce a hydrogen gas. The gas is passed to a secondary chamber wherein the hydrogen is burnt, resulting in an increase in temperature to above 3,000° F. and producing water. Because of this high temperature, the water dissociates into hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen burns repeatedly and forms water and hydrogen in rapid succession, thereby generating thermal energy devoid of particulate matter. At high temperatures, water is dissociated into its hydrogen and oxygen components. This spontaneous occurrence keeps the system operating at temperatures of above 3000° F. This does not use the combination of oxygen and hydrocarbons.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,132,065, issued on Jan. 2, 1979 to R. McGann describes a system in which a free-oxygen containing gas is heated while under pressure in a gas-fired pressurized heater and then reacted with a hydrocarbonaceous fuel. The system is designed to produce a H2 +CO-containing product gas. One portion of the product gas is reacted in the pressurized heater with air in order to heat the free-oxygen containing gas going into the gas generator.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,242,076, issued on Dec. 30, 1980, to E. Rawyler-Ehrat, describes a process of combustion in which the dissociation of water vapor is promoted by the presence of a catalyst. This catalyst is a glowing carbon. The presence of active oxygen is sufficient to activate the combustion process. A nozzle is used for the introduction of water vapor into the combustion chamber of the process.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a waste disposal system that cleanly burns the waste material.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a waste disposal system that is inexpensive and economically beneficial.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a waste disposal system in which waste-destroying temperatures are achieved by the dissociation of water.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a waste disposal system in which waste hydrocarbons can be used for the purpose of attaining high waste-destroying temperatures.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a reading of the attached specification and appended claims.
The present invention is a process for providing heat to a reactor or a waste-destroying container. The present invention comprises the use of a reactor having a nitrogen line and a water/sodium hydroxide line communicating with the interior of the reactor. The nitrogen line is in valved relationship with the reactor. The water/sodium hydroxide line is also in valved relation with the reactor. Nitrogen is fed through the nitrogen line to the interior of the reactor so as to purge the reactor of oxygen. The hydrogen and sodium hydroxide are fed through the other line so as to provide the components for dissociation within the reactor.
Initially, at the beginning of the process, the reactor is heated, by induction heating, or otherwise, to a temperature above 3000° F. When the water and sodium hydroxide mixture enters the interior of the reactor, this temperature causes the dissociation of the water into its oxygen and hydrogen components. Since this dissociation is carried on in an oxygen-free environment, steam is not produced within the reactor. When the water is dissociated into its hydrogen and oxygen components, the oxygen component is fed from the reactor into a water-filled oxygen tank. As oxygen enters the water-filled oxygen tank, the gaseous oxygen will displace the water within the container. In this manner, the oxygen within the container will not mix with other gases. The water will flow by a separate line to a water surge tank.
The hydrogen component from the reactor is fed by a hydrogen flow line into a hydrogen container. The hydrogen container is water filled. As hydrogen enters the water-filled hydrogen container, the water is displaced so that the hydrogen is the only gaseous product within the hydrogen tank. As with the oxygen tank, the displaced water is fed by a separate line into a water surge tank.
After the initial reaction is completed, the gaseous hydrogen and oxygen components remain. Oxygen from the oxygen storage tank is then fed by a separate line to a nozzle. A hydrocarbon flow line is also connected to the nozzle so that the gaseous oxygen, under pressure of 1000 psi or greater, is mixed with the hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon flow line. In this manner, an extremely explosive combustion occurs. The explosive power of the joining of pressurized oxygen and hydrocarbons provides heat to the reactor chamber. As such, the fuel produced from the dissociation of water acts to provide heat to the reaction process.
In order to further facilitate this reaction, hydrogen flows into the nozzle along with sodium hydroxide. The sodium hydroxide and hydrogen provide further fuel to the fire.
The hydrogen storage tank and the oxygen storage tank may also be connected to separate storage tanks so that the gaseous byproducts of the water can be sold as product.
In the present invention, the nozzle also can be directed to the reactor for the further generation of gases from the dissociation of water and the nozzle also can be used for the heating of the combustion chamber of the waste disposal system of U.S. Pat. No. 4,934,286, identified herein previously.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the process of the heating system of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the process and apparatus for the disposal of waste.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is shown at 10 the system for heating a waste disposal system. The system 10 comprises a reactor chamber 12, an oxygen chamber 14, a hydrogen chamber 16, a source of hydrocarbons 18, and a nozzle 20. Each of these components interact so as to provide the economically attractive system for the heating of a waste disposal chamber.
Reactor 12 is a chamber suitable for the receipt of water. As illustrated in FIG. 1, reactor 12 can also be a combustion chamber in which waste products are delivered for combustion. Reactor 12 is a water-tight chamber of a suitable material for withstanding high temperatures. A nitrogen feed line 22 is in communication with the interior of reactor 12. Nitrogen is delivered into the interior of reactor 12 through control valve 24. Nitrogen is an inert gas that is utilized so as to displace any residual gases that may be found in reactor 12. It is important that the combustion process be carried out in an inert gas environment.
Another feed line 26 is also in communication with the interior of reactor 12. Feed line 26 delivers water through control valve 28. For the process of the present invention, water is delivered with nitrogen into the interior of reactor 12. After experimentation, it was found that the use of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) significantly "softens" the water. Without sodium hydroxide, water will dissociate at a temperature of approximately 4000°. However, in combination with sodium hydroxide, the water will react at a temperature of between 2000° and 3000°. It is fundamental to the present invention that the cost of creating heat goes up significantly with the amount of heat required. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention of the present invention, it is important that water be combined with the sodium hydroxide for delivery to the interior of the reactor chamber. However, it is also possible for the present invention to operate without the use of sodium hydroxide. The fundamental basis for the dissociation of water can occur with just water alone.
The reactor chamber 12 is initially heated, by induction heating methods, or otherwise, to a temperature of at least 2000° F. This temperature will cause the water to dissociate into its separate hydrogen and oxygen components. Because of the use of nitrogen within reactor 12, this dissociation occurs in an inert environment. Steam does not occur because of this inert environment. As such, the reaction carried out within reactor chamber 12 is a relatively clean reaction.
When the water dissociates into its hydrogen and oxygen components, the oxygen will migrate to the bottom of the reactor chamber 12 and the hydrogen will migrate to the top of the chamber. As such, the oxygen can be removed from reactor chamber 12 through line 30. When a suitable volume of oxygen is contained within reactor chamber 12, the oxygen will pass through open valve 32, through line 30, and into oxygen storage tank 14. Initially, oxygen storage tank 14 is filled with water. As oxygen is delivered through line 30, the water is displaced from the interior of the oxygen storage tank 14. Initially, it is important that water fills the oxygen storage tank 14 so as to maintain the purity of the interior of the oxygen storage tank. As the oxygen gas enters the storage tank 14, water passes from the interior of storage tank 14 through line 34 and into water surge tank 36. The water within surge tank 36 will continually interact with the contents of oxygen storage tank 14. As oxygen continues to be used in the process of the present invention, the water will travel from surge tank 36 into storage tank 14 so as to offset the removal of oxygen from the storage tank 14. Vent 38 communicates with surge tank 36 so as to remove any excess oxygen that may pass into the surge tank 36.
A storage valve 40 communicates with the interior of oxygen storage tank 14. When an excess of oxygen is accumulated within storage tank 14, then it may be desirable to remove the oxygen from storage tank 14 for separate storage. In this manner, oxygen can be delivered fOr use at a later time. Oxygen can also be delivered through storage valve 40 for the purpose of sale as a gas product. Molecular sieving can be utilized with line 42 for the purpose of removing the oxygen from storage tank 14.
The water within reactor 12 also dissociates into a hydrogen component. Hydrogen passes from the top of reactor 12 through line 44, into hydrogen storage tank 16. A valve 46 is interposed along line 44 so as to control the flow of hydrogen into the hydrogen storage tank 16.
The hydrogen storage tank 16 is initially filled with water. The use of the water to fill the hydrogen storage tank 16 maintains the purity of the gas contained within storage tank 16. As hydrogen is introduced into the interior of storage tank 16, the hydrogen displaces the water within tank 16. The water then passes from storage tank through line 48 into water surge tank 50. As with the oxygen storage tank, the water within the surge tank 50 will always interact with the interior of the hydrogen storage tank 16 depending o the quantity of hydrogen contained within storage tank 16 at any point in time. A vent line 52 interacts with surge tank 50 so as to remove any excess water or excess hydrogen that might occur within the surge tank 50.
After experimentation, it is found that the hydrogen within hydrogen storage tank 16 will be 90% pure. Suitable molecular sieves can be incorporated along storage line 54 so as to remove the pure hydrogen from the hydrogen storage tank 16.
As a gaseous product, hydrogen is very valuable. Hydrogen is one of the most marketable gases and most profitable gases among those sold on the market. As such, it is a valuable byproduct of the present invention to provide sellable quantities of hydrogen. The hydrogen passes from the hydrogen storage tank 16, through valve 54, outwardly for storage for sale or later use. In this manner, both the oxygen byproduct and the hydrogen byproduct of the process of the present invention can be sold on the market as a gas. The present invention produces large quantities of oxygen and hydrogen during the dissociation of water. These gaseous products are produced in a most economical fashion.
As a result of experimental efforts, a most unique reaction was found. This reaction occurs when oxygen, under high pressure, comes into contact with hydrocarbons. When such contact occurs, an extremely explosive reaction results. This produces a tremendous amount of heat. As a result of this experimental result, the system of the present invention was developed so as to provide an economical heat for the production of dissociated water or for the combustion of waste products. It was also found that the hydrocarbons that are used can be waste hydrocarbons.
The present invention takes advantage of this reaction by delivering oxygen from oxygen storage tank 14 through lines 56 and 58 into nozzle 20. Valve 60 is incorporated into line 56 so as to allow for the pressurized delivery of oxygen into nozzle 20. The experimental results, described herein previously, indicate that the oxygen should be pressurized to at least 1000 psi. As such, valve 60 can operate to deliver oxygen into line 56 whenever the pressure within oxygen storage tank 14 is at that 1000 psi level. The hydrocarbon source 18 is connected by line 62 to nozzle 20. Valve 64 can be actuated so as to cause the flow of the hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon source 18 through line 62 to nozzle 20. It is in nozzle 20 that the pressurized oxygen mixes with hydrocarbons under pressure. Nozzle 20 may be a venturi nozzle so as to further facilitate this mixing. As a result of the mixing, the explosive reaction occurs within nozzle 20 and results in a flame 66 directed to the reactor 12. As such, the products of the reaction carried out within reactor 12 assist in the heating of the reactor 12.
It has been found that the combination of pressurized oxygen and hydrocarbons produces an intense heat. However, in order to further intensify the heat of the reaction carried out within nozzle 20, additional fuel can be provided to the fire. It can be seen that line 68 is connected to hydrogen storage tank 16. Valve 70 can be used so as to deliver the hydrogen from storage tank 16 through line 68 into line 58 and then into nozzle 20. In this manner, the hydrogen can be mixed with pressurized oxygen and hydrocarbons to add further fuel to the fire 66 from nozzle 20. A source of sodium hydroxide 72 is also connected by line 74 to nozzle 20. Valve 76 controls the flow of sodium hydroxide as desired. Although it is not a requirement that sodium hydroxide be used for the purposes of the present invention, experimental results have indicated that the sodium hydroxide further intensifies the fire 66 from nozzle 20.
In FIG. 1, it can be seen that the system 10 greatly enhances the economics of combustion. First, a great deal of heating power is found in the use of the byproducts of the dissociation of water. Water is a very inexpensive feed stock. Since water has explosive byproducts (hydrogen and oxygen), such byproducts are utilized for the full advantage of the present invention. Secondly, the hydrocarbons that are provided for the combustion process 10 can be relatively inexpensive waste hydrocarbons. For example, the sludge at the bottom of oil tankers could be used for the hydrocarbons of the present invention. A variety of other waste hydrocarbons could also be used. However, if it would be economic to use commercially available hydrocarbons, then the present invention could also utilize such non-waste hydrocarbons. It is believed that the use of gasoline or oil as the hydrocarbons would still be economical with the system of the present invention. Thirdly, the system 10 of the present invention enhances the economics of the system by providing pure oxygen and pure hydrogen for later sale. The sale of such hydrogen and oxygen offset the operating costs of the present invention. In fact, it is believed that the sale of the hydrogen byproducts of the dissociation of water can reap greater economic returns than the operating costs of the system itself. In these ways, the present invention offers an economic system for the destruction of waste.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown at 100 a waste disposal system that utilizes the aforementioned system 10. Specifically, nozzle 20 of FIG. 1 is utilized in the waste disposal system 100 for the destruction and disposal of waste products. Specifically, in FIG. 2, the waste disposal system 100 includes a sealed container 112, a waste delivery channel 114, an inert gas injector 116, the heat producing nozzle 20, and a storage vessel 120.
Sealed container 112 is the apparatus that receives the waste. Sealed container 112 acts as the receptacle for the waste and for the gasifying of such waste. As described herein, the container 112 is "sealed" since container 112 is part of a closed system.
Sealed container 112 receives waste into its interior from the waste transport channel 114. Typically, the waste that is delivered into the sealed container 112 is a liquid organic waste. Importantly, however, it is believed that system 100 can also be used and achieve the same results with solid waste and with inorganic wastes. The present invention 100 can also be used to dispose of garbage.
The inert gas injector 116 is positioned so as to communicate with the interior of the sealed container 112 in a valved relationship. Specifically, the inert gas injector may be selectively activated so as to fill the container 112 with nitrogen and to expel any oxygen remaining within the container 112. Typically, nitrogen is the inert gas that may be injected into the interior of container 112. This nitrogen can be provided from a separate source or can be provided from the same source as the nitrogen that supplies the reactor 12 of FIG. 1.
The nozzle 20 is a heater of the same type as the nozzle 20 of FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, it is represented that nozzle 20 acts directly on the reactor 12 so as to dissociate water. Importantly, in keeping with the present invention, the nozzle 20 can also be used conjunctively or disjunctively for the purpose of the destruction of waste within sealed container 112. As such, the present invention provides the most economic and efficient method for the heating of the sealed container 12, and thus, enhances the system 100 for the disposal of waste. In other words, the heating system 10 of FIG. 1 is utilized for the purpose of efficiently destroying waste within sealed container 112.
In order to effectively destroy the waste within sealed container 112, it is necessary that nozzle 20 cause the interior of sealed container 112 to exceed 2,700° F. in temperature. The nozzle 20 is shown as positioned beneath the sealed container 12. However, in alternative embodiments of the present invention, the nozzle 20 may be positioned elsewhere. The only important requirement of the heating provided by nozzle 20 is that it generate a suitable temperature in an oxygen-free environment so as to gasify any waste delivered into the interior of container 112. A thermocouple 122 is connected to the container 112 so as to monitor the interior temperature of container 112. Thermocouple 122 is any of a variety of suitable pyrometers that have the capacity to measure temperatures in excess of 2,700° F. Oxygen analyzer 124 is also connected to container 112 so as to measure the oxygen content of the atmosphere within container 112. Since it is important to the present waste disposal system that the destruction of waste occur in an oxygen-free environment, the oxygen analyzer 124 is required so as to provide an indication of when the oxygen is effectively purged from the interior of container 112.
Line 126 communicates with the interior of sealed container 112 so as to cause the gaseous composition produced by the dissociation of the waste materials to pass from container 112. After the liquid waste has been effectively dissociated within container 112, the resulting complex composition of gases will pass outwardly from the container 112 through line 126. Temperature gage 128 and pressure gage 130 are positioned on line 126 to appropriately monitor the environmental conditions. A sampler 132 is also provided along line 126 so as to monitor and sample the gases passing through line 126. Since the composition of the liquid waste introduced into container 112 can have a wide variety of components, it is useful and necessary to monitor the complex composition of the gas as it passes through line 126. Line 126 extends from the container 112 to a water filter 134. Water filter 134 includes an access opening 136 that can be utilized so as to access the interior of water filter 134 and so as to remove any solid materials that are filtered from the gaseous composition. Initially, the gaseous composition is aerated by aerator 138. Aerator 138 causes a wide distribution of the gaseous composition to pass evenly through water filter 134. A plurality of stainless steel screens 140, 142, and 144 are positioned within water filter 138 such that the gaseous composition, as aerated, will flow upwardly through water filter 138 and pass through stainless steel screens 140, 142 and 144. Stainless steel screens 140, 142 and 144 serve to trap and remove sulphur and other particulate matter that may reside within the gaseous composition passing through water filter 134. Water filter 134 causes the carbon black, the carbon dioxide, and the carbon monoxide of the gaseous composition to mix with the water so as to become carbonic acid and carbon black in solution. It also serves to cool the gaseous composition passing therethrough. A vent 146 is provided so as to prevent any pressure build-up.
The water filtered gaseous composition then passes from water filter 134 into pipe 148. Pipe 148 is a stainless steel pipe that has a sufficient capacity to allow the gaseous composition to pass freely therethrough. A sampler 150 is connected to pipe 148 so as to allow samples to be taken of the gaseous composition passing through pipe 148. Pipe 148 extends into sodium hydroxide filter 150. The gaseous composition from pipe 148 is aerated by aerator 152 such that the gaseous composition will pass from aerator 152 upwardly through sodium hydroxide filter 150. A plurality of stainless steel screens 154 are positioned across the sodium hydroxide filter 150 so as to remove sulphur and other particulate matter from the gaseous composition. As the gaseous composition passes through the sodium hydroxide solution within the sodium hydroxide filter 150, the chlorine in the gaseous composition will be converted into a salt. The salt, in solid form, may be removed, as needed, through access opening 156 in sodium hydroxide filter 150. A vent 158 is provided on sodium hydroxide filter 150 so as to prevent problems from pressure build-up.
After the gaseous composition has passed through the sodium hydroxide solution within the sodium hydroxide filter 150, the gaseous composition will pass into pipe 160. Pipe 160 is a stainless steel pipe that extends from the sodium hydroxide filter 150 to storage tank 120. Storage tank 120 receives the gaseous composition, as filtered, from pipe 160. A sampler 162 is provided on pipe 160 so as to allow the operator of the system to take periodic samples of the gaseous composition passing through pipe 160. Storage tank 120 includes a flare 164 or a secondary source for heat. Storage tank 120 also includes a pressure release valve 166 so as to prevent unnecessary pressure build-up. A sampler 168 is provided on the storage tank 120 so as to allow the operator of the system to take periodic samples of the gaseous composition contained within storage tank 120.
Storage tank 120 includes the gaseous composition having many compounds. In their combined form, these gases are relatively valueless. However, a molecular sieve 170 is connected to the storage tank 120 so as to allow the gases to be separated and removed from storage tank 120. The molecular sieve 170 allows the gases to be separated into their individual components. For example, molecular sieve 170 may be of a type that only allows ethylene to pass therethrough and from storage tank 120. As can be seen in FIG. 1, such a selected gas will then pass into a tanker truck 172 so as to be shipped and sold to a designated location. Tanker truck 172 can be utilized for a single gas or can be a multiple container truck for receiving an assortment of separated gases. The ability to produce and sell the gases resulting from the process of the present invention allows the process to be economical. Ultimately, the value of the gases produced from the initial waste should exceed the cost of operating the system of the present invention.
The operation of the waste disposal system 100 is as follows. First, the waste is a liquid organic waste that can be pumped, by way of pipe 114, into the interior of container 112. The oxygen within container is purged by introducing an inert gas through line 116 into the interior of container 112. As the inert gas (e.g. nitrogen) is injected into the container 112, the oxygen will pass from the interior of the container. Alternatively, the oxygen can be expelled from the container as the nitrogen is being introduced. While the inert gas is being injected until container 112, the oxygen content of the interior of container 112 is continually monitored by oxygen analyzer 124. Additionally, the temperature of the interior of container 112 is monitored by thermocouple 122.
Heat is applied to the interior of container 112 by the process 10 of FIG. 1. Specifically, and ideally, the interior of container 112 will be heated to a temperature of between 2700 and 3500° F. After experimentation, it has been found that the heat produced by the interaction of pressurized oxygen with hydrocarbons can produce such a temperature within container 112. The temperature in the range of between 2700 and 3500° F. allows all the hydrocarbons within container 112 to become dissociated and converted into gaseous compositions. Since the waste is being gasified in an oxygen-free environment, the oxygen is not available to cause pollution. By the waste disposal process 100, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, chlorine and sulphur dioxides are not released. Inert gases do not combine with dissociated molecules so as to form pollutants. Since the container 112 is operated at superhigh temperatures, there is no possibility of clinkers being produced. Any deleterious material, such as polychlorinated biphenyl, which is considered difficult to decompose, is completely decomposed into a harmless gas. Nitrogen oxide is not produced because of the operation of the system in an oxygen-free environment. Within this disposal system, there is no oxygen existing in the system, except for that brought in with the waste charged into the container. If there is any oxygen that is produced by this waste disposal process, then it is very low in concentration. Since oxygen reacts with hydrocarbons and with hydrogen sooner than with nitrogen, no nitrogen monoxide will be produced.
When the gaseous composition has been produced by the superhigh temperatures of container 112, the gas passes through water filter 134 so as to remove a portion of the carbon content of the gas. The gaseous composition is then passed from the water filter 134 through a sodium hydroxide filter 150 so as to remove a portion of the chlorine component of the gas. Ideally, the resultant solids produced by these filtering processes can be removed through the access openings 136 and 156 of the respective filters.
The remaining gaseous composition then passes into storage vessel 20. Storage vessel 20 has equipment with appropriate molecular sieves so as to allow the removal of the specific gases of the gaseous composition.
In experiments conducted with this process, readings were taken of the resultant gas composition that would pass into the storage vessel 20 of the process of the present invention. Table I, hereinbelow, shows a breakdown of the gas composition. Of particular note, no oxygen was detected as part of the composition. Importantly, very valuable gases, such as methane, propane, and ethylene, were produced by the burning of a liquid organic waste.
TABLE I______________________________________HYDROGEN 34.60 Mol. %CARBON DIOXIDE 6.22 Mol. %ETHYLENE 8.52 Mol. %ETHANE 2.35 Mol. %ACETYLENE 0.15 Mol. %OXYGEN NONE DETECTEDNITROGEN 0.70 Mol. %METHANE 25.53 Mol. %CARBON MONOXIDE 6.22 Mol. %PROPANE PLUS 15.71 Mol. %______________________________________
Another analysis was conducted of the burning of garbage introduced into the container. Table II shows the specific breakdown of the resultant gases that would be found in the storage vessel 120. In Table II, it can be seen that valuable gases, such as ethylene, methane and propane, were produced from the process of the present invention.
TABLE II______________________________________HYDROGEN 30.291 Mol. %CARBON DIOXIDE 14.187 Mol. %ETHYLENE 8.064 Mol. %ETHANE 0.913 Mol. %ACETYLENE 0.429 Mol. %HYDROGEN SULFIDE NONE DETECTEDOXYGEN NONE DETECTEDNITROGEN 0.477 Mol. %METHANE 10.802 Mol. %CARBON MONOXIDE 26.254 Mol. %PROPANE PLUS 8.583 Mol. %______________________________________
It can be seen that this waste disposal system achieves a pollution-free destruction of waste. Since the destruction of the waste occurs in an oxygen-free environment, there is no pollution to be released into the atmosphere. Furthermore, the production of valuable gases from the process of the present invention allows such gases to be sold separate and apart from the destruction process itself. The value of such gases economically offsets the cost of the operation of the waste destruction system of the present invention. In prior art systems, the heat necessary to gasify the waste would be too costly for economic consideration. In the present invention, this cost is minimal and is greatly offset by the value of the produced gaseous by-products of the process.
The foregoing disclosure and description of the invention is illustrative and explanatory thereof, and various changes in the method steps, as well as in the details of the illustrated apparatus, may be made within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the true spirit of the invention. The present invention should be limited by the following claims and their legal equivalents.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
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Watch this crafty space pirate avoid the cops in Elite: Dangerous
Remember kids, crime doesn't pay. That is unless you find illicit liquor floating in space and decided to slowly sneak into a space station without the cops seeing you. In which case, it very much pays. YouTube user Isinona has been playing the Elite: Dangerous beta and recorded some video of this crafty set of moves that resemble Smokey and the Bandit meets Hunt for Red October. In space!
It begins with Isinona leaving a docking station and finding some contraband alcohol floating in space, no doubt the cargo from a pirate ship that was destroyed by the station security ships. After picking up the cargo, Isinona knows that security will be on his ship really quickly, so he turns off his engines to avoid being picked up by sensors.
There's a haunting few minutes as his ship drifts unpowered away from the station and its security but now there's the small matter of selling the contraband. That involves making the jump to another system with a black market and making an unpowered dock with that station. If you're not into space games, this might all seem a bit boring but it's hugely exciting for me.
I was always too much of a chicken to try big-scale smuggling and piracy in the old Elite but it looks like the systems in Elite: Dangerous are going to offer the flexibility and depth that will let you at least try to bend the law.
Holiday Space Japes - Elite Dangerous Smuggling Video [Rock, Paper, Shotgun]
Elite: Dangerous has bold plans for the future
7:00 PM on 03.05.2015
Elite: Dangerous lands on Xbox One this summer
1:30 PM on 03.04.2015
Elite: Dangerous 1.1 patch brings pilots together and enhances gameplay
9:00 AM on 02.06.2015
Here's the digital goodies you'll get if you pre-order Elite: Dangerous
6:00 PM on 09.12.2014
David Braben hopes Elite: Dangerous will be 'future proof'
6:00 PM on 07.17.2014
You can now buy into the Elite Dangerous beta
5:30 PM on 04.10.2014
Elite: Dangerous alpha is available for select backers
3:30 PM on 12.12.2013
Get a load of this capital ship combat in Elite Dangerous
7:00 PM on 09.13.2013
Elite: Dangerous on track to be funded this week
6:30 PM on 01.02.2013
Elite: Dangerous Updates, Screenshots, & Videos
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There won't be a public beta of the latest Halo: The Master Chief Collection update
7:00 PM on 02.10.2015

subset: commoncrawl


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mostlymixy's Mom Answers Activity
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Pregnancy > Expectant Dads (17 helpful answers)
My husband's not attracted to me now that I'm pregnant. What can I do?
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this is so hard for me, I'm 6 months pregnant with my 3rd baby, and I didn't had these problems with my other 2, my husband would...posted by a BabyCenter Member
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I didnt start showing with my first pregnancy till 4 months and now im 11 weeks pregnant with my second child and im already starting to ...posted by meganmartin93bnrm


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|Sep 22, 2012, 12:02 PM
|Sep 22, 2012, 02:49 PM
quick question: what's the latest MP firmware suitable for the AIOP?
|Sep 22, 2012, 04:04 PM
Russian Federation, Sankt-Petersburg, SPB
Joined Jul 2011
578 Posts
Just from the flights today All In One and Megapirate functions demo: carefree (simple mode), mission flight + modem telemetry, RTL.
Comments in Russian, sorry, but all must be clear.
|Sep 22, 2012, 04:13 PM
The latest mission planner that works with MPNG is the latest one out there. I just updated today.
just checked and it's 1.2.12 mav 1.0
|Sep 22, 2012, 06:11 PM
Well I just got back from the field. I did some fun testing. Alt hold works super. The bird would pump up and down maybe a foot and that was it. very nice. Position hold was another matter.
It would shake once and take off for other places. I let it go for a ways but it was not slowing down so I had to take control. I had a good 3D fix and like I said alt hold was good. Any suggestions would be great. MPNG running the FC. Crius gps and BT from RcTimer.
|Sep 22, 2012, 09:00 PM
United States, SC, Ridge Spring
Joined May 2012
114 Posts
I had a similar problem. Alt hold worked pretty well, but loiter started heading up and out and I had to bring it back from way up there. What's up with that?
|Sep 22, 2012, 10:38 PM
did a quick try.. not correctly compiling..
some camera is not named
nah, it's 0537 here in the morning and i have been working all night.. guess i shoudl take some shut eye and try fresh when i wake up.
|Sep 22, 2012, 11:34 PM
Joined Sep 2011
39 Posts
Thanks for the link, and tips for "semi micro" soldering. I have 2 AIOP, the first one I ripped the USB off. Well it just fell off really. The second one, I Gorilla glued first thing out of the anti static bag. As for the BT you can't change or define any of the code with Ardunio. And no one has been able to use the FTDI port from what I've read, and what I have tried myself. So unless I can wire up the USB it will be stuck in plus configuration with out any future updates from Multiwii. The board still works, just kills me not to be able to change it if I wanted.
I now have about 30 flights under my belt. Getting better each time. I was getting alittle aggressive today had the battery pack slip out. Just hanging there about 100 ft off the ground, throwing the CG off each time it swung around. It was a puckering moment for sure, as the thought hit me. "if the battery become disconnected, would the battery hit the ground before the copter?"
Dean connectors can be a pain to use and solder, But they don't come apart easily, Thats what saved the day.
|Sep 23, 2012, 01:22 AM
Joined Aug 2012
56 Posts
Well, I think it's time for me to ask for help
I was in the middle of trying to upload the MPNG sketch from my computer to the AIO for the first time when the micro-USB socket fell off my board. Unfortunately the thing was latched really securely onto my cable, and when I used pliars to get it off I deformed it past repair. I have a replacement USB connector on the way, but in the mean time I'm trying to use my APC220's to load MPNG onto the board. Is this even possible? I've configured both the APC220 boards, I have the right COM port / baud rates selected, but arduino repeatedly times out and fails to upload to the board. I'm new to arduino stuff in general, but I've done everything I can think of.
I made a video of what the AIO board's LEDs are doing during power-on and after the reset button is pushed. Once it gets to the point where LED A is flashing about once per second it just stays that way until I remove power or press reset. There's some extra servo wires in the shot but the only wires connected are for the APC220 & UBEC. Sorry for the harsh lighting, the board's LEDs overpowered my phone's camera so I had to illuminate the board with a flashlight.
So, any suggestions? Is it even possible to load the sketch from arduino via the APC220s? Am I doing something wrong? Is the board just toast? Or should I just wait until the replacement USB socket arrives to see if it'll load via USB cable?
Thanks in advance for any help!
|Sep 23, 2012, 02:51 AM
Joined Aug 2009
73 Posts
If you did the correct way to perfectly level your quad is by using auto-trim:
Or you can use ch7 for auto-trim as well:
Good luck
|Sep 23, 2012, 04:29 AM
|Sep 23, 2012, 06:49 AM
United States, SC, Ridge Spring
Joined May 2012
114 Posts
I don't think this affects my flight performance, but I haven't been able to hook up my rx inputs in the order shown on the board. Is there a way to change that? Mine are actually in the order starting from the bottom: aileron, throttle elevator and rudder.
One more question, how much foam tape is needed to cover the barometer? Is there a perfect balance between light protection and air flow restriction?
|Sep 23, 2012, 09:50 AM
allright.. i am doing something wrong and i don't know what..
i got the latest code (thanks nebstress) put it in my arduino folder, and loaded the attitude.pde.
changed APM_Config.H. (PIRATES_CRIUS_AIO_PRO_V1 , set GPS to auto and set baro to AP_BARO_MS5611_I2C)
i connect the AIOP to usb (com 12) and selected upload.
then i get a buckload of errors..
now.. what am i doing wrong? this is my first attempt with arduino so i think it's just a stupid thing on my side.
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Weird News - Page 12
Tragedy Strikes as Man Dies Trying to Retrieve Cell Phone From Freezing River [VIDEO]
Two Awesome 90-Year-Olds Run for Glory in Intense Race [VIDEO]
Brainiac Sues Lawyers Because They Never Told Her Divorce Means Her Marriage Is Over
Eating Noodles Tonight? Watch This Video First as Man Finds Plastic in Noodles
Hungry for some noodles? These may look fine, but, as this video posted on YouTube by twinclouds1 shows, the California company that made them may have added a little something extra.


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Comments by pk
Page 1 of 63 | Next
Posted on March 12 at 7:27 a.m.
People who know nothing about scientific organizations or how they work or the journals they publish do know, based on something they've seen on YouTube, which seems to be their preferred source for authority figures, that "science" is a stench, a prostitute, and a fraud. That these are among the most prestigious scientific organizations in the world just shows how widespread this conspiracy must be.
People who make such ridiculously broad and overheated charges seem to spend their days and nights seeking news items to which they can attach the results of their deep research and bring light to the world on how things really are. What they actually reveal, regardless of the great variety of subjects on which they feel competent to speak, is that they bring only one thing to any honest discussion: nothing.
Posted on March 11 at 8:29 p.m.
Yes, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Geophysical Union, American Institute of Physics, American Meteorological Society, American Physical Society, etc., are all prostitutes and money-hungry frauds who have been indisputably "debunked" to the satisfaction of the usual trigger-happy Commentariat, who give no evidence of ever having read a scientific paper appearing in a journal published by any of these organizations or could even name any of the journals without having to figure out a way to look them up.
Posted on March 11 at 2:40 p.m.
You see, any "science" that liberals cite isn't really science, but only lies, whereas the "science" cited by conservatives is the real truth. Conservatives simply know that even though the organizations opposing the notion of climate change are almost entirely connected to right-wing "think tanks" made up of people who don't engage in actual scientific research, the following scientific organizations are lying when they conclude that deleterious climate change has been caused by human actions:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Astronomical Society
American Chemical Society
American Geophysical Union
American Institute of Biological Sciences
American Institute of Physics
American Meteorological Society
American Physical Society
American Statistical Association
Australian Academy of Science
Australian Bureau of Meteorology
Australian Institute of Marine Science
Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society
British Antarctic Survey
Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences
Canadian Geophysical Union
Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
European Federation of Geologists
European Geosciences Union
European Physical Society
European Science Foundation
Federation of American Scientists
Geological Society of America
Geological Society of London
International Arctic Science Committee
International Union for Quaternary Research
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
International Union of Pure and Applied Physics
Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
National Academy of Sciences
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research, New Zealand
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Research Council
National Science Foundation
Natural Environment Research Council, UK
New York Academy of Sciences
Royal Astronomical Society, UK
Royal Meteorological Society (UK)
Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research
Royal Society of Canada
Royal Society of Chemistry, UK
Royal Society of the United Kingdom
Russian Academy of Sciences
Science Council of Japan
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
World Health Organization
World Meteorological Organization
Posted on March 7 at 9:13 a.m.
Last time the GOP had the White House and Congress, it started two wars and rammed through a major new entitlement program. They showed no interest in fiscal responsibility, relying on a completely discredited notion that keeping taxes low on the wealthy will magically lead to so much increased government revenue that everything will work out just fine. Deficits only began to matter when a Democrat became President and suggested that increased government spending could help ease the deep recession that GOP magical thinking helped to cause and did nothing to help with.
It's hysterically funny that someone could actually believe the GOP has the slightest interest in educating voters about fiscal matters when it's entire fate is bound up with misleading them, as in the various budget proposals floated by the likes of Paul Ryan.
Complaints about "identity politics" can be translated into "anyone who isn't a White Christian heterosexual male but wants to be included in the nation's politics is demanding special treatment." And expecting the GOP to leave the bedroom out of it ignores the bedrock GOP fear of "homosexual lifestyle issues."
Posted on March 1 at 8:58 a.m.
The Thorns are a sort of flypaper for insects with minds as small and pitiable as theirs.
Posted on March 1 at 8:58 a.m.
Repetition of discredited Fox "news" garbage about "actual no-go zones," which has now become an article of faith among those who like to scare themselves, and hope to scare others, that nations like "traditional" France will become intolerant islamic states.
And as for the economic issues, France has done better than England in recovering from the recession, in spite of the latter's recent percentage improvement, which results from its starting from a lower baseline caused by the punishing and self-defeating austerity measures beloved by those who like to bash social welfare programs. The latter types will also dismiss the linked chart because it was posted by someone who actually offers facts and data that conflict with their own fact-free ideological posturing http://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2015...
Posted on February 22 at 12:20 p.m.
Anyone who thinks he's deeply upsetting his political opponents by using "Barry Soetoro" to refer to Pres. Obama is only showing how deaf he is to the sound of his own stupidity.
Posted on February 17 at 10:44 a.m.
Right-wing Texas judge's soon-to-be-overturned immigration ruling gives SB troll a chance to show how clever he thinks he is by referring to President Obama as Barry Soetoro and repeat his imbecilic claim that illegal immigrants hate America.
Posted on February 9 at 7:12 p.m.
Bots, I didn't accuse you of being a racist or elitist; I referred to your statement that you were willing to be called one in light of your view that only rich, well-educated people be allowed into this country.
I also never said that the US belongs to anyone other than it's citizens; I did suggest that this includes people not as willing as you are to deport the Statue of Liberty.
If proving one's reading comprehension were a requirement for citizenship, you would be in serious trouble.
Posted on February 9 at 2:55 p.m.
When you say "our" country, Bots, you seem not to realize that this country doesn't belong exclusively to you and people like the reliably quick-triggered but witless JJ. Others have a different view of what the US represents. In particular, it's fortunate that my grandparents made it ashore before you or someone with an equally proud willingness to be considered an elitist and a racist sent them back for being insufficiently rich and educated; and speaking of sending things back, you really should start a campaign to return the Statue of Liberty.
Page 1 of 63 | Next


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passion projects
Phil Falcone May Be Spending A Lot More Time With The Minnesota Wild
Remember LightSquared? Company that "seeks to create connectivity for all" but in doing so might "cost 794 lives in aviation accidents over 10 years with disruptions to satellite-aided navigation"? Filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in May 2012? Passion project of investor Philip Falcone, on which he bet the farm? The thing Falcone said he was […]
Company That Does Nothing Finds A Way To Plough Through $1.3 Billion
Lightsquared, come on down.
Phil Falcone's Ban From The Securities Industry Not So Much A Ban As It Is A Blessing, Says Phil Falcone
"I believe putting these issues behind me now is the best course of action for me and our investors," Falcone said in a statement. The fallen hedgie said the deal will allow him to focus on his publicly traded entity, Harbinger Group, and his wireless venture LightSquared, which is struggling to emerge from bankruptcy. [NYP, […]


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Travel Tips
Best Hotels In Cuba
January 15 2015 5:24 PM EST
Rooftop pools, swim-up bars and outdoor showers are among the amenities offered by online reviewers' favorite Cuban hotels.
Tips For Staying Awake Until Midnight On New Year's Eve
December 31 2014 12:44 PM EST
For many people the hardest part about New Year's Eve is simply staying awake long enough to make it to midnight.
Why Italy, Land Of Pasta And Pane, Is A Gluten-Free Paradise
July 30 2014 5:38 AM EDT
In Italy, gluten-free isn't a fad diet. It's a serious issue for 'Celiacos.' That's why it's a great place to take kids.
SDCC 2014: Autograph Schedule Released Of When To Meet Your Favorite Stars
July 23 2014 2:24 PM EDT
Find out the dates and times of the top autograph signings you should attend at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con.
'Devious Maids' Reveal Nick's Deep, Dark Secret In The Season 2 Finale
July 14 2014 11:35 AM EDT
"Devious Maids" Season 2 finale shocked viewers with the revealing of Nick's haunting past. What did he do to make Adrian lunge at him with a knife?
Why Lower-Income States Pay More For Airfare
March 25 2014 6:08 AM EDT
Residents of lower-income U.S. states pay up to $150 more for a round-trip ticket.
What Happens When Your Passport Is Stolen Abroad?
March 11 2014 1:28 AM EDT
Luigi Maraldi's passport was stolen in Thailand last July, but someone used it to board a now-missing Malaysia Airlines flight.
Everything You Need To Know To Find Cheaper Flights
February 14 2014 6:19 AM EST
From the cheapest months to travel to the cities where airfare is on a nosedive, this is your guide to booking a trip in 2014.
What Is Norovirus And Why Does It Strike Cruise Ships?
January 27 2014 7:10 PM EST
More than 600 people aboard Royal Caribbean's Explorer of the Seas fell ill this past week. The suspected culprit: norovirus.
How To Visit The Most Extreme Places On Earth
January 24 2014 6:10 AM EST
Next time you complain about the frigid temperatures, save a tear for Oymyakon, Russia, the coldest inhabited place on earth.
Winter Storm Janus Hits The US [VIDEO]
January 21 2014 3:50 PM EST
While a lot of snow is falling, and the winds are fierce and cold, take comfort in knowing Winter Storm Janus will ease by Wednesday.
Travel Tips For Victims Of The Polar Vortex
January 07 2014 8:58 PM EST
Did the polar vortex muck up your first trip of 2014? We've got some advice that may help ease the winter travel woes.
Where To Travel In 2014
January 07 2014 6:43 AM EST
Don't waste your time reading all the "where to travel in 2014" lists. We've added them together to come up with a general consensus!
AAA Tipsy Tow: How To Get A Free Ride Home On New Year's Day
December 30 2013 2:04 PM EST
New Year's Eve celebrations may leave some revelers too intoxicated to drive home safely. Fortunately, individual AAA clubs are offering "Tipsy Tow" Holiday Safe Ride services to get partygoers home safe -- for free.
5 Groups Helping Everyday Tourists Give Back Abroad
December 23 2013 6:04 PM EST
These nonprofits offer everyday tourists easy (and sometimes effortless) ways of making a difference through their travels.
Which North American Airlines Have The Healthiest Food?
December 23 2013 6:15 AM EST
When it comes to North American carriers, not all in-flight airline food is created equal.
Potential US Grinches: Read These Tips Before You Travel
December 20 2013 6:19 AM EST
It's going to be the busiest holiday season on record for American travelers. Are you prepared?
Your Christmas And New Year's Travel Forecast
December 18 2013 7:18 AM EST
Unwrap an early gift to entertain yourself on the ride home this year, because AAA predicts Christmas 2013 will be the busiest ever.
7 New Websites That Are Changing The Way We Travel
December 13 2013 6:19 AM EST
These seven startups that hit the Web in 2013 are revolutionizing the way we think about travel.
US Cities That Hit You With Highest Travel Taxes
December 11 2013 6:33 AM EST
Taxes levied specifically on travel-related services increased the total tax bill for visitors by a whopping 58 percent in 2013.


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Bakura is a school friend of Yugi's. You'd think their shared passion to play Duel Monsters would give them plenty to bond over, but there's just something not quite right about him. Could it be the rare and powerful Millennium Ring that he possesses? After all, it seems that when the magical ring activates, Bakura cannot control its dark powers...
- Nicktoons: Dance Off, Clash On!
Baddies are crashing the Nicktoons par-tay. Dance them back out the door!
- Which SpongeBob Character Are You?
Want to know who YOU would be if you lived under the sea? Quiz it now!


text:
Career Expo 2015
The largest journalism job fair in the country takes place on Saturday, March 28. With 142 companies registered and nearly 300 recruiters, it's the largest lineup in J-school history. Here, '14 job seekers pause for a selfie. Read more
Student Reporting Trip in India
The Covering Religion seminar returns from an 11-day study tour of sacred sites. Before leaving, the group met with Times of India editors in Ahmedabad. Photo: Han Zhang Read more
Going to Columbia Journalism School
Recent graduates talk about their experience at the J-School and what it's like in the workforce after graduation. Read more
Joint Project Launches
The New York World and WNYC released a new project today on fatal traffic crashes in New York City in 2015. Read more
Columbia Journalism School turns students into high-impact journalists.
Our Master of Science students develop fundamental reporting and writing skills and professional ethics—in addition to the digital fluency that 21st-century journalism demands.
Master of Arts students dig deeper. By combining three or more years of professional journalism experience with a concentration of their choosing—such as science, health and the environment, business, politics, or arts & culture—our students become stronger reporters, editors, and producers, able clearly to convey subject-area expertise.
Our Ph.D. program connects the field of communications with an academic study of the humanities to enhance the understanding of media.
Why Columbia Journalism School?
· Go digital. Our cutting-edge, revamped program reflects the profound changes in the profession. We teach our students to be 21st-century journalists.
· Learn from the best. Our faculty members, all distinguished journalists, teach and mentor our students at the only journalism school in the Ivy League.
· Make New York City your beat. We live and work in the media capital of the world. What better place to uncover, analyze, and explain the important stories of our time?
· Accelerate your career. In one school year, you'll develop skills that take years to build in the field—and that will put you at the head of the pack.
· Be in demand. Our alumni are some of the most respected journalists in the world, and our grads have excellent job prospects.
Important Dates
Career Expo 2015
We are filled to capacity and look forward to hosting the 143 companies registered to attend. Save the day for Expo 2016: Saturday April 2nd.
Alumni Weekend 2015
Reconnect and rediscover the school and the great city that was once your laboratory.
Cafe Con Leche With Daniel Alarcon
Monday, Mar. 30, 2015, 01:30pm (601A)
SPJ Speaker: David Plotz
Monday, Mar. 30, 2015, 05:00pm (World Room)
AAJA: Conversation With Jiayang Fan
Thursday, Apr. 2, 2015, 06:00pm (601C)


text:
Starring Balraj Sahni, Nirupa Roy, Jayant, Rashid Khan
A thin storyline, over-padded with socially realist dialogue, this melodramatic saga scripted by Rajinder Singh Bedi could as well have been titled "The Hundred Rupee Note". But presuming the repeated reference to a torn winter coat, the title of the original story (written by Bedi himself) and the pre-climax shots about the recovery must have tilted the scales in favour of "Garam Coat".
Note in order!
Girdhari (Balraj Sahni), a generous, honest friendly soul, who works as a money order clerk in a non-descript township, finds it difficult to make ends meet with his wife, Geeta (Nirupa Roy), two daughters and a son. In the discharge of his duties one day, he forgets to collect money from an irate customer, but eventually manages to recover it by paying the guy a visit after being severely reprimanded for his behaviour and returns home with his salary slickly avoiding co-workers, Sher Khan (Jayant) and Munnilal (Rashid Khan) with whom he had planned a drinking bout.
While trying to buy gifts for the family he once again manages to lose the 100-rupee note and that sets in motion a series of predictable events: the house rent, the electricity bills, insurance, and other deliverables.
Unable to retrieve it, he tries to commit suicide, but having missed the train he tamely returns home and confides the truth to his doting wife.
Failing to cope with domestic needs and work pressures, including part-time jobs – depicted through a dramatic sequence – and borrowing, he is unable to pay even ration bills. Finally he makes one last desperate bid at dishonesty by pocketing the balance amount erringly left behind by a customer. A confrontation follows, leaving doubts and suspicion about his behaviour even in his friends. But pricked by his conscience he goes and returns the money to the customer who eventually testifies in his favour and saves Girdhari's job. Unable to cope with mental pressure he starts making mistakes at his work places.
Wife Geeta tries to come to his rescue to make ends meet by quietly taking up part time jobs.
Tired and frustrated he returns home one night to find the kitchen stacked with necessities. One evening he finds the door locked, his wife missing, and his children playing outside.
When she returns he questions her about her movements, and finding some money in her hands, which she tries to hide, he assumes she has taken to prostitution. Unable to control his rage he tries to strangle her and then rushes towards the railway track onto a speeding train but is rescued by the hefty Sher Khan, and the liliputian Munnilal who refuse to buy the story of Geeta's infidelity and bring him back home. Ultimately, he finds the missing 100-rupee note in the lining of his coat's pocket.
Geeta gives the note to Sher Khan, requesting him to buy the fabric for a new winter coat. Deftly edited by Hrishikesh Mukherjee, "Garam Coat" was fairly competently directed by Amar Kumar.
With cinematography by V. Kunkhekar, music by Amar Nath and lyrics by Majrooh Sultanpuri for producers the 129-minute long black and white proved to be a failed attempt which didn't find favour even with audiences fed on melodrama.
An unusual and innovative aspect of the credits is the opening title Playback: Lata Mangeshkar, though not a single song was hummable.
Keywords: Garam Coat, Balraj Sahni, Nirupa Roy, Jayant, Rashid Khan, melodrama


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Prepare college-and career-ready students with the knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviors to personally succeed and contribute to the common good.
Superintendent's Letter to Parents on PARCC
PARCC Testing Calendar
Fifth Grade Grandparent Essay Contest
Four Student 1st Prizes of $75 Visa Gift Cards and Four Student 2nd Prizes of $50 Visa Gift Cards. Four SCHOOL Prizes of $500 each from Colorado AARP.
The CSPERA Grandparent Essay Application is available on this CSPERA website, www.cspera.org. Students may simply be given contest directions by the teacher, and then do their work at home, or the essay could be a part of in-class writing instruction and practice.
This contest is for fifth grade students only. The essay's content should be about "Why my Grandparent is the Best in the World," or "Why My Grandparents are the Best in the World."
If you have any questions please just email us at firstname.lastname@example.com
School of Promise
The School of Promise distinction has been granted to Bricker Elementary School to ensure third through fifth grade students are given the best chances to succeed, specifically in the area of mathematics.
The five tenets of our School of Promise are:
- High Expectations of students, parents, teachers and administrators
- High Accountability of students, parents, teachers and administrators
- Extended Learning Opportunities for students struggling with necessary skills and concepts, including after-school tutoring for 90 minutes with a highly qualified teacher
- 45-minute Math Intervention throughout the school day provided by "math fellows" using Do The Math
- Extended School Year during the summer months for students meeting set criteria to close achievement gap
High quality instruction will continue to be a focus at Bricker Elementary School, but the School of Promise will provide additional resources to students. Students struggling will be required to attend afterschool tutoring to receive the support they need. Dinner will be provided as part of their participation.
The Bricker Principal or Assistant Principal will contact students who meet the requirements to join this program.
View the School of Promise flyer.
Learn about our district


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His songs are deceptively simple, New York-based folk singer Pete Seeger says. "Only after they have become part of your life do you realize how great they are. Any damn fool can get complicated. It takes genius to attain simplicity."
Woody Guthrie wrote hundreds of simple songs. His work has become as much a part of America as its forests, its waters, and the persevering people Guthrie championed.
Born in Okemah, Ok., in 1912, Guthrie began roaming the country at an early age. When he was 17, he was playing with a Texas band named the Corncob Trio. In his twenties, he was composing songs about the Dust Bowl and performing in migrant camps. During the next couple of decades, he gained national fame as an accomplished author, artist, activist, singer, and storyteller.
Diagnosed with Huntington's chorea in 1952, Guthrie spent the last 15 years of his life in and out of hospitals, finally succumbing to Huntington's disabling effects in 1967.
Seeger says that when he learned about Woody Guthrie's death, his first thought was, "Woody will never die, as long as there are people who like to sing his songs."
Playwright Peter Glazer has helped to keep Guthrie alive.
In 1988, Glazer arranged about two dozen of Guthrie's songs, and some of his writings, into an exuberant musical entitled "Woody Guthrie's American Song." Glazer's production follows the itinerant Guthrie as he travels from the Dust Bowl to California and then east to New York City.
Since its premiere, Glazer's show has been presented in over 100 theaters throughout the country. The New York Times said that the musical "manages to find both the high beauty and the earthy humor of Guthrie's love affair with America."
"This land is your land," Guthrie sang, and those words may have inspired Vermont Stage Company Artistic Director Mark Nash to bring "American Song" to Middlebury's Town Hall Theater. It will be the first time since Vermont Stage's move to FlynnSpace in 2000 that the Company will be performing in a new venue.
Award-winning singer and songwriter Patti Casey heads up the cast and serves as musical director. Michael Dean Circe, Tony Roach, and Chuck Meese portray Guthrie at different stages of his life.
There will only be six shows: July 22-25 at 8 pm, and matinees July 25-26 at 2 pm. Tickets cost $25.The Town Hall Theater is at 68 South Pleasant St. in downtown Middlebury. For further information, go to www.townhalltheater.org or call 382-9222.
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American Standard 39" x 21.25" Undermount Double Bowl Kitchen Sink
This product has additional required/recommended options. To configure, add to your cart.
Special Offer:
24 Issues of Better Homes and Gardens
Included with your purchase - a $10 value (Subscription and Rebate Info)
American Standard 39" x 21.25" Undermount Double Bowl Kitchen Sink
Weights & Dimensions
|Installation Type: Undermount
|Finish: Stainless Steel
|Material: Stainless steel
|Stainless Steel Gauge: 18
|Number of Items Included: 5
|Pieces Included: Sink, Installation hardware, template, waste Fittings and instructions included
|Non-Toxic: Yes
|UV Resistant: Yes
|Stain Resistant: Yes
|Rust Resistant: Yes
|Heat Resistant: Yes
|Chip Resistant: Yes
|Tarnish Resistant: Yes
|Acid Resistant: Yes
|Color-Fast: Yes
|Drip-Free: Yes
|Non-Porous: Yes
|Number of Basins: 2
|Basin Split: 50/50
|Sink Shape: Rectangular
|Drain Assembly Included: No
|Drain Placement: Center
|Number of Faucet Holes: 0
|Faucet Included: No
|Handles Included: No
|Valve Included: No
|Cartridge Included: No
|Overflow Hole: No
|Disposal Flange Included: No
|Garbage Disposal Included: No
|Compatible Colander Part Number: 8443.101500.075
|Soap Dispenser Included: No
|Sound Dampening: Yes
|Outdoor Use: Yes
|Commercial Use: No
|Eco-Friendly: No
|Country of Manufacture: China
|Assembly Required: No
|ADA Compliant: No
|ASME A112.19.3 Compliant: Yes
About the ManufacturerAmerican Standard America is a leading North American manufacturer of bath and kitchen products. The Company participates in all key product categories including bathroom and kitchen faucets, fixtures and furniture with leading positions in toilets and the number two position in bathroom fixtures in the U.S. and overall category leadership in Canada, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico. Products are marketed under brand names such as American Standard, Porcher, and Jado. American Standard America delivers products to a wide range of customers in both residential and commercial markets and for new construction and replacement/remodeling. The network includes wholesalers (including showrooms), retailers (including do–it–yourself centers) and specialty merchants.
American Standard 39" x 21.25" Undermount Double Bowl Kitchen Sink
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Juanita from Cape Coral, FL– Verified Buyer
LOVE this sink ! Not only is it beautiful, but it is very functional. The big size allows for many large pans to fit and makes it easier to wash. Would buy again!!
OUR SKU # ASD892639" x 21.25" Undermount Double Bowl Kitchen Sink is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: 12DB.351800.073


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Black smoke does not indicate a "cool" fire.
You may want to study this entire article, but here is a snip:
""Black fire" is a good phrase to describe smoke that is high-volume, turbulent velocity, ultradense, and black. Black fire is a sure sign of impending autoignition and flashover. In actuality, the phrase "black fire" is accurate-the smoke itself is doing all the destruction that flames would cause-charring, heat damage to steel, content destruction, and victim death. Black fire can reach temperatures of more than 1,000°F!"
Taken from "THE ART OF READING SMOKE", by DAVID W. DODSON
From another source: "Thick, dark grey smoke "pushing" out of a structure, suggests a larger, more intense fire. A fire involving petroleum products will produce large quantities of black, rolling smoke that rises in a vertical column."
So I will stand partially corrected. Smoke study has evolved since I was trained years ago. Black smoke is not always an indication of petro based material, but it is clearly not an indication of a "cool" fire.
No, I never even insinuated the steel was glowing hot in 7. The fires were extensive, and plenty hot enough to expand and warp the structural members. Watch this FDNY raw video to get an idea of the extensiveness of the fires in 7, and be sure to listen to the firefighters' comments: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jk5o-zmvMiM&feature=relmfu
Undo what Wilson did
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Interview: IONA CTO Eric Newcomer on WS Transaction Standards
In a recent blog post, IONA CTO Eric Newcomer wrote about the OASIS Transaction TC's progress in standardizing the Web services WS-Coordination, WS-AtomicTransaction and WS-BusinessActivity specifications. InfoQ editor Stefan Tilkov talked to Eric about this particular set of specifications, as well as the standardization process and the role of the big players in general.
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Tone2 VST VSTi PlugIns Pack
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*High Risk - Heuristic Virus reports from Norton. Be Ware!
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Norton would flag a keygen as a virus if there is one.
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