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Physical force Irish republicanism
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (September 2011)
Physical force Irish republicanism is the recurring appearance of a non-parliamentary violent insurrection in Ireland between 1798 and the present.[1] It is often described as a rival to parliamentary nationalism which for most of the period drew the predominant amount of support from Irish nationalists.
Physical force Irish republicanism has usually been marked by a number of features:
- A commitment to an Irish republic which stressed the rights of the Irish people as a community to independence and the ownership of Ireland rather than to individual rights, such as the rights to private property;
- The holding of a series of rebellions or campaigns, sometimes with minimal support, but some of which impacted upon parliamentary nationalism;
- A demand to break all links with the United Kingdom through the use of force.
- The use of secret societies to plot and organise rebellions; especially the Fenians/Irish Republican Brotherhood.
The most prominent physical force rebellions and campaigns were:
- 1798 rebellion of Wolfe Tone and the Society of the United Irishmen[1]
- 1803 rebellion associated with Robert Emmet and the United Irishmen
- 1848 rebellion associated with Thomas Davis, Charles Gavan Duffy and the Young Ireland movement[1]
- 1867 rebellion associated with James Stephens, Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa and the Irish Republican Brotherhood
- 1867–1885 Fenian Dynamite Campaign associated with the Irish Republican Brotherhood
- 1916 Easter Rising associated with Padraig Pearse and James Connolly
- 1919–21 Irish War of Independence
- 1922–23 Irish Civil War
- 1939–1941 Sabotage Campaign (Irish Republican Army)
- 1942–1944 Northern Campaign (Irish Republican Army)
- 1956–1962 Border Campaign (Irish Republican Army)
- 1969–97 Provisional IRA campaign 1969–1997 during The Troubles[2]
- 1998–present Dissident Irish republican campaign
It was the Volunteers of 1782 which would launch a paramilitary tradition in Irish politics, a tradition, whether nationalist or unionist, has continued to shape Irish political activity with the ethos of "the force of argument had been trumped by the argument of force".[3] Irish republicanism an offspring of the Volunteers of 1782, owes much to influences of both the American and French revolutions.[4]
The United Irishmen of 1798 were a mass movement, largely led by liberal Protestants, who desired to "break the connection with England" and found a non-sectarian Irish Republic. To this end, they secured French military aid and launched their own rebellion. Robert Emmett's abortive rebellion of 1803 was essentially an aftershock of the 1798 rebellion. It was confined to a skirmish in Dublin, after which Emmett was hanged.
The Young Ireland rebellion of 1848 was launched in frustration with the failure of Daniel O'Connell's Repeal Association movement to secure the repeal of the Union, or self-government for Ireland. The Young Irelanders had previously supported O'Connell until he cancelled plans for a mass rally under British threat of force. The 1848 rebellion was a failure, launched during the Great Irish Famine, it did not address any of the social and economic questions of the day, and weaken the strength of the parliamentary movement of the recently deceased Daniel O'Connell.
The 1867 rebellion of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) was the culmination of several years of agitation by this secret, oath-bound organisation. The IRB, or Fenians, planned a national insurrection and the foundation of an Irish Republic with the aid of radicalised Irish units in the British Army. Although the Fenians had some success in infiltrating army units and had a considerable presence in parts of Ireland, the British took steps to remove seditious army units from Ireland and the rebellion was launched against the better judgement of the IRB leadership on the urgings of the American based Fenian Brotherhood. It was unsuccessful in a military sense with only isolated skirmishes taking place but did become a focal point in Irish revolutionary folklore, inspiring later generations of rebels. Clan na Gael later conducted several bombing attacks in England and attempted to free their imprisoned allies. One such raid resulted in the hanging of three IRB men, known as the "Manchester Martyrs", for the killing of a policeman.
The 1916 Easter Rising was launched by the IRB, the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army. It had a dramatic impact in achieving Irish independence. Though support for the insurgents was small, the execution of fifteen people by firing squad, the imprisonment or internment of hundreds more, and the imposition of martial law caused a profound shift in public opinion towards the republican cause in Ireland.[5] It allowed the surviving rising leader Éamon de Valera to win a majority for the separatist Sinn Féin party in the 1918 general election. Sinn Féin then declared the Irish Republic to be in existence. Its parliament, the First Dáil first met in January 1919, and the British declared it an illegal assembly shortly afterwards. At around the same time, the Volunteers, now organised as the Irish Republican Army began a guerrilla war, the Irish War of Independence (1919–1921), against the British Government in Ireland. By July 1921, the campaign had brought the British Government to the conclusion that it would have to negotiate with the Dáil to end the violence. The war was ended with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which created an independent Irish dominion known as the Irish Free State for 26 of Ireland's 32 counties. The remaining 6 were to remain in the UK as Northern Ireland. The Treaty was narrowly passed in the Dáil in January 1922.
While the leadership of the IRA, Michael Collins and Richard Mulcahy, in the forefront in accepting the treaty, the majority of the Army did not accept the abolition of the Irish Republic and abandonment of the First Dáil. In April 1922, they formed their own "Army Executive" and renounced the authority of the Dáil to accept the Treaty. Political leaders such as Éamon de Valera and Cathal Brugha, also unhappy with the Treaty, supported their actions. These tensions ultimately plunged the new Irish state into civil war (1922–1923). Ultimately, the Irish Free State put down the Anti-treaty IRA and ended the war by May 1923, though not before the deaths of many of those who had fought together in 1919–1921.
Physical force republicanism continued on after 1923. As a result of the Treaty and the Civil War, Republicans saw both states in Ireland as being British imposed "imperialist" proxies. However, by the 1930s the bulk of the Civil War Anti-Treaty republicans had accepted the Irish Free state and entered its government as Fianna Fáil. The remnants of the IRA continued to see themselves as the Army of the Irish Republic, temporarily suppressed by force of arms (though they too banned armed action by their members against the southern Irish state in 1948). They launched unsuccessful armed campaigns in England in the 1940s and in Northern Ireland in the 1950s aimed at achieving a United Ireland. The Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) and its political wing, Sinn Féin went through periodic splits, most dramatically in 1969 when two IRAs emerged, the Official IRA (OIRA) and the Provisional IRA (PIRA), along with two Sinn Féins; Sinn Féin – Gardiner Place or Official Sinn Féin and Sinn Féin – Kevin St or Provisional Sinn Féin.
While the "Official" republican movement wanted to move away from traditional physical force republicanism and towards Marxist political activism,[6] the "Provisionals", reacting to the outbreak of communal violence in Northern Ireland known as the Troubles, wanted to first defend the Catholic population of the North from attack and then launch an armed offensive against British rule there. The PIRA proceeded to do this from 1969 until 1997 (see Provisional IRA campaign 1969-1997), when it called a ceasefire. The PIRA is responsible for roughly 1,800 deaths in the "Troubles". Its political wing, Sinn Féin entered negotiations towards a political settlement in Northern Ireland.
In 2005 Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams called on the Provisional IRA to move from physical force activity to exclusively democratic means.[7] Three months later the IRA Army Council announced an end to the IRA's armed campaign, stating that it would work to achieve its aims using "purely political and democratic programmes through exclusively peaceful means" and that IRA "Volunteers must not engage in any other activities whatsoever."[8]
The "Officials" eventually abandoned militarism altogether but not before spawning a militant splinter group, the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) in 1974 and its political wing the Irish Republican Socialist Party. The INLA is a Marxist revolutionary group and has carried out over 100 killings during the Northern Ireland conflict. It has been on a "no first strike" ceasefire since 1998.
When Sinn Féin voted to recognise the Dáil of the Republic of Ireland and enter it (if elected) in 1986, a small group that included many of the founders of the Provisional movement broke away from Sinn Féin and the Provisional IRA and formed Republican Sinn Féin and its own small Continuity IRA. They continue to oppose both states in Ireland.
Another small splinter group emerged from the Provisional IRA in 1998, when it was clear that the organisation was preparing to accept a political solution short of a united Ireland. This group of disaffected PIRA members called themselves the Real IRA and want to continue "armed struggle" against British rule in Northern Ireland. Neither the CIRA nor the RIRA have the support, numbers or capability once possessed by the Provisional IRA.
Literary Philosophy[edit]
The conceptualization of physical force was more than a natural capability that deployed actual bodily violence in the service of political objectives. It was the Italian renaissance philosopher, Niccolo Macchiavelli, who first wrote in ''The Prince'' that "the end justifies the means". After the policy of Official Reprisals was adopted by the British from 1920 onwards, it became apparent, that in response there was a shift in attitudinal stance amongst republicans, particularly regarding the use of violent insurrection. The use of forcible entry to property actively engaged the attention of the republican high command in contemplation of the damage they could inflict on the enemy. The contribution to this debate from Michael Collins is well-recorded, yet amongst irishry more generally, the escalation was not thoroughly discussed.
After the Great War many irish soldiers returned home to find their country on the brink of internecine conflict. The fear of reprisals at first restrained the use of physical force in retaliation. But much of the philosophical grounding in support for revolution was articulated through the refounded universities. Frenchman and professor at National University of Dublin, Dr Roger Chauvire, using the pseudonym, Sylvain Briollay, expressed the dominant colours of Ireland as an abstraction of the French revolutionary tri-couleur. D P Moran had long been a nationalist thinker and writer, who supported the use of force, as a transience from Anglo-Irish ascendancy towards a gaelic identity. The Abbey Theatre was another arena for expression outwith the plays of James Joyce, W B Yeats, and Lady Gregory. But perhaps the most pugilistic was the Marxist-inspired ''Plough Under the Stars'' and existentialist ''Juno and the Paycock'' both penned by the mercurial penmanship of Sean O'Casey. The active discussion of physical fighting on stage mirrored actual events on the streets, almost as they were happening. Unequivocally stated the nationalism was overtly gaelic in language and perception. And through the convenient medium of acting, women became supported in rights, even to the point of soldiery. Constance Markiewicz's heroism was marked by an historic physicality engaged with audiences on stage and in front of Mountjoy Prison. Manning the Dublin Barricades, she joined others, including the actress Maud Gonne, who married an IRA soldier.
Irish philosophy for the revolution lent heavily on its most famous living poet James Joyce. Ulysses became an international bestseller, containing within its Homeric odes, the advocacy of war and violence to achieve freedom, recognition, and manliness. The concept of irishness was inextricably linked belief in "Green" shirted self-determination. To the iRA independence and its pursuit to the point of self-sacrifice was a noble death, blessed by the Catholic faith, non-Marxist, but deeply symbolic of Ireland's long and troubled history. Pride in battle, was recently demonstrated by nationalist commitment to British Army in disproportionately high numbers. To men like Collins British defeat was only possible by implacable, and relentless attack that was ruthless, evincing deep hatreds, and profound conflict. The psychological barriers to murder, extortion, racketeering, ambuscade, and arson, were intensified in the knowledge that victims were neighbours, who had once lived peaceably side-by-side.
Physical force was essential for a military victory. Yet behind it, lay a carefully constructed campaign of organization, preparation and planning that extended back at least twenty years. The Gaelicization of Ireland went back to 1870's but begain in earnest in 1890's. A policy that encouraged the training of youth, ''Fianna Eireann'' to think, talk, and behave in the mode of irish language speakers. Knowing that force would be used in the future, a generation of catholic irish grew up with a policy of expunging all English culture from national life. This reached a high pitch with the play Cathleen ni Houlihan in Abbey Theatre, Dublin that openly disavowed British rule, and spoke of hardship, poverty and oppression. Whilst the revolutionary idea may have begun with gaelicization, it ended with violent insurrection, and the wholesale devastation of Dublin. It found moment and purpose in the guerilla warfare tactics applied by Ernie O'Malley, Sean O'Hegarty and Liam Mellows; whilst the brains behind military planning of Richard Mulcahy, and Collins himself above all justified assassination as a "Sword of Light" guiding a secret underground campaign of espionage.
- ^ a b c The Provisional IRA by Eamonn Mallie and Patrick Bishop (ISBN 0-552-13337-X), page 20
- ^ Northern Ireland (Hot Spots in Global Politics series) by Jonathan Tonge (ISBN 978-0745631417), page 39
- ^ Bartlett, Thomas (2010). Ireland: A History. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-521-19720-5.
- ^ Harmon, Maurice (1968). Fenians and Fenianism. Scepter Publishers Limited. p. 65. ISBN 9780295950747.
- ^ Marie Coleman, The Republican Revolution, 1916-1923, Routledge, 2013, chapter 2 "The Easter Rising", pp. 26-8. ISBN 140827910X
- ^ Mallie and Bishop, pages 52 to 54
- ^ Adams calls on IRA to end armed struggle
- ^ "Full text: IRA statement". The Guardian. 28 July 2005. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
Additional reading[edit]
- Joyce, James, Ulysses
- Moran, D.P., United Irishman
- O'Casey, Sean, ''Juno and the Paycock
- O'Casey, Sean, Plough Under the Stars
- Synge, J.B, Playboy of the Western World
- Yeats, W.B.
Primary and Secondary Sources[edit]
- Coogan, Tim Pat The Troubles (Dublin 1978)
- English, Richard, Irish Freedom (London 1998)
- Elliott, Marianne Robert Emmet: The Making of a Legend
- Geoghegan, Patrick Robert Emmet: A Life (Gill and Macmillan) ISBN 0-7171-3387-7
- Gough, H & Dickson, D (eds.), Ireland and the French Revolution
- Robert Kee, Ireland: A History (Dublin 1971)
- Lee, Joseph The Modernisation of Irish Society (London 1986)
- McCardle, D The Irish Republic (Dublin 1971)
- McIntyre, A Good Friday; the death of Irish Republicanism. (New York 2008).
- Smyth, Jim, The Men of No Property: Irish Radicals and Popular Politics in the Late Eighteenth Century
- A.T.Q. Stewart, A Deeper Silence: The Hidden Origins of the United Irish Movement
- Whelehan, Niall The Dynamiters: Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the wider world. (Cambridge 2012).
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Irish republicanism.


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HAVE: onion seeds nothing wanted in return
TJG911(z5b CT)January 2, 2007
i do not want anything in return.
i have about 1/2 of my seeds left from seed bought in 2006 of ailsa craig exhibition.
i'm guessing there is about 100-150 seeds. if you can use these all up this season then they are yours. i don't think it is good to use just 50 and save them for next year because from what i have read onion seed is good for 1 year. perhaps germination is 50 or 75% in the 2nd year but year 3 maybe very low.
send me an email. i only check that email on weekends and sometimes not every weekend. the FIRST email will get the seeds unless specifically they want just 1/2. so if you don't hear from me for a week or so it may be i just have not looked at email at home.

subset: commoncrawl


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Ted Barclay Soprano Recorder Sheet Music: 1 items found
Christmas Around The World
Arranged by Ted Barclay. For soprano recorder, tenor recorder & piano (organ). Grade 2. Score and parts. Published by Editions Marc Reift (MA.EMR-21800)
Usually leaves our warehouse: Within 3 to 4 weeks
Soprano Recorder


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Kevin Durant dismisses lawsuit against accountant
Posted: 02/22/2014 - Oklahoma City Thunder star Kevin Durant has dismissed his federal lawsuit against his former accountant.
Posted: 02/22/2014 - Oklahoma City Thunder star Kevin Durant has dismissed his federal lawsuit against his former accountant.
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Lake Tanganyika, the second oldest and the second-deepest lake in the world, could be in for some rough waters.
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Explore the personal stories of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
29 Jul 2013 18:46 GMT | US & Canada, Afghanistan, Iraq, United States
The verdict in the court-martial of Army Private First Class Bradley Manning, accused of the biggest leakof classified information in US history, will be read on Tuesday, the presiding judge has said.Manning, who is accused of spilling secrets to the WikiLeaks anti-secrecy website, is charged with 21 criminal counts, the most serious of which, "aiding the enemy", carries a life sentence.
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METRO VANCOUVER - The Integrated Homicide Investigation Team has identified the victim of a fatal hit and run in Surrey on the weekend.
IHIT says 40-year-old Robert Paterson died after he was struck by a car just after midnight Saturday in a parking lot near the Royal Canadian Legion at 106 Avenue and 135A Street.
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Candice Swanepoel20 October 1988, Mooi River, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
26 years
Hermann Nicoli
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The most popular models of the year!
Tuesday 11:30 AM, 16/12/2014
The blogging platform Tumblr has crunched all the data to figure out which models that were the most popular this year. We have the list!
Tags: Breaking News / Sexy celebrity / Top Lists
Picture special
Celebrities Wearing Revealing Dresses!
Friday 9:12 PM, 12/12/2014
Tags: Picture Special / Style Spotlight
Latest news
Full List: Here Are All The Stars That Have Their Nude Photos Leaked!
Monday 8:33 AM, 01/09/2014
More than 60 celebrities are on a purported "master list" of stars whose nude photos are allegedly leaked online. Jennifer Lawrence's spokes...READ MORE ▶
Picture special
Victoria's Secret Models' Share Their Best Work Out Tips!
Tuesday 9:10 PM, 22/07/2014
Victoria's Secret models Adriana Lima, Lily Aldridge, Erin Heatherton, Candice Swanepoel and Chanel Iman have all revealed their best tips on how to look incredible. The models shared their secrets with Shape Magazine, and if you wanna know what they said - click on the pics and read it all!
Tags: Victoria's Secret / Picture Special
Candice Swanepoel At Paris Fashion Week Menswear!
Monday 6:40 PM, 30/06/2014
Tags: Candice Swanepoel / Paparazzi
Red Carpet
Check Out The Sexy Stars At Maxim's Hot 100 Celebration!
Thursday 9:01 AM, 12/06/2014
Tags: Red Carpet


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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"I am always wary when it comes to ordering things online, but Wedding Paper Divas customer service was outstanding!! I had to call and change the amount of save the dates that I ordered due to my own mistake in counting invitees.... I had to call and change my order twice because of my miscount and both times, the customer service was amazing, they had no problem changing my order for me and my order even came in a week earlier than the expected shipping date. The cards are great quality and they look beautiful!! I will be ordering my formal invitations from here they did such a great job!!"
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Colbie Caillat
Colbie Caillat: Artist Of The Week
If you haven't seen Colbie's TRY video yet, take a moment to watch. I love the positive image songs out recently.
Colbie: Tired Of Being Photoshopped!
Singer-songwriter Colbie Caillat is turning heads with her new video for all the right reasons.
Colbie Caillat: Artist Of The Week
Haven't heard much from Colbie Caillat since her Christmas song "Christmas in the Sand" 2012. Well, we are just a few weeks away from her new album Gypsy Heart.
Colbie Caillat Releases Surprise New EP, 'Gypsy Heart Side A'
The surprise EP is the first half of her upcoming full-length.
Madonna, Imagine Dragons & Colbie Caillat Fight for Freedom at Amnesty International Concert
Madonna revealed that while in Russia she received death threats due to her "gay show" and promoting homosexuality on stage. "Which I have been known to do," Madonna said in regards to the claims.
Interview: How Ryan Tedder Helped Colbie Caillat Rethink Her New Album
"Once I heard the production and the direction that we went with on this song, it inspired me and everyone on my team of this new sound."
GRAMMY Red Carpet 2014: Best and Worst Dressed
Kudos to Kacey Musgraves & Taylor Swift; what were you thinkings to Macklemore, Ryan Lewis & Pharrell's hat.
GRAMMY Gourmet: Colbie Caillat on Being Vegetarian & the Struggles of Going Vegan
"It can be challenging, you don't get to eat the foods you normally eat at home. You can't cook. You're on a bus with tons of people and different cities every day living out of a suitcase. It's a lot of wear on your mind and body."
Beyoncé, Jay Z, Jennifer Hudson & Will Ferrell Make the Longlist for Best Original Song Oscar
On Monday (Dec, 16), the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences released the longlist of nominees for this year's award for Best Original Song and it's filled with its fair share of big named pop stars.
Listen: Colbie Caillat Lets Out Her Inner Diva on New Song 'Hold On'
Colbie Caillat is saying goodbye to those laidback beach vibes and hello to the dancefloor with her new single off her as-yet-untitled album, due out this spring.


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Mountain Khakis Lodge Jacket
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Retailers' Descriptions
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Hello, sexy sophistication. Goodbye frumpy coat. The Merino wool Lodge Jacket is your new cool-temp BFF. Layer it up with your favorite scarf or keep it light with just a tee. Drop hood with 4" collar. With knee length, the 2-way YKK(R) zipper allows you to sneak it up a tad for a more purposeful stride. Sleeves have internal wind cuffs to keep the chill out. Surprise stitch detail at center back waist and demi-drop taffeta lining. MK Women's chain stitch embroidery. Designed for women, by women. Imported. Contemporary fit, feminine flair.
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CHARLOTTE, N.C. (AP) — Rodney Childers wrestled for months with the decision to join Kevin Harvick at Stewart-Haas Racing. Just when he thought he'd made up his mind to leave Michael Waltrip Racing, he and Brian Vickers won a race together at New Hampshire.
Childers made right decision to crew chief Harvick
Weeks went by after that victory last July when Childers thought his heart was truly in remaining with MWR. He woke up one day and his mind was finally made up.
"My alarm went off and it hit me, it was like, 'I need to go to Stewart-Haas and crew chief Kevin Harvick,'" Childers told The Associated Press this week.
So much for peace of mind: MWR reacted to his decision by essentially benching Childers for the rest of the season. He couldn't work for almost six weeks. He pressure washed his house, tweeted with fans during races and had weekends off for the first time in his adult life.
Finally, in late October, MWR gave Childers his release and he was free to join to SHR and get a head-start on the 2014 season.
"When I started, it was a bit overwhelming, the way it's run is different because the crew chiefs have a lot more control," Childers said. "I got there and really wasn't happy with the way the cars were built, the equipment needed to be a lot nicer. I started to think after six or seven days, 'Man, this is going to take a long time to fix.'"
Childers grew so discouraged he thought it would be June or July before Harvick would win his first race with his new team.
Six weeks into the process, something suddenly changed.
"I left work one night and looked around and thought 'Crap, we can win one of the first four races and we can contend just like anyone else can,'" Childers said. "It had all come together so quickly, and from that moment on, our whole demeanor has been a lot different — it's been about winning."
That was evident all last weekend at Phoenix International Raceway, where Harvick showed early on that his No. 4 Chevrolet was going to be a race-day contender. The car was ultimately so good, Harvick led 224 of the 312 laps Sunday en route to a win in just his second race with SHR.
It was the lone bright spot in a second consecutive crummy weekend for SHR. After a disastrous Speedweeks that was plagued with engine issues and four wrecked race cars, Phoenix wasn't much better for the organization. Kurt Busch had another engine failure, Danica Patrick was wrecked out for the second-straight week and Tony Stewart was 16th.
Perhaps because of the head-start Childers had on 2014 and Harvick's arrival, the No. 4 team doesn't have the same ailments as the other three SHR cars. Harvick finished second in his Daytona qualifying race, and was in the mix at the Daytona 500 until he was part of the last-lap crash.
Childers points to a December test at Charlotte as knowing he made the right decision to move and that he and Harvick can have a special season.
"My personal validation was not winning at Phoenix but leaving that Charlotte test," he said. "We knew that car wasn't very nice and we could build cars way better than that. But to still be that fast in a car we felt could be a lot better — it was like, 'This is really going to work out.'"
Continue reading this story on the...


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Related quotes
"I didn't think we matched up too well with Pepperell anyway. Then the coin flip really was disheartening."
"This year we didn't want to leave anything to a coin flip or anything else. We wanted to win a playoff spot outright and not have to worry about anything extra that counts."


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675-695 Cedar Street
Junction City
Commute to Downtown Eugene
Some errands can be accomplished on foot.
Score Details
675-695 Cedar Street has a Walk Score of 66 out of 100. This location is Somewhat Walkable so some errands can be accomplished on foot.
Nearby parks include Day Memorial Park, Washburne Park and Bergstrom Park.
Nearby schools include Christ's Center School, Laurel Elementary School and Junction City High School.
The closest grocery stores are Dari Mart Stores Inc, Dari Mart and Grocery Deals.
Nearby coffee shops include Max Porter's, Nina's Pony Express and Starbucks. There are seven restaurants within a 15 minute walk including Moctezuma Restaurant, Rodeo Steak House & Grill and El Campecino.
Explore how far you can travel by car, bus, bike and foot from 675-695 Cedar Street.
Bus lines:
95 Junction City
0.1 mi


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"If everyone sees that the producer is so dedicated that he's serving the food, the crew is more likely to put their heart and soul into it, too."Read More »
Holofcener's sixth movie will be an adaptation of Ted Thompson's novel 'The Land of Steady Habits.'Read More »
"I would say it is the exception, not the rule, that there is a woman in the group of directors that we are interviewing."Read More »
Among the ten are Kelly Reichardt, Amy J. Berg, and Gia Coppola.Read More »
The "Nashville" creator speaks with Melissa Silverstein about what to expect in the second half of her show's sophomore year, the demand for female likability, and the one women-directed film that's been shut out of Oscar season this year.Read More »
The Alliance of Women Film Journalists has announced their award winners, among whom Sarah Polley ("Stories We Tell") was the only winner of a category not specifically designated for a women. Nicole Holofcener swept the writing and direcing categories in the "Female Focus" portion of the awards fo...Read More »
It's at times like these that twenty-six letters seems awfully few. Not that this list is intended as an encyclopedia.Read More »
In response to the paltry showing of women directors among studio and indie films, New York Times chief film critic Manohla Dargis said, "The movie industry is failing women. And until the industry starts making serious changes, nothing is going to change."Read More »
The first major award weekend yielded honors for directors Susanne Bier (Love is All You Need), Haifaa al-Mansour (Wadjda), Sarah Polley (Stories We Tell), Jehane Noujaim (The Square). Recognition also went to screenwriters Nicole Holofcener (who wrote and helmed Enough Said) and co-writer Jul...Read More »
Nicole Holofcener's "Enough Said" soared well beyond expectations on its opening weekend, grossing a massive $240,000 from just 4 theaters in New York and Los Angeles (giving it a total of $294,000 since opening Wednesday). That gave the film -- which features one of the late James Gandolfini's fina...Read More »


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Autism News
News on Autism continually updated from thousands of sources around the net.
asperger syndrome assistance dogs autism
4 hrs ago | Daily Mail | Comment?
Friday | Bangor Daily News | Comment?
Dr. Temple Grandin Launches New Book for Autism Awareness Month
Friday Mar 27 | BroadwayWorld.com | Comment?
Our View: Opting not to vaccinate puts others at risk
Friday Mar 27 | The Bennington Banner | 1
Blood test may shed new light on Fragile X related disorders
Thursday Mar 26 | Science Daily | Comment?
21 Celebs Who Were Raised Atheists And Stayed That Way
Sex In Old Age Is More Important Than You Thought
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What have we here? 3/29/15
topix 32
Discovering age-specific brain changes in autism
Thursday Mar 26 | Science Daily | 1
a Schoolboy with Asperger's syndrome is set to take on a charity skydive to help people with autism.
Thursday Mar 26 | This is Wiltshire | Comment?
What's Up With Parents Who Don't Vaccinate Their Children?
Thursday Mar 26 | KWBU-TV Waco | 1
Multisyllabic is available on Apple, Amazon and Barns & Noble Stores
Thursday Mar 26 | MacMegasite | Comment?
Increased Childhood Illnesses Linked to Herbicide Exposure
Wednesday Mar 25 | Scoop | Comment?
Documentary 'Aspie Seeks Love' follows quest of Aliquippa man with Asperger's
Tuesday Mar 24 | Post-gazette.com | Comment?
Robert Kennedy Jr is an anti-vaccine advocate? WTF?
Tuesday Mar 24 | Daily Kos | Comment?
Bill a healthy start for vaccine policy
Monday Mar 23 | Rocky Mount Telegram | Comment?
Randi Hagerman receives International Sisley-Lejeune Award
Monday Mar 23 | Sacramento Today | Comment?
Studies Showing Vaccines Are Not Safe for Children
Monday Mar 23 | News Max | Comment?
Studies Showing Vaccines Are Safe for Children
Monday Mar 23 | News Max | Comment?
Trending Now
Updated: Sun Mar 29, 2015 03:24 pm
Copyright © 2015 Topix LLC


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All quotes tagged Singing
(512 quotes found)
"I cannot sing the old songs now! / It is not that I deem them low; / 'Tis that I can't remember how / They go."
"Overall I think the show went well, kudos to Miss Jeanie! It was well rounded. From artwork to singing, to spoken word to short films, I think it definitely stimulated the audience's senses."
"Whenever I hear music, and whenever I'm on stage, especially with my music, it's like a part of me, my music; whenever I hear music, it's magic. I'm not as happy offstage as I am on. That's the thing. Whenever the music stops, that's when I shrink back down. I'm not as happy."
"Sing like you're a pop star, dance like you're in a ballet, and act like a princess because you're amazing and if you dream hard enough you can be whatever you want."
"Trying to decide if you love a work of art is like trying to decide if you love a person, if you have to think about it, its not love."


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Keep Reading
- 75 Recipes That Make Us Crave All the Green Things
- How Chef Ludo Lefebvre and Jewelry Designer Irene Neuwirth Throw a Dinner Party
- The Weekend Cocktail We Could All Use Right Now
- Meet Wassail, New York City's First Cider Bar
- Rhubarb, Peas, and Ricotta: Here's How BA Staffers Are Celebrating Spring This Weekend
Chef Michel Richard's Lofty, Lofty Souffle
Photographs by Peden + Munk
It wouldn't be Egg Week without a souffle recipes, and here's one that can stand up for itself. Michel Richard, of Citronelle in Washington, D.C., ignores tales about souffles that collapse when the oven is opened (a myth). Instead, he focuses on what matters: a well-seasoned base that infuses the souffle with flavor, and properly whipped whites that achieve optimum volume as they bake. Whip the whites until firm, but stop before they get too stiff, says Richard, or the souffle will be grainy. And quell your jitters with his 21st-century trick: Add xanthan gum to the whites. It acts as a stabilizer–resulting in the most dramatic souffle we've made in a while.
Learn what to look for when whipping whites
Souffle: You want whites that have gained volume and are just firm enough to hold a peak.
Meringue: Most meringue recipes call for stiff peaks, which will stand up straight.
Oops! If your whites are clumpy and grainy, you've gone too far.


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Apple has updated its OS X Server app for Mountain Lion to version 2.21. It improves the speed of downloading Mac App Store software, adds Time Machine service monitoring, brings Retina display support for the Wiki Server, adds the ability to use Active Directory groups in Profile Manager and more.
OS X Server lets Mountain Lion users turn the OS into a server OS utilizing a suite of utilities included in the application. The US$20 app is available at the Mac App Store. The 2.21 update is available via the Software Update component of the Mac OS X Systems Preferences app.


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Head Country Championship Seasoning - 32 oz.
Item #: 662536 |
Non-members pay 10% surchargeJoin now!
- Free Pickup
Delivery estimates, taxes, and fees are based on ZIP Code. Club Pickup orders are based on your club's current price and item availability on the day of payment.
Foodservice Quality All Purpose Seasoning.
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In the News: Redbirds shut out Oklahoma City, stay tied atop division
Redbirds shut out Oklahoma City
The Redbirds defeated the host Oklahoma City RedHawks 4-0 on Friday night as four pitchers combined for the Redbirds' PCL-leading 14th combination shutout.
With Omaha defeating Round Rock, the Storm Chasers and Redbirds remain tied atop the PCL American Northern Division. Iowa lost to Nashville and is three games back. All three teams have three games left.
The Redbirds (68-73) had nine hits and three of their four runs came with two outs. The RedHawks (80-61) stranded 10 runners. Oklahoma City has clinched the American Southern Division and is hosting the first two games of the American Conference championship series.
Adron Chambers had two hits, a stolen base and scored twice. Greg Garcia had two hits and scored once, Jamie Romak added two RBIs and Travis Tartamella had an RBI double.
Memphis starter Richard Castillo (1-2) threw five innings and gave up four hits. Castillo walked one, struck out four, and hit a batter. Tyler Lyons followed with two innings of perfect relief. Jose Almarante, making his Triple-A debut, pitched a one-hit eighth for Memphis. The right-hander was two hits and one out into the bottom of the ninth before giving way to Keith Butler, who finished. Butler struck out two to earn his second save.
The Redbirds and RedHawks will meet again at 7:05 p.m. Saturday. Memphis' Scott McGregor (5-10, 4.85 ERA) will face Oklahoma City's David Martinez (0-1, 4.50).
Mickelson shines with 63 at Barclays
Phil Mickelson shot an 8-under-par 63 to take the lead Friday after the first round of the Deutsche Bank Championship at Norton, Mass.
Mickelson was tied with Brian Davis, who made a 25-foot birdie putt on the last hole to close his 63.
Stenhouse takes first Sprint Cup pole
Olive Branch native Ricky Stenhouse Jr. won the first Sprint Cup pole of his career at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Stenhouse turned a lap of 189.688 mph Friday night on the 1.54 tri-oval. Carl Edwards, a teammate of Stenhouse at Roush Fenway Racing, was second-fastest at 189.021, giving him a starting spot on the outside of the front row for Sunday night's race.
Auto racing
Twenty-one-year-old Kyle Larson has been chosen to replace Juan Pablo Montoya in the No. 42 NASCAR Sprint Cup car at Earnhardt Ganassi Racing.
A 35-yard shot by Memphis' Honeye Heydari with 1:30 left hit the crossbar and Vanderbilt (1-1-1) beat the Tigers (2-1-0) 2-1 in women's soccer at Mike Rose Soccer Complex on Friday. ... At Northridge, Calif., Shane Keely made a free-kick goal in the 72nd minute to lift the Memphis men's soccer team to a season-opening 1-0 victory over Cal State Fullerton in the Ryan Rossi Memorial Tournament.
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Game Stats
Game Stats
W: J. Peavy (6-6) L: C. Furbush (3-6)
S: C. Sale (5)
|1st Inning
Rios doubled to right, Pierre scored, Konerko to third.
Ramirez singled to left, Konerko scored, Rios to third, Ramirez to second advancing on throw.
|2nd Inning
Miguel Olivo (16) solo shot to center off Peavy.
|4th Inning
Robinson singled to center, Seager scored, Ryan to second.
|5th Inning
Brent Lillibridge (12) 2 run shot to left off Furbush, Pierre scored.


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StartUpHire is the place to find PROGRAM MANAGEMENT ENGINEER jobs. Review the list of PROGRAM MANAGEMENT ENGINEER career opportunities to the left. These PROGRAM MANAGEMENT ENGINEER jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
You can refine your job search for PROGRAM MANAGEMENT ENGINEER career opportunities by adding a job title, company name, or keyword to the search box above … or click the "Advanced Search" link for more options.
Don't see the employment opportunity you're looking for? Check back soon for more PROGRAM MANAGEMENT ENGINEER jobs, or sign up for an email alert (link below) to receive periodic updates on new PROGRAM MANAGEMENT ENGINEER jobs.
Requisition Number14-0260 Post Date8/15/2014 TitleSoftware Development Engineer II (CRM) CitySeattle StateWA DescriptionTamarac, a division of Envestnet, Inc. (NYSE:ENV), is a leading independent provider of technology-enabled investment and practice management solutions to2/15/2015 Seattle, WA Save This Job
Overview: The Integration Engineer is primarily responsible for the technical on-boarding and configuration of all new clients. This includes working with internal and external technical resources to develop solutions based on client requirements. Work includes but is not3/20/2015 Austin, TX Save This Job
Overview: Newgistics is looking for a Software Development Engineer who will be responsible for test planning, test execution, test automation and software configuration management for scalable enterprise-level system software applications. Responsibilities: Design, develop,3/20/2015 Austin, TX Save This Job
Overview: The Facility Logistics Engineer is responsible for the development and deployment of operational metrics, reporting infrastructures, quality management tools, and processes to optimize the cost and performance for the Hebron, KY facility. This position will also be3/20/2015 Austin, TX Save This Job
US-TX-Austin US-CA-Commerce US-KY-Hebron3/20/2015 Austin, TX Save This Job
Sr Principal/Architect Software Engineer, Unity Game ClientWe're looking for a seasoned technical leader to join our growing team of Unity developers at GREE You'll help set the vision, strategy, and execution for how GREE builds world-class games uSan Francisco, CA Save This Job
Tracking Code 1840 Job Description Come join us and change the world?s relationship with energy, forever. Be a part of a passionate, collaborative and innovative culture at Silver Spring. We create technology platforms that empower networks to perform brilliantly. Connecting2/1/2015 Redwood City, CA Save This Job
Product & Program Management San Francisco, United States Build product that will impact every individual in this world. Support rapidly scaling business units across the organizations Sr. Program Manager The Senior Program Manager role is based in San Francisco reporting the2/21/2015 San Francisco, CA Save This Job
Location:Mid-Atlantic Region (Eastern PA, MD, DC of VA) Position Description The Regional Sales Engineer is an indoor and outdoor network design and product specialist that serves in a customer facing role. The RSE?s primary responsibility is to help ensure that ExteNet is2/7/2015 PA Save This Job
Sr. Development Engineer, you will be responsible for ensuring the mechanical integrity and durability of Achates Power engine hardware. Responsibilities will include: Coordinate engine build efforts by liaising between design engineers and build technicians Develop system,2/2/2015 San Diego, CA Save This Job
Job Number:002981 Job Title:Pre-Sales System Engineer Number of Openings:1 Job Type (Employment Type):Direct Hire Country:United States City:DC Job Schedule:Full Time Level of Education:Four-Year Degree Years of Experience:7 Position Description Who We Are: Cleversafe is an2/21/2015 Washington, DC Save This Job
Tracking Code 251-621 Job Description GetWellNetwork, Inc. provides patient engagement solutions that help health care providers engage, educate and empower patients along the care continuum. Our patient-centered platform, delivered across multiple technology platforms including1/31/2015 Bethesda, MD Save This Job
XCOR is seeking an experienced design engineer at least three years practical experience. A BS in Mechanical, Aerospace or Design preferred but not required. This is not an entry level position. Some experience in small program management or project engineering working with a1/26/2015 Mojave, CA Save This Job
Job Description Global Lighting Technologies, Inc. (GLT), a rapidly growing edge lit illumination company with worldwide operations has a new opening for a Project Engineer. Responsibilities The primary responsibilities of the job include : Hands on optical2/15/2015 Brecksville, OH Save This Job
Yapta is seeking an experienced Senior Systems Engineer (DevOps), excited by the convergence of technology and travel. As part of an agile development team, you will be building, automating and managing the infrastructure for the FareIQ price tracking assurance platform ? a2/10/2015 Seattle, WA Save This Job
The CompanyAvePoint is the established leader in enterprise-class big data management, governance, and compliance software solutions for next-generation social collaboration platforms. Focusing on helping enterprises in their digitization journey to enable their information3/18/2015 Jersey City, NJ Save This Job
The Tripwire UX team is looking for a senior-level UX professional. We are looking for a UX Designer to reimagine our product experiences to "Provide Customers with the Intelligence to Secure Every Asset.". You?ll be at the forefront of design activities by defining how our2/22/2015 Portland, OR Save This Job
Engineer The FutureSpaceX is a U.S.-based advanced technology company founded by residing CEO and CTO, Elon Musk. Founded in 2002, SpaceX builds rockets and spacecraft from the ground up, including cutting edge electronics, software, vehicle structures, and engine systems. The3/19/2015 Hawthorne, CA Save This Job
Engineer The FutureSpaceX is a U.S.-based advanced technology company founded by residing CEO and CTO, Elon Musk. Founded in 2002, SpaceX builds rockets and spacecraft from the ground up, including cutting edge electronics, software, vehicle structures, and engine systems. The3/6/2015 Hawthorne, CA Save This Job
Tracking Code 193-229 Job Description At Synthetic Genomics, Inc., we are dedicated to developing and commercializing genomic-driven solutions to address global challenges. We are currently seeking a Sr. Systems Engineer to join our fast-growing, dynamic and collaborative team in3/23/2015 La Jolla, CA Save This Job


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Beau Dick15 results
"For the First Nations people of the Pacific northwest coast, the cosmos holds worlds both seen and unseen. The realms of the land, the sea and the sky are inhabited by the creatures of nature, but they are also home to spirit powers that can move between realms."- Ilona Beiks and Leslie Wooton (p.20 - Land, Sea, Sky: Art at YVR, 2008)
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this rug is absolutely gorgeous. I needed it for in front of door in entryway. It is amazing quality but the pile is higher than description states so i had to send it back. The door gets stuck on the rug because the pile is higher than the average door. Too bad because the colors matched perfectly and I loved it. As usual, Overstock's customer service is superb. They answer the phone right away and are always cheerful, polite and helpful. The guy even offered to have it picked up because the size of the pile in description was inaccurate. Great company with great service and great products
This rug is so thick and plush feeling under foot. The wool is super soft too. This was not bought for my bedroom but is going in there because it is so soft. Would be perfect in a nursery too or where there is floor time.
- How did the color on site compare with the actual product? So much prettier IRL. The bluegray is two tone with the border being bluer and background is almost the color of jute. Love it
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. Very pleased with the product. they recommend a rubber mat but it is so thick and heavy you almost don't need one
- How accurate was the on site description of the product? Accurate
The rug by Safavieh is very well made; it's 100% wool made in India. Backing is woven cotton canvas. It arrived in great condition. Colors are tan background with raised loop designs in blue gray. Best part of the rug is the thickness and sturdiness for a soft feel underfoot.
- How did the color on site compare with the actual product? The raised pattern is medium blue gray. The lower background is tan.
- Please tell us about the quality of the product. Just walk on the rug without shoes and it feels like 2 inches of padding.
- How accurate was the on site description of the product? The pattern is hard to see on the site, It has depth and circular blue gray designs.
The rug is sooo pretty & matches my blue/gray den perfectly, but is neutral enough to go w/ almost anything. I have already gotten so many compliments that I already wish I had ordered a bigger one!


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A fuel sender assembly using a wiper contact to generate a resistance proportional to fuel level in a fuel tank has a bent float rod engaged by a fork and a bore of a carrier element which rigidly carries a spring contact. The spring contact slidably engages a resistor on a resistor card within a housing. The carrier element extends through a slot in the housing such that it abuts the ends of the slot to provide rotational limits for the float rod. The carrier element retains the float rod such that the float rod is allowed to move over a limited distance in the direction coaxial with the portion of the float rod about which the other movable parts rotate. All other movement of the float rod, except the sweeping movement related to fuel level, are substantially prevented. Vibrational wear of the resistor card is thus avoided.
1. A fuel sender assembly comprising:
a float rod having a pivot portion and an arm portion;
a housing member having a rod hole rotatably securing said pivot portion and having an arcuate slot radially disposed from said rod hole, said rod hole being sized to substantially prevent radial movement of said pivot portion;
a resistance element secured to said housing member and having a first connection thereto;
a carrier element received by said housing member, said carrier element having an interior portion aligned with said rod hole and receiving said pivot portion of said float rod, said carrier element having an exterior portion extending through said arcuate slot for receiving said arm portion, said exterior portion permitting limited movement of said arm portion relative to said housing member in a direction substantially parallel with said pivot portion; and
spring contact means rigidly coupled to said interior portion of said carrier element for slidably contacting said resistance element as a second connection thereto;
whereby vibrations of said arm portion substantially parallel with the pivotal axis of said float rod are substantially prevented from reaching said spring contact means, and said carrier element abuts the ends of said arcuate slot to provide stop limits for the rotation of said float rod.
2. The assembly of claim 1 wherein said exterior portion of said carrier element is comprised of a fork with an arm receiving aperture, said aperture having a length greater in said direction parallel with said pivot portion than in a direction perpendicular thereto.
3. The assembly of claim 1 wherein said float rod pivot portion and arm portion are substantially perpendicular.
4. A fuel sender assembly comprising:
a housing member having circuit card retaining clips, an arcuate carrier receiving slot, and a rod receiving hole located substantially at the axis of said carrier slot;
a resistor card having an elongated resistance element, said resistor card being retained in said housing member by said retaining clips;
a carrier element having an extension protruding through said receiving slot and having a bore aligned with said rod receiving hole;
a float rod having a first end extending through said rod receiving hole and said bore and having a second end adapted to be connected to a float, said float rod being retained by said carrier element such that relative movement between said float rod and said carrier element is permitted over a limited range in a direction parallel with said bore and is substantially prevented in all other directions; and
a spring contact affixed to said carrier element, said spring contact having one end slidably contacting said resistance element whereby vibrations of said float rod substantially parallel with said bore are substantially prevented from reaching said spring contact, and said carrier element abuts the ends of said arcuate slot to provide stop limits for the rotation of said float rod.
5. The assembly of claim 4 wherein said carrier element extension is comprised of a fork with a rod receiving space, said space being elongated in said direction perpendicular to said resistor card.
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application U.S. Ser. No. 289,883, filed Dec. 27, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,873,865.
The present invention relates, in general, to a sending unit for a float operated liquid level sensor employing a thick-film, printed circuit resistor card, and, more specifically, to a fuel level sender assembly for a fuel tank constructed in a manner to eliminate wearing out of the resistor card by vibrations of the float.
Fuel level sensing in automobile fuel tanks is typically accomplished using a pivotable float which controls movement of a wiper contact over a resistor. Electrical connections to the wiper contact and the resistor result in a variable measure of resistance as the float moves in accordance with the level of fuel in the tank. A signal resulting from the variable resistance is sent to an indicator, such as a fuel gauge, to indicate to a vehicle operator the amount of fuel present in the tank.
The type of fuel sender assembly described above has achieved widespread use due to its simplicity and ease of manufacture relative to other designs, such as hydrostatic measuring systems or float systems with a mechanical linkage to a deflection gauge. Nevertheless, prior art pivotable float/wiper contact fuel senders are subject to several disadvantages.
In particular, prior art sender assemblies have required electrical calibration with the float at its zero level indicating position such that an electrical fuel gauge indicates properly at that level. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,532,491 issued to Rau et al, discloses a liquid level sender which has a swingably supported lever with a float on one end and a wiper contact moving along an electrical resistor on the other end. The fuel sender must be calibrated either by displacing a pair of stops relative to the wiper contact, by rotating the entire structure with respect to the fuel tank, or by making the electrical resistor displaceable with respect to the wiper contact within the structural part of the sender assembly.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,842,673 issued to Riddel, a fuel level sending unit is described having a stationary arm and a movable arm, one of the arms including a wire-wound resistor. The movable arm is supported by a coil spring. Calibration of the fuel sender assembly is accomplished by reconfiguring one of the contact arms.
In addition to requiring calibration, prior art sender assemblies have been generally difficult to manufacture due to large part count and complicated mechanical linkages.
An improved structure employed in the prior art is characterized by a bent float rod which is rigidly attached to a carrier for rotation. The carrier carries a spring contact which slides over a resistor card. Since the spring contact and the float rod are in fixed relationship and since the resistor card location can be accurately controlled within the housing, a predictable resistance can be obtained from the unit at each rotational position of the float rod.
In this prior art assembly, stop limits for the rotation of the float rod have been provided by external posts on a housing for abutting the portion of the float rod extending toward the float. While calibration can be provided by choosing the relative locations of the post, the resistor card, and the carrier (i.e., calibration of individual units is not needed), the structure is subject to inaccuracy or failure caused by drift as the posts and float rod deform or by breakage of the posts. Inaccuracy is also caused in the prior art device by variation in the spring contact to resistor card contact point caused by variation in compression of the spring contact.
In copending application Ser. No. 289,883, a fuel sender assembly is described wherein a carrier element retains a pivot portion and an arm portion of a float rod. The carrier element subsection which receives the pivot portion of the rod is retained within a housing. The carrier element extends through a slot in the housing to a point where it receives the arm portion of the float rod. Also retained within the housing is a resistor card. A spring contact carried by the carrier element slidably engages the resistor card to derive the variable resistance.
A potential problem experienced with slidably engageable contacts is fretting. Vibrational forces cause the contact to repeatedly rub the same few resistor card conductor pads until the pads are worn away, thus causing an open circuit and a false measurement at that location. For example, automobiles are shipped by rail or truck from an assembly plant with some amount of fuel in their tanks. A single level of vibrating fuel often results in a particular area of fretting on the fuel sender resistor card due to vibrations transmitted by the float rod.
It is a principal object of the present invention to provide a fuel sender assembly which requires no calibration and which avoids failure from vibrational resistor card wear.
It is a further object of the invention to provide means for limiting the transmission of vibrations from the float rod to the spring contact.
It is another object to increase the accuracy and serviceable lifetime of fuel sender apparatus.
These and other objects are achieved in a fuel sender assembly comprising a float rod, a housing member, a resistance element, a carrier element, and a spring contact means. The float rod is bent such that it has a pivot portion and an arm portion. The housing member has a rod hole rotatably securing the pivot portion and has an arcuate slot radially disposed from the rod hole. The rod hole is sized to substantially prevent radial movement of the pivot portion. The resistance element is disposed in the housing member and has a first connection thereto. The carrier element extends through the arcuate slot and has an interior portion receiving the pivot portion and an exterior portion receiving the arm portion. The exterior portion permits limited movement of the arm portion relative to the housing member in a direction substantially parallel with the pivotal axis. The spring contact means is rigidly coupled to the carrier element for slidably contacting the resistance element as a second connection thereto. Thus, vibrations of the arm portion parallel with the pivotal axis are substantially prevented from reaching the spring contact means.
The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularlity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, as to its structure, organization, and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a fuel sender assembly according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 2A and 2B are a top view and a bottom view, respectively, of the housing member of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view of the assembly of FIG. 1 along line 3--3.
FIG. 4 is a top view of the resistor card of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the carrier element, spring contact, and float rod of FIG. 1 in greater detail.
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view along line 6--6 of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7 is a cross-section view along line 7--7 of FIG. 5.
FIG. 8 is an end view showing the carrier element and the spring contact.
FIG. 9 is a side view of one embodiment of the spring contact.
FIG. 10 is a front view of the spring contact of FIG. 9.
FIGS. 11a and 11b are perspective views of an alternative embodiment of joining the carrier element to the spring contact.
FIG. 12 is a side view of an alternative embodiment of the spring contact.
FIG. 13 is a front view of the spring contact of FIG. 12.
FIG. 14 is a bottom view of the alternative embodiment of FIG. 12.
FIG. 15 is a top cross-sectional view along line 15--15 of FIG. 11b.
FIG. 16 is a side cross-section of the unit of the invention showing various relative tolerances.
FIG. 17 is a front view of the carrier element along line 17--17 of FIG. 16.
Referring now to FIGS. 1, 2a, 2b, and 3, a preferred embodiment of the invention is seen to include a housing having a cap member 20, preferably comprised of a moldable plastic material, and a base member 21, preferably comprised of a conductive metal sheet. A float rod 22 has a pivot portion 23 and an arm portion 24. The arm portion 24 extends to a float member which floats in the liquid being measured. Pivot portion 23 is rotatably secured in the housing by passing through a hole 47 in cap 20 and a hole 43 in base member 21. Radial lines 49 extend from hole 47 indicating the directions in which arm portion 24 projects.
A resistor card 25 is retained within the housing by an abutment 30 and a plurality of clips 31, 32, 33, and 34. Resistor card 25 may also be supported away from housing cap member 20 by support abutments 50, 51, 52, and 53.
A carrier element 38 is retained inside the housing and has a projecting end 39 comprising a fork for grasping arm portion 24 of the float rod after passing through an arcuate slot 48 in housing cap member 20. Carrier element 38 further contains a bore 64 for receiving pivot portion 23 of float rod 22 interior of the housing.
A spring contact element 40 is retained on carrier element 38 and has a contact end 41 and a contact end 42. Contact end 41 slidably engages the resistor card 25 and contact end 42 slidably engages base member 21. Thus, movement of arm portion 24, caused by varying levels of liquid in a fuel tank, is translated to spring contact 40 such that the electrical resistance between resistor lead 27 and base member 21 is proportional to fluid level.
Base member 21 is fixed to cap member 20 by means of snap projections 35, 36, and 37, being engaged in holes 44, 45, and 46.
By virtue of the shape and size of arcuate slot 48, the rotation of carrier element 38 (and thereby arm portion 24) has defined limits. These limits are well controlled by the manufacturing process and achieve a high level of durability. Furthermore, by varying the slot design and the resistor card design, empty and full liquid level positions can be accurately obtained relative to the housing without any need for calibration of individual units.
Referring now to FIG. 4, resistor card 25 is shown in greater detail. A resistive film 55 is disposed on a circuit card 54. A plurality of conductive strips 56 are laid down on resistive film 55 in order to improve electrical contact between the resistive film and spring contact end 41. Conductive strips 56 are elongated in a radial direction (i.e., along radial lines 49 in FIG. 2a) from the pivot point of float pivot portion 23 and have a variable width in order to provide gaps of constant size between them, i.e., the sides of adjacent strips are parallel. The conductive strips on either end of the resistor card 25 include a pad 57 and 58 in order to provide connection of a contact lead wire 26 to either end of card 25, as by soldering. Only five conductive strips are shown in FIG. 4 for clarity. A much greater number of strips (e.g., 60) would actually be used.
Depending upon the compression between spring contact end 41 and resistor card 25, the exact point of contact varies radially on resistor card 25. Consistent results are achieved in the resistive measurement provided by the connection of contact end 41 and conductive strips 56 due to the radial orientation and the widening of conductive strips 56 such that the radial location of contact end 41 along conductive strips 56 does not affect the actual measurement.
The structure of the fuel sender assembly shown in FIGS. 5-14 adapts the improved design concepts consisting of the slot/carrier element design and the radial resistor card of the invention into a complete sender assembly in order to achieve the objects of the invention.
Carrier element 38 and spring contact 40 are shown in greater detail in FIG. 5. Fork end 39 of carrier element 38 includes fork halves 65 and 66 defining an opening for receiving float rod arm portion 24. Fork end 39 and bore 64 provide for convenient manufacturing with insertion of float rod 22 into carrier element 38 proceeding by first inserting pivot portion 23 in bore 64 until arm portion 24 snaps into fork end 39 between fork halves 65 and 66.
Carrier element 38 includes a pair of fingers 67 and 68 for providing longitudinal slots 70 and 71 which receive spring contact 40. Spring contact 40 includes a first portion 62 having a width less than the distance between fingers 67 and 68, and has a second portion 72 wider than the distance between fingers 67 and 68. Thus, spring contact 40 can be slid into carrier element 38 until first portion 62 is retained in a slot 63, preventing relative rotation between spring contact 40 and carrier element 38.
Spring contact 40 includes a pair of arcuate tips 73 and 74 for slidably engaging base member 21. Contact end 41 of spring contact 40 includes a rounded tip 60 retained in a hole 61 as by a press-fit. Rounded tip 60 improves slidable contact along conductive strips 56 on resistor card 25.
In one embodiment, spring contact 40 and carrier element 38 include means for retaining spring contact 40 in the fully engaged position. As shown in FIG. 6, a spring key 76 is formed in portion 72 of spring contact 40 such that spring key 76 extends toward carrier element 38. As seen in FIG. 7, a keyhole 77 is formed in carrier element 38 which receives spring key 76 in a nested position when spring contact 40 is fully inserted through the longitudinal slots. FIG. 8 is an end view of the same arrangement having the float rod removed.
FIGS. 9 and 10 are side views of a spring contact 40 having an alternative embodiment for spring key 76, wherein a rectangular spring key is formed to more positively engage a keyhole of matching size in carrier element 38.
FIGS. 11a, 11b, and 15 illustrate a further embodiment for retaining spring contact 40 on carrier element 38 without retaining fingers 67 and 68. A protrusion 85 extending from carrier element 38 passes through a receiving slot 86 in portion 72 of spring contact 40. Heat staking (melting) of protrusion 85 causes plastic material from protrusion 85 to cover the surface of portion 72 of spring contact 40 and, upon cooling, retains spring contact 40 in position.
A further modification to spring contact 40 is shown in FIGS. 12-14, in which a tab 82 projects between arcuate tips 73 and 74. Tab 82 includes a passage 83 for receiving pivot portion 23 of float rod 22 to better retain spring contact 40 in proper position.
FIG. 16 shows further features of the present invention for substantially eliminating fretting of the resistor card caused by components of vibrations of the float rod which are substantially parallel with the pivotal axis of the float rod. Pivot portion 23 of float rod 22 extends through hole 47 of the housing, bore 64 of the carrier element interior portion, and hole 43 of the base with a close tolerance such that any movement of pivot portion 23 is substantially prevented other than rotation about its axis or longitudinal sliding along its axis. Arm portion 24 of float rod 22 passes through an aperture 90 in the projecting end or exterior portion 39 of carrier element 38. The dimension of aperture 90 parallel to pivot portion 23 has a wide tolerance about arm portion 24 such that float rod 22 can move vertically up and down along the pivotal axis of pivot portion 23 as shown by arrows A. Preferably, the wide tolerance corresponds to at least about 25 percent of the diameter of float rod 22.
The passage of arm portion 24 through aperture 90 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 17. Fork halves 65 and 66 surround aperture 90. The horizontal dimension 91, which is perpendicular to the direction of pivot portion 23, has a close tolerance between arm portion 24 and aperture 90. However, aperture 90 is elongated in the direction parallel with pivot portion 23 such that a wide tolerance is obtained along dimension 92. The close tolerance of dimension 91 maintains the accuracy of level indication throughout the range of rotation of pivot portion 23 from empty to full fuel indication. The wider tolerance of dimension 92 allows movement of float rod 22 in the vertical plane such that vibration of the float in that plane is not transmitted to the spring contact to cause fretting.
The close tolerances between float rod 22 and the other parts of the fuel sender assembly are sufficiently large to avoid seizure of float rod rotation over the temperature range expected during operation. For example, an assembly has been constructed having a float rod diameter of 2.35mm�0.05mm. The close tolerances of hole 43, hole 47, bore 64, and aperture 90, were reflected by selecting dimensions of 2.46mm�0.05mm. The wide tolerance of aperture 90 was constructed at 3.14mm�0.05mm. Thus, the close tolerances allow for relative expansion of parts over the operating temperature range, but maintain overall accuracy of fluid level indication. The wide tolerance allows axial movement of the float arm pivot portion such that float rod vibrations occurring along the pivotal axis which would otherwise cause fretting are not transmitted to the spring contact/resistor card interface.
The foregoing has described a fuel sensor assembly having improved manufacturability due to the assembly process wherein the float rod passes through the housing and the carrier element and snaps into place in the fork end of the carrier element which extends through the arcuate slot. Likewise, radial resistor card 25 simply snaps into place in the housing cap and the spring contact snaps into place on the carrier element while the housing parts themselves also snap together. Assembly of the fuel sender of the present invention is further simplified by the lack of any need to calibrate the fuel sender. The location of the arcuate slot relative to other parts is repeatable to an extent that no calibration is needed. Thus, the spring contact is always located on a specific radial resistance pad on the resistor card when the carrier element is located against an empty stop location of the arcuate slot.
Since the conductive strips on the resistor card are increasingly wider as they extend away from the float rod rotation center, variances resulting from different spring contact extension to conductor pad contact point are avoided. Contact by a lead to either end of the resistor card allows for empty fuel tank readings at either end of the resistor card and therefore allows installation of the fuel sender on any location within a fuel tank.
Resistor card failures from fretting caused by vibrations of the float rod have been substantially eliminated by providing for some limited movement of the float rod relative to the housing member and carrier element.
While preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be understood that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. Accordingly, it is intended that the appended claims cover all such variations as fall within the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Meidinger reaches 1,000 points in game with Nevis
The Nevis Tigers clobbered Verndale 77-41 Tuesday but Zack Meidinger got the 14 points he needed to reach the 1,000-point mark.
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6 White Globe LED Umbrella LightsItem # HN-PLC033
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HAVE: Archontophoenix purpurea seedling
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Have a small seedling (about 8-10 inches, 3 leaves with new emergent spear) of the Mt. Lewis King Palm available for trade. Now I have to say this: I GOT this in a trade. I got 3. I don't need them all.
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After a tremendous and successful 2013 convention in Panama, CCCU & CUES in 2014 will once again collaborate to provide increased educational opportunities, worldwide networking and possibilities for cross border internships to further enhance our human resource development in the Regional Credit Union Sector as we come together under the theme "Re-engineering Credit Unions for Success and Sustainability."
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