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An apparatus, method and algorithm for the economical, intuitive rotational control of a three dimensional object displayed on a computer monitor. The computer input device consists of a tracked ball, with a directed source emanating from it, that is housed in an enclosure which allows for the free rotation of the ball. The ball sits on a bearing within a base equipped with an array of sensors. Activated sensors are grouped in such a way that the positions of the detected sources can be determined. A 3×3 orientation matrix is then computed to allow applications programs to present a graphical object in the same orientation as the orientation that the user has given to the ball in the input device.
1. A computer input device comprising:
(a) a ball with a plurality of directed sources inside arranged so that at least two axes of the ball are distinguished,
(b) a bearing on which said ball rests so said ball may be rotated easily in an arbitrary fashion around any axis through the center of said ball,
(c) a base which holds said bearing as well as a plurality of sensors capable of responding to said directed sources inside said ball,
(d) an enclosure to isolate said sensors from the environment outside said device and keep said ball easily accessible for free rotation, and
(e) interface circuitry to allow a device selected from the group consisting of general purpose computers and specialized electronic processors to read the state of each sensor from the said plurality of sensors,
whereby said device will provide three dimensional rotational control of a graphical object displayed on a monitor,
whereby there is a natural correlation between the movement of said ball by the hand of the user and the three dimensional rotational control of a graphical object, and
whereby said natural correlation is established by absolute measurements of orientation.
2. The computer input device of
3. The computer input device of
4. The computer input device of
5. A method of manipulating a three dimensional graphical object comprising:
(a) providing a device containing a ball with directed sources inside arranged so that at least two axes of the ball are distinguished,
(b) providing a bearing on which said ball rests so said ball may be rotated easily in an arbitrary fashion around any axis through the center of said ball,
(c) providing a base which holds said bearing as well as a plurality of sensors capable of responding to said directed sources inside said ball,
(d) providing an enclosure to isolate said sensors from the environment outside said device and keep said ball easily accessible for free rotation, and
(e) providing interface circuitry to allow a device selected from the group consisting of general purpose computers and specialized electronic processors to read the state of each sensor from said plurality of sensors,
whereby said method will provide three dimensional rotational control of a graphical object displayed on a monitor,
whereby there is a natural correlation between the movement of said ball by the hand of the user and said three dimensional rotational control of a graphical object, and
whereby said natural correlation is established by absolute measurements of orientation.
6. A process yielding absolute measurements of orientation from a computer input device containing a freely manipulable ball with directed sources arranged so that at least two axes through the center of said ball are distinguished comprising the steps of:
(a) taking a single initial device reading comprising:
(1) reading raw information from said computer input device,
(2) separating activated sensors of said computer input device into two groups,
(3) mapping the groups of sensors into localized groups of virtual sensors,
(4) averaging the coordinates of the positions of said virtual sensors in said localized groups to obtain current positions of at least two distinguished axes,
(5) normalizing computed data describing the current axis positions,
(6) making a conventional choice of orientation from a group of symmetric possibilities consistent with the computed axis positions, and
(7) storing a mathematical description of said choice of orientation in memory, and
(b) taking subsequent periodic device readings consisting of (1) through (5) as above and then making a choice of orientation consistent with the previous computed orientation thereby discarding symmetric possibilities compatible with the current device reading and then storing a mathematical description of said choice of orientation in memory,
whereby there is a periodically updated 3×3 orientation matrix to allow applications programs to present a graphical object in the same orientation as the orientation that the user has given to the ball in said computer input device, and
whereby said 3×3 orientation matrix is determined by absolute measurements of orientation.
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
This invention relates to the field of computer input devices. In particular, this invention includes an apparatus, method and algorithm for the intuitive rotational control of three dimensional graphical objects displayed on a monitor.
Various computer input devices have been designed to allow user manipulation of graphical pointers, cursors or objects on a computer screen in two dimensions. Most notably, these include the common computer mouse, trackball and joystick. There are also various computer input devices that have been designed to allow for user manipulation of graphical objects in three-dimensions. However, many of the various devices designed to date are complicated to use. For example one such device is a six-degree-of-freedom (6 DoF) joystick, such as the Spaceball.™., described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,811,608 to John A. Hilton, issued (Mar. 14, 1989). However, the six degrees of freedom provided do not directly match position and orientation. The correlations of torque and force quantities to rotations and translations is reputedly difficult and unnatural to learn.
The existing devices generally involve using various buttons or wheels and require good coordination for proper use. For instance, a sequence of signals from a 2-D input device may be used to simulate a signal from a virtual 3-D trackball such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,809 to Michael Chen (May 28, 1991). The user must manipulate a virtual trackball on screen which separates the user from manipulating the intended object and tends to decrease accuracy. Other methods require awkward usage of 2-D input devices. Moreover, many of the devices are so complex, that their manufacture is uneconomical. A more intuitive device is always desirable to be more user-friendly and a more economical device is desirable as well.
A method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,854,623 to Edward Bullister (Dec. 29, 1998) which uses a ball whose surface is patterned with reflective Platonic solid tilings and intends to provide a more direct correspondence between rotations of the trackbar and the object. Drawbacks in this design include the need for pattern recognition algorithms and the need to introduce various additional complexities if absolute orientations are desired.
The current invention provides an intuitive, easy to use, freely manipulable computer input device for the three dimensional rotational control of a graphical object using simple, low cost materials and very simple interpretation algorithms which may be used to yield absolute measurements of orientation.
It is the object of this invention to provide an intuitive, easy to use, freely manipulable computer input device for the three dimensional rotational control of a graphical object using simple, low cost materials and very simple interpretation algorithms which may be used to yield absolute measurements of orientation. The apparatus and method includes freely rotating what can be thought of as a large trackball. Unlike an ordinary mouse-like trackball, the SO3 (special orthogonal group in 3 dimensions) device tracks rotations about all axes through the center of the ball. One of the advantages of this invention, is the very easy, intuitive control of graphical objects. There is a natural correlation between the manipulation of the device by the user and the movement of the graphical object under the control of the device. Simply put, an applications program can use the information provided by the device to rotate an object displayed on the screen the very same way that the user is rotating the ball in the device. There is no complicated coordination of buttons or simulated motion. The invention consists of hardware and the method of use of the device and software algorithms used to interpret the data read from the device. Much of the ease of operation of the device is due to the development of the proper algorithm for interpreting the signals from the input device. The current device could be useful for computer-aided design, molecular modeling, rational drug discovery, virtual reality, and educational and recreational applications which involve 3D image manipulations.
FIG. 1: Overview of an input device apparatus in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2. Flowchart 1. A description of the interpretation algorithm for one embodiment.
FIG. 3. Flowchart 2. An expanded description of the PARTITION stage of the interpretation algorithm presented in Flowchart 1.
Hardware Design
FIG. 1 illustrates a possible configuration of the essential device components in one embodiment of the device. The enclosure is not depicted.
The device consists of:
a ball 11 with a collection of "directed sources" 10 inside (to be explained below)
a bearing 20 on which the ball 11 rests, so that the ball 11 may be rotated easily in an arbitrary fashion around any axis through the ball's center
a base 25 which holds the bearing 20 as well as an array(s) of sensors 15 capable of responding to the "sources" 10 inside the ball 11, each sensor in the array need only have two possible output states ("on" or "off")
an enclosure to isolate the sensors from the environment outside the device (the enclosure must expose enough of the ball 11 so that the ball 11 may be freely and easily rotated by the user), and
interface circuitry 30 to allow a general purpose computer 35 or specialized electronic processor to read the state of each sensor (that is, whether the response of each sensor to the "directed sources" 10 is above or below a certain threshold).
The "directed sources" 10 may be energy beams or fields which emanate from a few fixed locations or distinguished points 10 on the ball 11. These special locations will be referred to as source points 10. In one embodiment, a light source(s) is placed in the ball 11. If the ball 11 is opaque and small holes are drilled in the ball 11, light will emanate from the holes. (The different holes should be considered different source points 10, even if the light streaming through these holes comes from a single incandescent bulb in the center of the ball 11.) In this embodiment, the sensor array(s) 15 could be created using photoresistors. In a preferable embodiment the sources will not require an energy supply, for example permanent magnets may be placed inside the ball 11 together with flux concentrators designed to intensify the perpendicular magnetic field strength at distinguished points 10 on the surface of the ball 11. In this preferred embodiment, the sensor array(s) 15 could be created using Hall effect sensors. The size and position of the array of sensors 15, and the number and positions of the source points 10 on the ball 11 must be chosen so that, for any orientation of the ball 11, at least two nonantipodal source points 10 on the ball 11 are directed at some portion of the array 15. In one embodiment the array of sensors 15 covers an entire hemisphere concentric with the ball 11 and two pairs of diametrically opposed source points 10 are placed on one great circle of the ball 11. It is possible to decrease the amount of area required to be covered with sensors by increasing the number of source points 10 used. Uneven spacing between source points 10, or simultaneous use of more than one type of source may be used to cut down or eliminate the symmetries of the ball 11. This would have the effect of simplifying or eliminating the LINK phase of the interpretation algorithm described below. For example different colored lights could be used as sources with color sensitive sensors. Magnets oriented disparately could be used as well, in conjunction with Hall effect sensors of the appropriate polarity. The spacing of the sensors within the sensor arrays must be sufficiently fine so that any source point 10 directed toward an array must be detectable, that is it must activate some sensor in the array. The interface circuitry 30 may be very simple. For example, if an array of discrete cadmium sulfide photoresistors is used (in conjunction with light sources within the ball 11), each photoresistor may be placed in series with a resistor with the point between resistor and photoresistor wired to the input of a TTL buffer. In the embodiment which is here being explained, the resistors should be chosen so that their resistance is sufficiently small compared to the dark resistance of a photoresistor so that the point between a resistor and a photoresistor attains a TTL high whenever no source point is directed toward that photoresistor, but sufficiently large compared to the light resistance of the photoresistor so that the point between a resistor and a photoresistor attains a TTL low whenever a source point is directed toward that photoresistor. The interpretation algorithm (described below), most notably the CENTERS stage, provides tolerance for inconsistent readings of sensors which are receiving a signal strength from a source which is very close to the threshold value. (This circumstance arises when the deviation from alignment between a source point and sensor reaches a critical angle.) Of course, preferable setups using magnets and Hall effect sensors, or other source/sensor pairs may be readily constructed by one skilled in the art. A simple addressing scheme using decoders and a hierarchy of buffers can be used to enable the computer to read the states of the sensors. The decoder inputs may be connected to parallel port outputs, and top level buffer outputs to parallel port inputs. Software may execute a rapid sequence of parallel port write, read pairs to determine the state of all sensors nearly simultaneously. A serial port or other means of communication with a general purpose digital computer may also be used.
Interpretation Algorithm
Flowchart 1 (FIG. 2) describes a simple algorithm which may be used to transform the raw information read from the device into a form readily usable by applications software. Flowchart 2 (FIG. 3) adds detail to the PARTITION stage of the algorithm. The algorithm description in the text below (and in the flowcharts) focuses on the simple incarnation of the basic design idea which places four sources equally spaced around a great circle of the ball 11, and provides a full hemisphere of sensors 15. Adaptation to other implementations is relatively straightforward. In the algorithm description, references to sensors and sensor manipulations refer more properly to records of sensor positions and manipulations thereof. The numbered items below correspond to the numbers in Flowcharts 1 and 2 (FIG. 2 and FIG. 3).
(1) Raw information is read from the device as described in the hardware description above.
(2) The objective of this step is to separate the currently activated sensors into two groups. Each group should correspond to an antipodal pair of sources, which in turn corresponds to a special axis through the center of the ball 11. This stage of the algorithm is further elucidated by Flowchart 2 (FIG. 3).
(21) Put all of the activated sensors into a pool.
(22) Remove a sensor from the pool and place it into a new group.
(23) Compute the RP2 distance from each sensor in the pool to each sensor in the new group. If any pool sensor is within α units of a new group sensor, remove that sensor from the pool and insert it into the new group. The RP2 distance between two positions on a sphere is the minimum of the following two quantities: the simple distance between the two positions, and the simple distance between the first position and the antipode of the second position. The simple distance between two positions may be computed with the ordinary Euclidean distance formula, or, to save processing time, with the taxicab metric or any convenient metric. The parameter a is chosen to be greater than the distance between adjacent sensors, but less than the minimum possible distance between sensors which can be simultaneously activated by different sources.
Note that rotation of the ball 11 which directs one source point out of the array of sensors (and thus directs the antipodal source point into the array) is tracked seamlessly. The key to the simple handling of this tracking is the RP2 distance measurements described above.
(3) If one source from an antipodal pair is directed entirely outside the sensor array, then all sensors activated by that antipodal pair are, in fact, activated by a single source, and are thus all close to each other, i.e., the group is already "localized." Furthermore, the center of such a group of activated sensors will determine (approximately) a unit vector lying along the axis of the corresponding pair of antipodal sources. It is also possible for an antipodal pair of sources to be sufficiently close to the rim of the sensor array, so that both sources in the pair are simultaneously activating sensors. In this case, the group of sensors activated by the antipodal pair (as determined by the PARTITION stage of the algorithm) will itself consist of two subgroups corresponding to the two sources in the antipodal pair. Localization of such a group is performed as follows. Each sensor in one of the subgroups is left as is. Each sensor in the other subgroup is replaced by a "virtual" sensor at the position antipodal to its own position. The resulting "localized" group of sensors will have a center which determines (approximately) a unit vector lying along the axis of the corresponding pair of antipodal sources.
(4) The center of a localized group is determined by averaging the coordinates of the positions of the sensors in the localized group.
(5) This step serves to ameliorate errors of measurement and to insure that the algorithm produces a matrix which is orthogonal (to a tolerable approximation) regardless of interference to the device, or abnormal operation of the device for any reason. The two positions computed in the previous stage of the algorithm may be considered as the endpoints of vectors emanating from the center of the ball 11. The lengths of these vectors should be close to the radius of the hemisphere containing the sensors, and the angle between them should be close to 90 degrees (to within the accuracy of measurement of the device). ORTHONORMALIZE replaces these vectors (hereafter called measured vectors) with a pair of nearby vectors (hereafter called computed vectors) whose lengths equal the radius of the hemisphere of sensors, and whose angular separation is 90 degrees to within the accuracy of machine arithmetic. Preferably the computed vectors are determined so as to satisfy the following two requirements. (i) The computed vectors should lie in the plane determined by the measured vectors. (ii) The line which bisects the angle distended by the computed vectors should be the same as the line which bisects the angle distended by the measured vectors. Thus, the effect of ORTHONORMALIZE is to dilate the measured vectors to the appropriate length, and spread or close them to 90 degrees without leaving their original plane.
(6) The last valid orientation matrix produced by the algorithm consists of three column vectors, a1, a2, and a1, x a2, where a1 points along (the position at the time of the last valid device reading of) the axis of one pair of antipodal sources, and a2 points along (the position at the time of the last valid device reading of) the axis of the other pair of antipodal sources. Call the two computed vectors of ORTHONORMALIZE t1 and t2. If the delay between consecutive device readings has been set to be sufficiently small, so that the ball 11 does not get rotated through a large angle between consecutive readings, the ordered pair (a1, a2) will be close to exactly one of the following eight ordered pairs of vectors: (t1, t2), (t1, −t2), (−t1, t2), (−t1, −t2), (t2, t1), (t2, −t1), (−t2, t1) and (−t2, −t1). The new values of a1 and a2 will be, respectively, the first and second vectors from the ordered pair in the list above which is closest to the previous value of (a1, a2). Note that on the occasion of the first valid device reading, (a1, a2) may be chosen from the list of eight possibilities according to an arbitrary convention. This has the consequence that, on startup, an arbitrarily determined association is established between a1 and one of the four sources, and between a2 and one of the two sources perpendicular to the source associated with a1. LINK maintains the consistency of this association throughout a session.
(7) Compute the vector cross product a1×a2 of the vectors a1 and a2 as newly computed by LINK. The 3×3 matrix with columns a1, a2 and a1×a2 describes the current orientation of ball 11.
(8) The 3×3 orientation matrix describing the current orientation of the ball 11 could, for instance, be copied to a shared memory area.
(9) The length of the delay before the next device reading needs to be sufficiently large so that this algorithm does use an excessively large percentage of the processor's time, yet sufficiently small so that only small rotations of the ball 11 can take place between consecutive device readings. Alternatively, the device could be implemented using processor interrupts rather than polling.
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Forty rescued roosters are living in paradise near Te Hana.
The abused and neglected birds are now residents of Rodney's newest animal sanctuary, Arborfield.
The roosters have been nursed back to health by sanctuary owners Robyn Rae and Malcolm Lea. They decided to officially open the sanctuary in June after coming to the rescue of a number of abused and neglected farm animals, including donkeys.
Robyn then learned of the plight of neglected roosters in the Auckland region. She says many of the birds were dumped at roadside reserves and on city streets, often by breeders, lifestylers and city dwellers who buy chicks only to discover they have a rooster rather than a hen. Dumped roosters are often attacked by dogs and younger birds are killed by the larger roosters.
Malcolm has built a high fence around a large paddock as well as a roosting shed inside the enclosure. In September they took in their first rescued rooster and four months later the enclosure is full.
Malcolm says the 40 rescued birds are the tip of the iceberg when it comes to unwanted and abandoned roosters in Auckland.
"That thought can be quite depressing. There's probably thousands of neglected roosters out there," he says.
Two grey roosters, Aaron and Paul, were rescued from a car park at Warkworth.
"We can't take any more roosters. We can't afford to feed and take care of more," Robyn says.
But people can help by sponsoring the roosters. The sanctuary is a charitable trust which can accept donations and issue tax receipts.
"If there is enough sponsorship we could build another enclosure and take in more roosters," Robyn says. She says the best way to stop the unwanted rooster problem is for people to not let the birds breed.
"We are a very small sanctuary but we are doing what we can."
Visit arborfieldsanctuary.co.nz and 'like' Arborfield on Facebook for information and sponsorship.
- Rodney Times
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As part of our new initiative on TPF you can come and take part in a series of new in-depth articles and discussions every month. Featured this month are the methods that one of our top avian photographers, Kristofer Rowe uses to get his stunning photos (as also featured on Tamron USA website as well!). So drop in and take part, I know that Kristofer will be happy to answer your questions and hear what you do out in the field with your camera!
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Charles A. Miller
Published: Wednesday, June 17, 2009 at 8:03 a.m.
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TAYLORS SC-- Charles A. Miller, son of Charles Miller, Jr. And Flora A. Washington Edwards passed Friday, June 12, 2009.
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Go behind the scenes at Degrassi!
If your goal is to further deepen your understanding of the inner workings of Degrassi, we have indispensable tools to aid in your quest: On the Set videos. Want to be a fly on the wall the day the cast found out that JT would die, and see him wrap his last Degrassi scene ever? No sweat; here you go:
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The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders From Mars
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There is a reason why this was re-issued after 40 years. Bowie is one of those few pop musicians whose work resonates just as well today as "back in the day". Maybe he really is an alien come to earth?
This album reminds me of Bowie's horizontal collaborations with The Stones' Mick Jaggar.
This album is perfect start to finish and is a must have for not only any David Bowie fan, but for people that are fans of music in general.
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February 3, 2014
M. Scott Brauer for The Chronicle
When Carolyn Edelstein's friends and family gathered for Thanksgiving in 2012, the conversation kept turning to feces.
Ms. Edelstein, a graduate student at Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, had recently seen a close friend suffer through an infection with Clostridium difficile, a bacterium that can cause severe and sometimes fatal diarrhea. After several rounds of antibiotics failed, her friend finally turned to an
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Posted by Kate Leggett on April 4, 2012
Eighty-six percent of customer service decision-makers say that a good customer experience is one of their top strategic priorities. Sixty-three percent say that they want their customer experience to be the best in their industry. Yet few companies deliver a good customer experience.
In our recent survey, just over one-third of the 160 large North American brands questioned were found to provide a positive customer experience — a number that hasn't significantly moved for the past five years.
We know that a bad service experience has quantifiable negative impacts, as measured by monitoring the wallet share of each customer over their engagement lifetime with a brand. But when is a service experience good enough? A recent Harvard Business Review blog says that delighting your customers is a waste of time and energy, and exceeding customer expectations has a negligible impact on customer loyalty — that customers just want simple, quick solutions to their problems.
What customers also want is a consistent, reproducible experience across all touchpoints.
What this means is that a customer wants to receive the same data, the same information, over any voice, electronic, or social communication channel used. Customer service agents supporting customers across these channels should follow the same business processes. And channels should be linked — either from a technology perspective or a business process perspective — so that customers can start a conversation on one channel and move it to the next without having to restart the conversation.
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Latest Climate change Stories
Heartland Institute's 9th Conference on Climate Change Features Patrick Moore, John Coleman Delivering Morning Keynote Addresses to Kick Off Day of Panel Discussions, Award Presentations
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A team of scientists from Reno, Nevada's Desert Research Institute (DRI) led by Michael Sigl and Joe McConnell have reconstructed historic volcanic sulfate emissions from the Southern Hemisphere.
high carbon dioxide levels, such as those anticipated by climate change models, may hinder the ability of fish to recognize one another and form groups with familiar individuals.
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The above image looks at the month of March for the three cycles known as Normal Phase, El-Nino, and La-Nina. The data was recorded for the city of Honolulu Hawaii, during the month of March. Remember this is just data for one month during these cycles. Normal: During this cycle incoming solar activity was upwards to 48% efficient for the month, producing less than 50% of the month which is due to the large amount of daily cloud cover that is seen on the island during the early morning and...
Being a meteorologist for over thirteen years you start to take note of many things in the atmosphere and how they repeat themselves. Our Climate is no different. The definition of climate is stated as: the collective weather data in regards to moisture and temperature for over 30 years for the same location. So to better understand our climate we need to look at this. First, we have average temperatures for given places based on the 30 year average. Some years the temps are warmer or...
The above image looks at the month of March for the three cycles known as Normal Phase, El-Nino, and La-Nina. The data was recorded for the city of Austin Texas. Remember this is just data for one month during these cycles. Normal: During this cycle incoming solar activity was upwards to 60% efficient for the month, producing enough solar energy that only 40% of the month would have not had strong incoming radiation. EL-Nino: This phase provided the area with an extended number of...
The month of March provided a huge absence of winter with record breaking temperatures from the Canada border all the way south and eastward across the United States. Half of the United States shattered records which made the month of March, 2012 the warmest ever on record. There are a few states that did not share in the record warmth along the west coast. They actually had cooler weather. What lead to the extreme warm temperatures during the month of March was a weather pattern built...
- Forsooth! indeed! originally a parenthetical phrase used in repeating the words of another with more or less contempt or disdain.


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Your guide to dining out in New York City, including restaurant reviews, new restaurants, online reservations and the best restaurants in New York
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"This book is so readable…and Ms. Shay knows her way around a steamy love scene." Romance Reviews Today
"Shay has crafted a novel with an intriguing premise and, best of all, with two protagonists who unleash tons of conflict in their wake." Romantic Times
"Very well written and worthy of recommendations. One thing I guarantee: No one will come away indifferent." Romance Reviews Today
Ties That Bind
Kathryn Shay
Published by Kathryn Shay
Copyright 2006 The Berkley Publishing Group in New York
Copyright 2010 Kathryn Shay
Cover art by Patricia Ryan
Smashwords Edition
This ebook is licensed for your personal enjoyment only. This ebook may not be re-sold or given away to other people. If you would like to share this book with another person, please purchase an additional copy for each person. If you're reading this book and did not purchase it, or it was not purchased for your use only, then please return to smashwords.com and purchase your own copy. Thank you for respecting the hard work of this author.


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Massive SHORT COVERING Will start soon, No shares left, and even The MM Is running out of supply.
Sentiment: Strong Buy
There is nothing in the world to support this ... downtrend continues; youre dreaming up a reversal.
no shares left? LOL they will continue to print shares until the end!
Sentiment: Sell


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Town Square
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AROUND TOWNListen to music by Marcus Shelby's Trio on Sunday
Jazz@Peace concert series will feature Marcus Shelby's Trio at 5 p.m., Sunday, Nov. 14, at Peace Lutheran Church, 3201 Camino...Original post made on Nov. 14, 2010
Last comment by Bill, on Nov 14, 2010 at 11:37 am | 1 comment | 968 Views
CRIMES & INCIDENTSHelp the Sheriff's station in Alamo
The Sheriff's Valley Station Office in Alamo is seeking people interested in assisting law enforcement in the community....Original post made on Feb. 23, 2012
Last comment by Sheriff Volunteer, on Feb 24, 2012 at 4:45 pm | 6 comments | 968 Views
COMMENTS ON STORIESNew brewery locks in space, looks forward to local investors
Schubros Brewery has secured a San Ramon location for its headquarters and has some new hope for its financial future with...Original post made on Apr. 12, 2012
Last comment by Beer Advocate, on Apr 12, 2012 at 12:52 pm | 1 comment | 968 Views
COMMENTS ON STORIESDanville educator among county finalists for teacher of the year
Two San Ramon Valley Unified teachers went above and beyond this school year and are being recognized by the county for their...Original post made on May. 31, 2013
Last comment by Ethan Vanders, on May 31, 2013 at 7:08 pm | 1 comment | 968 Views
AROUND TOWNLearn how hypnotherapy can help cancer treatment
Hypnotherapy can help reduce side effects of cancer treatment, facilitate the development of coping skills, reduce stress...Original post made on Dec. 1, 2009
Last comment by Diane, on Dec 1, 2009 at 10:33 pm | 3 comments | 967 Views
COMMENTS ON STORIESMortgage-burning at Peace
Peace Lutheran is having a mortgage-burning celebration, just like families used to do. The church is paying off its debt...Original post made on Feb. 15, 2010
Last comment by Lucy, on Feb 15, 2010 at 9:44 pm | 1 comment | 967 Views
AROUND TOWNThe Carpetbagger Harmer's Challenge
David...you do not live in this district, you could not even vote for yourself, and now this is your last desperate tactic...Original post made by jrm on Nov. 6, 2010
Last comment by askidoo, on Nov 15, 2010 at 8:48 pm | 9 comments | 967 Views
AROUND TOWNDanville police join statewide enforcement for distracted driving
Danville Police are one of over 225 local agencies and 103 CHP Area Commands that are cracking down as part of Distracted...Original post made on Apr. 1, 2011
Last comment by Steve, on Apr 4, 2011 at 7:29 am | 3 comments | 967 Views
AROUND TOWNSee 'Mourning Becomes Electra'
Attend the 12th annual Eugene O'Neill Festival which marks the 75th anniversary of the esteemed playwright's reception of...Original post made on Sep. 28, 2011
Last comment by DJ, on Sep 28, 2011 at 9:01 pm | 1 comment | 967 Views
COMMENTS ON STORIESCouncil gives Osage Station Park plan the go-ahead
At its Tuesday meeting, the Danville Town Council granted its Parks and Leisure Services Commission permission to move forward...Original post made on Nov. 3, 2011
Last comment by Roberta Lemons, on Nov 3, 2011 at 8:55 am | 1 comment | 967 Views
COMMENTS ON STORIESWhat happens when you can't pay your medical bills?
It's no secret that health care costs have been spiraling out of control for years. Read the full story here http://www.danvilleexpress.com/news/show_story.php?id=8123...Original post made on Aug. 7, 2012
Last comment by Julia, on Aug 10, 2012 at 12:12 pm | 8 comments | 967 Views
COMMENTS ON STORIESTwo new principals appointed in SRVUSD
Two principals -- Janet Terranova and Matt Hermann -- will take over new positions in the San Ramon Valley Unified School...Original post made on May. 13, 2010
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CRIMES & INCIDENTSHelicopters?
Does anyone know why there were 2-3 helicopters circling the area last night (May 2, 2012) at around 10pm? This lasted for...Original post made by Melissa on May. 3, 2012
Last comment by scully, on Aug 15, 2012 at 4:24 pm | 2 comments | 966 Views
COMMENTS ON STORIESHigh schoolers don't always 'like' Facebook
Facebook has been a phenomenon since Mark Zuckerburg created it in his Harvard dorm room in 2004 and it spread like wildfire...Original post made on Jul. 24, 2012
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AROUND TOWNAntiques and arts on Railroad Avenue today
Enjoy antiques and art at this fair from 9 a.m.-3 p.m., Monday, Sept. 7, in the Railroad Center in Danville. Live music,...Original post made on Sep. 7, 2009
Last comment by Claudette, on Sep 7, 2009 at 11:05 am | 1 comment | 965 Views
AROUND TOWNAn R-7A mandate in Alamo?
Dear Editor, Polling of Alamo neighborhoods by news service researchers indicated 67% of eligible voters submitted Measure...Original post made by [removed] on Jun. 16, 2011
There are no comments yet. 965 Views
AROUND TOWNIs redistricting a failure to communicate?
Dear Editor, Why are Contra Costa County supervisors having such difficulty executing the will and interests of Contra...Original post made by [removed] on Jul. 13, 2011
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STATE, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONALHow do we get regular Diablo Views
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There are no comments yet. 965 Views
COMMENTS ON STORIESRaucous Caucus: The Rise of the Drones
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COMMENTS ON STORIESCouncilman Michael Shimansky dies
Danville Councilman Michael Shimansky died today, after coming down with bacterial meningitis Aug. 17. He was visiting his...Original post made on Sep. 15, 2009
Last comment by Nancy Fraze, on Sep 15, 2009 at 4:08 pm | 1 comment | 964 Views
Page 197.25 of 272
Another bad idea from the air board
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Bidding My Training Dept. Goodbye
By Roz Rogoff | 4 comments | 562 views


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I'm a 46 year old transplant from the Midwest who can't imagine living any where else but San Francisco. I have worked in education for 16 years. Currently, I work for the San Francisco Unified School District as a middle school assistant principal. I play at many sports including Triathlons, Marathons and Cycling. When I'm not working, I'm usually off doing one of my events.
I recently bought my first house and I love sharing my space with others. It's so fun meeting so many great people who use AirBnb.


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Sidelobe suppression in directional beam forming antennas is accomplished by means of a spatial filter. The filter geometry consists of flat layers of high dielectric constant dielectric separated by air or other low dielectric constant dielectric substance. The filter is placed directly over the antenna radiating aperture and its dielectric materials have dielectric constant and thickness values that effect full transmission of beam power in a selected beam direction and substantial rejection of it in other directions.
1. Directional beam forming means comprising
a phased array antenna having a multiplicity of radiating elements, and
a Chebyshev filter, said Chebyshev filter being disposed proximate to the radiating aperture of said radiating elements and in intercepting relationship with electromagnetic wave energy transmitted and received thereby, said Chebyshev filter comprising a plurality of discrete contiguous layers of dielectric substance, alternate layers thereof having high and low dielectric constants, said high dielectric constant layers being a quarter wavelength thick and spaced at integral half wavelength distances so as to effect substantially complete cancellation of beam energy reflected by said sheet members for a given beam direction.
2. A beam filter as defined in claim 1 wherein high dielectric constant layers comprise parallel, spaced high dielectric sheet members and low dielectric constant layers comprise air filled regions therebetween.
3. A beam filter as defined in claim 1 wherein said high dielectric sheet members are quarter wavelength ceramic sheets spaced at wavelength intervals.
The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment of any royalty thereon.
This invention relates to directional beam forming antennas, and in particular to dielectric layer spatial filters for suppressing the sidelobes of beams transmitted by such antennas.
The performance of phased arrays and other directional beam forming antennas is often degraded by the presence of sidelobes and grating lobes in the transmitted beam. A particular problem is represented by the residual grating lobes that plague limited sector scanning and multiple beam arrays in airport precision-approach radar systems and synchronous satellite communications antennas. In the past, for each individual case, sidelobe problems have been overcome by redesigning the antenna. Such an approach is, of course, both inflexible and expensive. There currently exists, therefore, the need for greatly simplified, lightweight, inexpensive means for suppressing sidelobes and grating lobes in beams transmitted by directional beam-forming antennas. The present invention is directed toward satisfying that need.
The spatial filter comprehended by the invention comprises a plurality of layers of dielectric with alternate layers being of high and low dielectric constant substances. The low dielectric constant layers can conveniently be air gaps between sheets of selected high dielectric constant material. The thickness, dielectric constant and spacing parameters of the high dielectric constant layers are chosen to establish filter transmission properties that depend on the angle of beam incidence. These transmission properties are tailored to provide good transmission of radiation in the direction of the main beam and substantial rejection for radiation at angles outside the sector or cone of coverage swept by the main beam.
It is a principal object of the invention to provide new and improved means for suppressing sidelobes in beams transmitted by directional beam-forming antennas.
It is another object of the invention to provide a layered dielectric spatial filter adapted to suppress sidelobes and grating lobes in beams transmitted by directional beam-forming antennas.
It is another object of the invention to provide a greatly simplified, lightweight, inexpensive means for suppressing sidelobes and grating lobes.
These, together with other objects, features and advantages of the invention, will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the illustrated embodiment in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 illustrates one presently preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic representation illustrating this relationship between a filter comprehended by the invention and a beam at various scan angles;
FIG. 3 is a typical field pattern for a beam transmitted through a two-element filter incorporating the principles of the invention; and
FIG. 4 is a typical field pattern for a beam transmitted through a four-element filter incorporating the principles of the invention
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the rejection ratios for a two-layer Chebyshev filter; and
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the reflection coefficients for a two layer Chebyshev filter.
The layered dielectric filter of the invention is a spatial domain filter as differentiated from conventional frequency domain filters.
The principles of layered-dielectric frequency-domain filters and impedance transformers are well established, and in the development of the filter herein disclosed the techniques for analysis and synthesis in this domain have been when possible extended to the spatial domain. The fundamental difference between synthesis in the frequency domain and synthesis in the spatial domain arises because the transmission coefficients of layers that have a high dielectric constant are strongly frequency-dependent but relatively invariant with the spatical angle of incidence; if a wave from a medium of low dielectric constant is incident on a medium of high dielectric constant, then for any angle of incidence the wave propagation angle in the latter is almost perpendicular to the interface.
This distinction is the basis for the fundamental change in filter design comprehended by the present invention. The frequency-domain transformers and filters synthesized by prior art techniques consist of various dielectric layers sandwiched together. The spatial domain filters synthesized in accordance with principles of the invention consist of quarter-wave sections of dielectric separated by half-wave or full-wave air spaces.
The procedure for transformer synthesis depends on the demonstrated properties of the polynomial expression for the power loss ratio, defined as the power ratio associated with the inverse of the filter transmission coefficient:
Using filter elements consisting of sections of transmission line each quarter-wavelength long at the design frequency, it has been proved that the power loss ratio was an even polynomial of cos kz t of degree 2n, where n is the number of sections in the filter. It has also been shown that the power loss polynomial could be written as unity plus a positive constant times the square of Chebyshev polynomial Tn (x), and that n characteristic impedance values are sufficient to define the Chebyshev transformer, with the ripple level given by the value of the positive constant.
The fundamental difference between the present invention and the transformer synthesis techniques currently employed is that the device of the invention is a spatial filter rather than a frequency filter. If the air spaces Sj were set equal to zero, this analysis would also lead to power loss ratios that are even powers of cos kzj t. The difference is that in the case of a frequency filter the ko = 2π/λo varies directly with the frequency; in the case of a spatial filter with εj large compared with unity, kz.sbsb.j varies very little over a wide range. Logically therefore, procedures for designing a spatial filter are not directly analogous to those established for designing quarter-wave transformers.
In considering the spatial domain dielectric constants of the filter media are assumed to be large enough for the θ-dependence of the k zj in the various layers to be neglected. It is also assumed that the air-dielectric junction characteristics are constant with θ. if the thickness of each dielectric layer is a quarter-wavelength at the design frequency and the air-space distance S between layers is fixed, then the power loss ratios will be even powers of cos(ko S cos θ) or even powers of sin(ko S cos θ). In such case the dielectric slab is considered a lumped reactive component; filter synthesis consists of choosing the magnitude of this reactance.
The mathematics of filter synthesis for a spatial Chebyshev filter as comprehended by the invention, is as follows:
The first five Chebyshev polynomials are:
To (x) = 1,
T1 (x) = x,
T2 (x) = 2x2 -1,
T3 (x) = 4x3 -3x,
T4 (x) = 8x4 -8x2 +1. (2)
The optimal properties of these polynomials are well known, as are their root locations and in-band and out-of-band characteristics. The functions oscillate with amplitude unity throughout the range and all have the value unit at |x| = 1. The polynomial Tm (x) has all of its m zeros within this passband range.
An alternative way of expressing the general polynomial Tm (x) is:
Tm (x) = cos h (m cos h.sup.-1 x). (3)
This expression is valid for all x, but is particularly useful for calculating the stopband polynomial values. Synthesis of spatial filters based on Chebyshev polynomials follows conventional procedure, which begins with the recognition that the power loss ratio is a polynomial in even powers of the sine or cosine of (ko S cos θ). The further specification that the polynomial be one that has m double zeros within the passband is also common to the theory of filter synthesis and has the result that the power loss polynomial can be set equal to the expression: ##EQU1## where ##EQU2## and ζ1 is the value of ζ at the passband edge.
This expression is unity plus a polynomial of order 2m, with double zeros within the region sin ζ < sin ζ1, and with the maximum ripple Δ2 within that band. The expression A11 A.sub. 11 * has the minimum value unity at the polynomial zeros.
The coefficient A11 of the wave matrix for a filter made of two identical dielectric slabs of dielectric constant ε and thickness t set to a quarter wavelength (in ε ), computed from Equation (1) is ##EQU3## and S11 and S21 are computed from standard wave matrix Equation (6). ##EQU4## Since S11 is real, the power loss ratio is: ##EQU5## To synthesize a two-layer filter, this ratio is set equal to the expression ##EQU6##
Defining a constant
G = Δ/sinζ1
then leads to the following equation for the dielectric-layer reflection coefficient ##EQU7##
Solving for εby means of Equation (10) and selecting the quarter-wave filter thickness for the given ε, completes the synthesis procedure given Δ2 and sin ζ1.
The above equations were derived in terms of sinζ . Since ζ= (2π/)S cos θ , sin ζis zero at (S/λ) = n(0.5), with n = 0 excluded as trivial. In principle, therefore, there are a number of different spacings that will allow proper spatial filter synthesis. In practice, the only reasonable spacings for most applications are S/λ= 0.5-- sometimes S/λ= 1.0 -- because larger spacings have a multitude of spatial pass- and stopbands that do not generally suit the given requirements.
For S = 0.5λ, there is a passband (sinζ= 0) centered at cos θ= 1 (broadside) and also at cosθ= 0 (endfire). For S = λthere are passbands at broadside, at 60�, and at endfire. The 60� passband begins just beyond 40�. Thus, the basic filter can be made so as to have synthesized filtering properties from broadside to somewhat beyond 40�, a spacing that is appropriate if the antenna radiation needs no further reduction for large θ angles.
Filter synthesis procedure begins with determining the value of ζ1 at the end of the passband and the value of some spatial angle variable ζ at which a given rejection level is required. Equations (3) and (4) give the out-of-band rejection for Chebyshev filters of the general type. FIG. 5 shows the rejection ratios (in decibels) for a two-layer filter for various values of Δ2 consistent with rejection ratios of up to 30 dB for values of sinζ/sinζ1 <10. From this curve it is possible to choose the value of the passband ripple amplitude Δ2 that will provide a given rejection ratio for a specific value of sinζ/sinζ1. Since the minimum passband transmission coefficient is 1/(1 + 2), the constant Δ2 must be kept moderately small if excessive ripple is to be avoided in the passband.
FIG. 6 must be used in conjunction with FIG. 5. In this latter figure, the required reflection coefficients S11 (1) and S11 (2) [computed for a two-layered filter in Equations (10) are plotted versus the values of sinζ1 at the end of the passband; the various Δ2 values that were used were chosen to cover a range that would give reasonable ripple values while maintaining good filter rejection.
The essential elements of a spatial filter incorporating the principles of the invention are shown in the presently preferred embodiments of FIG. 1. The filter is shown in relationship to a directional beam-forming antenna comprising the array of radiating elements 4 and beam-forming matrix 3. The spatial filter of the invention comprises the structural arrangement of dielectric substance layers 7, 12. In practice the filter can be mounted in appropriate relationship to the antenna radiating aperture by means of a frame or brackets (not shown). Dielectric layers 7 are of high dielectric constant material and layers 12 are of low dielectric constant material. By way of example, layers 7 can be high dielectriic constant ceramic sheet members or aluminum sheet members and layers 12 can be the air gaps between the ceramic sheets. Layers 12 can also be of any suitable low dielectric material such as polystyrene making the filter a solid "sandwich" type structure. The spacings S between dielectric sheets 7 and the sheet 7 thicknesses together with the dielectric constants chosen determine, in part, the beam radiating pattern. The effect of dimensions S is illustrated by the schematic drawing of FIG. 2. The beam 8 in this instance is intended to be fully transmitted at broadside and rejected at a certain angle off broadside. The dielectric sheets 7 are therefore spaced such that beam energy 9 reflected by the high dielectric constant members exactly cancels out at broadside. It can be seen from the geometry of FIG. 2 that energy reflected when the beam is at an angle θ travels a longer distance than when the beam is at broadside and would not exactly cancel. By proper design, such reflected energy can be made to add, resulting in rejection of the transmitted beam at and beyond selected beam excursion limits. In practice operable filters have been constructed using quarter wavlength ceramic high dielectric constant sheets spaced at wavelength and half-wavelength distances S. The number of dielectric material layers or stages of the filter determine how sharply the skirts of the beam radiation pattern fall off. That is, the number of stages can be manipulated to tailor the radiation pattern to a desired shape. This is illustrated by FIGS. 3 and 4 wherein FIG. 3 illustrates a typical beam pattern for a two-stage filter and FIG. 4 illustrates a typical beam pattern for a four-stage filter.
The design and synthesis of any particular spatial filter embodying the concepts of the invention depends of course upon the particular application and beam pattern desired as well as the selected operating frequency and other special parameters involved. The particular values of layer thickness, dielectric constant and layer spacing are derived in each case by filter synthesis procedures. Examples of filter synthesis procedures that develop filters of the type comprehended by the invention are detailed in U.S. Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories Report AFCRL-TR-74-0455, entitled Analysis and synthesis of Spatial Filters That Have Chebyshev Characteristics, by Robert J. Mailloux, dated Sept. 13, 1974.
Although the Chebyshev design detailed in the report is a good example of the technique and advantages that layered dielectric spatial filters can offer, the invention is not limited to filters designed to have Chebyshev characteristics but pertains to other selected geometries with variable spacings and equal or unequal dielectric constants as can be designed or synthesized by those skilled in the art of wave propagtion and polynomial synthesis.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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This is a set of 6, 3 3/4'', juice glasses in Federal Glass Co's pattern ''Gazelle''. There are 3 white, 2 salmon and 1 blue. These very retro pieces are in excellent condition.
Item ID: GS4652
We've found what you're looking for.
We're heading for the warmth, be back March 24th and shipping again on the 25th.


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guitar tabs, guitar chords and lyrics
Public books
My songbook
Eclectic Songbook
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average: 3.7
I love everything from 50's to current.
Listen To The Music ( Doobie Brothers)
8675309 (Tommy Tutone)
After The Gold Rush (Neil Young)
All along the Watchtower (Bob Dylan)
All The Young Dudes (David Bowie)
Already Gone (The Eagles)
American Pie (Don McLean)
And It Stoned Me (Van Morrison)
Angel Eyes (Jeff Healey)
angel of the morning (Juice Newton)
Baba O'Riley (Who)
bad bad leroy brown (Jim Croce)
Ballad of Curtis Loew (Lynyrd Skynyrd)
Beast Of Burden (Rolling Stones)
Beautiful Day (U2)
Beds Are Burning (Midnight Oil)
Behind Blue Eyes (The Who)
BLACK MAGIC WOMAN (Santana)
Blister In The Sun (Violent Femmes)
Born To Run (Bruce Springsteen)
BROWN EYED GIRL (Van Morrison)
Brown Sugar (Rolling Stones)
Cats In The Cradle (Ugly Kid Joe)
Comfortably Numb (Pink Floyd)
Cover Of The Rolling Stone (Dr. Hook)
CREEP (Radiohead)
Cuts Like A Knife (Bryan Adams)
Cynthia (Blue Rodeo)
Don't think twice, It's Alright (Bob Dylan)
Dont Stop Believin Acoustic (Journey)
Down Under (Men At Work)
Fat Bottomed Girls (Queen)
Friend Of The Devil (Grateful Dead)
From Hank to Hendrix (Neil Young)
Gay Eskimo (Corky and The Juice Pigs)
Glory Days (Bruce Springsteen)
Good Riddance (TOYL) (Greenday)
HANG (Matchbox 20)
Harvest Moon (Neil Young)
Heart of gold (Neil Young)
Heart of the Matter (Don Henley)
Heaven (Warrant)
Hit the Road, Jack by Ray Charles (Rhythm and Blues )
hooked on a feeling ( Blue Swede )
Hotel California (Eagles)
I SHOT THE SHERIFF (Bob Marley)
I Think Were Alone Now (Tommy James and The Shondells)
I've just seen a face (Beatles)
Im Goin Down (Bruce Springsteen)
IS THIS LOVE? (Bob Marley)
Jealous Guy (John Lennon)
Kings-of-leon-use-somebody (Unknown)
Little Black Backpack (Stroke 9)
Lola (by Ray Davies of the Kinks)
Love for Sale (Bon Jovi)
Love Is All Around (Wet Wet Wet)
Lyin Eyes (Eagles)
Mama-mia (Abba)
Margaritaville (Jimmy Buffett)
Modern Love (John Frusciante)
No One Is To Blame (Howard Jones)
No one is to blame (Howard Jones)
No Rain (Blind Melon)
Over and Over (Neil Young)
PINK HOUSES (John Mellencamp)
Pistol slapper blues (Rory Gallagher)
Proud Mary (Creedence Clearwater Revival)
Purple Rain Acoustic (Prince)
Ring Of Fire (Johnny Cash)
Rock N Roll Suicide (David Bowie)
Rockin' in the Free World (Neil Young)
Roll another number (Neil Young)
Run to You (Bryan Adams}#Is Tuned To D (I Think) To Play This. I.E The Chords Below Are Ok But May {C:Intro:)
Runaway (Del Shannon/M. Crook)
Santeria (Sublime)
Small Town (John Mellencamp)
Space oddity (David Bowie)
Story Of My Life (Social Distortion)
SULTANS OF SWING (Dire Straits)
Summertime Blues (Eddie Cochran)
Sweet Dreams (Eurythmics)
Sylvias Mother (Dr. Hook)
Take me home country roads (John Denver)
Tangled Up In Blue (Bob Dylan)
These eyes (Guess Who)
Time Warp (Rocky Horror Picture Show)
To Love Somebody (Bee Gees)
Too Far Gone (Neil Young)
Wendy Under the Stars v1 (Odds)
White Room (Cream)
Who'll Stop The Rain (Creedence Clearwater Revival)
Wild Horses (Rolling Stones)
Wild World (Cat Stevens)
Willie and the Hand Jive (Eric Clapton)
Wish you were here crd (Pink Floyd)
With or without you (U2)
Woman (John Lennon)
Won't get fooled again (Who)
Young Love (Donny Osmond)
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Latest Tweets
Latest Articles
Chrome's 'Feel It Like A Scientist' Now Streaming at Consequence of Sound
by BWW News Desk - August 14, 2014
The name catches it: Chrome, fast as quicksilver, curved in anticipation of the future, a redux reading of chromosome that feels more machine than man.... (more...)
Cloud Cult Announces Second Leg of US Tour in Support of 'Unplug'
by BWW News Desk - June 10, 2014
Cloud Cult is excited to announce the second leg of their US headlining tour in support of their 10th full-length album and first ever fully acoustic and live release – Unplug (April 2014 / Earthology).... (more...)
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by BWW News Desk - April 15, 2014
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by BWW News Desk - February 14, 2014
Cloud Cult is set to release their first ever acoustic album – Unplug – on Earthology Records on April 15th.... (more...)
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Cloud Cult is set to release their first ever acoustic album – Unplug – on Earthology Records on April 15th. The new full length record comes on the heels of Cloud Cult's early 2013 release – Love – which debuted in the Top 50 of the Billboard 200 and resulted in the majority of the band's 2013 tour... (more...)
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by BWW News Desk - October 07, 2013
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Cloud Cult Releases New Album LOVE Today
by BWW News Desk - March 05, 2013
Cloud Cult previously announced a headlining tour of the US this April and May following today's March 5th release of their new full-length studio album Love on Earthology Records. The band will kick off the two month tour in Boston, MA at Brighton Music Hall on April 10th and will play select dates... (more...)
Cloud Cult Announces US Spring Tour; New Album LOVE Due 3/5
by BWW News Desk - January 25, 2013
Cloud Cult were honored to headline the second of a two night sold out Minneapolis celebration for Minnesota Public Radio 89.3 The Current's 8th Birthday Party on Saturday, January 19th at First Avenue. Joining them on the bill for this illustrious night were none other than Soul Asylum's Dave Pirne... (more...)
VIDEO: Cloud Cult Releases 'All the Things We Couldn't See' Video
by BWW News Desk - December 07, 2012
Experimental indie rock fans, mark your calendars: Cloud Cult's ninth full-length album, Love, is coming out on March 5th on the band's own label, Earthology Records. Fans can pre-order the record now via the group's site (www.cloudcult.com). Cloud Cult will be touring extensively in the Spring. See... (more...)
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Video Game Law BlogJanuary 01, 1990
(This is an archived case summary)
A mother brought a wrongful death action against TSR, the manufacturer of the pen-and-paper roleplaying game "Dungeons& Dragons", for the suicide of her son. The United States District Court for the Western District of Kentucky, 715 F. Supp. 819, granted summary judgment to TSR, effectively dismissing the case on constitutional grounds. The Court of Appeal affirmed the decision, but on non-constitutional grounds. The Court of Appeal ruled that under Kentucky's common law principles of negligence, TSR was not liable for the boy's death, and held that (1) TSR was not negligent in disseminating the game to "mentally fragile persons"; (2) TSR had not breached a duty to warn; and (3) the son's suicide was an "intervening cause" of his death.
The plaintiff alleged that her late son was an avid "Dungeons and Dragons" player, and that it came to dominate his mind to such an extent that he was driven to suicide. She asserted that TSR violated a duty of care in publishing and distributing the game materials; that TSR violated a duty to warn that the game could cause psychological harm in fragile-minded children; and that the boy's death, which was caused by a self-inflicted gunshot wound, was a direct and proximate result of TSR's alleged wrongdoing.
Actionable negligence, under Kentucky law, consists of a duty of care, violation of that duty and a consequent injury. Every person owes duty to every other person to exercise ordinary care in his or her activities to prevent any foreseeable injury. It is also a fundamental principle of negligence that there is no liability without fault. Liability without fault, or "strict liability," may sometimes attach where an injury is caused by an inherently dangerous product. The Court of Appeal held that the doctrine of strict liability has never been extended to words or pictures.
The Court found that TSR was not liable for the suicide of a player under the theory that TSR had negligently disseminated the game to "mentally fragile persons". The only practicable way of ensuring that the game could never reach "mentally fragile" individuals would be to refrain from selling it at all, and as the Court stated, "we are confident that the courts of Kentucky would never permit a jury to say that simply by marketing a parlour game, the defendant violated its duty to exercise ordinary care."
Kentucky law imposes a general duty on manufacturers and suppliers to warn of dangers known to them but not known to persons who are likely to use their product. The Court held that the mother did not have a viable negligence claim against TSR for its failures to warn of the dangers of the game there was no evidence indicating that TSR had reason to foresee that players would become more susceptible to murder or suicide than non-players.
Finally, the Court found that the teenager's suicide was an "intervening cause" of his death, thereby relieving TSR from any liability. Generally, suicide is considered an independent intervening act which a party cannot be expected to foresee. There are exceptions to this rule. Where a person known to be suicidal is placed in the direct care of a custodian, for example, and the custodian negligently fails to take appropriate measures to guard against the person's killing himself, the suicide may be found to have been a direct and proximate consequence of the custodian's breach of duty. In this case, however, the teenager was not known to be suicidal, was not placed in TSR's care or custody, and there was no evidence that the teenager would not have committed suicide if he had not played "Dungeons and Dragons".
Watters v. TSR, Inc.
1990, US Ct of Appeal, 6th Cir.
904 F.2d 378
KEYWORDS: negligence – strict liability – Dungeons and Dragons – suicide
SUMMARY BY: Arsen Krekovic


text:
Ask Slashdot: Typing Advice For a Guinness World Record Attempt? 307
from the pushing-keys dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
In the editing world, editors edit documents in the editing world in case you were wondering.
what one can handle faster input?
Do they have USB 3.0 keyboards yet? That could handle millions or words per minute...
Like I tell my wife, "I may not be good, but at least I'm fast!"
USB easily; a DualShock 2 controller is lousy for picking letters at any decent speed.
"(in the typing world, five characters defines a word in the typing world, in case you were wondering)."
If you are in the typing world,
and you want to communicate
something in the typing wold,
and you can avoid repeating
items in the typing world,
you would have less time spent
typing about things in the typing world,
and then you would go through documents
really fast as you type then in the typing world.
Then learn how to speed talk and use voice to text. You'll never type as fast as that.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Words_per_minute#Speech_and_listening [wikipedia.org]
<movietrailervoice>"In a world where all words are five letters... one man can make the difference between brilliance and darkness..."</movietrailervoice>
"Innna world where allll words arrre fiive lttrs... onnne mannn cannn maake theee dfrnc betwn brlnc annnd drkns..."
Yes, we will be going to OSI, Mars, and Pluto, but not necessarily in that order. -- Jeffrey Honig


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text:
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