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Six months after buying the subscription music service Beats Music, Apple is actively working to launch a completely new paid streaming music service that will compete with Spotify and Rdio. Yet to be named, the new service is entirely Apple-designed, yet leverages Beats' technologies and music content, a collaboration that has thus far led to personnel challenges and delays. Multiple sources within Apple and the music industry have provided the first in-depth details of Apple's upcoming streaming service, which we share below.
iTunes Radio is ad-free for all & offering $5 iTunes credits today courtesy of Verizon
iTunes Radio, Apple's ad-supported Internet radio service, is today available with "limited interruptions" courtesy of Verizon. That means that you won't be seeing the normal ads you're used to on the service and instead just a message from Verizon that states, "Enjoy with limited interruptions courtesy of Verizon." The company is also handing out $5 iTunes store credits through a banner ad on iTunes Radio (pictured above).
It's not just for Verizon customers, however, as the offer comes today only as part of Verizon's "Connection Day" promotion offering free digital content and services to all users, not just Verizon customers. Read more
Spotify CEO: I've always assumed Apple would offer a streaming service
If Apple does indeed reach a deal to acquire Beats Electronics and announce it this week as expected, the clock is once again counting down to offer up your take on the whole scenario before it's actually official. Steve Jobs' biographer Walter Isaacson got that opportunity earlier this week thanks in part to Dan Lyons of Fake Steve Jobs fame; Isaacson told Lyons he believes the expected $3.2 billion acquisition by Apple is all about creating a world class video service led by Beats' co-founder Jimmy Iovine.
But when you think about Beats and what the company has to offer for Apple, the subscription music service launched by the company in January earlier this year comes to mind. Spotify, of course, dominates in this space as seen by the company's announcement today that they now have 10 million paid subscribers and 40 million active users. Read more
Opinion: With all of the new Apple data centers, is it time for iCloud to get serious about storage?
The Apple ecosystem is a large part of why I stick to an all-Apple line-up for my laptops, tablet and phone. iCloud is key to that, of course, providing seamless backup and syncing between devices.
Whether it's my calendar, contacts, reminders, notes, ebooks or Safari bookmarks, all are available on all devices within a minute or two of me updating any of them. Documents I create in Pages, Numbers or Keynote are again available from any of my devices providing I choose to store them on iCloud. As I pay the extra for iTunes Match, I'm also able to stream any of my music from any device.
In some respects, Apple clearly takes the cloud seriously. It has invested massively in expanding its network of data centers, including a $1B investment in Reno, expansion in Maiden and new data centers as far afield as Hong Kong and the Netherlands. Yet, central as it is to the ecosystem, iCloud still feels a bit like it deserves the tag Steve Jobs famously applied to Apple TV: a hobby …
iOS 8: Apple considers moving iTunes Radio to its own app to boost usage
In an effort to boost usage of its new streaming music service that launched alongside iOS 7 last fall, Apple is considering changes to iTunes Radio. The Cupertino company is now testing iTunes Radio as a standalone application with iOS 8, according to sources briefed on the plans. iTunes Radio first arrived as a feature within the iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch operating system's Music application. As a tab in the already-existing Music app, iTunes Radio has not received a promoted presence on iOS, and this likely has deterred growth for the service in terms of advertising revenue and usage…
Apple planning fixes for keyboard glitch, Wi-Fi, Passbook bug, & Exchange in iOS 6.0.1 update?
According to a report from BGR, a reliable source informed it that Apple has begun testing iOS 6.0.1 with U.S. carriers in anticipation of a release in the coming weeks. Also mentioned in the report is a list of fixes apparently included in the update that address many of the issues users have complained about since the launch of iOS 6. Among them is a fix for the horizontal glitches that some have experienced in the iOS keyboard and folders and a number of other bug fixes for recently reported problems.
The report said the update would also bring a fix for issues with cellular data, improved Wi-Fi, as well as "a problem with the camera's flash not going off." Other fixes Apple will release with iOS 6.0.1 are related to iTunes Match, Passbook, and Exchange bugs:
Fox movies finally available for re-download in iTunes in the Cloud
Multiple tipsters wrote in this evening saying 20th Century Fox movies are appearing in their purchased movie iTunes accounts ready for re-downloading over iCloud. Sure enough, Fox's Horton Hears a Who! is on my kid's iTunes account ready for downloading on iCloud (above, left). There is also no longer a disclaimer saying, "This movie is not available for iCloud downloading," in iTunes (above, right) which existed before.
When Apple launched Movies in Cloud in March, both Fox and Universal held out. Universal went live on iCloud in April, and it appears Fox is going live today. The deal has been expected for awhile, as HBO allowed iCloud users access to both studios' catalogs in March. The reasons for the delay aren't specified but they often involve complicated contract negotiations with multiple rights holders.
Today has been a big day on the iTunes Store with Poland and Hungary both getting iTunes Match, while 37 different countries got iTunes in the Cloud for movies.
iTunes in the Cloud for movies rolling out in 35+ countries (Updated)
Following the launch of iTunes Match in Poland and Hungary today, Apple also appears to be opening up its iTunes in the Cloud for movies in at least the United Kingdom, Canada, and Colombia, which previously only had access to music, music videos, apps, and books (and TV shows in Canada and the U.K.). There are also various other reports coming from Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland that claim the feature is going live.
Apple's list of supported countries for the feature has not been updated to reflect the new countries. Let us know in the comments if you notice the feature rolling out in your country.
iTunes UK now stores movies in the cloud! (at least some of them, anyhow) #awesome—
Mr C (@betterthan) July 19, 2012
MacRumors has been tallying the updated list:
Australia, Argentine, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Laos, Macau, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, the Philippines, Singapore, Slovakia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, the U.K., Venezuela, and Vietnam
iTunes Match rolling out in Poland, Hungary and others today?
@9to5mac seems iTunes Match is coming to Poland. Apple updated their "ToU" for the Polish iTunes Store with iTunes Match info on 18th.—
Peter (@Fallen_Zen) July 19, 2012
We received several tips that Apple started rolling out the iTunes Match service in Poland, Hungary, and possibly a few other unconfirmed markets. Apple's official list of availability for iTunes Match by country has not been updated to include Poland, Hungary, or any additional markets, but currently lists 55 countries with access to the service. Local reports claim the service is available for 24.99 euros in Hungary, which is on par with pricing in other markets.
Let us know in the comments if you notice iTunes Match available in your country.
Read more
iTunes 10.6 lands with 1080P skills
Report: Apple working on high-fidelity iTunes audio with adaptive streaming
The Guardian reports that Apple is working on a new high-definition audio format to adapt to bandwidth or hardware capabilities. Presumably, Apple will leverage the new format to distribute high-fidelity music through iTunes and perhaps upgrade the iTunes Match service that currently provides matched songs in 256Kbps AAC format.
It is believed the new audio format would intelligently adjust itself to the bandwidth and storage available on the receiving device. Such a description also gives hope that an iTunes music streaming service, which is akin to Spotify and based on Apple's Lala acquisition, could be in the works.
According to "a source with inside knowledge of the process," the Cupertino, Calif.-based company is working with a London studio to prep existing audio files for the new format. An anonymous source told the paper:
All of a sudden, all your audio from iTunes is in HD rather than AAC. Users wouldn't have to touch a thing – their library will improve in an instant.
Apple's annual iPod refresh that usually takes place in fall could be a fitting venue to announce the new high-fidelity format. Another possibility is the forthcoming iPad 3 event rumored to take place March 7.
Apple officially details international availability of iTunes Match and iTunes in the Cloud
Apple just posted a document detailing exact availability of iTunes Match and iTunes in the Cloud internationally. There was some confusion leading up to what many reported as the international rollout of iTunes Match, and Apple even began issuing refunds to abroad customers having issues accessing the service.
According to Apple, iTunes Match is now available in the following 17 countries:
Australia, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, New Zealand, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, and the United States.
There are some countries not included in Apple's list of officially supported countries, such as Brazil where users report having access to the service.
Apple also detailed what specific purchased content is eligible to download again through iTunes in the Cloud in each supported country. In other words, certain countries will be limited in the type of content that can be re-downloaded. iTunes in the Cloud is now available in over 120 countries worldwide. Currently only the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom have access to all content including: music, music videos, television shows, apps, and books. All countries on the list do have access to at least apps and iBooks.
Check out the full list below to find out what specific content is available in your country:


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What the "Blurred Lines" lawyer taught all artists
Featuring exotic, highly figured Mexican Snake Wood back and sides, this guitar is a beauty!
John Page Classic, a new guitar brand, announces the Ashburn, its initial production model.
Often recognized as the guitarist who introduced the wah pedal to Motown, Dennis Coffey played on hundreds of tracks as a member of the Funk Brothers, the studio band that recorded countless hits in the Detroit recording studio known as the Snake Pit. On his own, Coffey charted with the million-selling instrumental "Scorpio," and the soundtrack to Black Belt Jones, as well as session and production work for other artists.
Besides functional gear, sensible footwear and a guaranteed ride to gigs, members of good backing bands must have the following qualities: Humility, talent and personality. The best backing bands, of course, have all these qualities — and lots of success. Some of them of have played on countless hits. Some have played a role in music history. Others just have so much talent that they automatically move to the next level.
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CorpCast Episode 2: Advancement 101
CorpCast Episode 1: Sections, 204, 205 and In re Numoda
Are there drawbacks to positive thinking in legal transactions?
Homebuilder Series Webinar: Fiduciary Duties & Auditor Liability
FCPA Compliance and Ethics Report Episode 129-Judge Rakoff, Judge Leon and Individual Prosecutions Under the FCPA
Why Every Day Is Proxy Season for Public Companies
Do Employers Have to Pay For All Time Worked?
Do I need an attorney if I am buying or selling a business?
Corcoran: Infighting on Compensation Costs BigLaw Time and Money
Conducting Corporate Internal Investigations
Zimmermann: "Two Class" Partnership Culture Emerging in BigLaw
Appel: Corporate Inversions Could Mean Big Tax Bills For Shareholders
Hedge Funds Word of the Day™ – Accelerated Share Repurchase
Data Privacy: The Next Frontier of Corporate Compliance
Planning For The Exit – What's Your Exit Strategy?
Hedge Funds Word of the Day™ – CFTC
What are the Implications of Alice v. CLS?
What Questions CEOs and Board Members Should Be Asking Themselves About Tax Inversions
Hedge Funds Word of the Day™ – Derivative
Legal Considerations for Web-Based Start-Ups
Whether you should transfer ownership of the family business to your offspring may depend on your needs and the ability of your company, after the transfer, to support two families...more
The following ten planning issues will help prepare the business for sale and reduce unanticipated problems that may arise when a prospective buyer begins investigating the business for possible purchase. Regardless of...more
As business revenues and values have declined over the past number of years, many owners delayed the possible departure from their business through retirement or sale, either waiting for things to get better, or as result of...more
Financial pressures often prompt an employer to review the benefits provided to employees and former employees in order to determine whether changes can be made that would decrease the cost of those benefits. Other times an...more
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La Quinta Inn & Suites Madison American Center
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Monday 24th November
LET IT SNOW! It's snowing!!
All of Milton is covered in a white blanket of fluff. The farm is now surrounded. It is heavy, however you can still see clearly through it. It is like someone slashed a feather ...
A Trip To Remember
... Unknown to us, two of them went down instead of up (the direction we wanted to go). My father choose the correct one, however I asked my mother get on another one as a race. She stepped on and slide backwards. To my surprise, what had happened hadn't locked in and she kept trying to walk up the escalator. There was no doubt that we were thoroughly embarrassed.
Once we got to the terminal it was 3pm. We decide to get a snack and some drinks. I took one ...
Sailing on Green Bay!
... Door County than what we were able to experience, but I could see why people love it up there. It is a unique and wonderful area. I'd love to go back.
Well we had a long drive back to our condo. Plus we had a nephew to have dinner with. Russ wanted to drive past Lambeau Field. Well, you don't just drive past Lambeau Field. Oh. my. heck. We could not believe that ...
Relax and enjoy
... Better than I had imagined.
Then on to Devil's Lake. This was fun. We didn't do any hiking, so maybe missed some of the better views. Again not too crowded, perfect day to enjoy on the water. The woman at the store made us lunch which we took out on a rowboat. We, well Russ, rowed around for an hour or two. We looked for fish or turtles, saw none. Enjoyed our ...
Day 1 Tourist - Madison
... br>
This afternoon we went to the zoo with my niece Catherine and her kids. Armando and William went fishing - William caught 5 fish and Armando caught 3 - and Charlotte, Catherine and I went to see the animals. We all got caught in the rain at the end.


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Becky's Reviews > I Am Legend and Other Stories
I Am Legend and Other Stories
by Richard Matheson
by Richard Matheson
I watched the movie before listening to the book. (Another Grandma visit book.) And in the movie I am Legend with Will Smith, they're some sort zombie created by disease. There is a Vincent Price movie but I haven't watched it yet. The book is a vampire novel, not a zombie novel. It's a technical vampire novel too. I mean it gives a full medical breakdown of how a germ could turn people in vampires. It's a book I recommend reading or listening to.
Sign into Goodreads to see if any of your friends have read I Am Legend and Other Stories.sign in »
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McAuliffe backed by Palumbo, blasted by school reform group
McAuliffe is battling Republican Dawn McCravey of Bothell in the 1st Legislative District in one of the most closely watched Senate contests in the state.
She got a boost today when Democrat Guy Palumbo, who finished third in the primary with 13.5 percent of the vote, offered a strong endorsement.
"If creating jobs, expanding access to health care and extensive private sector experience are important to you, Senator Rosemary McAuliffe is the clear choice," Palumbo concludes in a lengthy post on his new political blog, The1stDistrict.
In the primary, Palumbo found plenty of fault with McAuliffe's lengthy tenure in office and her unwillingness as chairwoman of the Senate education committee to advance several reform measures such as charter schools.
But he found plenty of nice things to say about her today. And he found lots of shortcomings with McCravey – whom he supported last year when she won a second term on the Northshore School Board.
One of his biggest beefs with McCravey is she won't share her views on social issues.
"In a year with Referendum 74 on the ballot, Plan B in the courts and the Reproductive Parity Act slated to come up for a vote next session, I am not willing to overlook Dawn's stances on these issues. We know where Rosemary is on these issues. She is socially progressive. She voted for marriage equality and is pro-choice. Like so many of us in our community, Rosemary has always stood for equal rights for all and fair treatment for everyone. We don't know where Dawn is on these issues because she won't answer tough questions like these," he wrote.
In the meantime Stand for Children, a statewide advocacy group, launched its first television ad today criticizing McAuliffe for opposing charter schools and tougher rules for teacher evaluations.
You can see the ad here.
Stand for Children spent nearly $50,000 on the commercial which is running on cable stations. It is the group's first independent expenditure in the campaign though it may not be the last.
The organization is also leading efforts to pass Initiative 1240 to legalize charter schools in Washington.
- South County Politics: Hottest south county legislative race is for Senate seat 10/8/12
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Posted by DeSilva on 01/15/2014
Stresa is the best Italian restaurant in Palm Beach County! Small, quaint, delicious food every time for lunch and dinner. I don't judge by décor, but do judge food, service, cleanliness and quality - ALWAYS a wonderful meal whether dining in or take-out. Friendly staff too!
Posted by Cal jam on 12/06/2013
Went there for the pizza! Came out cold! stale and tasteless! The waiter hovered over us as if we we going to steal the silverware or condiments. When the bill came he hovered over to make sure we tipped him! oh by the way house salad and 2 9 inch pizzas $40.00. could have gotten one Xl and salad anywhere for half the price and no hassle!
Posted by Harris on 06/02/2013
I have eaten here 5 times in the last couple of months and each time it has been outstanding. The food rivals that of some of the best meals I have eaten anywhere, including my travels through Italy. The service is top notch as well.
Posted by Christmasorange on 04/19/2013
The money is spent on the food not the decor. I love this old school Italian hidden gem. Ask the palm beachers where they dine off the clock! Off the island!! We love table 42, because its in a corner, the kids are corralled and Poppy can hear. Dover sole is the best in town, table side! Veal! Simple key fresh produce.. Hidden gem of in off key location, but we know our food. Sorry, to you folks that didn't have the same experience. We have never had a bad dining experience. ---don't come if you want young wait staff, do if you want experienced tenured staff. --don't come if you want new, this is place is full of old school flavor.
Posted by Larissa on 11/25/2012
My boyfriend took me to this restaurant in West Palm called for my birthday, I had such a great time! The Veal Gorgonzola was so tender and tasty. We shared the mozzarella caprice and fried calamari, both we're fantastic. We ordered coffee and the waiter and manager came to the table with homemade Tiramisu with a candle and totally embarrassed me by singing happy birthday. The night was great...we will go back and after telling my mom about it she can't wait to go. I had a wonderful birthday.
Posted by Greg Arnold on 11/09/2012
My family from NY and I had dinner night at Stressa, we were seated by a nice Italian gentleman who immediately took a drink order. The classic Italian atmosphere and Frank Sinatra playing in the background was a perfect setting. The food was amazing, I had spinach ravioli with gorgonzola cream sauce, my father had the veal parmesan, and I also tried the trout meuniere special, we all shared some appetizers. The service was perfect and my dad can't wait to go back.
Posted by Karen P on 07/24/2012
A group of us recently visited, the food was "okay" for an Italian restaurant, but clearly not up to the quality of food we were used too. However the service TANKED! The waiter threw the straws at us, reached over our plates several times. Myself and friend asked in advance for them not to put strawberries on our cheesecake, but when the dessert was delivered with strawberries on it, the waiter then told us, there was no more and nothing else he could do about it. I then asked him if he could remove it from our receipts. At that point he amazingly produced two "frozen slices" of cheese cake without strawberries. This is my first review, sorry it was so negative, but the service was insultingly poor.


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People from around the world, of all ages and backgrounds, join Earthwatch Expeditions. One thing unites them: a passion for protecting our planet and its wealth of species.
On an Earthwatch Expedition, you'll help find solutions to some of today's most pressing environmental challenges.
Join respected scientists in the field where they're investigating critical environmental issues. Our volunteers make hands-on contributions to research while experiencing the cultural and natural wonders of places around the globe.
Travel the world while saving the planet.
Where would you like to go? How would you like to get involved? Explore our more than 50 scientific research expeditions below.
Join Earthwatch in South Africa to help protect the second largest colony of African penguins on the planet.
Read More +
Even in a world-class protected area, wildlife needs our support. How are giraffes, elephants, and others faring? Read More +
Can inventive livestock management bring balance between lions, other predators, and prey back to the Kenyan savanna? Read More +
What is the impact of climate change on the habitats and wildlife of Australia's rainforests? Read More +
What archaeological treasures await researchers at the Ikh Nart Nature Reserve in Mongolia?
What caused the biggest shift in human history: from hunting and gathering to farming? Dig into the ancient past for clues. Read More +
How can small farmers work in harmony with nature? Investigate how Spanish colonists tried to answer this question. Read More +
Join an archaeological excavation near Hadrian's Wall to discover how the Romans lived in northern England. Read More +
How is climate change shaping Oxfordshire's Wytham Woods? Spend a day among the trees to find out.
Help discover and protect this delicate Alpine environment from climate change, and from ourselves. Read More +
How much can the lowly caterpillar tell us about the world we live in? More than you might imagine. Read More +
What happens when wetlands get too wet? Uncover the impact of rising sea levels in South Carolina. Read More +
How can we keep shark populations strong? Find answers while exploring some of the world's most beautiful reefs.
Help Earthwatch scientists monitor the health of the coral reefs that form Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Read More +
Scuba dive in search of critical information about the gigantic, threatened manta ray. Read More +
Climb aboard a motorboat and sail a tropical "inner sea" in search of endangered dolphins and whales in Costa Rica. Read More +
Where do endangered sea turtles thrive? Help scientists find out and protect these critical habitats.
What's swimming in Walker Bay? Get to know the sharks that live there so that we can better protect their habitat.
What happens when wetlands get too wet? Uncover the impact of rising sea levels in South Carolina.
How do two forces of nature—wolves and fire—shape the landscape? Explore this burning question in Canada's wilderness.


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Fundamentals of Teaching
If you are a teacher of primary or secondary level or aspiring to become one, enrol now.
If you are a teacher of primary or secondary level or aspiring to become one, enrol now.
We are running 16 hours PPD course from 21-24 April in our Learning Centre.
If you want a career in English teaching, our 4 week CELTA could be ideal starting place.
Welcome to the British Council in Nepal
We connect people with learning opportunities and creative ideas from the UK. Whether you want to learn or teach English, take an exam, study in the UK or find out about our forthcoming events, this is the place to start.
British Council launches IELTS Award for prospective Nepalese students for 2015/16 enroll.
Get more qualified - take our 'Education UK Certificate' online training
'Understanding Language: Learning and Teaching' will run from 20 April to 17 May.


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Photo Galleries
< MyNorthwest
A facial reconstruction of Richard III
The Society of Antiquaries in London reveals what they believe Richard III looked like in life.
1 of 15
The facial reconstruction of Richard III is unveiled to the media at the Society of Antiquaries, London, Tuesday Feb. 5, 2013. He was king of England, but for centuries he lay without shroud or coffin in an unknown grave, and his name became a byword for villainy. On Monday, scientists announced they had rescued the remains of Richard III from anonymity - and the monarch's fans hope a revival of his reputation will soon follow. (AP Photo/PA, Gareth Fuller)
Photo by Gareth Fuller
Photo by Gareth Fuller
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Amanda Knox and her family celebrate acquittal
Italy's highest court overturned the murder conviction against Amanda Knox and her ex-boyfriend Friday over the 2007 slaying of Knox's roommate, bringing to a definitive end to the high-profile case.
Week in Photos
Photos from around the world this week.
Hundreds gather to commemorate one-year mark of Oso mudslide
A solemn crowd gathered to honor 43 people who lost their lives a year ago in the deadliest landslide in U.S. history.
Photos: Oso one year after deadly mudslide
Sunday is the one-year anniversary of the slide, and although most of the mangled cars and homes have been cleaned up, reminders of loss are everywhere.
Week in photos
Take a look at the best photos of the week from around the world.
Tuesday in photos
St. Patrick's Day, March 17, 2015.
Monday in photos
Monday, March 16, 2015.
Week in photos
Photos from around the world this week.
Friday in photos
The second of three Friday the 13ths in 2015; Friday, March 13, 2015.
Thursday in photos
Thursday, March 12, 2015.


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Floor Plans and Pricing
1 Bedroom
|1 Bathroom
|771 Sq. Ft.
One bedroom apartments for rent in Westlake Village, CA
2 Bedrooms
|1 Bathroom
|940 - 1017 Sq. Ft.
Two bedroom apartments for rent in Westlake Village, CA
|2 Bathrooms
|1014 - 1050 Sq. Ft.
3 Bedrooms
|2 Bathrooms
|1308 Sq. Ft.
Three bedroom apartments for rent in Westlake Village, CA
Property Features
- Property Overview
- Special Features
- Community Features
- Apartment Amenities
- Local Schools
- Pet Policy
Oakview Apartments in Westlake Village, CA
Come home to Oakview Apartments in Prestigious Westlake Village. Relaxation is brought home to you when you live at Oakview. Experience breathtaking park-like surroundings while being moments from the Promenade Plaza, the Lake at the Landing, specialty and gourmet shopping. Oakview Eco Smart Apartments are equipped with custom interior paint colors, wood style flooring and energy saving appliances. Oakview apartment community also offers two pools and a BBQ with island style seating and lounge area. With easy freeway access to the 101 and 23, this is the community where you belong. Come home to Oakview and live with the ease that we do it all for you.
Special Features
- Energy efficient G.E. profile w/Refridgerator
- Raised panel cabinets & doors
- Wood style flooring
- Interior accent walls
- Walk in closets
- Vaulted ceilings
- Emergency Maintenance
- Upgraded Interiors
- High speed internet access
- BBQ With Island Style Seating & Lounge Area
- Playground
- Two refreshing pools
Community Features
- Apartment
- Club House
- Corporate Housing
- Courtyard
- Covered Lot
- Fitness Center
- Freeway Access
- Garden Style
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- Market Rate
- On Street Parking
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- Pool
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Additional Information
Apartments in Community: 242
Apartment Amenities
- Air Conditioning
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- Cable or Satellite
- Carpet
- Ceiling Fan
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- Extra Storage
- Furnished Available
- Garbage Disposal
- Internet Access
- Microwave
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- Walk In Closets
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Local Schools
- Colina Middle School
- Conejo Elementary School
- Westlake High School
We believe school data to be accurate, but do not guarantee that. Please be sure to verify where your children will attend school before making your housing decision.
Pet Policy
Cats welcome!
- Cats Allowed
Contact Oakview Apartments
Oakview Apartments
Office HoursMon- Sat: 8:30am - 5:30pm Sunday 11am-5pm
Oakview Apartments in Westlake Village, California offers a variety of one, two and three bedrooms for lease. Oakview apartment community also offers two pools and a BBQ with island style seating and lounge area. Next to Thousand Oaks and with easy freeway access to the 101 and 23, experience an easy commute to Ventura County and the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles. Eco Smart Apartments for Rent with Energy Saving Appliances and Wood Style Flooring. Cat friendly rental apartment homes.
Take FWY 110 North towards Pasadena , and take the Golden State FWY/I-5 exit towards Sacramento. Take the FWY 134 towards Ventura FWY/ Ventura, continue on FWY 101 North, exit at Hampshire Road and make a left. Will arrive at 645 Hampshire Rd, Westlake Village.
As you search for your perfect apartment, please keep in mind that rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability are very fluid in the apartment industry. Based on many factors, the rental rates (including specials and discounts) and availability can actually change not just daily, but hourly, if not even more quickly. While our advertisers do take steps to keep their information current, the rental rates or availability you may find here now at ForRent.com may not be the same as when you contact the communities.
Quick Links For Your Apartment Search
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The Nexus Institute invited the speakers of the Nexus Conference 'How to Change the World' to grant us a short interview. All speakers accepted and shared their valuable insights.
Interviews by Fiona Schouten and Eveline van der Ham
Video produced by Dieper Beeld
Special thanks to Ilja Hijink
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I'm a 25 year old Canadian attending Law School in Kamloops, BC.
I love cooking/ eating, playing guitar, dancing, and chatting over a drink.
My style of travelling is to.try to get to know the country I'm in as best as possible by immersing myself in the culture whether that's meeting locals, eating local food or learning about traditions of the area.


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WATCH: Here Is What Some Christian Leaders Are Saying About "Noah" – the Movie
After my original blog post recommending Christians see Paramount Pictures' upcoming movie Noah and subsequent interviews in the national media, the studio called and asked our production company, Cooke Pictures, to create a short video feature with Christian leaders talking about the movie. Â
All of these leaders have seen the film, and after the short video, keep watching for a series of quotes about the film from additional respected pastors and ministry leaders:
SOURCE: Charisma News
Phil Cooke is a filmmaker, media critic and adviser to some of the largest churches, ministries and nonprofit organizations in the world. He's the founder of the Influence Lab.
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Body lumens such as blood vessels are selectively occluded by applying radiofrequency voltage to a vaso-occlusive coil (100) at the target site (TS) and generating a thermal reaction to induce fibrogenic occlusion of the blood vessel (BV) around the vaso-occlusive coil. The radiofrequency current is usually sufficient to induce thermal damage to the luminal wall and to coagulate the surrounding blood, thereby initiating clotting and subsequent fibrosis to permanently occlude the lumen. The invention also includes a method for endoluminally deploying the vaso-occlusive coil and preventing migration of the coil from of the target site.
1. A lumen occlusion system, comprising:
a source of high frequency electrical energy;
an introducer having a shaft with proximal and distal ends and an axial lumen therebetween;
a positioner disposed within the axial lumen and having a shaft and a distal engaging element for contacting a vaso-occlusive element at a target site within a body lumen, the distal engaging element comprising a first electrode coupled to the source of high frequency electrical energy; and
a second electrode coupled to the source of high frequency electrical energy
wherein the distal engaging element has an opened and closed configuration, and the positioner is slidable relative to the introducer to close the distal engaging element when the distal engaging element is unconfined outside the axial lumen of the introducer.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
9. The system of claim wherein the source of radiofrequency energy is configured to apply radiofrequency energy at a frequency of at least 200 kHz to the vaso-occlusive element.
10. A lumen occlusion system, comprising:
a source of high frequency electrical energy;
an introducer having a shaft with proximal and distal ends and an axial lumen therebetween;
a positioner disposed within the axial lumen and having a shaft and a distal engaging element for contacting a vaso-occlusive element at a target site within a body lumen, the distal engaging element comprising a first electrode coupled to the source of high frequency electrical energy; and
a second electrode coupled to the source of high frequency electrical energy;
wherein the distal engaging element comprises a plurality of opposed members movable between open and closed positions, at least one of the opposed members comprising the first electrode.
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. A lumen occlusion device for use with a source of high frequency electrical energy comprising:
an introducer having a shaft with proximal and distal ends and an axial lumen therebetween;
a positioner slidably disposed within the axial lumen and having a distal engaging element for releasably engaging an electrically conductive vaso-occlusive element at a target site within a body lumen, the distal engaging element comprising an electrode; and
an electrical conductor for coupling the electrode to the source of high frequency electrical energy
wherein the distal engaging element has an opened and closed configuration, and the positioner is slidable relative to the introducer to close the distal engaging element when the distal engaging element is unconfined outside the axial lumen of the introducer.
14. The device of
15. The device of
16. The device of
17. The system of
18. The system of
19. The device of
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/605,765, filed Feb. 22, 1996, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,495, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to methods and devices for the selective occlusion of body lumens. More particularly, the present invention relates to methods and devices for applying high frequency electrical energy to vaso-occlusion elements within the body lumen to enhance fibrogenic occlusion of the body lumen.
The selective occlusion of blood vessels in a patient is a part of many modem therapeutic treatments, including the control of internal bleeding, the occlusion of blood supply to tumors, the isolation of diseased body organs prior to removal, the relief of blood pressure in a region of aneurism, and the like. While such procedures rely generally on the blockage of arteries, the selective occlusion of veins is also useful in procedures such as veiniotomy.
The selective occlusion of blood vessels can be achieved by a variety of specific techniques. One such technique involves mechanically clamping or occluding the target site within the blood vessel. For example, in open surgical and endoscopic procedures, the body vessel can be externally clamped and radiofrequency energy applied. While the external procedures can be very effective, it requires external access to the lumen and is unsuitable for endoluminal techniques.
Mechanical endoluminal techniques for selective vessel occlusion are also in use. Such techniques include the use of detachable balloons, embolic and vaso-occlusion coils, and the like to physically block the vessel lumen. Detachable balloons are typically advanced to the vessel site at the end of a catheter and inflated with a suitable fluid, such as saline, x-ray contrast or a polymerizable resin, and released from the end of the catheter. These detachable balloons, however, are difficult to deliver and may not be suitable for permanent implantation unless they are used with the polymerizable resin. In addition, the catheter or the balloon can rupture or release prematurely during filling, leaking monomer resin into the vasculature.
Embolic or vaso-occlusion coils are typically introduced through a catheter in a stretched linear form, and assume a relaxed, helical shape when released into a vessel. One of the limitations of these coils is that recanalization of the occlusion site can occur when the initial blood clot is broken down by the body's natural anticoagulant mechanism (i.e., resorption of the clot). In addition, once the embolic coils are released by the introducer catheter, they are no longer under control and they frequently migrate from the point of initial implantation.
To completely arrest the flow of blood in a vessel and to inhibit recanalization, current methods of coil embolization typically require the use of several embolic coils at the target site in the blood vessel. In this �nesting technique�, the embolic coils are deposited within a vessel to create a mechanical �plug�. It has been found, however, that the use of several coils does not always prevent recanalization of the blood vessel, particularly in larger, high flow vessels. Moreover, it often takes a relatively long time for the blood vessel to completely occlude. Therefore, the embolic coils may often migrate into a non-target site prior to vessel occlusion, particularly in larger or high flow vessels. Multiple coils are also more expensive than a single coil and they require more time to position within the vessel, thereby further increasing the cost of the procedure and prolonging the patient's exposure to the fluoroscope.
Of particular interest to the present invention, the use of monopolar and bipolar radiofrequency devices has been proposed for the occlusion of body vessels from a surrounding lumen or body cavity. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,311 describes control of vessels bleeding into a body lumen using electrosurgical electrodes which puncture the vessel from within a larger lumen enclosing that vessel. Catheters for radiofrequency injury and occlusion of the cystic duct are described in Becker et al. (1989) Radiology 170:561-562 and (1988) Radiology 167:63-68 and Tanigawa et al. (1994) Acta Radiologica 35:626-628. Methods and catheters for electrosurgical endovascular occlusion are described in Brunelle et al. (1980) Radiology 137:239-240; Cragg et al. (1982) Radiology 144:303-308; and Brunelle et al. (1983) Radiology 148:413-415. Such techniques, however, have not generally been useful in large or high flow blood vessels.
For these reasons, it would be desirable to provide improved methods and devices for endoluminal occlusion of body lumens, and particularly of blood vessels, for use in the procedures described above. Such methods and devices should provide effective occlusion of large or relatively high flow body lumens as well as small body lumens. Preferably, the methods and devices will permit the physician to re-access the occlusion site, to correct recanalization and/or to enhance the occlusion of this site to prevent subsequent recanalization of the body lumen.
2. Description of the Background Art
Methods and devices for implanting vaso-occlusive elements, such as coils, in blood vessels and other lumen are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,354,295; 5,350,397; 5,312,415; 5,261,916; 5,250,071; 5,234,437; 5,226,911; 5,217,484; 5,122,136; 5,108,407; `4,994,069; and 3,868,956; and published PCT applications WO 94/11051; WO 94/10936; WO 94/09705; WO 94/06503; and WO 93/06884. Some of the devices described in the above listed patents and published applications suggest passing direct current through the element to enhance blood clotting.
Electrosurgical probes for electrosurgical, electrocautery, and other procedures are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,405,322; 5,385,544; 5,366,490; 5,364,393; 5,281,216; 5,236,410; 4,685,459; 4,655,216; 4,582,057; 4,492,231; 4,209,018; 4,041,952; 4,011,872; 4,005,714; 3,100,489; 2,022,065; 1,995,526; 1,943,543; 1,908,583; and 1,814,791; and published Japanese application 2-121675; published German applications DE 4139029; DT 2646228; and DT 2540968; and published PCT applications WO 95/02366 and WO 93/01758.
A method and system employing RF energy for the direct occlusion of blood vessels and other body lumens are described in co-pending application Ser. No. 08/488,444 filed on Jun. 7, 1995 (attorney docket No. 16807-3), the full disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. See also the patent and publications described in the Field of the Invention above.
Methods and apparatus are provided for deploying vaso-occlusive elements into body lumens, such as blood vessels, to occlude a target site within the lumen and for enhancing the occlusion of body lumens that already have vaso-occlusive elements deployed therein. The technique involves applying high frequency electrical energy to an electrically conductive, vaso-occlusive element and generating a thermal reaction at the target site to damage the luminal wall and induce fibrogenic occlusion of the blood vessel around the vaso-occlusive element. The vaso-occlusive element, which is typically an electrically conductive wire coil, helps reduce blood flow within the vessel and provides a larger surface for energy transfer between the electrical energy source and the tissue wall and surrounding blood. The high frequency electrical energy, typically radiofrequency current, is usually sufficient to induce local heating of the luminal wall and also to enhance coagulation of the surrounding blood, thereby initiating clotting. The thermally injured wall then contributes to subsequent fibrosis, thus permanently occluding the lumen.
The vaso-occlusive coil typically has a relatively low electrical resistance so that the high frequency electrical energy flows directly through the vaso-occlusive coil to the luminal wall (i.e., without substantially heating the coil). The electrical energy heats the luminal wall, thereby causing damage and subsequent fibrogenic occlusion of the target site. Alternatively, the vaso-occlusive coil may comprise sufficient electrical resistance such that a portion of the high frequency electrical energy is transferred directly to the coil (rather than the luminal wall) to heat the coil and enhance occlusion around the coil. In this case, the vaso-occlusive coil will preferably have an electrical resistance slightly less than the tissue wall to ensure that the electrical energy flows through at least a substantial portion of the coil.
In one aspect, the method comprises contacting a vaso-occlusive coil that is already deployed at a target site within a body lumen with at least one electrode and applying the high frequency electrical energy to the coil in a monopolar or bipolar fashion. Preferably, the energy is applied in a monopolar mode by contacting the patient's body with a second, dispersive or return, electrode and then delivering a high frequency current to the first or active electrode, through at least a portion of the vaso-occlusive coil, the surrounding tissue, and finally to the second electrode. For bipolar operation, a separate second electrode may be provided on the catheter, typically spaced proximally from the first electrode so that it will be located within the body lumen. The second electrode will usually be spaced a distance of about 2 mm to 10 cm from the active electrode.
The first electrode will usually be disposed on the distal end of an intravascular catheter. The catheter can be percutaneously introduced via well-known procedures and advanced to the target site in a body lumen in a known manner, typically over a guide wire. The first electrode can be engaged against the vaso-occlusive coil in a variety of ways. For example, the electrode (and optionally a pair of electrodes for bipolar operation) can simply be disposed at a distal location on the catheter which will contact the vaso-occlusive coil when the catheter is advanced through the body lumen to the target site.
Alternatively, the electrode may be provided by a separate member, such as an insulated conventional or specialized guide wire, or a positioner device, which may be insulated by the catheter body. In use, the guideline positioner is extended distal to the catheter body, placed against the vaso-occlusive coil, and the radiofrequency current is applied thereto. In the latter case, a distal portion of the positioner may comprise the active electrode, while the return electrode is located on the catheter or placed externally on the patient.
In other aspects, the method may comprise deploying the vaso-occlusive coil at the target site within the body lumen, adjusting the position of an already deployed vaso-occlusive coil within the target site, or repositioning the coil to another location in the vasculature. For initial deployment, the vaso-occlusive coil will be releasably engaged by the positioner and optionally advanced through the axial lumen of the catheter for deployment. For repositioning, the coil may be captured by the positioner and partially or fully retracted into the axial lumen for adjusting coil placement or repositioning the coil to another location. Typically, the coil will be repositioned when previous attempts to occlude a target site have not completely succeeded and the coil is not fixed at the site. A particular advantage of the present invention is that the coil can be held in place within the body lumen by the positioner until the high frequency voltage or current has been applied thereto. Once the voltage has generated a sufficient thermal reaction to induce spasm and localized edema/narrowing of the vessel (and subsequent fibrogenic occlusion of the lumen) around the coil, the coil will be released from the positioner and the positioner removed from the vasculature. In this manner, the fibrogenic occlusion of the blood vessel will slowly and permanently lock the coil in position at the occlusion site, while the coil is temporarily held in place by the spasm or narrowing of the vessel. This prevents or at least inhibits migration of the coil downstream through the body lumen after it has been released by the positioner.
Devices according to the present invention will generally comprise a shaft having proximal and distal ends and an axial lumen therebetween. For vascular applications, the shaft will typically be a non-conductive, tubular catheter body capable of being introduced to the vascular system over a guide wire in a conventional manner. A positioner is slidably disposed within an axial lumen of the shaft and includes a first electrode at the distal end for contacting the vaso-occlusive coil. The positioner may be a guide wire that is also used for advancing the shaft through the body lumen or a separate device inserted into the catheter body after it has been advanced to the target site. The first electrode is coupled to a source of high or radiofrequency electrical energy by the positioner itself, an electrical conductor extending through the positioner, or through the catheter body.
The positioner preferably comprises a conductive shaft having an outer insulating sheath extending to a distal portion of the shaft. The distal portion includes an engaging element for releasably engaging the vaso-occlusive coil to either deploy the coil at the target site or to reposition a deployed coil to another location in the patient's vasculature. In one embodiment, the engaging element comprises a pair of opposed elements which can be selectively opened and closed to engage and release a proximal portion of the coil. Usually, the opposed elements will be openable jaws that are actuated manually with an actuator located on a handle at the proximal end of the positioner. In another embodiment, the distal engaging element comprises a plurality of resilient hooks that are biased away from each other and held together by the catheter body. In yet another embodiment, the distal engaging element comprises a distal pusher element adapted to contact the coil and push it through the catheter body to the target site.
The system of the present invention will also include a second electrode operatively coupled to the high frequency energy source. The second electrode can be either a second bipolar electrode disposed on the positioner (usually spaced proximally from the first electrode), the catheter. or introducing sheath, or a dispersive or return electrode attachable directly to the patient's skin (where the first or active electrode will function in a monopolar manner). The electrodes are thus utilized to apply monopolar or bipolar high frequency energy to the vaso-occlusive coil within the vessel lumen. For example, a separate guide wire could be provided as either a monopolar or one bipolar electrode.
Frequently, the first electrode(s) will be associated with the distal engaging elements. For example, the opposing jaws or the resilient hooks can also define the treatment electrodes on the positioner. In the bipolar mode, most likely, a separate, second radiofrequency electrode can be provided on the catheter.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a lumen occlusion system constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged perspective view of a distal end of a positioner device of the lumen occlusion system of FIG. 1, illustrating a pair of opposed elements shown in their open configuration;
FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate the use of the system of FIG. 1 and a method for enhancing occlusion of a blood vessel according to the principles of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the distal portion of a second embodiment of a lumen occlusion device, illustrating a method of deploying or repositioning a vaso-occlusive coil in a body lumen;
FIG. 5 is a detailed, cross-sectional view of the lumen occlusion device of FIG. 4, illustrating a plurality of coil-engaging elements releasably holding the vaso-occlusive coil;
FIG. 6 is a partial sectional view of a third embodiment of a lumen occlusion device constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention; and
FIG. 7 is a partial sectional view of a portion of a lumen occlusion device according to another embodiment of the present invention.
The methods and devices of the present invention will be useful for selectively occluding virtually any body lumen that can be occluded with a vaso-occlusive element(s) followed by the application of energy. While the present invention will find its greatest use in the selective occlusive of blood vessels, including both arteries, veins, fistulas and aneurysms, it will also find use with other body lumens, such as the fallopian tubes, bile ducts, and the like. The present invention will be particularly useful for occluding relative large, high flow arteries, veins and vascular malformations, because the present invention presents a method of releasably holding a vaso-occlusive element(s) until the target site of the fluid vessel is partially or completely occluded. In high flow vessels, this effectively prevents the vaso-occlusive element(s) from becoming dislodged and migrating downstream of the target site.
In the case of blood vessel occlusion, the high frequency electrical energy will coagulate surrounding fluids, such as blood, and thermally injure the intima of the body luminal wall in the occlusion region, thus initiating a process of thrombosis and fibrosis which will result in relatively complete vessel occlusion. The high frequency electrical energy passes through the vaso-occlusive element, which usually takes the form of an electrically conductive coil, into the body luminal wall. The electrical energy heats the luminal wall, thereby enhancing the thrombogenic and fibrogenic occlusion of the coil at the target site. The vaso-occlusive coil typically has a relatively low electrical resistance so that the high frequency electrical energy flows directly through the coil to the luminal wall and surrounding fluid (in fluid carrying vessels) without substantially heating the coil. The electrical energy heats the body luminal wall, creating a thermal effect and thereby causing damage and subsequent fibrogenic occlusion of the target site. The temperature of the luminal wall will be typically be raised to about 45� C. to 95� C., preferably about 55� C. to 85� C.
Alternatively, the vaso-occlusive coil may comprise a material having some electrical resistance so that a portion of the high frequency electrical energy heats the vaso-occlusive coil. In this case, the coil will preferably have an electrical resistance less than the tissue wall to ensure that the electrical energy flows through at least a substantial portion of the coil.
Preferably, the energy source will provide radiofrequency electrical energy, such as that supplied by conventional electrosurgical power supplies, such as those available from commercial vendors, including Valleylab�, Aspen�, Bovie�, and Birtcher�. The power supply will usually provide energy at frequencies from 200 kHz to 12 MHz, preferably from 250 kHz to 500 kHz and may employ a conventional sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal wave form. The current provided will usually be in the range from about 25 mA to 1 A, preferably from about 50 mA to 250 mA from about 5 seconds to 4 minutes, usually from 10 seconds to 1 minute. The actual amplitude and duration of the current will depend primarily on vessel size, i.e. larger vessels will usually require higher currents and longer durations.
As discussed in more detail in connection with the specific embodiments below, the RF current may be applied in a monopolar or a bipolar fashion in or near the occlusion region. By �monopolar� it is meant that current flow will pass between (1) one or more �active� electrodes on the introducing catheter or the positioner which have surface areas and configurations which transfer the energy to the vaso-occlusive coil in order generate a thermal reaction in the region of the target site; and (2) a �dispersive� or return electrode which is located remotely from the active electrode(s) and which has a sufficiently larger area so that the current density is low and non-injurious to surrounding tissue. In some cases, the dispersive electrode may be on the same probe as the active electrode, and in other cases, the dispersive electrode may be attached externally to the patient, e.g., using a contact pad placed on the patient's flank.
Bipolar devices according to the present invention will generally employ a pair of electrodes in relatively close proximity each having an area and geometry selected to have a desired physiologic effect on adjacent tissue. In the case of bipolar devices, one or more electrodes will be connected to one pole of the radiofrequency power supply and will be placed in contact with the vaso-occlusive coil. The other electrode will be directly or indirectly in contact with the body luminal wall. Thus, the current flow in the occlusion region will be concentrated through the vaso-occlusive coil, then through the luminal wall or through the fluid located between electrode pair(s), rather than from one or more electrodes to a remote, dispersive electrode (which is the case in monopolar operation).
Devices according to the present invention will comprise an introducing catheter, typically including a shaft having proximal and distal ends and an axial lumen therebetween. For vascular applications, the shaft may be in the form of a conventional catheter body, typically having a length in the range from 40 cm to 200 cm, usually from 75 cm to 120 cm. The catheter body will usually include means for introducing the body over a movable guide wire, typically having a guide wire lumen running through at least a distal portion of the catheter body. Thus, the catheter body can have either conventional �over-the-wire� design where a movable guide wire is received through the entire length of the catheter body or may have a �rapid exchange� or �monorail� design where the guide wire is received through a lumen which extends only over a distal length of the body, typically from 5 cm to 25 cm. The catheter body will have an outside diameter consistent with its intended use, typically being from 1 mm to 5 mm, usually from 2 mm to 4 mm.
The catheter body may be formed from a variety of conventional catheter materials, including natural and synthetic polymers, such as polyvinyl chloride, polyurethanes, polyesters, polyethylenes, polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFE's), nylons, and the like. The catheter bodies may optionally be reinforced to enhance their strength, torqueability, and the like. Exemplary reinforcement layers include metal fiber braids, polymeric fiber braids, metal or fiber helical windings, and the like. Optionally, a portion of the catheter body could be formed from a metal rod or hypo tube, particularly when the catheter body is a rapid exchange or monorail design.
The catheter will also include at least one electrode for initiating radiofrequency current flow, as described above. The electrode may be disposed on the catheter shaft, may be part of a separate positioner (described below), and/or may be associated with the guide wire used to introduce the shaft to the body lumen, usually a blood vessel. Configuration of the electrode element will vary depending on whether it is intended to actively contact the vaso-occlusive coil or to function as a return or dispersive electrode.
The dispersive electrode will typically have a substantially larger surface area, on the order of at least 2 to 3 times larger, than the active electrode. Active electrodes (the electrode and the occlusive coil) will typically have relatively small total surface areas, typically being below about 20 mm2, usually being below about 10 mm2. Dispersive electrodes will typically have a somewhat larger area, typically being greater than 50 mm2 for probe-mounted dispersive electrodes and greater than 120 cm2 for external dispersive pads.
The positioner will generally comprise a shaft that extends through the catheter body and includes a distal engaging element for releasably engaging a vaso-occlusive coil. The distal engaging element will also comprise the active electrode(s) (or one of a pair of electrodes in the bipolar mode). The engaging element will preferably comprise a holding or grasping mechanism that holds a proximal portion of the coil for deploying and/or repositioning the coil within a blood vessel. In this embodiment, the engaging element will be capable of holding onto the coil beyond the distal end of the catheter body and/or grasping an already deployed coil for establishing positive electrical contact between the engaging element and the coil, repositioning the coil or withdrawing the coil from the body lumen. Alternatively, the engaging element may comprise a mechanism for contacting the coil and pushing the coil through the catheter body. In this embodiment, the coil will generally disengage from the engaging element when its proximal end moves past the distal end of the catheter body. Electrical current may be re-established by subsequently advancing the positioner to contact the coil. Specific examples of each of these approaches are described in more detail in connection with the figures below.
The present invention will generally be useful with virtually any type of vasoocclusive device or coil that may be endoluminally advanced to a target site of a body lumen to block fluid passage therethrough. The vaso-occlusive device will typically be formed from an elongate element, such as a wire, which is extendable from a relaxed, convoluted condition, to an extended, linear condition in which the wire can be advanced through the catheter. The vaso-occlusive coil(s) will have a relatively large surface area compared to the electrode to facilitate transfer of the electrical energy to the tissue wall and surrounding blood. This surface area will usually depend on the size of the coil, which is typically chosen based on the size of the blood vessel. Larger vessels will typically require a higher rate of energy transfer due to a larger surface area.
The vaso-occlusive wire generally takes the form of a coil, and may be formed by wrappings or windings of a fine wire comprised of platinum, stainless steel, tungsten, gold or the like. The wire may be covered with a fibrous material, such as polyester, to induce thrombus in blood. The wire may be pre-formed so that it adopts a convoluted configuration in a relaxed condition. Alternatively, the vaso-occlusive device may be formed from a flexible pre-shaped polymer tube or rod that is doped with electrically conducting material so that the rod is more electrically conductive than the tissue of the body lumen. The convoluted shape of the tube or rod may be achieved by a combination of a helical winding and/or irregularities which are imparted during heat treatment, or by shaping the device as it is extruded, before cooling, or by injection molding.
Referring now to FIGS. 1-3, a lumen occlusion system 2 according to the present invention comprises a shaft in the form of a flexible catheter body 4 having a proximal end 6 and a distal end 8. A positioner 10 includes a flexible shaft 12 sized to extend through catheter body 4 and having a proximal end 13 attached to a handle 14. A pair of opposing elements or jaws 16, 17 are attached to a distal end 15 of flexible shaft 12 for movement between open and closed positions. Once catheter body 4 has been positioned within a blood vessel of the patient (discussed below), jaws 16, 17 may be introduced through proximal end 6 of catheter body 4 and advanced through distal end 8, as shown in FIG. 1.
Handle 14 includes an actuator mechanism for opening and closing jaws 16, 17. Preferably, the actuator mechanism comprises an inner rod 20 slidably disposed within shaft 12 and extending through an inner lumen 22 within handle 14. Rod 20 is coupled to a trigger 24 having a lever arm 26 extending through a slot 28 in handle 14. Distal movement of lever arm 26 through slot 28 moves rod 20 in the distal direction, causing jaws 16, 17 to open (see FIG. 2). A spring 30, positioned between a bushing 32 within lumen 22 and trigger 24, biases lever arm 26 proximally so that jaws 16, 17 are biased into the closed position (FIG. 1).
FIG. 2 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the distal end 15 of positioner 10.
As shown, jaws 16, 17 are pivotally coupled to each other by a pivot pin 60 extending through jaw 17. Jaw 17 has a proximal end portion 62 pivotally coupled to a linkage 64 which is, in turn, pivotally coupled to the distal end 66 of rod 20. Proximal movement of rod 20 withdraws linkage 64 into shaft 12, thereby pivoting proximal end portion 62 of jaw 17 toward shaft 12. In this manner, distal end portion 70 of jaw 17 is pivoted downward towards jaw 16 into the closed position (FIG. 1). Jaw 16 preferably has a recess 72 sized to receive jaw 17 to minimize the profile of positioner 10 in the closed position. Similarly, distal movement of rod 20 causes jaws 16, 17 to open (FIG. 2).
In this embodiment, jaws 16, 17 also serve as a common active electrode for providing radiofrequency current flow in a monopolar procedure. Referring again to FIG. 1, occlusion system 2 further comprises a suitable RF power supply 40 connected to handle 14 via a connection plug 42. Jaws 16, 17 are preferably coupled to connection plug 42 through inner rod 20 and a lead wire 44 within handle 14. Inner rod 20 may comprise an electrically conducting material or a lead wire (not shown) may extend through an inner lumen within rod 20. Positioner shaft 12 will be fabricated from an insulating material to insulate rod 20 from the patient. The occlusion system 20 further includes a dispersive or return electrode, which is an external dispersive plate 50 coupled to RF power supply 40 and adapted for mounting on the patient's skin. Of course, the dispersive electrode 50 could be located elsewhere in different form (e.g., a sleeve) on the catheter body 4.
FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate use of the lumen occlusion system 2 to enhance occlusion of a target site TS within a blood vessel BV having one or more vaso-occlusive coils 100 already deployed at the target site TS. The physician will typically monitor the blood vessel with a fluoroscope to determine whether the vessel is completely occluded after coil 100 has been deployed (or to determine if recanalization has subsequently taken place). If the target site is not completely occluded, lumen occlusion system 2 will be used to apply radiofrequency energy to the coils at the target site to cause thermal damage to the luminal wall (this will induce a fibrogenic reaction). Of course, system 2 can also be utilized to deploy the initial coil 100 (or additions to the coil) at target site TS, as described in more detail in later embodiments.
Referring to FIG. 3A, the distal end 8 of catheter body 4 is introduced transluminally to a target site TS within a blood vessel BV or other body lumen. Typically, a guide wire (not shown) will first be introduced to the target site TS in a conventional manner. Note that positioner 10 may also be used as the guide wire, if desired, or positioner 10 may be used without the catheter if no additional coils are necessary. Once the guide wire is in position, the catheter body 4 will be introduced over the guide wire in a conventional �over-the-wire� manner until the distal end 8 of the body 14 is positioned slightly proximal of the vaso-occlusive coil 100, as shown in FIG. 3A.
After reaching the target site TS, positioner shaft 12 is advanced through catheter body 4 until jaws 16, 17 extend beyond distal end 8. Positioner shaft 12 will include an outer insulating sheath 102 proximal to the grasping end to protect the blood vessel wall from electrical energy delivered therethrough (discussed below). Jaws 16, 17 are opened by moving lever arm 26 (FIG. 1) in the distal direction, as described above. As shown in FIG. 3B, positioner shaft 12 will then be advanced distally until jaws 16, 17 contact a proximal portion of coil 100. As shown in FIG. 3C, jaws 16, 17 are preferably closed over a portion of coil 100 to establish electrical contact between the active electrodes (jaws 16, 17) and the coil and to ensure that this electrical contact remains intact during application of energy to the coil. A radiofrequency power supply 40 (FIG. 1) applies a radiofrequency voltage to jaws 16, 17 to initiate a radiofrequency current flow between the contiguous coil 100 and the return electrode 50. The radiofrequency power supply 40 may be optionally modified to provide an optimum impedance match. The radiofrequency current flows through coil 100, and the surrounding blood and the wall of blood vessel BV. The current thermally damages the blood vessel wall, causing localized swelling around the coil, as shown in FIG. 3C.
After maintaining the radiofrequency current flow for a desired time and at a desired current level, jaws 16, 17 will be opened to release coil 100. The positioner 12 is then withdrawn through catheter body 14. At the time of device removal, the blood vessel will be thrombosed and totally or mostly occluded. Subsequent fibrosis of the thrombus will make the occlusion substantially permanent.
A second embodiment 110 of the lumen occlusion system of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. System 110 is similar to system 2 in that it includes a proximal handle and an external, dispersive electrode coupled to an RF power supply (see FIG. 1). The system 110 differs from system 2, however, in that it includes a plurality of resilient hooks 112-114 for grasping vaso-occlusive coil 100 and delivering a radiofrequency current thereto. As shown in FIG. 4, a positioner shaft 116 has a proximal end (not shown) connected to the proximal handle, a distal end 118 and an axial lumen 119. An inner rod 120 is slidably positioned within axial lumen 119 and connected to an actuator mechanism (not shown) on the proximal handle.
Resilient hooks 112-114 are connected to the distal end of rod 118 and biased outward into a spaced apart configuration (not shown). When hooks 112-114 are completely or partially (FIGS. 4 and 5) withdrawn into shaft 116, the inner wall 122 of shaft 116 urges the hooks 112-114 towards each other. One or more of the hooks 112-114 is also an active electrode for delivering RF energy to coil 100. To that end, positioner shaft 116 includes an electrical conductor, such as a wire (not shown) extending through rod 118 to couple active electrode 112 with the RF power supply.
Occlusion system 110 can be used for deploying vaso-occlusive coil 100 at a target site TS in a blood vessel BV and for delivering radiofrequency energy to coil 100 to enhance fibrogenic occlusion of the target site TS. In use, hooks 112-114 are moved proximally outward beyond the distal end of positioner shaft 116 so that they are spaced apart from each other. The coil 100 is then positioned between hooks 112-114 and the hooks are partially withdrawn into shaft 116 so that the inner wall (not shown) of shaft 116 urges the hooks 112-114 together to grasp coil 100 (this partially withdrawn position is depicted in FIGS. 4 and 5). Positioner shaft 116 and coil 100 are then advanced through catheter body 4 to the target site (the distal end 8 of catheter body 4 is positioned at the target site as described previously). The inner wall 122 of cathetor body 4 facilitates the interlock between hooks 112-114 and coil 100 during movement through the catheter body.
Once coil 100 is advanced beyond the distal end 8 of catheter body 4, it will begin to relax into a convoluted configuration for occlusion of blood vessel BV, as shown in FIG. 4. Positioner shaft 116 is advanced until at least a portion of coil 100 or the entire coil and the hooks 112-114 extend beyond the distal end 8 of catheter body 4 (FIG. 5). An RF voltage is then delivered through active electrode or hooks 112-114 to the coil to generate thermal damage within blood vessel BV and induce subsequent fibrogenic occlusion of the blood vessel (as discussed previously). Since coil 100 is held in position by hooks 112-114, it will not migrate from TS during the occlusion process. Once the target site is damaged, localized swelling and thrombosis fixes coil 100 in place. Rod 120 is then moved distally to expand hooks 112-114 and release the coil 100. Rod 120 is typically biased proximally to a closed hook position. The positioner 116 and catheter 4 can then be removed from the patient's vasculature.
After the occlusion system has been removed from the blood vessel BV, a secondary RF treatment may become necessary if, for example, the target site is not sufficiently occluded. In this case, the occlusion system will be re-inserted as described above to re-access the occlusion coil 100, to recouple the coil to the RF electrode and to deliver additional RF energy to the target site.
FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrate bipolar embodiments of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 6, a positioner 150 comprises a flexible shaft 152 extending through catheter body 4 as in the previous embodiments. Positioner 150 includes one bipolar electrode in the form of a disc 154 disposed at the distal end of shaft 152. Disc 154 is electrically coupled to the RF power source by an inner conductive wire 156 extending through shaft 152. Shaft 152 is contained within an electrically conductive sheath proximal to its distal end to form a second electrode 158. Second electrode 158 is coupled to RF power source 40 by a second inner conductive wire 160 that extends through shaft 152 and is electrically insulated from wire 156. Note that second electrode 158 is schematically illustrated in FIG. 6 and may be larger than that shown. Second electrode 158 will preferably have a larger surface area than disc 154 and coil 100 to minimize tissue damage at the second electrode.
In use, positioner shaft 152 is advanced beyond the distal end of catheter body 4 so that active electrode disc 154 contacts the vaso-occlusive coil 100 deployed at the target site TS within blood vessel BV, as shown in FIG. 6. Electrode disc 154 may also be used as a pusher to deploy coil 100 by pushing the coil through catheter body 4. RF voltage is applied between electrode 158 and electrode 154 so that an RF current is initiated therebetween. Since the coil is more conductive than tissue, the RF current flows through at least a portion of coil 100. The surrounding blood and other fluids provide a path for the RF current from coil 100 and electrode 154 to electrode 158. The RF current will be sufficient to coagulate blood and to generate thermal damage to the intima of the tissue wall to enhance the occlusion of target site TS.
Referring to FIG. 7, another embodiment of positioner 170 comprises a shaft 172 and a pair of jaws 174, 176 extending from a distal end of shaft 170. Similar to previous embodiments, positioner 170 includes an inner rod 178 slidably disposed within shaft 172 and coupled to a proximal actuator (not shown) for opening and closing jaws 174, 176. In this embodiment, first jaw 174 and a distal portion 180 of second jaw 176 are the first electrodes. The second electrode 158 is disposed proximal to the first electrodes 174, 176, similar to FIG. 6. The jaws 174, 176 and second electrode 158 are each coupled to an RF power source by inner conducting elements 184, 186, respectively, which can comprise wires, rods or the like. RF voltage is applied between jaws 174, 176 and second electrode 158 to initiate RF current therebetween (via the coil).
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example, for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
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My year old computer is threatening its already short life with the anger it induces in me as it takes it's sweet effing time to do just about anything anymore. The guy who sold it to me (local custom computer building place in business for 15 years), claims that he moves all his data to an external, and reinstalls his OS about twice a year to keep his machines running at their peak.
This seems a little drastic for the casual user such as myself. Any software, or other techniques out there that could help restore the lightning quick operation of the machine I bought?
I do the basics like error checking, defragmentation, virus control, etc.
after running scans for viruses/spyware/adware and going through your list of installed programs to remove anything you dont need.
right on my computer select properties, advanced tab, under performance click settings, under the visual effects tab select adjust for best performance, you may want leave a few visual effects turned on, I usually leave: "show translucent selection rectangle, show window contents while dragging, and use common tasks in folders" this should speed things up a little.
you may want to remove some programs from your startup and system tray, there are many tutorials online for doing this.
reinstalling windows once a year or so does help and while its not completely necessary its usually easier than trying to remove every trace of the **** that's slowing your computer down/ messing it up.
EDIT: I assume your using windows XP but you didnt say specifically.
Defragment your hard drive.
Add more RAM
If your running XP, turn off the themes, it gives your computer an older look, but seems to help alot.
Uninstall software that you don't use.
first go to control panal , add remove programs, find all the programs you dont want anymore right these down on paper. then go ahead and remove them . when your done exit control panal @click on start -run type in regedit in the top left find FIND and type in those programs that you deleted i guarantee it will come up, right click and delete it do this on everything you don't want this will help ..be careful doing this be sure it is not a windows system file.. windows stores all these files in here even though you thought you deleted them this is the only way to to totally rid them from your machine .. when your done restart pc run defragmenter restart pc and your pc should run better.........as far as pc s running slower that's a inherent disadvantage of windows OS and yes i also reformat me harddrive about every 6 months ....
Run Adaware
Uninstall crap
switch to linux mint
Go to Technology News, Computer and Notebook Reviews, Computer News, Computer Mods, PC News | Maximum PC it has all sorts of free software and tips to help you.
not msconfig
Use a utility like ccleaner to clean up temp files and old useless reg entries.
Use msconfig to clean up your startup.
Remove unwanted apps.
Ram is almost free, doesn't really "solve" the problem but it does help.
Re-installing an OS that often is silly, doing that just indicates a lack of knowledge :/ .
Hard drive defrags are not going to help much, it's a good practice but people throw it around as a solution far too often. At best you'll get a slightly tangible speed increase, but I wouldn't even expect that. They teach you to tell people this in tech support because it takes a long time and gets you off the phone, not because it really works well.
+1 on Ccleaner. It's free, and gets all the crap out much better than windows.


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lighting unlimited website ratings?
emmie2September 8, 2009
Hi there, Has anyone used the lighting unlimited website, specifically _justhunterfans.com? I found an outdoor fan that would suit my needs but am hesitant to use a site I"m unfamiliar with. If anyone has dealt with this company cuold you let me know your thoughts? thanks-
I usually buy them here.
I usually buy them here.
Hunter Ceiling Fans
I've never dealt with justhunterfans, could be good or bad. However, I don't agree with "you have nothing to lose."


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The Slovak Spectator Vol. 21, No. 6
Volume 21 Number 6
In this issue:
- Slovak news you can trust
- Business
- Opinion / News
- Business Focus
- Culture
- Feature
Our mission is to provide our fraternal family members financial security via life and annuity products, while offering charitable, cultural, social and educational opportunities that benefit them and their communities. It is to this fraternal family that we invite you and yours.
A NSS annuity is a contract between you and us that provides you with a guaranteed future income in exchange for payments you make to your account. It's a long-term way of planning for the future, particularly for your retirement. Explore annuity options here.
The National Slovak Society offers two types of life insurance plans: permanent and term. Permanent Plans of insurance (Whole Life) build cash and loan values. Term Plans offer the most protection for the lowest cost with no cash or loan values.
The National Slovak Society is partnering with Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) to make available discounted plans for long-term care insurance. Visit the Long-Term Care page to learn more about the advantages available in long-term care insurance.
Enjoy our current television commercial and meet our president and his family.
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In celebration of this historic milestone, NSS Life started a campaign for a new 125th Anniversary Perpetual Scholarship. We successfully raised $12,500 towards the campaign with your help. We'd like to extend our gratitude to all those who aided in achieving this goal. Thank you.
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