text:
A Growing High School Trend: Opting to Take an Extra Year
By TAMAR LEWIN
Published: June 24, 2000
The prom was last month, graduation was the second Saturday in June, and Geoff Blumenfeld is now officially finished with Granite Bay High School, outside Sacramento. But next fall, when his classmates start college, he will come East for another year of high school -- a ''post-graduate'' year at Northfield Mount Hermon, a boarding school in Massachusetts.
Mr. Blumenfeld had other options: He was accepted at the University of Colorado, the University of Arizona and San Diego State. But he has his sights set higher, and like a growing number of young people he is hoping that a post-graduate year will win him better choices.
''I'd never heard of a post-grad year until my counselor suggested it, and I don't know anyone who's ever done it,'' said Mr. Blumenfeld. ''I played both football and soccer last fall and my grades did take a southward turn. I'm hoping, if I work hard, to get a 100-point gain on my SAT's, have a really great football year, and then get into the U.S. Naval Academy.''
Post-graduate programs have been around for decades at dozens of New England prep schools like Phillips Exeter, Hotchkiss and Deerfield, most for male athletes who have graduated from public high schools and want an extra year to bulk up, get stronger -- and bolster less-than-stellar academic records. The programs give prep schools some extra wallop on their sports teams, new blood and greater diversity, not to mention tuition upwards of $25,000 for each student.
But in the last five years, with the competition for entry into top-tier colleges growing more fevered than ever, the postgraduate programs have begun drawing far more applicants and from a wider pool that for the first time includes a substantial number of girls, and boys less interested in athletics than drama, music, or a more impressive academic profile.
''It's really burgeoned in the 90's, partly driven by the demographics,'' said Jamie Robinson, an admissions officer at the Kent School in Connecticut, where, he said, post-graduate applications have doubled in the last five years. ''There's a tremendous number of kids, and tremendous amount of discretionary income, among the class who'd be interested.''
Public school administrators, including Chancellor Harold O. Levy of the New York City Schools have even begun to speak of a fifth year of high school as a way to help some students meet increasingly rigorous graduation standards.
Still, the new popularity of the prep school programs is driven by the increasing frenzy over college admissions.
''This has been the most competitive college year ever, so the trickle-down was really apparent,'' said Mr. Robinson. ''There are a lot more kids and parents who want to groom it a little more. You see B students with 1,200-1,300 board scores opting for another year to do some community service, some drama, boost their grades.
''I know it sounds like it could be a year of breathing room, but it seems often to be a year for padding the curriculum vitae.''
Pam Safford, the admissions director at Northfield Mount Hermon, where applications for 70 post-graduate spots have risen about 25 percent in the last five years, said ''We have lots of kids trying to tier up to an Ivy League school.''
''Of this year's class, I'd say only about half do sports,'' she said. ''I'm hearing lots more parents say this is where they want to invest their money, particularly if they've seen their older kids go off to college not quite mature enough to thrive.''
Students offer many different reasons for choosing a post-graduate year: learning better study skills, exploring interests they overlooked in high school, playing another year of sports without using their N.C.A.A. eligibility, improving their SAT scores, or gaining more distance from a troubled sophomore or junior year.
For many students, especially in parts of the country where post-graduate programs are not well known, the transition from high school to prep school can be complicated.
''At the end of high school, I got so tired of explaining it at all the graduation parties,'' said Damien Chaviano, an Illinois high school graduate who spent this year at Exeter and will attend Middlebury College in the fall. ''It was just unbearable, so I kind of passed it off as a small college in the East. Then in the fall, my buddies would call at 2 a.m., out partying, and I'm sitting there, studying for Saturday classes, just heartbroken. But I got more of a grip on my study habits, and more focus.''
As the post-graduate programs become better known, some are getting to be as selective as top colleges: Exeter had nearly 300 applications this year for 25 slots, and Deerfield had more than 140 for 20 slots.
And while most of the programs are clustered in New England, they draw applicants nationwide -- and overseas -- almost all from public school students who have not had the experience of tiny classes, campus living and close relationships with teachers.
''My classes had more than 30 kids,'' said Vivian Harbert-Erceg, a graduate of McMinville High School in Oregon who will attend Exeter, in New Hampshire, next fall. ''At Exeter, it may be a dozen kids in a class, and I'll get to study things like ornithology and marine biology that a public high school like ours just doesn't have. I'm going to do a lot of drama, and it will let me acclimate to the East.''


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PURPOSE: To support the Rocklin community with art activities and exhibits, encourage the participation of Rocklin businesses, schools and artists in the community through exhibits, art demonstrations, lectures, and workshops, and to support local artists, art in public places and art shows. PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE: Spring is in the air and flowers are in bloom so this might inspire you to create a new piece for our upcoming 3rd Annual Membership Show scheduled for 15 and 16 May 2010. The show will again be held at the Rocklin Community Center, next to the Rocklin Library. Gini Crepps is the Chairperson and Jer Jarrett is Co-chair this year. They had their first planning meeting on 24 February. More information will follow so please give them all the support you can. The Rocklin Snowflake Show was held on 13-14 February at Finn Hall. Donald MacDonald was the Chairman and did a great job organizing the show. There were fewer entries this year 73 compared to 84 last year. RFA came through again by being an exhibit participant. Not only did RFA members support this event with art pieces, they volunteered to help. Many thanks to that volunteered and entered this event. There were Thirteen RFA winners:- Oils: 1st Donald MacDonald 2nd Shirley Pruitt 3rd Jill Maddex Mixed Media: 1st Ken Maddex 2nd Linda Pike 3rd Linda Hoschler Pen/Pencil 1st Paul Mitchell Charcoal: 2nd Janet Danzi 3rd Paul Mitchell Acrylics: 2nd Bonnie Armstrong 3rd Randy Thatcher Photography: 2nd Lindy Atoms Pastel: 3rd Jer Jarrett Watercolor: 3rd Mariko Leonard, Second in A meeting is planned with Sharon Brooks, Pam Brown, Donald MacDonald and I to discuss the artist feedback from the evaluations to determine possible improvements for next year. Page 1 | Jer and I met with Angela Tahti, the Executive Director of Placer Arts. The highlights of our discussions are outlined below: -Angel would like to include RFA events onto the Placer Arts calendar. Jer Jarrett has the action to follow up on this activity. -Placer Arts has a free Art Registry that can accommodate 16 pictures per artist. Check out their web site: registry.placerarts.org. -The 2010 Auburn Art Walks (April, June, August, and October) were discussed and Angela stated that interested RFA artists need to submit a letter of intent form. Artist applications need to be in by 3/20/10. See the placerarts.org for more information. -Also discussed was the upcoming 16th Annual Art Studio Tour on November13, 14, and 15, 2010. Angela encouraged us to have RFA members sign up. Please contact Bill Jarrett if you are interested in applying for the 2010 show. Those living in a gated community such as Springfield, the art studio at the Gables could possibly be one of the tour spots in 2011. RFA Board of Directors will have further discussion on this topic. At the General Meeting Judy Larson (who is in charge of Finn Hall for the Annual Art Studio Tour) stated that there are 6 artists to exhibit for the 2010 Studio Tour, but there may still be room for more. The current RFA Board has served for almost 1 ½ years and board members' terms expire at the end of this year. It is a good time for all members to think about volunteering for one of these positions. There are many opportunities in this club and we need new people with fresh ideas. Just let me or any Board Member know if you are interested in becoming a Board Member. Serving on the Board is interesting and fun, so don't be shy. Thanks for your continuing support to RFA. Bill Jarrett, RFA President MEMBERSHIP RENEWAL: Registration Forms are available on our Web Site. Please make out your check to the City of Rocklin and mail to the address on the form. We are planning more guest artists to keep our members motivated. We welcome any new members that you might like to invite to our meetings. Any questions, call me (Jer Jarrett) at 435-3066. CLASSES – WORKSHOPS - OPPORTUNITIES: 1-Kathleen Ryan teaches watercolor and drawing to adults and children, at Newcastle Packing Sheds Studios. Give a call at 530-823-3020 -email@example.com 2-Joyce Williams, Joyce Williams is continuing pastel lessons on Wednesdays and Thursdays and is starting a Friday drawing class at The Packing Shed Studios in Newcastle. Oil painting and watercolor classes are also offered there. Call 916-663-1516. 3-Jan Joslin will be teaching her Techniques in Oil - @ Newcastle Packing Sheds 4- Gayle Rappaport Weiland Teaches numerous classes in the Sacramento Valley. Consult the following page for Listings and details. http://www.grappaport.com/gayle_schedule_spring2010_page1.pdf For complete information check her web site, http://www.grappaport.com/ Call 916-435-4096 or Email her: email@example.com. 5-Watercolor Classes at Sun City Lincoln Hills: Anthony Rogone will be teaching a Watercolor Painting Class at the Orchard Creek Lodge Sun City Lincoln Hills on Friday afternoons from 1:30 to 4:30. Please check your Sun City "Compass" or inquire at the lodge information desk. This class is for all levels; beginners are welcome. RFA CLUB HISTORY: When you find newspaper articles promoting art activities of Rocklin Fine Arts members, forward them to Historian Chairperson, Marilyn Heyman, heymarilyn2@gmail or give them to her at a monthly meeting. PUBLICITY: To announce an art activity of a Rocklin Fine Arts member, please give your article with associated photos to Publicity Chairperson, Linda Hoschler, at a monthly meeting or by email firstname.lastname@example.com Page 2 | CALL TO ARTISTS: 1. Placer Arts "Out of the Box" event: Each artist is given a plywood cube 9''x9"x9" and are asked to create something by tearing the box apart, decorating it, reassembling it and producing something which can be Auctioned with proceeds going to Placer Arts. Submit entry by March 31rst. 2. Blue Line Gallery: your opportunity to exhibit in the Blue Line Gallery's WestPark Workshop Gallery through an ongoing cycle of monthly exhibits. Each month's exhibit opens during the 3rd Saturday Art Walk reception. a. 2010 Member Theme Exhibits: Mixed Media. Deadline: June 1 Black & White. Deadline: Aug 1 It's the Journey, Not the Destination. Deadline: Sept b. Juried Membership Show. Deadline: March 20, 5pm 3. Deadline March 10, 2010: "Still-life & floral" – Richeson School of Art & Gallery – June - July 19, 2010 www.richeson75.com 4. Deadline April 1, 2010: Emerging Artists Competition "21 under 31" – Southwest Art Magazine www.southwestart.com (Must be under 31 years of age to enter) 5. Deadline May 3, 2010: Artist's Magazine 27th Annual Art Competition - www.artistsmagazine.com 6. Deadline June 1, 2010: "University Art Open Exhibition" – University Art San Jose Store – Sept. 11 – 30, 2010 www.UniverityArt.com 7. PlacerArts - 17th Annual Autumn Art Studios Tour - visit the home page of PlacerArts.org, and refer to the calendar listing Call to Artists: 2010 Autumn Art Studios Tour. - Applications must be emailed, postmarked or hand delivered by 5pm on Friday, March 26. Notification of acceptance by May 7. You may also request an application by contacting Rosie Stilwell at (530) 885-5670x119 or email@example.com. NEWSLETTER: Your newsletter will be emailed bi-monthly. Forward your art information/events for inclusion in the Newsletter and notify of any email changes. Newsletter Chairperson, Michele Feinberg, firstname.lastname@example.com. RFA WEB SITE: www.rocklinfinearts.org/. To have your artworks displayed on our web site, please email Web Site Chair, Jer Jarrett, firstname.lastname@example.com with your photo, your bio, and 3 pictures of your art. These will be listed under "Artists" on the home page. If you find anything on the Web Site needing correction, please send your changes to Jer. All members are encouraged to participate. ART SHOW INFORMATION about 2010 RFA PARTICIPANTS: 1. Marilyn Heyman exhibited paintings at JD's Bakery and Sandwich Shop, 300 Midas Ave., in February. 2. Jill and Ken Maddex will display at Rocklin Library from March 10th through May 1st. 3. Placer Arts "Out of the Box" event participants are: Ken Maddex, Bill Mang, and Tye and Travis Trevethick will do one together. 4. The Second Saturday and Patris S12 Gallery includes Gayle Rappaport–Weiland 2010 MEETING AND EVENTS CALENDAR All meetings begin at 10am - 3rd Friday of each Month Sunset Community Center 2650 Sunset Blvd. Rocklin, Ca March 19 General Meeting - April 16 General Meeting - rd May 22-23 3 Annual Membership Show June 18 General Meeting November Rocklin "Toast of the Town" -4:00 – 8:00 PM - Wine Tasting & Art Show - Rocklin Sunset November Ctr. Autumn Art Tour 09, Finnish Temperance Hall - 4090 Rocklin Road, Rocklin. NO General Meeting December - YEAR-END GALA Page 3 | RFA Monthly ARTIST COMMUNITY SHOWINGS: If interested in exhibiting at one of the following locations, Contact Exhibitor Chair, Ken Maddex. firstname.lastname@example.com Rocklin Florist can show 7-10 pictures and JD's about the same or one or two more. We have lost one of our sites: Sierra Roasting has closed down. The remaining sites available are: 1 -Rocklin Florist 5885 Pacific Street - (800)228-7673 2 -JDs Bakery and Sandwich Shop Midas at Pacific 3 -Auburn Friends-of-the-Library President Vice-President Secretary Bill Jarrett Donald MacDonald Jill Maddex firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com Treasurer Membership Chair Exhibitor Chair Jer Jarrett Ken Maddex email@example.com email@example.com Historian Chair Publicity Chair Newsletter Chair Marilyn Heyman Linda Hoschler Michele Feinberg heymarilyn2@gmail firstname.lastname@example.com email@example.com Hospitality Chair Web Site Chair Jeri Jarrett email@example.com Page 4 |
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Cigarette ruled cause of fatal fire
A lit cigarette is the likely cause of a house fire that claimed the life of Oxford resident William Earl Williams on Monday afternoon. (February 18, 2015, Page 2A)
Local man dies in house fire
William Earl Williams, 44, died after Oxford firefighters found him unconscious in his Burney Branch home after a fire started in the bathroom. (February 17, 2015, Page 1)
Litter meeting to address dirty situation
A public meeting to discuss the local litter problem will be held at 6:30 p.m. Monday at the Oxford Police Training Center, located next to the Oxford Police Department on Molly Barr Road. (February 15, 2015, Page 1A)
Litter meeting to address dirty situation
A public meeting has been planned for 6:30 p.m. Monday at the Oxford Police Training Center, located next to the Oxford Police Department on Molly Barr Road to address Oxford's growing litter problem. (February 15, 2015, Page 1A)
OPC considers small expansion to activity center
As talks continue with city leaders on a new activity center, the Oxford Park Commission is considering building a small expansion on the current facility to help with growth problems. (February 13, 2015, Page 1A)
House plan nixed
The Historic Preservation Commission advised a homeowner to table his request for a Certificate of Appropriateness on Tuesday on the renovation plans for a home on Jefferson Avenue and go back the drawing board to come up with another plan that 'echoes' the existing home that stands currently. (February 12, 2015)
Transit system OKs annual budget
The Oxford University Transit board approved its 2016 budget Wednesday. The public transportation system must approve their budget a year early to be eligible for grants. (February 12, 2015, Page 1A)
City fund earns $5M
Organ donors get sweet treat
Rezone request denied
The Oxford Planning Commission denied a request Monday to rezone property on Old Taylor Road from Country Estate to Multi-Unit for a proposed student housing development. (February 10, 2015, Page 1, 12)


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Gnther Jikeli to present antisemitism lecture at ISGAP March 31
Free reading: From Sufism to Ahmadiyya by Adil Hussain Khan
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15 Easy Jazz, Blues & Funk Etudes
B-Flat Tenor Sax
By Bob Mintzer
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15 Easy Jazz, Blues & Funk Etudes (B-Flat Tenor Sax). Composed by Bob Mintzer. For B-Flat Tenor Sax. Instrumental Series. Blues; Jazz; play along. Book & CD. 36 pages. Published by Alfred Music (AP.ELM00030CD).
ISBN 0769297927. Blues; Jazz; play along.
Written for a wide variety of musicians, 15 Easy Jazz, Blues & Funk Etudes will appeal to both aspiring players and to more experienced musicians. For the younger player, particular care is given to range, rhythmic figures and overall playability. The more accomplished musician will appreciate the high level of musicality, the lyrical compositions and the opportunities to improvise. Either way, the format is simple: Bob Mintzer plays and demonstrates each etude with a stellar rhythm section on the included CD. You learn each etude slowly. When ready, you play the etude with the CD accompaniment.
Recorded Acc. Available.
- Introduction
- Bob Mintzer Biography
- Performance Notes
- Bob Mintzer Discography
- I. Blues 1
- CD Demo with Bob Mintzer
- CD Play-Along
- II. Swingin'
- III. Funky
- IV. Swingin' 2
- V. Ballad
- VI. Blues 2
- VII. Bossa
- VIII. Shuffle
- IX. Funky 2
- X. Waltz
- XI. Blues 3
- XII. Swing-O-Rama
- XIII. Paul's Blues
- XIV. Malcolm's Tune
- XV. The End
- XVI. The End - Transciption Exercises
- Bob Mintzer/Phil Markowitz solos
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B-Flat Tenor Sax
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Discussion in 'Star Wars TV' started by G-FETT, Jul 1, 2007.
@Garth Maul When are you going to annouce your retirement from this place?
I've already established that there are several bombs placed around this city. If Garth leaves, a random bomb will go off.
Gotham will be ashes!
I'll have my lightsaber ready to just slash the bombs to disarm them. This should go in the things I learned from TCW in there.
That means nothing if it hasn't occured yet. I don't think he's going to leave.
There'll need to be two of you though, you have to slash both bombs at the exact same time for it to work.
@SithStarSlayer and bring your lightsaber with you. BTW, your playing Ahsoka.
Pretty soon. Just wanted a transition period with PK.
Why bother slashing when you can just let the bomb go off?
Suit can hang, ya know.
I am going to join you in this retirement anyway.
What doesn't kill us only makes us stronger anyways, right bro?
Or just wait until The Clone Wars ends. I'm sure there are only 8 or 9 seasons left.
Yeah my daughter will be graduating by the time the show is over.
It's definitely time - this is the first time I've skipped an entire arc. I'll still hang out here but my interest in the show is at an all-time low.
One of those seasons will need to be entirely dedicated to the further adventures mishaps of Gascon and WAC-47.
I smell a spin off.
It's going with the Holiday Special.
I probably won't. This place is not the same anymore. I could list the many things that I hate about LACWAC nowdays.
you didn't miss anything important believe me
It was too much hype for something that lasted only one episode.
I'm very much hoping that you aren't serious, and that I'm sorely in need of a sarcasm sign tonight.
That complex must have one hell of a dog **** problem in order to resort to that.
@anakinfansince1983, is this at all related to what you were talking about earlier with the pants (or lack thereof)?
Yep, the idea to do it here came from New York. I think it's happened in several other cities as well.
The organization they donated to here (Warm Charlotte) is fantastic, and the whole scenario turned out to be funny as hell once my initial WTF? moment died down.


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Abstract available in
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Description (OCR text may contain errors)
NOV. 4, 1969 L p, wE l ET AL 3,476,954
ELECTRICAL NEURON CIRCUIT THAT INCLUDES AN OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Filed Aug. 23, 1966 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 I9 lNFUfcums/W INH/E/TOKY Nil/73' Ink/flora:
PH/U/PI 6. Jean 8' Lima/Va! B WEMWK Altar/zed Nov. 4, 1969 P. WENNIK ETA!- ELECTRICAL NEURQN CIRCUIT THAT INCLUDES AN-OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Aug. 25, 1966 m lm wh lm wammil in \lemfar' Pym/P: 5. J'corr 5' wan/e: E mwwlr MT. (TH-0.2M
United States Patent US. Cl. 307201 5 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE An electrical neuron circuit includes an operational amplifier and simulates the transfer characteristic of a biological neuron. The operational amplifier is biased to establish a predetermined threshold point for input signals below which no output signals are produced. The operational amplifier exhibits a high gain that produces a digital step in the output signal upon conduction at the threshold point. A feedback network is coupled to degeneratively feedback the output signals of the operational amplifier to the input thereof to reduce the gain of the amplifier. The operational amplifier thereupon exhibits an analog increase in output signals for increasing values of input signals up to saturation after which the output remains substantially constant.
The basic building blocks of the biological nervous system are neurons. Biological neurons receive stimuli in the form of electrical input pulses from other biological neurons or from receptor sense organs, such as the eye, the car, etc., and respond to certain input stimuli by generating electrical output pulses by means of a complex electrochemical process.
According to the present understanding, biological neurons receive excitatory and inhibitory input pulses of standard width and amplitude. Excitatory input pulses tend to activate, or fire, a biological neuron whereas inhibitory input pulses tend to inhibit the activation of a neuron. It is believed that the excitatory and inhibitory input pulses are algebraically added together and that the sums of the two types of pulses are then integrated to provide a resultant pulseless or direct input signal to the biological neuron. When such a resultant input signal exceeds a predetermined threshold value, the biological neuron is activated and produces a pulse output. The number of firings or output pulses produced is a function of the intensity or amplitude of the direct input signal as well as the characteristics of the biological neuron itself. The number of firings in a given time interval increases as the intensity of the input signal increases up to a maximum or saturation point after which the firing rate remains constant. Saturation occurs because the electrochemical processes producing the pulses require a refractory period, i.e., a recuperative period, between pulses.
The paths interconnecting biological neurons in the human body sometimes exhibit extremely high impedances-higher than ohms in some instances. It is believed that biological neurons transmit different stimuli, i.e., information signals, by pulses of differing frequencies so as to avoid the difficulty of having to accurately transmit small amplitude direct signals over such high impedance paths. Electrical circuits designed to simulate the operation of biological neurons need not be interconnected by such high impedance paths. Consequently, such electrical neurons need not produce a pulse output to transmit desired information to succeeding electrical neurons. Additionally, since integration occurs at the input to a biological neuron, an individual biological neuron effectively responds to a direct input signal rather than 3,476,954. Patented Nov. 4, 1969 a pulse input signal. Therefore, electrical neurons can effectively simulate the important functions of biological neurons by operating on direct currents without utilizing either input or output pulses. Such a pulseless neuron has been heretofore disclosed in Patent No. 3,394,266 entitled, Direct Current Electrical Neuron Circuit for Thomas B. Martin and Ellwood P. McGrogan, Jr., and assigned to the same assignee as the present application.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved pulseless electrical neuron that effectively simulates the desired operation of a biological neuron.
IR is another object of this invention to provide an improved pulseless threshold circuit of the electrical neuron type that effectively simulates the desired operation of a biological neuron and which is substantially immune to ambient temperature variations.
A threshold circuit embodying the invention simulates a biological neuron by exhibiting an input-output transfer characteristic that includes a region of substantially zero output for low values of input signals below a predetermined threshold point; an abrupt digital step increase in output to a first value at said threshold point; a region having an analog increase in output from said first value to a saturation value for intermediate values of input signals; and a region of substantially constant output of said saturation value for high values of input signals greater than said intermediate values.
The threshold circuit includes an amplifier having input terminals for receiving input signals applied thereto and an output terminal for providing amplified output signals. Biasing means are coupled to the amplifier for establishing the predetermined point for input signals below which substantially no output signals are produced. The amplifier may, for example, be an operational amplifier exhibiting high gain for producing a digital step increase in output to a first value for an input signal of said threshold value. A feedback network is coupled from the output to the input terminals of said amplifier to degenera'tively feedback said output signals to reduce the gain of the amplifier to provide an analog increase in output from said first value up to a saturation value for increasing values of input signals above said threshold point. The amplifier saturates at high values of input signals to provide a substantially constant output.
In the drawings:
FIGURE 1 is the current-voltage transfer characteristic of an electrical circuit that simulates a biological neuron; and
FIGURES 2 and 3 are schematic circuit diagrams of different embodiments of threshold circuits that exhibit the transfer characteristic of FIGURE 1.
Referring now to FIGURE 1, there is illustrated a graph showing the input-output transfer characteristic 10 of a threshold circuit in accordance with the invention. The characteristic curve 10 of FIGURE 1 substantially duplicates the transfer characteristic of a biological neuron. The characteristic curve 10 exhibits a region 12 of substantially zero output voltage for low values of input current below a threshold point 1,. At the threshold point 1,, the characteristic curve exhibits an abrupt or digital step 13 increase in output voltage up to a first output voltage value V Thus, the curve 10 exhibits digital characteristics in that below the threshold point I, substantially no output is produced Whereas at this point a significant output voltage is produced. Such a digital step increase reduces the chances of noise or drift triggering an electrical neuron, corresponding to the ability of biological neurons to ignore inconsequential stimuli. The curve 10 exhibits a region 14 of continuous increase in output voltage for increasing intermediate values of input current. The region 14 is considered to be an analog region as contrasted to a digital step since for every value of output voltage there exists a different value of input current. Although FIGURE 1 shows a linear analog increase, because the threshold circuit to be described includes a linear amplifier, it is to be noted that the increase in the analog portion 14 may also be logarithmic. The output voltage in the portion 14 increases up to a maximum saturation point or second voltage level V after which the curve exhibits a substantially constant output voltage region 16 at the saturation level for relatively high and increasing values of input current. The characteristic curve 10 substantially duplicates the functional transfer characteristic of biological neurons.
In FIGURE 2 there is shown a schematic circuit diagram of one embodiment of a threshold circuit that exhibits the transfer characteristic shown in FIGURE 1. The threshold circuit 20 of FIGURE 2 includes a pair of matched transistors 22 and 24. The transistors 22 and 24, which are shown as PNP type transistors, include respectively, emitters 26 and 28, collectors 30 and 32 and bases 34 and 36. The transistors 22 and 24 are connected as a circuit 25. The emitters 26 and 28 are respectively coupled through resistors 38 and 40 to a junction point 41. The collectors 30 and 32 are coupled through resistors 42 and 44 respectively to a junction point 46 that is in turn coupled through a resistor 48 to a point of reference potential or ground in the circuit 20. The bases 34 and 36 are connected together at a junction point 51 and the junction point 51 is connected to circuit ground. Thus the transistors 22 and 24 operate in the grounded base configuration. The junction point 51 is also coupled through a resistor 52 and a pair of diodes 54 and 56 to the junction point 46. The diodes 54 and 56 are poled in the same direction and present a path of easy current flow from the junction point 46 to the junction point 51. The connection of the cathode of the diode 54 to the resistor 52 comprises a junction point 53.
The circuit 25 comprises a network for algebraically summing excitatory and inhibitory signals applied thereto. The excitatory input signals are applied through input terminals 57 57 57, which terminals are coupled respectively through resistors 59 59 59, to the emitter electrode 26 of the first transistor 22. The parallel resistors 59 through 59 comprise a resistor network 60 that linearly combines the excitatory input signals applied to the input terminals. The inhibitory input signals are applied to input terminals 62 62 62 and through resistors 64 64 64, respectively to the emitter electrode 28 of the junction transistor 24. The parallel resistor 62 through 62 comprise a resistive network 66 that sums the inhibitory input signals applied to the input terminals 62 62 The circuit 25 is biased by connecting the junction point 41 to a source of positive potential +V and the junction point 53 to a source of negative potential V The resistor 40 is made smaller than the resistor 38 so that the initial threshold region 12 of the transfer characteristic 10 of FGURE 1 is produced, as will be described in more detail subsequently.
The circuit 25 is coupled to an operational amplifier 68 to provide the initial digital step 13 in the transfer characteristic of FIGURE 1. The operational amplifier 68 includes an inverting (I) input terminal 69 and a non-inverting (NI) input terminal 70. The operational amplifier may for example comprise an RCA Operational Amplifier as disclosed in a publication entitled, RCA-CA3008, CA3010, Linear Integrated Circuits, Operational Amplifier Types, Monolithic Silicon. Such an amplifier exhibits a high gain when operated open loop, i.e., with no negative feedback. The operational amplifier 68 inverts an input signal applied to the inverting terminal 69 but does not invert an input signal applied to the non-inverting terminal 70. The output of the operational amplifier 68 is coupled to the base electrode 72 of an emitter-follower transistor 74. The
transistor 74 also includes a collector 76 coupled directly to the source of positive potential +V and an emitter 78 coupled through a temperature compensating diode 80 and a resistor 82 to circuit ground. The emitter 78 is connected directly to the anode of the diode 80 whereas the cathode thereof is connected to an output terminal 84 for the threshold circuit 20.
The emitter 78 of the output transistor 74 is also coupled through a feedback network to the inhibitory transistor 24 of the circuit 25. The feedback network 90 includes a nonlinear impedance that exhibits a threshold, such as a diode 92. The network 90 also includes a resistor 94 serially connected to the diode 92. The diode 92 is poled such that the anode thereof is directly connected to the emitter 78 of the output transistor 74.
The threshold circuit, without the biasing supplies V and V may comprise an article of manufacture in integrated circuit module form. In fact, an array of threshold circuits may be fabricated on a single chip of semiconductor material and interconnected to perform various logical functions required by a particular system. Additionally, the threshold circuit may be fabricated with discrete components.
In operation, the threshold circuit 20 produces a transfer characteristic, such as that shown in FIGURE 1, and also exhibits the added advantage of being substantially immune to ambient temperature changes. Quiescently, the selection of the resistor 40 to be smaller than the resistor 38 causes more current from the biasing source to steer through the inhibitory transistor 24 than through the excitatory transistor 22 of the circuit 25. The output of the inhibitory transistor 24 is applied to the inverting terminal 69 of the operational amplifier 68. The operational amplifier 68 provides a negative signal to the output transistor 74 which biases this transistor so that it is cut off. Consequently, no output signal is provided at the output terminal 84. Similarly, for low values of excitatory input signals, no output is produced by the threshold circuit 20 and consequently the intial region 12 of FIGURE 1 is produced. When the excitatory input signals exceed the inhibitory signals, the excitatory transistor 22 applies more current to the noninverting terminal 70 of the operational amplifier 68 than the inhibitory transistor 24 applies to the inverting terminal 69 of the operational amplifier 68. The output transistor 74 is therefore biased to conduction. The high gain of the operational amplifier 68 causes the output to exhibit the digital step 13 of FIGURE 1. No feedback is produced until the output signal from the transistor 74 exceeds the threshold of the diode 92. When the output signal causes the diode 92 to operate in its low impedance region, a feedback signal is applied to the inhibitory transistor 24 through the diode 92. The feedback signal is an inhibitory signal and consequently the feedback is negative or degenerative feedback. Such a negative feedback signal reduces the overall gain of the threshold circuit 20. This reduction in the overall gain creates the substantially linearly increasing portion 14 of the transfer characteristics 10 in FIGURE 1. This portion 14 is termed an analog portion in this specification to distinguish it from the step or digital portion 13 of the characteristic 10 of FIGURE 1. As the excitatory input signals are increased further the analog threshold circuit 20 saturates to produce the substantially constant output portion 16 of the characteristic 10.
The threshold circuit 20 not only effectively simulates the important functions of a biological neuron but also exhibits desirable electrical circuit characteristics. Temperature stability is provided by the negative feedback in the analog region of operation. Furthermore, the threshold circuit 20 also exhibits a low input impedance due to the grounded base operation of the input transistors 22 and 24. Such a low input impedance permits the input signals to be linearly summed by the input resistive networks.
In FIGURE 3, there is shown another embodiment of a threshold circuit 100 that exhibits the transfer characteristic shown in FIGURE 1. The threshold circuit 100 includes a first operational amplifier 102 of the type previously described. The operational amplifier 102 includes an inverting (1) input terminal 104 and a noninverting (NI) input terminal 106. The non-inverting terminal 106 is coupled through a resistor 108 to circuit ground whereas the inverting terminal 102 of this amplifier is the input summing terminal for the threshold circuit 100. A plurality of input terminals 110 110 110 are coupled respectively through parallel resistors 112 112 112 to the inverting terminal 104 of the operational amplifier 102. Additionally, a negative bias is applied from a negative potential source V through a resistor 114 to the inverting terminal 104 of the amplifier 102. The output of the operational amplifier 102 provides the inhibitory output of the threshold circuit 100 and is derived from an output terminal 116 of the amplifier 102.
A feedback circuit path is provided by coupling the output terminal 116 through a pair of serially connected resistors 118 and 120 back to the inverting terminal 104 of the amplifier 102. The junction 122 of the resistors 118 and 120 is coupled through a forwardly poled diode 124 to a second junction point 126. A second diode 127 is coupled from circuit ground to the junction point 126 and is forwardly poled to maintain the junction point 126 below ground level. A resistor 128 is connected from the junction point 126 to the negative potential terminal of a power supply V A saturation circuit 130 is included in the threshold circuit 100. The circuit 130 includes a transistor 132 having a collector 134 and an emitter 136, each coupled to one terminal of the voltage divider resistors 118 and 120. The base 138 of the transistor 132 is biased by coupling to a junction point 140 of a voltage divider 142. The voltage divider 142 includes a resistor 144 coupled from circuit ground to the junction 140 and the serial combination of a resistor 146 and a pair of diodes 148 and 150 coupled from the junction point 140 to the source of negative potential V;,. The diodes 148 and 150 are connected to be forwardly poled from the junction 140 to the source of negative potential V and function as temperature compensating diodes.
The first operational amplifier 102 is coupled through a resistor 152 to the inverting (I) input terminal 154 of a second operational amplifier 156. The non-inverting (NI) input terminal 158 of the second operational amplifier is coupled through a resistor 160 to circuit ground. The output of the second operational amplifier 156 is coupled to the base electrode 162 of an output emitterfollower transistor 164. The transistor 164 includes a collector 166 directly connected to a source of positive potential +V and an emitter 168 coupled through a resistor 170 to circuit ground. An output terminal 172 is directly connected to the emitter 168 and comprises the excitatory output for the threshold circuit 100. The output terminal 172 is also coupled through a resistor 174 back to the inverting input terminal 154 of the second operational amplifier 156.
In operation both excitatory and inhibitory input terminals of positive and negative polarity respectively are applied to the input terminals 110 110 of the threshold circuit 100. The input resistors 112 112 algebraically add the opposite polarity input signals to apply a positive input signal to the first operational amplifier 102 when the positive excitatory input signals exceed the negative inhibitory input signals as well as a threshold established by the potential source V Consequently, the first initial region 12 in FIGURE 1 in the threshold circuit transfer characteristic is provided by negatively biasing the operational amplifier 102.
6 The operational amplifier 102, by having its noninverting input terminal 106 connected to ground and by having input signals applied to the inverting terminal 104, exhibits a low input impedance so that the resistor network 112 112 provides a linear and algebraic summation of the positive and negative input signals applied to the input terminals 110 When the positive excitatory input signals exceed the negative inhibitory input signals and the negative bias, the operational amplifier 102 produces a negative step output signal. The negative step output signal is inverted in the second operational amplifier 156 to produce the digital step increase 13 as shown in FIGURE 1 from the excitatory output terminal 172.
No feedback is produced through the resistor network 118 and because the diode 124 is forward biased to conduct by the negative supply V The cathode of the diode 124 is clamped to substantially a one diode voltage drop below ground due to the forward conduction of the second diode 127. While the diode 124 is forward biased, all of the output signal from the operational amplifier 102 is shunted through the diode and none is applied to the input terminal 104. When the negative output signal from the inhibitory output terminal 116 of the operational amplifier 102 is sufficiently negative to back bias the diode 124, this diode cuts off and the negative output signals are fed back to the inverting input terminal 104 of the operational amplifier 102. Since the feedback signal is negative, degenerative or negative feedback occurs. The negative feedback decreases the high gain of the amplifier 102 and an analog increase in output occurs for further increases in excitatory input signals, such as shown by the region 14 in FIGURE 1.
When the input signal increases sufficiently to drive the operational amplifier 102 to the point of saturation, the shunt network operates to shunt the input signal around the operational amplifier 102. The transistor 132 is normally nonconductive due to the negative biasing of the base 138 thereof. However, as the output of the operational amplifier increases in absolute magnitude, the inhibitory output terminal 116 goes more negative and consequently the emitter 136 of the transistor 132 becomes more negative than the base thereof. The bias of this transistor is such that, at the saturation, voltage V the base-emitter junction becomes forward biased and a low impedance shunting of the amplifier 102 occurs. The output of the circuit 100 therefore remains substantially constant, simulating the region 16 of the transfer characteristic 10 of FIGURE 1.
The reason for including the transistor 132 shunt network is to prevent the amplifier 102 from exhibiting a high impedance at saturation. Therefore it is to be noted that other devices can be substituted to duplicate the operation of the transistor 132. For example, a Zener diode (shown in dotted form in FIGURE 3) may be substituted for the network 130 and poled to conduct in its reverse breakdown characteristic from the input terminal 104 to the output terminal 116.
Thus a threshold circuit embodying the invention simulates the major functions of a biological neuron. One embodiment of the invention is adapted to receive excitatory and inhibitory input signals of the same polarity to produce single polarity output signals. Another embodiment of the invention is adapted to receive excitatory and inhibitory input signals of opposite polarity to produce both negative and positive output signals. Each embodiment is substantially immune to temperature variations due to its circuit configuration. Additionally, by making the circuits into integrated circuit modules, the temperature stability is enhanced. Each embodiment exhibits desirably low input and output impedances.
What is claimed is:
1. A threshold circuit having an input-output characteristic exhibiting an output that is substantially zero for low values of input below a predetermined threshold point, an output that includes an analog increase up to a maximum saturation value for intermediate values of input greater than said threshold value, and an output that is substantially constant at said saturation value for high values of input,
comprising in combination, an operational amplifier having an inverting input terminal, a non-inverting input terminal and an output terminal, means for coupling said non-inverting input terminal to a point of reference potential, an input network coupled to said inverting input terminal, means for applying to said input network excitatory and inhibitory input signals to provide a resultant input signal to said inverting input terminal when said excitatory input signals exceed said inhibitory input signals so as to produce an inverted output signal from said output terminal, an inverter coupled to said output terminal of said operational amplifier to re-invert said output signal to provide said output of said threshold circuit, means for biasing said operational amplifier for establishing said predetermined threshold point for resultant input signals below which substantially no output is produced, said amplifier exhibiting high gain for producing a digital step in output at said predetermined threshold point, and feedback means for coupling said output terminal of said operational amplifier to said inverting input terminal via said input network to provide degenerative feedback to reduce the gain of said operational amplifier to provide said analog increase in output for increasing resultant input signals above said threshold point, said amplifier saturating at high values of resultant input signals to provide said substantially constant output. 2. A threshold circuit in accordance with claim 1 wherein said feedback means includes a nonlinear impedance exhibiting a high impedance for applied signals below a threshold value and a low impedance for applied signals above a threshold value so that low values of feedback signals are blocked by said nonlinear impedance. 3. A threshold circuit in accordance with claim 2 wherein said nonlinear impedance comprises a diode.
4. A threshold circuit in accordance with claim 1 wherein said input network includes a summing network for algebraically summing input signals for applying a resultant summed signal to said operational amplifier. 5. A threshold circuit in accordance with claim 4 wherein said summing network comprises a parallel resistive network coupled to said input terminals of said amplifier to algebraically add excitatory and inhibitory input signals of opposite polarity.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 8/1964 Sikorra 307-229 7/1968 Martin et a1. 307-20l US. Cl. X.R.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
Cut through code complexity
CodeLogic 2.0 generates useful graphical views of C# and Java source
Logic Explorers' CodeLogic 2.0 belongs to a species of tools I refer to as "interactive diagrammers." Point CodeLogic to a collection of C# or Java source files, and the tool will crawl through them, organize what it discovers, and present you with several graphical views built from what it's learned.
The views it offers include the familiar UML (Unified Modeling Language) class and sequence diagrams, as well as a novel flow diagram that, at first glance, appears to be merely a glorified flowchart but which is in fact a useful, interactive graph. You can, for example, jump to the location in source code corresponding to any node in the diagram. You can also "backtrack" variables, which causes the diagram to trace the flow of control that a variable will pass through from its inception. This feature was not working in the C# version of CodeLogic 2.0 I tested, but I did see it in action in the Version 1.5 for Java edition. (CodeLogic engineers assured me that backtracking would be fixed in the C# edition by release time.)
CodeLogic's diagram generation is entirely automatic. The tool requires only the location of your source code. So, when you define a new project, you're actually defining the directory holding the source files. (This functionality means that you can add new files to the project simply by depositing the source files in the proper directory.)
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text:
Will be sold on Thursday next,
the 14inst. at the
Court House,
five likely negroes; Boys, Men
and one Woman
Terms, Cash.
Jacksonville, Feb. 8th 1856
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text:
324 posts tagged with dinner.
324 posts tagged with dinner.
Displaying 201 through 250 of 324. Subscribe:
Vegetarian date food
What's a really good, simple, warming, hearty vegetarian dish I can cook for my new boy? [more inside]
what type of host/hostess gifts are appropriate for a dinner party, and do you bring the chef a gift as well?
what to bring to dinner for the host and (well known) chef? [more inside]
Birthday dinner for 8 year old
DFWrestaurantfilter: My daughter is turning 8 years old on Saturday and we want to take her to a fun place to eat that actually has good food. Can anyone suggest some places like that in the Dallas area? Also, we will not take her to magic time machine or chuck e cheeses...The food at magic time machine is just about the worst ive ever had.
I'm looking for an entree to feed about 8 adults at a Four Elements themed dinner party.
I'm looking for an entree to feed about 8 adults at a Four Elements themed dinner party. [more inside]
Must-not-miss food and restaurants in Kyoto
Recommendations needed for must-try restaurants and food in Kyoto! [more inside]
[DinnerEmergencyFilter] Accidentally cooked two pork chops for 60 min rather than 30 min - chops are tough and sad looking. How to salvage for dinner guest arriving in 30 minutes?
Chops were baked for 60 min (should have been 30) at 350 degrees, smothered in green apples and a thin caramel sauce of butter, brown sugar, and salt. Any ideas on how to fix this? I'm a sad bird.
When is a BOGO not a BOGO?
Why does my complimentary dinner (*with purchase of a full price dinner) coupon insist that it "is not buy one get one free"? [more inside]
Stop and smell the smoke.
Smoke themed/flavored/used as a method food! Gimme your ideas! [more inside]
What do I do with escarole and butternut squash?
Escarole + butternut squash = what's for dinner? [more inside]
Another not-so-knowledgeable local with touristy friends.
Where can I eat dinner and take in views of the Golden Gate bridge? [more inside]
Feed me
Give me your best stir-fy recipes (with dietary restrictions inside). [more inside]
One country, two objectives
Help us shop and eat well in Hong Kong. [more inside]
Hammy ham!
Spiral sliced ham -- to heat or not to heat? And what do I do with this glaze I made if the ham comes already glazed? [more inside]
What to do?
to dinner party or not to dinner party? [more inside]
Keeping it real (delicious)
Help me find a mid-priced restaurant in Brooklyn for New Years dinner! [more inside]
Where To Go For Christmas Eve Dinner in Portland?
Going out for Christmas Eve dinner for two or possibly three people, in Portland OR. I realize I'll have to book a table in advance. The question is WHERE? [more inside]
Help me wrap and present delicious but frozen food.
This Christmas, I'm giving everyone the gift of delicious and healthy home-cooked meals, but I'm blanking on how to wrap and/or present them at the Christmas Eve festivities. Everything will be pre-frozen, which probably rules out putting them by the tree with the other gifts, and the only other solution I can think of is leaving them in my car and letting everyone take theirs on the way home, which is lame. There must be a better way. [more inside]
Southern California Rehearsal Dinner Recommendations
Help me find a great Long Beach or North Orange County restaurant for my rehearsal dinner. [more inside]
Like a turkey trying to fly.
I'm hosting my first Thanksgiving. I have zero idea what I'm doing. Advice, s'il vous plait! [more inside]
What should I serve as dessert after a heavy risotto dinner?
What should I serve as dessert after a heavy risotto dinner? [more inside]
Make me an offer I can't refuse
NYC Food Filter: I am leaving New York City and want to get some great Italian food in the Bronx's version of Little Italy on Arthur Avenue before I go. What are your favorites? [more inside]
Cold nights, warm lentils, yes please!
While visiting San Antonio last month, I ate at Liberty Bar on Metafilter's recommendation and fell deeply in love with their warm lentil salad. I would love to recreate it at home for a fantastic winter dinner. Please help me do so. [more inside]
Help me make last minute dinner reservations for a large group!
Where can I make a last minute (Saturday, 7PM) dinner reservation for a group of 15 in NW DC? My original plan fell through! [more inside]
Where to go for a fancypants Montreal dinner on short notice?
Where to go for a fancypants Montreal dinner on short notice? Details inside... [more inside]
Thanksgiving in New Orleans
New Orleans Thanksgiving for out of towners? Restaurant recommendations needed! [more inside]
Last minute catering help
Looking for a caterer for a small dinner party at a house in Napa THIS weekend. Either Saturday or Sunday, 6-8 people, near Silverado, no dietary restrictions. What options exist, or where would be a good place to look?
Cooking Novice Attemps Salmon Dish in Quest for Love!
I'm a complete novice cook, but I'm cooking salmon tagliatelle for my girlfriend on her birthday. I've made it twice for myself but I think it could be better... [more inside]
Is it alright to buy fresh produce on Saturday morning to be used on Tuesday night?
How far ahead can I buy farmer's market produce? [more inside]
Why, yes, I'd love a free meal!
When someone invites you to dinner or a party at their house, is there a tactful way to indicate that you can't bring anything, or to prevent them from asking? [more inside]
Making dinner for a girlfriend and I need your help!
Making dinner tonight for a lady friend - Need suggestions! [more inside]
What is a polite gift for Americans visiting Parisian couple for dinner?
What is a proper gift to bring a same-sex Parisian couple when invited to dinner? [more inside]
Dinner Party!
Teach me how to be a great host. I'm hosting a dinner party for my SO's birthday in September. Give me some tips to make everyone (including the birthday boy and ME) feel relaxed and happy. [more inside]
Looking for a place is Vegas that has scantily-clad waitresses - not a strip club - not a Hooters
Bachelor weekend in Vegas - looking for a place that has great food and scantily clad waitresses. Not a strip club. Better than Hooters. Would be eating dinner there. [more inside]
Feed us in Frederick
Seeking great food in Frederick, MD area! We're looking for one or two tasty places to 'cater' (i.e., takeout) our small, laid back rehearsal dinner north of Frederick. Preferably casual food with a regional flavor. The internets are not offering up a lot--can you help? [more inside]
Cool Casual Bday Dinner in Dallas
CoolCasualNotExpensiveEatinginDallasFilter: Its my wifes bday today and a few of us want to go out to dinner to celebrate. Unfortunately none of us have alot to spend. Any Suggestions? Looking for a cool place to eat with good food, good drinks, and good atmosphere. We are coming from Richardson also so we dont want to drive to far. No further than downtown. Thanks in advance. Also....The average age of all of us is 31.
25 and TRYING to COOK
I'm 25 and starting to cook - What? Where do I get it? Why? [more inside]
Anniversary Dinner in Dallas
DFWAnniversaryFilter: Poor planning on my part but its me and the old ladys 8th year anniversary. Im struggling with a place to take her to dinner tonight, i could use any and all suggestions. We love Roy's in Plano however i was just trying to think outside of the box a bit. BTW...We are located in N. Dallas around the 75/190 area.
April Fool's Dinner
I'm looking to make an April Fool's day dinner, where dinner looks like dessert. We already have the idea of a meatloaf "cake" with mashed potato icing. Do you have any ideas for side dishes that also look like dessert?
Meat and 2 veg or 1?
In addition to the main (meat or fish) part of the main course, what else should there be in an ordinary weekday family evening meal (excluding appetizer and dessert)? When I was growing up, I think we usually had meat and two vegetables, one of which was usually (but not necessarily) a generic starch: potatoes or rice. Now I'm not so sure. [more inside]
Where to hold a catered event in Rochester, NY?
Where's a good place to hold a casual, catered event for about 30 people in Rochester, New York? [more inside]
Feed us!
What should we cook for dinner tomorrow? We're vegetarians, bored of curry, chilli and pasta with sauce. [more inside]
What shall I feed the playful masses?
I need more ideas for "game night" food! I've done curry and chili in the past, and am tossing around lasagna and gumbo as possibilities in the future, but want more options. Since every cooking question is special, there is [more inside]
Help me cook teh pigmeetz.
PorkFilter: give me your recipes for our tasty piggy friends. [more inside]
A working dinner
I work three nights a week. What can I bring for dinner? I love to cook, but I can't seem to come up with dinners that are small and easy to pack, don't require refrigeration, and are moderately healthy. [more inside]
What the hell is a Round Roast?
I have in my possession a large cut of beef called a round roast. What is it (pot roast, maybe?) and how do I cook it - tomorrow? [more inside]
Interesting restaurants near W44th Street?
RestaurantFilter: Restaurant Recommendations for NYC on Saturday evening (13Dec2008), around the Broadhurst Theatre - near W44th St. (more inside) [more inside]
How can I have a Christmas dinner delivered anonymously?
How can I have a Christmas dinner delivered anonymously? [more inside]
remedial hostessing 101
I want to give dinner parties! But I don't know how. Please give me all your tips and secrets. Three limitations: I am not a fabulous cook, and don't have a ton of free time, and my social group is really diffuse (ie most of my friends only know me and none of my other friends).
What's a not so expensive place to eat on a Sunday night, 9PM close to Madison Square Garden?
What's a not so expensive place to eat on a Sunday night, 9PM close to Madison Square Garden? I know you want to say Korean - but it's not an option. [more inside]
Cooking party menus & ideas?
Menu/recipes for a cooking party? [more inside]


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Latest Comic:
Outsiders Episode 25 (14/14)
Welcome to Outsiders.
Made as a semi spinoff of Wildcards following their death at the hands of Caladbolg, Atma must team up with a new band of idiots to take on the weird and stupid things plaguing his world. It sucks to be a hero, but somebody's gotta do it.
Updates on Thursday.
Early double update and some venting
It's 3:00 AM, two days until my birthday, and I cannot sleep.
I guess you could call this an epiphany? I don't really know. I usually only get those when I need to help a friend or lack motivation to keep making comics. This doesn't quite fall into the latter category, because I still want to make more comics. I have so much more story to tell. The problem stems from whether or not I will be able to continue making comics in the foreseeable future.
As some of you are aware, I have an older brother. He's essentially THE breadwinner of the house. He is planning on moving out sometime this year, and I will still be here with my parents...Still on social security...and looking into ways of making money without having to go to college, or interact with people a whole lot.
Don't get me wrong. I'm (somewhat) confident that I could potentially succeed at what I am planning. Rather the questions on my mind are "Do I want to do it?" and "Would it be okay to drop doing this to work towards doing what I want to do next?"
I've had a good five or six years to decide what direction I want to take Outsiders in storywise. Additionally in that time, I also came up with how I intended to remake Wildcards so that it all fits in perfectly. Despite the love I have of the characters I got to bring to life, and the passion I have for spriting in general, I've grown a tad distant from the latter due to the pointless grudges it demands I re-embrace in order to finish it. Likewise the former feels somewhat hollow because of the multiple friends I have given major roles to, but don't quite interact with as much anymore. Alternatively the ones I still interact with, I have placed their characters on a bus that should have reached it's destination an episode or two ago if not for me dawdling about in boobspace.
Which brings me to the bottom line in all of this: I'm probably going to put this on another indefinite hiatus, if only to get a few things going that I have been discussing with my co-authors about doing for some time now, as well as working on another project of mine that I hinted at early last year, but nothing ever really came of it (No, it's not the next chapter of Gaiden either).
So again from the bottom of my heart, thank you all so much for supporting and sharing this goofball world that we've been building together. It really means a lot to me, and I'm hoping you'll all enjoy what comes next.
Kobayashi Maru
Champy doesn't believe in the "Atma wins" scenario.
Only on HGTV
If anybody needs me, I'll be waiting for Smackdown tonight, so I can see the crowd continue to boo Roman Reigns.
Button Plugging
I don't really plug other things often. Mostly because I don't want to seem like that guy trying desperately to sponge off the success of others, but this is a special case.
My good pal and co-star Striker is co-host to this little Let's Play group called "Button Jam" on Youtube. You should totally check them out and be all "Holy crap! That's what Striker sounds like? He must be a pretty chillax dudebro to hang around!" and he'll be all "Goddammit Atma! Why you tryin ta give me moar followers? Ya bustah!"
Anyway link.
More Keying
Not much to say today other than my hopes are going out there for Girla, whose grandpa is in surgery today due to an Aneurysm.
Hobo with a laser shotgun
You're probably wondering where Champy is.
He's still at the park not giving a fuck.
First dramatic update of the new year
My resolution for 2015
-Get more comics done
-Punch the head off of anyone that is not Girla who tries to skype call me while I am attempting to work
-Call up my bank and tell them to fix their goddamn website so I don't have to drive up there to make transfers from my savings.
-Visit Girla for the summer again, and not camp out like last time.
-Save up enough money to help buy a new house
Happy new year everybody.
Wet blanket
Christmas happens in about a week. Doubt I'll update by then, but we'll see. I do know I have some kind of picture ready for the occasion, but I need to ask any of my *ahem* co-stars if they want in.
Except for TC. He never wants to be apart of things.


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This is as simple as simple could be. I use a small crock-pot (2-3 quart) to cook this easy pizza sauce. I made it the other day and made up some crescent roll pizzas with it.
- Add all ingredients to a small crock-pot.
- Cover and cook on low for 6-8 hours or 3-4 hours on high.
Feel free to double or even triple this batch. It freezes beautifully. I like to freeze in 1 cup containers as that this about what I use for 1 pizza.


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Home / Reviews
Four Fitness Girls Put the New Saucony 2015 Collection to the Test
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Nike Zoom HyperRev 2015 Performance Review
Basketball shoe critic, Nightwing2303 of WearTesters, took the Nike Zoom HyperRev 2015 to the court for his latest performance review. To give you the most
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Basketball shoes can be tricky to buy online. That's why Nightwing2303 of WearTesters gives you a first hand look and detailed review of all
Kyrie 1 Performance Review
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KickGenius Shares Their Favorite Hoops Shoes from 2014
The fellas over at KickGenius know what to look for when lacing up on the court. Taking account performance features, traction, feel, and more, check
From Nike Tech Fleece to adidas Sweatpants, Finish Line's Sportswear is All the Rage
Comfortable sportswear is in right now, especially since the temps outside are not exactly preferable to workout in. Whether you appreciate technical layers to keep you
Nike Zoom Hyperfuse 2014 Performance Review
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Nike Zoom Hyperfuse 2014 Performance Review
We could talk all day about how great the Nike Zoom Hyperfuse 2014 is. We'd boast about their extra padded collar for a cushiony feel, their


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Regal Entertainment Beats Quarterly Earnings Expectations
Regal Entertainment Group earned an adjusted 36 cents per share in the second quarter, up from 25 cents a year ago as revenue rose 17 percent to $842.3 million.
Regal had been expected to earn 33 cents a share on $839 million revenue.
STORY: Average Movie Ticket Price Reaches All-Time High
Revenue from admissions rose 15 percent to $571 million while concessions revenue was up 18 percent to $227.7 million.
Amy Miles, CEO of Regal, which operates the nation's largest chain of movie theaters, called the second-quarter box-office environment "healthy." Hit movies during the quarter ending June 30 included Iron Man 3, Man of Steel and Monsters University.
Despite some high-profile flops of late, said she is "optimistic" about the current quarter.
Never miss a story. Stay up-to-date with THR's Daily Headlines.
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Join us during our grand opening for prizes, specials, and games! Triton Treats information
Big, bold, bodacious flavor coming to UMSL! Click here for more info and tickets!
Wait!!! What is a Tex-a-dilla???
Tender pulled pork topped with Texas Mesquite BBQ Sauce and creamy melted Jack Cheese, inside a crispy whole-wheat tortilla and a side of cool fresh Sour Cream to dip it in!
YES PLEASE!!!!!! Now in the Nosh!!
Flavours of Spring specials available through the end of May! Spring Catering
The UMSL Mobile App is now available for Android and iPhone users! UMSL Mobile App
Flavours of Success are available through June! Plan your receptions and celebrations now! Commencement Catering
Use MyFitnessPal to check nutritional info on campus dining options! Find our food on MyFitnessPal!
Good at all Sodexo retail locations on campus. Buy Now
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There has been a fair amount of talk surrounding the latest Guillermo del Toro movie Pacific Rim but we are still not all too clear on what the movie will be about. We know there are set to be giant monsters in Pacific Rim but that is all a bit vague. One of the actors of Pacific Rim, Idris Elba has tried to help clear things up a little but to be fair, we are still none the wiser.
Elba explained, "It's hard to say. Godzilla would throw out the wrong sort of image, I think. We are talking about some big MF-ers. There's a lot of actuality in this one because he's created huge sets. I mean, we've taken over four sets in Pinewood in Toronto and built a lot of the stuff that you might see. Yes, there is huge CGI I'm sure, but we built a lot of stuff too."
Idris Elba is one of the busiest actors in the business right now, as he is out and about helping to promote, not one but two of his upcoming movies, Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance and Prometheus. He is also busy filming current movie Pacific Rim and then there is the fact that he is signed up for Thor 2. We hope he does not enjoy an active social life.


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Clementine Crush Sugar Scrub 163g
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Hotel Restaurant Jean Paul Jeunet
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
TripAdvisor Reviews Hotel Restaurant Jean Paul Jeunet Arbois
Travel Blogs from Arbois
... home… when we arrived my brother continued crying the whole time until he went to sleep!
Tuesday 28th Oct 2014
In the morning we had to drop off my uncle sister then we went back home after that my uncle and my dad arrived then we stayed for the whole day we went to sleep early today because we spent the day organizing all of our luggage because we are driving to Paris in the morning. We are catching our plane back to Melbourne tomorrow night.
... lions, Siberian tigers), primates (lemurs, marmosets, etc. with more than 25 species) and birds (some thirty aquatic and tropical species). There are also many different species of hoofed animals from around the world (Vision warty pigs, Vision spotted deer, etc.) as well as two species of macropods from Australia: red kangaroo and rock wallabies. There are around 400 animals from more than 70 species can be viewed in large planted enclosures.
We kept on driving until ...
Not a good day
... this episode in the blog because it's all too depressing. However in the interests of veracity I'll summarise.
It was very wet, getting dark and the autoroute was very busy. No compressor this time so it's phone time. My breakdown insurance (Axa through Carole Nash) cannot recover me themselves from the autoroute, telling me I have to go through ...
... When we got to their house, it was beautiful and they had a baby, a little boy, he was only 3 months old. We stayed there for a while and someone turned the music on and everyone started dancing until midnight! We headed back to my uncle's house again but the next day is going to be a really fun day and I may need to save my voice.
Les Hopitaux-Neuts
... winning the world cup!!
The next day, with the weather not promising much, I went for a misty ride around the area, I'm sure you don't want to hear much about my riding but I saw Lions, Camels and Buffalos - there was a circus in town - a video is on my Youtube channel at https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj7Mo3 L-rtJOUQJMEZvu4eg (hopefully)
Thats it from here, see the photo's or videos...


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|Expand all Collapse all
|Results 1 - 2 of 2
1. CJM Online first
|Integral Points on Elliptic Curves and Explicit Valuations of Division Polynomials
Assuming Lang's conjectured lower bound on the heights of non-torsion points on an elliptic curve, we show that there exists an absolute constant $C$ such that for any elliptic curve $E/\mathbb{Q}$ and non-torsion point $P \in E(\mathbb{Q})$, there is at most one integral multiple $[n]P$ such that $n \gt C$. The proof is a modification of a proof of Ingram giving an unconditional but not uniform bound. The new ingredient is a collection of explicit formulae for the sequence $v(\Psi_n)$ of valuations of the division polynomials. For $P$ of non-singular reduction, such sequences are already well described in most cases, but for $P$ of singular reduction, we are led to define a new class of sequences called \emph{elliptic troublemaker sequences}, which measure the failure of the Néron local height to be quadratic. As a corollary in the spirit of a conjecture of Lang and Hall, we obtain a uniform upper bound on $\widehat{h}(P)/h(E)$ for integer points having two large integral multiples.
Keywords:elliptic divisibility sequence, Lang's conjecture, height functions
Categories:11G05, 11G07, 11D25, 11B37, 11B39, 11Y55, 11G50, 11H52
2. CJM 2007 (vol 59 pp. 1284)
|On Effective Witt Decomposition and the Cartan--Dieudonn{é Theorem
Let $K$ be a number field, and let $F$ be a symmetric bilinear form in $2N$ variables over $K$. Let $Z$ be a subspace of $K^N$. A classical theorem of Witt states that the bilinear space $(Z,F)$ can be decomposed into an orthogonal sum of hyperbolic planes and singular and anisotropic components. We prove the existence of such a decomposition of small height, where all bounds on height are explicit in terms of heights of $F$ and $Z$. We also prove a special version of Siegel's lemma for a bilinear space, which provides a small-height orthogonal decomposition into one-dimensional subspaces. Finally, we prove an effective version of the Cartan--Dieudonn{\'e} theorem. Namely, we show that every isometry $\sigma$ of a regular bilinear space $(Z,F)$ can be represented as a product of reflections of bounded heights with an explicit bound on heights in terms of heights of $F$, $Z$, and $\sigma$.
Keywords:quadratic form, heights
Categories:11E12, 15A63, 11G50


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Serena Williams powers past Errani
Into the final ... Serena Williams powered past Italy's Sara Errani 7-5, 6-2.
If you have inside knowledge of a topic in the news, contact the ABC.
This service may include material from Agence France-Presse (AFP), APTN, Reuters, AAP, CNN and the BBC World Service which is copyright and cannot be reproduced.
AEDT = Australian Eastern Daylight Savings Time which is 11 hours ahead of UTC (Greenwich Mean Time)


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Articles on this issue "interreligious dialogue"
Interreligious dialogue cannot be reduced to simple mutual respect but must contribute to the real human and spiritual growth of believers. Taking place in this spirit at Castelgandolfo over …read more
Having common goals, especially in the interconnected world of the web, is now possible. The web is increasingly becoming a powerful platform for the exchange of ideas and knowledge on …read more
As Archbishop of Buenos Aires, Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, now Pope Francis, was well known in his efforts in fostering dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Jewish Community of …read more
Pope Francis sent a message to Justin Welby, archbishop of Canterbury, on the occasion of his enthronement, which will take place today at Canterbury Cathedral. In his message the Holy Father …read more
Here is the message sent by Pope Benedict XVI, prior to his resignation from the Petrine Ministry, to Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby on the occasion of his Confirmation of Election, …read more
Here is the message sent today by Pope Francis to His Grace Justin Welby on the occasion of his enthronement as Archbishop of Canterbury and primate of the Anglican Communion. * * * To the …read more
By Robert Cheaib An inter-religious meeting was held on Monday at the patriarchal headquarters of the Maronite Church in Lebanon. The gathering gathered various religious realities of the …read more
Here is a translation of the telegram that Pope Benedict XVI sent to Dr. Riccardo Di Segni, Chief Rabbi of Rome, on the occasion of the Jewish High Holy Days of Rosh Hashanah , Yom Kippur and …read more
By Junno Arocho In a telegram addressed to Dr. Riccardo Di Segni, Chief Rabbi of Rome, Pope Benedict XVI sent greetings to the Jewish community on the occasion of Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, …read more
By Junno Arocho Pope Benedict XVI reflected on his recent Apostolic Visit to Lebanon yesterday during his weekly General Audience in Rome, saying it was visit he "greatly desired". Addressing …read more
Here is a message Pope Benedict XVI sent to Mar Dinkha IV, Catholicos Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East congratulating him on the anniversary of his episcopal consecration. * * * …read more
article-30377?l=englishread more
Here is the English-language address Benedict XVI gave Saturday upon receiving participants in the plenary assembly of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. * * * I am pleased to …read more
Interreligious dialogue is nourished by an adequate formation in the faith and by a profound knowledge of the beliefs of others, says Benedict XVI. The Pope said this Saturday upon receiving …read more
The time is right for a guide to help Catholics engage in dialogue with other religions, says the president of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue. Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran …read more


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|Small Greeting Card
|Large Greeting Card
|4" x 6"
|5" x 7.5"
|4" x 6"
Awesome work Reck!
looking like a star!
cool! like it ..very stylish ;-)
Nice portrait. Well posed.
very cool!! Nice vintage feel to it.
Fantastic Sorin – what a stylish gentleman you are : )
Awesome!!! Very regal phot!!! Love the sepia colors…
awesome portrait!
Thanks everybody it was tacken just for fun :)
Great shot, pose and sephia tone