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Molecular Biology and Evolution
Molecular Biology and Evolution - RSS feed of current issue
Last update27 min 15 sec ago
February 13, 2015
Population Diversity and Adaptive Evolution in Keratinization Genes: Impact of Environment in Shaping Skin Phenotypes
Several studies have demonstrated the role of climatic factors in shaping skin phenotypes, particularly pigmentation. Keratinization is another well-designed feature of human skin, which is involved in modulating transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Although this physiological process is closely linked to climate, presently it is not clear whether genetic diversity is observed in keratinization and whether this process also responds to the environmental pressure. To address this, we adopted a multipronged approach, which involved analysis of 1) copy number variations in diverse Indian and HapMap populations from varied geographical regions; 2) genetic association with geoclimatic parameters in 61 populations of dbCLINE database in a set of 549 genes from four processes namely keratinization, pigmentation, epidermal differentiation, and housekeeping functions; 3) sequence divergence in 4,316 orthologous promoters and corresponding exonic regions of human and chimpanzee with macaque as outgroup, and 4) protein sequence divergence (Ka/Ks) across nine vertebrate classes, which differ in their extent of TEWL. Our analyses demonstrate that keratinization and epidermal differentiation genes are under accelerated evolution in the human lineage, relative to pigmentation and housekeeping genes. We show that this entire pathway may have been driven by environmental selection pressure through concordant functional polymorphisms across several genes involved in skin keratinization. Remarkably, this underappreciated function of skin may be a crucial determinant of adaptation to diverse environmental pressures across world populations.
Late Pleistocene Australian Marsupial DNA Clarifies the Affinities of Extinct Megafaunal Kangaroos and Wallabies
Understanding the evolution of Australia's extinct marsupial megafauna has been hindered by a relatively incomplete fossil record and convergent or highly specialized morphology, which confound phylogenetic analyses. Further, the harsh Australian climate and early date of most megafaunal extinctions (39–52 ka) means that the vast majority of fossil remains are unsuitable for ancient DNA analyses. Here, we apply cross-species DNA capture to fossils from relatively high latitude, high altitude caves in Tasmania. Using low-stringency hybridization and high-throughput sequencing, we were able to retrieve mitochondrial sequences from two extinct megafaunal macropodid species. The two specimens, Simosthenurus occidentalis (giant short-faced kangaroo) and Protemnodon anak (giant wallaby), have been radiocarbon dated to 46–50 and 40–45 ka, respectively. This is significantly older than any Australian fossil that has previously yielded DNA sequence information. Processing the raw sequence data from these samples posed a bioinformatic challenge due to the poor preservation of DNA. We explored several approaches in order to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio in retained sequencing reads. Our findings demonstrate the critical importance of adopting stringent processing criteria when distant outgroups are used as references for mapping highly fragmented DNA. Based on the most stringent nucleotide data sets (879 bp for S. occidentalis and 2,383 bp for P. anak), total-evidence phylogenetic analyses confirm that macropodids consist of three primary lineages: Sthenurines such as Simosthenurus (extinct short-faced kangaroos), the macropodines (all other wallabies and kangaroos), and the enigmatic living banded hare-wallaby Lagostrophus fasciatus (Lagostrophinae). Protemnodon emerges as a close relative of Macropus (large living kangaroos), a position not supported by recent morphological phylogenetic analyses.
Trans-Splicing and Operons in Metazoans: Translational Control in Maternally Regulated Development and Recovery from Growth Arrest
Polycistronic mRNAs transcribed from operons are resolved via the trans-splicing of a spliced-leader (SL) RNA. Trans-splicing also occurs at monocistronic transcripts. The phlyogenetically sporadic appearance of trans-splicing and operons has made the driving force(s) for their evolution in metazoans unclear. Previous work has proposed that germline expression drives operon organization in Caenorhabditis elegans, and a recent hypothesis proposes that operons provide an evolutionary advantage via the conservation of transcriptional machinery during recovery from growth arrested states. Using a modified cap analysis of gene expression protocol we mapped sites of SL trans-splicing genome-wide in the marine chordate Oikopleura dioica. Tiled microarrays revealed the expression dynamics of trans-spliced genes across development and during recovery from growth arrest. Operons did not facilitate recovery from growth arrest in O. dioica. Instead, we found that trans-spliced transcripts were predominantly maternal. We then analyzed data from C. elegans and Ciona intestinalis and found that an enrichment of trans-splicing and operon gene expression in maternal mRNA is shared between all three species, suggesting that this may be a driving force for operon evolution in metazoans. Furthermore, we found that the majority of known terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) mRNAs are trans-spliced in O. dioica and that the SL contains a TOP-like motif. This suggests that the SL in O. dioica confers nutrient-dependent translational control to trans-spliced mRNAs via the TOR-signaling pathway. We hypothesize that SL-trans-splicing provides an evolutionary advantage in species that depend on translational control for regulating early embryogenesis, growth and oocyte production in response to nutrient levels.
Although population-level genomic sequence data have been gathered extensively for humans, similar data from our closest living relatives are just beginning to emerge. Examination of genomic variation within great apes offers many opportunities to increase our understanding of the forces that have differentially shaped the evolutionary history of hominid taxa. Here, we expand upon the work of the Great Ape Genome Project by analyzing medium to high coverage whole-genome sequences from 14 western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), 2 eastern lowland gorillas (G. beringei graueri), and a single Cross River individual (G. gorilla diehli). We infer that the ancestors of western and eastern lowland gorillas diverged from a common ancestor approximately 261 ka, and that the ancestors of the Cross River population diverged from the western lowland gorilla lineage approximately 68 ka. Using a diffusion approximation approach to model the genome-wide site frequency spectrum, we infer a history of western lowland gorillas that includes an ancestral population expansion of 1.4-fold around 970 ka and a recent 5.6-fold contraction in population size 23 ka. The latter may correspond to a major reduction in African equatorial forests around the Last Glacial Maximum. We also analyze patterns of variation among western lowland gorillas to identify several genomic regions with strong signatures of recent selective sweeps. We find that processes related to taste, pancreatic and saliva secretion, sodium ion transmembrane transport, and cardiac muscle function are overrepresented in genomic regions predicted to have experienced recent positive selection.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) mediate gene regulation posttranscriptionally through pairing of their seed (2–7 nt) to 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTRs) or coding regions (coding sequences [CDSs]) of their target genes. CDS target sites generally show weaker repression effects than 3'-UTR sites. However, little is known about the conservation of the function, that is, repression effect, for these two groups of target sites. In addition, no systematic analysis of the evolutionary constraint on CDS sites exists to date. To address these questions, we performed RNA-sequencing to quantify the regulatory effect of miR-15a/miR-16 and miR-92a on their CDS and 3'-UTR targets in human and macaque cells. These miRs were knocked down transiently so the repression effect could be tracked immediately. Although on average CDS targets are less derepressed than 3'-UTR targets in both species, both the 3'-UTR targets and the CDS targets are functionally conserved. The evolutionary analysis of miRNA target sites shows that CDS sites are more conserved than nontarget control, albeit to a lesser extent than 3'-UTR sites. In conclusion, CDS target sites are functional, even though they are subject to less functional constraint than 3'-UTR target sites.
Mitochondrial genomes of lycophytes are surprisingly diverse, including strikingly different transfer RNA (tRNA) gene complements: No mitochondrial tRNA genes are present in the spikemoss Selaginella moellendorffii, whereas 26 tRNAs are encoded in the chondrome of the clubmoss Huperzia squarrosa. Reinvestigating the latter we found that trnL(gag) and trnS(gga) had never before been identified in any other land plant mitochondrial DNA. Sensitive sequence comparisons showed these two tRNAs as well as trnN(guu) and trnS(gcu) to be very similar to their respective counterparts in chlamydial bacteria. We identified homologs of these chlamydial-type tRNAs also in other lycophyte, fern, and gymnosperm DNAs, suggesting horizontal gene transfer (HGT) into mitochondria in the early vascular plant stem lineages. These findings extend plant mitochondrial HGT to affect individual tRNA genes, to include bacterial donors, and suggest that Chlamydiae on top of their recently proposed key role in primary chloroplast establishment may also have participated in early tracheophyte genome evolution.
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an important model for vertebrate development, genomics, physiology, behavior, toxicology, and disease. Additionally, work on numerous Danio species is elucidating evolutionary mechanisms for morphological development. Yet, the relationships of zebrafish and its closest relatives remain unclear possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting, speciation with gene flow, and interspecies hybridization. To clarify these relationships, we first constructed phylogenomic data sets from 30,801 restriction-associated DNA (RAD)-tag loci (483,026 variable positions) with clear orthology to a single location in the sequenced zebrafish genome. We then inferred a well-supported species tree for Danio and tested for gene flow during the diversification of the genus. An approach independent of the sequenced zebrafish genome verified all inferred relationships. Although identification of the sister taxon to zebrafish has been contentious, multiple RAD-tag data sets and several analytical methods provided strong evidence for Danio aesculapii as the most closely related extant zebrafish relative studied to date. Data also displayed patterns consistent with gene flow during speciation and postspeciation introgression in the lineage leading to zebrafish. The incorporation of biogeographic data with phylogenomic analyses put these relationships in a phylogeographic context and supplied additional support for D. aesculapii as the sister species to D. rerio. The clear resolution of this study establishes a framework for investigating the evolutionary biology of Danio and the heterogeneity of genome evolution in the recent history of a model organism within an emerging model genus for genetics, development, and evolution.
Understanding the genetic structure of human populations has important implications for the design and interpretation of disease mapping studies and reconstructing human evolutionary history. To date, inferences of human population structure have primarily been made with common variants. However, recent large-scale resequencing studies have shown an abundance of rare variation in humans, which may be particularly useful for making inferences of fine-scale population structure. To this end, we used an information theory framework and extensive coalescent simulations to rigorously quantify the informativeness of rare and common variation to detect signatures of fine-scale population structure. We show that rare variation affords unique insights into patterns of recent population structure. Furthermore, to empirically assess our theoretical findings, we analyzed high-coverage exome sequences in 6,515 European and African American individuals. As predicted, rare variants are more informative than common polymorphisms in revealing a distinct cluster of European–American individuals, and subsequent analyses demonstrate that these individuals are likely of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry. Our results provide new insights into the population structure using rare variation, which will be an important factor to account for in rare variant association studies.
The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades
Many studies of human populations have used the male-specific region of the Y chromosome (MSY) as a marker, but MSY sequence variants have traditionally been subject to ascertainment bias. Also, dating of haplogroups has relied on Y-specific short tandem repeats (STRs), involving problems of mutation rate choice, and possible long-term mutation saturation. Next-generation sequencing can ascertain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in an unbiased way, leading to phylogenies in which branch-lengths are proportional to time, and allowing the times-to-most-recent-common-ancestor (TMRCAs) of nodes to be estimated directly. Here we describe the sequencing of 3.7 Mb of MSY in each of 448 human males at a mean coverage of 51x, yielding 13,261 high-confidence SNPs, 65.9% of which are previously unreported. The resulting phylogeny covers the majority of the known clades, provides date estimates of nodes, and constitutes a robust evolutionary framework for analyzing the history of other classes of mutation. Different clades within the tree show subtle but significant differences in branch lengths to the root. We also apply a set of 23 Y-STRs to the same samples, allowing SNP- and STR-based diversity and TMRCA estimates to be systematically compared. Ongoing purifying selection is suggested by our analysis of the phylogenetic distribution of nonsynonymous variants in 15 MSY single-copy genes.
The Evolution and Adaptive Potential of Transcriptional Variation in Sticklebacks--Signatures of Selection and Widespread Heritability
Evidence implicating differential gene expression as a significant driver of evolutionary novelty continues to accumulate, but our understanding of the underlying sources of variation in expression, both environmental and genetic, is wanting. Heritability in particular may be underestimated when inferred from genetic mapping studies, the predominant "genetical genomics" approach to the study of expression variation. Such uncertainty represents a fundamental limitation to testing for adaptive evolution at the transcriptomic level. By studying the inheritance of expression levels in 10,495 genes (10,527 splice variants) in a threespine stickleback pedigree consisting of 563 individuals, half of which were subjected to a thermal treatment, we show that 74–98% of transcripts exhibit significant additive genetic variance. Dominance variance is also prevalent (41–99% of transcripts), and genetic sources of variation seem to play a more significant role in expression variance in the liver than a key environmental variable, temperature. Among-population comparisons suggest that the majority of differential expression in the liver is likely due to neutral divergence; however, we also show that signatures of directional selection may be more prevalent than those of stabilizing selection. This predominantly aligns with the neutral model of evolution for gene expression but also suggests that natural selection may still act on transcriptional variation in the wild. As genetic variation both within- and among-populations ultimately defines adaptive potential, these results indicate that broad adaptive potential may be found within the transcriptome.
Comparative Transcriptomics of Convergent Evolution: Different Genes but Conserved Pathways Underlie Caste Phenotypes across Lineages of Eusocial Insects
An area of great interest in evolutionary genomics is whether convergently evolved traits are the result of convergent molecular mechanisms. The presence of queen and worker castes in insect societies is a spectacular example of convergent evolution and phenotypic plasticity. Multiple insect lineages have evolved environmentally induced alternative castes. Given multiple origins of eusociality in Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), it has been proposed that insect castes evolved from common genetic "toolkits" consisting of deeply conserved genes. Here, we combine data from previously published studies on fire ants and honey bees with new data for Polistes metricus paper wasps to assess the toolkit idea by presenting the first comparative transcriptome-wide analysis of caste determination among three major hymenopteran social lineages. Overall, we found few shared caste differentially expressed transcripts across the three social lineages. However, there is substantially more overlap at the levels of pathways and biological functions. Thus, there are shared elements but not on the level of specific genes. Instead, the toolkit appears to be relatively "loose," that is, different lineages show convergent molecular evolution involving similar metabolic pathways and molecular functions but not the exact same genes. Additionally, our paper wasp data do not support a complementary hypothesis that "novel" taxonomically restricted genes are related to caste differences.
Episodic Nucleotide Substitutions in Seasonal Influenza Virus H3N2 Can Be Explained by Stochastic Genealogical Process without Positive Selection
Nucleotide substitutions in the HA1 domain of seasonal influenza virus H3N2 occur in temporal clusters, which was interpreted as a result of recurrent selective sweeps underlying antigenic drift. However, classical theory by Watterson suggests that episodic substitutions are mainly due to stochastic genealogy combined with unique genetic structure of influenza virus: High mutation rate over a nonrecombining viral segment. This explains why even larger variance in the number of allelic fixations per year is observed in nonantigenic gene segments of H3N2 than in antigenic (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) segments. Using simulation, we confirm that allelic substitutions at nonrecombining segments with high mutation rate become temporally clustered without selection. We conclude that temporal clustering of fixations, as it is primarily caused by inherent randomness in genealogical process at linked sites, cannot be used as an evidence of positive selection in the H3N2 population. This effect of linkage and high mutation rate should be carefully considered in analyzing the genomic patterns of allelic substitutions in asexually reproducing systems in general.
We investigated diverse genomic selections using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism data of five distinct cattle breeds. Based on allele frequency differences, we detected hundreds of candidate regions under positive selection across Holstein, Angus, Charolais, Brahman, and N'Dama. In addition to well-known genes such as KIT, MC1R, ASIP, GHR, LCORL, NCAPG, WIF1, and ABCA12, we found evidence for a variety of novel and less-known genes under selection in cattle, such as LAP3, SAR1B, LRIG3, FGF5, and NUDCD3. Selective sweeps near LAP3 were then validated by next-generation sequencing. Genome-wide association analysis involving 26,362 Holsteins confirmed that LAP3 and SAR1B were related to milk production traits, suggesting that our candidate regions were likely functional. In addition, haplotype network analyses further revealed distinct selective pressures and evolution patterns across these five cattle breeds. Our results provided a glimpse into diverse genomic selection during cattle domestication, breed formation, and recent genetic improvement. These findings will facilitate genome-assisted breeding to improve animal production and health.
The origin of the eukaryotic cell is one of the most important transitions in the history of life. However, the emergence and early evolution of eukaryotes remains poorly understood. Recent data have shown that the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA) was much more complex than previously thought. The LECA already had the genetic machinery encoding the endomembrane apparatus, spliceosome, nuclear pore, and myosin and kinesin cytoskeletal motors. It is unclear, however, when the functional regulation of these cellular components evolved. Here, we address this question by analyzing the origin and evolution of the ubiquitin (Ub) signaling system, one of the most important regulatory layers in eukaryotes. We delineated the evolution of the whole Ub, Small-Ub-related MOdifier (SUMO), and Ub-fold modifier 1 (Ufm1) signaling networks by analyzing representatives from all major eukaryotic, bacterial, and archaeal lineages. We found that the Ub toolkit had a pre-eukaryotic origin and is present in three extant archaeal groups. The pre-eukaryotic Ub toolkit greatly expanded during eukaryogenesis, through massive gene innovation and diversification of protein domain architectures. This resulted in a LECA with essentially all of the Ub-related genes, including the SUMO and Ufm1 Ub-like systems. Ub and SUMO signaling further expanded during eukaryotic evolution, especially labeling and delabeling enzymes responsible for substrate selection. Additionally, we analyzed protein domain architecture evolution and found that multicellular lineages have the most complex Ub systems in terms of domain architectures. Together, we demonstrate that the Ub system predates the origin of eukaryotes and that a burst of innovation during eukaryogenesis led to a LECA with complex posttranslational regulation.
Nematocytes, the stinging cells of cnidarians, are the most evolutionarily ancient venom apparatus. These nanosyringe-like weaponry systems reach pressures of approximately 150 atmospheres before discharging and punching through the outer layer of the prey or predator at accelerations of more than 5 million g, making them one of the fastest biomechanical events known. To gain better understanding of the function of the complex, phylum-specific nematocyst organelle, and its venom payload, we compared the soluble nematocyst's proteome from the sea anemone Anemonia viridis, the jellyfish Aurelia aurita, and the hydrozoan Hydra magnipapillata, each belonging to one of the three basal cnidarian lineages which diverged over 600 Ma. Although the basic morphological and functional characteristics of the nematocysts of the three organisms are similar, out of hundreds of proteins identified in each organism, only six are shared. These include structural proteins, a chaperone which may help maintain venon activity over extended periods, and dickkopf, an enigmatic Wnt ligand which may also serve as a toxin. Nevertheless, many protein domains are shared between the three organisms' nematocyst content suggesting common proteome functionalities. The venoms of Hydra and Aurelia appear to be functionally similar and composed mainly of cytotoxins and enzymes, whereas the venom of the Anemonia is markedly unique and based on peptide neurotoxins. Cnidarian venoms show evidence for functional recruitment, yet evidence for diversification through positive selection, common to other venoms, is lacking. The final injected nematocyst payload comprises a mixture of dynamically evolving proteins involved in the development, maturation, maintenance, and discharge of the nematocysts, which is unique to each organism and potentially to each nematocyst type.
Venom-Related Transcripts from Bothrops jararaca Tissues Provide Novel Molecular Insights into the Production and Evolution of Snake Venom
Attempts to reconstruct the evolutionary history of snake toxins in the context of their co-option to the venom gland rarely account for nonvenom snake genes that are paralogous to toxins, and which therefore represent important connectors to ancestral genes. In order to reevaluate this process, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic survey on body tissues from a venomous snake. A nonredundant set of 33,000 unigenes (assembled transcripts of reference genes) was independently assembled from six organs of the medically important viperid snake Bothrops jararaca, providing a reference list of 82 full-length toxins from the venom gland and specific products from other tissues, such as pancreatic digestive enzymes. Unigenes were then screened for nontoxin transcripts paralogous to toxins revealing 1) low level coexpression of approximately 20% of toxin genes (e.g., bradykinin-potentiating peptide, C-type lectin, snake venom metalloproteinase, snake venom nerve growth factor) in body tissues, 2) the identity of the closest paralogs to toxin genes in eight classes of toxins, 3) the location and level of paralog expression, indicating that, in general, co-expression occurs in a higher number of tissues and at lower levels than observed for toxin genes, and 4) strong evidence of a toxin gene reverting back to selective expression in a body tissue. In addition, our differential gene expression analyses identify specific cellular processes that make the venom gland a highly specialized secretory tissue. Our results demonstrate that the evolution and production of venom in snakes is a complex process that can only be understood in the context of comparative data from other snake tissues, including the identification of genes paralogous to venom toxins.
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BY Advocate.com Editors
November 13 2001 1:00 AM ET
Film Forum keeps Trembling Before G-d
Trembling Before G-d, Sandi Simcha DuBowski's acclaimed documentary about the lives of gay and lesbian Orthodox Jews, has had its run at New York's Film Forum extended through Thanksgiving. The film has been playing to capacity audiences and even broke the theater's opening day record (previously held by Jennie Livingston's Paris Is Burning). There will be a series of postscreening dialogues the week of November 12: For more information, visit www.tremblingbeforeg-d.com.
From the archives of The Advocate
10/23/01: For the love of G-d
Sandi DuBowski set out to film the hidden world of gay and lesbian Orthodox Jewsand created a real-life shift toward understanding and acceptance
By Michael Giltz
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Fall's brilliant colors are in full bloom. With this season comes a variety of hearty fruits and vegetables that are great for your health, such as apples and pumpkins. While they may be great for Fall activities like bobbing for apples or carving pumpkins, Chicagohealers.com Practitioners Dr. Helen Lee, DC and Dr. Melody Hart, ND point out the many health benefits of these two power foods.
"Fresh fruits and vegetables will always provide the most nutrients and natural enzymes that the body can use more readily, so it is important to take advantage of the health benefits of apples and pumpkins while they are in season," says Chicagohealers.com Practitioner Dr. Helen Lee.
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With Halloween and Thanksgiving just around the corner, now is the perfect time to incorporate these foods in to your family's diet to reap their healthy benefits and add a taste of Fall to every meal.
For more information, please visit www.chicagohealers.com.


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Originally Posted by SarasotaRepub
You're a good man Rock.
I'm leaving in a half hour, what a mess!
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The US was much better served by the strong men, who were largely the strongest but also the most secular force in their own countries. Contrary to the mistaken beliefs of the mainstream Bush...
You can't, dorkzilla. Submit and be assimilated.
Also, the ability of you and your fellow DUmmtards to write English correctly is truly appalling. "How to you counter..."? "Earnerd"? Please...
This sounds like a Darwin Award nominee.
Look what happened the last time these whiny douches had a beef with Chick-Fil-A:
Assuming she was not abusive or neglectful, that 73YO Mother earned that respect long, long ago, when dorkie was a helpless baby, toddler, preschooler, elementary schooler, high schooler, and...


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Our mission is to help students become biblically competent, academically proficient, spiritually formed and culturally engaged servant leaders, shaped to be a transforming force in the church, community and world.
Stay connected to our community and help the next generation of Christian leaders become agents of positive change, whether they're serving across the street or across an ocean.
Growing up in Oregon was incredible. I may be biased, but I think it's the most beautiful state in the Union. Here in Portland, we are 90 minutes from the beach and 90 minutes from the mountains. Perfect, right? The majesty of God's beauty truly surrounds us here in the Pacific Northwest.
I was raised in a Christ-centered home with two parents who passionately love Jesus. I made a personal decision for Christ at age 5. Through the ministry of Young Life in high school, I truly made my faith my own as a young adult. My relationship with the Lord is the center of who I am, and I strive to live each and every day for His glory alone. Jesus Christ as Lord of all is the only thing I'm completely sure of.
A position in public relations gives you a microphone and an opportunity to say something. Having the opportunity to use that position for the Kingdom is a dream, and it is truly my honor to promote and raise awareness about Multnomah University.
My mother is from Denmark, and we visit our family as often as possible. It is truly my happy place. My favorite room in my home is the kitchen. I love to cook and bake for people as well as experiment with new recipes. On Saturdays in the fall, you can find me in the stands at Autzen Stadium cheering on the Oregon Ducks.


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I thought this was a great outdoor adventure film, it definitely redefines my desire to not tangle with a Grizzly Bear and to be prepared if I ever get lost in the woods!Published 3 days ago by Teri
Definately a must see movie and if you already have before, its one that you can watch over and over again that will not grow old.Published 9 days ago by Gary V.
I remembered this movie from years ago. My son is now seventeen, and he watched it for the first time, after the movie was over he said; "can we watch it again, I mean right... Read morePublished 10 days ago by R. B. Snoddy
Totally love this movie as it is well acted, good story line and for the most part is accurate in the survival techniques. Read morePublished 11 days ago by Gary T. Britton
|From this Discussion
|the movie The Edge with Anthony Hopkins
The book is fake unfortunately. The author's name is probably based off of the Director's Assistant's name: Darragh Croyle.
Apr 14, 2006 by Pawn | See all 3 posts


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Nov 07, 2011 at 09:58PM EST
Holy shit. I had an epiphany. You're like the pony equivalent of the Grapist!
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26 year old woman | Cape Coral, FL, USA | Seeking men 25-35 within 50 miles
I love to go out, try new things, and really experience life. But I also like to just hang out at the house and watch a movie.
I'm a little shy until you get to know me, then I don't stop. I am adventurous, I don't have very specific hobbies as I like to try new things all the time. I would say I'm well rounded. I enjoy fishing occasionally and get dirty hiking, but then I also like to turn around and get dressed up for a fun night out and grab a drink. I am looking for some one who most importantly I can trust. Honesty, faithfulness, loyalty, and respect are qualities that are important to me that I will give and would hope my match would also consider important to return. I have a little more of "old fashioned" morals. Someone who will push me to become a better person and whom I can push back and help them achieve their goals as well. I am very motivated, if I want to achieve something, I will stop at nothing and would like to find a like minded person. I want to find someone who I can call my best friend. I was in the military for 5 years, and I am currently in the cardiovascular field. I have a 4 year old son, who is my world and he brings joy to everyone he meets.
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Wine tasting
Cycling, Dancing, Other types of exercise, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Birds, Dogs, Exotic Pets, Fish, Horses
I don't have any pets currently, but I had a chocolate lab and a pit bull. They were both amazing dogs and I miss them.
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I am currently attending college, so the last thing I read was probably involving the pulmonary or cardiovascular systems. But I do also enjoy reading other books when I can find the time.
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Worm castings for fertilizer.......
I've been doing a lot of research and have now jumped into VERMICOMPOSTING. This year thru out the growing season, I will be side dressing some of my plants with the worm castings. Next spring I plan to incorporate it into my potting mix to give my seedlings a boost. Has any one used this type of compost in there plkanting for market? HEIDI
Ohiorganic has got this exactly right.
I have stayed with the same potting soil for a dozen years now - ever since I strayed off course and nearly ruined my growing season by purchasing a cheap product. I'm sure there are other good mixes but Black Gold has been consistent.
Black Gold is made of earthworm castings, sphagnum peat moss, pumice, and oyster shell lime. And, I attribute much the success to the earthworm castings.
Now, having said that, worm castings are too expensive for me to use in the gardens. If I was to ignore N-P-K values and just consider it equal to the chicken by-product based fertilizer I use, I'd need to buy it by the ton to pay the same $$ per pound. If I factor in fertilizer value . . . don't know how many tons I'd need to purchase to realize the fertilizer $ value per pound in a single bag of, say, chicken manure.
Raising sufficient worms to produce castings may well be possible but purchasing and transporting feed for your worms will cost $$. Don't be discouraged from your enterprise but "do the math" so that reality doesn't take a bite out of your enthusiasm at a later date. To make maximum use of your available worm castings, consider their use as tea in a foliar spray. Not doing much for the soil but, on the short term, the plants will benefit.
As Ohiorganic suggests, using castings in potting soil makes great sense but you'll see your profits vanish no matter what your product line if you were to purchase sufficient castings to fertilize a large market garden.
I did quite a bit of research before I even started my vermicomposting. Right now I need 16 lbs of feed for my lil worms each week. Getting the food scraps isn't a problem as I work for a restraunt that saves me all the "compostable material" anyways.What ever I don't grind up for the worms goes into the compost pile. I have a few sources for scraps so that doesn't seem to be a problem. Also a guy I know is making me a large chopper/grinder out of an old lawn mower. This is turning out to be quite a learning experience. Heidi
After reading about your circumstances, Heidi, I can't help but think that you are in the right place, at the right time, to be doing what you are doing.
If you can convert that 16# of worm food to, say, 10# of casting weekly, that's over 500# a year. Hey, Not Bad!
Thanks for the encouragement. I am real excited about the whole vermicomposting thing. In my research, I have not found how many pounds of casting to expect. In approximately 3 months, the bins will be "harvested". At that time I will weight out and measure my castings. I will then be weighting out the worms and if they have been reproducing, They will be separated into more bins. More bins means more castings. Like I said, I've done some research and am very excited.
My kids have decided that it is a good thing that I am a single parent, as no husband would encourage his wife to start this type of venture. For some reason they think I'm a bit eccentric. HEIDI
Perhaps you enjoy taking care of living things, Heidi. Sometimes it hardly seems to matter if they are gold fish, or laying hens, or gardens. There's probably a continuum but it seems to be some people's job to care. Others say things more wisely:
Let us keep courage and try to be patient and gentle. And not mind being eccentric, and make distinction between good and evil. - Vincent van Gogh
None are so old as those who have outlived enthusiasm. - Henry David Thoreau
We can determine a positive goal - where we are going with our efforts. Like growing the best darn vegetables I can possibly provide for my family. Or, something like that. Then deciding what it takes to get there. Use a pencil and paper. Then, when we try - we are winners!
Yes, that sounds like a good deal. I had to abandon my worms. Or should I say, they didn't survive the winter. Hey, at least I tried. I do like the castings though. I thought that the areas that were fertilized with the casting did a bit better than the other trial areas. Heidi
Sorry your worms croaked. Whenever I move a container here I find lots of worms under it. I plan to make raised beds in that spot next season. I will finish out this one using containers.
I also like the castings. I have had great results with them and buy more whenever I have extra money
It is true that worm castings can't be compared to chemical fertilizers in terms of nutrients per $. The major benefit of castings is the microbiology which helps break up nutrients already in the soil. The castings also improve water rentention, root growth, fruit yield and more. It is especially great for tomatoes. If you can produce castings yourself it is a great way to save money, but there are also companies out there such as Worm Power who produce large quantities of consistant product year round.
Here is a link that might be useful: Worm Power
Well Worm,
I guess I am getting a good deal. I enjoyed reading about you(r)Worm Power and I, of course know that your product is not like the raw worm poop I get here locally, but NY is a long way from SC. I am a true believer in the lowly worm and his poop. My lettuce has never been happier.
1eyedJack and the Dawg
I am not a professional gardener, I have however been working with worm castings the last 2 years. I have an insulated box with a light bulb and a thermostat. The box was an old shipping crate, the insulation was scrap, the thermostat was one that I replaced in my home with a programmable. Total cost was I feed the worms waste from the local universities food preparation services and other food prep scraps. I got about 3 ft^3 of castings my first winter and anticipate about double that this winter. In addition I plan on building a larger bin in the ground in my garden. If all goes well I should be producing well over a yard/year. Since I am traveling anyway when I pick up the scraps, there is little extra time or money involved.
Don't give up!
For anyone interested in using worm castings why not get started making your own using red wigglers. For the average home owner gardener you will most likely develop enough over time to use in your garden. I started vermicomposting 4-13 and last summer didnt get enough castings to really use. Over this winter I have used some castings in cuttings I took in late summer what I have noticed is more new leafing than previous. In these cuttings I have only used worm castings and liquid seaweed and that is also my plan for this years garden. My vow this year is to use no chemical additives at all. Also tests have shown that less is better concerning castings. Tests that used a 50% ratio of the mix did worse than a mix with 20% of the mix. The latter being the mix I go with. So I encourage people to go organic by vermicomposting plus you can help save the earth. Happy gardening.
though few here would be considered average home gardeners and I assume most of us are growing on acres and not square feet of garden.
I am not saying castings are bad but they are expensive and it would take a huge worm set up to get enough casting to fertilize my 4 acres of garden. Though I suppose I could sell the excess worms for bait (selling fishing bait is a dream of my husband's).
So for now i will stick with compost (which has a lot of castings judging by the worm population in out piles) and other natural fertilizers


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U of I Trustees Wrap-Up: $180K Bonus For Easter, Gov. Quinn's Budget Pitch, Med School Plans
Quinn Concedes Illinois Governorship To Rauner
Gubernatorial Candidates Make Final Campaign Stops Before Election Day
Sparknotes For Illinois Voters
Former Governor Edgar To Help Rauner's Campaign
Cronus Makes Tuscola Plant Official
US Judge Names Monitor Of IDOT Hiring
Court-Appointed Monitor Ordered For IDOT Hiring
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The hidden racism of young white Americans
From PBS NewsHour: Look at data that shows the percentage of whites in each age group espousing racist ideas.
WILL-AM and reporting partners win AP Awards
A series by Illinois Public Media reporting partners won an AP award for Best Investigative Report. Former IPM reporter Sean Powers was named Best Reporter.
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Extending Thursday's gains, the benchmark BSE Sensex spurted by another 210 points in early trade on sustained foreign fund inflows amidst a firming trend overseas in response to ECB measures to boost the eurozone economy.
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Keywords: Sensex, opening trade, eurozone economy, fund inflows


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Below are the all-time best Retirement poems written by Poets on PoetrySoup. These top poems in list format are the best examples of retirement poems written by PoetrySoup members
View ALL
Search for Retirement poems, articles about Retirement poems, poetry blogs, or anything else Retirement poem related using the PoetrySoup search engine at the top of the page.
Definition & Discussion of Retirement Poems
Read Retirement Poems
See also:
Best Famous Poems
From Pinnacle to Cynical
When we were young
We had our dreams
But, in our future we would find
That many times along the way
There were mountains, we must climb
But with the strength
That comes with youth
We foiled every peril
And hiked the broadways to the top
Until the path got narrow
Yes, in our way, we reached the top
And then became quite cynical
For our decline, we could not stop
In descending from that pinnacle
It matters not, how far we reached
Upon life's twisted routes and bends
It's knowing that we've seen the summit
And that our journey, must slow, then end
By JTCurtis
New Future Of The
Cable cost are up
too high
You turned to the
internet and so have
My Youtube channel
is the way to go
Now I can even make
video shows
I group the videos
to make a show
To bring you the
best of where I go
For kids the mower
and stove videos
I also have vehicles
and some scarecrows
Kids can watch from
morn til night
with lots of things
for a kids delight
Light houses, ship
building, and horses
Antique barn yards
and tractor pulls
just for you
Aviation, taxidermy,
and crafty wood
Viewwithme Youtube
has all the quirks
The historical homes
make a great tour
Contest and oxen
pulls are never a
Animal friends, I
haven't forgotten
I have horses, dogs,
cows and sheep too
Plenty of petting
pens and milking for
And a simple click
is all you have to
A lot of shows with
a mix for all
Like demolition
derby or a stunt so
So if you dropped
the cable and you
have a need
I have three
channels for you to
By: Doris Anne
Creative writers are never given flowers while they still breathing poetry.
Biters wait patiently for the last breath to pay their respect and get paid with your work.
Claiming being sent by callings to keep the legend's work alive till infinity.
No doctor has the cue for this sick world.
But guess what we writers do care.
We keep writing spiritually we don't care.
Atleast i don't care, i know you'll be speaking my language with your theft.
Evidently i do share.
You are that invisible disciple i recruited to speak for me in my death.
It's the life of an artist who cares.
We don't seek recognition.
Recognition come to us that's why we endlessly spread.
We are angels with no wings heaven is closer to us we don't fly.
Paradise is home for holidays filled with dead writers.
An escapism from you hooligans.
Its a crime not a mime when you speak rhyme in my rhymes.
Thank God i'm still an infant in this poetry, i have a chance to fill up the grave you dug for me.
Your patience will have to patiently await my departure patiently.
I have enough time to unleash these constipated rhymes.
You think you got me.
I speak better in my rhymes like a machinegun tone spraying pee.
My skeleton is covered in mics louder i do speak rhythmic bones.
My skeleton is made out of cables transporting poetic stones.
My soul will be kept in your brain's museum.
There i said it.
Ye i meant it.
Strolling around town
At prohibited time
Ignoring the church bell sounds
While I see people hurrying
Down the sidewalk
On their way to work
Think maybe I'll find
Pen and paper
And have a coffee somewhere
Or maybe not
He was always so happy
strong and bold.
He'd give you the shirt off of his back.
He had a rough life
growing up through the depression,
but like he always does,
he got through it.
He has two boys, of whom he is so proud.
Moved from Regina, to Victoria.
He had the best life anyone his age could have wanted.
But ever since his wife died,
he has not been the same.
But like he has always done,
he got through it.
Mind slipping,
just a little forgetful.
That's how it always starts out...
But like always, he powered through it,
until now...
He is not the same person that I used to know.
He been sentenced to the prison in his own mind.
Possessed by the thoughts of his dogs ashes.
He likes to play the blame game,
but we know he doesn't remember that it was him.
He wakes up in the night
shaking with pain,
tears streaming down his face.
There is nothing we can do,
Oh well...
Two more tylenol.
Hold on to hope
for as long as you can,
It's only a matter of time now.
He gets vocal, a very loud tone.
He'll block you in your room
and make false accusations
But we know that it's the pain induced monster in him.
Tick tock, tick tock...
You can't handle the stress anymore
you have to leave.
Just hope for the best,
maybe it will get better.
Surprise, it doesn't.
Your denial is foolish, everyone knows
what happens next.
All results of
At long last - blissful retirement to do as I please!
Take a cruise, go fishing, live a life of ease!
If I opt to snooze-in, I'll continue to snore,
A slave to that infernal alarm clock never more!
Ah, but hold on, what is that I hear?
My spouse says, "Come here, I need you my dear.
The lawn needs mowing, the fence to mend,
Shelves to build and the garden to tend!"
Word that I'm happily loafing has got around.
Pleas to volunteer for community projects abound.
"Will you serve on this committee for this and that?"
'Tis useless to hide 'cause they know where I'm at!
I try to avoid all phone calls asking for me.
'Tis usually someone with another plaintive plea!
I must even skulk about for my afternoon nap,
That I highly prize with dear old Simba on my lap!
Although I have tried with all my might,
I cannot escape from my hapless plight!
Lots of folks say that retirement is a bore;
Seems to me there's more to do than ever before!
Robert L. Hinshaw, CMSgt, USAF, Retired
© All Rights Reserved
The retirement age for SSB
Is fast approaching seventy
And age past which - we should retire
Leaving little time - 'til we expire
We'll take pills to medicate
Which will keep us somewhat healthy
And are over priced - as merchandise
But make others - very wealthy
Our fixed incomes won't keep up
With run away inflation
So we'll sit at home - we'll eat like birds
And live in caged - anticipation
Retirement Plan
Dr. James E. Martin
©February, 2013
Now that I've reached a ripe old age,
I sit on the porch and sip sweet tea.
Some may question the wisdom in this,
My response is simply, "It works for me!"
Jealousy is undoubtedly fostered in some,
For that matter anger may surely arise.
I simply continue in my well designed plan
And know that many my life they despise.
I was wrong about spring,
for all those months I painted the blame on winter's dark face.
Wave after wave of cold cloudy, darkening days,
saturated my damaged point of view. By the way
I am sure I will die on a winter day, blaming the solstice,
waiting for the capricious spring to finally arrive.
But my heart will be frozen, and perhaps not even alive.
God how I love the way you make the sun shine.
I was wrong about my fate,
I filled the frame in haste, too busy to wait. I didn't listen.
I ate my own eyes, and blamed the skies,
I chased the horizon and wrapped it in lies.
Oh spring day, it is never too late,
to fill me with mercy and grace as I wait.
Silent tears as friends hug restricted bodies,
Lingering awkward silences for moments long gone.
A hugs breath on his cheek as friends leave him alone,
Lingering smoke and whiskey shades tints the mind.
A parting quip and a crystal tear shivers in the air,
The gesture wave of failing friendship walks unsteady.
A lonely discomfort nips the soul, a hugs breath,
Clutching a card stained with friends pain,
He leaves for home and retirements reign.
2008 © S.de B.
You gave me inspiration
I was on my way to giving up
All this poetry, and stuff
Been writing now for forty years
So I thought I'd had enough
Then I found myself on Face book
Writing verse for all my friends
And then discovered 'poetry soup'
Then negatives did end.
It seems my love for writing
It is back now with full force
I can't really see it leaving me
It's my life, it is of course
Why did I plan to leave it
When I love it, oh, so much?
So I sit by my computer
And try some hearts to touch.
It has gave me inspiration
Being here upon this sight
Sending all my writing's in
It gives me much delight
I love to know that folk have seen
The stuff write each day
For this it be my story
All told in my own way.
25 June 2013 @ 0945hrs.
Was self-employed for thirty-five years
So when I finally called it quits
No big party, no expensive gold watch
No well wishers, no funny quips
As I quietly sailed off into the sunset
I heard this young fellow say
"Another piece of deadwood we're rid of!
Let's go, it's a brand new day"
That's funny, I said the very same thing
He's right, it's a brand new day
No more stress no ridiculous deadlines
Finally time for making hay
Young whipper snappers have no idea
Their time will come sure as rain
"Another piece of deadwood we're rid of!"
It'll be they who'll hear that refrain!
© Jack Ellison 2013
I was the one who was sat on the wall
I was so little the others were tall
The school was next door so I didn't go far
Never needed to go to school by car
I played in the playground with some of my fiends
Long summer days that never seemed to end
That's a long time ago, can you recall?
The bumps and bruises when taking a fall
Long summer nights turned to autumn browns
As I grew older I had life's up's and down's
Working for a living to make ends meet
Bringing up children that was a treat
Do you remember me? I was young and daft
I couldn't remember when I last laughed
I had wild ideas but they didn't last long
I knew back then that I didn't belong
Now I am older, I've survived life's trials
I've cried many tears and travelled miles
Nearing retirement I look back at things
Wondering now what retirement brings
generic minds listen to generic music
have generic thoughts that are unknowingly abusive
watch generic things talk about generic things
gee this generic *****is spreading like a disease
better get your flu shot
thats what they said to me
a suicidal vaccine
a subliminal killing spree
its contagious and the outrageous
thing about it is that the people are blind in an eye
that they didn't even know they had
it's sickening to watch these clueless civilians
inside the looking glass
with nightmares of being free
without a key to their mind
for it is trapped in the frequency
in the illusion of time
bathed in our universe
killing all that refuse to see
those that admit to hypocracy
or see the message in hip hop
how cant you see
the message in the lyrics that
bring adolescents to their knees
from bullet wounds conflicting their flesh
contradicting that they're the best
but the songs keep telling them that they dont need no rest
that they dont wanna go home
that they should ride alone
with the gat as their only companion
and so the only path they choose is the one that they're told
until they grow old and hope turns to a window pane
inside a window pane, until all they feel is pain
they realize that the music itself is ashamed
so whats to look up to
when you cant even speak when you cant even walk because you look so bleak
your eyes are sunken from the tv you're infested with the dee zees
now its too late to turn around and live for your conscious
so when youre screaming oh please
close your eyes and bring your mind to life
open your eyes for the first time
and never wonder why
since the answer this entire time
has been inside
and you better find it before you die
you dont want your soul to be in a pool with all the others
a buncha brothers missing their mothers
but only seeing strangers
only feeling the haters
wishing they would have used their minds when they had them
and now its too late,
now it's time for another new born fate to grab them
When you're born into this world of ours.
You have no idea if you'll reach its ivory towers.
If you're lucky to be born into a house of wealth.
Chances are, you'll go far, have money for yourself.
And even if you aren't a stiff, who got a lucky draw.
You can still makes millions, as we certainly have saw.
So what exactly is the definition of a successful life?
Money, fame, success, children and a loving wife?
My point of view is one that's true, what my father told me.
Son, peace of mind, if you can find, you'll never end up lonely.
I heard the words, not one absurd, but somehow didn't listen.
For I'm 61, my life's not fun, not an enviable position.
How I got here, perhaps that's the question on your mind.
It would take a book to explain, how I came into this bind.
I'll give you the short of it, I made some bad decisions.
And now it seems that I'm living in the Spanish Inquistion.
But you're not dead you say, there's more life has to give.
I agree and want to be out of this insane prison and to live.
Want to enjoy, to employ, the gifts and all the wonder.
And not be attacked, from the back and live a life asunder.
At 61, your life's not done, you could have died at twenty.
You've had many years upon this earth, enjoyed it aplenty.
But if you're broke, your fire's unstoke, not a life of envy.
You ask yourself day and night, what will be my end be?
If I had fifty thousand dollars at this point in my life.
I'd create a machine, that would put away all my strife.
So if I can sell this house I own for more than what I bought her
I'll take the profit, if I can, if I'm not underwater.
And with that money, this ain't funny, I'll make a whole lot more.
For I have ideas in my head that will even up the score.
It's sad, it's true what I must do, and list this property.
And chances are, I'll go far, live life properly.
Another day without a dollar.
Another day, I'm not a scholar.
Makes me yell, scream and holler.
Another day without a dollar.
Another day, not one red cent.
Another day, must I repent?
What the hell, can't pay the rent.
Another day, not one red cent.
Another day, and there's no money.
Another day, and it's not funny.
I can sell, as sweet as honey.
Another day, and there's no money.
Another day, and I'm still broke.
Another day, no fire to stoke.
As I can tell, I'm not a bloke.
Another day, and I'm still broke.
Another day without a job.
Another day, I'm no slob.
I don't smell, and I won't rob.
Another day without a job.
Another day, when I'm on top.
Another day, this has to stop.
Things will gel, they'll be a pop.
And on that day, I''ll be on top.
Much as I'd like to do what I used to
At 78, my energy has flown
It's really not matter of choice at all
The body decides on it's own
Oh how I wish I still had the energy
As I did just ten years ago
Age has a way of deciding for us
How far our body can go
Must always try to really stay active
Retirement years can be long
Mental abilities stay almost the same
Physically it's a different song
Physical exercise is very important
To maintain our youthful zest
Otherwise the body starts to shut down
And memories are all we have left
© Jack Ellison 2013
Been retired for over three years now
I've finally accepted this role
As a senior citizen sent out to pasture
Not good for this once active soul
Poetry has sure helped fill in the gap
But looking for something else
Maybe creating a children's picture book
Got a mind for it I've always felt
Not saying my mind is childlike or such
But it's probably close to the truth
Always was able to get down to their level
Even though I'm long in the tooth
So wish me well in whatever endeavour
Don't need to make one red cent
You can wager I'm gonna eventually find it
The activity for which I'm now meant
© Jack Ellison 2013
When I think of all I've done
Plans that kept me on the run
I kind of wonder every day
How I pissed my time away
In my thirties there was cash
Not one buck saved
Not one buck stashed
Sure I thought I could reach fame
From art or science
What a shame
For these goals I truly went
And never saved a single cent
So now it's rough
Though I'm not broke
Just don't live like other folk
My neighbors run out nights for eats
Can't afford such costly treats
When Winter comes they go away
I freeze my rear
I'm forced to stay
Yet I feel the need to try
To make some mark before I die
For in truth these other folk
Live a life that's just a joke
The men dried up some years ago
Their wives plan daily where to go
Their brains are focused on the past
No way to know how long they'll last
So my future's not to dread
Even now I'll move ahead
My morning retirement ritual,
Provides breakfast to the birds on my street.
Food for fowl, silencing bellies that growl,
Watching the many hundreds gather near,
Huddled together on branches they meet,
With a calm patience we've learned to revere.
Feeding the birds of every pedigree,
Flying things, all sizes, colors, and shapes.
Hungry beaks, vibrant feathers, sharp clawed feet,
Small Finches and Wrens, large Sparrows come round.
Harmoniously singing us awake,
Their only care: yummy seeds on the ground.
My morning retirement ritual,
Feeding the birds of every pedigree.
1) Sonnet written in Anapestic Pentameter
You are a very precious treasure more than a golden gem
Working so hard for many years serving your fellowmen
You shared your knowledge, strengths and whole self lovingly
For the benefits of all…making life so worthy for everybody
Your life with this job can be in diversions of path
At times you swerve, you just go ahead and never stop
Being dogged and determined in everything you do
All graces in life from God, through others kept pouring on you
As you are finally retiring on your noble job
You can look back and see your great achievements in life
Not merely on material things but on your career and infinite love
So enormous in the eyes of recipients and your friends around
Your retirement doesn't mean, it is already the end
It is a new beginning to enjoy your rich rewards and blessings
It's the most wonderful time to spend your whole life with your family
The alpha and omega of your love and generosity in your community
by Leonora Galinta
All Rights Reserved
God answers prayer
indeed that is certain
many can indeed testify
blessing to God is their refrain
I can indeed testify so
as I am retired now
something which I had prayed for
and now it's happened wow!
My works future was uncertain
then redundancy came to me
being not 60 years yet
but God said you're free
Age doesn't come into His plan
for our future is eternally true
God works us in His purpose
his servants we are to do
Our father owns all the cattle
on a thousand hills
what's our life in that comparison?
within my heart He stills
Kind eyes peer
out of pages
gentle features
of grace replace
calculated poses
touched by
the sun-The sun
color --into his
cheeks and face
hints of roses.
And yes
I believe
my eyes as they
No doubt-
Obviously we have
met here before..
Yet unscathed
by this world
We come back
There could be more
like us
So we are here
to watch and wait
I am not afraid of middle age Let the inquisition of cunning smiles begin My ambition is not conclusive yet My passion is not devoured by deliberation in the night For I know that I am the profit margin of my dreams And that my vices are as real as my virtues are strong No, I am not afraid of middle age For I have only just begun to rediscover this miracle That I am
my baseball playing days in Teeners league
hardly played my main position was bench
by not playing I never had fatigue
use to dream of being like Johnny Bench
in the navy I wasn't on the bench
I was a star during those times at sea
In France I even spoke a little French
my time out at sea I truly felt free
those days are gone yet I'm reliving them
poetry has been that light at the end
it has nothing to do with my brain stem
I admit this is my life no pretend
I have lived on a bench for a few years
it felt that way yet I never shed tears


text:
Transformer to add general use gfci to 208 vac light pole?
Thinking that this is impractical but if anyone knows of a way let me know. In a parking lot the building owner wants to add a receptacle to plug in a holiday sign. The pole light has 208 line to line and pulling in extra conductors would not be worth it for this use. Is there any transformer for this application that could be used as a step down from 208 to 120? Most I have seen from looking into a bit are more for control circuits and seems the price is very high even for under 1kva. Appreciate any thoughts before I tell him it can not be done.
They make relatively small (and I mean less than 200A not physically small) 208->120 step downs, but even at the small size they're still pricey ($500) and they aren't rated for outside so you'd have to find some enclosure for them. So I suspect you're looking at at least $1000 before you even begin to consider the other issues.
What sort of holiday sign? Any chance of just getting the sign relamped or whatever it would require to run it off the 208?
I think they just want to plug in a few Christmas lights. Found some xformers as well $400+ Could one be mounted in a 3r enclosure or is there an actual wet rated xformer?
For the temporary situation, could the regular pole light be disconnected, the supply to the pole changed to 120 at the panel for the decorative lights, and then all restored when the lights are removed?
Why not 220v lights?
Here is a link that might be useful: 220V 10M 100 LED String Fairy Lights Color
Being a portion of a branch circuit (other pole lights through the lot) the voltage really can not be altered. I'll suggest that option of finding whatever lights they need in a European version. Then install a 208 receptacle with an in-use cover and make the appropriate ended SO cord.
i think you should decide how large the xfmr NEEDS to be. new LED holiday lights don't draw much. if you can get by with 150va or less, then it might just fit inside the pole. if you need something larger and there isn't room on the existing circuit, then you've got another problem. i wouldn't source 240 volt lights, you'd just be creating another problem for the next guy, ie sourcing more lights when they're finished in 3 or 4 years.
Christmas lights with non-polarized plugs? If so, there is already uncertainty as to which conductor is hot at any given time, so I would have no ethical qualms about making one of them "float".
I'd get identical pairs of christmas light strings (ie, two 50-lamp strings, two 100s, etc) and wire them in series.
Since you'll be making series pairs for 240V, and supplying them with 208V, they'll be just ever-so-slightly dimmer than normal, but I'll bet any normal person would be hard-pressed to notice.
This could be implemented very easily on some sets of christmas lights. Simply cut off both of the plugs, find the loop on the end of the first set, cut it, and attach the wires that formerly went to the plug on the second set. Fit an appropriate 208/240 plug onto the remaining wires (that used to go to the plug of the first set). Voila. 240V christmas lights.
Turns out what they are looking to power is a big deal. 4 foot deep footings to be installed and a bunch of assembly. Whatever it is they are only using for one week. The light pole has 3 or 4 poles ahead of it and heads off to an electric room on the 2nd floor of the building. I think given the temporary circumstances, they are better off running an extension cord over head to the roof of the building or using a generator. I'll try to find out what light is inside of it and why it can't be 208. Thanks for the help and won't bother to spend to much more thought/ time on this. The multi-millionaire that owns the building and a bunch of hospitals actually designed this whole idea up himself and the maintenance guys I'm talking to have been told very little from him.
Here's a thought... it's a functional solution, but I'm pretty sure it's not code-compliant since there's absolutely no way for the "neutral" to be grounded... and it's just as temporary as temporary can get.
Pick up a 240V variac. Plug it into the 208. Adjust it for an output of 120V.
It's no worse than "balanced power" (two 60V hots and a ground).


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