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A method of binding elements of a structured document to an observer structure includes obtaining the logical structure of a document. Nodes representing information contained in the document are mapped to an observer structure which can include both a user interface or a programming object. The user interface may be a graphical user interface including a display form of a grid-like structure to contain the structured document information. The data binding which maps the structured document information to the observer form may be directionally controllable such that any change made to the information at the observer may be reflected in the source structured document.
1. A method to bind nodes in a structured document to an observer structure, the method comprising:
finding a logical structure within the structured document, wherein the logical structures are defined by a schema;
mapping the logical structures into a representation of nodes of the structured document; and
binding the representation of nodes to an observer structure.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. A system for providing an observer structure corresponding to a structured document, the system comprising:
a processor having access to memory;
means for using a schema to discover logical structures within a structured document;
means for mapping the logical structures into a representation of nodes of the structured document;
means for binding the representation of nodes to an observer structure; and
a display to view the results presented in the observer structure.
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. A computer-readable medium having computer-executable instructions for performing a method, the method comprising:
finding a logical structure within a structured document, wherein the logical structures are defined by a schema;
mapping the logical structures into a representation of nodes of the structured document; and
performing means for binding the representation of nodes to an observer structure.
17. The computer-readable medium of
18. The computer-readable medium of
19. The computer-readable medium of
20. The computer-readable medium of
21. The computer-readable medium of
22. The computer-readable medium of
This invention relates in general to the field of data translation. More particularly, this invention relates to the mapping of a structured document to an observer form.
The Extensible Markup Language (XML) was originally envisioned as a language for defining new document formats for the World Wide Web. XML can be considered to be a meta-language; a language for defining markup languages. XML is a text-based format that provide mechanisms for describing document structures using markup tags such as words surrounded by �<� and �>� symbols.
As XML's usage has grown, it has become generally accepted that XML is not only useful for describing new document formats for the Web but is also suitable for describing structured data. Examples of structured data include information which is typically contained in spreadsheets, program configuration files, and network protocols. XML is preferable to previous data formats because XML can easily represent both tabular data, such as relational data from a database or spreadsheet, and semi-structured data, such as a web page or business document.
With this proliferation of XML data, there is a significant need for tools for visualizing XML documents as well as a common framework upon which these tools can be built. To date, a great many tools for visualizing XML mainly focus on displaying the raw XML text in a well formatted manner and with certain syntax coloring to distinguish various lexical constructs. However, there is no system which describes a system for visualizing XML documents based on their logical structure as opposed to physical structure and which provides a mechanism for visualizing these logical structures.
Thus, there is a need for a method or system to allow a view of the logical structure of a structured document to an observer form such as a graphical user interface or a programming language object. The present invention addresses the aforementioned needs and solves them with additional advantages as expressed herein.
The subject invention relates to a system for binding the nodes of a structured document, based on their logical structure as opposed to physical structure, to observer structures and forms. The observer structures and forms may include traditional graphical user interface components such as grids and trees or programming objects. Aspects of the invention also include providing direction control over the data binding such that a change in the observer form can result in a change to the structured document. One way or two way binding is possible.
As an aspect of the invention, the structured document may be an XML document and the schema used may be an XML schema. The logical structure discerned by an aspect of the invention may be viewed using a XPath document view.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of preferred embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating embodiments of the invention, there is shown in the drawings exemplary constructions of the invention; however, the invention is not limited to the specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed. Like reference numerals of the exemplary constructions represent similar parts throughout all of the drawings wherein;
Programmers are increasingly dealing with a wide range of data models that go beyond traditional relational/tabular or object-oriented forms. At the same time, the so-called rich client is gaining in popularity. Aspects of the invention enable the manipulation of any addressable data source, such as a collection of addressable elements, by rich graphical user interfaces. One approach to the task of allowing a view of the logical structure of a structured document to an observer form is to uncover the logical form, visualize the logical form and then transform the logical view into the desired observer form. One aspect of the invention discloses a method of discerning the logical structure within a structured document and making it available for a viewer. The logical structure, once discerned, may be transformed into an observer form that is beneficial to the user. The observer form may be either a graphical user interface, such as a grid, or it a may be a programmer object useful for some further purpose. One technique to transform the logical structure of a structured document into a suitable observer form is to use an extension of XPath to query and edit the structured data if the structured data is XML. The principles of these approaches is provided along with the exemplary embodiments presented below.
Descriptions and Examples of the Invention
One example use of the invention is to map a logically organized structured document tree into a grid-like structure such as a table.
In one embodiment of the invention, a structured document, such as an XML document, may be used as the raw source of a tree structure. The tree structure is obtained via the use of a an XML schema and an XPath document is used to assist in the extraction of a logical tree structure since it has XML schema information attached and therefore is schema aware. By utilizing the XML schema of the XPathDocument, a set of XML to user interface mapping rules can be established that enable XML to be displayed in a variety of controls, most notably, the data grid. This approach creates a mapping for the user interface control that is user-friendly in terms of having to write less code at the expense of not being able to define the row structure with restricted XPath expressions. That is, for example, there is no need to control how a row is mapped to the data grid because these rules are implied. This overall approach enables users to load XML into an XPath document in-memory XML store and then create an XPath document view class for this XPath document in order to bind to a user interface.
When binding XML to graphical user interface components it is preferable to ensure that, despite the flexible nature of XML, the data binding process is consistent. For example, consider an XML document that represents information about books that is bound to a grid. If the book element has required attributes, such as title and isbn number, with optional attributes, such as publication-date, it is important that when the XML document is bound to a grid that the optional fields are taken into consideration. In this example having optional attributes, book elements that have no publication-date, the result can be a column in the grid-like format that represents the attribute with a blank or null value.
Given that W3C XML Schema is the industry standard mechanism used to describe the structure of an XML document, the XML data binding process utilizes an XML document's schema to determine how to map it to graphical user interface components such as grids and trees. The data binding process involves mapping the logical structures within an XML document described by an XML schema to an intermediate representation of named lists of nodes which can then be mapped to hierarchical graphical user interface components such as trees and grid-like graphical user interface components such as tables.
In an embodiment of a mapping of an XML schema to a user interface, a data-bound list, a data-bound node and a data-bound node property are used. A data-bound list is a collection of XML nodes that have been data bound to some control and is represented by an XPath document view object. If bound to a data grid, this corresponds to a table in the data grid. A data-bound node is an XML node that has been data bound to some control and is represented by an XPath node view object. If bound to a data grid, this corresponds to a row in the data grid. A data-bound node property is a property of an XML node that has been data bound to some control and is represented by a property descriptor of the XPath node view. A data-bound node property can either be a single item or a list of items. If bound to a data grid, this corresponds to either a column value of a row, if a single item, or a nested table related to a row in the data grid, if a list of items.
The mapping of elements and attributes to data bound lists and items include the building of data-bound lists and nodes. Building data-bound lists is an occurrence of one or more elements that are complex types. The list contains a number of data bound nodes that represent each instance of the complex type that appears in the actual document. For instance, the following complex type declaration maps to a list that contains a single data bound �books� node which in turn has a node property which is a list of several data bound �book� nodes:
Specifically, the above schema fragment generates an XPath document view that returns �books� when the method GetListName( ) is invoked on it and contains a single XPath node view which has a single property descriptor that represents an XPath document view that returns �book� when GetListName( ) is invoked on it. A particle containing repeating elements is treated as a data bound list. A particle may be a schema component that corresponds to an xs:element, xs:group, xs:all, xs:sequence, xs:choice or xs:any. More broadly, a particle may apply to any unit of composition as identified by the particular schema mechanism that is used to describe the structure of the subject. For databound lists obtained from repeating instances of xs:group the value returned by GetListName( ) for the generated XPath document view is the name of the group declaration. For other particles the name returned by GetListName( ) is an autogenerated name. Any particle (except for xs:element) that is nested within another particle is treated as a databound list. The name returned by GetListName( ) for the XPath document view that this corresponds to is autogenerated.
Building data-bound nodes is an occurrence of a complex typed element. The attributes of the element become data bound node properties; each containing a single item representing the attribute. The child elements of the complex typed element also become properties of the data bound node. Child elements that have a simple type and do not repeat are properties that contain a single item while child elements that repeat or that have a complex type become properties that contain a list of items. For elements that are complex types with content such as text, the text content is treated as a data bound node property whose name is the name of the element with �_Text� appended to it. For instance, when bound to a data grid, the element <pubDate edition=�2nd�>2001</pubDate> maps to the following row:
For elements with mixed content, such as elements which are interspersed with text, the XML content of the element is mapped to a data bound node property whose name is the name of the element with �_Text� appended to it while the child elements of the node are ignored for data binding purposes. For instance, when bound to a data grid, the element
I am mixed content
 maps to the following row:
Elements that have simple types can be data bound properties of a data bound node. For an XML document consisting of a single element which has a simple type, that element becomes a data bound node with the value of the element becoming a data bound node property whose name is the name of the element with �_Text� appended to it. Attributes are usually data bound properties of a data bound node unless they are bound to directly. If an element has an attribute and a child element of simple type with the same name then the attribute may be prepended with an �@� sign when its name is exposed as a data bound node property. In situations when attributes in an XML document are bound to directly, such as when an XPath document view is created with a restricted XPath expression, such as �/books/book/@isbn�, then that attribute becomes a data bound node with the value of the attribute becoming a data bound node property whose name is the name of the attribute with �_Text� appended to it.
In one embodiment, comments, processing instructions and namespace nodes may be ignored during the data binding process. Example of ignored items are attributes from the XML namespace, such as, for example, http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace can be ignored and not be data bound. Also, attributes from the W3C XML Schema instance namespace, such as, for example, http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance may be ignored and are not data bound. Also the effects of an type attributes may be are ignored. For example, if the schema describes a book type and in the instance a periodical subtype derived by extension is substituted using type attributes and elements that were not declared in the base type, then these type attributes can be ignored and are not data bound. In another instance, nodes that match wildcards may be ignored and not data bound.
Once data in a structured document has been logically outlined, it may be expressed in a user interface according to aspects of the invention. One of the aspects of the invention is the expression of the structured document information into an observer form. Many graphical user interface (GUL) applications are based on the so-called model-view-controller or the closely related observer pattern. An objective of these design patterns is to keep a �model� or �subject� and one or more �views� or �observers� on that model/subject in sync. In the model-view-controller type pattern there is a category of component called the �controller� that coordinates the changes between model and view, in the observer pattern, a view and it's controller are combined into a single observer.
Data-binding is a prime example of this pattern where you bind a data source subject to a graphic user interface (GUI) observer, for instance a dataset bound to a graphical data grid. Changes in the dataset are propagated to the grid and vice-versa. For instance, in the following example, the �Text� property of the TextBox control �t� is bound to the property Name of a Person object �p�:
In this example, the Binder objects b serves as the controller paired with the TextBoxview:t: [Joe]←b→p: Person{Name=�Joe�}. When a change occurs in the TextBox observer, the controller b raises a Parse event, followed by a Format event, the subject is changed, followed by another Format event. The Person subject typically registers a handler for the Parse events. Conversely, the controller raises a Format event when the subject changes, typically the TextBox view registers an event-handler for this.
It is also possible to bind a control to a more structured subject such as a dataset or a hierarchical object graph. In that case, the binding to the subject is done via a simple navigation path that consists of �.� separated property names which selects a particular sub-subject to be bound to the view. For example, assume that a Person has an Address property that itself contains a country property, we can bind to country using the path �Address.Country�:
Binding b=new Binding(�Text�,p,�Address.Country�); t.DataBindings.Add(b);
The binder pushes changes in the view to the control. However, in order to allow the binder to observe changes in the subject, the subject should expose an event called xxx changed for each property xxx for which changes should be propagated from subject to view. The binder will subscribe to the changed event, when this is fired by the subject, the binder will subsequently raise a Format event.
It one aspect of the invention, a user is able to bind parts of an XML document to grid-like structures such as tables in a relational database or tables in a spreadsheet and hierarchical structures such as tree controls in a graphical user interface or objects in a programming language. Binding refers to a process of mapping certain characteristics of the XML nodes in a document such as their names and values to the core constructs of the target domain. As indicated in the example of
to a table observer Book such as:
This outcome is as shown in
In one embodiment, a mechanism is provided for two way binding. Just like in the normal model-view-controller pattern, two way binding means that. when the XML document is mapped to the other structure there is a �live� link between the XML document and the alternate structure so that updates to the XML document are reflected in the structure and vice versa. For example, when the author column of the Book table above is changed this would also change the underlying XML file. Similarly if the value of the title was changed in an instance of the Book class described above then the underlying XML document would be updated. This works both ways so that changes to the XML document subject would also be reflected in the table or object observers.
To initiate the binding process, the nodes to bind to are identified using a hierarchical addressing mechanism such as the XPath language. Examples of such addresses could be /book-bind to the <book> element, //title-bind to all the <title> elements. This is an example of binding to a collection of addressable elements. There is also the ability to bind nodes in nested manner; that is, it is possible to bind to subparts of the subject. For example one could create a binding such as /book /title. In this case although the <book> element is being bound to only its <title> sub-element is being exposed in the target structure. This would change the above examples to a table observer Book such as:
or to a programming language object observer Book of type:
In one embodiment of the invention, when an XML subject is bound to an observer, it can be indicated whether this binding should be a one-time bind, one way or two way. If it is a one time bind then the XML is bound to the structure and after that neither changes to the values in the structure or changes to the underlying XML are reflected in the other.
As in the instance of a one way binding, a binder coordinates changes in subject and observer. Changes in the observer are pushed to the subject as before, and the binder uses the path to update the appropriate locations in the subject. For this instance, we assume that subjects can support updates at a certain location path. It is notable how the subject communicates changes to binder since it might not be possible or desirable for the subject to expose XYZChanged events for each location XYZ in the subject. Instead, the subject exposes a single Changed event and communicates the location path of the change to the binder as a parameter to the event handler. In other word, we decouple the Changed events from their particular location.
In one embodiment, if changes are synchronized, there may be conflicts if the changes do not conform to the schema of the observer. For example, adding a new element to the XML subject that does not have a counterpart in the table or programming language object could produce a conflict. These conflicts can be either ignored or result on an error being thrown depending on what configuration option was chosen when the binding was initiated. Similarly, changes in the observer may not conform to the schema of the structure of the XML subject. Again, these changes can induce an error or be ignored.
Exemplary Embodiments of Data-Binding Interfaces
Data binding may be achieved through a set of interfaces. In one embodiment, the interfaces are designated as the ICustomTypeDescriptor interface and the IBindingList interface.
The ICustomTypeDescriptor allows an object to provide type information about itself in a generic fashion. Data-binding takes advantage of this by getting information from the ICustomTypeDescriptors interface. Therefore, any object that implements this interface can be data-bound to for read-only scenarios. The ICustomTypeDescriptor interface exposes a set of PropertyDescriptors which give information about the object upon which it is to be implemented. These PropertyDescriptors are name/value pairs describing some aspect of the object and its value. For example, for a given object, a PropertyDescriptor may be generated for each Property the object contains. An example follows:
For the above class, three property descriptors would be generated; a PropertyDescriptor with Name �Name� which returns �Mark� for GetValue( ), a PropertyDescriptor with Name �Address� which returns �1 A Street� for GetValue( ), and a PropertyDescriptor with Name �Age� that returns 26 for the GetValue( ) call.
In order to support data binding for XML, an implementation desirably would expose an object that has properties that represent an item of data to bind against. This may be achieved with a XPathNodeView class which implements the ICustomTypeDescriptor interface. This class enables properties of the item to be read and updated. Below is an example of an XML document that can be bound to a control.
Below is an example using XPathNodeView to interact with the above XML document.
In one embodiment, data binding to a list is desirable. Many user interface controls may expect a list of data for binding purposes. An example would be a list of data to be placed in a data grid. To bind to a list of data, some user interface controls may expect to be given an object implementing an IList interface. Some user interface forms expects a data source to either support IList, including arrays or IListSource. This allows the control to iterate through the members of the list and extract out ICustomTypeDescritpors to be used during data binding.
In one embodiment, to implement list data binding, the XPathDocumentView class can implement the IList interface. If it is desirable to bind to a list of nodes resulting from a restricted XPath expression then one of the constructors for the XPathDocumentView that accepts a restricted XPath expression as input can be used. The following example binds a list of book elements to a DataGrid.
In one aspect of the invention, it is desirable to establish a binding such that changes or edits made to a source structured document or an observer item are reflected in one or the other. For example, an edit made to the underlying XPathDocument may desirably be reflected in the user interface. In one scenario, if a developer creates an XPathEditor on a set of nodes that are currently being displayed and makes updates to the XPathDocument, the XPathDocument can notify the user interface of those changes. As an aspect of the invention, any XPathEditor that causes changes to the XPathDocument may have its changes updated in the user interface. This reflection of changed or edits may be called change notification.
Change notification may be provided through the IBindingList interface. IBindingList can support a number of data binding related features and may also support a data bound user interface querying for support of those features. In order to support change notification, the IBindingList implementation returns �true� from SupportsChangeNotification property and raises the ListChanged event when a change occurs. An example is provided below.
In one embodiment, support for editing user interface components is provided to the underlying XPathDocument from interacting with the XPathDocumentView. Such editing may include editing the values of items in the list, For example, changing CustomerName from �Fred� to �Bill� may be accomplished. Row level transactions on the items in the list are also possible as is adding and removing items from the list.
In a compatible embodiment, the XPathDocument supports update scenarios through an underlying XPathEditor. This means that the implementation of ICustomTypeDescriptor, for example an XPathNodeView, may return PropertyDescriptors that support updating. Setting the value of a PropertyDescriptor can map to one of several calls to an underlying XPathEditor positioned over the XPatlDocument. Thus there are methods compatible with the functionality of XML tools that allow a user to edit data in a data binding environment compatible with the present invention.
Examples of XML Data-Binding Interfaces Using XPathDocument
The following examples demonstrate exemplary results of applying aspects of the present invention with an input sample schema and an input sample structured document written in XML. In this example, the output is a grid-like representation of the implied structure of the data. The example follows.
Sample Schema:
Sample Structured Document:
Exemplary Results if /books/book bound to a grid control:
Although not required, embodiments of the invention can also be implemented via an operating system, for use by a developer of services for a device or object, and/or included within application software. Software may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by one or more computers, such as client workstations, servers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures and the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically, the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various embodiments of the invention may be practiced with other computer configurations. Other well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use include, but are not limited to, personal computers (PCs), automated teller machines, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor-based systems, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, appliances, lights, environmental control elements, minicomputers, mainframe computers and the like. Embodiments of the invention may also be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network/bus or other data transmission medium. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote computer storage media including memory storage devices and client nodes may in turn behave as server nodes.
With reference to
Computer system 410 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer system 410 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, Random Access Memory (RAM), Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CDROM), compact disc-rewritable (CDRW), digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can accessed by computer system 410. Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term �modulated data signal� means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above should also be included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 430 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 431 and random access memory (RAM) 432. A basic input/output system 433 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer system 410, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 431. RAM 432 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 420. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer system 410 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media discussed above and illustrated in
The computer system 410 may operate in a networked or distributed environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 480. The remote computer 480 may be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the computer system 410, although only a memory storage device 481 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer system 410 is connected to the LAN 471 through a network interface or adapter 470. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer system 410 typically includes a modem 472 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN 473, such as the Internet. The modem 472, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 421 via the user input interface 460, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the computer system 410, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
Various distributed computing frameworks have been and are being developed in light of the convergence of personal computing and the Internet. Individuals and business users alike are provided with a seamlessly interoperable and Web-enabled interface for applications and computing devices, making computing activities increasingly Web browser or network-oriented.
For example, MICROSOFT�'s .NET� platform, available from Microsoft Corporation, includes servers, building-block services, such as Web-based data storage, and downloadable device software. While exemplary embodiments herein are described in connection with software residing on a computing device, one or more portions of an embodiment of the invention may also be implemented via an operating system, application programming interface (API) or a �middle man� object between any of a coprocessor, a display device and a requesting object, such that operation may be performed by, supported in or accessed via all of .NET�'s languages and services, and in other distributed computing frameworks as well.
As mentioned above, while exemplary embodiments of the invention have been described in connection with various computing devices and network architectures, the underlying concepts may be applied to any computing device or system in which it is desirable to implement a method to map structured elements to an observable form. Thus, the methods and systems described in connection with embodiments of the present invention may be applied to a variety of applications and devices. While exemplary programming languages, names and examples are chosen herein as representative of various choices, these languages, names and examples are not intended to be limiting. One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that there are numerous ways of providing object code that achieves the same, similar or equivalent systems and methods achieved by embodiments of the invention.
The various techniques described herein may be implemented in connection with hardware or software or, where appropriate, with a combination of both. Thus, the methods and apparatus of the invention, or certain aspects or portions thereof, may take the form of program code (i.e., instructions) embodied in tangible media, such as floppy diskettes, CD-ROMs, hard drives, or any other machine-readable storage medium, wherein, when the program code is loaded into and executed by a machine, such as a computer, the machine becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention. In the case of program code execution on programmable computers, the computing device will generally include a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. One or more programs that may utilize the signal processing services of an embodiment of the present invention, e.g., through the use of a data processing API or the like, are preferably implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a computer. However, the program(s) can be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language, and combined with hardware implementations.
While aspects of the present invention has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the various figures, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments may be used or modifications and additions may be made to the described embodiment for performing the same function of the present invention without deviating therefrom. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that a variety of computer platforms, including handheld device operating systems and other application specific operating systems are contemplated, especially as the number of wireless networked devices continues to proliferate. Therefore, the claimed invention should not be limited to any single embodiment, but rather should be construed in breadth and scope in accordance with the appended claims.
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East Coast Rollers 20 Under 20 Reviews
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I ve had several cheap sticks, these are the worst!
I had a coupon that I wanted to use and my normal order was not enough to use it so I figured I would try a cheaper sample pack. I realize you get what you pay for, but these are not worth a penny! Tasted like I was smoking wet cardboard! So anyone reading this PLEASE save your money!
As I anticipated after just a week in my humidor, these cigars have improved tremendously. Both burn and draw are much better than when the UPS man delivered them. The Loathsome Hog was the star of the post-humidor lot by having the distinction of being the first to have an even burn from beginning to end. Draw is still a little tight but looser than day one. I would characterize the flavor of these sticks as mild and if you want fuller flavor purchase the Robusto sized Famous 20 under 20 instead. The flavor kicks in after about the first third of the cigar. Also, I suggest you leave the larger band on as some of the lot may have unwrap issues upon cutting and the band will rectify this. Just make sure you take it off towards the end of the stick because it will flame up when heated. These cigars are a great bargain if you have a little patience and handle them properly. As for me, I will be purchasing the Robustos from now on as I like a stronger flavor, but if a decent, mild in flavor, and cheap everyday cigar is what you seek then you can't go wrong here.
Having smoked the Robusto sized Famous 20 under 20 I knew what to expect when the UPS man delivered these to my door today and I tried the first one right away. I sampled the Angry Monk and, as anticipated, these sticks will need some seasoning in the humidor as did the last ones. Draw was tight and burn uneven but I really liked the flavor more than the Robustos. The inexperienced cigar smoker will write these off right away but those of us who know better realize that these are a great bargain if given time and handled properly. If you think these will look and act like a 5 or 10 dollar cigar then you need to find another hobby. I am very pleased with my purchase from Famous and will do a follow up after these babies have had their humidor nap.
Ordered twice the first group was very good, but the last 5 sticks didn t smoke over packed had to throw away.
I can not Believe people buy $1.00 Cigars and think they the should smoke like a $5.00 or $10.00 Cigar I only Smoke cigars About 5 to 6 Churchills a day if you put these in a humidor they are acceptable WTF do you want For a Dollar?
Not even a yard cigar! A quality cigar shop should not even stock such poor un smokable product!
I bought these cigars to try a cheaper cigar and to give to friends and family who do not smoke regularly, and I immediately regret this decision. The taste of the cigar and its smoke sickened even me, and they would fall apart or just stop burning after just a few min. DO NOT BUY.
They burn and draw well but that is it. The Fat Daddys were the only ones that weren't horrible.
Like a typical cigar connoisseur I like the premium cigar. However I have to concede to my wife for acceptance of my desire to enjoy. To keep peace, my area of enjoyment is the great outdoors. There is nothing better than sitting out on the deck with a favorite beverage and indulging in a fine cigar. However when the northwest weather turns unfavorable there is nothing worse than having to snuff out a fine cigar because the weather is not tolerable to be outside. When i want to divulge in my desire and don t know if I can handle the weather I pull out of these out of the humidor. I actually enjoy these. If I can only handle 10 minutes outside I have satisfied my craving to indulge and don t feel bad about snuffing out a this cigar. Yes I do enjoy much finer cigar when I can actually enjoy it. These are actually a pretty good cigar for me to keep on hand, and I will. For the price I can t go wrong.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Anthrax's Scott Ian to Appear on 'Talking Dead' Following 'Walking Dead' Cameo
In addition to his cameo as a zombie on The Walking Dead, Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian will appear on the after-show Talking Dead.
In addition to his cameo as a zombie on The Walking Dead, Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian will appear on the after-show Talking Dead.
It's that time again—get ready to make your Netflix Instant queues even longer because there's a whole bunch of new stuff hitting the streaming service in March. From new Netflix Original series like Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt and Bloodline, to favorites like How to Train Your Dragon 2 and Mad Men Season 7, there's plenty of great titles to look forward to in the coming weeks. Read on for your guide to all the new titles heading to Netflix Instant in March.
As the kids of the '80s and early '90s are dragged kicking and screaming into middle age, their nostalgia for the things they enjoyed in childhood has only grown stronger. And Hollywood has responded in kind, taking those childhood obsessions and transforming them into movies that are specifically crafted to appeal to adults with fond memories instead of kids. That's why director Joseph Kahn's new grim 'n gritty Power Rangers short film is brilliant and unsettling in equal measure. On one hand, it's exquisitely made and just tongue-in-cheek enough. On the other, it's exactly the kind of movie that we're worried will actually get made in the next few years.
Ricky, Bubbles and Julian will seek out a new place to call home when their trailer park is taken over by geriatrics in the upcoming ninth season of 'Trailer Park Boys.'
Looks like Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian will finally "walk" his way onto AMC.
Most of us have watched 'Wheel of Fortune' or at least know the premise of the game show. Sometimes contestants cannot even solve a puzzle correctly when the answer is super obvious. It is rare when a player can solve a puzzle with only one letter revealed. That is what happened here!
Schwing! With the SNL 40th Anniversary Special bringing back all their heavy hitters, you had to know that Wayne and Garth were going to come back for one more Wayne's World. We had to wait until the end of the special, but it was worth it to see their "SNL Top 10" that broke the fourth wall and was actually sweet.
What would a SNL 40th Anniversary Special be without Celebrity Jeopardy, one of the most popular recurring sketches of the modern SNL era. Alex Trebek was back and he brought with him some of his most frustrating contestants including Sir Sean Connery, Justin Bieber, Tony Bennett, Matthew McConaughey, Christoph Waltz, and, of course, Turd Ferguson.
These Valentine's Day cards inspired by 'The Walking Dead' are better than any of the garbage you saw yesterday... except for ours.
These GIFs of Korean TV personality/model Kang Ye-Bin are as hot as kimchi.
'True Blood' may be over, but we still have plenty of Deborah Ann Woll GIFs to remember it by.
If you don't already have a crush on Alison Brie, then you're out of your mind.


text:
Radioactive waste comes to the surface
WILLISTON — The state's oil industry generates 75 tons of low-level radioactive waste per day and the state has few rules on how to handle it, but does say it can't be dumped here.
But the waste does show up in illegally in North Dakota landfills as some companies try to avoid the expense and time it takes to properly transport the waste out of state.
Get the full story
Subscribe or Log In
Are you a newspaper subscriber but you don't have a Digital Access account yet? Activate your account.
You will need your subscription account number and phone number. Not sure if you have an account? Call (701) 225-8111 and we can help you.


text:
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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
37 year old man | Revere, MA, USA | Seeking women 28-35 within 20 miles
Animal lover looking to share some affection.
I like to think I'm pretty laid back and fun most of the time. Thinking things through is something I have learned to do as I have gotten a little older. I'm 100% Italian American so I value pride, family, and respect. If your looking for a fist pumping juicehead its not me. Being a grown up means going to work daily and maintaining my responsibilitys whether that be in a relationship or otherwise. My job keeps me pretty busy and I just moved into my first home and renovations have been an fun addition to my daily life. As a grown man I would rather tell someone it won't work rather than drag someone along and mess with their head. Not going to lie I've been cheated on in the past and I would not want to put someone else through that knowingly. If you have a boyfriend or are separated I'm not interested. I love to go to the gym and break a sweat and wouldn't frown upon a partner with similar tastes in that regard. Walking around Boston and enjoying dinner and a cappuccino in the North End makes for a perfect night. I'm looking for someone who likes to laugh enjoys trying new activities and takes pride in themselves. Also I'm a dog person and I need at least someone who appreciates the unconditional love of a pet. I go to school nights currently. I joined match because I thought people who paid for a dating site would be more serious about finding a match because they are vested in the process. I'm real and I trust my partner 100% percent or 0. If someone isn't happy they will find a way out no matter how tight you keep the leash on them so to speak. Hopefully I find what I'm looking for I have an open mind I figure that's a good start. Message me if your cool and you find any of this interesting or wanna chat. Submitted from mobile Submitted from mobile
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Gardening/Landscaping , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas
Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Hockey, Martial arts, Other types of exercise, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I have Dogs
I have an american bulldog shes the bomb.
I love to go to North Conway in NH. I also love Las Vegas. There is nothing better than renting a cottage in the woods with a fireplace.
Salem State College, Salem, MA
My family , dog, friends. My house and trying to update it.
Personally I like to see a movie or take my dog for a walk. I also enjoy cooking and working on my house.
Rich Dad Poor Dad, weekends with Morie. Anything by Mitch Alborn.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'1" (185cms)
|3'6" (106cms) to 5'10" (177cms)
|Body type:
|Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|Blue, Brown, Green, Hazel
|Dark brown
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde, Platinum
|No Way
|No Way
|Never, Social Drinker
|Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|$35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
I'm 100% italian american and very proud off it.
|Christian / Catholic
|No preference
Roman Catholic like a good Italian boy should be.
|English, Spanish
|English, Spanish
|Associates degree
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
Stream New Releases From Excepter, Fis, and Logos Via Pitchfork Advance
By Pitchfork on November 11, 2013 at 4:54 p.m. EST
Five years since their last full studio release Debt Dept, New York experimental group Excepter returns with their new EP Christisland on November 18 via Escho and Cejero. The EP is streaming now on Pitchfork Advance, our immersive music streaming platform designed to emulate the classic album experience. It will be available until November 18.
R.I.P. Excepter's Clare Amory
By Larry Fitzmaurice on February 25, 2011 at 1:20 p.m. EST
A post on the Facebook page of NYC experimental outfit Excepter confirms that band member Clare Amory has died of cancer. According to the blog of band member Jon Nicholson, she was 35. As a member of Excepter, she contributed to the band's free-form musical explorations and noisy, improvisational live shows (as well as their prolific release of live recordings). She was also a participant in the Boredoms' 77 BOADRUM event in 2007. Some audio and video of Excepter's work is below.
News in Brief: Black Grape, No Age, Excepter, the Soft Province
By Tom Breihan on February 3, 2010 at 6:35 p.m. EST
-- NME reports that Black Grape, the band that Shaun Ryder led after the breakup of the Happy Mondays, are set to reunite. Just like the Happy Mondays did! Shaun Ryder is all about mending fences now. Black Grape will play their first show since 1997 on April 1 at London's Coronet, as part of Get Loaded in the Dark.
-- No Age's blog reports that the band will play a February 7 benefit show at an undisclosed L.A. location for a friend's mother, who is currently battling cancer. Vivian Girls, Abe Vigoda, Best Coast, and others will also play.
-- On February 16, Paw Tracks will release Presidence, a new double CD from experimental New York pranksters Excepter. The band recorded the six-song, two-hour album live in one continuous improvised take.
-- Jace Lasek and Michael Gardiner, both co-founders of Montreal psych band the Besnard Lakes, have a side project called the Soft Province which has signed to Three Rings. They'll release their self-titled debut album, which features appearances from other Besnard Lakes members, this summer.
News in Brief: The Wrens, Excepter, Dark Meat, M.A.N.D.Y.
By Tom Breihan on October 5, 2009 at 4:50 p.m. EDT
Photo by Amy Phillips
-- Grizzled cult heroes the Wrens have been a band for 20 years now, and they'll celebrate that big number with a run of anniversary shows at the Hoboken club Maxwell's this December. For the first show, on December 3, fans choose the setlist. At the very same club on the very next night, they'll play two shows. At the early show, they'll do their 2003 album The Meadowlands top-to-bottom, and at the late show they'll play all new material. Details at the band's website.
-- On October 20, Paw Tracks will release Black Beach, the new 12"/DVD combo from New York noise pranksters Excepter. The DVD is a recording of some open-air shows that the band played at Big Sur last year, and it includes a scene at a nude beach.
-- Also out October 20: Truce Opium, the new album from the anarchic Athens, Georgia psych rock collective Dark Meat, who have been known to fill many a dingy rock club with confetti. The album is coming from Emergency Umbrella, and the band will tour with An Albatross this fall.
-- German electro-house duo M.A.N.D.Y. will release The Mix Collection, a double-disc DJ mix, October 26 on Renaissance. This fall, they've got dates lined up in Europe, the U.S., and Mexico.
News in Brief: Franz Ferdinand, Zs/Excepter, Great Lakes Swimmers, Goblin Cock
By Tom Breihan on January 20, 2009 at 4:35 p.m. EST
-- On February 2 in the UK, Domino will release a 12" featuring four remixes of Franz Ferdinand's "Ulysses" and some pretty badass cover art, in keeping with the band's recent "people grievously injured outside clubs" theme. I'm going to go ahead and guess that this is what the Franz dudes intend to do to you if they hear you talking about their junior slump.
-- If you're part of the legions screaming for a collaboration between Williamsburg noise-rockers and Brownsville kiddie rappers, you will be very, very happy to learn about the Representing NYC series. Sam Hillmer of Zs is curating a series of records that pair very young rappers from Brooklyn neighborhoods with the indie types moving to these areas, thus forever making gentrification OK. The first release in the series is Da Bratz From Da Ville, a full-length collaboration between the Fly Girlz, a crew of Brownsville girls between the ages of 12 and 14, and producer Zebrablood, otherwise known as Excepter's Nathan Corbin. It will be released by Sockets/True Panther Sounds in March. The series launch party goes down on March 13 at New York's New Museum.
-- The Torontonian folkies in the Great Lakes Swimmers will not actually spend the winter and spring swimming in the Great Lakes, possibly because it's way too cold for that. Instead, they'll be touring North America through the end of April in support of their new album Lost Channels, out March 31 on Nettwerk.
-- Another band touring the country is Goblin Cock, the joke-metal side-project of Pinback's Rob Crow, who are headed out on the back of Come With Me If You Want to Live, out on Crow's Robcore label on January 27. Because deeply objectionable cover art doesn't sell itself.
-- I don't know if you guys know this, but we have a new President.
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9 spring-y things to enjoy way past break
This sweetie sure knows how to make a girl feel special
Dear Carol: How can I turn my attitude around?
GL is hitting up the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
Feel Good Friday: Adorable photo series helps local dogs from a Utah shelter get adopted
How to make a pretty (and inspiring) mason jar terrarium
4 steps to perfectly thick 'n' long lashes
5 strappy sports bras you need in your life
Share your thoughts on our April/May 2015 music issue! What did YOU love?
Nfinity Champions League 2: The Biggest Night in Cheerleading
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Good for you for wanting to shoulder the burden! You're on
your way to becoming a smart, independent young woman, and earning at least a
share of the field trip cost will definitely make you wise about working,
saving and budgeting your bucks. We've got a few ideas to get you started on
the right foot…
Talk it out
The first thing you need to do is talk to your parents. Give
them all the info you have on the trip, tell them why you want to go and answer
all of their questions. Ask them if
they'd be willing to let you go, and whether or not they could contribute to
your field trip fund. Perhaps they could pay for a third or half of the cost,
leaving you to come up with the rest.
Make a plan
Once you've hammered out the details with your 'rents, you
need to sit down and come up with a way to earn your way to Costa Rica. If your
parents are forking over a share, ask them to transfer the moolah to a savings
account so it can earn a li'l interest. For your part, consider our suggestions
below on rakin' in the dough:
Sub out your birthday gifts
If you will be celebrating a birthday before the trip,
consider asking not for gifts but rather for money to fund your trip. Your fam
should have no trouble dishing out the dollars instead of packages this year
since you have a goal in mind. The same goes for holiday prezzies and report
card treats, too.
Save your allowance
If Mom 'n' Dad are paying you to do chores around the house,
toss that cash into your piggy bank and leave it alone. Can't nix those
spending urges? Try stowing half to three-quarters of your allowance and
tossing the rest into your wallet for your next shopping spree.
Rake in the dough
Once school lets out, you'll have the summer months to get
busy. If you're not into babysitting, try house sitting for vacationing
neighbors or dog walking for busy families n your block. You can do odd jobs
for folks you know, tutor kids who need some extra help or even start your own
POSTED IN On the Job, Make more money, advice, school
Come see what girls are saying about Echo!
Listen up, bookworm babes. Loved Esperanza Rising by Pam Muñoz Ryan? Check out her newest novel, Echo, in our second-ever book club! We're talking music, magic and more all month. CLICK HERE to check it out.


text:
DEFINITION of 'Series 65'
A securities license required by most U.S. states for individuals who act as investment advisors. The Series 65 exam, called the Uniform Investment Adviser Law Examination, covers laws, regulations, ethics and topics such as retirement planning, portfolio management strategies and fiduciary responsibilities.
INVESTOPEDIA EXPLAINS 'Series 65'
Successful completion of the Series 65 exam qualifies an investment professional to function as an Investment Adviser Representative in certain states. The Series 65 qualification examination has 130 multiple choice questions with three hours of testing time and is administered by FINRA.
Other FINRA administered qualification examinations include Series 3 National Commodity Futures (CR); Series 7 General Securities Representative (GS); and Series 63 Uniform Securities Agent State Law.
Series 11 License - Assistant Representative ...A securities license, administered by the Financial Industry ...
Series 3A securities license entitling the holder to sell commodities ...
Series 26A securities license entitling the holder to register as a limited ...
Series 27A securities license entitling the holder to become a chief financial ...
Series 24A securities license entitling the holder to supervise and manage ...
Investment AdvisorAs defined by the Investment Advisors Act of 1940, any person ...
Breaking Down Financial Securities LicensesFind out which exam you need to begin your career as an investment professional.
Options & Futures
Series 63, Series 65 Or Series 66?When joining the world of investment professionals, you must take the right exams.
Introduction To The Series 65 ExamThe Series 65 is required in many states in order to be a fee-based advisor. Find out what it is and whether you need it.
Studying In The United States: New York CityAdvice for international students on how to budget if you want to go to college in New York City.
How To Answer Option Questions On The Series 7 ExamLearn how to answer option questions on the Series 7 exam. Pass your Series 7 exam with the help of these tips.
Studying in the United States: BostonWith more colleges than most cities, Boston is a mecca for students from around the world. Here's what to budget to study there.
Studying in the United States: ChicagoWould you enjoy going to college in Chicago? Here's what it's like to study and live in the Windy City.
Credit & Loans
Is An MIT Education Worth the Tuition?An education from MIT may look pricey on the surface, but the earning potential of graduates means it's usually a very solid investment.
Personal Finance
Grad School After College: Go Right Away Or Wait?Going sooner keeps the education momentum going, but there are times when it pays to wait. Here's how to decide.
Top Financial Education Sources for EngineersA breakdown of the top financial education sources for engineers.


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Improved soldering or brazing paste compositions comprising a metal alloy powder and a vehicle therefor have been developed. The vehicle comprises hydroxypropyl cellulose blended with glycerine and/or water further blended with a mixture of polyalkoxyalkanols. Said vehicle is totally fugitive, leaving exceptionally low residue and maintains stable viscosity during extended storage.
1. A vehicle for a metal-joining paste composition comprising in weight parts:
0.1-10 parts hydroxypropyl cellulose, the concentration of said hydroxypropyl cellulose being sufficient for imparting initial apparent viscosity between about 5,000 and about 50,000 centipoises to said vehicle;
- 20parts selected from the group consisting of glycerine, water, and mixtures thereof;
0-50 parts of fluxing agent;
0-3 parts surfactant; and
55-99 parts of a mixture of polyalkoxyalkanols, said composition being a solvent for its hydroxypropyl cellulose content at 50� C.
2. The vehicle of claim 1 wherein said mixture of polyalkoxyalkanols comprises dipropylene glycol methyl ether and diethylene glycol butyl ether.
3. The vehicle of claim 1 wherein said mixture of polyalkoxyalkanols comprises dipropylene glycol methyl ether and diethylene glycol hexyl ether.
4. The vehicle of claim 2 wherein the ratio of said dipropylene glycol methyl ether to diethylene glycol butyl ether is between about 1:1 and about 8:1.
5. The vehicle of claim 1 wherein said surfactant is a fluorosurfactant.
6. The vehicle of claim 1 wherein said vehicle is anhydrous.
7. The vehicle of claim 1 containing 0.5-5 parts hydroxypropyl cellulose.
8. A metal-joining paste composition comprising in parts by weight:
50 to 95 parts metal powder, and
5 to 50 parts vehicle, wherein said metal powder has a particle size of less than 295 microns and said vehicle comprises:
0.1-10 parts hydroxypropyl cellulose, the concentration of said hydroxypropyl cellulose being sufficient for imparting initial apparent viscosity between about 5,000 and about 50,000 centipoises to said vehicle,
1-20 parts selected from the group consisting of glycerine, water, and mixtures thereof,
0-50 parts fluxing agent,
0-3 parts surfactant, and
55 to 99 parts a mixture of polyalkoxyalkanols, said vehicle composition being a solvent for its hydroxypropyl cellulose content at 50� C.
9. The metal-joining paste of claim 8 wherein said mixture of polyalkoxyalkanols comprises diethylene glycol butyl ether and dipropylene glycol methyl ether.
10. The metal-joining paste of claim 8 wherein said mixture of polyalkoxyalkanols comprises dipropylene glycol methyl ether and diethylene glycol hexyl ether.
11. The metal-joining paste of claim 9 wherein the ratio of said diethylene glycol butyl ether to dipropylene glycol methyl ether is between about 1:1 and 8:1.
12. The metal-joining paste of claim 8 wherein said surfactant is a fluorosurfactant.
13. The metal-joining paste of claim 8 wherein said vehicle is anhydrous.
14. The metal-joining paste of claim 8 which contains 0.5-5 parts hydroxypropyl cellulose.
15. In a brazing or soldering operation using a metal-joining paste with a vehicle the improvement comprising using as said vehicle a composition which comprises in weight parts:
0.1-10 parts hydroxypropyl cellulose, the concentration of said hydroxypropyl cellulose being sufficient for imparting initial apparent viscosity between about 5,000 and about 50,000 centipoises to said vehicle,
1-20 parts selected from the group consisting of glycerine, water, and mixtures thereof,
0-50 parts fluxing agent,
0-3 parts surfactant, and
55 to 99 parts of a mixture of polyalkoxyalkanols, said vehicle composition being a solvent for its hydroxypropyl cellulose content at 50� C.
This patent application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 052,063 of June 25, 1979.
It relates to paste vehicles and to such vehicles blended with metal powder or metal-forming powder for making a paste suitable for joining metals, such as by brazing or soldering.
Heretofore it has been proposed to employ as such vehicle components various hydroxylated solvents such as water, glycerine, alkanols, various glycols, and various monoalkoxyethanol-1 substances, as well as ketones, ethers, hydrocarbyl and halogenated hydrocarbyl materials, carboxylic acid, tetrahydrofuran, and a plethora of mixtures of such solvents.
These are bodied with cellulosic thickening agents such as ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, cellulose acetate butyrate, and cellulose nitrate. Some of these vehicles can contain "adhesives" such as dextrin and the like, and many contain preservatives in minute concentration to inhibit bacterial attack. They also contain a variety of metal-joining fluxing and etching agents and frequently have plasticizing ingredients.
The vehicles and pastes thus previously formulated have found only limited usefulness because of undesirable residue left when, say, brazing was conducted in a non-reactive atmosphere, or the compositions deteriorated in extended storage to lose viscosity or harden or skin, or the paste had erratic flow properties during use.
Advantages of the present invention include low residue, even when using a non-reactive atmosphere, resistance to deleterious change in viscosity even when stored for extended periods at 150� F., and consistently satisfactory flow properties in use.
The instant invention is based on the discovery that such vehicles and pastes containing carefully controlled proportions of hydroxypropyl cellulose and polyalkoxyalkanols in admixture can be used to overcome deficiencies of prior paste formulations and broaden the paste usefulness significantly. While not being bound by any theory, applicant submits that the hitherto unforeseen and unpredictable temperature-solubility relationship of useful concentrations of hydroxypropyl cellulose in admixture with polyalkoxyalkanols that further contain glycerine and/or water function to stabilize desirable properties of the vehicle and joining pastes made therefrom in a region particularly useful in the instant service.
The present invention is a metal-joining paste and particularly a vehicle therefor comprising hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) dissolved in a mixture of polyalkoxyalkanols and further comprising a minor proportion of glycerine and/or water. Another aspect of the present invention is a metal-joining operation utilizing said metal-joining paste.
The instant metal-joining paste is bodied with a controlled portion of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC). HPC is used from 0.1 to about 10 parts by weight of the total vehicle and is preferably used from about 0.5 to 5 parts by weight of the vehicle. The level of HPC is determined by the viscosity desired for the vehicle and resulting paste (higher levels yield higher viscosities) and the level of other solvents and materials in the vehicle formulation. HPC is available in a wide range of molecular weights ranging from several thousand to greater than one million, and the molecular weight of the HPC used will also affect the viscosity (higher molecular weights yield higher viscosities). Typically, the instant vehicle composition has an initial apparent viscosity of between about 5,000 and 50,000 centipoises.
The HPC is dissolved in a mixture of polyalkoxyalkanols. About 55 to about 99 parts by weight of this solvent mixture is used in a typical formulation. Polyalkoxyalkanols suitable for use in the present invention include diethylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, diethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol hexyl ether, dipropylene glycol butyl ether, and dipropylene glycol methyl ether. Individually, these materials have not been found suitable for making the instant vehicles; however, when mixed together, the resulting mixture has been found useful for making metal-joining vehicles and pastes.
Preferably, the mixture of solvents containing dipropylene glycol methyl ether and either diethylene glycol butyl ether or diethylene glycol hexyl ether. In one particularly advantageous embodiment of the present invention a mixture of dipropylene glycol methyl ether and diethylene glycol butyl ether is used having a ratio of these between about 1:1 and about 8:1, respectively. Within these ratios a vehicle exhibiting virtually no deterioration during storage even at temperatures up to 65� C., having extremely low residue and excellent flow properties during use can be produced. The instant vehicles, and metal-joining paste made therefrom are capable of storage without deterioration for a period in excess of a month at temperatures elevated in excess of about 50� C. and preferably about 65� C. Further, such vehicles and paste can be cycled from about -40� C. to room temperature several times without deterioration. To avoid deterioration during storage, it is important that the vehicle composition remain a solvent for its HPC content at the temperatures experienced during storage, e.g., up to 50� C. typically.
Vehicle can be produced using only a single polyalkoxyalkanol, however, such vehicle would be deficient in one or more respects. For example, if dipropylene glycol methyl ether is used exclusively as solvent, paste produced using this vehicle would tend to skin during storage. Similarly, if diethylene glycol butyl ether or diethylene glycol hexyl ether are used individually, the pastes produced from these vehicles would tend to have erratic and undesirable flow properties during use.
The vehicles of the present invention also should contain glycerine and/or water. This component has not been found to exert a great effect on the residue produced by the vehicle, but has been found to have a great effect on the tendency of the vehicle and paste to deteriorate during storage. About 1 to 20 parts by weight of this material can be used in the instant vehicle composition. Either glycerine or water individually will help prevent deterioration during storage; however, in low concentrations of about 2%, water has been found to be more effective than glycerine in this respect. Glycerine, on the other hand, has the advantage that during rapid heat-up of the paste during the soldering or brazing operation, it will not spatter. Water containing paste tends to spatter if it is heated too rapidly. Thus, there is a greater flexibility in the heating rate that can be used for soldering and brazing operations using a glycerine-bearing paste than for water-bearing paste, including even torch brazing.
Vehicles of the instant invention can be formulated completely anhydrous. This is particularly advantageous when it is desired to braze metals which are adversely affected by the presence of water in the brazing paste. Hydrogen is frequently released from hydrous brazing paste during a brazing or soldering operation and can be deleterious to numerous metals. Particularly, the presence of hydrogen cannot be tolerated when brazing aluminum parts. Therefore, the instant vehicle can find advantageous application in such brazing operations.
Optionally, the vehicle can contain up to about 50% of a metal-joining fluxing or etching agent. Virtually any of the fluxing or etching agents conventionally used in brazing and soldering compositions can be used with the instant composition. Examples of fluxes include alkali metal fluoroborates, alkali metal carbonates, alkali metal tetraborates, boric acid, hydrohalide salts of hydroxy amines such as 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propane diol, alkali metal fluorides such as sodium fluoride and alkaline earth metal fluorides such as barium fluoride. If the fluxing or etching agent used contains alkali metal ions, then such flux should be used in limited quantities because the alkali metal ion will typically produce a salt which contributes to the residue on ignition of the vehicle. Alkaline earth metal ions such as in barium fluoride do not contribute as significantly to the residue. This becomes particularly important when oxidizing components in the atmosphere must be avoided during the metal-joining operation such as, for example, joining mild steels in a vacuum. In every case, however, the use of excessive amounts of fluxing or etching agents should be avoided. Preferably less than 10% fluxing agent is used.
Specialized fluxes developed for special applications have also been found particularly satisfactory for use with the present vehicle. One such specialized flux is Nocolok� (Nocolok is a registered trademark of Alcan Aluminum Corporation for a group of potassium fluoaluminate complex fluxes). Nocolok� fluxes, together with the instant vehicle and appropriate metal powder have been found to produce a particularly good paste for joining aluminum and aluminum alloy parts. Such special fluxing agents can often be used at even higher levels than conventional fluxing agents. Levels up to 50 parts by weight and higher are possible.
Optionally, the vehicle can also contain up to about 3% surfactant to improve its surface wetting properties. Improved wetting will tend to keep the vehicle in a homogeneous state, keep the metal powder particles in suspension, and improve the soldering and brazing characteristics on the pastes made therefrom. During metal-joining operations, improved wetting will cause the paste to adhere to the metals that are to be joined more readily and thus improve the contact of the brazing alloy during use. Virtually any of the surfactants used conventionally in metal-joining paste compositions can be employed here. Examples of such surfactants include polyphenoxy derivatives, fatty acid polymers, linear and branched alcohols with less than about 10 carbon atoms and their esters, and acetelenic glycols.
One particularly effective surfactant preferred for use in the present vehicles is Zonyl� (a registered trademark of E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company for a group of fluorosurfactants). Use of as little as about 0.01 parts by weight of Zonyl� has been found effective for improving the wetting characteristics of these vehicles.
The present vehicle can optionally contain minor amounts of other materials used in conventional fashion without departing from the concept of this invention. Such other materials include preservatives, modifiers, sequestrants, dispersion agents, rheology control agents, antibacterial agents, and the like.
To make a metal-joining paste, the vehicle is blended with a fine particulate elemental metal powder, metal alloy powder, or metal-forming powder, herein collectively or disjunctively referred to as metal powder. The metal powder typically used for making metal-joining paste is principally comprised of copper, silver, nickel, cadmium, tin, lead, aluminum, and/or zinc. Sometimes it is advantageous to use these materials alone or they may be dosed or alloyed with a proportion of phosphorus, silicon, manganese, or aluminum. Also, other alloying constituents commonly used include gold, indium, boron, bismuth, antimony, chromium, and titanium. When the metal-joining operation is to be practiced in a reducing atmosphere, a metal-forming powder can be used. Such metal-forming powders include copper oxide, silver oxide, nickel oxide, zinc oxide, and the like. Commonly used metal powders include elemental copper, copper/phosphorus, copper/tin, nickel alloy, aluminum/silicon, tin/lead, and copper oxide powders.
The composition of the metal powder used with the instant vehicle has not been found to exhibit a great effect on viscosity or deterioration of the vehicle during storage. This compatibility is believed to be due to the relative inertness of the instant vehicle towards metal powders in general.
The metal powder is comminuted into fine, particulate form (powder) so that it is easily dispersed in a vehicle and maintained in suspension. The powder should at least pass through a 48-mesh (295 microns) Tyler Standard Sieve. Typically, the powder is finer than 100 mesh (147 microns) because larger particles are difficult to disperse and maintain in suspension in the paste. Powder having a particle size of 325 mesh (43 microns), or finer, is preferably employed and is satisfactory for making a metal-joining paste. Powders having particles substantially finer than 325 mesh can be used; however, no additional benefit is derived from using such exceptionally fine powder.
Typically, about 3 parts by weight of metal powder is blended with 1 part by weight of vehicle (75% metal powder and 25% vehicle). However, as much as 20 parts by weight and little as 1 part by weight of metal powder can be blended with one part of vehicle for some special applications (50-95% of metal powder and 5-50% vehicle). In any event, there must be at least sufficient vehicle to impart a semifluid nature to the composition and yet not so much vehicle that the metal powder readily settles out of the composition. Typically, such paste composition has an initial apparent viscosity between about 5,000 poise and 200,000 poise. The preferred viscosity will depend primarily on the method of dispensing or application of the paste to the materials to be joined, e.g., hand trowelling pastes are generally more satisfactory at a higher viscosity than are pastes intended for automatic dispensing such as extruding, flowing, or spraying. Initial apparent viscosity is most easily obtained by raising or lowering the HPC level in the vehicle. Viscosity can also be substantially affected by the amount of solvent mixture present, amount of glycerine and/or water present, and the vehicle-to-metal powder ratio.
The vehicle and paste of the present invention have particularly low residue when used in metal-joining operations. Typically, the residue left by cellulosic resin is determined by their ash content. Ash content is a measure of the impurities in the cellulosic residue. However, one surprising feature of the instant vehicle is that HPC used in the instant vehicle provides a lower residue than other cellulosic resins of similar ash content. For example, substitution of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) of equal ash content for the HPC of the present invention produces a vehicle with a higher residue level than the instant vehicle.
The residue of the vehicle or paste composition is particularly important when the atmosphere in which the metal-joining operation is conducted does not contain any oxidizing components. Oxidizing components in the atmosphere tend to lower the amount of residue left in and around the metal joint.
Atmospheres which do not contain oxidizing components are often referred to as non-reactive atmospheres and include dissociated ammonia, purified hydrogen, vacuums, and others having low dew points. These atmospheres must be used when joining metals such as stainless steels. The vehicle and paste of the present invention provide sufficiently low residues even under these conditions, whereas none of the vehicles of the prior art were suitable.
The following examples will show ways in which I have practiced this invention. These examples are not intended to be limiting of the invention. In the examples, all temperatures are in degrees Fahrenheit and all percentages and ratios are in parts by weight, unless otherwise stated.
A vehicle of the following composition was prepared:
65.7 parts dipropylene glycol methyl ether
22.0 parts diethylene glycol butyl ether
10.0 parts glycerine
2.0 parts hydroxypropyl cellulose
0.2 parts sodium fluoride
0.1 parts Zonyl� FSN
The glycerine was placed in a beaker and agitated at about 250 RPM's using a Heller laboratory stirrer, while the HPC and sodium fluoride were slowly added. Mixing was continued for about 5 minutes after the additions were completed. Care must be taken to prevent lumping of the HPC and sodium floride as it is added. The dipropylene glycol methyl ether and diethylene glycol butyl ether were combined in a separate mixing tank and stirred for about 5 minutes. The HPC/sodium fluoride/glyceride mixture was then added and mixing was continued for about 4 hours. The Zonyl� FSN was then added and mixing was continued for another hour. This vehicle had an initial viscosity of about 28,000 centipoise (cps) and this viscosity remained essentially unchanged (�2%) for a period of greater than 60 days.
In the procedure of Example 1, 2.5 parts of H2 O was substituted for the 10 parts of glycerine. The vehicle so produced had an initial viscosity of about 25,000 cps and remained at essentially the same viscosity for a period of greater than 60 days.
25 parts of the vehicle of Example 1 was mixed with 75 parts of brazing alloy powder. The alloy powder was designated BCU-1a (American Welding Society Spec.) and contained a minimum of 99% Cu and a maximum of 0.30% of other elements. This alloy powder was further characterized by being about 70% past a 325 mesh screen (Tyler Standard Sieve), and 1.0% retained on a 150 mesh screen (Tyler Standard Sieve). The alloy has a melting point of about 1980� F. (1083� C.). Mixing was accomplished by using a Heller laboratory stirrer for about one hour.
The paste composition so produced had an initial viscosity of about 106,000 cps. A portion of this paste was stored at room temperature for 60 days and had a final viscosity of about 106,500 cps. Another portion was stored at about 55� C. and had a final viscosity of about 107,000 cps. No deterioration occurred.
This paste was applied by syringe to a joint between two pieces of 316L stainless steel. Brazing was conducted at 2050� F. in a 75% hydrogen/25% nitrogen atmosphere. This atmosphere has a dew point of -40� F. After brazing, the vehicle was found to be entirely fugitive and there was no detectable residue left behind from the vehicle, even though the atmosphere had a low dew point.
The paste of Example 3 was applied by syringe to a joint between to pieces of 316L stainless steel and brazed by heating in a vacuum furnace to 2050� F. The pressure in the furnace was held at 0.2 torr, and the heating rate was 12� C./minute. The joint was held at temperature (2050� F.) for 10 minutes and then allowed to cool to 120� F. The pressure was then increased to 760 torr and the joint was allowed to cool to room temperature. The vehicle was found to be entirely fugitive and there was no detectable residue left from the vehicle.
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Penguin admits cycling to win 100 km 'march'
'I've got really short legs, even for a penguin'
Posted: Jan 20th, 2015
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'I've got really short legs, even for a penguin'
Posted: Jan 20th, 2015
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Boris Johnson has today announced plans to launch the all new 'Bicycle-Water-Cannons-For-Hire' scheme in London, believed to be the first of its kind in Europe. 'These new Boris Cannons are a tremendous wheeze,' said the London Mayor today. 'I have already spent the day riding around on one, hosing down the hoi polloi and washing away beggars from shop doorways. It's tremendous fun.'
Posted: Apr 2nd, 2014
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Following an attempt yesterday by six-time Olympic gold medallist Sir Chris Hoy to retire from professional cycling, the Work and Pensions secretary Iain Duncan Smith has immediately legislated to require all members of team GB to continue professional competition 'until at least 75 years of age, preferably longer'.
Posted: Apr 18th, 2013
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Following Oprah Winfrey's admission that Lance Armstrong's confession was 'not in the manner she expected', speculation is growing as to the way the disgraced cyclist admitted his cheating.
Posted: Jan 15th, 2013
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Seven times Tour De France champion Lance Armstrong today confessed to taking a series of sophisticated medicated drugs to ward off testicular cancer. The cycling champion publicly admitted to taking a course of chemotherapy treatment in a frantic bid to postpone death and improve his quality of life.
Posted: Oct 26th, 2012
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Comments by Mrs alex o'loughlin
Favorite scene or quote from Pretty Little Liars Season 5 Episode 18?
Hannah confronting Holbrook. What did you think of Leslie?
Do not trust her. She seemed sketchy. Who seems to be taking their couple drama better? Spencer or Aria?
They both seem to be fairing well. Which liar is the most "over" the whole drama?
I agree that Emily seems the least worried at this time. On a scale of 1-10, how awesome was Hanna's confrontation with Holbrook?
10! Loving this Hannah! What do you think of Emily's new romance?
I do not like Talia
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I adore Fusco and I love what he said to Reese at the end.
It is always nice to see Zoe. She likes Reese but she will not go there.
Reese seems to like his therapist and it was funny that Zoe knew he liked someone.
Great episode.
Older Barry was there to save younger Barry. I also bet he tried to save his mom from Reverse Flash.
I am mad that Iris continues to be jealous. She needs to let Barry be happy with Linda.
I liked seeing a shirtless Barry and his reaction when he got excited while he was kissing Linda. I was cute.
I think Cisco will continue to look closer at Harrison. He seems to have some doubts now.
Loved Barry saying Flame On!
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Chicago Fire was so good.
I enjoyed this episode.
Is Andrew going to be a new love interest for Aria? I think so.
So I guess Mike is not A, however he is working for A. There is still a small chance he could be A and the writers are throwing us off with that scene at the end. We did not see A's face when they were putting Hannah's blood on the clothing. However with this show anything is possible and Mike could be A and have his minions doing some of the work.
Speaking of Mike, he has been working out.
I am still not sure what to think about Talia, I am glad she came clean to Emily about being married but still there seems to be something off.
It will be a matter of time before Spencer and Johnny hook up.
I too enjoyed the Ezra and Hannah scene.
Great episode.
That type of cold weather is common here in parts of Canada. I am glad that the show had an episode like that as I am sure there are a few times each winter it is that cold in Chicago. I think that Severide's reaction to the weather was probably ad-libbed by Taylor Kinney. It was funny.
I too got a something is off vibe when the woman came to 51 claiming the baby was hers. I am glad that the crew all came back when Toni was there and she ran off. Also glad that she was caught by the police.
I am not a Dawsey fan but it did seem like Casey was having second thoughts until Severide told him he had to move on.
I think Papa Boden stopped taking his meds awhile ago and it was a matter of time before he died, so I was not surprised when he passed away at the end. I think Boden will take it very hard and will take a leave from the station.
Brett is growing on me.
I do not see Severide taking the job.
Yes it does seem like no one pays for drinks at Molly's.
Such a great episode.
I knew Hope healed herself and she stopped the car in order to protect them.
I think Finn is dead but I would not be surprised if he somehow made it out or something. I knew the house was going to explode.
I am sure Koleb will be fine.
Loved Elijah fixing things around the house in his dress shirt and pants.
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I still do not think Elizabeth is Red's daughter. I think he went to confront her father on the Fulcrum's whereabouts and they got into a fight and somehow a fire started. I knew the Fulcrum was inside the rabbit.
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Another great episode.
I do not know why Harvey did not tell Mike about Prof. Gerard.
I loved Rachel standing up to Louis and I loved Donna putting him in his place.
I also liked the exchange between Mike and Harvey when Harvey went to Mike's office to tell him he decided to take in Gerard's case.
I knew it was the Alexis right off the bat.
It looks like my theory that Ray will kill Perry may be right. He will use Perry for as long as he needs him then he will kill him.
I think that Ray and Perry are going to try and kill Janice, Jack and Ben not try to turn them against her.
Also Paul I know you said that not all the episodes were going to air looks like it will be on for at least 2 more weeks. Let's hope that means CBS will air the remaining episodes. :)
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by Sean d'Oliveira | CBSSports.com
Dedmon missed Friday's game because of an ankle injury. In 51 games, Dedmon is averaging 3.5 points and 4.7 rebounds.
The Magic are 9 1/2-point underdogs.
by Sean d'Oliveira | CBSSports.com
Marble cannot wear a contact in left eye as a result of the injury and he has not been able to practice with the team.
by Sean d'Oliveira | CBSSports.com
Ellis is dealing with a calf issue, while Barea is suffering from an ankle sprain, but both players are considered probable for the contest.
The Mavericks are 2 1/2-point underdogs
by Ted Leshinski | Staff Writer
Coming into Tuesday, Jordan leads the NBA with 14.8 rebounds per game.
by Ted Leshinski | Staff Writer
It's the first game since Dec. 8 that Griffin reached the 40-point mark.
Griffin also notched a game-high 12 rebounds and five assists in the loss.
by Ted Leshinski | Staff Writer
Curry shot 8 of 14 from the floor, including four of six from 3-point range, and hit seven out of seven from the free throw line.
He also added four assists in the win.
by Ted Leshinski | Staff Writer
Crawford will travel with the team this week.
Crawford, who is averaging 16.4 points per game this season, has been out since March 2 when he suffered a right calf contusion.
by Ted Leshinski | Staff Writer
The center also added two blocks.
Whiteside lacerated his right hand March 24 in the Heat's loss in Milwaukee.
by Ted Leshinski | Staff Writer
Leonard also grabbed nine rebounds and tallied four steals, two assists and two blocks in the win.
''He has a way of knocking it all sideways,'' Heat coach Erik Spoelstra said about Leonard's performance. ''Four steals, it felt like 10.''
by Ted Leshinski | Staff Writer
Hill was 9 of 16 from the floor and tallied six rebounds and three assists in the defeat.