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H. D. Liu, L. Z. Pei, N. Lin, S. Wang, H. Y. Yu
Type: Regular Paper
Subject Area: Environmental and Energy Technology
Released: January 19, 2015
Zn doped strontium germanate has been prepared by the hydrothermal method using strontium acetate, germanium dioxide and zinc acetate as the raw materials. The Zn doped strontium germanate were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and solid UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectrum. The structures of Zn doped strontium germanate were confirmed to be hexagonal SrGeO3 and rhombohedral ZnGeO3 phases. The band gap of Zn doped strontium germante decreases from 3.67 eV to 2.88 eV with the change of the Zn doping mass percentage. The photocatalytic activity of the Zn doped strontium germanate has been evaluated for the photocatalytic degradation of gentian violet under UV light irradiation. The results reveal that the Zn doped strontium germanate has the enhanced photocatalytic activity. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.8]
Xiaowei Guo, Sadao Momota, Noriko Nitta, Kazuki Maeda
Subject Area: Micro- and Nano-Fabrication
Released: February 14, 2015
The increasing importance of the volume expansion effect on crystalline materials induced by ion-beam irradiation has drawn much attention because of its applications. For example, the expansion effect is used as a good probe to investigate any crystalline-amorphous (c-a) phase change and/or damage. Because the expansion rate and its depth profile can be controlled by means of the irradiation parameters, such as fluence and energy, the deformation of structures on the micro-/nano-meter scale is expected. The fluence needed to achieve deformation is relatively low, and it is expected that irradiation-induced damage is reduced compared with that induced by conventional ion-beam fabrication. Therefore, this expansion effect is a potential method to improve the ion-beam technology employed to fabricate complicated 3-dimensional structures requested in actively developing industrial fields, such as MEMS/NEMS. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2014.35]
Hideyuki Jippo, Mari Ohfuchi, Susumu Okada
Subject Area: Nano-Science and -Technology
Released: February 28, 2015
We study the electronic transport properties of armchair graphene nanoribbons with a width of up to 12 nm bridged between two Au electrodes using first-principles calculations. The transport properties sensitively depend on the ribbon width, even though the width reaches 12 nm. The variation of transport properties is ascribed to the detailed electronic structures of graphene ribbons, which sensitively depend on their width. The band structure and the symmetry of π state of the graphene play important roles in determining the transport properties. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.54]
Tomohiro Sakata, Sakura N. Takeda, Nur Idayu Ayob, Hiroshi Daimon
Subject Area: Electronic Properties
Released: March 07, 2015
We investigated the relationship among the number of flash annealing times to obtain Si clean surface and the change of arsenic dopant concentration and subband levels using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy(ARPES). The SIMS result shows that the first five times of the flash annealing already induces significant reduction of the dopant concentration in agreement with the recent work [Pitter et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 30, 021806 (2012)]. We found the energies of hole subband levels rapidly decrease as the number of the flash annealing times increases. We calculated the subband levels in a broadened confinement potential taking the dopant reduction determined by SIMS into account. The energy separations of the calculated subband levels were in good agreement with the ARPES results. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.75]
Rie Horie, Fumihiko Matsui, Naoyuki Maejima, Hirosuke Matsui, Kota Tanaka, Hiroshi Daimon, Tomohiro Matsushita, Shigeki Otani, Takashi Aizawa
Subject Area: Structures
Released: March 21, 2015
Pure cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2) is unstable at room temperature. We achieved the epitaxial formation of c-ZrO2 crystalline surface oxide islands on ZrB2(0001) by annealing the substrate without sample cleaning at 950°C under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. The interface structure at the c-ZrO2 islands and the ZrB2(0001) substrate was investigated using element-specific circularly-polarized-light photoelectron diffraction, angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). The ZrO2(111) islands was a twin crystal oriented in ZrO2[1 -1 0]//ZrB2[2 -1 -1 0], and was stable up to around 1500°C. The Zr-Zr distance of ZrB2 bulk and that of ZrO2(111) agree with at the ratio of 8 to 7. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.111]
Taishi Higuchi, Chunping Hu, Kazuyuki Watanabe
Released: March 28, 2015
We investigate laser-assisted field emission (LAFE) from a silicene nanoribbon (SiNR) using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) simulation. The emission mechanism in the present study is considered to be over-barrier photoemission and is found to be governed by electronic dipole transitions, the characteristics of the excited states, and the energy levels of the excited states relative to the potential hump. The qualitative features of emission from the SiNR are similar to those from graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). The emission currents from SiNR, however, are found to be much larger than those from GNR for the same laser parameters in spite of a larger work function for SiNR. We reveal the emission currents in real time and space on an atomic scale, and observed current being driven back and forth in the early stage of emission. We further elucidate the dynamical correlation among the laser pulse, the Kohn-Sham potential and emission currents wiggling under the ponderomotive force. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.115]
Wasuthep Luecha, Rathanawan Magaraphan
Type: Conference -ACSIN-12&ICSPM21-
Subject Area: Nano-Materials
A polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based nanocomposite was prepared by using nanoclay-polyacrylic acid gel (nanoclay-PAA gel) as a reinforcing filler. For nanoclay-PAA gel, the cation-exchange method was used to prepare an organoclay from bentonite clay and hexadecyl trimethylammonium chloride. The organoclay was then dispersed in isopropanol, mixed with PAA gel (PAA powder swollen in water at room temperature to 1 wt%) under mechanical stirring, and neutralized with Triethanolamine (TEA). X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed an increasing of basal spacing and the intercalated structure of nanoclay gel was also found. The good distribution of organoclay in gel matrix were revealed with scanning electron microscope (SEM). PET/Clay nanocomposites with various inorganic clay contents (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 wt%), were then prepared via melt mixing in a twin screw extruder. PET/Clay nanocomposites structure, phase morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of PET/Clay nanocomposites were investigated by XRD, SEM, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and universal testing machine, respectively. The results reveals the exfoliated and intercalated structures of nanoclay in PET/Clay nanocomposites, the improvement of thermal properties and the increasing of crystallinity, leading to the enhancement of mechanical properties. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.107]
Katsutoshi Fukuda, Akiyoshi Nakata, Masahito Morita, Yoshiharu Uchimoto, Satoshi Toyoda, Eiichiro Matsubara
Type: Conference -ISSS-7-
We studied the electronic, structural, and electrochemical modulation of electrostatic self-assembled thin films in which a nanoscale pair of single layer 1T-MoS2 nanosheets and charge-compensating polymers as a counterpart in the self-assembly process stacked up on the substrate after heating. Heating the self-assembled monolayer and multilayers of the 1T-MoS2 nanosheets at 300°C under vacuum triggered a yellow coloration and structural transformation, referred to as the 1T→2H transition, without a significant morphological change. In the topotactic conversion, an energy shift of the Mo 3d and S 2p core levels to a higher binding energy corresponds to the edge shift of the valence band, indicating the unique nature of this system as a MoS2 molecule. The single layer state, which is often modulated by stacking the metallic-like 1T-MoS2 nanosheets and the semiconductor 2H-MoS2 nanosheets, was retained in the multilayers due to the robust interlayer galleries filled by the polymers. Cyclic voltammograms of a Li-ion battery using the 1T- or 2H-MoS2 multilayer film electrodes provided useful information on the electrochemical reaction of the MoS2 slabs, especially at the early stage of electrochemical Li insertion. These self-assembled ultra-thin films, offering well-defined MoS2 nanosheet structures in terms of stacking order and crystal structure, will promote future applications of the single-layer 1T- and 2H-MoS2 nanosheets. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.1]
Yoshio Kobayashi, Kyosuke Shibuya, Tomohiko Nakagawa, Yohsuke Kubota, Kohsuke Gonda, Noriaki Ohuchi
Released: February 21, 2015
This paper proposes a method for fabricating gadolinium diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-immobilized silica particles (SiO2/Gd-DTPA). Preparation of a colloid solution of spherical silica particles with an average size of 101.7±11.7 nm was performed by a sol-gel method at 35°C using 0.2 M tetraethylorthosilicate, 25 M H2O and 0.01 M NaOH in ethanol. Amino groups were introduced on the silica particles with 6 × 10−3 M (3- aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APES) at 35°C (SiO2-NH2), which resulted in their average particle of 80.5±9.7 nm. Gd-DTPA was immobilized on the SiO2-NH2 particle surface with 5 × 10−4 M Gd-DTPA in 50/50 (v/v) water/dimethylformamide solution at 35°C , which provided their average particle of 101.6±12.3 nm. The APES-introduction and the Gd-DTPA-immobilization did not change the spherical structure, and shifted an iso-electric point of particles to higher pH for the APES-introduction and then to lower pH for the Gd-DTPA-immobilization, which indicated that APES and Gd-DTPA were successfully attached on the particle surface with no chemical damage. A relaxivity value for T1-weighted imaging of the SiO2/Gd-DTPA particle colloid solution was 2.7 mM−1 s−1, that was 64% of that for Magnevist. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.42]
Yasuko Kajiwara, Hiromitsu Nagashima, Satoshi Nagai, Satoka Aoyagi
Subject Area: Interdisciplinary
Inorganic-organic composite materials are commercially utilized over a wide variety of industrial fields. The information on the distribution of inorganic and organic components on a nanometer scale is important for understanding the chemistry of the composite materials. In this study, the distribution of polycarbonate (PC) oligomer within a glass fiber reinforced PC was investigated using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and principal component analysis (PCA). As a result, PCA indicated a component differentiating PC oligomer from PC polymer and revealed the homogeneous distribution of PC oligomer within the glass fiber reinforced PC. Therefore, a combination of ToF-SIMS and PCA is useful for identifying the detailed distribution of PC oligomer and evaluating the property of glass fiber reinforced PC. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.47]
Masayuki Yamamoto, Yasuo Nakayama, Yuki Uragami, Hiroumi Kinjo, Yuta Mizuno, Kazuhiko Mase, Kaveenga Rasika Koswattage, Hisao Ishii
Subject Area: Thin Films
Electronic structures of donor-acceptor hetero-interfaces are crucial for performance of organic solar cell devices. In the present study, a well-defined organic molecular interface of pentacene single crystal and C60 overlayer is elucidated by x-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS and UPS) and photoelectron yield spectroscopy (PYS). An energy level diagram at this hetero-molecular contact in the "head-on" orientation is derived, which reveals the vacuum level alignment and flat-band conditions. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.59]
Atsuko Yamazaki, Shouta Akiba, Bunbunoshin Tomiyasu, Masanori Owari
Subject Area: Instrumentations and Techniques
Three-dimensional microanalysis of the microstructure of organic materials is important in the development and progress of novel materials on the micro-to-nanometer scales. We have developed the three-dimensional microanalysis method using focused ion beams (FIBs) for section processing (shave-off scanning) and mapping for time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Shave-offscanning can effectively create an arbitrary section on a sample set against composite materials with a wide variety of shapes; three-dimensional sample images are then obtained by alternately operating two FIBs. From the simulation results, we could set the optimum condition of beam irradiation. In this study, we confirmed the enhancement of secondary ion intensity by Au deposition under ToF-SIMS mapping with the optimized condition, and examine the usefulness of the simulation. The enhanced maps of characteristic polystyrene (PS) fragment ions were obtained. In addition, we observed the distribution of Au deposition by mapping results. These maps showed same tendency. The intensity of PS fragment ions was enhanced according to existence of deposited Au particles. These results indicated that a precise analysis of 3D MetA-SIMS can be realized. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.65]
Tomohide Takami, Yoshihiro Ojiro, Shuichi Ogawa, Yuji Takakuwa, Yoshihide Ogawa, Mikako Saito, Hideaki Matsuoka, Shin-ichi Tate
A method of outer surface modification of glass nanopipette with chlorobenzene- terminated organopolysiloxane has been developed. Scanning electron microscope images and microscopic Raman spectra revealed the efficacy of the coating. Energy dispersive X-ray spectra showed not only the materials adsorbed on the nanopipette but also the change in stoichiometry of the bulk glass resulting from the fabrication process of the nanopipette with a laser puller. The coating method is easy to treat and can be used for various applications such as the prevention of carbon contamination from the materials during the injection to biomaterials such as living cells. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.79]
Miyoko Tanaka
Fe clusters grown on SrTiO3 {001} surfaces were studied with UHV-TEM/STM combined system. Fe clusters have two types of epitaxial orientation relationships: one with a simple cube-on-cube with 45° orientation and the other with a higher index interface plane. The second one grows in twins. It was deduced that the clusters with the first orientation relationship have truncated pyramid shapes and stronger bonding energy and that the second one have near-roundish shapes with weaker bondings. The clusters influence each other so that their orientations deviate. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.85]
Shuhei Ishida, Yuichi Sugizaki, Takuya Nakamura, Kazuyuki Edamoto, Masaharu Matsunami, Tetsuya Hajiri, Shinichi Kimura
Released: March 14, 2015
The electronic structure of Ni2P(0001) has been investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) utilizing synchrotron radiation. A Ni 3d–P 3p hybrid band was observed at 1-5 eV, and the band had peaks at 1.5 eV and 3.4 eV together with a shoulder around 2.4 eV. The resonant PES study showed that the Ni 3d component was included in the whole binding energy region of the band. The change in the surface electronic structure of Ni2P(0001) induced by the segregation of P atoms was investigated by annealing temperature-dependent measurements of PES, and it was found that the change proceeded via following two steps: the segregation of P atoms proceeded at about 200°C, and the bonding between surface Ni atoms and segregated P atoms was facilitated at > 300°C. The bonding between Ni and P atoms induced substantial stabilization of Ni 3d levels, which is contrary to the case of Fe2P(0001) where the segregation of P atoms induced little change in DOS of Fe 3d levels. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.93]
Nobuo Satoh, Shigetaka Katori, Kei Kobayashi, Shunji Watanabe, Toru Fujii, Kazumi Matsushige, Hirofumi Yamada
Dynamic-mode atomic force microscopy (DFM) combined with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KFM) has been a powerful tool not only for imaging surface topography but also for investigating surface potential on a nanometer-scale resolution. We have developed DFM/KFM using a microfabricated cantilever with a lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric thin film used as a deflection sensor. The observed sample can be in a completely dark environment because no optics are required for cantilever deflection sensing in our experimental setup, which is also equipped with a mechanism to irradiate ultraviolet (UV) light onto the sample. We prepared a platinum-on-silicon substrate and deposited fullerene-derivative (PCBM; [6,6]-Phenyl-C61-Butyric Acid Methyl Ester) film patterns by vacuum evaporation with two shadow masks in crossed directions. The energy band diagram with band-bending, it was created by simultaneously obtaining topographic and surface potential images of the same area using the developed DFM/KFM. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.102]
Yoshimi Horio, Yoshihide Watanabe, Yuji Takakuwa, Shuichi Ogawa
Platinum nano clusters, which are attractive material for highly activated catalysis, are usually evaluated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Here we challenge to evaluate the structure of Pt nano clusters by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) for the first time. The nano cluster models are made of n = 7 and n = 15 Pt atoms, which are deposited on TiO2(110) substrate. The former has two dimensional (planer) and the latter three dimensional (two layer's) shapes. They are rotated around their [111] axes of Pt crystal, whose axes are also inclined from the substrate surface normal because of the atomically rough substrate surface. The RHEED patterns have been calculated by kinematic diffraction theory. From the calculated patterns for the two types of the clusters (n = 7 and 15), it is found that there is characteristic difference in the radial intensity distributions. The difference is attributed to existence or absence of the higher order reflections which arise from two layers of Pt(111). [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.125]
Hiroaki Koga, Kohei Tada, Mitsutaka Okumura
Subject Area: Catalysis
CO oxidation over a rutile TiO2(110) surface supporting a tetrahedral Au10 cluster has been examined by plane-wave DFT calculations. O2 adsorbs sideon to the pentacoordinate Ti site of the oxide support with a large energy gain (∼ 2 eV), activated to a peroxide state. O2 adsorption on the cluster is much weaker. The stability and activation state of sideon O2 depends weakly on distance to the cluster. On a Ti site next to the cluster, a sideon O2 reacts with CO adsorbed on the cluster to yield CO2 with a very small energy barrier of 0.13 eV. On a more remote Ti site, a sideon O2 reacts with a gaseous CO to yield CO2 with a barrier of 0.55 eV. Thus, O2 + CO reaction is much faster at the perimeter even for a small cluster such as Au10. Similar results are obtained for a truncated pyramidal Au9, except that a carbonate is formed at the perimeter. The carbonate formation is inhibited if H2O is adsorbed next to O2. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.129]
Tomoya Takada, Kazuya Uchino, Takanori Suda, Ayumi Nakagawa, Aya Nobuta
Type: Conference -CIF'15-
Subject Area: Devices and Sensors
Released: January 31, 2015
We examined the photometric characteristics of ultraviolet light (UV) measurements of aqueous solution and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film containing bromothymol blue (BTB) and diphenyliodonium salts (chloride, nitrate and trifluoromethane sulfonate). The solution and film were initially green (neutral), but were changed to yellow (acidic) by irradiation with 254 nm UV from a mercury lamp. A solution and film containing only BTB did not show the color change, which we concluded was solely induced by the acid generation from the diphenyliodonium salts. Photochemical kinetics of the UV-induced color change are discussed on the basis of experimental results; the color change proceeded obviously according to pseudo-first-order kinetics. This BTB/diphenyliodonium salt system could be used as a low-cost, mobile UV dosimeter. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.15]
Olaf Karthaus, Takuya Okamoto, Chihiro Okajima
Released: February 07, 2015
We used a self-organized polymer microhoneycomb structure as a template to form polyaniline structures that contain hexagonal voids. The polyaniline was synthesized in situ and adsorbed spontaneously on a polymer honeycomb structure that was immersed in the solution. Successive adsorption cycles led to thicker polyaniline coating. The characteristic honeycomb structure could be preserved during the process. Electrical measurements showed that the film resistance is the sum of contact and sheet resistance. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.19]
Akira Kawashima, Takayuki Nakanishi, Yuichi Kitagawa, Koji Fushimi, Yasuchika Hasegawa
Terbium oxide nanoparticles, TbOx nanoparticles, were synthesized by the thermal reaction of Tb(III) complexes as a single-source precursor with acetylacetone (acac) or hexafluoroacetylacetone (hfa). Thermal decomposition processes of Tb(III) complexes for preparation of TbOx nanoparticles were characterized by the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The prepared TbOx nanoparticles were identified using XRD and TEM measurements. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.23]
Shun Omagari, Takayuki Nakanishi, Yuichi Kitagawa, Koji Fushimi, Yasuchika Hasegawa
Series of nonanuclear Tb(III) clusters with ligands of different length of alkyl chain groups and their photophysical properties are demonstrated. The nonanuclear Tb(III) clusters (Tb9 clusters) are composed of nine oxygen-bridged Tb(III) ions and sixteen alkyl salicylate ligands, where alkyl chain are ethyl (Tb9-Et), propyl (Tb9-Pr), butyl (Tb9-Bu), and hexyl (Tb9-Hex) groups. The luminescence properties of the Tb9 clusters are characterized by absorption spectra, emission quantum yields, and emission lifetimes. The radiative (kr) and nonradiative (knr) rate constants were calculated from their photophysical properties. Tb9-Hex have shown the highest kr (859 s-1) and lowest knr (137 s-1), owing to the tight packing due to CH-π interaction by long alkyl chains. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.27]
Satoshi Wada, Yuichi Kitagawa, Takayuki Nakanishi, Koji Fushimi, Yasuchika Hasegawa
The chiroptical properties of nonanuclear Tb(III) clusters are reported. The nonanuclear Tb(III) clusters are composed of nine Tb(III) ions, ten μ-OH parts, and sixteen chiral organic ligands, (±)-bornyl salicylate. Their chiroptical properties were estimated by circular dichroism (CD) and circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). Their electronic structures were calculated using TD-DFT (B3LYP/6-31G(d)) method. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.31]
Yukon Murakami, Yutaka Kawabe
Europium ions were doped in silica glass matrix with a sol-gel method as well as Al co-dopant. The samples densified at 1050°C showed bright blue emission under UV illuminations. Lifetime of the luminescence was about 1 μs and did not depend on Al concentration, indicating that europium existed as divalent form at proximate positions to aluminum ions. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.51]
Toshinori Matsuoka, Kazuhiro Tada, Toshio Yoshikawa, Yutaka Kawabe
Investigation for the operation mechanism in writing and reading processes are necessary in order to realize practical 3D devices with azo-carbazole dyes which are promising candidates for real-time 3D displays. We made dynamical studies of four-wave mixing and two-beam coupling for dyes 3-[(4-nitrophenyl)azo]-9H-calbazole-9-ethanol (NACzEtOH) and Disperse Red (DR1) doped in a polymer and investigated their dependence on dye concentration. Results indicated the important roles of birefringence on the holographic response and stable but erasable characteristics of the gratings in the azo-carbazole. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.69]
Yuji Hirai, Naoki Yanagi, Masatsugu Shimomura
Oxygen is an indispensable resource for action of humans or autonomous underwater vehicles in water. However, it is limited in the present situation because of a capacity of O2 cylinders. In nature, there are some insects, which utilize superhydrophobic hair structures as physical gills, semipermanently living in water. We focused on this physical gill of the plastron and prepared artificial plastrons by using self-organized honeycomb-patterned films. As result, durable honeycomb-patterned films resisting water pressure were obtained, and O2 transferred from air to water though the films. This phenomenon suggests the honeycomb-patterned films showed possibility of use as artificial plastrons. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.90]
Fumito Aikawa, Kuniharu Utsuno, Yohichiro Kojima
Subject Area: Reaction and Dynamics
Polyethylenimine (PEI) is one of the most effective polymers for non-viral gene delivery; however, the mechanism by which DNA binds to PEI remains unclear. In this study, the reaction rate between DNA and PEI was determined using quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The association rate constant was determined as 0.8–1 s–1 mM–1, and the dissociation rate constant was found to be 1–2 ×10–3 s–1. The data obtained from these measurements could be explained using the two-site fitting model. One proposed binding site for the DNA was the PEI; however, the DNA could also have bound directly to the gold surfaces of the sensor devices. Furthermore, the suitability of this two-site model for DNA binding was evaluated in this study. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.99]
Takuya Tanaka, Itsuki Kato, Kento Okoshi
It has been theoretically predicted that spherical particles added to the smectic phase formed by rod-like particles segregate between the smetic layers and significantly enhance the stability of the smectic phase due to an entropic effect based on the steric repulsion between the particles, which is referred to as the depletion effect. In this study, we describe the first experimental verification of the theoretical prediction, in which the binary mixtures of the rod-like polymer, poly[n-decyl-(S)-2-methylbutylsilane] (PDMS), with narrow molecular weight distributions, and a spherical branched alkane, squalane, were investigated by synchrotron radiation small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SR-SAXS and SR-WAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations and found to reproduce the predicted segregation between the smectic layers. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2015.121]
1 - 28 / 28 Articles.
Edited and published by : The Surface Science Society of Japan Produced and listed by : The Surface Science Society of Japan


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Slashdot videos: Now with more Slashdot!
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
Comment: Link (Score 0) 129
Comment: Simple, don't use your own PC for work business (Score 1) 555
Due to increases in sensitive data being lost they clearly want all possible sources of said data to be encrypted. This may or may not be overklill depending on your opinion but one thing is for sure and that is that it's their decision to make.
If your not happy having your personal computer encrypted (And I know I wouldn't be) the simple solution is don't use it at work, use a work computer. If the requirement covers you checking webmail from a personal computer at home, where you will have access to sensitive data, the solution it to not check your email from home.
If you are required to check email from home and are not happy to have your whole computer encrypted then your employer should provide you with a company laptop which they can do what they want with, encryption and all.
Comment: Re:Barely a start (Score 5, Insightful) 203
Got to say this is so to the point.
Many time I've made some good clean kills followed by a lot of "OMFG nice wall hack/Aim bot/cheating...." and I'm not even that good.
There are far more competent player out there make far more constant kills than me and its not cheating, Its just good reflexes and hard work.
My comment is to just get over yourself and have fun.

subset: commoncrawl


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well i really want a mustang but their gas guzzlers and they gotta lotta power. so jeep for now. I just got back from a mitchel musso concert. it was sooooo cool!!! i got to kinda meet him and i wasnt supoposed to and some girls flirted with me and that never happens. and he threw me a cd from stage. so awesome!
nice what kinda car do you want???
Im old enough to drive but dont have the money. and i have a little brother and sister
...im not old enough to drive.i have an older sister,two younger brothers. what about you?
ok. later .
got to go!
thats cool. how old are you and how many sibs do you have ?
cool! my older sisters' birthday is in march!
haha nice. oh and by the way thats not my real birthday. its in march
sounds fun.haha wow, its funny the thought of me teach a sixteen year old to cook.ive help teach my older sis,on how i make things more flavourful, im kinda like a nanny,when someones sick i fill in


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I don't have a clue what Emmy Rossum has been in nor do I care, but she's pretty damn sexy in the latest issue of Details Magazine. From the looks of it she plays the trumpet, I wonder if she could play my trumpet too?! Related Articles: Elisha Cuthbert Is Sexy In Complex Emma Stone Might Be The New Lindsay Lohan Alexis Bledel Picture Moment Emmanuelle Chriqui Ruins A See Through Moment
I Can See Kendall Jenner Boobs, Bless You Haute Couture
Kylie Jenner's Dirty Mouth Is Trouble
Super Hot Babs Getting Undressed
Underboob Underboob Underboob!!!


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Tour de Bloc at Rock Jungle
The Tour de Bloc tour made a stop in Edmonton on the weekend of Dec. 13 and 14. The comp had a big turnout for each age category. Photos by Sara Frangos The third stop on the Western Canada tour of the Tour de Bloc made it's way to Rock Jungle in Edmonton. The first Read More


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Andrew Alexis
- ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR Dermatology
American Board of Dermatology
MD, Columbia Univ College of Physicians & Surgeons
Residency, Dermatology
Weill Cornell Medical College Rhinology/Skull Base
Internship, Internal Medicine
St. Vincent's Hospital Medical Center
Fellowship, Dermatopharmacology
* New York University School of Medicine *
Industry Relationships
Physicians and scientists on the faculty of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai often interact with pharmaceutical, device and biotechnology companies to improve patient care, develop new therapies and achieve scientific breakthroughs. In order to promote an ethical and transparent environment for conducting research, providing clinical care and teaching, Mount Sinai requires that salaried faculty inform the School of their relationships with such companies.
Below are financial relationships with industry reported by Dr. Alexis during 2014 and/or 2015. Please note that this information may differ from information posted on corporate sites due to timing or classification differences.
- Allergan, Inc.; Amgen Inc.; Bayer; Galderma S.A.; Johnson & Johnson Services, Inc.; Proctor & Gamble
Scientific Advisory Board:
- Allergan, Inc.; Amgen Inc.; Galderma S.A.; LEO Pharma Inc.; Suneva Medical, Inc.; Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, Inc.
Industry-Sponsored Lectures: MSSM faculty occasionally give lectures at events sponsored by industry, but only if the events are free of any marketing purpose.
- Cipla Global Limited
Mount Sinai's faculty policies relating to faculty collaboration with industry are posted on our website. Patients may wish to ask their physician about the activities they perform for companies.
Insurance Information
Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS) physicians - including those employed by MSHS - do not always participate in the same health plans in which MSHS hospitals or facilities participate.
Information regarding insurance participation and billing by this physician may be found on this page or obtained by contacting this provider directly.
Insurance plans that the Mount Sinai Health System hospitals or facilities participate in can be found on the Mount Sinai Health System website.


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Assume that there are many managed modules that call into unmanaged modules. The test framework tests the managed module. I would like to test the independent c++ modules in the lib but make it run as part of the current test framework. Currently, I am thinking of using a c++ unit test framework and using pinvoke to call the unit test main method from the c# test framework. The c++ will output its results to the console and finally return success or failure to the managed test framework. Any suggestions?
I would be tempted to write a C++/CLI shim so you can invoke your unit tests directly from the current .NET test framework rather than bring s second one into the picture and try to mix and match the results.
I agree with Timo's suggestion that you would be better off using only a single test framework. But instead of a C++/CLI shim, which requires introducing some new technology and can raise difficult marshaling issues, my choice would be to find a way to invoke the tests directly via p/Invoke. So I would write the shim code in C++ using either (or both) of two approaches:


text:
growth explosion, what a diff 60 hours can mak
I hope everyone had a great Memorial day weekend. Mine started out when I got home Friday and it was cloudy and 49 out. 60 hours later it was sunny and 89 yesterday. 71 was the LOW last night and we are headed to about 93 today. I think my coconuts put up about 2-3 inches of growth yesterday. My Pacific tall had a new spear pushing up and by the end of the day you could not see it anymore because the emerging full grown Frond grew so fast that it covered the new spear. It is not going to stay THIS hot but with loads of sun and a 10 day forecast of 94 80 75 82 85 80 77 76 79 78 all of my palms should be well on their way. The spears on my bottle palms started to open up in the heat (and humidity) yesterday. I can't wait to get home and see how much more growth has come up today.
Everything is growing really quickly here too! Looks like our second day in the 90s will be tomorrow. Im really hoping that the banana plants pick up in their growth because my ice cream banana has not moved in 3 days and temperatures have been very warm.
My Dioon Spinulosum is making a beautiful flush (looks like 5 fronds at the very least, hopefully even more than that!). The flush should be very noticeable by Friday (right now you can see it emerging from the caudex. My plumerias are also growing like crazy and so is my Sabal Minor, Oleanders, windmill palms, and Mandevillea.
My papaya is starting to push some new leaves up too!
Im hoping the weather stays nice and hot so my plants can start really looking nice!
Bananas can seem to sulk a little but a lot
of times the roots are doing all kinds of good
stuff we can't see!
Both my(presumably)Orinoco have not exactly lit it up
this year up top yet but there are already shoots showing up
so you know they are working on there own business.


text:
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ACE Fit Share
January 31, 2014
Let's face it—Super Bowl Sunday is as much about food and drinks as it is about football. Because most parties will have an array of unhealthy, diet-sabotaging foods on the table, sticking to your healthy diet this weekend could be tricky. To make sure you have some healthier snack options for your party or get-together, we've gathered some of our favorite guilt-free game-day recipes from EatingWell that will help you stay true to your diet without sacrificing flavor.
Barbecue Pulled Chicken
This fanciful reinterpretation of pulled pork features chicken and lots of tomato sauce. Have sliced jalapenos, sliced red onions and sour cream on hand to top this hearty main course.
Creamy Spinach Dip
Try this light spinach dip, made healthier with reduced-fat cream cheese, nonfat yogurt and low-fat cottage cheese instead of full-fat cheese, mayonnaise and sour cream. It will save you a whopping 84 calories and 10 grams of fat per serving when compared to traditional versions. Serve it with pita chips and crunchy vegetables or spread it on a sandwich.
Southwestern Layered Bean Dip
Plenty of black beans, salsa and chopped fresh vegetables mean a healthy amount of dietary fiber in this Tex-Mex layered dip. We use reduced-fat sour cream along with full-fat (and full-flavored) cheese to make the dip lighter without compromising great taste. Be sure to have lots of baked tortilla chips on hand to serve with it.
Mozzarella-Stuffed Turkey Burgers
These tasty turkey burgers, served on toasted focaccia and dressed with marinara sauce, are reminiscent of a sausage pizza. Shredded mozzarella combined with fresh basil melts beautifully inside these gems.
Eatingwell's Pepperoni Pizza
Pepperoni pizza gets a healthful makeover with whole-wheat pizza dough and a flavorful tomato sauce that, thanks to the addition of pumpkin puree, provides extra beta-carotene and fiber. We've topped the pie with low-fat turkey pepperoni, but if you like, use your favorite sliced vegetables instead.
For more healthy recipes from EatingWell, visit our site here.
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text: Bio-Reference Laboratories Company Profile (NASDAQ:BRLI) Tweet Analyst RatingsEarningsDividendsInsider TradesCompany ProfileSocial ActivityToday's Chart Consensus Ratings for Bio-Reference Laboratories (NASDAQ:BRLI) (?) The ratings breakdown includes the most recent rating from each analyst that has rated the stock within the last twelve months. The ratings score is a calculation of the average number of sell, hold, buy and strong buy ratings (0-1.5 = Sell, 1.5-2.5 = Hold, 2.5-3.5 = Buy, >3.5 = Strong Buy). The consensus price target is a mean average of the most recent price target set by each analyst that has set a price target for the stock in the last twelve months.Ratings Breakdown: 1 Sell Rating(s), 2 Hold Rating(s)Consensus Rating:Hold (Score: 1.67)Consensus Price Target: $36.90 (4.71% upside) Analysts' Ratings History for Bio-Reference Laboratories (NASDAQ:BRLI) Show: All Ratings For This Stock Only the Most Recent Rating From Each Brokerage DateFirmActionRatingPrice TargetDetailsShare2/19/2015ZacksDowngradeOutperform -> Neutral$36.90View 12/23/2014ZacksUpgradeNeutral -> Outperform$33.60View 12/18/2014William BlairReiterated RatingHoldView 8/28/2014Bank of AmericaDowngradeUnderperformView 1/20/2014TheStreetDowngradeBuy -> HoldView 12/10/2013Bank of AmericaReiterated RatingBuy$34.00 -> $33.00View 11/27/2013SidotiDowngradeBuy -> NeutralView 7/10/2013William BlairDowngradeOutperform -> Market PerformView (Data available from 4/1/2013 forward) Earnings History for Bio-Reference Laboratories (NASDAQ:BRLI)DateQuarterConsensus EstimateActual EPSRevenue EstimateActual RevenueRelease LinkConference CallDetailsShare3/5/2015Q115$0.36$0.24$216.40 million$209.00 millionViewListenView 12/18/2014Q414$0.63$0.69$228.81 million$227.60 millionViewListenView 8/27/2014Q314$0.53$0.55$210.44 million$222.10 millionViewListenView 6/5/2014Q214$0.32$0.37$0.20 million$201.30 millionViewListenView 3/4/2014Q114$0.15$0.11$175.52 million$181.30 millionViewListenView 12/19/2013Q4$0.55$0.40$188.96 million$192.20 millionViewListenView 8/29/2013Q3 2013$0.51$0.53$183.50 million$185.40 millionViewListenView 6/6/2013Q2 2013$0.41$0.41$176.04 million$176.50 millionViewListenView 2/28/2013Q1 2013$0.28$0.31$165.44 million$161.30 millionViewListenView 12/6/20120.46$0.46$175.46 millionViewListenView 8/30/2012Q312$0.43$0.45$0.17 million$0.17 millionViewN/AView 6/7/2012$0.32$0.33ViewN/AView 3/1/2012$0.21$0.26ViewN/AView 12/8/2011$0.35$0.37ViewN/AView 8/25/2011$0.34$0.36ViewN/AView 5/26/2011$0.24$0.26ViewN/AView 3/3/2011$0.17$0.28ViewN/AView 12/16/2010$0.30$0.31$124.19 million$126.60 millionViewN/AView (Data available from 1/1/2011 forward) Dividend History for Bio-Reference Laboratories (NASDAQ:BRLI)No dividend announcements for this company have been tracked by Analyst Ratings Network Insider Trading History for Bio-Reference Laboratories (NASDAQ:BRLI)Transaction DateInsider NameTitleBuy/SellNumber of SharesAverage Share PriceTotal TransactionSEC LinkShare9/13/2013Howard DubinettCOOSell20,000$29.40$588,000.00View 6/27/2013Sam SingerCFOSell4,000$28.95$115,800.00View 6/26/2013Sam SingerCFOSell6,000$28.50$171,000.00View (Data available from 1/1/2013 forward) About Bio-Reference Laboratories Bio-Reference Laboratories, Inc. (Bio-Reference) is a clinical testing laboratory offering testing, information and related services to physician offices, clinics, hospitals, employers and governmental units. The Company offers a comprehensive list of laboratory testing services utilized by healthcare providers in the detection, diagnosis, evaluation, monitoring and treatment of diseases. It primarily focuses on esoteric testing, molecular diagnostics, anatomical pathology, genetics, women's health and correctional health care. The Company has a network f approximately 116 patient service centers located in the Northeast (primarily in New York metropolitan super-regional area) for collection of patient specimens. In August 2013, Bio-Reference Laboratories Inc completed the acquisition of a clinical laboratory in northern California. The Company acquired most of the assets of Hunter Laboratories, located in the Bay area. Headlines: (3/23) Bio-Reference Labs Makes a Move: Up 2.3% (3/5) Bio-Reference Laboratories (BRLI) Weak On High Volume Today (3/5) Bio-reference Labs, Inc. (BRLI) Misses Q1 EPS by 8c (Earlier) (3/27) Bio-Reference Laboratories Inc. (BRLI) (9/12) Should You Avoid Bio-Reference Laboratories Inc (BRLI)? (3/23) Key Executives - bio-reference labs inc (BRLI) (8/14) Bio-Reference Laboratories Acquires Hunter Laboratories as a Way to Enter California's Competitive Clinical Laboratory Marketplace (3/3) Bio-Reference Laboratories (BRLI) Set to Announce Earnings on Thursday (3/5) Bio-Reference Laboratories posts 1Q profit (3/3) Bio-Reference Laboratories Sets New 52-Week High at $35.69 (BRLI) Industry, Sector and Symbol: Sector: Healthcare Industry: Health Care Providers & Services Sub-Industry: Health Care Services Exchange: NASDAQ Symbol: BRLI CUSIP: 09057G60 Key Metrics: Previous Close: $35.1050 Day Moving Average: $34.50200 Day Moving Average: $31.05P/E Ratio: 19.47P/E Growth: 0.93Market Cap: $978.83MCurrent Quarter EPS Consensus Estimate: $2.01 EPS Additional Links: View BRLI on Google FinanceView BRLI on Yahoo FinanceView BRLI's Company Profile on ReutersSearch for Bio-Reference Laboratories Inc on Google Bio-Reference Laboratories (NASDAQ:BRLI) Chart for Wednesday, April, 1, 2015 (Chart Provided by Yahoo Finance)


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text:
Page 1
Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 298–301
Ethnopharmacological communication
Antinociceptive activity of alcoholic extract of
Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. in mice
Prashant R. Vermab,∗, Amit A. Joharapurkara, Vivekanand A. Chatpalliwara,
Alpana J. Asnanib
aDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagpur, Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, MH, India
bPharmacognosy, J.L. Chaturvedi College of Pharmacy, 846, New Nanandanvan, Nagpur 440009, MH, India
Received 12 February 2005; received in revised form 20 May 2005; accepted 26 May 2005
Available online 2 August 2005
The ethanolic extract of roots of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. (family: Asclepiadaceae) was investigated for possible antinociceptive effect in
licking test) and hot plate test in mice. Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. extract was administered in the dose range of 25, 50 and 100mg/kg orally
1h prior to pain induction. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of triterpenes, flavonoids, pregnane
glycosides and steroids. Oral administration of Hemidesmus indicus extract revealed dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in all the models
for antinociception and it blocked both the neurogenic and inflammatory pain and the nociceptive activity was comparable with the reference
drug. The results indicate that alcoholic extract of Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. possesses a significant antinociceptive activity. The activity can
be related with the significant phytochemicals such as triterpenes, flavonoids, and sterols reported in the root extract.
© 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Antinociceptive; Hemidesmus indicus; Hot plate test; Writhing test; Paw licking test
1. Introduction
Hemidesmus indicus R.Br. Indian sarsaparilla (Anan-
tamul) belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae, a twining
shrub commonly found in India. The roots of the plant
are woody and have a sweet taste, with cooling effect,
and used in various ailment of diseases, a well-known
drug in the Ayurveda system of medicine (Kirtikar and
Basu, 1991). Inflammation induced by Viper venom and
Propiono bacterium acne are reported to be treated by root
extract (Jain and Basal, 2003). A lep of root powder applied
topically is used to treat swellings, inflammation and chronic
rheumatism (Alam et al., 1994; Alam and Gomes, 1998a,b).
Many other reports suggest the activity against inflam-
Abbreviations: i.p., intra peritoneal; p.o., per oral; %MPE, maximum
possible antinociceptive effect; H. indicus, Hemidesmus indicus
∗Corresponding author.
E-mail address: firstname.lastname@example.com (P.R. Verma).
mation induced due to pathogenesis for example, asthma,
leprosy, swelling of joints, inflamed eyes and in chronic
cough, etc.
These said uses of the drug emphasize on its anti-
inflammatory activity. But mechanisms are not clearly
reported, whether activity is due to suppression of central
and peripheral pathways of inflammation or both. In view of
this and on account of the reported usefulness of this plant
in traditional system of medicine and inflammatory condi-
tions, the present study was aimed at investigating possible
antinociceptive activities of ethanolic extract of the roots in
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Plant materials and extract
The roots of Hemidesmus indicus obtained from
Amarkantak forest was authenticated by Mr. S. Chilate, the
0378-8741/$ – see front matter © 2005 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page 2
P.R. Verma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 298–301
authorized plant identifier of Department of Botany, Nagpur
University Nagpur. A specimen is preserved in the college
pulverized into a dry powder and extracted with, ethanol for
dark brown colored semisolid mass (yield 9.2%, w/w) under
reduced pressure.
2.2. Phytochemical screening (Stahl, 1969; Harbone,
1976; Wagner et al., 1984)
The extracts were screened for the presence of tan-
nins, saponins, unsaturated sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids,
anthraquinones, flavonoids, lactones/esters, protein/amino
acids and carbohydrates and/or glycosides with thin layer
chromatography (TLC). Thin layer plates precoated with sil-
ica gel G (Merck, 0.25mm thickness) were used. Devel-
opment was carried out with different solvent systems ethyl
acetate:methanol:water (100:13.5:10, v/v/v), ethyl acetate:
formic acid:acetic acid:water (100:14:10:27, v/v/v/v), chlo-
roform:methanol:water (64:50:16, v/v/v), benzene:ethyl
acetate (80:20, v/v) and ethyl acetate:methanol:water:acetic
acid (65:15:15:10, v/v/v/v). After development in the sol-
vents the plates were dried and sprayed with Dragendorff's,
AlCl3, hydroxylamine-ferric chloride, ninhydrin and anti-
mony trichloride for the discovery of alkaloids, flavonoids,
lactones/esters, protein/amino acids, unsaturated sterols, and
triterpenes. Detection of anthraquinones, saponins, tannins,
carbohydrate and/or glycosides is carried out using KOH,
anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagents, ferric chloride and
naphthoresorcinol reagents, respectively. Detection was car-
ried out by visualization in visible light and under UV light
(λ: 366nm).
2.3. Animals
Swiss male mice 25–28g, procured from animal house
of J.L. Chaturvedi College of Pharmacy, Nagpur were used.
The animals received a standard pelleted diet (M/s Hindus-
tan Lever Foods, Calcutta, India) and water ad libitum, and
were maintained under standard environmental conditions
(22±5◦C with 12h of light/dark cycle). The animals were
divided into a group of six mice each. The Institutional Ani-
mal Ethical Committee (JLC/IAEC/2000/10) approved the
experimental protocols.
2.4. Drugs
Pentazocine was obtained from Ranbaxy Laboratories
Ltd., New Delhi. Acetic acid and formalin used are of ana-
lytical grade obtained from Loba chemicals. The root extract
was suspended with the help of gum acacia in distilled water
at the time of oral administration in the doses of 25, 50 and
100mg/kg body weight as per acute toxicity studies carried
2.5. Acetic acid-induced writhing in mice (Koster et al.,
1959; Amos et al., 2002)
Mice were divided into five groups, of six mice each and
pre-treated as follows: group I received only vehicle, group
II received a standard drug pentazocine (2mg/kg, i.p.) and
served as control and positive control, respectively. Groups
III, IV and V, received 25, 50, and 100mg/kg extract p.o.,
with pre-treatment time of 1h. Each group was administered
10ml/kg body weight (i.p.) of an aqueous solution of
acetic acid (0.6%). The mice were then observed for the
number of abdominal constrictions and stretching, counted
over a period of 0–20min. The percentage inhibition was
determined for each experimental group as follows:
= 100 ×1 − number of writhing in experimental group
number of writhing in control group
2.6. Formalin test in mice (Dubuisson and Dennis,
1977; Tjolsen et al., 1992)
Groups of six Swiss male mice were pre-treated p.o., with
Hemidesmus indicus extract (25, 50, and 100mg/kg), stan-
dard biphasic drug pentazocin (2mg/kg i.p.) and vehicle.
lin, subcutaneously under the sub-plantar region of the left
They were then placed in an observation chamber and
monitored for 1h, recording severity of pain responses based
on the following scale: (0) mice walked or stood firmly on
injected paw; (1) the injected paw was favored or partially
elevated; (2) the injected paw was clearly lifted off the floor;
(3) the mice licked, chewed or shook the injected paw. This
thus showing finer degrees of antinociception as opposed to
the method in which only the time the animal spent lick-
ing the injected paw is recorded. Antinociceptive effect was
determined in two phases, the early phase (I) being recorded
during the first 5min while the late phase (II) was recorded
during the last 45min with a 10min lag period in between
both phases.
2.7. Hot-plate test in mice (Turner, 1965)
This test was carried out on a group of six Swiss male
mice using a hot-plate apparatus (Lyabco model D-S37),
maintained at 55±1◦C and the method described earlier
was employed. Only mice that showed initial nociceptive
responses within 20s were selected for the experiment. The
latency to first sign of hind paw licking or jump response to
avoid heat nociception was taken as an index of nociceptive
threshold with cut off time of 30s. The nociceptive threshold
was observed before and after at 30 and 60min, after admin-
istration of the extract at doses of 25, 50 and 100mg/kg p.o.
Page 3
P.R. Verma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 298–301
The control group was administered distilled water at simi-
lar volumes to the test group and positive control group with
drug pentazocine (2mg/kg i.p.). The result was expressed as
%MPE (maximum possible antinociceptive effect).
3. Statistical analysis
All data were expressed as the mean±S.E.M. data was
subjected to ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple com-
parison test. P≤0.05 was considered significant.
4. Results
The phytochemical screening of ethanolic extract of
Hemidesmus indicus root shows the presence of flavonoids,
terpenoids, tannins, coumarins and glycoside. Test for alka-
loids, anthraquinones, lactones/ester, protein/amino acids
and saponins showed negative responses.
The extract of Hemidesmus indicus at doses of 25, 50
and 100mg/kg, showed antinociceptive activity in all the
models for nociception and the effect was found to be dose-
dependent. The extract decreased the number of acetic acid-
induced abdominal constrictions in mice and the values were
imum percentage inhibition of constrictions of 46.8% was
observed at 100mg/kg for the extract.
The formalin test in mice revealed a similar pattern
of antinociceptive effect, which was also dose-dependent
(Fig. 2). There was a significant reduction in responses to
nociception during both phases I and II for the extract at
100mg/kg, when compared to the control and standard drug
the animal's reaction time to the heat stimulus. Values were
found to be significant (P<0.05) at 60min after treatment
with 100mg/kg. While values for 50mg/kg were significant
Fig. 1. Antinociceptive activity of Hemidesmus indicus in acetic acid
induced writhing test. Bar represents mean±S.D. (n=6). P<0.05 compare
to other group.
Fig.2. AntinociceptiveactivityofHemidesmusindicusinformalin-induced
licking test. Bar represents mean±S.D. (n=6).*P<0.05 as compared to
control group.
Fig. 3. Antinociceptive activity of Hemidesmus indicus in hot plate reac-
tion time. Bar represents mean±S.D. (n=6). %MPE calculated from basal
latency in each test.
at 60min after treatment with extract. Maximal percentage
inhibition of nociception was 60.12% observed during phase
I, at 100mg/kg for the extract (Fig. 3).
5. Discussion and conclusion
Three different animal models were employed to inves-
tigate the potential antinociceptive activity of the ethanolic
extract of Hemidesmus indicus in this study. The methods
methods elucidated peripheral and central activity, respec-
tively, while the formalin test investigated both.
The extract at the doses tested was shown to possess
antinociceptive activity evident in all the nociceptive models
signifying it possess both the central and peripherally
Page 4
P.R. Verma et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 102 (2005) 298–301
mediated activities. The extracts at the doses tested was
shown to possess dose-dependent antinociceptive activity.
Results indicated that the extract exhibited significant
antinociceptive activity against all the three models the mod-
els of pain, and it blocked both the neurogenic and inflam-
matory pain. The activity was dose-dependent that reached
et al., 1998). It is also called as the abdominal constriction
response, it is very sensitive and able to detect antinocicep-
tive effects of compounds and dose levels that may appear
inactive in other methods like tail-flick test (Bentley et al.,
1981). Local peritoneal receptors are postulated to be partly
involved in the abdominal constriction response (Bentley et
al., 1983). The method has been associated with prostanoids
in general, e.g. increased levels of PGE2 and PGF2? in
peritoneal fluids as well as lipooxygenase products (Derardt
et al., 1980). Therefore, the result of the acetic acid induced
writhing strongly suggests that the mechanism of this
extract may be linked partly to lipooxygenase and/or cyclo-
In the formalin test there is a distinctive biphasic noci-
ceptive response termed early and late phase. Drugs that
act primarily on the central nervous system inhibit both
phases equally while peripherally acting drugs inhibit the
late phase (Chen et al., 1995). Inhibition of the late phase is
due to inflammation with a release of serotonin, histamine,
sensitization of central nociceptive neurons. Suppression of
both phases of pain as observed with the extract (50mg/kg)
in this study also lends strong credence to the presence of
both central and peripheral effects.
In conclusion, this study has shown that the ethano-
lic extract of Hemidesmus indicus possess significant
antinociceptive effects in laboratory animals at the doses
investigated. The results support the traditional use of this
plant in some painful and inflammatory conditions, and
activity can be related with the significant phytochemicals
ther studies are in fact currently underway to isolate and
characterize the active principle(s) of the crude extract.
Alam, M.I., Auddy, B., Gomes, A., 1994. Isolation, purification and partial
characterization of viper venom inhibiting factor from the root extract
of the Indian medicinal plant sarsaparilla (Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.).
Toxicon 32, 1551–1557.
Alam, M.I., Gomes, A., 1998a. Adjuvant effects and antiserum action
potentiation by a (herbal) compound 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy benzoic
acid isolated from the root extract of the Indian medicinal plant
'Sarsaparilla' (Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.). Toxicon 36, 1423–1431.
Alam, M.I., Gomes, A., 1998b. Viper venom-induced inflammation and
inhibition of free radical formation by pure compound (2-hydroxy-
4-methoxy benzoic acid) isolated and purified from Anantamul
(Hemidesmus indicus R. BR) root extract. Toxicon 36, 207–215.
Amos, S., Chindo, B., Edmond, I., Akah, P., Wambebe, C., Gamaniel, K.,
2002. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of Ficus platy-
phylla in rats and mice. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants
9, 47–53.
Bentley, G.A., Newton, S.H., Starr, J., 1981. Evidence for an action of
morphine and the enkephalins on sensory nerve endings in the mouse
peritoneum. British Journal of Pharmacology 73, 325–332.
Bentley, G.A., Newton, S.H., Starr, J., 1983. Studies on the anti-
nociceptive action of ´ a-agonist drugs and their interaction with opioid
mechanisms. British Journal of Pharmacology 79, 125–134.
Chen, Y.F., Tsai, H.Y., Wu, T.S., 1995. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic
activity from roots of Angelica pubescens. Planta Medica 61, 2–8.
Derardt, R., Jougney, S., Delevalcee, F., Falhout, M., 1980. Release of
prostaglandins E and F in an algogenic reaction and its inhibition.
European Journal of Pharmacology 51, 17–24.
Dubuisson, D., Dennis, S.G., 1977. The formalin test: a quantitative study
of the analgesic effect of morphine, meperidine, and brain stem stim-
ulation in rats and cats. Pain 4, 161–174.
Gene, R.M., Segura, L., Adzet, T., Marin, E., Inglesias, J., 1998. Het-
erotheca inuloides: anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Journal
of Ethnopharmacology 60, 157–162.
Harbone, J.B., 1976. Phytochemical Methods to Modern Techniques of
Plant Analysis. In: Pharmacology. Chapman & Hall/Academic Press,
London, p. 100.
Jain, A., Basal, E., 2003. Inhibition of Propioni bacterium acnes-induced
mediators of inflammation by Indian herbs. Phytomedicine 10, 34–38.
Kirtikar, K.R., Basu, B.D., 1991. Indian Medicinal Plants. Lalit Mohan
Basu, Deharadun, pp. 1593–1598.
Koster, R., Anderson, M., De Beer, E.J., 1959. Acetic acid for analgesic
screening. Federation Proceedings 18, 412.
Stahl, E., 1969. Thin Layer Chromatography: A Laboratory Hand Book.
Springer, New York.
Tjolsen, A., Berge, O.G., Hunskaar, S., Rosland, J.H., Hole, K., 1992.
The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain 51, 5–17.
Turner, R.A., 1965. Analgesic. In: Turner, R.A. (Ed.), Screening Methods
in Pharmacology. Academic Press, London, p. 100.
Wagner, H., Bladt, S., Zgainski, E.M., 1984. Plant Drug Analysis.
Springer, Berlin.


text:
Real Property Cases
Cases filed
Cases 1 - 10 of 84,528
Byrne v. Bank of America, N.A. et al
as 1:2015cv00103
Cause Of Action: Diversity-Notice of Removal
Liberty Mutual Insurance Company
as 1:2015cv11221
Cause Of Action: Diversity-Product Liability
MG Sage Canyon Apartments LP v. Marquis Willingham et al
as 5:2015cv00570
Defendant: Does, Fantaya Willingham, Marquis Willingham
Plaintiff: MG Sage Canyon Apartments LP
Staton v. Bank of America, N.A. et al
as 3:2015cv03018
Plaintiff: Michael P. Staton , Julie Staton
Defendant: Bank of America, N.A. , Lending Solutions, Inc., Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc.
Cause Of Action: Petition for Removal
Type: Real Property Foreclosure
Martin et al v. PNC Bank, National Association
as 6:2015cv00487
Cause Of Action: Notice of Removal-Petition to Quiet Title
United States of America v. Denny et al
as 9:2015cv00030
Cause Of Action: Foreclosure
H. Meachum v. Bank of New York Mellon Trust
as 15-10237
Plaintiff - Appellant: H. WAYNE MEACHUM
Defendant - Appellee: BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON TRUST COMPANY, N.A., formerly known as Bank of New York Trust Company NA
Williams v. Wells Fargo Home Mortgage, Inc. et al
as 1:2015cv00164
Plaintiff: Cheryl Williams
Defendant: Wells Fargo Home Mortgage, Inc. , Federal National Mortgage Association
Cause Of Action: Diversity-Breach of Contract
Kenneth Reeves, et al v. US Bank National Association, et al
as 15-1712
Plaintiff - Appellant: KENNETH G. REEVES, KAREN B. REEVES
Defendant - Appellee: US BANK NA, as Trustee for Structured Asset Investment Loan Trust, Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2003-BC7, STERN & EISENBURG
Type: Real Property Foreclosure
as 2:2015cv00540
Plaintiff: Barbara Ruth Cram
Cause Of Action: Real Property Tort to Land
Type: Real Property Torts to Land


text:
What changes are likely to be made to Western Australian health and safety laws?
The Western Australian Government is expected to shortly announce that it will not nationalise its laws in line with the occupational health and safety nationalisation process that has been adopted by most other Australian states. Western Australia will, however, update its current safety legislation to include many of the components of the nationalised laws such as expanding the types of entities on which duties are imposed (where those duties are owed by the corporate body and personally by officers), statutory positions, risk management and safety systems requirements.
The timing for progressing any updated legislation through the Western Australian Parliament has not been decided by the relevant ministers, but it is not likely to occur until next year. It is anticipated that priority will be given to updating environmental laws due to the significant economic impact those laws are having on businesses in Western Australia.
This proposal will allow Western Australia to pick and choose those parts of the nationalised legislation it is anticipated will improve safety in the state, while avoiding the need to adopt those parts of the legislation that may bring less benefit to business in Western Australia…
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text:
Artist info
Pop, Indie
Sounds like
Ingrid Michaelson, Lenka, Meiko
band members
Just me!
regina spektor, Mika, Train
Meri Amber is a bright, acoustic, pop, singer songwriter who shares stories about love, confusion and social disorder. Once upon a time she wrote comedy songs and has never since lost the sense of adventure, treating all her performances and projects as opportunities to experiment and have fun. She's had some incredible experiences, like performing alongside mafia men puppets, a yeti and a prawn man. The start of her vibrant and curious journey was at Newtown High School of the Performing Arts and then the highly acclaimed Talent Development Project. She's now aiming to take on the entire solar system with rather ambitious schemes to have concerts in space. Meri Amber is thrilled to have had the opportunity to play for well-known artists, including as pre-show foyer entertainment at the Pink, Lady Gaga, Flight of the Conchords and Russell Brand shows. She's performed in sold-out concerts at the Sydney Entertainment Centre, Oxford Art Factory and Hills Centre, as well as sung on stages touring rural Australia and performing for Prince Edward. She's showcased her songs alongside Australian artists from Jessica Mauboy to Iva Davies, whilst quilting scores with songwriting big names like John Foreman. All Meri wants to do now is to get the word out about her music and have it reach as many people as possible! --- Meri Amber launched her premiere CD the "Wandering Mini-P" on the 20th of September. You can now grab a copy at: https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/wandering-mini-p/id694026306
24 Oct 2013
Beautiful song and voice.
Beautiful song and voice.
24 Oct 2013
One word Brilliant.
One word Brilliant.
24 Oct 2013
Great lyrics, beautiful voice.
Great lyrics, beautiful voice.


text:
"This was our acknowledgement card when my mother passed. We personalized the wording and changed the font to reflect what she would have liked. The result , and the substantial quality of the paper, caused me to say "wow" when I opened the package. The recipients who mentioned it called it "elegant, refined, beautiful". Delivery was even sooner than promised, and I was so pleased that this was the card we sent to family and friends."
"Overall I was very pleased with this card. I read the reviews before I purchased it so I knew to expect the texture verses a flat card; however, even though the paper wasn't completely smooth, I didn't have a hard time writing on it at all. It has the perfect coloring for what I was looking for, and it looks just like the picture available on the webiste. Also, it is the perfect size for a thank you card with just the right amount of space to write."
"I love the quality of the paper on this card. I also love that it gets my daughter involved in writing the thank you cards. I actually got mine printed without a name so that it could be even more personalized and so that my daughter can practice writing her name even more. I highly recommend this cute card!"
"These are the cutest Thank-You cards I've ever seen. I love them! As with everything else from Tiny Prints they are great quality. You won't be disappointed!"
"These blank cards will be the Thank You cards from both "MOM" and "DAD" to be.... they are the perfect ending to a perfect couple for a perfect shower for a more than perfect baby. Tiny Prints put both full names on the cards ... it's just awesome looking...."


text:
Browse these popular wedding categories:
Sort by: Show per page
- 46 items
Sort by: Show per page
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text:
1 In a flameproof casserole, melt a tablespoon of oil until it's sizzling hot.
2 Evenly coat the meat in seasoned flour and add them to the casserole.
3 Brown the pieces on both sides till they're a good rich, brown colour.
4 Remove from the casserole and transfer to a plate.
5 Fry the onions to brown them well at the edges.
6 Arrange the meat on top and season with salt and pepper.
7 Pour in the stout and Worcestershire sauce.
8 Cover the casserole and transfer to the oven.
9 Cook for about 2 1/2 hours or until the meat is tender.
10 Serve hot.


text:
This was supposed to the best competition Kentucky would face in the Bahamas, a step up in talent and the stiffest test yet for the loaded Wildcats. After all, it was the Dominican Republic national team, ranked No. 26 in the FIBA world rankings (though those rankings are with NBA veteran Al Horford and current Wildcat Karl-Anthony Towns).
Click here for the original story.
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Kentucky Downs Dominican Republic 83-71
Started by UKat, Aug 15 2014 04:03 PM
Posted 15 August 2014 - 04:03 PM
Posted 15 August 2014 - 04:40 PM
Glad Coach O got his time to fight for the full 40. After we opened IP that 20 pt lead I figured DR would quit. USF is gonna be pleased with him I believe.
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Douglas County marriage licenses
Brett Eugene Ford and Christina Helen Cleveland of Hawthorne.
Matthew Peter Tobolaski and Elizabeth Irene Posio of Superior.
Steven James Berka and Laroyia Ann Lee of Superior.
David Hayes Owen and Amanda Marie Bales of Superior.
Michael Steven Koskie and Christina April Marie Snow of Lake Nebagamon.
Andrew Michael Durst and Kristie Lee Homick of Superior.
Jeffery Scott Smith of Amnicon and Susan Elizabeth Wright of Hawthorne.
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text:
Pie Melon?
Does anyone have a source for pie melon seeds? Years ago, when they were living on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, one of their neighbors gave my parents seeds of a winter squash known as pie melon. They grew them for several years and Mom would make a pie similar to pumpkin pie or sweet potato pie.
According to Mom they had a long neck and a fat body. The flesh was a lighter orange than a canteloupe/muskmelon and the seeds were in a cavity in the center instead of dispersed through the flesh like a watermelon. The skin was solid green although she knew of varieties that were striped.
At one time I believed they were a type of cushaw melon but now I'm not sure. I've Googled "pie melon" but couldn't find anything that sounded like her squash.
Thanks for any help.
It sounds like a butternut squash. Taste is just like pumpkin or even sweet potato.
Last fall Homestead Gardens in Davisonville (sp?) sold a wide variety of squashes, one of which looked a lot like a green-striped butternut squash on steroids -- I think they called it a Heirloom Goose squash or something like that -- it was about the size of a goose, with a fat body and long neck. Worth checking out?
I was flipping through the J. L. Hudson catalogue and happened to remember this post. It's a long shot, but they list, under winter squash, 'Amish Pie' (Cucurbita pepo). And I quote, "Large, pale-orange squash are oval and slightly pointed, weighing up to 80 pounds. One of the finest varieties for pies, canning, or freezing, with very thick, firm flesh. Heirloom from an Amish gardener in Maryland."
It doesn't sound exactly like the ones you remember, but I thought I'd offer it up. A quick Google search shows that this variety is available from other sources too (they all list it as different weights at harvest).
Good luck!
Here is a link that might be useful: Amish Pie


text:
Eneagrama tipo 1 com asa em 9.
Join OkCupid
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22 • Rio de Janeiro, Brazil • Man
I'm looking for
- Men
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- Agnosticism, and somewhat serious about it
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- Capricorn, and it's fun to think about
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- Working on university
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- Doesn't have kids, and doesn't want any
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- Likes dogs and likes cats
- Speaks
- English (Fluently), Portuguese (Fluently), Spanish (Fluently)
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My self-summary
Write a little about yourself. Just a paragraph will do.
What I'm doing with my life
Don't overthink this one; tell us what you're doing day-to-day.
On college :)
I'm really good at
Go on, brag a little (or a lot). We won't judge.
Ensinar, gerenciar, conversar...
The first things people usually notice about me
I'm an empty essay… fill me out!
Não faço a menor ideia, diga-me você.
Favorite books, movies, shows, music, and food
Help your potential matches find common interests.
Mundo de Sofia, Ensaio sobre a cegueira, V de Vingança, etc.
The six things I could never do without
Think outside the box. Sometimes the little things can say a lot.
Internet, doces, lugares relaxantes, amigos, árvores e mais amigos.
I spend a lot of time thinking about
Global warming, lunch, or your next vacation… it's all fair game.
O que vou fazer no futuro
On a typical Friday night I am
Netflix and takeout, or getting your party on — how do you let loose?
Ou saio com amigos, ou fico vendo filme.
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I'm an empty essay… fill me out!
Bem, acho que não seriam coisas que eu escreveria aqui, né.
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"Nicole 40-Inch Window Cornice in Buff" Is Not Available for Sale Online.
We have provided the content below as informational. Please view additional items Customers also viewed.
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- Featuring a subtle, vertical-textured design this fabric-covered cornice puts a finishing touch on your window treatment while adding a warm look to your room
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- Fabric is 98% cotton/2% PVC
- Wipes clean with a damp cloth


text:
San Francisco and Maracaibo airports and terminals
Airports in San Francisco CA, US
San Francisco Airport (SFO)
Distance from City Center: 11.9 miles
Airports in Maracaibo , VE
La Chinita (MAR)
Distance from City Center: 10.6 miles
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By clicking, I agree to the terms and conditions.
Highlighted price = Cheapest round-trip flights
Prices are round trip per person (conditions apply)
Flights to Maracaibo
San Francisco International Airport Information
The San Francisco International Airport (Highway 101 near the junction of Highway 380) is the primary commercial passenger airport serving San Francisco and the surrounding areas. The airport hosts most international and domestic airlines offering cheap flights from San Francisco. You can also use Orbitz.com to book an alternate flight out of Oakland International Airport (1 Oakland Drive, Oakland) or San Jose International Airport (2065 Airport Boulevard, San Jose).
Parking at San Francisco International Airport
San Francisco International's parking garages are a 10-minute walk or less from the gates, and there is free shuttle service from the long-term lots. Parking costs anywhere from $18 to $38 per day, depending on the option you choose. If you've used Orbitz.com to book your discount flights, you may have saved enough to justify spending the extra money to use the airport's valet parking service.
Ground Transportation Information
A taxi, limousine or shared-ride van to the airport will cost anywhere from $17 to $40. Factor in plenty of extra travel time for the 13-mile ride, as rush-hour traffic can be brutal. You can also use the public BART system or the SamTrans public bus service, both of which will cost you less than $10. Don't forget to use Orbitz.com before you leave to book a rental car in your destination city.
Restaurant Options at the Airport
The San Francisco airport has roughly 50 eateries where you can grab a coffee or have a light meal. Most of the restaurants and cafes are located within the terminals past the security checkpoint, but there are a few restaurants before you reach the security gates. Have a great flight to your final destination, and don't forget to use Orbitz.com the next time you're looking for cheap flights from San Francisco.
La Chinita International Airport Information
When you need to find cheap flights to Maracaibo, Orbitz.com can help you find the best low-fare deals from cities in Venezeula or around the world. A number of international and domestic carriers fly into Maracaibo, including American Airlines, Avianca, Copa Airlines and Tiara Air. The La Chinita International Airport serves Maracaibo and the surrounding cities on Venezuela's northwestern coast. It is located about 11 miles from the city's center on the Via al Aeropuerto.
Transportation from the La Chinita International Airport
The easiest and most comfortable way to get to Maracaibo from the La Chinita International Airport is by taxi. Taxis wait outside of the airport, and you should visit the taxi stand to ensure that you take a licensed car. Many hotels in the city offer free shuttle service from the airport, and you can call or email in advance to advise the staff of your arrival time. If you plan to drive while you are visiting Venezuela, check Orbitz.com for deals on rental cars in Maracaibo.
Weather in Maracaibo
Because Maracaibo is located close to the Equator, temperatures are high during most months of the year. The city does not have distinct seasons and experiences very little precipitation. The wettest month is October, when rainfall totals less than a quarter of an inch. Temperatures in Maracaibo usually stay between 90 and 95°F year-round.
Things to Do in Maracaibo
With its constant warm weather and spectacular seaside location, Maracaibo has a lot of visitors who choose to spend time on the beach. Other popular attractions include the bridge over Lake Maracaibo, Basilica de Nuestra Señora de Chiquinquira, Palafitos in Santa Rosa de Agua and the Santa Lucia area. After you find cheap flights to Maracaibo, check Orbitz.com to find deals on hotels and tours in the area.
More to explore for San Francisco to Maracaibo
Promo Code Terms and Conditions
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text:
Design. Decor. Inspiration.
Thanksgiving is possibly my favorite holiday. The weather in LA is unpredictable but lately (last few years) hot. The beaches are without many tourists but with Angeleno's taking advantage of the good weather there can still be weekend traffic in Malibu (best beaches, yea!!). But there's way more sand this time of year, the sunsets are tremendous, the hiking payoff is stunning views without smog (sometimes… this is LA), and those winds make the valley gorgeous as well! Plus, everyone on the East Coast is freezing and we're still chillin' in sandals and going to estate sales. Oops! This just turned into a post about how much I love LA.
Back to Thanksgiving. I've been so busy all year long that I worry a bit I haven't been as grateful to everyone who makes my life a happier one to live and having the season turn to a time of year that is about giving helps me slow down and think about how nice it is when we all share – a smile, fruit from our own gardens, kind words. Unlike it's glamorous cousin, Christmas, Thanksgiving is about sharing not receiving. It might have it's past but I like to take it for what is; a time to be aware.
I want to take this time to thank everyone who attends our estate sales, everyone who thinks of us when they have a friend or client in need of an estate sale, anyone reading this blog. Thank you for your support. We value your patronage. We value your feedback too – please, if you have ideas about how our service can improve your experience don't hesitate to share it with me. I love hearing from you guys!
Happy Thanksgiving!


text:
Dung-Hai Lee
Dung-Hai Lee obtained his B.S. degree from Tsinghua University in Taiwan. He completed his Ph.D. in Physics (1977–1982) and a first post-doc (1982–1984) at MIT. He did further post-doctoral work at the IBM T. J. Watson research center (1983–1985), where he remained as a Research Staff Member until 1994. Since 1994, he has been a professor in the Physics Department of the University of California, Berkeley. Dung-Hai Lee's main research interest is in strongly correlated many-particle systems. He has contributed to the fields of magnetism and superconductivity and the study of quantum Hall systems and classical and quantum phase transitions. His current interest is in the physics of novel superconductors and topological states in condensed matter systems.
Discovering superconductivity above room temperature is a dream for modern science and technology. Now, theorists propose that for certain types of superconductors, contact with a metal layer could greatly increase the transition temperatures of these materials—in some cases by as much as an order of magnitude.


text:
Humorist's Ohio Home On National Register Of Historic Places
The suburban ranch-style home in Ohio where humor writer Erma Bombeck launched her nationally syndicated column has been added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Listen to the Story
Taxes are due later this week. WOSU's Tom Borgerding reports one area agency is helping some taxpayers get the most from their return.
Its going to be a busy week for Bill Whisler. He's a volunteer tax preparer at Impact Community Action at Bryden Road and Parsons Avenue. And the deadline for filing taxes is this Thursday.
"We help a lot of people and we get them more money than they normally would so I think that's a good thing." Says Whisler.
Whisler was trained by the United Way to help people in Columbus and Franklin County prepare their 2009 tax returns. He says most of the folks who walk through the door at Impact have low-to-moderate earned income.
"We see the earned income tax credit on the majority of returns."
The earned income tax credit is available to some low and moderate income working individuals and families. The credit could mean an extra couple of hundred dollars to an individual. But, Whisler says, collectively, the credit translates into much more disposable income for Central Ohio.
"Last year," says Whisler, "the earned income tax credit refunds to Franklin County alone was over $171,000,000."
On a recent week-day morning, Teresa Howard of Columbus brought her W-2′s, Social Security information and other tax documents to Whisler's office at Impact. Its the third consecutive year that Howard says she's used the free service.
"So its a program that really helps and benefits people of low income, and others as well. I just don't like to do taxes." Says Howard.
Howard is single with no dependents. So, she says doing taxes is tedious. She also has a slight anxiety about missing a possible tax credit or benefit if she does her own tax return.
"Taxes change every year and you never know what's going to be for you and what's going to be against you."
Although Howard declined to give specifics of her return, she says she'll get a small refund this year after volunteer Whisler crunched the numbers after volunteer Whisler crunched the numbers and found all the available credits due her.
"I would say, I would say a few know about it, many do not know about it. And that's just one of several other new credits that are available out there. There's a make work pay credit. Another one that's missed by a lot of people is educational credits if they're going to school. Alot of the expenses are deductible." Says Whisler.
The deadline for filing 2009 tax returns is Thursday midnight.


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The police union insists the use of handcuffs by frontline officers, particularly with regards to people attempting to commit suicide, is more confusing than ever.
And Police Commissioner Tang King-shing has failed to clarify the issue.Wednesday, 17 March, 2010, 12:00am
Mainland authorities have long known of the defects in the state secrecy law. Legislators drafted it with their own definitions of what needed to be protected in mind, paying little heed to how they could be abused. Massive economic and social changes in the 21 years since it was enacted have made the need for a radical reshaping a matter of urgency.2 Mar 2010 - 12:00am
Mainland lawmakers have completed the second draft of revisions to the controversial Protection of State Secrets Law, apparently in time for the changes to be approved at the annual meeting of the National People's Congress beginning next week.25 Feb 2010 - 12:00am
Poor tenants' plight ignored after tragedy22 Feb 2010 - 12:00am
A recent breakthrough in face-recognition technology may save police officers hundreds of hours of painstaking work trying to identify culprits from video footage.
New software offered by the University of Hong Kong scientists may even provide a vital tool to help investigations into the acid attacks in the city.17 Feb 2010 - 12:00am
Hundreds of millions of people will gather around mainland television screens tonight to watch China Central Television's Spring Festival Gala - a 27-year-old tradition that has been a holiday entertainment staple.13 Feb 2010 - 12:00am
A five-year-old boy and a man, 53, were injured when acid - used to clear a blocked drain - sprayed onto the street in North Point yesterday.
The incident happened at about 1pm after a woman poured the corrosive drain cleaner into the drain on the balcony of her eighth-floor flat in Man Hong House at Model Housing Estate.28 Jan 2010 - 12:00am
Civic Party lawmaker Tanya Chan says she cannot rule out the possibility Beijing played a hand in a break-in at her Sheung Wan office.
She is preparing to resign next week, along with four other legislators, and trigger by-elections being touted as a de facto referendum on universal suffrage.20 Jan 2010 - 12:00am
Police in the Guangxi region opened fire on a group of villagers over a land requisition dispute, wounding at least five protesters, state media reported yesterday. One person later died in hospital, according to a villager.15 Jan 2010 - 12:00am
Police believe the perpetrators of 10 acid attacks are still at large after they said the man arrested over the Causeway Bay attack was likely to be a copycat offender who acted alone.15 Jan 2010 - 12:00am
Viewers of China Central Television should brace themselves for an even heavier dose of propaganda - a leaked memo orders news executives to avoid 'negative' stories.
Reports that criticise officials or question government policy are out. Those highlighting positive aspects of China, for example its rapid recovery from the global economic downturn, are very much in.7 Jan 2010 - 12:00am
Lawmakers yesterday voiced fears over a plan by police to set up a HK$400 million secure network for remote access to the force's database to prevent officers inadvertently leaking data onto the internet.
They are worried over the cost-effectiveness and the risk of losing confidential information.6 Jan 2010 - 12:00am
The spate of objects such as knives, scissors, hammers and now a bottle of corrosive liquid being thrown from windows of public estates has prompted authorities to hire more former police officers for patrols and install more surveillance cameras.21 Dec 2009 - 12:00am
A former policeman was jailed for three years and 10 months yesterday for impersonating a serving officer and blackmailing a prostitute out of HK$300. Chiu Sung-kei, 37, was convicted after trial in the District Court of blackmail, robbery and pretending to be a police officer. Chiu, a policeman between 1995 and 2000, committed the offences last year.12 Dec 2009 - 12:00am
Law enforcement agencies committed 11 irregularities in spying last year, including one case in which an officer behaved in an 'arrogant and presumptuous' manner towards the covert-surveillance watchdog.1 Dec 2009 - 12:00am