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Rocket Motel
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Granite & Wildlife in the Black Hills
... detail, but to us it seemed that Korczak Ziolkowski, the sculptor (who died in 1982), has created a project that will allow his family for the next ten generations to have a stream of income (his ten children have continued his work). There is no deadline for this project. There is no timeline with milestones. The project is managed by a private ...
The Black Hills
... and picked one up, then swung by to get a couple of things out of the truck before I left. When I told the mechanic I just needed to grab a bag, he said ok, but he would have the truck done in 20 minutes! The mechanic looked at me funny when I told him I could give him a hug, so I let it go. I returned the rental car (fastest rental ever, about 20 minutes I think) and picked up the truck. Turns out the fan was unplugged (the ...
A Day for Monuments and Larger Than Life Men
... celebration when the face of the memorial was unveiled. Billy Mills, a Native American Olympian, narrates the short documentary film about the memorial. Truly an overload of information, but all interesting to read. We took a bus tour - an additional fee - to get a slightly closer look at the memorial. Steve, our bus driver, was a jovial guy, interspersing facts about the process of creating the memorial with lame jokes and jabs at ...
In the Black Hills of SD...where's Rocky Raccoon?
... moved on, the rain and thunder stopped, but the lightning continued and we watched beautiful zigzags of light over the mountains. At 9:30pm a laser light show with accompanying music was going to be projected onto the Crazy Horse monument (which is also a mountain over 800 feet high). The music started, the rain had stopped, the lightning was still seen over the hills, and there came a low, white stream of cloud traveling in the opposite direction ...
Wind Cave and Custer State Park
... family there, they were from Ohio with three children. Pretty much you can count on any families with children doing home school at this point in the year.
The boys completed the Junior Ranger program for the Wind Cave, #3 for the boys now.
After the caves we headed to Custer State Park. This park is known for its extensive array of wildlife, especially buffalo. They maintain a herd ...


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Jon Bon Jovi is celebrating his birthday on March 2 and we wanted to show the love and celebrate with him! With over 30 years of epic tunes, it's no surprise that we play Bon Jovi on more than one channel here … Continued
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Hair Nation's M3 Festival Week: Hear fest highlights + interviews with Tesla, Sebastian Bach + more
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Whether it's indie rock darlings like Ted Leo and Dinosaur Jr., or the uber hip electronic music of Steve Aoki, I have always been deeply interested in the work of artists who found their initial musical identity and education in punk rock, and then used the ...
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Looking for artistic inspiration? Feel the need to make something with your hands? How about a studio tour and some advice from a fine artist for those of us who want to try our hand at painting? I first found out about fine artist Emily Jeffords (and blogger) through Minted – I was shopping their site for work to install in my home and came across these. And swoon. It was love at first sight.
Then a funny thing happened. Out of the blue, Emily contacted me about possibly appearing on my blog. Fate? I'm not sure how many of you know this about me, but I grew up on the coast in South Carolina, just south of Myrtle Beach. Finding out Emily was a SC girl too (she's in Greenville) sealed the deal – I had to learn more! So I asked her for an interview and studio tour and well, that's exactly what I'm about to share. I found this interview particularly inspiring for mothers with careers and aspiring painters. Let's get started.
1. Hi Emily! First, a little about yourself…
I am an artist and mother of two, working in a 100-year-old light-drenched studio & gallery called the White Whale in Greenville, SC. I create impressionistic landscape oil paintings on canvas featuring lively colors and slightly abstract skies. My desire is for viewers to be reminded of sweet times past while bringing some beauty to life in the present. I began painting as a child and never stopped! Something about the creative process lets me say things that I cannot say with words – expressing feelings and emotions is so exciting to me.
2. Were you classically trained or self-taught?
I graduated with a BFA in 2D fine art, which was so helpful and gave me the confidence to officially call myself an "artist". However, one of the most helpful things for my artistic career has been doing painting-a-day challenges. The discipline and challenge of creating consistently has taught me SO much about myself and about art.
3. What was an advantage of studying fine art and what is your advice for those who didn't study but want to become a working artist?
It helped me think about creativity in a whole new way. However, I really don't think you have to go to college to achieve that. In a way, all artists are self-taught. No one can train your eyes or your hands. That's all on you. If you're interested in becoming an artist (sans school) here is what I would do: try everything, test out new tools and materials, study the masters, attend workshops taught be professional artists, and soak up as much inspiration as you can!
4. What do you love about being a mother and also working as a painter?
Having my girls in my studio brings life and joy to my space and to my work. I can see their influence on my color pallete, subject matter, everything. They make me stop, notice, and enjoy life a little more.
5. What do you find challenging about having kids and a career?
My girls have grown up in my studio and around artwork, so they understand the ebb and flow of the creative process. But, they are young, and they are normal kids! When I create, it is so easy to slip into a wonderful focused "headspace": I block out the world, getting lost in the movement and motion of the process. That's a little hard to do while also parenting.
6. How did you handle that challenge?
When I moved into a studio outside of our home I really wanted to be sure that my girls felt like this is their space to learn and create as well. When they feel involved in the creative process they're on my side. I talk with them about my ideas and deadlines and in return they tell me about theirs! — we have "mini art" shows pretty frequently and they're always working on a painting for someone special. ;)
7. How do you balance family/work –what is a day in your life like?
Oh goodness, no day is the same … but, if I were to mash them together and come up with an average: mornings spent with my girls at home, some days their tutor comes to the house, others they come with me to the studio, but either way, I head to the studio around 11 am where I spend about 2-3 hours painting. In the afternoon my intern and studio manager might join me, we'll package prints, mail goodness, send emails, keep all the wheels turning… We have dinner together as a family as often as possible, the girls go to bed and my husband and I relax and do a little more work. Work/life balance is a myth. It's more of a juggle. The key is communicating with the people in my life, coordinating our needs and finding ways to support each other as often as possible.
8. How have you marketed your work?
My "marketing strategy" feels incredibly natural and organic. I simply make an effort to share my artwork and process consistently. I've found that people want to take part in creativity – even if they cannot create it themselves every day.
9. What is your greatest achievement so far as a painter and what goals do you have for your work going forward?
I think the process; the days all stacked together are my greatest achievement. There are highs and lows and many days in between, but maintaining my passion throughout the journey is something I am super proud of. I would love to collaborate on some more artistic collaborations with some dreamy brands and fashion designers over the next couple years to create products that mix fine art with everyday objects. Having people interact with art in every day ways is super exciting to me.
10. What advice can you give those who want to paint but are too scared to "mess up"?
The scariest thing is to start a painting, or anything, really, telling yourself that this thing must be Perfect. It won't be. Every painting is a practice. Some are going to please you more than others, but the process is the art. Giving yourself space to practice and to try new things is so healthy for your creativity.
Beautiful! Inspiring! Now I want to paint! That's what a great interview and studio tour does I guess. Motivates.
Tip: Check our Emily's photos on Instagram here. And you can purchase her work in her Minted shop here.
(images: emily jeffords // paige french)
Okay so maybe since it's nearly November I shouldn't be thinking about beaded and/or shell anything because that sounds very boho summer on the beach, doesn't it? But truthfully I'm imagining them as being just as relevant and gorgeous in the colder months too – like now. I don't know, I just see them as being so cozy in rooms with lots of candles and smooschy pillows with a chunky cableknit throw. And I suddenly want one, again! Again, you say? Well I wanted this one back in 2012. This actually happens to me a lot. I fall in and out of love with stuff. So here is an example of a beaded light that I love…
This is from a shop that I always visit whenever I'm in Amsterdam called Suhka.
And now that you see a great bead version, let's talk about shells. I found a shell chandy near my house recently at a store called Looms and it would really work in my living room and introduce a little boho factor. Maybe you can only imagine capiz shell lights as I type this, but let me reassure you that while yes, I love those too, I'm including the mini shells and wooden beaded ones too. So below I'm mixing them all up in some pretty fantastic interiors. And I'd seriously love your opinion -hot or not?
The is a shell light that I saw in a local shop window. Swoon.
This is a super mega capiz shell light from Angelika Taschen's Berlin home from The Selby. Gorgeous but a bit OTT for my humble home. I think it's as big as my living room.
These are all cute – not really "me" but cute. Top left: She Made Me // Top right: Wild Poppy Goods // Bottom left: Beach House Lifestyle // Bottom right: Peony Swimwear
I love seeing one set against a natural background of green, this is in Australia found on The Design Files.
Out of all of these, I really can see the one shown top left in my home. Or, the bottom right "baby" version – it would be darling in a beach cottage bathroom! Top left: The Decorista // Top right: Wild Poppy Goods // Bottom left: Euro Style Lighting // Bottom right: Pottery Barn Kids
From the Biskopsgarten shop – swoon! Yes, this is a good one too.
From Barefoot Styling and holy &$% that thing is massive. It's a real focal point.
From MilK Decoration – petite and understated but classy as all hell. That's Belgium homes for ya. Always interesting and classy.
From Adore Home magazine – great and very relaxed but not exactly what I'm seeing in my living room. Yet, well… They are nice.
From MilK Decoration – again in a home in Belgium. Love seeing it mixed with that shelving system. This actually looks really Parisian to me.
Beaded and shell lighting – So HOT or so NOT? Do you like BEADS or SHELLS?
(images linked to their sources above)
Do you remember the beautiful work of Max Wanger that I shared back in August of 2013? Well I got a hold of one of his pieces called Tulum from Framed & Matted over the summer and I've been dying to share it. I've been super busy but finally got around to snapping some photos today. Would you like to see this pretty beachy scene? I really love the mellow tones of blue and green against the crisp white frame and my gray wall.
I not only adore the print because I'm a total beach babe at heart (I grew up on the beach!), but also love that it's behind good great quality plexiglas since I'm not a fan of art behind glass these days, especially with a little curious baby boy in the house. Plus, I really like the ease of install with frames that are light and plexi that is also very light – you can install something like this on a single sturdy nail and be done with it. This isn't the final destination for this piece, I actually imagine it more in my bedroom, but for now I've leaned it against the wall in my dining area/work studio. Above the sideboard, by the way, will be the space where I plan to install my salon style art wall which I'll detail and share on the blog this month, so stay tuned for the before and after of that.
Thank you Framed & Matted for this gorgeous piece! I was given this piece in exchange for a review under the agreement that if I didn't like it, I would return it and not review it because that's how I roll – if I don't like something I am NOT standing behind it by posting it here! But I definitely stand behind this and love it – very pleased!
Hope you are having a nice weekend, it's been gorgeous and so Fall-ish here, I don't want it to end. I'm kicking and screaming into winter this year, I'm just not prepared for it! Wahhh! Endless autumn, please!
(images: holly becker for decor8)
Want to see some amazing color combos for interiors today? Kate Imogen Wood is a British stylist from the lakes region now living and working in Copenhagen. She began styling when I started blogging, in 2005, and hasn't looked back ever since – she is obsessed with Scandinavian interiors which shows in her portfolio which you can view online here. She was nice enough to write to me to introduce herself so I thought, since I really like what I saw when I viewed her work, that I'd choose and share some of my favorites from her work below. I choose these based on primarily the color combinations. They struck me as really current and unusual – lilac with shades of green and apricot with yellow – so good! See what you think.
What do you think about these color combos? Aren't they bananas? ** love ** And I'm all for the tropical theme going on at the moment, you too? I predict it will go right into the new year and be a big part of 2015 interiors, what do you think?
(images: kate imogen wood with permission)


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Re: Toyota Financial- credit score 604 and 624- 12.5% APR[ Edited ]
11-15-2012 08:24 AM - edited 11-15-2012 08:25 AM
I'd find out what bureaus your local CUs pull, and find out what their tiering is. They are very forthright with this information. I would guess that you'd probably want to wait until around 650 for a good refi with a CU, which would put you in the ~7% range. This would put you 6-12 months out to repair your score, depending on many scenarios. If Toyota is willing to work with you at 2.9% after only 12 months, I say wait for that.
Edit: I didn't realize the Toyota deal meant trading in the van after only 12 months. That's totally up to you, but I'd pay careful attention to how much money you roll over into a new loan.
|Chase Freedom $9500
DCU Visa $10000
Capital One QS $2000
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WalMart CC $3100
BOA Platinum $600
AMEX Gold NPSL


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BlackBerry Back In Profit 67
from the bouncing-back dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
They are so serious they were the last company in telecom to let UAE/India/Saudi Arabia etc snoop on BB traffic.
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"I may kid around about drugs, but really, I take them seriously." - Doctor Graper


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Abstract available in
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Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Feb. 8, 1966 s oc E 3,234,020
PLATE FOR ELECTROSTATIC ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY Original Filed Jan. '7, 1958 g 'llllllllllllllllllllln o INVENTOR.
JERRY L STOCKDALE ATTORNEYS United States Patent 3,234,020 PLATE FOR ELECTROSTATIC ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY Jerry L. Stockdale, Indianapolis, Ind, assignor, by mesne assignments, to Xerox Corporation, Rochester, N.Y.,
a corporation of New York Continuation of application Ser. No. 707,561, Jan. 7, 1958.
This application June 21, 1961, Ser. No. 118,626 6 Claims. (Cl. 96-11) This invention relates to xerography and in particular to an improved xerographic plate; and this application is a continuation-impart of my application Serial No. 235,383 filed July 5, 1951 (now abandoned) and a continuation of my application Serial No. 707,561, now abandoned, filed January 7, 1958. v
In the art of xe-rography, which was first presented in Carlson US. Patent No. 2,297,691, an electrophotographic reproduction is made by placing an electrostatic charge pattern or electrostatic image on an insulating surface such as a photoconductive insulating surface and thereafter developing the electrostatic image by means of an electrically-attractable material.
This invention is an improvement in the art of xerography as disclosed in the aforesaid Carlson patent of such significant character that it has now become feasible to apply the process to continuous-tone electrophotography wherein the electrostatic image runs a continuous gradation of potential corresponding to a continuous gradation in the optical density of the subject to be reproduced.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an improved xerographic plate which is capable of reproducing an optical image faithfully and in pleasing tone rendition. In a process for which this improved member is particularly useful, a xerographic member comprising a photoconductive insulating layer on a conductive backing is provided with a uniform electrostatic charge on its photoconductive layer and is then exposed to a light image. On exposure to the light image, the photoconductive layer becomes conductive in selective areas corresponding to the bright area of the image, and
' the electrostatic charge is dissipated preferentially in these areas. To meet the high requirements of continuous-tone electrophotography, it is essential that the electrophotographically-sensitive member be capable of accepting a uniform charge both in terms of uniform surface potential and in terms of total charge per unit area, and it is further essential that the photoconductivity of the sensitive member be uniform throughout the area and be generally proportional to the light intensity. Without these strictly exact characteristics, adequate continuous gradation of tone is unlikely and the sensitive member would be suitable only for line copy reproduction or for relatively crude continuous-tone work.
It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide an improved xerographically-sensitive member suitable for fine grade continuous-tone reproduction, and to provide a process for the preparation of said improved member.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an improved electrophotographic member comprising a photoconductive layer on a conductive backing, this member being of high uniformity suitable for fine continuous-tone reproduction, and to provide a process for the preparation of such improved member.
In the production of a xerographic member suitable for electrophotography, any backing may be provided for this photoconductive insulating material which possesses greater conductivity than the dark conductivity of the photoconductive insulating layer, as stated in the aforesaid Carlson Patent No. 2,297,691, wherein reference is made to the use of metal plate backings such as zinc, aluminum,
3,234,020 Patented Feb. 8, 1966 and brass. This patent also mentions the employment of other ba-ckings such as paper, glass, plastic or other sheets which may be impregnated or coated with a conductive material such as a conductive metal, metallic-conductive compounds, carbon and the like, both with and without some binder material. In the xerogra-phic member, the backing serves the primary purpose of providing a conductive material in continuous, electrically coupled relation with the layer of photoconductive insulating material whereby wherever the layer of photoconductive insulating material is rendered conductive responsive to exposure of the photoconductive insulating material to light, and to the extent of such exposure, an electrostatic charge previously imposed on the layer of photoconductive insulating material may become dissipated with resultant production of an electrostatic image. Accordingly, many other backing plates may be employed in addition to those that have been exemplified. However, especially in the case of continuous tone reproduction, it is important that the electrical coupling between the backing and the layer of photoconductive insulating material be highly uniform throughout the area of the electrostatic latent image. Moreover, it is important that an original electrostatic charge be retained to the maximum extent possible and with maximum uniformity of retained charge during the interval between the charging of a xerographic member and the exposure of the member to light for the production of the desired photoelectric image.
The aforesaid Carlson Patent No. 2,297,691 gives a number of examples of photoconductive insulating materials which may be utilized in a Xerographic member. Among them are sulfur, anthracene, anthraquinone, melted mixtures of sulfur and selenium with the sulfur predominating, and certain mixtures of sulfur with anthracene or linseed oil. More recently it has been proposed to employ as and for the layer of photoconductive insulating material a layer of substantially pure selenium that has been produced under such conditions that the selenium is not in the semi-conductor metallic state mentioned in the said Carlson patent but is in an amorphous, vitreous, photoconductive insulator state, such as that which results from the procedure disclosed in application Serial No. 221,042, filed April 14, 1951, entitled, Xerographic Member, and Method and Apparatus for the Production Thereof (now Patent No. 2,753,278, issued July 3, 1956). Such vitreous selenium photoconductive insulating material is considerably more electroconductively responsive than the materials mentioned in the Carlson patent, thus making it possible to utilize shorter periods of light exposure or less intense light exposure whereby greater all-around utility and suitability for continuoustone are afforded. Accordingly, it is preferable to employ selenium for the photoconductive insulating material although in practising this invention essentially the same utilization of photoconductive insulating properties in involved in the production of a photoelectric latent image, whether selenium is used or some other photoconductive insulating material. The selenium that is used is sub stantially pure and does not contain the small amount of halide that is essentially present to impart conductive characteristics when selenium is used for other purposes wherein substantial conductivity is a required characteristic.
Features of this invention involve the cleaning of a surface area of an electroconductive backing member which is free of substantially all foreign matter, thereby leaving the surface area substantially uniform throughout so as to be thatof the substance of which the backing member is composed, and while the surface is freedof all foreign matter, as aforesaid, causing a film of insulating material to be distributed over the surface area in directly adherent relation therewith with essential uniformity of both composition and thickness. An essentially uniform layer of photoconductive insulating material thereafter is applied to the film of'insulating material. The film of insulating material is so distributed in relation to the elements on the opposite sides thereof that the xerographic plate as a Whole has a substantially decreased dark decay rate as compared with a corresponding plate wherein the surface of the backing member has been similarly cleaned without, however, applying the film of insulating material. At the same time, the plate permits effective discharge of an electrostatic charge upon increase in the conduc tivity of the layer of photoconductive insulating material responsive to exposure to light or other radiation that is effective to impart increased conductivity to the photoconductive insulating material that is used. In preferred embodiments of this invention, the intervening barrier film does not substantially decrease the rate of light decay of the plate or otherwise affect the responsiveness of the plate to light exposure and may actually increase the rate of light decay.
By utilization of this invention, very significant improvements in xerography have been obtained, especially in the attainment of improved continuous-tone reproductions. The sensitivity of a xerographic plate to light and to the development of electrostatic image contrasts is impaired by loss of an initially imparted electrostatic charge and, inasmuch as there is always a substantial interval of time between the imparting of the charge and the light exposure whereby the latent electrostatic image is produced and between the light exposure and development of the plate, the decrease in dark decay rate that is obtained according to this invention is of major practical significance as regards its effect on the quality of the reproductions produced. Moreover, both any dark decay as may occur and the light decay response to illumination are caused to be more uniform throughout the surface area that has been treated according to this invention with the result that the electrostatic image that is produced more nearly parallels the differences in illumination and avoids inaccuracies due to the effect on the electrostatic image of factors such as non-uniform charge retention and nonuniform response to illumination.
In the drawing the figure is a diagrammatic representation partially in section of an improved xerographic member according to this invention. In the figure there is shown a new xerographic member comprising a backing plate 11 having on its surface an extremely'thin interfacial layer 12 with a top layer of photoconductive vitreous-appearing selenium 13.
The general nature and scope of the invention having been set forth, the following specific examples are presented in illustration but not in limitation of the invention, and it is to be understood that the invention is limited only by the appended claims.
Example 1 A brass plate having a surface area about 4 x 5 inches and characterized by a mirror-smooth surface free from visible flaws and imperfections was selected as a base plate for a xerographic member. This brass backing plate was carefully prepared by the following cleaning steps: The surface was coated with a commercial wax base polish believed to be an aqueous emulsion of a paraffin hydrocarbon wax and the surface was polished with a soft cloth; the polished surface was Washed with water containing a small amount of a Duponol (a trade name for a higher aliphatic alcohol sulfate); the surface was thoroughly rinsed with water and then with methyl alcohol; and the surface was immediately degreased by suspending it in isopropyl alcohol vapor.
The thoroughly cleaned brass base plate was then placed in a vacuum evaporation chamber with its rear surface mounted against a temperature control platen through which was circulated water at a controlled temperature and substantially pure selenium was evaporated onto the cleaned surface of the plate according to the procedure claimed in copending application Serial No. 221,042, filed April 14, 1951, and entitled, Xerographic Member, and Method and Apparatus for the Production Thereof. According to this procedure, the brass plate was maintained at a temperature of about 65 C. and a SO-micron layer of vitreous selenium was evaporated thereon during a period of about ten minutes. Uniformity of thickness of the selenium layer was assured by evaporating the selenium simultaneously from four evaporation boats positioned substantially directly opposite the corners of the brass plate, whereby the film was of equal thickness over the entire area within a tolerance of 2%. The resulting plate was characterized by being excellent for the reproduction of continuous-tone images by the zerographic process.
Example 2 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated employing the following cleaning steps on the brass plate: The plate was first thoroughly washed with water containing 1% Duponol and then evaporated dry. An 8% solution of parafiin wax in benzene was applied to the surface with a cotton swab and air dried. This was then rubbed briskly until polished and washed again with 1% Duponol. The surface was then rubbed with water and flushed with methanol, after which it was immediately degreased with isopropyl alcohol vapor. The plate was then placed in a vacuum chamber and coated with selenium, according to the procedure of Example 1, to yield a satisfactory continuous-tone xerographic plate.
The rigorous cleaning steps described in the examples are believed to perform two functions. In the first plate, these cleaning steps are designed to remove completely all films of dirt, grease, oxides, stains and the like from the surface of the plate, and, in the second plate, it is believed that these steps leave on the surface of the plate a very thin uniform layer of the cleaning agent, in the specific examples described, this being a wax cleaning agent, employed in the cleaning steps. Thus, it is believed that there remains a thin coating, presumably a very few molecules thick, of the cleaner component. The presence of the residual thin interfacial film or barrier layer has been established experimentally by its efiectiveness in preventing amalgamation of a brass test plate of the character aforesaid with mercury placed therein. Thus three like brass test plates were cleaned by successively treating them with hydrochloric acid, isopropyl alcohol and hot isopropyl alcohol vapor. Two of the three plates had Glass Wax applied thereto which was subsequently re- .moved with a dry cotton swab. One of the blanks that had had the Glass Wax applied thereto was degreased by treating it for five minutes in hot isopropyl alcohol vapor for five minutes. A drop of mercury was placed on each of the three plates. The mercury did not wet the surface of either of the plates that had had Glass Wax applied thereto but did amalgamate with the surface of the plate that had not had the Glass Wax applied thereto, thereby demonstrating that a barrier film is left by the Glass Wax and that the film is not removed by a degreasing treatment of the kind employed in the preparation of the plate of Example 1.
Example 3 Three brass test plates were thoroughly cleaned by treatmg each with successive application of 1.2 N hydrochloric acid, isopropyl alcohol, and hot isopropyl alcohol vanor. To the surface of the clean plates 21 film was applied donsisting of polystyrene, by dipping the plate in a toluene satisfactory continuous-tone xerographic plates.
. Example 4 Two brass test plates were thoroughly cleaned by treating each with successive applications of 1.2 N hydrochloric acid, isopropyl alcohol, and hot isopropyl alcohol vapor. To the surface of one of the cleaned plates a film was applied consisting of Lucite 46, which is a trade name of E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. for a polymeric butyl methacrylate, by dipping the plate in a toluene solution of the Lucite, theresultingfilrn being about 3 microns in thickness. After storage of the film coated plate for 72 hours, both plates were coated with a coating about 45 microns in thickness of amorphous selenium by vacuum evaporation at about 73 C. and about 1 micron of mercury. The plate having the Lucite interfacial film exhibited much improved resistance to dark decay, without impairment of light sensitivity, as evidenced by the follow data:
Initial Dark Light Residual Intsrfacial layer potent. decay, sensitivity potent,
(positive), percent (400 mp) v.
Lucite (3 555 0.72 17. 5 26 None (control) 500 4 17. 5 25 In the foregoing table and elsewhere herein dark decay expressed in percent is computed as follows:
(V V X 100 Percent dark decay= where T is the time in seconds required for the plate potential to decay under the light exposure to one-half of its initial value, V is the initial potential and I is the light intensity.
Example Two brass plates were prepared as described in Example 4 and were placed in a common evaporator having separate shutters for screening each of the plates. While maintaining about 1 micron mercury pressure, a film of sulfur substantially 1.5 micron in thickness was applied to one of the plates while the other plate was screened by its shutter. Thereafter, without breaking the vacuum, a coating about 45 microns in thickness of amorphous selenium was applied at about 73 C. to both of the plates. The plate having the sulfur interfacial film exhibited much improved resistance to dark decay while possessing satisfactory light-sensitivity, as evidenced by the following data:
resistance to dark decay without adversely affecting lightsensitivity;
Initial Light sensitivity Interfacial layer potent. Dark decay (400 my) (positive), v.
S (3,) 460 440 v. 30 min. Fell to 30 v. in
later. 1 min. None (control) 450 350 v. 30 min.
Example 7 Initial Light sensitivity Iuterfacial layer potent. Dark decay (400 m (positive), v.
GazSca (1p) 440 400 v. 30 min. Fell to 14 v. in 1 later. min. and 0.5 v.
in 25 min. Ga Sea (Z-3 560 520 v. 30 min. Fell to 22 v. in 1 later. min. and 3 v.
in 10 min.
Example 8 Two aluminum plates were thoroughly cleaned, first using isopropyl alcohol and then hot isopropyl alcohol vapor. One of the cleaned aluminum plates was coated with a Lucite film about 3 microns in thickness as described above in Example 4. The interfacial film of Lucite resulted in a very good improvement in resistance to dark decay without impairing light-sensitivity, as evidenced by the following data:
Initial Dark Light sen- Interfacial layer potent. decay, sitivity Residual (positive), percent (400 m potent. v.
Lucite 46 (3,u) 459 3. 9 19 25 None (c0ntrol). 430 40 18. 5 16 Example 9 Two brass plates which had been cleaned as described above in Example 4 were placed in a vacuum evaporator and while maintaining a pressure of about 1 micron of mercury each of the plates had applied thereto by vacuum deposition a film of aluminum of about .3 micron in thickness. Without breaking the vacuum, one of the aluminum coated plates had deposited thereon a film Interfaciamyfl Dark decay zf gg i g of sulfur about 1 micron in thickness. Thereafter each (positive),v. of the plates had deposited thereon a coating about 45 microns in thickness of amorphous selenium. In this s (1.5 580 520 v.,30 min. Fell to 30 v.in1 instance also there was a pronounced improvement in N0ne 580 430mm resistance to dark decay while light-sensitivity remained later. high, as evidenced by the following data:
Example 6 Interfaeial layer g ii iiii. sii t igi t y Residual Two brass plates were prepared as described in Expercent (400 potent"v ample 5 except that the sulfur interfacial film was applied so as to be substantially 3 microns in thickness. As evi- S (1) 567 26 132 denced by the following data, the increased thickness of None n 00 11 16 28 a 7 Example A coating of chromium about 25 microns in thickness was applied electrolytically to two brass plates, which were thereafter subjected to the cleaning procedure hereinabove described in Example 4. Also as described in Example 4, a coating of Lucite about 3 microns in thickness was applied to one of the plates and thereafter each of the plates had applied thereto by vacuum deposition a coating of amorphous selenium. In this instance a very great improvement in resistance to dark decay resulted from the Lucite interfacial film, there being as well some increase in light-sensitivity. The data in connection with this example appears below:
Initial potent. (positive), v.
Dark decay. percent Light Residual scnsit. potent,
Fatigue Lucite 46 (3 1) None (control).
Example 11 ,Were also tested for fatigue and much improved resistance to fatigue was noted in the case of the plate having the interfacial Lucite film. The data in connection with this example is as follows:
Initial potent. (positive) v.
Light sensitivity Interiacial layer Fatigue, percent Lucite 46 (3 32 8. 2 None (control) 8. 3
Fatigue as given in the above table and elsewhere herein is obtained by dividing the difference in voltage before and after exposures to radiation (in each case taken three minutes after charging) by the voltage on the plate before exposure (three minutes after charging), the value of the ratio being expressed as a percentage.
Example 12 The procedure of Example 10 was repeated except for the vacuum deposition of a film of indium on the brass plates instead of gold, the results of this test being as follows:
Light sensitivity (450 mp) Initial potent. (positive), v.
Dark decay, percent Intertacial layer Fatigue,
percent Lucite 46 None (control) Example 13 Example 8 was repeated except that the plates were subjected to a negative potential rather than a positive potential and the following data was obtained:
Dark decay, percent Initial potent. (neg), v.
Light sensitivity Interiacial layer Lucite 4G (3p) None (control) ll 30 l 'surface of the base plate.
8 Example 14 Example 9 was repeated except that the plates were subjected to a negative potential rather than a positive potential and the following data was obtained:
Example 15 The plate of Example 4 having the Lucite interfacial layer and the plate of Example 6 having the sulfur interfacial layer were each subjected to a uniform electrostatic charge comparable to that imposed in ordinary commercial xerography. Both plates were then stored in the dark for three days. At the end of this period each of the plates was exposed to a light image and was developed using normal xerographic procedures. The quality of the developed image was fully equivalent to that obtained using conventional plates when such plates are exposed and developed immediately after charging. The capacity thus exhibited for resisting dark decay for three days represents a very great improvementas compared with conventional plates previously employed in xerography.
The'function of the interfacial layer is not known with certainty but it is believed that in addition to protecting the surface from chemical action immediately prior to the coating operation it also acts as an insulator or at least as a barrier between the layer of photoconductive insulating material and the electroconductive substance of which the surface of the backing is composed. It is known, for example, that in vitreous selenium the mechanism of charged migration is attributable to the migration of positive holes, that is, such electrical conductivity as it possesses occurs in the form of the travel of apparent electron spaces or holes within the layer rather than by the travel of free electrons through the layer. It also is known that the preferred xerographic steps employed in connection with selenium as the photoconductive insulating material include imparting a positive polarity surface charge to the photoconductive layer, which positive charge is dissipated upon exposure to light and is believed to be conducted through the layer'to the conductive base plate or backing. Basing theory upon these facts, it is believed and understood that the interfacial film or layer of insulating material that, acoording to this invention, is provided between the electroconductive base plate and the layer of selenium or other photoconductive insulating material serves to prevent premature transmission of the electrons to the photoconductive layer prior to its exposure to light. Whether this theory is correct or not, it has been found that in the absence of the application of the interfacial film of insulating material the resulting xerographic plate is characterized by excessive loss of charge in the absence mottled and, therefore, unsuited for continuous-tone electrophotography.
The interfacial film which is employed according to this invention is composed of insulating material in contrast with the electroconductive substance presented at the The insulating material of which the interfacial film is composed also has less conductivity than the dark conductivity of the overlying layer of photoconductive insulating material in the sense that when the plate is charged and is not exposed to activating radiation an insulating barrier is provided which lessens the rate at which the potential imposed on the layer of photoconductive insulating material becomes dissipated into the base plate. The insulating material of which the interfacial film is composed ordinarily is not a photoconductive insulating material whose conductivity is increased upon exposure to radiation. However, such increase in conductivity upon exposure of the plate to activating radiation is not inconsistent with the practice of this invention inasmuch as it is desirable rather than otherwise that an imposed charge be dissipated rapidly in those areas that are exposed to activating radiation. Thus, sulfur possesses photoconductive insulating characteristics to a certain extent but may very advantageously be used as the material of the interfacial layer in combination with an overlying layer of photoconductive insulating material such as vitreous selenium. However, the invention contemplates the employment of an interfacial film or barrier layer composed of some material which is different from the coating of photoconductive insulating material that is primarily used to receive the electrostatic charge and on which the electrostatic image is produced.
As used in the xerographtic process an electrostatic field is placed across the photoconductive insulating layer. The interfacial film or barrier layer defined in the instant invention is an insulating film in the sense that it prevents the injection of carriers from the base plate into the photoconduotive insulating layer under the influence of the applied field. Thus, such a layer may act to prevent the injection of both positive and negative charge carriers. However, as xerographic plates are normally used with only one polarity of changing, the barrier layer may prevent the injection of only one polarity of charge carrier. Thus, a vitreous selenium plate is normally used with a positive field applied to the surface thereof. Accordingly, the barrier layer should act to prevent the injection of negative charges from the backing member into the selenium. If the selenium contains a quantity of arsenic trisulfide, the resulting xerographic plate is normally used with negative sensitization. For such a photoconductive insulating layer the barrier layer should prevent the injection of positive charges or holes from the hacking into the photoconductive layer. The thickness of the barrier layer is determined by two factors: First, the difiiculty of obtaining a uniform interfacial film, and, secondly, the fact that the film must not be so thin that tunneling occurs to such an extent as to obviate the effectiveness of the barrier layer. For most materials this means that the interfacial film should have a thickness of at least about 0.1 micron. For certain materials such as those applied in the Glass Wax treatment shown in Example 1, there is "apparently an ability to strongly and uniformly wet the surface of the brass backing, thereby creating a higly uniform layer even under conditions wherein the layer is extremely thin. The layer in those cases is no more than about 100 or so angstroms thick. the barrier layer is generally determined by the maximum residual voltage that can be tolerated under conditions of use of the plate. The formula for determining this follows from the fact that the capacity of the photoconductor is to the capacity ofthe barrier layer as the initial potential applied to the plate is to the residual potential. Assuming an initial potential of 500 volts applied to a selenium photoconductor, then 500 divided by the residual voltage equals the thickness in microns of the selenium times the dielectric constant of the interlayer divided by the thickness of the insulator times the dielectric constant of the selenium. For a SO-micron selenium plate, and an interlayer material with a dielectric constant of about 3, then the residual voltage is equal to 20 times the thickness in microns of the interlayer. It can be seen from this proportion that the larger the dielectric constant of the interlayer, the greater the permissible thickness of the interlayer. In general, it is desirable that the interlayer not be thicker than about microns.
Apart from the presence of the thin interfacial layer The limiting factoron the maximum thickness of of waxy or other insulating material, it is essential that the surface area of the base plate to be used for electrophotography be scrupulously cleaned prior to the coating operation so that complete absence of any other interfacial material is assured. Dirt, moisture, spots, finger prints and other surface marks on the surface of the base plate, including even marks so slight as to be substantially invisible to the naked eye, have been found to be detectable through the coating in the form of substantial defects in xerographic prints produced from the plate. Accordingly, the surface presented by the electroconductive substance of the base plate should be cleaned so as to be essentially free of all foreign matter other than the electroco-nduotive substance of which the surface area is composed.
In order to maintain the uniformity of results essential to fine quality continuous-tone xerography, it also is necessary that the selenium layer be of substantially uniform thickness. In the absence of such uniformity, the xerographic results are impaired in two ways. In the first place, the charge acceptance of the selenium layer is uneven so that a charge of non-uniform potential 'will be placed on the layer and this change, furthermore, will be dissipated at a non-uniform rate. In addition, because of the varying distance between the surface of the base plate and the surface of the layer of photoconduotive insulating material, a varying charge density, or coulombs per unit area, will be present even if the potential is made uniform, with the result that varying numbers of charged electroscopic particles will be required to neutralize the charge by deposit on the surface. It is, therefore, apparent that uniformity of structure is critically essential to the fine quality demanded for continuous-tone reproduction.
In prior research on xerograph-ic processes and materials it had been found that gross permanent defects frequently appeared in vitreous selenium xerographic layers, these defects being apparent after the layer had been charged to a potential approximating its maximum charge acceptance or insulation breakdown potential. These defects, appearing as dots about the size of the head of a .pin, were characterized by inability to accept and retain an electrostatic charge, and were of such a nature as to render the member unsuitable even for line reproduction after a relatively large number of the spots had accumulated on the surface. Later, when these gross defects had been substantially completely eliminated by improvements and methods other than those of the present invention, it was found that other fine defects were detectable, these fine defects being substantially unobjectionable in line reproduction but making the member inferior for continuous tone reproduction. In the presently preferred xerographic procedures, a xerographic member or plate is charged to a. positive polarity potential of about 100 volts and exposed to a continuous-tone light image, and under these conditions it has been found that a typical prior xerographic plate such as, for example, an aluminum plate of clean, degreased mirror finish aluminum (which inherently has a thin aluminum oxide layer thereon) with a 20-micron vitreous selenium layer does acquire such fine defects whereas the plate according to this invention does not acquire such defects.
In preferred practice of this invention, the coating of photoconductive insulating material preferably is composed of vitreous selenium. The photoconductive insulating layer shouldbe between about 20 and about 200 microns thick, the thickness selected generally depending on the conditions of use of the plate. For line copy work the selenium usually is about 20 microns thick and for continuous-tone Work preferably is about 50 microns thick, although the selenium layer may be somewhat thinner, e.g. about 40 microns, or may be up to about microns in thickness. The selenium layer for the drums of automatic machines generally is about 50 microns thick. For X-ray work the selenium layer usually is about 80 to 160 microns thick. While the nature of the selenium layer has been described as vitreous, the exact molecular structure is not known, the term being used as descriptive of its physical appearance and it is not desired to limit the use of selenium to any crystalline or allotropic form. It is believed that the selenium is present substantially in an amorphous form containing minor proportions of a crystalline form of selenium, although it is not desired to restrict this invention to the presence of such a mixture of forms. It is, therefore, to be understood that the various crystalline or amorphous structures included in the vitreous-appearing form of selenium are likewise to be included in the meaning of the term vitreous as used herein and in the claims. It likewise is to be understood that the term selenium includes not only pure selenium but also selenium that may be modified by a controlled amount of an additive that is consistent with retention of useful photo-insulating effectiveness. While the use of vitreous selenium is preferable, nevertheless xerographic plates using other types of photoconductive insulating material are improved by the employment of the interfacial film or barrier layer according to this invention. Moreover, while excellent results have been obtained wherein the base plate presents a surface composed of brass, nevertheless other electroconductive substances may be used so long as the surface thereof is free of visible imperfections and is essentially free of all foreign matter other than the electroconductive substance of which the surface area of the base plate is composed.
The presence of the barrier layer between the photoconductive insulating layer and the conductive backing not only reduces dark decay but is also believed to substantially reduce the buildup oftrapped charges upon repeated use. Upon exposure to activating radiation, hole-electron pairs are created at the point of absorption of the photons. In the case of selenium this is on or close to the surface. The electrostatic field created by the sensitizing charges on the surface of the selenium cause one polarity of charge carriers to migrate through the selenium to the conductive backing. As they approach the backing charges of opposite polarity are injected from the backing to migrate toward the surface. Most photoconductive insulators, such as selenium, cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, etc., have a long range for only one range of charge carrier. Thus, where both polarities of charge carriers are injected into the photoconductor, the short range carriers are trapped building up a strong residual potential as the plate is reused. The
presence of a barrier interlayer according to the instant invention, by preventing injection of carriers from the backing, assures that only those carriers generated by the incident radiation will be present thus reducing the possibilities for trapping.
What is claimed is:
1. A process for preparing an improved xerographic plate suitable for continuous-tone electrophotography, said processcomprising thoroughly cleaning the surface of a smooth brass plate, applying a wax to the cleaned surface and polishing the wax, rinsing thewaxed surface with water and then with solvent vapor and vacuum evaporating a layer of vitreous selenium on said surface while maintaining the brass plate at a temperature be- 12 tween about 60 and 75 C., until a uniform vitreous selenium layer, between about 40 and about microns thick, is coated onto the surface.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the vitreous selenium layer is produced at a thickness uniform Within 2% of the average thickness.
3. A process for preparing an improved xerographic plate suitable for continuous-tone electrophotography, said process comprising thoroughly cleaning the surface of a smooth brass plate, applying a wax to the cleaned surface and polishing the wax, rinsing the waxed surface with water and then with solvent vapor and vacuum evaporating a layer of vitreous selenium on said surface while maintaining the brass plate a temperature between about 60 and C., until a uniform vitreous selenium layer, about 50 microns thick, is coated onto the surface.
4. An improved xerographic plate suitable for the production of continuous-tone electrophotographic images, said plate comprising a brass backing member, an interfacial thin coating of a wax produced by applying a wax coating to the brass surface and thoroughly polishing to remove excess wax, and a layer thereover of vitreous selenium uniform over' its entire area Within a tolerance of about 5% and coated thereon by vacuum evaporation while the brass member was maintained at a temperature between about 60 and 75 C.
5. An improved Xerographic plate suitable for the production of continuous-tone electrophotographic images, said plate comprising a brass backing member, an interfacial thin coating of a wax produced by applying a wax coating to the brass surface and thoroughly polishing to remove excess wax, and a 40 to 75 micron layer thereover of vitreous selenium uniform over its entire area within a tolerance of about 5% and coated thereon by vacuum evaporation while the brass member was maintained at a temperature between about 60 and 75 C.
6. An improved Xerographic plate suitable for the production of continuous-tone electrophotograp'hic images, said plate comprising a brass backing member, an interfacial thin coating of a wax produced by applying a wax coating to the brass surface and thoroughly polishing to remove excess wax, and a 50 micron layer thereover of vitreous selenium uniform over its entire area within a tolerance of about 5% and coated thereon by vacuum evaporation while the brass member was maintained at a temperature between about 60 and 75 C.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,657,152 10/1953 Mengali et al. 2,809,294 10/1957 Vyverberg 96-1 2,901,348 8/1959 Dessauer et al. 96-1 2,901,349 8/ 1959 Schatfert. 2,970,906 2/ 1961 Bixby. 3,041,166 6/1962 Bardeen.
FOREIGN PATENTS 755,683 8/ 1956 Great Britain.
NORMAN G. TORCHIN, Primary Examiner.
A. LOUIS MONACELL, Examiner.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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BGN 209.00 including tax
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Bonnets, Fresnos, Jalapenos y Habaneros
On the Starter Tray & Kit I began an egg carton experiment that took off, here is an update of the Scotch Bonnets, Fresnos, Jalapenos and Habaneros. I cannot fathom how to remove these from the carton without destroying something. And no I do not want to save the carton.
The lone cup on the side is an Habanero that has sprout but is taking its time.
Here is a better pic, very proud of all these. There are 11 scotchs there. Why so many- I have a Jamaican girlfriend who treats those peppers like the national crest. I think they should be on the flag.
One question. This ain't happening now, or even in weeks, but since I live in Southern Louisiana, when can these go outside in permanent pots?
Here is an update on the collection. Before I germinate more seeds I would like to get these out of the house. There are a few, if not many, things going on:
* The peppers in red cups had to be moved from the egg carton, they were wilting, desperate to create more roots, which they could not.
* Some of the peppers in shot cups are getting leggy and growing fast. I live in Southern Louisiana 9b, so I think it is hot enough to get them outside.
* If I move those to red cups, quite frankly, I have no room for them outside.
* Are these plants mature enough to go outside. If I harden them do I do it in these pots, and before or after transport.
* Bottom line: I want many of them outside, what do I do now?
* Reminder Southern Louisiana, rarely under 50 at night now.
Do you have a protected spot in outdoor shade? That's where I put mine when I am ready to harden them off. Filtered sunlight, under a patio table for example. If you get a lot of wind, put them in a cardboard box.
You can harden in those, but are they clear? If so, don't let them in direct sun without slipping them in a larger COLORED solo. Clear will act just like a greenhouse and cook those roots.
Personally, I wouldn't let the kids out to play until they had a couple more sets. But, that's me. If you do, you probably want to use some type of wind break around them until they're tougher.
I so want to Pot 'em and move 'em out DM, plant them to the necks for more roots and just set them out in the Louisiana sun, with some protection at first no doubt.
About hardening them in those small white cups, not necessarily totally opaque but not clear altogether. Also I fear hardening them in those small pots, stems are quite quite delicate. I took them out today on the porch for about 2 hours and they were flapping quite a bit. Yep, the wind scares me quite a bit- not sure if a box can do it.
A few are even going on their 3rd set of true leaves.
This post was edited by Valdo on Sun, Mar 23, 14 at 22:55
Box should be ok as long as it's deep enough. Yes, even the opaque ones will fry them. Kind of easy here to predict the wind.. it normally doesn't kick up until the afternoon. So, if you can recognize the same where you're at, that would be ideal.
Valdo: I'm not saying POT UP/TRANSPLANT to larger solos. Only to slip a larger COLORED solo over each clear cup to prevent those roots from being cooked while hardening off and growing more foliage.
Personally, I'd take my time and pot up. Unlike northerners, you have tons of time left to get many harvests.
Personally, I think many many of them are too leggy and I want to transplant anyway to bury them to their necks.
Considering I have limited space, think Ill transplant to big red solos place them in a container maybe in a box under my BBQ and see how they do. Very very protected, even covered.
A friend of mine brought me three pepper plants that look like heads of cabbage. Only about a month older than mine. My peppers seem so leggy, thinking about transplanting them. Does a transplant to bigger cup, planted to the first leaves, cause undue stress on the plant?
I am thinking those of you that shouted for more light, more light- may be right!
Nope: They won't sideshoot roots like tomatoes do, but planting below soil level can help.
Once again though, lights close to top leaves will lead to stronger, less leggy seedlings. A fan helps too. But if you can with weather permitting, a few days hardening off to full on direct sunlight and breezes is the best thing just make sure those real young ones in the pics above get some more sets of leaves before you let them really brave the outside world.
We are getting a 65 here, they are in clouded sun right now for the past 3 hours, tomorrow may do more. Overnight have not tried yet, but a paper box 8 X 11 box is the perfect shelter for keep them sheltered. My key lime and satsuma are blowing savagely, but in the box there is not even a wrinkle.
Can't wait to transplant and go outside.
Thanks! If I could mail an acre of Southern Louisiana climate to you, I would.
I am very happy to get them out. BUT there is a major problem (for me) on the outside- GNATS. They have hit the queen scotch bonnet hard and have moved to my aloe vera. I tried neem oil. The only thing I think it did was make my yard smell very exotic- like an Indian bazaar.
I am at this moment trying the near-boiling method. If that don't work, Im moving on to mosquito drops. I like to try things from minimal toxicity and up.
I admit I have a confession to make.
I have tried gardening two or three times. Every time I have had problems but I have had one particular bane that runs through my whole family.
I absolutely detest bugs!
I have to admit this fungal gnat problem is putting a serious damper on my pepper hopes- especially when I find them in my home!
Advice? Therapy?
Research IPM. Yes, you'll find out that it involves attracting even more types of bugs. But, unless you want to throw all kinds of poisons on your food, it's the best way to keep the bad bugs at bay.
Insects are a part of gardening...the trick is to balance the odds in your favor without using something toxic or using something very low impact like BT, insecticidal soaps and hort. oils like neem. Beneficial insects are the first line of defense, though...nuff said!
P.S. it takes some time, but once you get diversity in the garden, things balance out. 2 plants that will help right away, are cheap, and last for months are marigolds and alyssum. If you want to talk more, I'm here!
This post was edited by woohooman on Sat, Mar 29, 14 at 17:46
I am not going to lie, I am itching badly. I put one of the solo jalapenos outside, as an experiment. It loved the shade where the first potted scotch bonnet is. But yes it is very tempting.
That scotch bonnet is showing signs of growing in what I call the armpits (between stem and leaf-branch. But I know it won't be able to take the wind.
Btw, a fan and some epsom salts really perked the whole crowd up.
PS: By flushes you mean growing opportunities?
See. Now that's what I like to see before transplanting-- growth at the nodes(armpits). Once you see that, let them take on some gusts of say up to 20mph(as long as you've let them take on some light winds already).
No. By flushes, I mean harvests. Foliage, flowers, pods, harvest 1. More foliage, more flowers, more pods, harvest 2... and so on. Frost hits the South a little more early than it does here but you should get a good 3 or 4 before packing it in in the late fall(not sure exactly what your climate holds. Might slow down a tad in the midst of the summer but if you can keep them somewhat cool during that time(mulch, shade cloth, shielding or moving containers, etc), they'll keep on trucking. Even if you can't, they''ll pick back up again when the temps lower a bit.
I will never check my plants before work.
Rather upset that two of my scotch bonnets, that were rather bent from trying to get light, toppled over- one I had to replant in a hurry. I hope that when I get home they have righted themselves, though I doubt it.
Here is a pic of white nodules I found only on base of the scotch bonnets this morning. Is this making new roots or a sign of some sort of infestation?
May also be earwigs. Sluggo Plus will take care of both. If you're pretty sure it's slugs, just get some iron phosphate pellets. Also, look for green caterpillars. Little early for hornworms, but might be another moth/caterpillar.
Beer works, but the baits are better.
The situation is getting worse, getting to the neighbor plants as well. Not sure if it is something internal. I totally looked over the plants and nothing appeared to be hiding anywhere.
Here is an update... Bad huh?
One good thing is that they are growing very very quickly.
Suggestions, don't want to spray or buy anything unless I know what it is.
Slugs or earwigs.
Roll up some newspaper, spray with some water in the tube, and leave it out overnight. In the morning, dump the tube into a bucket of water to see if there are earwigs.
Investigate at night when the damage is happening.
Looks like earwigs. We have many of those here. Haven't attacked my peppers but looks like they have got to my Bok Choy.
BTW, my Scorpion Pepper was about 6" tall and had about 10 leaves before I planted in my garden and yes, hardening them off is crucial.
Woke up bright and early, still dark. Nor last night or this morning did I find anything out of the ordinary. Though the holes did look bigger. I tried flashlight and that newspaper method to no result. I can't go to the store to buy a deterrant until I know what it is. Anyone think it might be internal? I notice it starts as a white spot, then brown, then the hole.
Think I will pick up some Organicide 3 in 1 on my way home. Though I have my reservations with that product since it seems to burn the plants in a warm climate. Since I am still in doubt I want to get an organic general pesticide.
Other Suggestions?
This post was edited by Valdo on Mon, Apr 14, 14 at 10:24
I don't THINK it's internal. But, white, then brown, then hole sounds odd. Can you get a pic of those stages?
Organic and general are kind of contradictory since you only want to get the PESTS and leave the beneficials and neutrals alone. Broad spectrum pesticides are bad. That 3 in 1 stuff is probably not a bad one to have around but it's a contact killer and it gets soft bodied insects like aphids and whiteflies.
Post the pics in the Garden Clinic forum -- they might be able to help more than I.
Personally, I think it looks like slugs or earwigs. Try the beer again or get some Sluggo(slugs only) or Sluggo Plus(slugs AND earwigs). You can also make a trap for the earwigs -- google earwig oil trap.
Good luck.
Though the holes did look bigger.
Once there is a small hole, as the leave grow, those holes will get bigger.
The second thing: Those holes that I see in the picture are harmless. I would just ignore them. UNLESS more leaves get holes.
The holes are not made by slugs. Slugs start eating from the edge, like caterpillars. Flea beetles make hole that are much smaller and there are usually more of them. Again, once a SMALL hole, will get bigger as the leaves grow big and wide. Often debries from trees, blown by wind can make tiny holes and as the leaves grow the hole get bigger.
FINALLYON Fungus Gnats: They are an indoor problem, BECAUSE your pots are the only place that they can find a Haven in your home. Once the plants are out the fungus Gnats have the whole backyard and more to live and multiply. But if you get a persisting problem try Mosquito Dunks. It is BT and organic.
Sometimes you have to loosen up and let it go. Gardening is not done in laboratory conditions. It is all right if the pests get into your plants but don't let them get into your nerves:)
Thanks Seysonn and Kevin. Yeah I need to be a bit more Zen about my gardening. Relax and enjoy the green.
As far as planting them outside, I am debating whether to put some peppers in the front yard or not. Really the only viable garden environment I have right now. Its been strangely cold here and I am still starting my plants out. For some odd reason I am drawn to containers. Perhaps I tried planting them in the ground and none survived.
No word on the Garden Clinic as of yet.
I must quote one of my favorite authors, John Steakley in his work Armor.
They are white aphids, my camera would lose focus so I am not submitting a photo but they are tiny, flea-like white and a dew-drop shape and very compact.
I sprayed Neem and tried a garlic dishsoap water solution. Still some on there. Wierdly enough they have only hit my friend's gift plants the strong wrinkly cuban and choc habanero plants.
Advice? Yes, I know, buy ladybugs. Anything I could spray?
Yep. water. In the morn or evening, First take a nozzle and spray them, then 3 days later, do it again, then 3 days later do it again. Then 3 days later, after the populations have decreased, do the soap in the evening, rinse in the morn. 3 days later same thing.
Check plants at this point. If still some, weekly treatments of neem oil in the evening.
In the meantime, plants some flowers like I've mentioned before.
Thought you all deserved an update on the Garden of sorts. Lots going on here. I have a scotch bonnet (something utterly destroyed it and I had to put a cage) and a Fresno in the ground. The largest pot is the original scotch bonnet many of you saw in another post.
The black and white pot on the right are two habanero pepper plants a friend gave me. Behind the large one on the right is a scotch bonnet that seems rather shy.
Updates questions, confusions, are welcome. And yes, some of these I have to wait for it to grow a pod to know what it is.
Massive book-keeping and erroneous labeling errors have caused me to barely know what the hell is in the ground in my yard.
Here is a picture of a mystery pepper, one of four that I have in a grow box. I labeled it a scotch bonnet, looks like fresnos I have labeled elsewhere and someone online told me it looked like something called a Jamaican mushroom which I never even heard of!


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Oregon Sports News
Providing coverage and analysis of the Portland Trail Blazers, Portland Timbers, Oregon Ducks, Seattle Mariners, Seattle Seahawks and more.
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Russell Wilson Changes Agent – What Impact Will That Make?
Payday for me isn't quite as close to an NFL salary as I would like it to be. But at the same time, I haven't won a Super Bowl, I'm not a Pro-Bowler, and I am definitely not the Chief Football Officer with Alaska Airlines. Of course I'm talking about Seattle Seahawks golden boy Russell […] [Read More]
What We Learned From Seattle Seahawks Quarterback Russell Wilson In The Player's Tribune
The Seattle Seahawks quarterback is a former bully? When Russell Wilson's voice came out in an ad last year encouraging fans to ask him anything, to learn all about him, who expected this? He was a face grinder as a kid, a slammer who put others on the wall, a slugger who knocked teeth out. Easy to […] [Read More]
Thanks, Cincinnati. Now It's Definitely Time To Show Russell Wilson The Money
ESPN reported early Monday morning that the Cincinnati Bengals and quarterback Andy Dalton had agreed to a six-year, $115 million dollar contract. Sources told ESPN that Dalton will make $22 million within the first six months of the deal based on bonuses (signing, roster and workout) and base salary. What is guaranteed is that Seattle […] [Read More]


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Area Statistics
Montana earns 5th spot in 2014 Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index
To determine overall well-being, researchers polled adults in all 50 states assessing five categories of wellness: Purpose, Social, Financial, Community and Physcial. Alaska secured the number one spot for the first time.
High housing prices balanced by low utility and transportation costs: Bozeman's overall cost of living within one percent of the national average for 2014
The 2014 Annual Cost of Living Index report shows Bozeman's composite score as 100.8, meaning Bozeman came in at less than one percent above the national average. The annual score represents an unweighted average of data submitted for the first three quarters of 2014 by 281 participating urban areas.
Business Pulse
Prospera Business Network now accepting applications for Executive Director position
Stuart Leidner, our Executive Director since 2009, will be relocating to Anchorage, Alaska in May of 2015 to join his wife who has been offered a career opportunity with the National Park Service. The Prospera staff and Board of Directors wish Stuart safe travels to the last frontier, and all the best in the next chapter of his career. The opening is immediate and applicant screening will begin April 3, 2015.
New website launched for Business Resources Division
The Business Resources Division of the Montana Department of Commerce has launched a new and improved website that is easier to navigate and mobile-friendly. A new Montana Department of Commerce website has also been launched, providing better access to news and information.


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Book your room at Quality Inn & Suites, Santa Cruz Mountains
Standard Room, 1 King Bed, Non SmokingMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Standard Room, 2 Queen Beds, Non SmokingMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 2 infants)
Ben Lomond motel with an outdoor pool
Situated in the city center, this motel is close to Felton Covered Bridge Park. Area attractions also include Bigfoot Discovery Museum and Roaring Camp Railroads.
Property Features
A complimentary buffet breakfast is available. Quality Inn & Suites, Santa Cruz Mountains also features complimentary wireless Internet access, complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access, and dry cleaning/laundry services.
Room Amenities
Flat-screen televisions include premium cable channels. Guestrooms also feature beds with pillowtop mattresses, complimentary wireless Internet access, and complimentary high-speed (wired) Internet access.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
A complimentary breakfast is offered each morning. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wired and wireless Internet access. This Ben Lomond motel also offers an outdoor pool, tour/ticket assistance, and barbecue grills. Concierge services and wedding services can be provided. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
Quality Inn & Suites, Santa Cruz Mountains is a smoke-free property.
- Number of buildings/towers - 3
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- Total number of rooms - 25
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Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Air conditioning
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Where to Eat
Guests are offered a complimentary buffet breakfast each morning.
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The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Mountain biking nearby
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To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible bathroom
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Check-in time ends at 11 PM
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Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
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Marygrove Alert: Due to inclement weather, the campus will be closed for the remainder of Tuesday, March 3rd. We will reopen tomorrow unles
Located in the lower level of the Marygrove College Library (L013), the Faculty Technology Center is a faculty-support center that provides consulting services, training, and access to state-of-the-art computer equipment for use by Marygrove faculty who are interested in incorporating technology into the teaching and learning process.
The FTC has knowledgeable staff who can demonstrate the latest instructional technologies, assist you with using these technologies, and provide advice on how to best meet your instructional goals.
Please call Linda Brawner, Director, Educational Technology Services, at 313.927.1846 for more information.
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