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Ayelet Shaked of the Jewish Home Party is one of 28 women elected to the Knesset./Flash90
In an election with the highest voter turnout since 1999, a record 28 women were chosen for the 20th Knesset.
The percentage of eligible voters who came out Tuesday was 71.8; the turnout 14 years ago was 78.7 percent.
Ten of the parties running in the election garnered seats in the Knesset, with 15 not reaching the electoral threshold of 3.45 percent, or four seats.
The number of women elected broke the record of 27 set in the 2013 elections, according to the Israel Democracy Institute. The Zionist Union had eight women elected, followed by the Likud Party with six.
The number of Orthodox and haredi Orthodox lawmakers fell from 39 to 25, while the number of Arab-Israeli lawmakers increased from 12 to 17, including one each in the Zionist Union, Likud and Meretz parties.
The Knesset will welcome 41 new lawmakers, or slightly more than one-third of the parliament, according to the Israel Democracy Institute.
Illustration by Lior Zaltzman
Dozens of Torontonians have gathered to nosh on latkes and blintzes at a downtown café's weekly Yiddish cabaret. Tables are squeezed close together, and as the performance winds down, my college roommate and I start chatting with our neighbors.
The two women and their pre-teen daughters are out celebrating the girls' birthdays, and as we move past pleasantries, I learn the women are distantly related but became close when they had breast cancer at the same time. One had a right and the other a left mastectomy. The women joke they can fill a bra only by combining forces.
Sharon Soer's mother is a second cousin of Annette Cohen's aunt Aviva's husband. The women sometimes saw each other at family functions and their kids went to the same schools, but they only became friends in the summer of 2013 when they underwent treatment a few months apart. And just as Annette's left and Sharon's right breasts complement each other, the women's personalities do too. Since meeting, they've helped each other cope with mastectomies, radiation, chemotherapy, weight gain, hair loss and having to confront their own mortality while their kids were still in grade school.
Are eating disorders the last taboo on TV? Los Angeles-based filmmaker and comedian Jessie Kahnweiler thinks so and is setting out to change that with "The Skinny," an episodic series based on her struggles with bulimia.
"Every movie I see depicting eating disorders makes me want to barf," writes Kahnweiler on the project's Kickstarter page. "Aside from the occasional Lifetime movie there are no television shows out there authentically exploring eating disorders in a way that is both raw and vulnerable."
Kahnweiler is no stranger to using art to tackle difficult, personal topics. Her 2014 viral short "Meet My Rapist," was a response to Kahnweiler's own rape, which occurred when she was 20 years old and studying abroad in Vietnam.
"The Skinny," is being produced by Jill Soloway's Wifey.TV and follows a feminist comedian living in LA who struggles with bulimia. It also starts the great Ileana Douglas.
Watch a teaser here:
Ravensbrück. Photograph via Wikimedia Commons.
From sexual violence to pregnancies to "camp sisters," women's testimonies provide a more comprehensive view of the Holocaust. Beginning with her seminal "The Jewish Women of Ravensbrück Concentration Camp" Rochelle G. Saidel, founder and executive director of the Remember the Women Institute, has dedicated her life to making sure these stories are heard. On International Holocaust Remembrance Day, The Forward's Sarah Breger speaks with Saidel on the importance of including women's stories in the Holocaust narrative.
Sarah Breger: What prompted you to research women's narratives in the Holocaust?
Rochelle Saidel: In 1980, I went to Ravensbrück concentration camp for JTA. I had only just discovered that this big concentration camp for women existed. WhiIe there I asked a question that seemed rather sensible to me — were there any Jewish women in this camp? Because it was in East Germany there was no evidence there had been any Jewish women in the camp. It was a communist shrine. After doing some research, I discovered that there were about 20,000 Jewish women [out of 130,000] there. I started working on this Jewish women of Ravensbrück concentration camp project which later became a book.
Women On Top from Jewish Daily Forward on Vimeo.
"It was a shock to come into a prominent leadership position in the Jewish community and realize that the Jewish community was behind all of those other systems," remembers Ruth Messinger who was named to lead American Jewish World Service in 1998.
I interviewed Messinger about gender equality in Jewish not-for-profits and contrasted her voice with the insights of two younger women who had just become CEOs this year: Naomi Adler who is heading the Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia, and Stosh Cotler, who was recently named head of the social justice organization Bend the Arc.
All three women believe the Jewish community is still lagging behind the general population when it comes to gender equality in the workplace, despite paying lip service to equal treatment.
(Haaretz) — It's like homecoming weekend for Orthodox Jewish kids in Israel, minus the football game. The young members of the religious youth movement/scouting movement Bnei Akiva spend a full month preparing for what can only be described combination of a pep rally and a color war, culminating in a big ceremonial performance. It is called "Shabbat Irgun" – literally translated, that means "Organized Shabbat."
The kids love the tradition. The parents – the ones that I know – have a love/hate relationship with it. (On one hand, the intense planning keeps their children engaged in wholesome activity and away from television and the computer; on the other, it can be demanding on the families of active movement members and distract kids from schoolwork.)
But this year, some parents have a bigger problem with the annual festivities: They are up in arms about an element of the big final show that has become traditional in some Bnei Akiva branches across the country – girls performing dances onstage in the dark with the use of ultraviolet light.
In these dances, the girls are dressed in all black – with parts of their body in white – feet, hands and face, creating an undeniably cool effect that makes their jazz and hip-hop moves visually interesting and dramatic. The black background makes it seem as if their white body parts are somehow floating in space.
The fun effect also, conveniently, completely hides the girls' bodies, presumably making it possible for those who are so Orthodox that they wouldn't dance in front of men to do so, allowing men – fathers – who wouldn't allow themselves to watch teenage girls dance remain in the audience.
Bat mitzvah girl Sasha Lutt reads from a tiny Torah scroll smuggled into the Kotel / Haaretz
I am sitting in front of my computer, talking via Skype with three women in Israel — Irina Lutt, her 12-year-old daughter Sasha, and Shira Pruce — who are kicking back after a day of school and work. Sasha made history at her bat mitzvah last week when she became the first female to read Torah at the Western Wall in 25 years. The fact that she's a celebrity doesn't seem to have registered with her. "You made the New York Times!" I tell her. She looks quizzically at her mother; she has never heard of the Times.
Shira, who is translating for us and trying to get Sasha to eat something, is director of public relations for Women of the Wall (WOW), the organization that has been fighting for a quarter century to secure the rights of women to pray at the Kotel. She and Irina know what a hard-won victory this bat mitzvah was for WOW and for the rights of women in Israel.
To begin with, they had to smuggle in a tiny Torah, because women have been aggressively and sometimes violently blocked from reading Torah at the Wall. Surrounded and sheltered by a circle of women, Sasha had to use a magnifying glass to read the text. She shrugs off my comment that this must have been tough. "I knew it really well," she says.
It's time for Simchat Torah, but I don't feel much like dancing. A promise I made long ago has been broken.
In the summer of 1986, I wrote what many consider the first piece about non-Orthodox women using the mikvah. Published in Lilith Magazine, in "Take Back the Waters" I proposed a feminist re-appropriation of mikvah and all its symbolism. I suggested that the mikvah no longer be considered the domain only of married women; its rationale not only to make us "kosher" for resumed sex with our husbands but to mark important moments in our female lives: first menstruation, menopause, lactation. After that article I started taking women to the mikvah for all sorts of experiences: after chemotherapy, after marital infidelity, after rape. I went before my ordination and again after shloshim for my sister. I wrote other articles and suggested many times that mikvah be considered "spiritual therapy." I found myself on panels with psychologists speaking about how helpful mikvah could be for these non-traditional uses.
In effect, I promised women that the patriarchy which controlled our bodies and the mikvah itself could be overturned with our good feminist intentions.
This week proved me wrong.
Rabbi Barry Freundel, a once-highly respected Orthodox rabbi, is accused of peeping at women through hidden cameras in the mikvah. Much has been said and written already about all this.
Let me add my voice in this direction: we must continue to see this travesty not as an isolated incident but as a result of a system which continues to both sexualize and desexualize women concurrently, and all within the name of Jewish law.
Courtesy Leigh Shulman
I was recently e-mailing with a woman I know and told her how I planned to take a couple days off for Rosh Hashanah. I haven't been to synagogue in years, but I do mark the holiday by spending time with family.
"You're Jewish?" she asked surprised, immediately mentioning the ultra-Orthodox crowd in Brooklyn who screamed at her for wearing shorts in their neighborhood. "Then you're one of the only Jews I've ever liked."
She's not the first to say this to me, and I'm sure she won't be the last. Yet every time, it signals the end of a friendship. When I hear people say that they don't like [fill in the blank] Jews, it makes me very uncomfortable. In part because I cannot serve as a representative of all Jews. But even more so, because I have to wonder where they draw the line between the Jews they like and the ones they don't like.
I grew up Orthodox and spent a year in an ultra-Orthodox community in Israel where I lived a with people from different sects of Hasidism. There are many reasons I'm not observant anymore, not least of which the limitations, segregation and misogyny you'll find in many of those communities.
So, yes, I understand why people often look at Orthodox communities with distaste. They've had stones thrown at them or people shout at them for transgressing an observance about which they knew nothing.
Still, I always say that how those people choose to observe, treat women and talk to other people is not a function of Judaism. It is instead the reactions of individuals making specific choices and then using "god wants" as an excuse to act like shitty human beings.
The women's section in Tel Aviv's Heichal Yehuda Synagogue./Photo by Haaretz/Adva Naama Baram
(Haaretz) — Where are you for the High Holidays? If "you" refers to Orthodox Jewish men, then you get to pray in the main sanctuary, which you will enter through the main entrance. Once inside the sanctuary, you will be full participants in the service, able to see and hear all that goes on, spending the time with your sons and younger daughters.
Once your daughters reach the age of seven, they will go from "us" to "them," a threat to your delicate souls. Then they will be ushered into the women's section, where they will continue a centuries-old tradition of gender-based segregation, to put it in modern terms.
Women usually enter through a side entrance and find themselves in the less attractive section of the synagogue. At best, they may be on a separate level. At worst, they may be either pushed into a stifling corner or given an area that is open from every direction, such as a corridor, or a room that is occasionally used for storage. Once inside the women's section, you will be seated behind a divider, far away from the prayer service – the very reason you are here. In many cases, you will not be able to make eye contact with the congregation below or follow the service in your prayer book because you can hardly hear it from where you are sitting. Happy holidays.
Exemplars of segregation, exclusion
A photographic exhibition of women's sections in dozens of synagogues in Israel and abroad by architect and photographer Adva Naama Baram, entitled "In the Women's Section," opened last Thursday for the High Holiday season at the Architect's House Gallery in Jaffa. Baram photographed women's sections of various types, sizes, locations and designs that are exemplars of the pattern of segregation and exclusion. The 27 photographs in the exhibition, whose curators are architects Rivka Gutman and Eran Tamir-Tawil, speak for themselves.
Bulletproof Stockings // Facebook
It isn't everyday that Arlene's Grocery hosts a show for women only. But that's what will happen Thursday night when the all-female Hasidic rock band Bulletproof Stockings takes the stage at the iconic Lower East Side venue.
The modesty prohibition of kol isha states that Hasidic women cannot sing in front of men. The group — led by Perl Wolfe, 27, and Dalia Shusterman, 40 – has had trouble booking gigs restricting male attendance in New York City after forming in Brooklyn a few years ago. The manager of Arlene's Grocery was hard to convince at first, but she warmed up to the idea after seeing how devoted Wolfe and Shusterman were to gaining fans. They hit the streets to promote the show and got signatures from women who promised to see them play.
"We did take a little bit of a risk on them," the venue's manager, Julia Darling, told the New York Post. So far there have been no complaints. The Post notes that Arlene's male employees are exempt from the ban.
The band says their style is influenced by blues, jazz, rock, and even classical music. Wolfe's piano playing is front and center.
Thursday's show will be filmed by the Oxygen Network for their upcoming series "Living Different."
Nili Philipp (third from right) and other residents outside the Beit Shemesh court house / Courtesy of Nili Philipp
Beit Shemesh has featured prominently in the news over the past several years as a hot spot for violations against women and girls, from the Orot school scandal to several highly publicized assaults against women, to routine harassment of women in the city's streets.
But June 16 marked a new phase in the struggle for gender equality in Beit Shemesh, three years after I was attacked by a Haredi man who threw a rock that hit me in the head as I cycled along a main thoroughfare, and two years after a mob of Haredi men attacked Vered Daniel, who was holding her infant in her arms at the time, alleging that she wasn't dressed sufficiently modest, which prompted three other religious women and myself, all residents of Beit Shemesh, to demand that the city address the increasingly frightening attacks against women and girls.
With the help of our lawyer, Orly Erez Likhovsky from the Israel Religious Action Center, we sued the Beit Shemesh municipality for 100,000 shekel (29,200 US dollar) after they repeatedly ignored our pleas to remove the large and imposing illegal signs that harass and threaten women in public areas of the city. The signs loom over main commercial centers and are signed by the local leading Haredi rabbis, 'requesting' that women dress modestly. The signs also define modest dress: long sleeves, long skirts, high necklines, no pants, nothing tight. Other signs instruct women to avoid walking or lingering on certain sidewalks, public city sidewalks that were built and maintained with taxpayers money. Not coincidentally, in these very same areas where the illegal signs hang, women deemed insufficiently modest have been habitually harassed, threatened and attacked, lending strength to the thesis that one law violation abates another.
We had several reasons for requesting that the city remove the signs. First, the signs are illegal and intimidating. Their harassing message is an invasion of privacy and freedom. Second, they promote an atmosphere of anarchy by blatantly violating the rules of the State with the tacit approval of the municipality. Third, we wanted a clear public statement that violations of women's rights wouldn't be tolerated.
Gneshe Bron of Wigs by Gneshe / Martyna Starosta
On the Wednesday evening before Passover, Gneshe Bron sent out the last freshly washed and styled sheitel from her salon, Wigs by Gneshe. She swept the tan linoleum floor clean of hair, washed the styling table and chair and plopped down on the black leather couch to breathe a sigh of relief.
"There is nothing like the feeling of sending out that last wig and closing shop for Pesach," she said.
When I read the story of Israeli women sending sexy photos off the to IDF to wish them luck and boost morale, my reaction was more of a bemused shake of the head than anything akin to the outrage, confusion, and energy-draining sorrow I've been experiencing while reading a lot of recent war-related stories.
The same can be said for my response to the tale of the observant women in New York who are campaigning for an Israeli victory by holding a modesty contest at home, convinced that immodesty brings bad events to brethren abroad. Good luck covering those elbows for your cause, ladies. As Talia Lavin writes, her tone laced with irony, "The way to "help our brothers in their time of need," apparently, is to suppress every inch of skin their sisters possess." She even suggests an Iron Dome over women's flesh.
Robert Shepyer
The supportive girlfriend. The doting mother. The devoted daughter. These simplified roles are too often the only options for women trying to catch a break in Hollywood.
The road to the corner office isn't an easy one for a woman. There is the glass ceiling to break, and then the maternal wall to mount and then, if you get that far, there are glass cliffs to avoid. Oh my!
Gender democracy activist Anat Thon-Ashkenazy holds a 1325 pin in support of the UN resolution to bring women leaders into negotiations.
"We can't solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them," Albert Einstein famously quipped. Yet, when it comes to the current crisis in Israel and Gaza, the same minds that created the problems seem to be the ones charged with resolving them. And those minds almost exclusively belong to men.
Mushky Notik (left) and Mimi Hecht (right) created Mimu Maxi
Together, sisters-in-law Mimi Hecht and Mushky Notik run Mimu Maxi, a fashion label the creates clothes that are both modest and chic. The women, members of the Crown Heights Hasidic community, came up with idea for the company when struggling to find something stylish to wear for themselves.
Since opening two years ago, the business has found a customer based in not just other tznius women, but also Muslims and Christians who are looking for a more fashionable way to live a traditional lifestyle. Everything was moving smoothly until last week when a collaboration involving a lime-green maxi-skirt with a hijab-wearing Muslim style-blogger ignited a firestorm on their Facebook page. The Sisterhood's Elissa Strauss spoke to Hecht about what happened and how fashion can be a great uniter during a time when many feel more divided than ever.
Elissa Strauss: Okay, first tell me a little bit about what you do.
Mimi Hecht: Mushky and I started designing two summers ago when, instead of bemoaning the trials and tribulations of trying to find modest, trendy pieces, we took matters into our own hands. We share a very similar aesthetic for oversized, comfortable menswear and pieces that are easy to "live in." We don't have an ideal customer — we just love seeing how so many women of so many backgrounds have embraced what we're doing. If there was a "favorite" customer, it would be the ones that tell us "I started dressing modestly because of you, thank you for making it easier!"
Getty Images // Ultra-Orthodox women in Israel
Who are the gatekeepers of the conservative religious ideal of tznius, or modesty? This question has been argued and parsed on social media and on blogs in recent years as radicalism in the ultra-Orthodox communities has taken on new and more visible forms.
A common misperception is that rabbis and male community leaders are fueling the radical surge. But are Haredi women indeed victims of a patriarchal culture that puts extreme and outsized emphasis on tznius? Are Hasidic and Yeshivish women merely oppressed by fanatical males fervently trying to control their flock of subservient women?
Yes and no.
The first time I thought about facial hair was in high school, when a boy, whom I considered a friend, informed me that I had more hair on my upper lip than he did. I didn't do anything about it then — it had been enough of a fight with my mother to let me shave my legs, and even when I was allowed to, going above the knee was still always out of the question.
When I mentioned this to my friend Julia, whose family is Sicilian, she told me that her mother wouldn't let her do anything about her facial hair, either. (She was once referred to as "Chia Pet" by the boys in her middle school.) "The people from the hairiest cultures don't want you to shave," she said, shaking her head.
By college, I had become a tyrant about getting rid of mine. I burned the hair on my chin with a chemical in an attempt to eradicate it and it had left a weird scab. At a gynecologist appointment at Student Health Services, my doctor said, "If someone's hurting you, you can tell me."


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Extreme Productivity
Boost your Results, Reduce your Hours
From the critics
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While not everything in this book is helpful unless you are a high-powered CEO, it has very practical suggestions for increasing your personal and business productivity. The sections I received the most help from were the sections on setting career aims, scheduling your day, reading, and presenting. I'm not sure I'm getting "extreme" with my productivity now, but I do feel I was able to gain some useful knowledge from this book.
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Your good luck could be the envy of others at work today because it appears as if everything is going your way. The support you receive now encourages you to feel confident and act generously. You are inclined to spread cheer and good will. Nevertheless, don't take the easy life for granted. Be willing to work for what you want rather than just expecting the rewards to fall in your lap.
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Buzz Lightyear
George sanderson and Boo 1-28-2012
Last edited by DisneyBoi805; 01-29-2012 at 04:01 PM.
Disneyland trips 03,04,05,06,07,08,09,10,11
Walt Disney World first trip December 11th-18th
Thanks, Melonballer!
Bert - 1/19/12 - Jolly Holiday Bakery
Last edited by MsMandy; 01-29-2012 at 08:57 PM. Reason: date correction
Well we still have some time left, but lets see how we are doing.
1. Chip (standard everyday look)
2. Dale (standard everyday look)
3. Duffy (standard everyday look)
4. Eeyore (standard everyday look)
5. Boo
6. Darth Vader
7. Br'er Bear
8. Brer Fox
9. Buzz Lightyear
10. Pinocchio
Wow that is 70% already. Good Job everyone. That was so much fun, let's do it again. You have until Thursday at 8pm PST to get 70%.
1. Jessie
2. Woody
3. Tiana (without the Winter Wrap)
4. Dug
5. Darth Maul
6. Darth Vader
7. Br'er Bear
8. Brer Fox
9. Frozone
10. Elasti-Girl (Mrs. Incredible)
Instant Win Opportunity: I read Asianway's comment. If you have a picture you took of any of those characters post it and the challenge is over. Good Luck.
Dug from "UP" on the path behind Grizzly River Run, near the bathrooms and Ltl Mermaid attraction.
This is the same area you can find Russell, while the Redwood Creek Trail is closed.
Br'er Fox - Plaza Inn 1-21-2012
Darth Maul 1-21-2012
Disneyland trips 03,04,05,06,07,08,09,10,11
Walt Disney World first trip December 11th-18th
Here's one "for the list"
Taken at the Plaza Inn on January 29, 2012
Darth Vader at the Jedi Traning Academy this week.


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Jun 16, 2012 at 09:34PM EDT
Thanks, I worked hard on it. :D
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New member blown away!
I caught the bug years ago, took the Red Cross sailing class and played around on lakes for years in my Phantom. Now thinking about cruising and just discovered SailNet. It blows me away how wonderful it is for all these knowledgeable people to share what they know!! I learn something new every time. I'm looking forward to expanding my horizons in many ways.
Thank you moderators and contributors for this great resource and community!
Re: New member blown away!
Welcome aboard! Where ya from? Ask lots of questions . . .
Re: New member blown away!
Welcome! Some of us might even be so wonderful that we'll gladly share what we don't know, too. Seriously, there's a good community and great knowledge here.
Re: New member blown away!
Thanks Mike!
I'm in Orlando, FL where we can sail year round with occasional breaks for hurricanes.
Re: New member blown away!
Thanks rg!
Yes, I'm sure there are those whose knowledge is only exceeded by their hubris but it seems they get called out on it quickly here!
Re: New member blown away!
Hey we got us a fancy talkin' feller here!
Welcome aboard.
Re: New member blown away!
Okay, so you don't only get called out for being wrong, but also for "fancy talkin'."
In keeping with the SailNet tradition of correcting mistaken assumptions, I'm not a "feller."
Lovin' the banter and thanks for the welcome!
Re: New member blown away!
You're welcome for the welcome.
Re: New member blown away!
Welcome to sailnet, and don't forget to check out the hersailnet forum here.
Re: New member blown away!
Thanks chuckles!
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- Introduction
- Land
- People
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- Government and society
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- Major rulers of France
The Dreyfus Affair
The 1890s also saw the Third Republic's greatest political and moral crisis—the Dreyfus Affair. In 1894 Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a career army officer of Jewish origin, was charged with selling military secrets to the Germans. He was tried and convicted by a court-martial and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island off the South American coast. Efforts by the Dreyfus family to reopen the case were frustrated by the general belief that justice had been done. But secrets continued to leak to the German embassy in Paris, and a second officer, Major Marie-Charles-Ferdinand Esterhazy, became suspect. The chief of army counterintelligence, Colonel Georges Picquart, eventually concluded that Esterhazy and not Dreyfus had been guilty of the original offense, but his superior officers refused to reopen the case. Rumours and scraps of evidence soon began to appear in the press; and a few politicians, notably Clemenceau, took up Dreyfus's cause. But the army high command refused to discuss the affair, although army officers leaked documents to the press in an effort to discredit the critics. Each leak aroused new controversy, and by 1898 the case had become a violently divisive issue. Intellectuals of the left led the fight for Dreyfus, while right-wing politicians and many Roman Catholic periodicals defended the honour of the army. The socialists were split: Jaurès insisted that no socialist could remain aloof on such a moral issue, while Guesde called the conflict a bourgeois squabble. In 1898 some of the army's most persuasive documents against Dreyfus were discovered to be forgeries. Esterhazy promptly fled to England. In a second court-martial, late in 1899, Dreyfus was again found guilty but with extenuating circumstances; he received a presidential pardon and was later (1906) vindicated by a civilian court.
For a generation the affair left deep scars on French political and intellectual life. The Moderates, who had tried to avoid involvement in the affair and in the end had split into two warring factions, lost control to the Radicals. A coalition cabinet headed by René Waldeck-Rousseau, a pro-Dreyfus Moderate, took office in June 1899; the Radicals dominated the coalition, and even the socialists supported it. From then until the end of the Third Republic, the Radical Party (thenceforth called Radical-Socialist) remained the fulcrum of French political life. Both the army and the church were seriously hurt by their role in the affair; republicans of the left were more convinced than ever that both institutions were antirepublican and hostile to the rights of man enunciated during the Revolution. The new left majority retaliated by bringing the army under more rigorous civilian control and by embarking on a new wave of anticlerical legislation. Most religious orders were dissolved and exiled, and in 1905 a new law separated church and state, thus liquidating the Concordat of 1801.
Foreign policy
Meanwhile, some important successes were being scored in the field of foreign policy. For two decades after 1871 France had remained diplomatically isolated in Europe. Bismarck, to ward off potential French ideas of revenge, had shrewdly encouraged the republic's governments to embark on colonial conquest overseas and had negotiated alliances with all those European powers the French might otherwise have courted. He thus kept Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Italy in tow, while Britain chose to remain aloof in "splendid isolation." Upon Bismarck's fall in 1890, the German emperor William II (Kaiser Wilhelm) terminated the secret treaty between Germany and Russia. The Russians began to cast about for friends and looked with some distaste toward Paris. French policy makers encouraged French bankers to make loans to the Russian government and opened negotiations for an entente. In 1891 a loose agreement provided for mutual consultation in crisis; in 1894 this was broadened into a military alliance by whose terms each partner promised to aid the other in case of attack by Germany or Germany's allies.
For a decade the Franco-Russian alliance had little practical effect (though French loans did continue to flow to Russia). French diplomats turned to winning the Italians away from the Triple Alliance, and a Franco-Italian secret agreement in 1902 substantially weakened the commitment Italy had made to Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882. Of more central importance throughout the 1890s was recurrent tension between France and Britain, who had been at odds in various parts of the world and whose colonial competition at times seemed to threaten war. Britain's South African (Boer) War added further ill feeling, and some British leaders began to urge an end to "splendid isolation" in favour of an entente with a Continental power—most probably Germany, which was seen as part of an Anglo-Saxon racial bloc. But the German government responded coolly to overtures in this direction, thus feeding the fears of British leaders who saw Germany as a threat to British interests. The British turned to France instead and found a willing partner in the foreign minister Théophile Delcassé. A visit to Paris by King Edward VII in 1903 helped pave the way to the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale of 1904, which resolved all outstanding colonial conflicts between the two powers but stopped short of military alliance. The new entente was consolidated a year later, when French moves to take over Morocco as a protectorate were resented by the Germans, who thought they saw an opportunity to break up the new entente. Kaiser Wilhelm offered Germany's support to the sultan of Morocco; this action irritated the British and led them to promise France strong support. In the conference of powers that followed at Algeciras, Spain, in 1906, France had to be content with special privileges rather than a protectorate in Morocco; but the Entente Cordiale was reinforced, and it was Germany that thenceforth began to complain of isolation.
|Official name
|République Française (French Republic)
|Form of government
|republic with two legislative houses (Parliament; Senate [348], National Assembly [577])
|Head of state
|President: François Hollande
|Head of government
|Prime minister: Manuel Valls
|Official language
|Official religion
|Monetary unit
|euro (€)
|(2014 est.) 64,063,000
|Total area (sq mi)
|Total area (sq km)
|Urban-rural population
|Urban: (2009) 84.6%
Rural: (2009) 15.4%
|Life expectancy at birth
|Male: (2012) 78.4 years
Female: (2012) 84.8 years
|Literacy: percentage of population age 15 and over literate
|Male: (2000–2004) 98.9%
Female: (2000–2004) 98.7%
|GNI per capita (U.S.$)
|(2013) 42,250


text:
EarthChef Fry Pan (11")
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Description: EarthChef Fry Pan:
- Cast aluminum frying pan with soft grip handles
- Features a fern green non-stick coating
- Suitable for all cooktops, including induction
Measurements: 11" DIA
Care: Hand wash recommended
Material: Aluminum
Care: Hand wash recommended
Brand: BergHOFF
Origin: Imported


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Buca di Beppo is a very great place and I would come back. The waiter was Stacey, she was wonderful. The salad was great and the kid's meals were a great size. Although, there were some very rude customers right next to us that were cursing but I guess the restaurant can't help that. The chicken parmesan was wonderful. The place is very close to us too.\r \r I love it!Like this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch
Buca di Beppo Italian Restaurant
Today:11:00 am - 10:00 pm
Tomorrow:11:00 am - 10:00 pm
925 Blossom Hill Road, Ste 1529 Oakridge Mall,
San Jose, CA 95123
(408) 226-1444
Business Details
in Business
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- Buca di Beppo San Jose serves authentic Italian cuisine in an eclectic, vintage setting. Our dishes are served family-style, meant to be shared by everyone at the table. Two sizes are available: BUCA SMALL feeds two or more and BUCA LARGE feeds four or more. At Buca, guests delight in our lively atmosphere, enjoy the classic tunes of Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin and admire our decor, including family photos and candid shots of Italian-American icons, such as Sophia Loren and Joe DiMaggio. Our energetic atmosphere, delicious food and friendly staff make Buca di Beppo the perfect place for great Italian food and fun. Order today for your holiday meal! Whether you're celebrating a special occasion, planning a meeting or having a night out with family and friends, Buca di Beppo is your answer to one fabulous group dining experience! Our knowledgeable staff will help organize and plan your group event, catering order, or holiday party. We can accommodate any event or budget!
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A friend of mine took me to the one in LA a couple month ago. Thought I would like to try something else from their menu this time. I came about 5.15 p.m. What surprise me was the waiting would be 30-45 minutes, meanwhile I saw a lot of empty seats inside. This is ridiculous. I would understand if the restaurant was full and there was no empty seat. I think at least they could just ask customer to sit and serv... view moreLike this review?Yes|Flag AbuseProvided by Citysearch


text:
Tough as Nails
Credits & Info
- Date
- 02/14/2012
- File Info
- Song
- 2 min 56 sec
- Score
- 4.43 / 5.00
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Rated 5 / 5 stars
Sounds good man! It would sound pretty sweet in a game or something. Also you gotta teach me how you do you that glitch effect I'm still a n00b at everything :(
Rated 5 / 5 stars
Holly crap!!! this is awesome!!! this is what i was lookin' for! btw: can you tell me how you get muisic on here?
(sorry i dont spell very good for a fith-grader!)
Rated 5 / 5 stars
is that even one of your song ? I can't even believe it ! Sound way too ... too ... industrial for some of your stuff !
Rated 4.5 / 5 stars
Its pretty awesome its like a party song cops are coming.The beat is perfect including the guitar.The voices were pretty good so this is 1 good song.This is TRUE HEAVY METAL.
Rated 5 / 5 stars
You've got a tidbit of clipping here and there, but all in all it's a well put together composition.


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Alt+F1: 38 - Malaysian GP 2015
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Hotline Miami's thrillingly brutal gameplay is stretched to the point of breaking in this aesthetically pleasing, but otherwise disappointing sequel.
Battlefield Hardline did not crash during our tests and appears to function precisely as expected at this time.
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The LongShot is a high-powered bolt action single shot rifle.
Mechs (or Mecha) are humanoid-like pilot driven vehicles often depicted in media as a combat machine. Early examples of Mech/Mecha in video games are often derived from early manga and anime as well as table-top games.
An indirect fire weapon which lobs shells (generally explosive) on an arcing trajectory. It is muzzle-loaded, capable of attacking targets at close range unlike traditional artillery.
You too can partake in this massive chain gun if you can take down the Grinder who wields them.
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Pants (a.k.a. trousers) are a type of clothing for your legs.
A pistol is a very basic hand-held side arm, usually used in case of low ammo or tricky situations. They have appeared in many types of games.
The Retro Lancer is a rifle that appears in Gears of War 3, it has a knife bayonet attached to the end of it and predates the standard Lancer.
As the name suggests, this is a shotgun whose barrel has been sawed off closer to the firing chamber to make it more portable. It has a much shorter range, but is easy to manoeuvre and is easy to conceal.
The Scorcher is a new weapon in Gears of War 2. It sets things on fire real good.
The premier choice in your defensive needs. A great companion for any one handed sword, which in addition to blocking can be used for advanced maneuvers like Shield Bashes.
A large container for freight.
A cloth garment for the upper body.
The most powerful weapon at short range. Effective against Zombies, Nazis, Demons, etc. Videogame shotguns tend to have exaggerated inaccuracy at long range- real life shotguns are still fairly accurate over a decent distance, while videogame shotguns rarely go more than fifteen feet before becoming completely ineffective.
Originally used as a forklift to load cargo, the Silverback mech suit is equipped with a rocket launcher on one arm and a gatling gun on the other. It can also deploy armored cover for allies, but only while stationary.
Canister type grenades used to obscure the enemy's view of the advance or retreat of friendly troops; also used to mark objects of interest such as landing zones, mission objectives, navigational landmarks, as well as targets for artillery or air strikes.
The standard sidearm for all COG forces in the Gears of War series. Every player starts with this pistol in both single player campaign, and multiplayer.
Whether they're tedious and spiral or short and quick, staircases appear in many games.
No matter what game you're playing, if a bad guy shows up with these hanging from him, you know you're in mad kinds of trouble.
The Torque Bow fires Imulsion fueled arrow-like projectiles, which explode shortly after impacting with a surface. The Bow also features two blades which help during close-quarter combat.
A tree is a perennial woody plant. Trees are often used in games as a natural wall, providing a barrier as well as cover. Many games also use them to make their environments looks more natural and attractive.
A pickup truck is a light vehicle with an open top rear cargo area (bed). Random fact: Trucks are called utes (utility vehicles) in Australia.
A gun turret is weapon mount designed to protect the user or mechanisms of a weapon system. The weapon itself is not a turret, but rather the protective housing of the user or mechanisms of the weapon system.
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1984 USA Olympic Baseball Team Signed Baseball -McGwire, Clark, Etc
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Official XXIIIrd Olympics baseball signed by 7 members of the United States baseball team. Includes Will Clark(ss), Mark McGwire, B.J. Surhoff, Mike Dunne, Scott Ballard, Cory Snyder and Gary Green. Nm to mint signatures on a lightly toned ball. All autographed lots come with a James Spence Authentication auction letter of authenticity unless noted
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Mount Vernon Love Story
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
|Rosalind Elsie Franklin
|Rosalind Elsie Franklin
25 July 1920
Notting Hill, London, England
|16 April 1958 (aged 37)
Chelsea, London, England
Ovarian cancer
|Resting place
|Willesden United Synagogue Cemetery
51°32′41″N 0°14′24″W / 51.5447°N 0.2399°WCoordinates: 51°32′41″N 0°14′24″W / 51.5447°N 0.2399°W
|Physical chemistry
X-ray crystallography
|British Coal Utilisation Research Association
Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'État
King's College, London
Birkbeck College, London
|Alma mater
|Newnham College, Cambridge
|The physical chemistry of solid organic colloids with special reference to coal (1945)
|Known for
|Structure of DNA
Fine structure of coal and graphite
Structure of viruses
|Rosalind Elsie Franklin
|Rosalind Elsie Franklin
25 July 1920
Notting Hill, London, England
|16 April 1958 (aged 37)
Chelsea, London, England
Ovarian cancer
|Resting place
|Willesden United Synagogue Cemetery
51°32′41″N 0°14′24″W / 51.5447°N 0.2399°WCoordinates: 51°32′41″N 0°14′24″W / 51.5447°N 0.2399°W
|Physical chemistry
X-ray crystallography
|British Coal Utilisation Research Association
Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'État
King's College, London
Birkbeck College, London
|Alma mater
|Newnham College, Cambridge
|The physical chemistry of solid organic colloids with special reference to coal (1945)
|Known for
|Structure of DNA
Fine structure of coal and graphite
Structure of viruses
Rosalind Elsie Franklin (25 July 1920 – 16 April 1958)[1] was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer who made critical contributions to the understanding of the fine molecular structures of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), viruses, coal, and graphite.[2] Her DNA work achieved the most fame because DNA plays an essential role in cell metabolism and genetics, and the discovery of its structure by Watson and Crick helped them understand how genetic information passes from parents to their offspring.
Franklin is best known for her work on the X-ray diffraction images of DNA, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix. According to Francis Crick, her data and research were key in determining the structure.[3] Watson confirmed this opinion in his own statement at the opening of the King's College London Franklin–Wilkins building in 2000 and formulating Crick and James Watson's 1953 model regarding the structure of DNA.[4] Franklin's images of X-ray diffraction, confirming the helical structure of DNA, were imprudently shown to Watson by Wilkins. This image provided valuable insight into the DNA structure, but Franklin's scientific contributions to the discovery of the double helix are often overlooked.[5]
Unpublished drafts of her papers (written just as she was arranging to leave King's College, London) show that she had independently determined the overall B-form of the DNA helix and the location of the phosphate groups on the outside of the structure. Moreover, it was a report of Franklin's that convinced Crick and Watson that the backbones had to be on the outside,[5] which was crucial since before this both they and Linus Pauling had independently generated non-illuminating models with the chains inside and the bases pointing outwards.[6] However, her work was published third, in the series of three DNA Nature articles, led by the paper of Watson and Crick which only hinted at her contribution to their hypothesis.[7] Watson has suggested that Franklin would have ideally been awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Maurice Wilkins.[8]
After finishing her portion of the work on DNA, Franklin led pioneering work on the tobacco mosaic virus and the polio virus.[9] She died in 1958 at the age of 37 of ovarian cancer.
Franklin was born in 50 Chepstow Villas,[10] Notting Hill, London into an affluent and influential British Jewish family.[11][12][13] Her father was Ellis Arthur Franklin (1894–1964), a politically liberal London merchant banker who taught at the city's Working Men's College, and her mother was Muriel Frances Waley (1894–1976). Rosalind was the elder daughter and the second child in the family of five children. Her father's uncle was Herbert Samuel (later Viscount Samuel), who was the Home Secretary in 1916 and the first practising Jew to serve in the British Cabinet.[14] Her aunt, Helen Caroline Franklin, was married to Norman de Mattos Bentwich, who was the Attorney General in the British Mandate of Palestine.[15] She was active in trade union organisation and the women's suffrage movement, and was later a member of the London County Council.[16][17] Franklin herself later became an agnostic.[18][19] Her uncle, Hugh Franklin, was another prominent figure in the suffrage movement, although his actions therein embarrassed the Franklin family.[13]
From early childhood, Franklin showed exceptional scholastic abilities. She was educated at St Paul's Girls' School[20][21] where she excelled in science, Latin,[22] and sports.[23] Her family was actively involved with in the Working Men's College, where her father taught the subjects of electricity, magnetism, and the history of the Great War in the evenings, later becoming the vice-principal.[24][25] Later Franklin's family helped settle Jewish refugees from Europe who had escaped the Nazis.[17]
Franklin went to Newnham College, Cambridge in 1938 and studied chemistry within the Natural Sciences Tripos. Her teachers included the spectroscopist W.C. Price, who later became one of her senior colleagues at King's College.[26] In 1941, she was awarded Second Class Honours from her final exams. The distinction was accepted as a bachelor's degree in qualifications for employment. Cambridge began awarding titular B.A. and M.A. degrees to women from 1947, and the previous women graduates retroactively received these.[27]
Franklin was there awarded a research fellowship. According to an entry on the web site of the Dolan DNA Learning Center of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, "She spent a year in R.G.W. Norrish's lab without great success."[28] Resigning from Norrish's Lab, Franklin fulfilled the requirements of the National Service Act by working as an Assistant Research Officer at the British Coal Utilisation Research Association (BCURA).[9] The BCURA was located on the Coombe Springs Estate near Kingston upon Thames near the southwestern boundary of London. Professor Norrish acted as advisor to the military at BCURA. John G. Bennett was the Director. Marcello Pirani and Victor Goldschmidt, both refugees from the Nazis, were consultants and lectured at BCURA while Franklin attended.[2]
She studied the porosity of coal and compared helium's density. Through this, she discovered the relationship between the fine constrictions in the pores of coals and the permeability of the porous space. By concluding that substances were expelled in order of molecular size as temperature increased, Franklin helped classify coals and accurately predict their performance for fuel purposes and for production of wartime devices (i.e. gas masks).[29] This work was the basis of her Ph.D. thesis The physical chemistry of solid organic colloids with special reference to coal for which Cambridge University awarded her a Ph.D. in 1945. It was also the basis of several papers.[2]
The French scientist Adrienne Weill was one of Franklin's tutors at Newnham. At the end of World War II, according to Anne Sayre, author of Rosalind Franklin and DNA, Franklin asked Weill to let her know of job openings for "a physical chemist who knows very little physical chemistry, but quite a lot about the holes in coal". At a conference in the autumn of 1946, Weill introduced Franklin to Marcel Mathieu, a director of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the network of institutes that comprise the major part of the scientific research laboratories supported by the French government. This led to Franklin's appointment with Jacques Mering at the Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de l'Etat in Paris. Franklin joined the labo (as referred to by the staff) of Mering on 14 February 1947 as one of the fifteen chercheurs (researchers).[30][31]
Mering was an X-ray crystallographer who applied X-ray diffraction to the study of rayon and other amorphous substances, in contrast to the thousands of regular crystals that had been studied by this method for many years.[2] He taught her the practical aspects of applying X-ray crystallography to amorphous substances. This presented new challenges in the conduct of experiments and the interpretation of results. Franklin applied them to further problems related to coal, in particular the changes to the arrangement of atoms when it is converted to graphite.[2] Franklin published several further papers on this work. It became part of the mainstream of work on the physics and chemistry of coal, covered by a current monograph,[32] the annual[33] and other publications. Mering also continued the study of carbon in various forms, using X-ray diffraction and other methods.[34]
In January 1951, Franklin started working as a research associate at King's College, London in the Medical Research Council's (MRC) Biophysics Unit, directed by John Randall.[35] Although originally she was to have worked on X-ray diffraction of proteins and lipids in solution, Randall redirected her work to DNA fibres before she started working at King's since Franklin was to be the only experienced experimental diffraction researcher at King's in 1951.[36][37] He made this reassignment, even before she started working at King's, because of the following pioneering work by Maurice Wilkins and Raymond Gosling – a Ph.D. student assigned to help Franklin.[38][39]
Even using crude equipment, these two men had obtained an outstanding diffraction picture of DNA which sparked further interest in this molecule. Wilkins and Gosling had been carrying out X-ray diffraction analysis of DNA in the unit since May 1950, but Randall had not informed them that he had asked Franklin to take over both the DNA diffraction work and guidance of Gosling's thesis.[40] Randall's lack of communication about this reassignment significantly contributed to the well documented friction that developed between Wilkins and Franklin.[41]
Franklin, working with Gosling,[42] started to apply her expertise in X-ray diffraction techniques to the structure of DNA. She used a new fine focus X-ray tube and microcamera ordered by Wilkins, but which she refined, adjusted and focused carefully. Drawing upon her physical chemistry background, Franklin also skillfully manipulated the critical hydration of her specimens.[43] When Wilkins inquired about this improved technique, Franklin replied in terms which offended Wilkins as Franklin had "an air of cool superiority".[44]
Franklin's habit of intensely looking people in the eye while being concise, impatient and direct unnerved many of her colleagues. In stark contrast, Wilkins was very shy, and slowly calculating in speech while he avoided looking anyone directly in the eye.[45] In spite of the intense atmosphere, Franklin and Gosling discovered that there were two forms of DNA: at high humidity (when wet), the DNA fibre became long and thin; when it was dried it became short and fat.[46][47]
These forms were termed DNA "B" and "A" respectively. Because of the intense personality conflict developing between Franklin and Wilkins, Randall[48] divided the work on DNA. Franklin chose the data rich A form while Wilkins selected the "B" form[49][50] because his preliminary pictures had hinted it might be helical. He showed tremendous insight in this assessment of preliminary data. The X-ray diffraction pictures taken by Franklin at this time have been called, by J. D. Bernal, as "amongst the most beautiful X-ray photographs of any substance ever taken".[46]
By the end of 1951 it was generally accepted at King's that the B form of DNA was a helix, but after she had recorded an asymmetrical image in 1952 May, Franklin became unconvinced that the A form of DNA was helical in structure.[51] In July 1952, as a practical joke on Wilkins (who frequently expressed his view that both forms of DNA were helical), Franklin and Gosling produced a death notice regretting the 'death' of helical crystalline DNA (A-DNA).[52] During 1952, Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling worked at applying the Patterson function to the X-ray pictures of DNA they had produced.[53] This was a long and labour-intensive approach but would yield significant insight into the structure of the molecule.[54][55]
By January 1953, Franklin had reconciled her conflicting data, concluding that both DNA forms had two helices, and had started to write a series of three draft manuscripts, two of which included a double helical DNA backbone (see below). Her two A form manuscripts reached Acta Crystallographica in Copenhagen on 6 March 1953,[56] one day before Crick and Watson had completed their model.[57] Franklin must have mailed them while the Cambridge team was building their model, and certainly had written them before she knew of their work. On 8 July 1953 she modified one of these "in proof", Acta articles "in light of recent work" by the King's and Cambridge research teams.[58]
The third draft paper on the "B" form of DNA, dated 17 March 1953, was discovered years later amongst her papers, by Franklin's Birkbeck colleague, Aaron Klug. He then published an evaluation of the draft's close correlation with the third of the original trio of 25 April 1953 Nature DNA articles.[59] Klug designed this paper to complement the first article he had written defending Franklin's significant contribution to DNA structure.[60] He had written this first article in response to the incomplete picture of Franklin's work depicted in Watson's 1968 memoir, The Double Helix.
As vividly described in The Double Helix, on 30 January 1953, Watson travelled to King's carrying a preprint of Linus Pauling's incorrect proposal for DNA structure. Since Wilkins was not in his office, Watson went to Franklin's lab with his urgent message that they should all collaborate before Pauling discovered his error. The unimpressed Franklin became angry when Watson suggested she did not know how to interpret her own data. Watson hastily retreated, backing into Wilkins who had been attracted by the commotion. Wilkins commiserated with his harried friend and then changed the course of DNA history with the following disclosure. Wilkins imprudently showed Watson Franklin's DNA X-ray image. Watson, in turn, showed Wilkins a prepublication manuscript by Pauling and Corey.[61] Franklin and Gosling's photo 51 gave the Cambridge pair critical insights into the DNA structure, whereas Pauling and Corey's paper described a molecule remarkably like their first incorrect model.
In February 1953, Francis Crick and James D. Watson of the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge University had started to build a model of the B form of DNA using data similar to that available to both teams at King's. Much of their data were derived directly from research done at King's by Wilkins and Franklin. Franklin's research was completed by February 1953, ahead of her move to Birkbeck, and her data were critical.[62] Model building had been applied successfully in the elucidation of the structure of the alpha helix by Linus Pauling in 1951,[49][63] but Franklin was opposed to prematurely building theoretical models, until sufficient data were obtained properly to guide the model building. She took the view that building a model was to be undertaken only after enough of the structure was known.[51][64]
Ever cautious, she wanted to eliminate misleading possibilities. Photographs of her Birkbeck work table show that she routinely used small molecular models, although certainly not ones on the grand scale successfully used at Cambridge for DNA. In the middle of February 1953, Crick's thesis advisor, Max Perutz, gave Crick a copy of a report written for a Medical Research Council biophysics committee visit to King's in December 1952, containing many of Franklin's crystallographic calculations.[65]
Since Franklin had decided to transfer to Birkbeck College and Randall had insisted that all DNA work must stay at King's, Wilkins was given copies of Franklin's diffraction photographs by Gosling. By 28 February 1953, Watson and Crick felt they had solved the problem enough for Crick to proclaim (in the local pub) that they had "found the secret of life".[66] However they knew they must complete their model before they could be certain.[67]
Watson and Crick finished building their model on 7 March 1953, one day before they received a letter from Wilkins stating that Franklin was finally leaving and they could put "all hands to the pump".[68] This was also one day after Franklin's two A form papers had reached Acta Crystallographica. Wilkins came to see the model the following week, according to Franklin's biographer Brenda Maddox on 12 March, and allegedly informed Gosling on his return to King's.[69]
It is uncertain how long it took for Gosling to inform Franklin at Birkbeck, but her original 17 March B form manuscript does not reflect any knowledge of the Cambridge model. Franklin did modify this draft later before publishing it as the third in the trio of 25 April 1953 Nature articles. On 18 March,[70] in response to receiving a copy of their preliminary manuscript, Wilkins penned the following "I think you're a couple of old rogues, but you may well have something".[71]
Crick and Watson then published their model in Nature on 25 April 1953 in an article describing the double-helical structure of DNA with only a footnote acknowledging "having been stimulated by a general knowledge of" Franklin and Wilkin's 'unpublished' contribution.[4] Actually, although it was the bare minimum, they had just enough specific knowledge of Franklin and Gosling's data upon which to base their model. As a result of a deal struck by the two laboratory directors, articles by Wilkins and Franklin, which included their X-ray diffraction data, were modified and then published second and third in the same issue of Nature, seemingly only in support of the Crick and Watson theoretical paper which proposed a model for the B form of DNA.[72][73]
Weeks later, on 10 April, Franklin wrote to Crick for permission to see their model.[74] Franklin retained her scepticism for premature model building even after seeing the Watson-Crick model, and remained unimpressed. She is reported to have commented, "It's very pretty, but how are they going to prove it?" As an experimental scientist Franklin seems to have been interested in producing far greater evidence before publishing-as-proven a proposed model. As such her response to the Watson-Crick model was in keeping with her cautious approach to science.[75]
However, as documented above, she did not hesitate to publish preliminary ideas about DNA in Acta, even before they could be definitively proven. Most of the scientific community hesitated several years before accepting the double helix proposal. At first mainly geneticists embraced the model because of its obvious genetic implications.[76][77][78]
Franklin left King's College, London in mid-March 1953 for Birkbeck College in a move that had been planned for some time, to which she described (in a letter to Adriene Weill in Paris) as "moving from a palace to the slums... but pleasanter all the same."[79] She was recruited by physics department chair J. D. Bernal,[80] a brilliant crystallographer who happened to be an Irish communist, known for promoting women crystallographers. She worked as a senior scientist with her own research group, funded by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC).[81] Despite the parting words of Bernall to stop her interest in nucleic acids, she helped Gosling to finish his thesis, although she was no longer his official supervisor. Together they published the first evidence of double helix in the A form of DNA in 25 July issue of Nature.[82] Moreover, she continued to venture into another major nucleic acid, RNA, a molecule equally central to life as DNA. She again used X-ray crystallography to study the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), an RNA virus. Her meeting with Aaron Klug in the early 1954 proved to be a longstanding and successful collaboration. Klug had just then earned his PhD from Trinity College, Cambridge, and joined Birkbeck in the late 1953. In 1955 Franklin published her first major works on TMV in Nature, in which she described that TMV virus particles were all of the same length.[83] This was in direct contradiction to the ideas of the eminent virologist Norman Pirie, though her observation ultimately proved correct.[84]
Franklin assigned the study of the complete structure of TMV to her PhD student Kenneth Holmes. They soon discovered (published in 1956) that the covering of TMV was protein molecules arranged in helices.[85] Her colleague Klug worked on spherical viruses with his student John Finch, with Franklin coordinating and overseeing the work.[86] As a team, from 1956 they started publishing seminal works on TMV,[87] cucumber virus 4 and turnip yellow mosaic virus.[88]
Franklin also had a research assistant, James Watt, subsidised by the National Coal Board and was now the leader of the ARC group at Birkbeck.[89] The Birkbeck team members continued working on RNA viruses affecting several plants, including potato, turnip, tomato and pea.[90] In 1955 the team was joined by an American post-doctoral student Donald Caspar. He worked on the precise location of RNA molecules in TMV. In 1956 he and Franklin published individual but complimentary papers in 10 March issue of Nature, in which they showed that the RNA in TMV is wound along the inner surface of the hollow virus.[91][92] Casper was not an enthusiastic writer such that Franklin had to write the entire manuscript for him.[93]
The first major international fair after World War II, named Expo 58, was to be held in 1958 in Brussels.[94] Franklin was invited to make a five-foot high model of TMV, which she started in 1957. Her materials were ping pong balls and plastic bicycle handlebar grips.[95] The Brussels world's fair, with an exhibit of her virus model at the International Science Pavilion, opened on 17 April, just the day after she died.[96]
Her main research team at Birkbeck College, London Klug, Finch and Holmes moved to the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge in 1962.
In mid-1956, while on a work-related trip to the United States, Franklin first began to suspect a health problem.[97] An operation in September of the same year revealed two tumours in her abdomen.[98] After this period and other periods of hospitalization, Franklin spent time convalescing with various friends and family members. These included Anne Sayre, Francis Crick, his wife Odile, with whom Franklin had formed a strong friendship,[99] and finally with the Roland and Nina Franklin family where Rosalind's nieces and nephews bolstered her spirits.
Franklin chose not to stay with her parents because her mother's uncontrollable grief and crying upset her too much. Even while undergoing cancer treatment, Franklin continued to work, and her group continued to produce results – seven papers in 1956 and six more in 1957.[100] In 1957, the group was also working on the polio virus and had obtained funding from the Public Health Service of the National Institutes of Health in the United States for this.[101]
At the end of 1957, Franklin again fell ill and she was admitted to the Royal Marsden Hospital. On 2 December, she made her will. She named her three brothers as executors and made her colleague Aaron Klug the principal beneficiary, who would receive ₤3,000 and her Austin car. Her other friends Mair Livingstone would get ₤2,000, Anne Piper ₤1,000, and her nurse Miss Griffith ₤250. The remainder of the estate was to be used for charities.[102] She returned to work in January 1958, and she was given a promotion to Research Associate in Biophysics on 25 February.[103] She fell ill again on 30 March, and she died on 16 April 1958, in Chelsea, London,[104][105] of bronchopneumonia, secondary carcinomatosis, and ovarian cancer. Exposure to X-ray radiation is sometimes considered to be a possible factor in her illness.[106]
Other members of her family have died of cancer, and the incidence of gynaecological cancer is known to be disproportionately high among Ashkenazi Jews.[107] Her death certificate read: A Research Scientist, Spinster, Daughter of Ellis Arthur Franklin, a Banker.[108] She was interred on 17 April 1958 in the family plot at Willesden United Synagogue Cemetery at Beaconsfield Road in London Borough of Brent.[109] The inscription on her tombstone reads:[110][111]
מ' רחל בת ר' יהודה
ת נ צ ב ה [Hebrew initials for "her soul shall be bound in the bundle of life"]
Various controversies surrounding Rosalind Franklin came to light following her death.
Sayre, one of Franklin's biographers, states "In 1951 ... King's College as an institution, was not distinguished for the welcome that it offered to women ... Rosalind ... was unused to purdah [a religious and social institution of female seclusion] ... there was one other woman scientist on the laboratory staff" (page 96, lines 8 to 10; page 97, line 4;page 99, footnote). Andrzej Stasiak states "Sayre's book became widely cited in feminist circles for exposing rampant sexism in science."[112] Farooq Hussain states "there were seven women in the biophysics department ... Jean Hanson became an FRS, Dame Honor B. Fell, Director of Strangeways Laboratory, supervised the biologists".[113] Maddox states, (page 134, final paragraph) "Randall ... did have many women on his staff ... they found him ... sympathetic and helpful."
Sayre states "that while the male staff at King's lunched in a large, comfortable, rather clubby dining room" the female staff of all ranks "lunched in the student's hall or away from the premises".[114][115] Elkin states that most of the MRC group typically ate lunch together (including Franklin) in the mixed dining room discussed below.[116] And Maddox states, of Randall, "He liked to see his flock, men and women, come together for morning coffee, and at lunch in the joint dining room, where he ate with them nearly every day."
Sexism is said to pervade the memoir of one peer, James Watson, in his book The Double Helix published 10 years after Franklin's death and after Watson had returned from Cambridge to Harvard.[117] In this, he denigrates her work and frequently refers to her in patronizing terms as "Rosy", a name she never used. Much later, at Cambridge, Francis Crick acknowledges, "I'm afraid we always used to adopt – let's say, a patronizing attitude towards her." And another Cambridge colleague, Peter Cavendish, wrote in a letter, "Wilkins is supposed to be doing this work; Miss Franklin is evidently a fool."
Franklin herself is said to have been "not immune to the sexism rampant in these circles." In a letter to her parents in January 1939, she called one lecturer "very good, though female."[118][dubious ]
Rosalind Franklin's first important contributions to the Crick and Watson model was her lecture at the seminar in November 1951, where she presented to those present, among them Watson, the two forms of the molecule, type A and type B, and her position whereby the phosphate units are located in the external part of the molecule. She also specified the amount of water to be found in the molecule in accordance with other parts of it, data that have considerable importance in terms of the stability of the molecule. Franklin was the first to discover and formulate these facts, which in fact constituted the basis for all later attempts to build a model of the molecule. However, Watson, at the time ignorant of the chemistry, failed to comprehend the crucial information, and this led to construction of a wrong model.[119]
The other contribution included an X-ray photograph of B-DNA (called photograph 51),[120] that was briefly shown to Watson by Wilkins in January 1953,[121][122] and a report written for an MRC biophysics committee visit to King's in December 1952 which was shown by Perutz at the Cavendish Laboratory to both Crick and Watson. This MRC report contained data from the King's group, including some of Franklin's and Gosling's work, and was given to Crick – who was working on his thesis on haemoglobin structure – by his thesis supervisor Perutz, a member of the visiting committee.[123][124]
Started by Sayre,[125] a story has been reiterated that the photograph 51 in question was shown to Watson by Wilkins – without Franklin's permission,[112][126][127] and that it was a case of bad science ethics.[128] But it is not true. Wilkins had been given photograph 51 by Franklin's Ph.D. student Gosling, because she was leaving King's to work at Birkbeck. There was allegedly nothing untoward in this transfer of data to Wilkins,[129][130] since the Director Randall had insisted that all DNA work belonged exclusively to King's and had instructed Franklin in a letter to even stop working on it and submit her data.[131] Also it was implied by Horace Freeland Judson, incorrectly, that Maurice Wilkins had taken the photograph out of Franklin's drawer.[132]
Likewise Perutz saw "no harm" in showing an MRC report containing the conclusions of Franklin and Gosling's X-ray data analysis to Crick, since it had not been marked as confidential, although "The report was not expected to reach outside eyes".[133] Indeed, after the publication of Watson's The Double Helix exposed Perutz's act, he received so many letters questioning his judgment that he felt the need to both answer them all[134] and to post a general statement in Science excusing himself on the basis of being "inexperienced and casual in administrative matters".[135]
Perutz also claimed that the MRC information was already made available to the Cambridge team when Watson had attended Franklin's seminar in November 1951. A preliminary version of much of the important material contained in the 1952 December MRC report had been presented by Franklin in a talk she had given in November 1951, which Watson had attended but not understood.[136][137]
The Perutz letter was as said one of three letters, published with letters by Wilkins and Watson, which discussed their various contributions. Watson clarified the importance of the data obtained from the MRC report as he had not recorded these data while attending Franklin's lecture in 1951. The upshot of all this was that when Crick and Watson started to build their model in February 1953 they were working with critical parameters that had been determined by Franklin in 1951, and which she and Gosling had significantly refined in 1952, as well as with published data and other very similar data to those available at King's. For a long time it was generally believed that Franklin was never aware that her work had been used during construction of the model,[138] but Gosling revealed in his 2013 interview that, "Yes. Oh, she did know about that."[139]
Upon the completion of their model, Crick and Watson had invited Wilkins to be a co-author of their paper describing the structure.[140][79] Wilkins turned down this offer, as he had taken no part in building the model.[141] He later expressed regret that greater discussion of co-authorship had not taken place as this might have helped to clarify the contribution the work at King's had made to the discovery.[142] There is no doubt that Franklin's experimental data were used by Crick and Watson to build their model of DNA in 1953 (see above). Some, including Maddox as cited next, have explained this citation omission by suggesting that it may be a question of circumstance, because it would have been very difficult to cite the unpublished work from the MRC report they had seen.[143]
Indeed a clear timely acknowledgment would have been awkward, given the unorthodox manner in which data were transferred from King's to Cambridge. However, methods were available. Watson and Crick could have cited the MRC report as a personal communication or else cited the Acta articles in press, or most easily, the third Nature paper that they knew was in press. One of the most important accomplishments of Maddox's widely acclaimed biography is that Maddox made a well-received case for inadequate acknowledgement. "Such acknowledgement as they gave her was very muted and always coupled with the name of Wilkins".[144]
Twenty five years after the fact, the first clear recitation of Franklin's contribution appeared as it permeated Watson's account, The Double Helix, although it was buried under descriptions of Watson's (often quite negative) regard towards Franklin during the period of their work on DNA. This attitude is epitomized in the confrontation between Watson and Franklin over a preprint of Pauling's mistaken DNA manuscript.[145] Watson's words impelled Sayre to write her rebuttal, in which the entire chapter nine, "Winner Take All" has the structure of a legal brief dissecting and analyzing the topic of acknowledgement.[146]
Sayre's early analysis was often ignored because of perceived feminist overtones in her book. It should be noted that in their original paper, Watson and Crick do not cite the X-ray diffraction work of both Wilkins and Franklin. However, they admit their having "been stimulated by a knowledge of the general nature of the unpublished experimental results and ideas of Dr. M. H. F. Wilkins, Dr. R. E. Franklin and their co-workers at King's College, London."[4] Watson and Crick had no experimental data to support their model. It was Franklin and Gosling's own publication in the same issue of Nature with the X-ray image of DNA, which served as the main evidence; in which they concluded:
Thus our general ideas are not inconsistent with the model proposed by Watson and Crick in the preceeding communication.[147]
Franklin was never nominated for a Nobel Prize.[148][149] She had died in 1958, and during her lifetime the DNA structure was not considered as fully proven. It took Wilkins and his colleagues about seven years to collect enough data to prove and refine the proposed DNA structure. Moreover, its biological significance, as proposed by Watson and Crick, was not established. General acceptance for the DNA double helix and its function did not start until late in the 1950s, leading to Nobel nominations in 1960, 1961, and 1962 for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and in 1962 for Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[150] The first major breakthrough was from Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958, who experimentally showed the DNA replication of a bacterium Escherichia coli.[151] Now known as Meselson–Stahl experiment, DNA was found to replicate into two double-stranded helices, with each helix having one of the original DNA strands. This DNA replication was firmly established by 1961 after further demonstration in other species,[152] and of the stepwise chemical reaction.[153][154] According to the 1961 Crick–Monod letter, this experimental proof, along with Wilkins having initiated the DNA diffraction work, were the reasons why Crick felt that Wilkins should be included in the DNA Nobel prize.[3]
In 1962 the Nobel Prize was subsequently awarded to Crick, Watson, and Wilkins.[9][155][156] It is not clear whether she would have been included, had she lived.[157] The award was for their body of work on nucleic acids and not exclusively for the discovery of the structure of DNA.[158] By the time of the award Wilkins had been working on the structure of DNA for more than 10 years, and had done much to confirm the Watson–Crick model.[159] Crick had been working on the genetic code at Cambridge and Watson had worked on RNA for some years.[160] Watson has suggested that ideally Wilkins and Franklin would have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[8]
It is also interesting to note that Franklin's colleague and principal beneficiary in her will, Klug was the sole winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982, "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes."[161] This work was exactly what Franklin had started and which she introduced it to Klug, and it is highly plausible that, were she alive, she would have shared the Nobel prize.[162]
Franklin's part in the discovery of the nature of DNA was shown in the 1987 TV Movie Life Story, starring Tim Pigott-Smith as Crick, Alan Howard as Wilkins, Jeff Goldblum as Watson, and Juliet Stevenson as Franklin. This movie portrayed Franklin as somewhat stern, but also alleged that Watson and Crick did use a lot of her work to do theirs.[191][192]
A 56-minute documentary of the life and scientific contributions of Franklin, DNA - Secret of Photo 51, was broadcast in 2003 on PBS NOVA.[193] Narrated by Barbara Flynn, the program features interviews with Wilkins, Gosling, Klug, Maddox,[194] including Franklin's friends Vittorio Luzzati, Caspar, Anne Piper, and Sue Richley.[195] The UK version produced by BBC is titled Rosalind Franklin: DNA's Dark Lady.[196]
The first episode of another PBS documentary serial, DNA, was aired on 4 January 2004.[197] The episode titled The Secret of Life centres much around the contributions of Franklin. Narrated by Jeff Goldblum, it features Watson, Wilkins, Gosling and Peter Pauling (son of Linus Pauling).[198]
A play titled Rosalind: A Question of Life was written by Deborah Gearing to mark the work of Franklin, and was first performed on 1 November 2005 at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre,[199] and published by Oberon Books in 2006.[200]
Another play, Photograph 51 by Anna Ziegler, published in 2011,[201] has been produced at several places in the USA.[202] Ziegler's version of the 1951–53 'race' for the structure of DNA sometimes emphasizes the pivotal role of Franklin's research and her personality. Although sometimes altering history for dramatic effect, the play nevertheless illuminates many of the key issues of how science was and is conducted.[203]
False Assumptions by Lawrence Aronovitch is a play about the life of Marie Curie in which Franklin is portrayed as frustrated and angry at the lack of recognition for her scientific contributions.[204]
|Library resources about
Rosalind Franklin
|By Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Franklin produced a number of publications, some cited a number of times. A representative sample is listed below. The last two publications in this list were published posthumously.
(Crick's 31 December 1961 letter to Jacques Monod) However, the data which really helped us to obtain the structure was mainly obtained by Rosalind Franklin


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Right lane blocked after semi overturns on I-40 in Cocke Co.
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Our New Japanese style garden - UK
Hi all.
We would like to invite everyone to our new personal website showing our garden "Ame" from the start of construction to its current state, two years on.
Dee and Vic
Here is a link that might be useful: http://ame-japanese-garden.webs.com
When the plants fill out more and start to screen the different features from one another it should then be quite a fun little journey to move around within the space and discover each stopping point. The space will then seem bigger than it is, too.
Absolutely beautiful. I love your gardens and I am inspired. Can you tell me the approximate size of your garden space? It looks to be very small, but you have managed to incorporate so many beautiful elements and to make it seem much larger. Thank you for sharing the photos and albums.


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Slashdot videos: Now with more Slashdot!
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
Comment: Re:He wouldn't be paying income tax on that (Score 3, Informative) 650
Comment: Re:True for JAVA, but not generally true... (Score 1) 270
This may be true for Java. It isn't true for C/C++.
With C/C++ and NPTL, the many-thread blocking IO style yields slightly lower latency at low IO rates, but offers significant latency variability and sharply decreased thruput at higher IO rates. It seems that the linux scheduler is much to blame for this-- the number of times that a thread is scheduled on a different CPU increases dramatically with more threads, and this trashes the caches. I've seen order-of-magnitude decreases in performance and order-of-magnitude increases in latency as a result of what appears to be the cache trashing.
I've seen similar arguments against using hyper-threading with Java. Curious, have you tried limiting the number of threads to prevent the thrashing or a pbind equivalent to keep a thread closer to a cache pipeline?


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Take the work out of it by using our dance request service.
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Jewish group fights for chaplain monument at Arlington
Three German torpedoes ripped through the icy waters of the Atlantic off the coast of Greenland. On February 2, 1943, the USS Dorchester was transporting 902 U.S. servicemen to war. Only one torpedo hit, but it struck a deathblow - killing scores instantly and resetting the ship's course to the bottom of the ocean.
Amid the chaos, survivors later recalled, four U.S. Army chaplains fought to bring calm and comfort, praying for the dead and encouraging the living to fight for survival. They helped frightened servicemen find life jackets and head to rescue craft. Each of the four chaplains gave up his life jacket to save the life of another.
All four stayed on the ship's new course to the bottom of the ocean and gave their lives so others might live. The last thing survivors saw of the four chaplains, they were huddled together praying.
Lt. George Fox, a Methodist chaplain; Lt. John Washington, a Roman Catholic chaplain; and Lt. Clark Poling, a Dutch Reformed chaplain, are each memorialized on Chaplains Hill at Arlington National Cemetery on monuments honoring the service of Protestant and Catholic chaplains killed in the line of duty.....
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