text:
Auto Repair, Minneapolis, MN
Collision Center Inc.
900 Florida Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55426
Premier Auto Trends
3756 W Broadway Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55422
Twin Cities Transport & Recovery
3201 Stinson Blvd, Minneapolis, MN 55418
- Lowry Repair Center Inc.
- Oil Changes - Transmission Repairs - Scheduled Maintenance
- 2907 Central Ave NE, Minneapolis, MN 55418
View Website
- Budget Blinds of Blaine & Andover
- The Best in Custom Blinds and Window Coverings
- 1660 - 121 St Avenue NW, Minneapolis, MN 55448
View Website
- Goodyear Auto Service Center
- Goodyear Auto Service Center: Your source for total car care.™
- 3013 W 66th St, Minneapolis, MN 55423
View Website
Safelite AutoGlass - Minneapolis
504 Malcolm Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414
Save Time, Schedule Online Now
Turbo Tim's Anything Automotive
2823 Central Ave NE, Minneapolis, MN 55418
Complete Import and Domestic Repair & Maintenance
Meineke Car Care Center
4360 Central Ave NE, Minneapolis, MN 55421
Drive a little smarter.®Visit our website for available auto services and online coupons!
Roseville Auto And Marine Inc.
1900 Oakcrest Ave Ste 2 Ste 2, Roseville, MN 55113
6.5 Miles
"My family has been bringing their cars and boat to Roseville Auto and Marine for over 10 yea...">
United Automotive
3510 Kilmer Ln N Ste B, Minneapolis, MN 55441
5.5 Miles
"I usually drag going to get my car fixed, but this time was different. I did a lot of resear...">
Penn Auto Care
6724 Penn Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55423
7.0 Miles
"I have never had better service. He came in nearly $200. under my previous estimate. His dia...">
Roseville Auto And Marine Inc.
1900 Oakcrest Ave Ste 2, Roseville, MN 55113
6.5 Miles
"Roseville Auto and Marine is wonderful. I took my boat there and they were able to perform m...">
Discount Brake & Auto Repair
892 County Rd 10 Ne, Spring Lake Park, MN 55434
10.2 Miles
"Discount Brake and Auto Repair is an ASE Certified Auto Repair Facility that offers a full r...">
Total Locksmith
7226 Zane Ave N, Brooklyn Park, MN 55429
7.6 Miles
"This company has really good service. All their staff is very professional and the technicia...">
Victory Auto Service & Glass
8098 Brooklyn Blvd, Brooklyn Park, MN 55445
8.7 Miles
"Today I had to take my car in after finding out that my break lights weren't working. This i...">
Victory Auto Service & Glass
1010 Osborne Rd, Fridley, MN 55432
9.2 Miles
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Access Locksmith
2246 Vicksburg Ln N, Plymouth, MN 55447
8.8 Miles
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Benchmark Auto Service
6595 Edenvale Blvd Ste 130b, Eden Prairie, MN 55346
10.1 Miles
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Discount Brake And Auto Repair
892 County Rd 10 Ne, Spring Lake, MN 55434
10.2 Miles
"Excellent, fantastic, prompt, reliable service. I am always weary of mechanics, but Joshua p...">
Tousley Collision & Glass
1493 E County Rd E, White Bear Lake, MN 55110
13.8 Miles
"Ok having a accident isnt any fun. I just wanted to write that if you need collision repair...">
Eagan Top Locksmith
4166 Pilot Knob Rd, Eagan, MN 55123
13.8 Miles
"Thank you for coming out to help me open my door. I lost my key and thank goodness that we h...">
Speedy Locksmith
5200 Elm Creek Blvd, Maple Grove, MN 55369
12.3 Miles
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Access Locksmith Maplewood
1126 White Bear Ave N, Maplewood, MN 55119
13.6 Miles
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text:
US 'disappointed UN rights council continues to single out Israel'
WATCH LIVE: Israel's ambassador to UN addresses Security Council on Mideast minorities
'Netanyahu has burned his bridges with Black Democrats'
Israel to resume tax revenue transfers to the Palestinian Authority
Health Ministry: Watch those eggs
Elusive answer to length of Saturn's day reached with TAU, Weizmann team
Yad Sarah prints large-font Haggada
Science, Technology and Space Ministry names Arab chemical engineer its deputy chief scientist
Eco Wave Power to establish its first Chinese power station
Watch: Technion students recreate Passover story with robots
Noble Energy walks away from Ruth C exploration license
Cyber Chief: 8% of ministry budgets should go to cyber security
Texas artists exhibit in Israel
The man behind 'The Missing Picture'
Concert Review: Mark Lanegan
The blizzard is over
Scuffling Maccabi must dig deep on road at group leader Real
Preview: Unbeaten Israel in for tough tests at home
Similar starting lineup expected for Israel
Ga'ash teams up with Cigar for 9-hole event
Serry: Time to replace 242 with new 'peace architecture'
Dalya Lemkus' terrorist murderer sentenced to 2 life prison terms
Terror attack thwarted after bomb found near Hebron's Cave of the Patriarchs
Amnesty International charges Palestinians with war crimes during Gaza conflict
French company quits Jerusalem cable car project
German party's petition to recognize Palestinian state 'won't pass'
Spain close to granting citizenship to relatives of Jews expelled in 1492
Movie mogul Harvey Weinstein urges Jews to kick anti-Semites 'in the ass'
Reporter's Notebook: In Mariupol, a war only minutes away
Lauder criticizes US efforts against 'new anti-Semitism' in Europe
Turkey unveils Great Synagogue as Jewish population fades
France to begin push for UN resolution on Israel-Palestine in 'coming weeks'
Iran, six powers demand mutual concessions in tense nuclear talks
Golan Heights residents arrested on suspicion of spying for Syria
Palestinian Authority announces support for Arab coalition against Yemen rebels
Rouhani writes letter to Obama, phones world leaders in diplomatic offensive
Into the Fray: It's Arab enmity – not Arab ethnicity
My Word: Safe and unsound
Parting Shot: Tentative steps
Restarting the US-Israel relationship depends on Palestinians too
Column One: Managing Obama's war against Israel
The blood libel Haggada
The turning point
Travel tech start-ups
On wings of carbon
Veterans: On target
Fusing modern and traditional in the kitchen
Book Review: Perceptive Haggada
Hot off the Arab press
Let's cooperate
Shabbat screenings
Passover perspective
On the field and in court
Happily Eva After: Times, they are a-interestin'
Music and the mamaloshen
What's the catch?
Kayaking for gold on the Kinneret
Palestine – words matter but their meaning matters more
A nuclear deal with Iran – would it stick?
When words matter and when they don't
Countering Iran and IS – Muslims take action
'מְלָגוֹת 'צוּק אֵיתָן
עוֹלִים חֲדָשִים
כּוּלָם רוֹצִים לִחְיוֹת
יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמַבָּט פָּנוֹרָמִי
Getting a young start
A culinary festival starring the women next door
Global girl power
Apartheid South Africa: Israel edition
Sa'ar says national unity government is 'still on the table'
Israeli parties prepare legislative demands for Netanyahu's new coalition
With full term possible, Netanyahu may outlast Ben-Gurion (and Obama)
Arab sector turnout for recent elections reached 63.5%, polling data shows
Joubran: Polls have to include parties that don't pass threshold
Unconvincing ISIS video shows Assyrian captive converting to Islam
'Those who hate Jews hate Christians': A closer look at US Presidential hopeful Ted Cruz
WATCH: Pope Francis receives a pizz-a Naples cuisine
Top 10 must do experiences over Easter and Passover in the Holy Land
The hidden anti-Semitism in European church art
Green Leadership Conference in Hamalachim-Shahariya Forest
Scenic Lookout in Memory of Lt-Gen. Amnon Lipkin Shahak
Following in the Footsteps of Meir Har-Zion
Celebrating the 100th Birthday Anniversary of Sculptor Ahiam Shoshany
French Students Get to Know the Real Israel
Serbian PM Plants a Tree in the Grove of Nations
Sharing and Learning - German Forestry Students Intern with KKL-JNF
Israel and Finland Connect through the Environment
New Bio-filters Purify Surface Runoff Water for Reuse
Future Tour Guides Discover the Negev with KKL-JNF
The Shamir Drilling Project
Graduation Ceremony for Rosh HaAyin's Volunteer Firefighters
From Sunny Israel to Cold Canada
Walking for Water with KKL France in the Mountains of Eilat
JNF Ontario Community Mission Tours the Western Negev
Celebrating 50 Years of German-Israeli Diplomatic Relations
The Negev Conference on Agricultural Research and Development
Arava Open Day: Food Security for Israel and the Entire World
Living Green in Israel: the Contest and the Winners
Addressing Climate Change Conference
From Think Tank to Environmental Consultant
Award Winning Designer Launches Career as Wedding Dressmaker
Outdoor Fitness Israel: An Innovative Fitness Program Developed By UK Olim
The Burstein Brothers: 3 Oleh Siblings in the IDF
5 Tips to Land a Job in Israel
Starting Your Own Business in Israel: Real Life Examples
5 Strategies for Finding Your Professional Place in Israel
PetBNB:An Olah's Unusual Canine Startup
36 Hours in Southern Israel
Food Shopping In Israel
How Women Can Have it All in Israel
The Eisenberg's Long Journey Home
Why Retirees are Thriving in Israel
Thanks to Aliyah video
6 Frequently Asked Questions about Israeli Healthcare
Starting Over in Israel
VIDEO: Are you ready for the South?
Sovev Tel Aviv, Israel's Largest Biking Event
Running Through Color
Formula 1 Racecars Zip Through Jerusalem
Make yourself at home… in Israel
NBN Announces Bonei Zion Prize Recipients for 2015
NefeshB'Nefesh Provides Services to Bnot Sherut
How Doctors Are Impacting Israel's South
Over 1,000 IDF 'lone soldiers' attend personal errand day in Tel Aviv
03.27.2015 | 7 Nisan, 5775
Grapevine: September significance
Security and defense: The test of deterrence
Searching for the middle ground between war and peace
Politics: Has Hamas killed the Zionist Left?
Not like lambs to the slaughter
Arab World: Failing to see the broader picture
Email as it was in ancient times
Grapevine: Rivlin introduces 'Savta Nechama'
Gaza's morning after
Politics: Déjà vu all over again
Behind the Lines: Islamic State's explosive advance
The religious cleansing of Iraq's Christians
In Thespotlight
02/01/2013 03:43
David Tsur 370.
(photo credit:Courtesy The Tzipi Livni Party)
Name: David Tsur Party: The
Tzipi Livni Party Age: 53 Resides in: Givatayim Family status: Widower, 3
children Birthplace: Turkey, made aliya in 1965 Profession before becoming an
MK: Israel Police Tel Aviv District Commander 2004 – 2008, Border Police
Commander 2004 – 2008 Why did you decide to enter politics? That's a tough
question. I spent 30 years in public service, and left five years ago to work in
the private sector.I opened a consulting company on large sporting
events, like the Olympics and the World Cup, and was a strategic adviser to
states fighting terror and serious crime. I've known Tzipi Livni since 1990,
when she was a lawyer doing pro bono work for an organization that had to do
with the YAMAM, and I was YAMAM commander. We have been in touch since then, and
she asked me to join her because of our similar worldview on diplomatic and
socioeconomic issues. If it wasn't for her, I wouldn't have considered entering
politics, but I also suppose I wanted it in some way.What are the first
three bills you plan to propose? I don't have prepared bills that I can propose,
but there are topics that interest me. I'm connected to social issues, like
kibbutzim and moshavim in the Negev, and personal security, which is what I
dealt with in my career. I want to cut bureaucracy that creates bottlenecks and
stops businesses from opening and developing. Getting permits is a long, tiring
story for citizens and local authorities. Of course, what I can do depends what
position I'm in [in the Knesset].What was the most interesting
experience on the campaign trail? Meeting people on the ground, like on the
party's week-long bus tour of Israel. I saw a lot of admiration for me, as
someone coming in from outside of politics, from security. I wasn't seen as an
average politician. I saw excitement and was very surprised by the level of
involvement and volunteerism.When I was in the private sector, I wasn't
aware of the level of desire people had to be involved in public life. It felt
good to see that people cared.This Knesset has a record high number of
women and religious people.How do you think this will affect the way it
functions and the kinds of changes it brings? I'm a very liberal person, and I
always thought that to attempt to catalog people by gender or kippa is a
mistake. In my eyes, that should not have meaning. People should be [in the
Knesset] because of their talents, abilities and ideology; that's it.The
fact that there are many women in the Knesset will bring improvements in the
status of women. I don't see any reason for gaps in salary that still exist
despite laws against it. There should be gender equality in everything. I hate
the exclusion of women, a dark trend that I don't understand. I hope the knitted
kippot [religious Zionists] in the Knesset don't think that way.I hope
the Knesset's 48 new members will bring a change in its public image. Every
other person that knows me asked why I would want to "get dirty" in the Knesset,
but I don't think public service should be seen as dirty.Do you think
haredim and Arabs should do military or national service, and if so, how should
the state enforce it? Definitely yes. I think it's for their own good, and for
the good of the state. I don't believe there will be full equality in the
burden, because even within the secular population, not everyone is carrying it
the same way.For those who do serve, only 10-15 percent do reserve duty
after their two or three years in the army.We don't need [haredi
soldiers] charging up hills [in combat service], but we want them to be part of
the national partnership, and gradually make it into the workforce. I also think
we don't need to put people in jail if they refuse to serve. We need to come to
understandings, because we are dealing with people. Now that the election and
the propaganda are over, we need to get down to details. This is a strong time
to make change. The people spoke, and this is one of the central topics on
voters' agenda. Even the haredi parties understand this situation can't
continue.I think it's a bigger threat than external ones.The
person who put this issue on the agenda is former OC Human Resources Maj.-Gen
Elazar Stern (res.) Elazer Stern, No. 4 on our list.He composed the plan
that [Yesh Atid leader] Yair Lapid adopted.Do you support a
religious-Zionist chief candidate, such as Rabbi David Stav, for the chief
rabbinate? Yes. In my opinion, we need whoever, at the end of the day, will be a
bridge that can connect people to Judaism but understand needs in a secular
pluralist society. He needs to make marriage and conversion easier, and allow
same-sex marriage, but still preserve Judaism. We should stop the paternalism on
family life, but do what we can to bring people closer [to Judaism].What
can be done to lower the cost of housing in Israel? This is a very complicated
issue, but in general, we need to stop profiteering from the land and make it
more available to entrepreneurs so the supply is larger.The government
has been trying to increase its income from land, while businessmen have to
spend more to use it, and that cost is passed on to the people. It will be worth
it to build if there is regulation making land cheaper and requiring 14-15% of
apartments to be public, affordable housing. The criteria to live in public
housing should be ability to make a living, not number of children or how many
years a couple was married or other tricks that we need to get rid of.We
need to start in the periphery.In my eyes, the city in which I grew up,
Ashkelon, is not the periphery. If there is good public transportation, it will
bring down prices, and we can convince young couples to live there.I
also think populating the Negev and Galilee is a national mission.Still,
the problems can't be solved when there's a big deficit, so [politicians] need
to stop sloganeering.The deficit needs to be covered first, otherwise a
big drop in housing prices could bring an economic crash, like in
America.What do you think can be cut in the budget, which must be passed
within 45 days of the government's swearing-in? I'm not an expert in all areas of
the budget. I know the defense budget needs to be cut, and we need to make
long-term plans.Checks can't be written if they're not covered, which is
what happened with the last government's promises of free dental care and
education from age three. Now there's a huge deficit.I'm against taxes
on the middle class and the poor. We should have progressive taxes and not VAT
on fruit and water, where everyone pays the same amount. We also need general
cuts in government offices, but with a balance to avoid unemployment, so it
doesn't bring a recession.We can still increase the
deficit.Inflation is bad, but it's easier to control than high
unemployment. On the macro level, our economy is good, and that is a credit to
the last government.The most important thing in my opinion the best
thing that can happen to our economy is handshake between the prime minister and
PA President Mahmoud Abbas. Peace will bring more than any economic model, and
will increase investments.What is your position on talks with the
Palestinian Authority and a possible Palestinian state? We cannot abandon
diplomacy or be silent about it. The election campaign is over, and now we need
to deal with the real problems. [The Tzipi Livni Party] will raise this flag no
matter how many seats we have. We need to sit in a room and put someone [who has
won] a high level of trust [from the Palestinian Authority]. The diplomatic
process Livni led in the time of former prime minister Ehud Olmert reached a
very high level, and may have been completed if the government hadn't fallen
apart.There's a crisis of trust on both sides. The government has good
reason not to trust the PA after a long settlement freeze that led to
nothing.Still, when we negotiate, they don't shoot and the world doesn't
try to take the lead on talks.In the last four years, what happened is
something we didn't want, the internationalization of the process. We're an
independent country strong enough to make our own decisions, but we still
haven't done that.We can hold onto a dream that I believed in for a long
time, of the entire Land of Israel, but there are dreams and there's the reality
we need to reach in the end. Livni offers two states for two nations, settlement
blocs, a united Jerusalem, Israeli forces on the Jordan River and border
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Gadgets Pebble Time's $20M Kickstarter Campaign By The Numbers TC AppleCast 11: If You Had To Choose Just One – Apple Hardware Or Apple Software? This Week On The TC Gadgets Podcast: Smartphone Stuff And Smart Home Stuff Browse more... hot Turning Up The Heat And Cooling Down The Planet, Hot Hotels To Carbon Offset All Last Minute Hotel Bookings Daily Crunch: Laceless Daily Crunch: Chart Browse more... Daily Crunch Daily Crunch: Big Cat Gadgets Week In Review: Window Walking Daily Crunch: Song And Dance Browse more... Daily Crunch: A New Way to Listen to Music Edition Posted Sep 16, 2009 by Bryce Durbin 0 SHARES Next Story TechCrunch50: CloudSplit arrives to monitor those expensive clouds The Xbox Series Zune HD slaps video game logos all over the damn place Yes, we have the Zune HD; Yes, it's awesome Showering is bad, m-kay? Korea gets ultra-cute Hello Kitty desktop PC Hyperbole: Get ready for Sony Ericsson to change the way you listen to music, *forever* 0 SHARES 0 Share 0 Tweet 0 Share 0 0 0 0 Advertisement Advertisement Newsletters TechCrunch Daily Top headlines, delivered daily TC Week-in-Review Most popular stories, delivered Sundays CrunchBase Daily Latest startup fundings, delivered daily Enter Address Subscribe Related Videos Play Video Gillmor Gang: Happy Medium 1:14:30 Play Video Statements From Two Ellen Pao Jurors Play Video Verdict Drama in Pao Trial | Crunch Report More Related Videos hot Daily Crunch Gadgets Popular Posts


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Archive for the 'Cable TV' Category
August 12th, 2014 at 1:05 pm
'Hello Ross' Cancelled by E! After Two Seasons
Hello Ross has been cancelled by E! after two seasons.[Read-More]
August 12th, 2014 at 9:59 am
TBS and MTV Acquire Syndication Rights for 'New Girl'
The show is expected to make its cable debut in fall 2015[Read-More]
August 11th, 2014 at 12:50 pm
'The Knick' Premiere Draws 1.7 Million Total Viewers Across HBO and Cinemax Airings
The series premiere episode of The Knick drew 1.7 million viewers in its first few days[Read-More]
August 11th, 2014 at 10:32 am
'Homeland' to Get Two Hour Double-Episode Premiere October 5
Showtime has announced that Homeland will premiere its fourth season with back to back episodes[Read-More]
August 9th, 2014 at 9:48 am
Will The 'Outlander' Premiere Be A Ratings Outlier? (Poll)
Make your prediction![Read-More]
August 8th, 2014 at 4:11 pm
'Jimmy Kimmel Live' and 'Last Week Tonight' have the top late-night clips for Aug. 3-8
The most-viewed late-night clip of the week is about diapers. It comes from Jimmy Kimmel Live, and it's a segment where Kim Kardashian[Read-More]
August 8th, 2014 at 2:08 pm
'Halt & Catch Fire' Finale Grows 67 Percent Among Adults 18-49 in Live + 3 Ratings
The season finale of AMC's drama Halt & Catch Fire grew 71 percent in among total viewers in Live + 3 Day[Read-More]
August 8th, 2014 at 10:26 am
Will 'The Knick' Premiere Have the Knack for High Ratings for Cinemax? (Poll)
Make your prediction![Read-More]


text:
The reaction for the manufacture of linear polyesters by polycondensing dicarboxylic acids, hydroxycarboxylic acids or the esters and diols thereof is speeded up by the addition of 1 to 25% by weight of esters of phosphoric and/or phosphorous acid.
1. An improved process for the manufacture of high molecular weight linear homo- or copolyesters, which contain moieties selected from the group consisting of phosphites and phosphates, and which are derived from aromatic and/or cycloaliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic and optionally in addition aliphatic, dicarboxylic acids, hydroxycarboxylic acids and diols, and which are formed first by transesterification process in the presence of a catalyst followed by a preliminary precondensation to give a precondensate containing hydroxy groups and with an average minimum degree of polycondensation Pn of 50, wherein the improvement comprises
adding from 1 to 25% by weight, based on the polyester precondensate, of a reaction catalyst of the general formula I, or mixtures thereof, ##STR2## wherein R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different, and represent linear or branched alkyl groups, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl; or said aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl groups substituted by alkyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl or phenylalkyl, and x is 0 or 1, and
completing the polycondensation in the melt or solid phase at a temperature between 170� C and 320� C until a minimum degree of polymerisation Pn of 100 is attained.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein 1 to 15 by weight of reaction catalyst is added.
3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the degree of polycondensation of the polyester precondensate is Pn 75 to 150.
4. A process according to claim 1, wherein alkyl groups represented by R1 to R3 in the phosphites or phosphates of the formula I contain 4 to 18 carbon atoms.
5. A process according to claim 1, wherein the aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl groups are substituted by 1 to 2 groups in the 2, 4, 2,4 or 4,6 positions.
6. A process according to claim 1, wherein the alkyl groups as substituents contain from 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
7. A process according to claim 1, wherein aryl is phenyl, aralkyl is benzyl, cycloalkyl is cyclohexyl and cycloalkylalkyl is cyclohexylmethyl.
8. A process according to claim 1, wherein a triaryl- or trialkylphosphite or a triaryl- or trialkylphosphate is added as reaction catalyst.
9. A process according to claim 8, wherein triphenyl-, tricresyl- or trinonylphosphite or triphenyl-, tricresyl- or trinonylphosphate is added as reaction catalyst.
10. A process according to claim 1, wherein the polyester precondensate is prepared partially or wholly from diols or dicarboxylic acids which contain chlorine and/or bromine.
11. A process according to claim 1, wherein the polyester precondensate is synthesised partially or wholly from momomers which contain secondary or phenolic hydroxyl groups or which are β-hydroxyalkylated benzimidazolones and monomeric or oligomeric hydantoins.
12. A process according to claim 1, wherein the phosphite or phosphate of the formula I is added to the polyester precondensate in the melt phase, the mixture is reacted initially in the melt phase and thereafter, optionally after a further addition of a phosphite or phosphate of the formula I, the reaction is continued in the solid phase until the minimum degree of polycondensation of 100 is attained.
13. A process according to claim 1, wherein the polyester precondensate contains at least 80 molar percent, referred to the dicarboxylic acids, of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid.
14. A process according to claim 1, wherein the polyester precondensate contains at least 80 molar percent, referred to the dicarboxylic acids, of terephthalic acid, and at least 80 molar percent, referred to the diols, of aliphatic diols containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms.
15. A process according to claim 14, wherein the polyester precondensate contains ethylene glycol, trimethylene or tetramethylene glycol.
16. A process according to claim 1 wherein 2 to 15% by weight of reaction catalyst is used.
17. A process according to claim 1 wherein 2 to 10% by weight of reaction catalyst is used.
18. A process according to claim 6 wherein the alkyl groups as substituents contain from 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
19. A process according to claim 14 wherein the aliphatic diols contain 2 to 4 carbon atoms.
20. A polyester composition prepared by the process according to claim 1.
The invention provides a process for the manufacture of linear polyesters which contain phosphites and/or phosphates.
In the manufacture of linear polyesters it is regarded as a particular economic disadvantage that relatively lengthy reaction times are required. Even with the most effective transesterification and polycondensation catalysts known at present, it is not possible to reduce the reaction times sufficiently. A variety of suggestions relating to the addition of reaction catalysts has been made with the object of cheaper methods of manufacture in mind.
For example, Japanese published patent specification No. 73,07,273 describes the addition of small amounts of phosphonates and phosphinates having only two reactive ester groups after an intrinsic viscosity of at least 0.40 dl/g in the polyester precondensate has been obtained.
Japanese published patent specification 48-46694 describes the addition of activated phosphates in amounts of up to 5% by weight, for example trichloro- or trinitrophenylphosphates.
These proposals have the disadvantage that the reaction catalysts employed are expensive and uneconomic. In addition, the activated phosphates have the grave disadvantage that, owing to their pronounced reactivity, all three ester groups of these trichloro- or trinitrophenylphosphates are capable of reacting. The result is that chain branchings occur in the polyester condensate and this occurrence in turn can result in gel formation and consequently in a premature discontinuance of the reaction. These polyesters are therefore without economic importance.
German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,455,025 postulates the simultaneous addition of polycarbonates and phosphites or phosphates; but only the polycarbonates are shown to be reaction catalysts. The disadvantage of this proposal is that the incorporation of carbonate groups in the polymer chains results in a modification in the polycondensate which for many uses is undesired.
British patent specification No. 791,282 describes a process for the manufacture of fibers made from polyalkyleneterephthalates with an improved colour, wherein insignificant amounts, i.e. far less than 1% by weight, of a trivalent phosphorus compound are added at a specific time during the polycondensation. Phosphoric acid, the salts and esters thereof, as well as triphenylphosphite, are cited as trivalent phosphorus compounds. It is also stated that the polycondensation reaction can be speeded up if the addition of these small amounts of trivalent phosphorus compound is effected before a 30% reaction has been reached. If the addition is made later, then this catalytic effect is no longer observed. This British patent is therefore not concerned with the problem of incorporating larger amounts of esters of phosphoric acids into a polyester by condensation and simultaneously speeding up the reaction during the polycondensation.
The addition of stabilising amounts of phosphites during the polyester manufacture to stabilise the melt is commonly known and has been described in numerous publications. A reduction of the molecular weight is thereby suppressed and the colour quality of the polycondensate improved. The amounts added are in the ppm range, but can also be in excess of it, as proposed for example in U.S. patent specification No. 2,437,046 for specific polyesters.
The present invention has for its object to provide a process for the manufacture of polyesters while simultaneously speeding up the polycondensation during the manufacture of the polyesters, wherein specific esters of phosphoric acids are used as reaction catalysts.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a process for the manufacture of linear homo- and copolyesters which contain phosphites and/or phosphates and which are derived from aromatic and/or cycloaliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic and, if appropriate, in addition aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, hydroxycarboxylic acids and diols, by adding an ester of a phosphoric or phosphorous acid as reaction catalyst to a linear polyester precondensate containing catalyst and hydroxyl groups and having an average minimum degree of polycondensation Pn of 50 and subsequently carrying out polycondensation in the melt and/or solid phase at temperatures between 170� and 230� C and in vacuo and/or in a flow of inert gas until a minimum degree of polycondensation of 100 is attained, which process comprises the addition of a phosphite or phosphate of the general formula I, or mixtures thereof, as reaction catalyst. ##STR1## wherein R1, R2 and R3 are the same or different, or represent linear or branched alkyl groups or aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl or cycloalkylalkyl groups which are unsubstituted or substituted by alkyl groups or by cyclohexyl, phenyl or phenylalkyl, and x is 0 or 1, in amounts from 1 to 25% by weight, referred to the polyester precondensate.
The average degree of polycondensation Pn is determined by dividing the average number of the molecular weight Mn by the monomer unit of the polyester. Methods of determining Mn are described for example in the "Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology", Vol.9. (1969), pp. 182 ff.
It is preferred to add 1 to 15, in particular 2 to 15 and especially 2 to 10, percent by weight of phosphites or phosphates of the formula I and the degree of polycondensation is preferably Pn 120 to 350, in particular 160 to 300. It is furthermore preferred that the degree of polycondensation Pn increases by at least 30% over 1 to 90, preferably 1 to 60, minutes. The minimum degree of polycondensation of the precondensate is preferably 75 to 150.
If it is desired to effect a good flame-resistant finish, preferably at least 4% by weight of a phosphite or phosphate of the formula I is added.
The linear polyesters are added on aliphatic, also on unsaturated and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, diols and hydroxycarboxylic acids, and can be in this connection homo- or copolymers. It is therefore possible, for example, that they contain one or more dicarboxylic acids, one or more diols, and, in addition, on or more hydroxycarboxylic acids. Polyesters which are derived only from hydroxycarboxylic acids are also comprised.
Suitable dicarboxylic acids are linear and branched, saturated and unsaturated aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic dicarboxylic acids, cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids which contain amino or imido groups or N-heterocyclic rings.
Suitable additional aliphatic dicarboxylic acids are pg,7 for example: malonic acid, dimethylmalonic acid, succinic acid, octadecylsuccinic acid, pimelic acid, adipic acid, trimethyladipic acid, sebacic acid, azelaic acid, and dimeric acids (dimerisation products of unsaturated aliphatic carboxylic acids, such as oleic acid). Examples of suitable cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids are: 1,3-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid, 1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, 1,3- and 1,4-dicarboxylmethylcyclohexane, 4,4'-dicyclohexyldicarboxylic acid. Examples of suitable unsaturated dicarboxylic acids are: maleic acid, fumaric acid, methylmaleic acid or itaconic acid.
Suitable aromatic dicarboxylic acids are: terephthalaic acid, isophthalic acid, o-phthalic acid, 1,3-, 1,4-, 2,6- or 2,7-naphthalenedicarboxylic acids, 4,4'-diphenyldicarboxylic acid, 4,4'-diphenylsulphone-dicarboxylic acid, 1,1,3-trimethyl-5-carboxyl-3-(p-carboxyphenyl)-indane, 4,4'-diphenyl ether-dicarboxylic acid, bis-p-(carboxylphenyl)-methane.
It is known that dicarboxylic acids which contain amido groups are obtained by reacting diamines or aminocarboxylic acids with dicarboxylic acids or the derivatives thereof which form the carboxy amide group. These carboxylic acids are described for example in DT-OS 2,453,448, DT-OS 2,150,808 and U.S. patent specification 2,925,405.
Dicarboxylic acids which contain imido groups are also known and described for example in DT-OS 2,453,448 and in U.S. patent specification 3,217,014. N-Carboxylmethyltrimellitic imide may be cited by way of example.
Suitable hydroxycarboxylic acids are aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, cycloaliphatic-aliphatic, aromatic and aromatic-aliphatic acids. As examples there may be mentioned: glycolic acid, β-propionic acid, β- or γ-hydroxybutyric acid, p-hydroxy-cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, para-hydroxymethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid, m- or p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid.
Suitable diols are the aliphatic glycols, in particular those containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms in the molecule, cycloaliphatic and cycloaliphaticaliphatic diols, such as 1,4-dihydroxycyclohexane, 1,4-dihydroxymethylcyclohexane, aromatic and aromatic-aliphatic diols, such as hydroquinone, p-xylylene glycol or 2,5-dichloro-p-xylylene glycol, polyoxyaalkylene glycols, such as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, substituted or unsubstituted bisphenols, such as bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-methylene, bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-ethylidene or bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propylidene and bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-sulphone or bis-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-ether. Hydroxyalkylated bisphenols are also suitable, for example 2,2-bis-[4-(β-hydroxyethoxyphenyl)propane].
Further suitable diols are those which contain N-heterocyclic rings. Such diols are principally the β-hydroxyalkylated hydantoins, alkenylenebishydantoins and benzimidazolones, which can be partially or completely halogenated, in particular chlorinated and/or brominated, in the phenyl nucleus. These diols are described, for example, in DT-OS 2,453,448.
It is preferred to use at least 80 molar percent of terephthalic acid and at least 80 molar percent of aliphatic diols containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms, in particular 2 to 4 carbon atoms, or 1,4-dihydroxymethylcyclohexane, referred to the pure polyester. In particular, the polyesters contain linear aliphatic diols containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms and terephthalic acid.
Further preferred polyester-forming dicarboxylic acids, diols and hydroxycarboxylic acids are those which contain reactive functional polyester-forming groups of low reactivity. The process of the present invention is particularly suitable for these. The reactivity of the functional groups can in this case be impaired on account of steric hindrances, inter- or intramolecular interactions or mesomeric effects. It is difficult to prepare polyesters of higher molecular weight from such monomers or their polyesterforming derivatives by known processes, because on account of the low reactivity of the functional groups secondary reactions can predominate, which limit the molecular weight and can result in discolourations of the material. Diols and/or hydroxycarboxylic acids which contain secondary and/or phenolic alcoholic groups are preferred, and also diols which contain N,N-heterocyclic rings, for example, 1,1-methylene-bis[3-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin], or 1,3-β-hydroxyalkylated benzimidazolones whose phenyl nucleus can also be partially or completely chlorinated and/or brominated, for example 1,3-bis(β-hydroxyethyl)-benzimidazolone, or bisphenols.
A further advantageous group of diols, dicarboxylic acids or hydroxycarboxylic acids comprises those which contain halogen atoms, in particular bromine or chlorine atoms. These halogenated monomers are used for providing the polyesters obtained therefrom with a flame-resistant finish, whilst the known synergism in combining halogenated organic compounds and compounds of the elements of the 5th main group of the Periodic Table can be very advantageously exploited in the polyesters obtained from halogenated monomers. Examples of such halogenated monomers are: tetrabromo-bis-phenol-A-diglycol ether, 4,4'-dihydroxydecarbromobiphenyl, tetrabromo-p-xylylene glycol, 2,5-chloro-terephthalic acid or 1,3-bis-(hydroxyethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrachloro- or -tetrabromo-benzimidazolone.
Alkyl groups represented by R1 to R3 in formula I contain preferably 4 to 18 carbon atoms. An acyl group is preferably a phenyl or phenylalkyl group. The cycloalkyl group contains preferably 5 to 12 ring carbon atoms and is in particular a cyclohexyl or cyclohexylalkyl group. The alkylene moiety in the aralkyl and cycloalkylalkyl group contains preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms, in particular 1 carbon atoms. The cyclic groups are preferably substituted by 1 to 2 groups, especially in the positions 2, 4, 2,4 or 4,6. The substituents are preferably linear or branched alkyl groups of 1 to 18, especially 1 to 12, carbon atoms, a phenylalkyl group containing 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the alkylene moiety, cyclohexyl, phenyl and alkylphenyl groups. The triaryl- and trialkylphosphites and triaryl- and trialkylphosphates are particularly preferred.
Examples of suitable alkyl groups represented by R1 to R3 are: methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, undecyl, dodecyl, pentadecyl, octadecyl, eicosyl, pentacosyl, triacontyl.
Examples of unsubstituted or substituted aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl and cycloalkylalkyl groups are: phenyl, α- or β-naphthyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclododecyl, benzyl, α- or β-phenylethyl, α, β- or γ-phenylpropyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, cyclohexylethyl, o-, m- or p-methylphenyl, 2,4- or 4,6-dimethylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl, 4-propylphenyl, 2-methyl-4-butylphenyl, p-tert.-butylphenyl, p-octylphenyl, 2-octyl-4-methylphenyl, nonylphenyl, bis-nonylphenyl, dodecylphenyl, octadecylphenyl, methylcyclopentyl, methylcyclohexyl, ethylcyclohexyl, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl, 4-tert.-butylcyclohexyl, octadecylcyclohexyl, 2-or 4-cyclohexylphenyl, p-bisphenyl, p-benzylphenyl, p-(α-phenylethyl)-phenyl, p-methylcyclohexylmethyl, methylcyclopentylmethyl, methylcyclohexylethyl, octylcyclohexylmethyl, dodecylcyclohexylmethyl, methylbenzyl, ethylbenzyl, propylbenzyl, isopropylbenzyl, butylbenzyl, isobutylbenzyl, tert.-butylbenzyl, octylbenzyl, dodecylbenzyl, methylphenylethyl, methylphenylpropyl. Each of R1 to R3 is most preferably a substituted aryl group and in particular a phenyl, cresyl and nonylphenyl group.
The phosphites and phosphates used as reaction catalysts are either compounds which are known from the literature or they can be prepared by known methods.
It is preferred to use unsubstituted or substituted aryl phosphates and/or phosphates. If aliphatic phosphites and/or phosphates are used, the ester groups preferably contain altogether at least 10 carbon atoms in order to add phosphites or phosphates of relatively low volatility.
The process of the present invention can be used with advantage for linear polyester precondensates which contain radicals of thermally less stable starting components and whose decomposition and side-reactions during the polycondensation by known methods result in the formation of coloured and/or brittle materials. This advantageous use applies in particular to partially and/or chlorinated aromatic monomers which are simultaneously incorporated in the polyester by condensation to provide a flame-resistant finish, for example tetrabromo-bisphenol-A-diglycol ether, 4,4'-dihydroxydecabromobiphenyl, tetrabromo-p-xylylene glycol, 2,5-dichloroterephthalic acid or 1,3-bis-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrachloro- or -tetrabromobenzimidazolone. The synergism of organic halogen compounds and compounds of the elements of the 5th main group of the Periodic Table is advantageously utilised herein.
It is also possible to use polyester waste as precondensates in accordance with the process of this invention, whereby the deterioration in the quality of this waste caused by the processing can be rectified and a repeated used made possible.
If the precondensates employed, which advantageously have a hydroxyl group content of at least 50%, contain too many carboxyl groups, an activation can be effected before carrying out the process of the invention in such a manner that, for example, an esterification and/or transesterification is carried out with glycols, optionally with a simultaneous addition of a corresponding catalyst. This step is particularly advantageous when using polyester waste.
The reaction is not dependent on a specific molecular weight of the precondensate. However, for economic reasons it is expedient to use polyesters of not too high and not too low a molecular weight. The polyesters used as precondensate have a minimum degree of polycondensation of 50. According to the process of the present invention, the molecular weight of polyesters of higher molecular weight and with a degree of polycondensation greater than 150, and which have been prepared for example with the aid of a solid-phase condensation process, can be increased further in relatively short spaces of time. The precondensates of the linear polyesters can be prepared by esterifying dicarboxylic acids or, hydroxycarboxylic acids or transesterifying the low molecular dialkyl or diaryl esters thereof at 150�-240� C, with diols in an inert atmosphere, for example in a nitrogen atmosphere, in the presence of catalysts and with the simultaneous removal of the water or alkanol which forms respectively, and thereafter carrying out the polycondensation at 200� to 270� C under reduced pressure in the presence of specific catalysts until the polycondensates have the desired degree of polycondensation.
The known metals, metal compounds or mixtures thereof, for example oxides, salts or organic compounds of calcium, magnesium, zinc, cadmium, manganese, titanium, cobalt, lead, germanium, tin, and antimony are used as transesterification or polycondensation catalysts. The amount can be 0.001 to 1% by weight, referred to the acids employed.
The addition of the phosphites and/or phosphates can be made all at once or by small amounts. If readily volatile phosphites or phosphates are used, it is advisable to make the addition by small amounts, when constituents which are distilled off can be added once more. Together with these reaction catalysts, 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of a polycondensation catalysts can also be added.
The process of the present invention is carried out in devices and reactors which are commonly employed for melt or solid-phase condensation reactions. The procedure is that the phosphite and/or phosphate, optionally together with a catalyst, is added to a precondensate of a linear polyester which is freshly prepared and in the molten state or which first has to be fused and the reaction is carried out in the melt phase at temperatures between 170� and 320� C and in vacuo and/or in a flow of inert gas until the desired viscosity is attained.
In a further embodiment of the process of the invention, a polyester precondensate is reacted initially in the melt phase with a phosphite and/or phosphate until a specific viscosity is reached, then, if appropriate after further addition of a phosphite or phosphate, a granulate is prepared, for example with an underwater granulator, the granulate is dried and then subjected to a reaction in solid phase. It is preferred to carry out the reaction in the melt phase and, if appropriate, subsequently in solid phase.
To carry out the reaction in solid phase, a polyester precondensate in granule form can first be homogeneously mixed, for example by regranulation from the melt phase, with a phosphite or phosphate, optionally together with a catalyst, and the resultant granulate reached at 5� to 50� C below the melting point in vacuo and/or in a flow of inert gas until the desired viscosity is attained. The alcohols or phenols liberated from the phosphites or phosphates respectively by transesterification are normally removed almost entirely from the polycondensate by distillation during the reaction.
It has been found that the degree of polycondensation increases by 30% and more over a short period of time, for example during the course of 3 to 35 or 3 to 15 minutes. It is therefore possible, and constitutes a preferred embodiment of the process of the present invention, to carry out the reaction in the melt phase in a device in which the reactants are homogeneously mixed within this reaction time, for example in extruders, in particular in a twin screw extruder. The polyesters of higher molecular weight prepared in this way can either be processed immediately afterwards to shaped objects or subjected to a solid-phase reaction in order to increase the viscosity still more. A particular advantage of this embodiment is that the reaction can be carried out in the melt continuously and not batchwise, as is the case when using a conventional reactor.
Before or on addition of the reaction catalysts to be used according to the invention, or before or after completion of the reaction, further inert additives of all kinds can be added to the polyesters, for example stabilisers, reinforcing fillers, in particular sized glass fibers, inorganic or organic pigments, fluorescent whitening agents, matting agents, crystallisation promoters and flame retardants, in particular halogen-containing organic compounds, for example decabromobiphenyl or tetrabromoterephthalic anhydride.
Surprisingly, the process of the present invention reduces the polycondensation time, that it to say, it speeds up the polycondensation. It is also surprising that no gel formation is observed even when larger amounts of catalyst are added. The conclusion must be drawn therefrom that, surprisingly, only two of the three reactive ester groups present in the amount of phosphites and phosphates which is incorporated in the polyester chains react. Extraction experiments indicate that, surprisingly, only a portion of the phosphites and phosphates added react, so that the polyesters obtained by the process of the present invention possess properties similar to the unchanged polymers on which they are based and, when larger amounts of phosphites and phosphates are used, contain a portion thereof admixed.
The resultant polyesters, of which the thermoplastic polyesters are preferred, are partly crystalline to amorphous, colourless to yellow polymers, depending on which linear polyester precondensates, which phosphites or phosphates are used and in what proportions they are employed. They have surprisingly good toughness properties and a lowered melt viscosity and are exceptionally suitable for manufacturing moulded articles of all kinds by means of the customary moulding processes, such as casting, pressing, laminating, injection moulding, injection blowing and extruding.
The unsaturated polyesters can be processed with the conventional coreactants, such as polystyrene and the customary processing assistants.
The polyesters obtaining according to the invention are particularly suitable for providing a flame-resistant finish with the halogenated organic compounds known for the purpose. Such a flame-resistant finish is desirable for many applications, for example for moulded articles in the electrical engineering field.
The polyesters are particularly suitable for use as engineering plastic materials from which it is possible to obtain moulded articles, such as gear wheels, containers for chemicals and/or foodstuffs, machine and apparatus parts, sheets, boards, filaments and films, as well as semi-finished products which can be machined. The polyesters can also be used for coating objects, for example by the known powder coating methods.
The following Examples will serve to illustrate the invention in more detail.
A 10 liter reactor, equipped with stirrer, nitrogen inlet, cooler and thermometer, is charged with 3880 g of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), 2480 g of ethylene glycol, 1.31 g of zinc acetate and 1.4 g of antimony trioxide and the mixture is heated to 145� C. While stirring and introducing nitrogen, 99% of the theoretical amount of methanol is distilled off over 4 hours, and the temperature of the reaction mixture rises to 226� C. The reaction mixture is then conveyed to a second reactor and heated to 241� C. A vacuum of 50 torr is then applied in the course of half an hour by means of a water jet pump and the reaction temperature is simultaneously raised to 275� C. The vacuum is increased to 0.7 torr with a vacuum pump at the same reaction temperature in the course of half an hour and kept thereat for a further 1:35 hours. A sample taken at this time after eliminating the vacuum by means of nitrogen exhibits a degree of polycondensation (Pn) of 98. Then 5% by weight of triphenyl phosphate is added and a vacuum of 1 torr is applied immediately again. The Pn rose to 130 over 35 minutes. The melt is pressed through spinnerets to filaments, which are chilled in water and comminuted to cylindrical granules measuring 2 � 3 mm. 300 g of these granules are dried first for 2 hours under a vacuum of 0.3 torr at 140� C in a 1 liter rotary evaporating flask, which is immersed in an oil bath, and crystallised. The reaction is thereafter continued for 6 hours in the solid phase under the same vacuum at 235� C. The end product has a Pn of 234.
A 10 liter reactor, equipped with stirrer, nitrogen inlet, cooler and thermometer, is charged with 3000 g of dimethyl terephthalate, 2783 g of butanediol-1,4 and 1,77 g of titanium tetraisopropylate and the mixture is heated to 150� C. While stirring and introducing nitrogen, 98% of the theoretical amount of methanol, together with a small amount of tetrahydrofuran which has formed, is distilled off over 4 hours, and the temperature of the reaction mixture rises to 211� C. The reaction mixture is then conveyed to a second reactor and heated to 242� C. A vacuum of 70 torr is applied with a water jet pump in the course of half an hour and simultaneously the reaction temperature is raised to 250� C. On adjusting the reaction temperature to 250� C, the vacuum is raised to 0.5 torr in the course of half an hour and kept thereat for a further 3:25 hours. At this time a current consumption and rotation speed of the stirrer is observed, which corresponds to a Pn of 87. With the aid of a vacuum tube, 150 g of triphenyl phosphate are added in vacuo. In the course of 50 minutes the current consumption of the stirrer increased so sharply that the reaction had to be discontinued. After spinning the melt through spinnerets and granulating the resultant filaments, which are chilled in water, a Pn of 116 is attained 300 g of these granules are heated in a 1 liter rotary evaporated flask, which is immersed in an oil bath, under a vacuum of 0.3 torr to 210� C and kept for 10 hours at this temperature. The end product of this solid-phase condensation has a Pn of 221.
A 10 liter reactor, equipped with stirrer, nitrogen inlet, cooler and thermometer, is charged with 1940 g of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), 1240 g of ethylene glycol, 712 g of 1,1-methylene-bis-[3-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-5,5-dimethyl-hydantoin[ (M-DMH) (20 molar percent, referred to DMT), 0.53 g of zinc acetate and 3.9 g of germanium butylate and the mixture is heated to 150� C, While stirring and introducing nitrogen, 97% of the theoretical amount of methanol is distilled off, and the temperature of the reaction mixture rises to 200� C.
A vacuum of 50 torr is then applied in the course of half an hour by means of a water jet pump and the reaction temperature is simultaneously raised to 275� C. The vacuum is increased to 0.4 torr with a vacuum pump at the same reaction temperature in the course of half an hour and kept thereat for a further 50 minutes. A sample taken at this time after eliminating the vacuum by means of nitrogen exhibits a Pn of 98. Then 20 percent by weight of triphenyl phosphate is added and a vacuum of 0.4 torr is applied immediately again. The Pn rose to 145 in the course of 48 minutes. The melt is pressed through spinnerets to filaments, which are chilled in water and comminuted to colourless cylindrical granules measuring 2 � 3 mm. Before precrystallisation in acetone, 300 g of these granules are dried fast in a 1 liter rotary evaporating flask, which is immersed in an oil bath, for 1 hour under a vacuum of 0.4 torr at 80� C and then heated to 210� C over 6 hours. After a further 18 hours at this temperature the Pn of these granules had risen to 248.
Polyesters with a specific relative viscosity are prepared by a reaction analogous to that described in Examples 1 to 3. Thereafter a specific amount of a phosphite or phosphate is added, and, after applying a vacuum in the melt phase, the reaction is continued. The composition of the polyesters, the reaction times and the characteristic data of the end products are reported in Table 1.
Table 1__________________________________________________________________________ Polyester pre- Phosphite --Pn on --Pn ReactionExample condensate or phosphate addition conclusion time__________________________________________________________________________ (min) 4 PET 5 % by weight of TPPO 98 137 40 5 PET 5 % by weight of TPPO 64 148 41 6 PET 5 % by weight of TPPO 53 154 74 7 PET 5 % by weight of TNPP 98 151 40 8 PET 5 % by weight of TPP 98 165 3 9 PET 15 % by weight of TPPO 98 198 3010 PET 2 % by weight of TPPO 98 128 4511 PET 10 % by weight of TPPO 98 160 3012 PBT 5 % by weight of TPP 104 168 13ComparisonExamples13 PET 0.5 % by weight of TPPO 98 125 6014 PET 0.5 % by weight of TPPO 98 133 6015 PBT 0.5 % by weight of TPPO 87 159 120 Phosphite Reaction or --Pn on --Pn timeExample Polyester Phosphate addition conclusion (min)__________________________________________________________________________16 PET, 2,5 mol.% of stilbenedicarb- 5% by weight of 98 156 33 oxylic acid TPPO17 PBT, 5 mol.% of sebacic acid " 105 165 2018 PBT, 10 mol.% of azelaic acid " 110 170 2519 PBT, 5 mol.% of succinic acid " 106 169 2620 PBT, 3 mol.% of dodecanedicarbo- " 106 175 23 xylic acid21 PET, 20 mol.% of isophthalic aid " 98 145 4122 PET, 5 mol.% of o-phthalic acid " 98 139 4023 Poly(ethylene-isophthalate) " 100 152 5224 Poly(butylene-isophthalate) " 110 176 3225 PET, 5 mol.% of 4,4'-diphenylsul- " 95 144 42 phonedicarboxylic acid26 PBT, 20 mol.% of hexanediol " 105 168 2327 PET, 7.5 mol.% of neopentyl glycol " 98 144 4628 PBT, 10 mol.% of 1,4-cyclohexane- " 105 161 29 dimethanol29 PBT, 20 mol.% of cyclohexanedi- " 105 165 35 carboxylic acid-1,430 PET, 40 mol.% of cyclohexanedi- " 95 140 55 carboxylic acid-1,431 PBT, 3 mol.% of 1,3-bis(hydroxy- 15% by weight of 105 170 18 ethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenz- TNPP imidazolone__________________________________________________________________________ TPPO : triphenyl phosphate TNPP : tris(nenyl) phosphite TPP : triphenyl phosphite PET : polyethylene terephthalate PBT : polybutylene terephthalate
In accordance with the procedure of Example 1, 20% by weight of TNPP is added to PET with a Pn of 98 and after 5 minutes a polyester with a Pn of 169 is obtained. A phosphorus determination gives 1.6% by weight of phosphorus in the polyester.
Following the procedure of Example 3 two copolyesters are prepared to one of which 25% by weight of TPPO is added and the combustibility is determined in accordance with ASTM. The results are reported in Table 2.
Table 2______________________________________ Combustibility according to ASTM D 635 rod thickness 0.64 cmComposition AEB, ATB combustion rate______________________________________PET, 15 mol. % of M-DMH + cm sec cm/min25% by weight of TPPO 2* >5PET, 15 mol. % of M-DMH -- -- 1,8______________________________________ *burning of 2 cm results only during the ignition of 30 sec AEB = average extent of burning ATB = average time of burning
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The Inflatable BackMax Cushion Set offers all the key benefits of our foam cushion BackMax Body Wedges, but comes in a compact size perfect for storage and travel.
The Inflatable BackMax is a 3 piece wedge system which can be used to lay you down in the 0* gravity position which helps aid circulation, but also can be arranged and zippered apart for various support positions. Whether you like to relax in bed laying down or stomach support while you read or just to elevate your legs, the Inflatable BackMax has the position for you.
Whether you are relaxing, exercising, reading, or sleeping, the Inflatable BackMax offers support for your pain points from your back, legs or feet.
When laying on your stomach, the Contour Inflatable BackMax relieves strain and tension on the lower back by allowing the spine to maintain its natural curve and back muscles are able to relax.
By elevating your legs, it's been noted that it helps aid circulation. Great for those suffering from edema or other forms of swelling.
The foot rest is another great way to elevate your legs and feet which helps improve support for any swollen feet.
When using the Inflatable BackMax's' backrest in the upright position, it offers ultimate support for reading, watching TV, eating, nursing, plus much more.
As many doctors have noted that many patients suffer at least once a month from gastrointestinal problems. The Inflatable BackMax allows sufferers to rest and relax more comfortably by gently elevating them as opposed to someone laying flat.
If you opt for full body support, and use all 3 wedges and lay in the standard position, you are then placing your body in the 120 degree angle position. Many refer to this position as the "zero-stress" or "zero-gravity" position. This positions helps relieve tension and lower back strain allowing the muscles and ligaments to relax.
NASA Astronauts are seated in the same zero-gravity position during liftoff to help minimize the pressure on their body.
Posted by Shelby on 24th Feb 2015
The only reason that I give this a 4 out of 5 stars is that I am having trouble keeping to top section inflated. All the other sections stay aired up perfectly. I am sure I have missed something that will keep it aired up but until I get that figured out - The top section deflates while I am sleeping. I also have the foam wedge and I love it as well although over time the foam becomes flattened and isn't the same height or position as before.
Customer Service Response:
I would double check the cap connection on the BackMax and make sure it is tightly sealed. If it is still giving you a problem, give us a call and we can initiate a replacement for you.
Posted by Unknown on 19th Feb 2015
Perfect size for travel, customizable support with inflation.
Posted by Unknown on 18th Feb 2015
This is wonderful. After months of sleeping in a recliner, this is wonderful. for medical reasons, I need to sleep with my head and feet elevated. This is perfect and very comfortable.
The only drawback is that it is difficult to get in and out of, especially if you have a higher bed like I do.
Posted by Unknown on 22nd Jan 2015
This is the only double wide wedge I've seen. Regular width wedges are just too narrow for a big person. This covers most of my full size bed - perfect!
Because of the zippers, I don't slide down, which was another deal-breaker with everything else I tried for sleeping at an incline.
I've never slept more comfortably in my life.
Posted by Mrs. Hudd on 11th Jan 2015
My husband has ALS and needs to be completely elevated while sleeping to ensure good breathing. This is the perfect solution to being able to travel and sleep in the position needed to ensure his health. We are very pleased.
Posted by Unknown on 8th Dec 2014
Excellent support. Easy assembly. Heavy duty. Very comfortable.
Posted by Samuel on 24th Oct 2014
Had surgery on my shoulder (torn labrum). This was fantastic for me to get some well needed rest while my shoulder was recovering. There are three sizes, and I bought the middle size (I'm an average size guy). I am glad that I went with the next size up. The bonus of the inflatable matress is that you can blow it up to the "firmness" that you desire, and it isn't big and bulky once you're done with it.
Posted by Unknown on 14th Sep 2014
The inflatable Backmax Body Wedge is an improvement over the foam model. I found after a period of time the foam model became uneven, resulting in a feeling that I was about to roll off the wedge.
With the inflatable model, there is no uneven side of the wedge, since it is filled with air the unit remains even. The fact you control the amount of air in each piece allows you to control the comfort level. I sleep like a baby.
If I could change anything, it would be the material on top of the wedge pieces would be a little softer and the included air pump and plastic piece to inflate the Backmax would be threaded so it would stay on better. For these two reasons, I give it only four stars. It easily would have been five stars otherwise.
Posted by Unknown on 29th Aug 2014
This a comfortable alternative to the regular Backmax. I think the cushions should be a little smaller. It is difficult to get into and out of. I mean height wise.
Customer Service Response:
I am glad you are enjoying your Inflatable BackMax, I do want to point out though as you mentioned the wedges being to high, that because it is inflatable you can more or less adjust the height of it depending on how full you fill the wedge.


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Showing 1 review for Pioneer AVH-P3300BT
|Customer Review Summary for Pioneer AVH-P3300BT
|October 9, 2011
|Great Player
7 of 11 people found the following review helpful:
Review by
MICHAEL from Las Vegas, NV
I've had this unit for about a week now, and absolutely love it. Sound is clear, and Video is Clear. Have had OnStar in previous vehicle, and as for the Bluetooth sound and clarity of this unit, it exceeds OnStar by far. Whether you are an iPhone or Android user, once you connect your phone via bluetooth it automatically uploads all your contacts to the unit. Thats awesome. I Really hate carrying CD's and DVD's in the vehicle because they easily get scratched and makes a clutter. Anyways, I have an Ipod Video Classic 80 GB and the Pioneer CD-IU50V cable is a must, this cable allows the Video from Ipod or Iphone to be viewed. Also, I believe you iPhone users need the cable to use the App Mode on the unit.
Only issue i have is that I wish it had a rear usb port so the iPod / iPhone cable could be hidden.
I Would recommend purchasing this unit to anyone who's in the Market for a Double Din. And for the price of $329.99..... where you gonna find that great price other than at SonicelEctronix.com


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Rajendra Keshavlal Shah
Rajendra Keshavlal Shah popularly known as Rajendra Shah(Gujarati: રાજેન્દ્ર શાહ), was a lyrical poet who wrote in Gujarati. Born in Kapadvanaj, he authored more than 20 collections of poems and songs, mainly on the themes of the beauty of nature, and about the everyday lives of indigenous peoples and fisherfolk communities. In his poems using Sanskrit metrics, he was influenced by Rabindranath Tagore.He was one of the giants of post Gandhi-era called 'Anu-Gandhi Yug' in Gujarati literature.
Among his various professions, Shah was also a printer in Mumbai, where he launched the poetry magazine Kavilok. The press itself became an important Sunday meeting-place for Gujarati poets. ... more »
Click here to add this poet to your My Favorite Poets.
Rajendra Keshavlal Shah Poems
Last Day
In the house which was full of din, in the dusty courtyard I kept the small baggage of the last age And then the misty sad sun's First ray shone in the sky; and that direction awoke in tremor.
Comments about Rajendra Keshavlal Shah
Maya Angelou
(4 April 1928 - 28 May 2014)
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(March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963)
Emily Dickinson
(10 December 1830 – 15 May 1886)
William Shakespeare
(26 April 1564 - 23 April 1616)
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(12 July 1904 – 23 September 1973)
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(19 January 1809 - 7 October 1849)
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(1 February 1902 – 22 May 1967)
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(31 May 1819 - 26 March 1892)
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John Keats
(31 October 1795 – 23 February 1821)
Last Day
In the house which was full of din, in the dusty courtyard
I kept the small baggage of the last age
And then the misty sad sun's
First ray shone in the sky; and that direction awoke in tremor.
The neighboring big ones living asked my welfare,
The housewives looked at me and got talking,
Out of curiosity children encircled me,
The dog barked for a minute and then smelt my feet.
Locks were unlocked, the doors made a moan,
Their bodies were close-bound in a motionless condition.
Then the stale air from within, finding way,
Ran out. As if a dead soul rose ...
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Pascack Valley Meals on Wheels
OUR STORY...Pascack Valley Meals on Wheels was founded in June 1972. We started with six clients and some seed money from the Montvale Rotary Club. Volunteers were hard to find; it seemed like nobody had heard of a program like this! Today, we have hundreds of volunteers on sixteen routes delivering meals to clients throughout northern Bergen County. The large majority of our funding comes from private donations and client payments.
We service 29 towns and villages in Bergen County:
For other areas in Bergen County, please click here.
For an application, please click here.
We are a non-profit organization that provides meals to people in Northern Bergen County who are unable to shop or cook for themselves due to age or disability. For more than 42 years, we have devoted our energy to passionately advocating for the hungry. Find out how you can contribute to the future of someone in need through donations of money and time.
AmazonSmile is a simple and automatic way for you to support your favorite charitable organization every time you shop, at no cost to you! When you shop smile.amazon.com, you'll find the exact same low prices, vast selection and convenient shopping experience as Amazon.com with the added bonus that Amazon will donate a portion of the purchase price to your favorite charitable organization. It will even link up to your existing Amazon Prime account!
Visit www.smile.amazon.com now!
PVMOW is partnering with Studio M Salon in Westwood during their March for Meals hunger awareness campaign. Studio M will be donating 20% of eligible services to PVMOW to ensure that no senior in need goes hungry.
Stay beautiful & support Meals on Wheels! Make your beauty appointments now by calling 201.664.6700 and don't forget to mention Pascack Valley Meals on Wheels!
Visit Studio M online at www.studiomwestwood.com
Type your paragraph here.
PVMOW is proud to announce their partnership with Caffe Anello/Sogno Coffee House in Westwood. Through March 31, Caffe Anello will be offering a specialty coffee called the "MOW Joe Blend." this unique blend was developed by master roaster, John Vitale, specifically for this event.
The MOW Joe Blend will be hot brewed and available by the cup on Saturdays and Sundays in March and available by the pound at Caffe Anello and at Market House, also in Westwood.
A portion of the proceeds will be donated to support the continued efforts of PVMOW.
Visit our partners online at www.caffeanello.com and www.markethouseshoplocal.com


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More than 80% of the non-organic products in our pantries include genetically engineered (GE) ingredients. Turns out, that even includes bourbon.
As Grist reported last week, GE corn — also known as genetically modified, or GMO — has made its way into our liquor cabinets: "Bourbon gives us an interesting window into GMO grain because the spirit must by definition be made with at least 51 percent corn." Since about 85% of the corn in the U.S. is grown from genetically engineered seed, most bourbon is now made from GE corn.
As the 50th anniversary of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring approaches, the purveyors of Monsanto & Co's falsehoods are out in full force.
The American Council on Science and Health (ACSH) — a front group for the pesticide industry — held a briefing last week, announcing a new report extolling the virtues of pesticides to federal legislators. If this is where our decisionmakers are getting their information, we're in trouble.
As frost silvers the still-green grass outside, and I take advantage of the mild Berkeley winter to sow a small cover crop in my garden, I'm reminded that winter is a precious time of renewal and regeneration: not only in the soil and on our farms, but also within our communities and our minds.
Along those lines, I've been enjoying the very mind-enriching experience of reading a fascinating new book from the UK-based International Institute for Environmental Development. The forward-thinking authors of Virtuous Circles: Values, Systems and Sustainability (Michel Pimbert, Janice Jiggins and Andy Jones) take a fresh look at what we need to do to survive and thrive in the coming century.
Last week the giant German pesticide and biotech company (and largest chemical company in the world), BASF, announced its decision to pack up and flee Europe.
Why? For 13 years, ordinary Europeans have stood firm in challenging the right of biotech companies to dump their risky genetically engineered (GE) seeds onto their fields and have steadfastly rejected the intrusion of GE foods onto their plates. They built up an informed and powerful citizens' movement that has made itself heard, even over the din of the monied GE lobby. For this, hearty congratulations are due to our cousins across the Atlantic!
Two years ago, on January 21, 2010, a Supreme Court panel that included ex-Monsanto lawyer Clarence Thomas made a decision that has since changed the face of election campaigning. The landmark ruling in Citizens United v. FEC declared corporations to be people and, under the guise of the First Amendment, permitted the pumping of unlimited amounts of corporate money into politics, opening the floodgates for a corporate buyout of democracy. The decision, which undid over a century of campaign finance reform, passed 5-4. Monsanto's Clarence Thomas provided the critical vote.
When I worked in Kenya many years ago, I visited a small farm where they processed chrysanthemums for use as a natural pest killer. I vividly remember the powerful, not unpleasant smell rising from the mesh shelves where the flowers were drying in the sun.
You'd think a pesticide based on flowers would be harmless, right? The promoters of synthetic pyrethroids — which mimic the natural pyrethrum extracted from chrysanthemums — certainly want us to think so. But once again, the latest batch of "safer" pesticides are not as harmless as we thought, and pose particular risks to children. Unfortunately, EPA seems to be turning a blind eye to emerging evidence, and is poised to open the floodgates to more pyrethroid products and uses.
The online journal PLoS One released two bee studies last week: one on an old parasite newly found in honey bees, the other confirming that bees are being poisoned by the controversial pesticide clothianidin in and around the 88 million acres of U.S. countryside planted with treated corn seeds.
Opposition to cancer-causing methyl iodide is at a fever pitch in California, a year after the Schwarzenegger Administration approved the chemical for use in the state.
As Gov. Jerry Brown considers action on methyl iodide in 2012, as well as the appointment of a new chief pesticide regulator, it's worth reflecting on PAN's efforts to ensure safe strawberries over the past year.
You've all heard the news: farmers across the country are losing their fields to superweeds so formidable and fast-spreading that they break farm machinery and render millions of acres of farmland useless. These superweeds have evolved as a direct consequence of Monsanto's RoundUp Ready pesticide-seed package. Now superbugs are emerging, resistant to Monsanto's transgenic insecticidal crops. Ecologists predicted this ecological disaster 15 years ago.
Acabamos de vivir momentos muy emocionantes el 3-6 de diciembre, 2011, en Bangalore, India. Frente a cientos de campesinos, trabajadores agrícolas, comunidades indígenas y rurales, y testigos de cinco continentes, un jurado del Tribunal Permanente de los Pueblos (Permanent People's Tribunal o PPT por su siglas en Inglés), pronunció su veredicto en contra de las compañías agroquímicas transnacionales que fabrican y venden plaguicidas altamente tóxicos, producen semillas transgénicas, y controlan la agricultura a nivel mundial.
Pesticide Action Network North America
Main Office: 1611 Telegraph Ave, Suite 1200, Oakland, CA 94612
Midwest Office: 3438 Snelling Ave, Upper Level, Minneapolis, MN 55406
Sitemap | Address | Contact | Privacy | PANUPS Archive


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EdgeMatic Images Photographer
Kayla CR TModel Female Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada My MM URL: http://www.modelmayhem.com/kaylatait
Mayhem # 1127915
About Me
My name is Kayla Tait and I'm ready to move forward in my modeling career. I'm looking to expand my portfolio as much as possible. I won Miss Canada Petite 2007, and won best in swimwear, evening gown and most photogenic. I'm now ready to get away from the pageant industry and can't wait to work with you in the future!
EdgeMatic Images Photographer
Carlene Haday Photographer
Chris V Linton Photographer
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So did anyone see him in LA???
Matthew Dear
Greetings San Francisco!
Tomorrow night's Audion Subverticul show has been moved to Mighty. It has long been one of my favorite clubs in America, and I'm very happy to be bringing the second show of the Subverticul tour to such a great venue.
Please join me along with Matrixxman tomorrow night as we take Noise Pop Festival by storm.
Check out this review of the recent premier in Los Angeles:
Exclusive tickets for SF here:
See you there!
- Matthew


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2013 has been the busiest year of my career by far. I have churned out probably 2 or 3 times the websites of all previous years (heck, I've been a key player on the launch 7 sites in the last 2 weeks). It's also been busy personally with the
launch birth of a second child!
A downside is I haven't had the time for creative exploration or writing that I have in previous years; but this has been a massive time for growth as a developer. Here is my year in review:


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Leviton 40866-DSS Digital Satellite Coaxial Distribution Signal Amplifier
Brand: Leviton Model: 40866-DSS Condition: New
This item is no longer availableFor your convenience, we recommend:
Recommended Replacement
Leviton 40856-DSS
Leviton DSS 75 Ohm and 2.0Ghz Coaxial Combiner, Gold PlatedView this item
The Leviton Digital Satellite Distribution Signal Amplifier (40866-DSS) provides 12 dB in-line signal amplification and is specially designed to maintain signal quality level of high frequency satellite transmissions. UL listed.
Features:• 900-2050 MHz frequency range
• Rated 12V-18V DC 20dB
• Standard F-type 75-ohm connections
Specifications:• Manufacturer-Model: 40866-DSS
• Manufacture: Leviton
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Wow! Is it a light or a range hood?
But most importantly does it work? I just found out about this ceiling mounted recessed range hood suitable for island cooktops from a buiilding newsletter I receive. Has anyone seen these in real life?. Do they vent well? Are they quiet (it has a remote blower)? Our ceilings are 8 foots and I would imagine shorter height ceilings might be better matches for this product than super tall kitchen ceilings.
Any opinions?
Here is a link that might be useful: Cirrus Best Sorpresa stove vent
They are large, 54", and I think the recommendation is that they be mounted around 7 feet. I don't think these can be mounted in the ceiling if there is a second floor above, only an attic. The capture for this may be adequate for a typical residential 30" range because of its large footprint and high CFM, but I don't think it would work well over a high powered range. I think it would have limited applications for use and would definitely be less effective than the properly sized conventional hood.
Thanks eleena and palimpsest for your feedback and help. I guess it looks better than it performs. I will search the appliance forum as you suggested eleena. We will have an induction cooktop so it might work for us. The instructions indicated on a quick read that it can go in ceilings that have a floor above, but you need to frame your beams to allow for it. I will probably go back to a standard hood, as no doubt this baby is very pricey.
I don't suppose there is anyone who has this style of fan that could tell us first hand how it works and how quiet it is?
Wow, if that were my kitchen would I care if it weren't optimum? As long as it worked modestly I might be willing to climb on the counters with glass cleaner a little more often than otherwise.
Ya know, I read all these posts about how important good venting is. I did spend the money for a good one, externally mounted, variable speed, etc etc blah blah blah,
(You get the idea).
Then I recalled, (well wife did actually), we bought this house new in 1975. We installed the new kitchen in 2006, I think that's 31 years, with the old kitchen????
Well the venting was just what was built into the range we had, A GE, as I recall. We did not use the vent that often as it was a noisy succer.
Yet after all those years, the old kitchen and cabinets were not greasy, nor was the rest of the house.
Maybe it was our cooking style, although we cooked bacon, sausage, spaghetti sauce, You name it!
Most broiling did get done outside, but that would be done in an oven and not a cook top anyway.
It does make me wonder, if some here aren't going a little "Overboard" here, as far suggesting what our venting requirements are, or was I "Just Lucky"? Hard to believe that,
with 31 years of living with "Next to No venting"!
Rosie and Gary,
Thanks for your comments and reflections. I plan to do more research on this product to see if works at least moderately well. I don't want poor ventitlation. I will report back to this thread if I find out any more info.
We are thinking of building a 6" soffit over our island induction cooktop and installing either this hood (Best by Broan) or a custom made "flush" hood. This will make the distance between cooktop and the hood about 4.5 feet. Yes, I have read the long discussions on how effectiveness of air removal drops if the geometry of your installation is not right, but I am with Gary on this. Our cooking style is such that this shouldn't be a problem. If this type of venting will remove some smell and smoke during occasional kitchen mishaps etc - will be satisfied. The other option for us was to install a pop-up downdraft. My MIL has one but it blocks her island bar... Anyway - I also agree with fori as to where are the reviews from people who tried such setup?
Here is the response I received from the author of the newsletter. (Tracy DiCarlo -- author of the ebook: The Difference is in the Details).
Hi Carol,
I'm so glad you've found my book and newsletters helpful!
The ceiling-mounted hood in my last ezine was 900 CFM. Because of the remote blower, it was very quiet in spite of its high capacity. I was able to turn it on to hear it but the cooktop was not being used at the time, so I didn't see it in action. Two concerns with ceiling-mounted hoods:
1. Large Capacity: The CFM (cubic feet per minute of air removal) of the hood must be amplified to make up for increasing distance from the cooktop. The closer the cooktop the better, as far as ventilation efficiency goes. (Although your ceilings are 8 feet, that is a much greater distance then between cooktop and conventional hood). Bigger is not better for a number of reasons but from your pocketbook's standpoint, why pay money to condition air you're unnecessarily removing from the home? For instance, the large, professional, high BTU range/gas cooktop appliances can require exhausts that remove 1200 cubic feet of air per minute (CFM). To bring that quantity into perspective, removal of 1200 CFM is approximately the same amount of conditioned air provided by a 3-ton HVAC system each minute. Glad you've chosen an induction top.
2. Depressurization of the Home: Secondly, air in equals air out. As the hood is removing air from the home causing depressurization of the structure, the unconditioned unfiltered outside air, now at a higher pressure than the inside air, will seep into the conditioned space by any means it can find. This phenomenon affects energy costs, indoor air quality and can be dangerous. For example, as the air attempts to equalize, depressurization can cause the combustion toxins from a gas fireplace to be pulling back down the chimney and into the home. If you're going to have a gas fireplace, one way to circumvent this problem is to select a sealed combustion, direct vent product. It will have its own combustion air source.
Will fresh air be brought into your home on a regular basis? It is normal for tightly built homes to include a fresh air system as part of the HVAC components. These systems can run in conjunction with the HVAC or operate separately. Although the fresh air and the ventilation systems of the home are not communicating with one another, the fresh air does help to somewhat offset the ventilation.
Ventilation is a good thing but obvious can have its drawbacks. I wish there was a cut and dry answer for balancing ventilation with fresh air but it's still a hugely controversial subject within the building science community. We need to ventilate but we also need to supply an equal amount of conditioned make up air without compromising indoor air quality or energy-efficiency. As far as I know, this tall order has not been successfully filled quite yet with a product that allows efficient communication between the two systems. I've seen a few attempts but they fell short.
I love the look of the ceiling-mounted fans and the unobstructed view they offer when placed above an island. Keep in mind that any traditional hood capable of removing the moisture and toxins released from the cooking process will depressurize the home to some degree. Even an efficient, properly installed 50 CFM bath fan can do the same thing. The idea is to keep it to a minimum.
Hope this answers your question.


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Company Overview of The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company
Executive Profile
Gary Alan Poliner
Chief Financial Officer of The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company and Senior Vice President of The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company, NML Variable Annuity Account A
|Total Calculated Compensation
|This person is connected to 3 Board Members in 3 different organizations across 3 different industries.
See Board Relationships
Mr. Gary Alan Poliner, also known as Skip, serves as the Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President at Northwestern Mutual Financial Network. Mr. Poliner served as an Executive Vice President of Investment Products & Services at The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company. He served as the Chief Risk Officer of The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company and also served as its President until July 13, 2011. He served as the Chief Investment Officer of ...
Corporate Headquarters
720 East Wisconsin AvenuePhone: 414-271-1444
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202
United States
Fax: --
Board Members Memberships
Former President, Trustee and Member of Management Committee
Independent Director, Member of Audit Committee and Member of Securities Investment Committee
EducationThere is no Education data available.
Other Affiliations
Annual CompensationThere is no Annual Compensation data available.
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Total CompensationThere is no Total Compensation data available.
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