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Deviant Art
Germany X Chubby!Reader: Fate (Gift fic)
Sunlight flittered through the curtains onto your sleeping form, making you (h/c) hair shine like silk. A certain German was watching you as you slept, occasionally reaching over to brush a strand of hair from your slightly round face. Today was your birthday and he was skipping training today to spend it with you.
Ludwig looked over at the clock and saw that it was 8:00 AM. He had been up earlier and already made you a cake. He knew you would have told him not to make one if he waited until you were awake. You had issues with the fact that you were on the bigger side. He didn't mind at all, for him it simply meant he didn't have to worry about breaking you because you were some fragile twig. Not there was anything wrong with women like that, he just wouldn't want one for his lover.
Pushing those thoughts aside for now, he decided to give you a little wake up call. Leaning over you he pressed his lips to yours as his hands found their way to your bottom and gave it a
Drabble/GermanyXChunky!Reader - Wet NightsDrabble/GermanyXChunky!Reader - Wet Nights2 years ago in Short Stories More Like This
"Take it all off vight now (Name)." You looked up at your German Boyfriend who was standing in front of you.
You were soaked by the sudden downpour that occurred outside on your way to Ludwig's house and now here you were standing in his hallway dripping wet and freezing cold.
You refused to take the wet clothes off like Ludwig demanded and change into some of his clothing because you didn't want him to see your body in his cloths.
You wore the baggy shirts and pants for a reason. They were to hide your unattractive, flabby body from your perfect, muscled German man. You knew he'd probably dump you right on the spot and quite frankly you didn't want to take that chance.
"Not a chance Luddy, besides I'm perfectly fine." You flashed him a forced smile as you tried not to get your teeth to chatter.
"You are a terrible liar Liebe." He smirked at you most likely knowing you were really cold and miserable in your current state
(Request) Chubby!ReaderxGermany"(Name)?" Ludwig called as he entered your house. "(Name)? Are you home?"(Request) Chubby!ReaderxGermany2 years ago in Romance More Like This
"In here, Ludwig!"
Ludwig made his way into the kitchen. You stood by the counter tossing a salad, your body dancing to "Gangnam Style" which had just come on the radio. He blushed a little and smiled at your attire, shorts and a t-shirt. You were so cute.
"Heeeeeeeey, sexy lady!" You sang along with Psy, hopping like a cowboy. You turned to look at him. "Luddy dance with me!"
Ludwig shook his head. "Nein. I don't zink so."
"Come on!!! It's fun! Oh, right, sorry. I forgot you were allergic to that stuff." You said with a giggle.
Ludwig furrowed his eyebrows, and looked around. No one appeared to be watching. With a sigh he stood up and put his hands on his hips.
" .Oppa Gangnam Style." He said hesitantly before skipping sideways, his cheeks now a bright pink.
You let out a squeal. "Awwww! Luddy you look so cute~"
"I am NOT cute." He huffed, sitting back down. He then looked over to the salad and glass of water y
!Chubby readerxGermany- Peppermint Kisses"Come on (Name), open up!"!Chubby readerxGermany- Peppermint Kisses2 years ago in Short Stories More Like This
You crossed your arms and huffed at your Blue eyed German boyfriend who was trying to feed you some Peppermint pie and shook your head.
"Vhy not, iz my baking zhat terrible?" The German asked you putting down the fork that had the delicious looking pie on it.
"Of course not Luddy, you're baking is amazing!"
"Then vhy are you not eating it?" He asked inching his face closer to yours. A blush appeared on your (Skin color) cheeks as you cleared your throat.
"I-i'm on this new diet if you have to know." The German frowned at you and pulled you into his lap as he sat on a chair at the kitchen table. His arms wrapped around your waist as he pulled you closer.
"Liebe, vhy do you do this to your self?" You frowned slightly at his tone. He sounded sad.
"I just want to be beautiful Ludwig." You sighed sightly thinking how much he deserved someone better, someone thinner. Someone who wasn't you, chubby and plump.
" (Name), Ich liebe dich no matter what you look like." Y
!Chubby readerxEngland - Cookie Dough"Arthur, I don't want it!" You shouted this to your English boyfriend who was trying to get you to lick the spoon seeing as he was making some holiday cookies.!Chubby readerxEngland - Cookie Dough2 years ago in Short Stories More Like This
"But love, you always want to lick the spoon." Arthur looked at you with a puzzling look trying to figure out what was wrong with you. You two have been going out going on for three years and he could always tell if something was bothering you and something was defiantly bothering you.
"Well, I just don't want to anymore, it's childish." You said with a slight huff as your inner self was beating you up. In reality you really did want to lick the spoon, it was something you've always did. If you baked he licked the spoon and vice versa it was just a silly thing you two did.
There was a nagging in your mind especially after what happened yesterday. You saw Arthur hug one of his old friends and you got extremely worried.
Worried because of the thought of Arthur leaving you.
To some it may sound extreme to think of something
Germany x Chubby! Reader~ Big Dogs *~*~3rd Person POV*~*~Germany x Chubby! Reader~ Big Dogs2 years ago in Romance More Like This
Ludwig walked by smoothly. Dogs forward and front, looking straight ahead.
'A little more... A little more!' He ordered sharply in his head.
"Heeeeey~" She spoke, noticing his arrival.
'Ver dammit...' He thought. He kept his face calm and composed.
"Hello." He said, not smiling.
She latched onto his arm, "So where are you going, Luddy~?" She chirped, perfectly aware of where he was going.
Ludwig's dogs lowly growled.
"Blackie, Aster!" Ludwig barked, "I'm going to the new park in town." He grumbled.
Well that was new.
"Can I go with~?" She asked sweetly.
"... If you insist..." Ludwig huffed out, trying to move away from the woman.
"Oh, yay~ Thank you~" She smiled, "I need to grab my sweater. I'll meet
GermanyxChubby!Reader~*back in time~*GermanyxChubby!Reader2 years ago in Drama More Like This
"Haha there goes chunky (name)!" another voice hollered down the halls, throwing a piece of popcorn at your head. "Why don't you eat that!"
It just never seemed to end. The constant teasing, and bullying from the other students. Your wheight was the cause of course. Because nobody wanted to like the 'fat' girl. Were you really that fat? At fist it didn't bother you..but sometimes even the most secure heart can be unlocked. Every once in a while you'd come across certain folks who would chuck a peice of bread or lettuce at you and laugh.
"Eat it you whale!" they shouted along with a fit of laughter that excaped their lungs.
Every time you ignored it. You heard it clear as day, but chose to accept it. You were you, and that was final.
However it all changed..when you saw him for the first time.
Everyone called him 'The Tank', but his real name was Ludwig. He walked in your second period class, with his nice blond hair and sparkling blue eyes, and of course...you fell
Chubby!Reader x America: Beach day WoesChubby!Reader x America: Beach day Woes2 years ago in Romance More Like This
You sat waiting for your newly friend Alfred on the bus to go to the field trip to the beach. Mainly treading the whole field trip, but now has gotten a bit better knowing Alfred was coming too. A sandy blonde haired hyperactive man jumped onto the bus excited as he could ever be.
"WooHoo! Let's get this parteh started~!" He cheered as other students went along with him. His British friend Arthur scoffed "Alfred take a seat you loud wanker.." rolling his eyes in disgust. Alfred only stuck a small tongue at his friend taking a seat beside me.
"Yo _________! Are you totally excited! I'm so pumped! I love the beach! "Alfred ran his mouth loudly only to have him scolded by Arthur again.
You giggle a bit at their antics.
The bus began to leave, and as you were about to settle your bag between your feet, you felt daggers of glares driving into your head. You gulp taking a small glance back viewing a couple of the most popular girls in the school in jealous rage. You knew why they gave you su
Australia x Shy!Chubby!Reader: Do you?Australia x Shy!Chubby!Reader: Do you?Australia x Shy!Chubby!Reader: Do you?2 years ago in Romance More Like This
So far, it was terrible for a young girl like (Name).
Sitting alone by a bench in the corner, not daring to go by any of her friends, she might end up looking like a third wheel (and to no doubt, no one likes that). Of course they all had been asked out, but as for the young girl, she had absolutely no avail nor any type of luck.
The poor girl knew that would be coming, but all her friends insisted on coming along. What other could she do? Stay at home, read a romance novel or two...
...But here she was stuck here alone by the loner bench in a corner where she hoped that no one will notice her.
Life's a party isn't it?
Slumping in her seat she heard her stomach growl, in demand for some food. She glared at her pudgy stomach, poking it a few times in hope that the belly fat will go away just like magic. (Name) sighed, obviously starving as she didn't eat absolutely anything once she arrived at the prom. Sh
My Cup of Tea England X Chubby ReaderMy Cup of TeaMy Cup of Tea England X Chubby Reader2 years ago in Introductions & Chapters More Like This
England X Chubby Reader
I had a request for this and another person asked for Iggy so this will have two parts(or more) so tell me what you want for the next parts !
"A-Arthur Kirkland ….…"
Arthur Kirkland, the English gentleman liked you? Why ? You were just a chubby girl who was into anime, music, world history, cooking, and most of all a huge tea lover (no one really knows that). Some no many would freak out on you if this was true, like the most 'beautiful' girl in school. She'd make your life worst then it is now. You would say bloody hell is a paradise after she's through with you.
"Really ______! He likes you! He says you're perfect and talks to you all the time in gym with my burther." Lili said smiling she was so cute she was one weakness to you.
"But….We aren't really close we talk in some of our classes but that's it ...I mean I would love to get to know him a bit
GermanyX!Chunky Reader- I Love all of youYour (Eye Color) orbs fluttered open as they quickly squinted against the rays of the sun that was shining through the halfway open curtains.GermanyX!Chunky Reader- I Love all of you2 years ago in Short Stories More Like This
You moaned in protest slightly irritated that was the reason you were awake as you tried to get up from the bed only to no avail. You smiled as you looked down to see your boyfriend's arm wrapped tightly around your middle.
You frowned slightly as you saw some flab poking up from both sides of his arm as you tried to wiggle free from his iron grip only to have him tighten his hold and pull you to him snuggling you to him.
"was ist der Ansturm Liebe?" You looked up from his rising chest to gaze into his bright blue eyes. He smiled down at you and leaned down to kiss your forehead lightly and nuzzled the top of your head inhaling your scent.
You snapped out of the slight daze you were in, it always seemed he had that affect on you but you didn't mind it made you feel all that more special. You smirked lightly at the question you asked you not becau
GermanyX!Chunky Reader- Beach DayGermanyX!Chunky Reader- Beach Day2 years ago in Short Stories More Like This
"~Veeee, we're-a going to-a the beach!" Feli screamed this as he ran around the house waving his arms and spinning around in pure joy.
You giggled as you watched the hyper Italian continue his happy dance. Well, it was something to celebrate considering Ludwig agreed to going to the beach for the day and to even skipping training.
You suddenly squeaked in surprise as you felt strong arms wrap themselves around your soft waist as a deep rumbling laugh was in your ear making you grin.
"Luddy, I told you not to sneak up on me like that!" You playfully smacked his arm as he nuzzled your neck affectionately.
"I'm sorry liebe, I just love zhe noises jou make vhen jou get surprised." You blushed as you felt him softly stroke your tummy. You gulped and gently pushed his hands away.
"Not here Luddy…" You trailed off as you bit your lip gently. You still couldn't grasp why he was with you even after two years of being toget
Germany x chubby!Reader ~Books and Lolipops~ Sitting in a well lit bedroom on a Saturday night, sat (Y/n). And you were known as have a fluffy side of body size, but you didn't really give a damn for it. Yes, you may have been picked cause of your weight, but one man came into your life and showed you that they were all nothing but wrong, Germany. A.K.A Ludwig. Sitting in nothing but a (f/c) spagetthei strapped tank top and some sweats, promoting the wonderful body you have to the world.Germany x chubby!Reader ~Books and Lolipops~10 months ago in General Fiction More Like This
You and Ludwig have been dating for 2 years and he purposed to you a few months into the 3rd year, and was now happily married for 3 years. At first it was long and self convincing but after that it was nothing but bliss. So here you are now. Bored out of your mind and decided to look for something to do. Since you remembered that Ludwig had a library in his office you ventured out and went to go read a book. "Now were does Ludwig keep those romance novel's?" you said as you looked at tall
!Chubby ReaderxAmerica- You Stole My Heart"Come on babe, it's Christmas Eve!" You rolled your eyes at your boyfriends pleas and sighed before nodded at the overly hyper blonde.!Chubby ReaderxAmerica- You Stole My Heart2 years ago in Short Stories More Like This
"Alright Al, one present, only because you're so damn cute." You said with a huff as he smiled at you and ran up to you scooping you into his arms as he made his way towards the living room where the bright, decorative tree was.
"Alfred Jones, put me down right now!" You wiggled in his arms trying to get free only to have his hold tighten even more.
"No chance babe, I love you in my arms!" You pouted slightly which earned you a kiss on the cheek.
"I'm to big for you to carry me around like this Al."
He stopped walking as he looked down slightly at you into your (eye color) orbs and frowned.
"(Name), you're fine sweetheart, you're light as feather!" To prove his point he lightly tossed you up in the air making you freak out and cling to his neck for dear life. He rumbling laugh vibrated off of his chest as you swatted said chest huffing crossing your arm
German HetaloidX!Insecure!Chunky Reader Ch. 1German HetaloidX!Insecure!Chunky Reader Ch. 12 years ago in Introductions & Chapters More Like This
"….Holy shit." You literally felt your mouth drop as you looked up at your new Hetaloid.
You're new German Hetaloid to be exact. He looked totally real, he had a headful of gorgeous blonde hair that was slicked back and his build was God like. You saw his bulging muscles through the military uniform he had on at the moment.
"Hell yeah, we totally picked the right one (Name) is speechless!" (Friend 2) laughed along with (Friend 1) as you picked your jaw off of the floor and turned towards your two best friends.
"So, my guess is you like it huh?" (Friend 2) asked with a smirk on their face.
"Dear God yes.." You continued to look at the unmoving German hunk in front of you still inside the crate.
"Ya know (Name), I heard that German men love women with extra meat on their bones."
(Friend 1) said this as they slid next to you and gently grabbed some of your fluff.
"Damnit (Friend 1), you know I don't like
Of Course I Will (PrussiaxChubby!Reader) (Request)You stared in shock at the scene beforeOf Course I Will (PrussiaxChubby!Reader) (Request)2 years ago in Romance More Like This
Your boyfriend of two years was with
another woman. And not just any woman: Elizabeta. She'd been
your "rival" for about a year and a half. You could
barely call it a rivalry though, because it was clear that your
boyfriend Roderich preferred her over you. You continued to watch
with tears threatening to spill over at any second. Sadly, that
second came sooner than you anticipated: Roderich leaned down and
kissed her, something he never did for you in the two years you were
You couldn't take it anymore. You
dashed with blurred vision toward your best friend's little
café. No matter what happened in your life, (friend's
name) was always there for you. You hoped that would hold true today.
*Time skip to café~*
You walked in slowly, most of your
tears dry by now. (Friend's name) looked up from the counter
and her eyes widened as she took in your appearance. She beckoned you
2p!AmericaXChubby!Reader: Huggable2p!AmericaXChubby!Reader: Huggable2p!AmericaXChubby!Reader: Huggable2 years ago in Short Stories More Like This
Red eyes were staring at you from across the lunch hall as you ate your sandwich. How did you know? Those red eyes had been staring at you for over a month now, not that you understood the man's strange obssession with you.
Looking up from your lunch, you glanced over at Alfred Jones, better known as Al to his friends and, well, everyone, your (E/C) eyes looking at him with annoyance.
The staring had started ever since you joined the school, well over two months ago. At first, you didn't notice the American's little peeks and glances towards you, since you were so very overwhelmed with the new school, different curriculum than what you were used to and everything else.
But now that everything had calmed down a bit, you always noticed that Al Jones was staring at you.
The brunet man broke his gaze from you, looking down as if ashamed for being caught staring at you. Selfconciously, you used your sweater as a sort of protective barrier for your b
2p!CanadaXChubby!Reader: Hockey"No way in Hell are we watching that!"2p!CanadaXChubby!Reader: Hockey2 years ago in Short Stories More Like This
Matt, his dirty blonde ponytail swinging with the momentum, turned to look into the eyes of his irate girlfriend, (Name). He paused the game he'd been watching and raised an eyebrow at the puffing shorter chubbier girl.
"...Why not?" He asked, eyebrow still raised.
She snarled at him. "You know damn well why not! It's girls hockey for the Olympics and Netherlands is in the Finals! You know how much I love that team!"
Recognition shone in Matt's eyes for a second as he carefully handed you the remote. You huffed and plopped down on the couch. Usually Matt would try and keep you from watching the game, but he remembered what happened last time and did not want a repeat performance of 'that incident'.
... He still had teeth marks from where you'd bitten him.
He shifted slightly so he'd be sort of half-cuddling with you. It was strange, ever since starting a relationship with you, Matt had started touching you more, hugging you impulsively or even snu
I'm Glad ::JapanxChubby!Reader::You looked at yourself in the mirrorI'm Glad ::JapanxChubby!Reader::2 years ago in Romance More Like This
"Come on [Name]! Yo-You look great!" You tried motivating yourself
Sadly you were just chubbier than the other girls…
You weren't really teased about it, but just one comment about it would bring tears into your eyes.
You sucked in your stomach at an attempt to make yourself look skinnier
"See! You look…"
You breathe out, you stomach hanging like a sack of potatoes.
"[Name]! Get your big butt down here! Kiku's already here!" Your mother yelled from downstairs.
You knew your mother made playful comments like that, they weren't necessarily to tease you, but to motivate you…
But they still hurt…
"O-Okay! I'll be down!"
Straightening out your uniform you run out the bathroom, grab your schoolbag and run downstairs to see your mother and Kiku, your best friend, chatting
You smiled at them, you've known Kiku sin
DenmarkX!Chunky Reader- Bigger is BetterDenmarkX!Chunky Reader- Bigger is Better2 years ago in Short Stories More Like This
"Damnit (Name), I know you're in there just please open the door!" You sighed as you heard your boyfriends plead through your front door.
You were hiding from him, not answering his calls, texts, emails; anything. You were hiding in shame; the shame of yourself, your disgusting body and of tying Mathias down because of how unappealing you were.
Most of all though, shame about what happened a few nights ago…
The shame of being called out and ridiculed for your weight, the thing you've dreaded ever since the harassment and torment of your peers started, but this was so much worse than the years of being picked on and pushed around.
It was like multiple slaps in your face. After the incident you just wanted to curl up and die so Mathias could go find himself a girl that would actually do him justice.
Someone that wasn't you…
"That's it (Name); I'm breaking down the door!" You jumped at Mathias' booming voice as you
America XChubby Reader~ Cute and CuddlyCute and CuddlyAmerica XChubby Reader~ Cute and Cuddly2 years ago in Introductions & Chapters More Like This
I couldn't go to sleep so I picked one with America XD
"Jones likes me " you said not believing it. Alfred Jones was an All American boy. You were just a chubby girl who was into anime, games, movies, music, world history, and cooking. Some would freak out on her if this was true like the head cheerleader. She'd make your life worst then it is now. You would say hell is a paradise after she's through with you.
"Really ______! He likes you! You are the girl next door to him. He says you're perfect." Lilli said smiling she was so cute she was one weakness to you.
"But I don't know him and don't tell me things about him. It will make me feel creepy." If learned anything about people it was by talking to them and your friends knew this and took it as a chance. "Then go talk to him or we will." Elizabeth said as you groaned.
"What should I ask him if he wants to hang out and play video ga
AmericaX!Chunky Reader - Always My ValentineAmericaX!Chunky Reader - Always My Valentine2 years ago in Short Stories More Like This
Valentine's Day…
The holiday that was meant for couples who exchanged overly priced candy and flowers that would die in a few days and acted even more lovey dovey than before as you could see at the moment as you walked down the hallway trying to move past teens that were making out in various place.
Maybe your hatred for this holiday was just all in your head. You have been single well for your entire life not really getting a chance to experience the whole boyfriend/girlfriend thing. You sighed and looked down at your belly that was slightly poking out from your (Favorite band T-Shirt) and reminded yourself that nobody would want a chunky girl for a girlfriend anyway.
"HEY (NAME)!" You whipped around just in time to be tackled into a giant hug by none other than your best friend Alfred Jones.
Scratch that, your best friend and secret crush for a few years now. Secret being a huge keyword, you didn't want to ruin the friendship you two have built up
Chubby!ReaderxAmerica~Burger NightYou sighed, ripping your favorite top over your shoulders and throwing it across the room. It wasn't your favorite anymore, after feeling so disgusted with yourself. For at least twenty mintues, you kept glancing at yourself, as if wishing the extra fat on your body would just vanish.Chubby!ReaderxAmerica~Burger Night2 years ago in Drama More Like This
Why couldn't they invent a machine that magically made you skinny? you sighed, eyeing yourself from head to toe, wishing it was gone.
However this sadening behaviour didn't just happen on purpose, it was more because of your best friend Alfred, whom you'd also developed a major crush on. He was just perfect in every way from his funny loud personality, to his cute smile that never seemed to fade. Even his little cowlick, and huge appetite for burgers and soda, you loved him anyway. Sure that was great and all but...who would love you? Or so you thought.
Being the chubby girl-surrounded by a bunch of short and tiny skinny girls-wasn't exactly easy sometimes. During a few health classes
America x Chunky!Reader -On the Inside-You never did understand why anyone, let alone, someone as handsome and active as Alfred F. Jones would ever hang around someone like you, the complete opposite of the kinds of girls guys like him hung out with: self-conscious, plain, and a little on the chubby side.America x Chunky!Reader -On the Inside-2 years ago in Romance More Like This
Oh, who were you kidding? You weren't just a little chubby; in your mind, you were basically a walking muffin or a blueberry or even a blueberry muffin altogether. "A little chubby" didn't do your size any justice. It didn't even help that when you had tried to improve your weight in the past, it never did any good. You had already given up on becoming stick-skinny.
Even so, Alfred still stuck around whenever he could, making sure the two of you got some time alone and away from those name-calling classmates of yours.
"So, _____________, what do you want today?" he asked once the two of you were out of school.
You shrugged and continued walking. You didn't really like it when
Germany x Chubby!Reader - Remember it.You have done nothing wrong. You do your work. Late, but you do it! You obey your parents. You are not a drug addict or a hooker. You are nice to almost everybody and don't get yourself in trouble, most of the times. You are a nice person so... Why does this has to happen to you? Is this some kind of punishment for being a good person? What I'm talking about is,Germany x Chubby!Reader - Remember it.2 years ago in Romance More Like This
They laughed, they just laughed, "You are so fat that you trip over your own foot!" was all they said. Over and over and over again. Were you really tripping over your own foot? Of course not. That little jewel was the one who placed her foot in front of you, on purpose! You aren't that dumb! Jeez, you weren't even dumb at all! What's their problem?
Were you...
Were you really that fat? You were chubby, yes. You have been like that all your life! Heck, you were even thinner now than when you were little! Did nobody notice that? You have been even eating less and less lately. Society can really change someone's mind.
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North Country News
9:30 pm
Wed May 8, 2013
Vermont Senate Compromise Likely on Aid-in-Dying
The Vermont Senate is poised to debate a compromise proposal on aid-in-dying legislation that supporters are giving a strong chance of passage.
Senator Claire Ayer, lead proponent of allowing physicians to prescribe lethal medications to terminally ill patients who request it, says she believes she has the votes to pass the measure and send it back to the House.
At issue has been how many safeguards should be placed on the procedure by which patients declare their decisions to end their lives.
The compromise would have safeguards modeled after those in place in Oregon, which has had what it calls a "death with dignity" law for 15 years.
After three years, most of the state-required safeguards would be lifted.
Copyright 2013 Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.
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subset: commoncrawl


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- A shirt design proposal for Nike.
I just made a shirt design of an eagle to propose this to nike.
I havent seen anything before an eagle design from them so i decided to do it.Eagle has been known from being lovely predator.Eagle fly high and soars like a thunder.
So as the nike.
Hope you all love this piece and hoping to be part of the nike collection in the future.*this is not an official Nike Shirt Design
- Copyright © 2013 The Dreamers Studio™ Inc ALL RIGHT RESERVED.
Thanks for viewing


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Gender & ICTs
FTX Hub @ AWID 2008 Forum on Movement Building
Participants at the Feminist Tech Exchange will put new skills and knowledge into practice at the FTX Hub during the Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID) 2008 Forum on Movement Build
Feminist Tech Exchange
The FTX will explore feminist practices and politics of technology and raise awareness on the critical role of communication rights in the struggle to advance women's rights worldwide.
Feminist mix with a tech fix: Huge tech exchange in South Africa begins
How can feminists use technology to their advantage? On November 10, the first ever Feminist Tech eXchange (FTX) in Cape Town will bring together more than 100 activists from around the globe to address this type of question. Organized by the APC Women's programme in the run up to the massive women's movement forum AWID, the capacity-building and information-exchange event will explore various technologies such as video, audio, social networking platforms and other emerging ICT tools. The event will act as an open space to network, share knowledge, and learn new skills and strategies for how to make technology work best for the women's movement.
Booklet on Gender Policy for Community Radio Stations published by BNNRC
Community Radio is playing very significant role in the countries of South Asia responding to other regions of the world.
Short-listed GenARDIS III candidates announced
The Gender, Agriculture and Rural Development in the Information Society (GenARDIS) Small Grants Fund is delighted to announce that twenty projects have been short-listed as possible GenARDIS grantees. The short-listed proposals come from sixteen countries in Africa and the Caribbean, ranging from the Dominican Republic and St. Vincent on over the Atlantic Ocean to rock-skip throughout western Africa in Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon and the Congo. Eastern Africa and Southern Africa also have their share of representation with projects from Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Read the entire announcement
GenARDIS Workshop
GEM Thematic Adaptation Workshop for Localisation Initiatives
Localisation projects are often deemed as gender neutral, having a prime focus of developing localised technology only.
Gender Centred this month: Cybercrime and women
This month, APC women's GenderIT bulletin investigates online crime, cyberstalking, and asks how women are being affected. In "Finding a difficult balance – Human rights, law enforcement and cyber violence against women" Mavic Cabrera-Balleza speaks to activists from South Africa and the USA. Wieting Xu looks at cybercrime in India. Argentinian lawyer Carlos Gregorio argues that "Cybercrime laws are not enough, there is also a need for education". And Ramata Soré discovers that in Burkina Faso women are the perpetrators as well as the victims of internet fraud.
Coalition for Sexual and Bodily Rights in Muslim Societies: Sexuality Institute 2008
The Institute will bring together leading NGO representatives, researchers, practitioners and policymakers for a holistic interdisciplinary program combining history, theory and politics of sexuality


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Noria 誡ㅞㅃㅏㄸ Ringtone
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Custom Harley Chopper
Contest between vendors contributes to their need of continually securing revenue regardless of what. Thus, they offer showcases in order to entice customers to buy their merchandise. Use only one credit card whenever you acquire products on the internet so you can keep check of anything you purchase on the net in addition you can actually determine without difficulty any illegal purchases.
All products found in this website from ebay. When you press on them, it is going to send you towards its ebay page. Comparing the product quality and performance of similar digital products according to product evaluations is a good idea because it provides you with a look of which product is superior to the other.
Something went wrong, please try again.
In many cases, customer reviews will be helpful in determining an item. The testimonials can present you with an idea about the pros and cons of a product. Before buying goods on the internet, you ought to know first the shop's policy on returning products. It can help you fully understand their regulations regarding which products can or can not be returned.
Other than making an application for some financing, a respectable internet site will not request your personal Social Security number. Compared with physical shops where you need to possess a large number of shops to cater to various areas, you just require a single one with an online store.
It usually takes weeks or months to obtain a rebate back again while many rebates are never paid out! For that reason, it is advisable to keep away from rebates whenever you can.


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I love beadweaving, but sometimes I decide to have a little change of pace and pull out the wire, chain, metal, and so on. With Valentine's right around the corner, I thought this would make a nice gift for a special someone.
Nice work! These have the perfect soft/edginess to make a lot of people happy!
© 2015 F+W All rights reserved.Use of this site signifies your agreement to the Terms and Privacy Policy, updated March 2007


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T-Mobile posts net subscriber growth for first time in two years
After more than two years, T-Mobile has finally returned to the point where they are again growing subscribers. The carrier confirmed on Wednesday that it picked up 1.1 million subscribers in the second quarter with the bulk of them (688,000+) coming from post-paid customers. When compared to ...Read More


text: Owning a luxury vehicle like a Porsche or a Jaguar can be a satisfying experience. Riding down Southern country roads at thrilling speeds with the roof down is the perfect way to turn any lazy day into a blissful experience. When you own a special car, special care is needed. At Georgia Luxury Automotive, we specialize in the upkeep and repairs of import and domestic automobiles, as well as sell quality previously owned vehicles.


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From Our Editors
Yesenia Rivera has three days to singlehandedly bake 425 treats, but you won't see her break a sweat. In fact, you probably won't see her at all. Come evening, the seasoned pastry chef will seclude herself in her home kitchen, which she has transformed into a tidy assembly line. She can tell you to the second how long it will take to apply frosting to a cupcake or poke a stick through a cake pop. And, aside from the occasional taste test from her 4-year-old daughter, Rivera shuns a second set of hands. "I can't imagine delegating any of it. It's too personal a process for me," she admits.
For Rivera, every baked treat is a labor of love. She meets with her clients in their homes for hours and pours over recipe options and photo albums of her past creations. She caters to their every ingredient request—as a gluten-free, dairy-free eater herself, she's no stranger to substitutions, such as bananas for eggs, or coconut oil for butter. And when it comes time to decorate, she literally sets each treat on a pedestal, and decorates it slowly and meticulously. "I think about the person I'm baking for when I'm putting the ingredients together—I pour my heart and soul into it," Rivera says. But despite rigorous recipe calibration, each treat must pass one final test: if her daughter doesn't love it, it doesn't make it out the kitchen door.


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The Fighting Irish are rearing to go and excited to be facing rival Army in the Mecca of baseball, Yankee Stadium, in New York on Saturday.
Said boss Brian Kelly on Tuesday, "They know they're going to New York.
"I don't think I've ever had more injured guys ask me if they were traveling this week."
"They're all excited about that. The fact of the matter is, they want to play well again.
"They want to obviously, on the stage, in New York, they understand playing well is the most important thing."
Notre Dame are hoping to scoop a win making them eligible for a bowl.
Last weekend the Irish trampled Utah 28-3.
Notre Dame will be missing nose guard Ian Williams this weekend due to a recent knee injury.
On facing Army, Kelly said, "They do a very good job with the option and they also add some traditional offense.
"You'll see fly sweeps, counter, a passing game that is a little bit more diverse than a typical option team," Kelly said.
When asked about his concern about Army's blocking, Kelly said he didn't think his team was "psyched out by that type of blocking."
"We just didn't defend it. We couldn't get to the areas that we needed to get to," Kelly said.
"The guys know what to expect from it this time around.
"I don't think we'll overemphasize it.
"They know the schemes.
"This is strictly about, again, controlling the line of scrimmage than worrying about cut blocks."
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Darlow's Enigma
Does anyone think that a rose named Darlow's Enigma would grow in the southern California foothills?
Our nights get down to 35 degrees in winter and the days are mostly in the 80's and 90's in the summer with lots of sun.
I need some white climbers to place along a back wall that is 9' tall and 150' long.
This rose is wonderfully frangrant and prolific.
My other roses do well, but are all grafted varieties.
I live in Zone 9 in New Mexico. I have a lot of roses, a few are climbers. It snows here from time to time. The roses survive. I find that they need some shade protection from the hot sun. White roses, in particular, tend to need shade. If your wall offers partial shade for the roses, they ought to work well.
A friend lives in Paso Robles, California. She planted a hedge of white Simplicity roses last year. She raves about those roses! She said they are very sturdy and bloom constantly. She hasn't mentioned fragrance, so I don't know about that.


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There's nothing left-wing about a higher inflation target
There's nothing especially political about it. ...
Magical thinking now dominates our politics
UKIP, the SNP and the Greens cut through all the...
Sir Howard Davies: the full transcript
* Many bankers are still overpaid * The Chanc...
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Thanks for taking the time to report this user.
Your participation helps keep Airbnb a safe and trusted
community, and it doesn't go unnoticed!
we are chinese girls, one of us lives in sweden now. we are tourists in amsterdam. 2 of us used to studied in Linkoping University and traveled in holland in 2004.
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Jacqi and her friend Yoland two young professional ladies had lodged in our home some days. They are the perfect guests, so polite, friendly, clean, organized, quiet and respectful of the rules of the house. We shared very pleasant days with them and are very welcome to our home the day that want to return to Barcelona
We highly recommend them as guests to Airbnb community.
Pilar & Milena
It's been a pleasure to hace Jacqi and her freind home. I think it's the first time since we started renting through airbnb that we find the apartment cleaner that it was. I wish everybody was like them.


text:
Finnish Prisons: No Gates or Armed Guards
Published: January 2, 2003
(Page 2 of 2)
She conceded that there were people who took advantage of the leniency. Risto Nikunen, 41, a grizzled drifter who has never held a job and has been in prison 11 times, was asked outside his drug rehabilitation unit if he might be one of them. "Well," he shrugged, "many people do come to prison to take a break and try to get better again."
Prison officials can give up to 20 days solitary confinement to inmates as punishment for infractions like fighting or possessing drugs, though the usual term is from three to five days. Mr. Aaltonen said he tried to avoid even that by first talking out the problem with the offending inmate.
Finnish courts mete out four general punishments — a fine, a conditional sentence, which amounts to probation, community service and an unconditional sentence. Even this last category is made less harsh by a practice of letting prisoners out after only half their term is served. Like the rest of the countries of the European Union, Finland has no death penalty.
According to the Ministry of Justice in Helsinki, there are a little more than 2,700 prisoners in Finland, a country of 5.2 million people, or 52 for every 100,000 inhabitants. Ministry figures show the comparable rate is 702 per 100,000 in the United States, 664 in Russia and 131 in Portugal, the highest in the European Union.
Finland's chief worry now is the rise in drug-related crimes that do result in prison sentences and the growing number of Russians and Estonians, who Mr. Lappi-Seppala said were introducing organized-crime activities into Finland.
Finns credit their press and their politicians with keeping the law-and- order debate civil and not strident. "Our newspapers are not full of sex and crime," Mr. Salminen said. "And there is no pressure on me to get tough on criminals from populist-issue politicians like there would be in a lot of other countries."
One reason why the Finnish public may tolerate their policy of limited punishment is that victims receive compensation payments from the government. Mrs. Tammi-Moilanen was asked if this was enough to keep them from getting angry over the system of gentle justice.
"My feeling is that victims wouldn't feel that justice is better done by giving very severe punishment," she said. "We don't believe in an eye for an eye, we are a bit more civilized than that, I hope."
Mr. Syvajarvi, a muscular 21-year-old with close-cropped hair who become a heroin addict at age 14, received a six-year sentence for drug selling and assaults. As a young offender, he will serve only a third of that time, and he is expected to be out in a year.
He is now the appointed "big brother" peer counselor to other youths in the jail, must submit to random drug checks to make sure he remains off the habit and has undergone training with anger management specialists that he says has prepared him to rejoin society with a new outlook.
"Before, I wanted to be like those drug dealers in the States," he said, adding in English, "I was a gangster wannabe." He went into a boxer's crouch and popped punches in the air. "I used to think the most important thing was to stand up for yourself.
"Now I've learned that it takes more courage to run away."


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Adam Drysdale House, Edinburgh
Located in Edinburgh (Tollcross), Adam Drysdale House is close to King's Theatre, Edinburgh International Conference Centre, and Royal Lyceum Theatre. Also nearby are Usher Hall and Edinburgh Castle.
Property Features.
Amenities at Adam Drysdale House include tour/ticket assistance. This is a smoke-free property.
The 6 guestrooms at Adam Drysdale House include coffee/tea makers. Complimentary wireless high-speed Internet access is provided. Televisions are equipped with digital channels.
B&B at walking distance of the city centre, at 10 minutes walk from Edinburgh Castle.…
The owners are very nice and helpful. Scottish breakfast was really good, especially…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $221
- Family with private shower & wc
- Family Triple Room, Ensuite
- Double Room, Private Bathroom
- Double En-suite with shower
- Double with shared facilities
- Double Room, Private Bathroom
- Twin Room, Ensuite
- Family En-suite for 3
- Twin Room Ensuite Bathtub
- Double Room, Ensuite
- Double Room, Ensuite
- Family Quadruple Room, Private Bathroom
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 6 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time 11 AM-11 PM
- Check-out time is 10 AM
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- No pets or service animals allowed
- Free WiFi in rooms
Other information
- Smoke-free property
Nearby Two Star Edinburgh hotels
In the hotel
- Tours/ticket assistance
In the room
- Coffee/tea maker
- Digital TV channels
- Free WiFi
Top Edinburgh hotels
Recently reviewed hotels in Edinburgh
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"Hotel was great! Cheap, clean, what I expected. It was a little far from the city center but walking was easy and taxis were cheap"Mar 8, 2015
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"Love reading the reviews about how close it is to the street, blah blah. It is in a perfect location. If it was somewhere else, you would complain that it isn't centralized. This…"Mar 7, 2015
- Holiday Inn Express - Edinburgh City CentreFrom
"Excellent stay for business or pleasure. Good value."Mar 6, 2015


text:
Free Photo Archive of over 30,000 vintage photographs. Find people and the places were they lived. Search for your surnames. Find photos of your ancestors. Make connections with genealogy cousins. Add your family's photos.
Other Countries
Emily Keech ComberSubmitted by Margie Willison...
Emily Keech, daughter of William and Barbara Fry Keech of Dorset Co. England.
She married John Comber was born 1 Mar 1835 in Wivelsfield, Co. of Sussex, England. He was the son of Richard Shoulder and Mary Howard Comber of Sussex, England. He came to United States in the 1870s and was naturalized in 1884.
When the Combers came to the United States they settled in Carnegie, Allegheny Co., PA. John and Emily had seven children, the sixth child was Bert Comber who married Bessie Greer of Washington Co., Pa. They lived in East Carnegie, Pittsburgh, PA.
Submitted by Margie Willison Harris, great granddaughter of John and Emily Keech Comber and granddaughter of Bert Comber
Alexander and Elizabeth GalbraithSubmitted by louruf
Alexander Galbraith and his wife, Elizabeth (McCualsky) Galbraith, both born in Argyllshire, Scotland. Resided in Washington Co., OH.
Eliza Owens Cool (1825-1887)Submitted by louruf
Eliza (Owens) Cool, (1825-1887), born Derry County, Ireland; married Fredrick Cool in Pittsburgh PA; settled near Waverly, Pike Co., OH. Her obituary from the "Pike County Republican", Waverly OH, March 26, 1887: "Mrs. Eliza Cool was born in the county of Derry, Ireland, May 29, 1825. At the age of 15, she came to the United States, stopping at Pittsburg, Pa., and remaining some five years, when she married Frederic Cool, at the age of 20 years. They subsequently moved to Ohio, finally locating near Waverly, Pike County, where the have resided until the present. Eleven children were born to bless their union, eight of whom are still living, five sons and three daughters: John Cool, Newark, O.; Mrs. Madison Dawson, Camba, O.; Mrs. David Oliver, Belpre, O.; Mrs. M. L. Nye, Grahamsville, O.; David, Frederic and Eliza died in infancy; William, Samuel and Robert, Waverly, O.; and Matthew, the youngest, York, Nebraska. The deceased united with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church of Pittsburg, Pa. in 1846. She continued unshaken in her faith until her death, which took place, March 18, 1887, at the age of 61 years, 9 months and 19 days."
Unknown Johnstown,Pa. Woman by Photographer H. B. CloughSubmitted by Marie Platt Post
Unknown Johnstown,Pa. woman
Photographer by H. B. Clough Boston Art Gallery
109 Franklin St. Johnstown,Pa.


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Produced by the Hall China Company, this line of kitchenware in the Wildfire pattern was used as a premium by the Great American Tea Company. It was mostly found in the 1940's and 50's. The jug stands 6-1/2" high and is in great condition. The rose decal with its green leaves all intertwine with a blue ribbon. The gold trim around the top opening and on the handle shows no wear. This piece is free of chips or cracks.
Item ID: 4220
A little bit of everything from depression glass, oil lamps and vintage kitchen.
Thank you for visiting our Shop!


text:
The Check Engine Light may illuminate and/or a lack of power may be noted due to a failed high pressure fuel pump. BMW has released a service bulletin regarding this matter, the suggested repair is to replace the failed high pressure pump.Google+
Car Problem Reports
BMW 335xi High Pressure Fuel Pump
BMW 335xi Problem
4 Reports
Model Years Affected: 2007, 2008
Average Mileage: 85,194 mi (74,582 mi - 93,000 mi)
robertgoodman, 2008 BMW 335xi, 88,000 miRookie
yellow, check engine light comes on on acceleration, results in a lack of engine power, car drives okay, check light will reset when car restarted
Visitor, 2008 BMW 335xi, 74,582 mi
Vehicle was misfiring. High pressure fuel pump was replaced. $634.90 inc tax


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A Button Snowman Pin
A quickie craft for almost any age, and will make a nice gift for a child to give. Use larger buttons than I did!
Here is a link that might be useful: Kudzu's Blog
That is cute - I love the hat you made :)
I made something kind of simlar a few years ago, but I must have given them all way. I can't find one to take a picture of.
I used 3 old shell buttons (they were cut from clam shells back in the day). Small, Medium, Large. The small one had just two holes punched in it. I used one stitch of orange floss through the holes to make the nose. I dotted the eyes with a small dab of black enamel paint on a toothpick. Same for the mouth.
I would glue them to a biscuit. A biscuit is an almond shaped flat piece of wood they use to join boards together in woodworking.
I overlapped them slightly - with top button over the medium, and the medium slightly over the bottom one.
I glued them down with E6000. When it was dry, I tied a couple strands of floss around the neck for the scarf and glued a pin back on the the back side of the biscuit.
They were cute and easy - but I love the hat on yours!!


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You won't be able to dismiss this by usual means (escape or click button), but you can close it programatically based on user choices or actions.
"The entire process from selecting the card template and developing my personalized card was enjoyable and a breeze. I love how the site allows you to immediately upload pictures and try different ones in the actual card before even getting a draft. This was EXTREMELY helpful as I had quite a few pictures to choose from! Also, the card was easily customizable and the customer service rep was extremely helpful with giving me advice about changing the font style to make our names more readable. I chose the pearl shimmer paper/envelope which gave it a luminescent look. Also, having a designer make my requested changes was great as well. I needed my cards in a rush and the rush delivery service was convenient and not too expensive. I received rave reviews from the card, many telling me they had never seen one like mine (from the picture used to the quality of card). I give this site/company 5 stars!!"
"I ordered these cards in the light pink color, with the shimmery paper. I was so pleased with the quality of these when they arrived, they looked so beautiful! The material I ordered them in was thicker and not flimsy at all, it certainly didn't feel or look cheap! The text and customization was so easy, and the editors got a proof out to me really quick!"
"We ordered this style because I wanted something traditional and elegant looking that used our colors of gold and navy. We kept the gold the same as it was on the sample and changed the black writing to navy when we personalized it. We also selected the pearl white paper and are very happy we did so. I love the shimmer of it and it makes it look more expensive. The printing occurred very quickly and I had my order less that 2 weeks after ordering. We will definitely be buying the matching invitations."
"I was extremely happy with the service. They contacted me quickly and continued to work with me until I was happy with the product. Loved working with them."
"The foil stamping gives these a little extra something. The customer service was prompt and we even got our order a day early. This is a perfect preview to what kind of wedding we will be having."


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As the eggnog starts to flow during the holiday season, far too many business owners overlook last-minute opportunities to take control of their tax picture and paint it to their advantage. How can you maximize your savings as the year draws to a close? Here are 10 easy steps.
Published on: Dec 8, 2005


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A seal glass for unitizing an array of glass nozzles of an ink jet printer. The seal glasses are corrosion resistant to alkaline and acidic inks, and have low softening points, medium high expansivities and anneal points and are compatible with the nozzle glasses.
1. In a multiple ink-jet glass nozzle array embedded in a seal glass mass with the nozzle elements of said array fabricated from a composition consisting essentially, by weight, of
______________________________________SiO2 55-58.5% Al2 O3 0-1.0%ZrO2 17.0-22.5% CaO 0-2.5%Na2 O 16.0-17.0% K2 O 2.0-3.0%MgO 3.0-5.0% As2 O3 0.5%,______________________________________
the improvement comprising forming said seal glass mass from a vitrified frit having a composition, by weight percent, selected from the group of:
A. a first alkaline resistant formulation of
______________________________________PbO [0-56] 45.0-53.5% [GeO2 0-3%]SiO2 [8-25] 15.0-24.5% ZrO2 [0.5-6.0] 4.5%B2 O3 5-[19] 12% MgO [1-2.5] 0.5-1.5%ZnO 3.5-[9] 4.5% BaO 0-1.5%Al2 O3 [4-8] 3.0-4.0% TiO2 [0-2] 0.5-1.5%Na2 O 1-6.5% CaO [0-2] 0.5-1.5%CdO [0-67] 2-3% La2 O3 0-0.5%Cu2 O [1-3] 0-2%;______________________________________
said formulation having an expansion coefficient (α at 24�-300� C.) of from about 69.5 to 88.6�10-7 /� C., an anneal temperature (Ta) of about 418� to 468� C. and a softening temperature (Ts) of about 529� to 594� C.;
B. a second alkaline resistant formulation of
______________________________________CdO 56.6-67.0% MgO 0-2.5%SiO2 8-10% Al2 O3 4.0-8.0%B2 O3 6.9-17.0% GeO2 0-3.0%ZnO 0-9.0%Na2 O 0-5.0%CaO 0-1.5%; and______________________________________
said formulation having an expansion coefficient (α at 24�-300� C.) of from about 75 to 86.1�10-7 /� C., an anneal temperature (Ta) of about 471� to 522� C. and a softening temperature (Ts) of about 560� to 622� C.; and
C. an acid resistant formulation of
______________________________________P2 O5 15-70.0% Na2 O 0-4.0%ZnO 14.0-66.4% SiO2 0-5.0%B2 O3 0-18.3% ZrO2 0-2%Al2 O3 7-8% TiO2 0-1%______________________________________
said formulation having an expansion coefficient (α 24�-300� C.) of from about 54.6 to 83.0�10-7 /� C., an anneal temperature (Ta) of about 439� to 503� C., and a softening temperature (Ts) of about 563� to 580� C.
2. In a glass nozzle array for an ink-jet printer, comprising:
a plurality of glass tubes coextending in parallel relationship with each other with the nozzle elements of said array fabricated from a composition consisting essentially by weight, of
______________________________________SiO2 55-58.5% Al2 O3 0-1.0%ZrO2 17.0-22.5% CaO 0-2.5%Na2 O 16.0-17.0% K2 O 2.0-3.0%MgO 3.0-5.0% As2 O3 0.5%,______________________________________
a seal glass for unitizing said tubes in a matrix therein, the improvement wherein said seal glass has a composition, by weight percent, selected from the group consisting of:
A. an alkaline resistant formulation of
______________________________________ PbO [0-56] 45.0-53.5% GeO2 [0-3%]SiO2 [8-25] 15-24.5% ZrO2 [0.5-6.0] 4.5%B2 O3 5-[19] 12% MgO [1-2.5] 0.5-1.5%ZnO 3.5-[9] 4.5% BaO 0-1.5%Al2 O3 [4-8] 3-4% TiO2 [0-2] 0.5-1.5%Na2 O 1-6.5% CaO [0-2] 0.5-1.5%CdO [0-67] 2-3% La2 O3 0-0.5%Cu2 O [1-3] 0-2%; [and]______________________________________
said formulation having an expansion coefficient (α at 24�-300� C.) of from about 69.5 to 88.6�10-7 /� C., an anneal temperature (Ta) of about 418� to 468� C. and a softening temperature (Ts) of about 529� to 594� C.;
B. a second alkaline resistant formulation of
______________________________________CdO 56.6-67.0% Mgo 0-2.5%SiO hd 2 8-10% Al2 O3 4.0-8.0%B2 O3 6.9-17.0% GeO2 0-3.0%ZnO 0-9.0%Na2 O 0-5.0%CaO 0-1.5%;______________________________________
said formulation having an expansion coefficient (α at 24�-300� C.) of from about 75 to 86.1�10-7 /� C., an anneal temperature (Ta) of about 471� to 522� C. and a softening temperature (Ts) of about 560� to 622� C.; and
C. an acid resistant formulation of
______________________________________P2 O5 15-70.0% Na2 O 0-4.0%ZnO 14.0-66.4% SiO2 0-5.0%B2 O3 0-18.3% ZrO2 0-2%Al2 O3 7-8% TiO2 0-1%______________________________________
said formulation having an expansion coefficient (α 24�-300� C.) of from about 54.6 to 83.0�10-7 /� C., an anneal temperature (Ta) of about 439� to 503� C., and a softening temperature (Ts) of about 563� to 580� C.
3. A glass nozzle array of claim 2 resistant to alkaline inks wherein said seal glass consists essentially of, by weight,
______________________________________PbO [0-56]45-53.5% [GeO2 [0-3%]SiO2 [8-25]15-24.5% ZrO2 [0.5-6.0]4.5%B2 O3 5-[19]12% MgO [1-2.5]0.5-1.5%ZnO 3.5-[9]4.5% [B2 O3 ] BaO 0-1.5%Al2 O3 [4-8]3-4% TiO2 [0-2]0.5-1.5%Na2 O [1-6.5]2-3% CaO [0-2]0.5-1.5%CdO [0-67]0-2% La2 O3 0-0.5%______________________________________
4. The glass nozzle array of claim 3 wherein said glass nozzles consist essentially of, by weight,
______________________________________SiO2 58.5% MgO 4.0%ZrO2 19.0% K2 O 2.0%Na2 O 16.0% As2 O3 0.5%,______________________________________
5. The glass nozzle array of claim 4 wherein said seal glass consists essentially of, by weight,
______________________________________PbO 45% BaO 1.5%SiO2 24.5% CaO 1%B2 O3 5% MgO 1%ZrO2 4.5% Al2 O3 4%ZnO 4.5% CdO 2.5%Na2 O 5% TiO2 2%______________________________________
6. A glass nozzle array of claim 2 resistant to alkaline inks wherein said seal glass consists essentially of, by weight,
______________________________________CdO 56.6-67% CaO 0-1.5%SiO2 8-10% MgO 0-2.5%B2 O3 6.9-17% Al2 O3 4-8%ZnO 0-9.0% GeO2 0-3%Na2 O 0-5%______________________________________
7. The glass nozzle array of claim 6 wherein said glass nozzle consists essentially of, by weight,
______________________________________SiO2 58.5% MgO 4%ZrO2 19% K2 O 2%Na2 O 16.0% As2 O3 0.5%______________________________________
8. The glass nozzle array of claim 7 wherein said seal glass consists essentially of, by weight,
SiO2 : 10%
Al2 O3 : 5%
CdO: 67%
GeO2 : 3%.
9. A glass nozzle array of claim 2 resistant to acidic inks wherein said seal glass consists essentially of, by weight;
______________________________________P2 O5 15-70% Na2 O 0-4%ZnO 14-66.4% SiO2 0-5%B2 O3 0-18.3% ZrO2 0-2%Al2 O3 7-8% TiO2 0-1%______________________________________
10. The glass nozzle array of claim 9 wherein said glass nozzles consist essentially of, by weight,
______________________________________SiO2 58.5% MgO 4%ZrO2 19% K2 O 2%Na2 O 15% As2 O3 0.5%______________________________________
11. The glass nozzle array of claim 10 wherein said seal glass consists essentially of, by weight;
______________________________________P2 O5 69.5% Na2 O 4%SiO2 2.5% Al2 O3 7%ZrO2 2% TiO2 1%ZnO 14%______________________________________
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to ink-jet glass nozzle arrays, and more particularly to sealing or solder glass compositions for potting a plurality of nozzle glass tubes into a multi-nozzle assembly for ink-jet printers.
One object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved sealing or solder glass composition adapted for use in the fabrications of ink-jet printing nozzles.
Another object of this invention is to provide a new and improved sealing glass composition for ink-jet nozzles which has increased resistance to corrosive inks employed in ink-jet printing operations.
Another object of this invention is to provide a sealing glass composition resistant to corrosive inks and with thermal properties which are adapted for use in fabrication of glass ink-jet nozzle arrays for use in ink-jet printers.
Another object of this invention is to provide a new and improved sealing glass composition for encasing or potting of a multiple glass nozzle array of an ink-jet printer.
2. Background Art
U.S. Pat. No. 4,019,886, issued Apr. 26, 1977 to Hoffman et al, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,122,460, issued Oct. 24, 1978 to Humenik et al, disclose and claim a multiple ink-jet nozzle array comprehended in this invention of ink-jet printers. Also disclosed in these patents is an extended description of the prior art which is incorporated herein by reference thereto.
In ink-jet printers and/or recorders, liquid ink is supplied under pressure to a nozzle(s) having a very small opening through which an extremely fine, continuous jet of ink is projected as disclosed in the aforesaid patents, ink-jet nozzles made of glass are commonly used in such printers.
Because the inks used in ink-jet printers are usually alkaline (e.g. pH 10.5) or acidic (e.g. 6.25) in nature, the glass comprising the nozzles and associated sealing glasses must be corrosion resistant. Also it has been recognized that the proper operation of such printers depends very much upon the manner in which the nozzle(s) is potted or embedded in a sealing or solder glass with respect to its surrounding surface. The area in the vicinity of the nozzle must be void-free and bubble free to prevent leaking or breaking when the nozzle, in thin wafer form, is subjected to corrosive inks under pressure. Additionally, to prevent excessive stresses and/or cracking of any elements, especially when they are cut into thin wafers and lapped and polished for use in ink-jet printers, the thermal properties and expansion characteristics of the fabricating elements must be carefully considered. Furthermore, the sealing or potting operation must be performed in such a way as not to alter the nozzle size or shape or alignment.
The aforesaid patents describe the fabrication of multiple ink-jet nozzles, in which ceramic or glass blocks are machined to form two plates of a desired smoothness and dimension, preferably in rectangular form. A single groove is formed the length of one side of the first plate, and cross-slots, deeper than the groove, are formed the width of the same side and intersecting the groove. Slots corresponding to the cross-slots are formed the width of one side of the second plate. The groove holds a plurality of glass which may be positioned before or after the two plates are joined. Each slot holds a sealant, such as a glass cane or rod which is inserted between the two plates in the mated slots.
The joined plates with tubes and seal glass cane are then spring-clamped in an upright position on a support, and this entire assembly is then exposed to a temperature which is sufficient to melt only the glass cane, which will then flow by capillary and gravity action, through the groove to provide a complete seal for the tubes, specifically in the area between the cross-slots. After the sealing operation has been completed, the joined plates are gradually cooled and then the area between the slots is sliced into thin nozzle wafers. The presence of the cross slots guarantees uniform fill of the wafer section, reduces the longitudinal distance of seal glass flow and the area of the section cut, and serves as a vent to prevent air entrapment and thus voids, and as a means of introducing coolant as close as possible to the cutting device and wafer nozzles. After one side of the cut wafer undergoes lapping and polishing operations, it is ready for mounting on a back-up plate using techniques such as epoxy bonding, glass sealing or soldering. After mounting, the front side of the wafer is lapped and polished. The wafer thus mounted on the back-up plate is ready for connection to a source of high-pressure fluid.
The aforesaid patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,122,460 discloses that capillary ink-jet nozzles with enhanced thermal coefficients of expansion and anneal points can be obtained by fabrication from a glass composition containing, by weight, from about 40 to about 60% SiO2, from about 12 to about 20% ZrO2, from about 12 to about 17% Na2 O, from about 0 to about 2.3% K2 O and from about 0 to about 6% MgO.
This basic glass composition was modified for improved resistance against alkaline inks by inclusion of BaO, CaO, Li2 O, Cu2 O, B2 O3 and/or Al2 O3 to provide glass compositions containing, by weight, 42 to 52% SiO2, 8 to 17% ZrO2, 6 to 14% Na2 O, 0 to 2.3% K2 O, 0 to 6% MgO, 0 to 5% B2 O3, 4 to 6% Al2 O3,3 to 22.3% BaO, 6.7 to 9.7% CaO, 0 to 2% Li2 O and 0 to 7% Cu2 O.
Also the basic glass composition can be modified for improved resistance to acidic inks by inclusion of As2 O3, CaO and Al2 O3 to form a glass composition comprising, by weight, 35 to 58.5% SiO2, 17 to 22.5% ZrO2, 16 to 17% Na2 O, 2 to 3% K2 O, 3 to 5% MgO, 0 to 1% Al2 O3, 0 to 2.5% CaO and 0.5% As2 O3.
The glass for sealing or unitizing the glass nozzles in an assembly must have an expansion near that of the nozzle glass at the set point of the seal glass and must also flow at a temperature near or below that of the anneal temperature (Ta) of the nozzle glass composition. If, during sealing, the Ta of the nozzle glass is significantly exceeded, the nozzles will deform and be useless.
In general, a glass for use as a sealant or encapsulant for ink-jet printing nozzles must satisfy three basic criteria. First, the glass must be chemically durable toward slightly acidic or very alkaline inks used in ink-jet printing. Second, the glass must possess thermal properties which will enable it to seal or encapsulate glass nozzles into the required assembly. For example, the seal glasses used for making seals must be ones having a softening temperature well below the deformation temperature of any surface to which it is applied so that the seal glass can flow and wet the surface at a temperature below that at which such surfaces become deformed. Also such glasses must conform to the well known rules of matching the thermal coefficients (e.g. expansion) in order to prevent or minimize the occurrence of thermal stresses on cooling.
It is generally accepted that, as a general rule, the thermal coefficient of expansion of a sealing glass increases as the sealing or softening temperature (Ts) of that glass decreases. Consequently, most soft glasses which can flow at relatively low temperature (e.g. 400� C. have coefficients in excess of 94�10-7 /�C. Such expansion coefficients are too high to permit satisfactory sealing of glass nozzles currently contemplated for ink-jet printers. In general, it is desirable for the seal glasses to have an expansion coefficient (α at 24�-300� C.) of 54.6 to 88.6�10-7 /�C., an anneal temperature (Ta) of 415� to 503� C. and a softening temperature (Ts) of 484� to 622� C. Optimally the seal glasses should have the following thermal properties: α of 78�3�10-7 /�C., Ta of 450�30� C. and a Ts of 550�30� C.
Lastly, the seal glass must be vitreous in nature so it can be easily fabricated into fibers, rods or cane form.
In the accompanying drawings forming a material part of this disclosure:
FIG. 1 shows a plate configuration employed in fabrication of a multiple ink-jet array for illustration of this invention.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 illustrates another stage in the fabrication of a plurality of wafers containing a multiple ink-jet nozzle array.
FIG. 4 illustrates a wafer containing a multiple ink-jet nozzle array mounted on a back-up plate for an ink-jet printer.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 5--5 of FIG. 4.
It has been found that high-lead borate seal glasses that are commercially available for fabrication of glass nozzle arrays, for ink-jet printers, have very low corrosion resistance toward alkaline and acidic ink solutions employed for high speed printing applications, particularly with use with the glass nozzle compositions described in the aforesaid patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,122,460. These commercial seal glasses have been found to disintegrate in both types of ink solutions when exposed to them for a relatively short period of time (e.g. 24 hours at 60� C.).
Passivation of the reflowed surfaces of the commercial seal glasses with thin film coating materials such as TiO2, SiO2, ZrO2 and Au has been found to provide insufficient protection, for the seal glass, from corrosive inks, primarily because the materials cannot be deposited completely pin-hole free. The ink seeps into the pin-holes and disintegrates the glass. This, then results in the particulate matter, from the chemically unstable glass, contaminating the continually circulating inks, of the printer, when they enter and exit the orifices of the ink-jet nozzles (e.g. the reflowed seal glass is exposed at these locations). The level of contamination continues to increase as the erosion of the glass, by the inks, progresses. Eventually, the nozzles, in the jet array, clog up with residual seal glass matter and cease to function properly. In light of this serious problem, the high-lead borate glasses are considered to be unreliable as a seal for multi-glass nozzle arrays, in terms of long-term performance.
This invention discloses seal glass compositions that possess high chemical durability and relatively low softening temperatures, anneal temperatures and matching expansion coefficients for ink-jet nozzle arrays. These seal glasses are not only unique in their high chemical corrosion resistance, but they also have thermal properties suitable for sealing or encasing glass nozzles into stable arrays. The chemical compositions of the seal glasses fall into two categories, alkali-resistant and acid resistant, as discussed below.
Vitreous lead borate seal glasses with moderately low thermal properties (Ts, Ta and α) are not difficult to formulate, but it is very difficult, if not impossible, to impart good corrosion resistance to the composition of such glasses without significantly increasing their thermal reflow properties.
In Table I, below, a typical lead borate glass, C-223, is compared with some developmental chemically durable seal glasses in terms of thermal properties, chemical composition and chemical resistance in an alkaline electrostatic ink-solution of pH 10.5. All glasses were exposed to the ink for at least 24 hours and the degree of corrosion was accelerated during the test by increasing the ink temperature from 25� to 60� C. By using small rods of the glass, the surface area exposed to the ink was greatly increased. These rods were characterized with a diameter of 0.042 inches. A 24 hour test of this nature was found to be equivalent to a 300 hour test on an equal amount of glass tested as a single mass.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Thermal properties, compositions and alkaline resistance of a typicallead borate glassC-223 and developmental glassesOxide, wt% C-223 S-231 S-269 S-260 S-283 S-271 S-315 S-318 S-345 S-409 S-412 S-418__________________________________________________________________________PbO 58.0 56.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 50.0 51.0 53.5SiO2 10.0 8.0 8.0 10.0 10.0 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 18.0 18.0 15.0B2 O3 19.5 19.0 6.9 17.0 15.0 7.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 10.0 11.0 12.0ZrO2 3.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5ZnO 4.0 4.0 9.0 4.0 3.5 4.5 3.5 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5Na2 O 1.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 5.0 6.5 5.0 3.5 2.5 1.0BaO 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0CaO 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5MgO 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5Al2 O3 4.0 4.0 8.0 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 4.0CdO 60.0 56.6 67.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.0 2.0TiO2 2.0 2.0 2.0 0.25 0.25 0.25CuO 2.0GeO2 2.0 3.0La2 O3 0.5 0.25 0.25 0.25Cu2 O 2.0 2.0 2.0α � 10-7 /�C. 69.0 75.0 78.5 86.1 75.4 80.0 71.3 88.6 81.3 80.7 76.0 69.5(24-300� C.)Ts, �C. 522 531 622 560 605 572 588 570 594 529 533 532Ta, �C. 434 445 483 471 522 454 462 448 468 418 422 431Wt. Loss 10.28 4.04 4.91 2.69 2.55 0.412 0.212 0.223 0.144 0.404 0.837 0.573(mg/cm2)*in alkaline ink,pH = 10.5__________________________________________________________________________ *24 hour accelerated test at 60� C.
Although, it can be seen that the thermal properties of the chemically durable "S" glasses are slightly greater in value than those of the C-223 glass, results show that most of these glasses are quite compatible with the nozzle glasses (particularly A-192*) of the aforesaid patent U.S. Pat. No. 4,122,460, in terms of thermal properties, e.g. they can be reflowed sufficiently in the temperature range of 700�-750� C. This suitable reflowability is attributed to the inclusion of PbO, Na2 O and/or CdO in the seal glass composition. The oxides are known for their ability to decrease the viscosity of glasses.
The data in Table I also shows the chemical durability of the various glasses with respect to an alkaline ink solution. The weight losses of the seal glasses are much less than that of the C-223 glass in an alkaline ink of pH 10.5. For example, the S-345 seal glass exhibits a weight loss that
______________________________________*Composition A-192, wt. %______________________________________SiO2 58.5 MgO 4.0ZrO2 19.0 K2 O 2.0Na2 O 16.0 As2 O3 0.5Ts �C. 863 Ta �C. 673______________________________________ Loss** (mg/cm2) 0.0053 α = 88.1 � 10-7 /� C (24-300� C) ** Accelerated test 24 hours at 60� C, in acidic ink pH 6.25, see FIG. 9, 4,122,260 for Alkali resistance. is 71 times less than the weight loss of the C-223 glass. However, the S-315 glass is a more preferred glass for sealing A-192 glass nozzles into an array, since it has thermal properties that are more compatible with the nozzle glass, even though its weight loss is 48 times less than the C-223 glass, and only 15 times more than nozzle glass A-192 in a pH 10.5 alkaline ink.
It is noted, that samples of the C-223 and S-231 glasses almost completely disintegrated in both the alkaline and acidic ink solutions (pH 10.5 and 6.25) when tested for 24 hours at 60� C. The other glasses listed in Table I only disintegrated in the acidic ink to any noticeable degree, and this can be considered poor acid-resistant glasses.
Glasses of the S-315 and S-283 types have several features that make them the best available glasses for sealing or encasing glass nozzles into arrays for use in ink-jet devices that require an alkaline ink-solution for printing.
These features include alkali-resistance of seal glasses such as the lead silicate S-315 and the cadmium borate S-283 type, which is better than any seal glass known at this time.
Also seal glasses S-315 and S-283 can readily be drawn into fibers, rods or cane free of crystal with a capability to be reflowed around glass nozzles without chemical reaction occurring at the surface's interfaces.
Also, such glasses have thermal properties that are relatively compatible with those of the nozzle glasses, such as A-192.
Moreover, a glass such as the S-315 type (that is basically a lead silicate with significant additions of ZrO2, B2 O, CaO, MgO, Al2 O3, and TiO2 and CdO to further impart alkali-resistance) offers a better solution to the fabrication of highly alkali-resistant ink-jet nozzle arrays than any seal glass/nozzle glass composite known to date.
It has been determined that seal glasses which have good corrosion resistance toward alkaline ink solutions do not necessarily have similar corrosion resistance against an acidic ink solution; and because of this determination, several glasses have been developed which have significantly improved resistance against the corrosive attack of acidic ink solutions (e.g. pH 6.25).
In Table II, the composition, thermal properties and ink resistances of the new glasses are compared with those of the C-223 glass. The table shows that most of the glasses have softening temperatures, anneal temperatures and expansion coefficients slightly greater than the C-223 glass. However, this has not been found to be a problem in making seal glass/nozzle glass composite. In practice, reflow experiments have indicated that the viscosity of the new glasses, at 700� C., is as good or better than that of the lead borate glass C-223. This low viscosity is attributed directly to the high P2 O5 content in the composition of the glasses.
TABLE II______________________________________Thermal properties, compositions and ink resistanceof the new "S" glasses and C-223 glass. - Oxide, wt% C-223 S-347 S-319 S-289 S-290______________________________________P2 O5 -- 69.5 69.5 70.0 15.3PbO 58.0 -- -- -- --SiO2 10.0 2.5 4.0 5.0 --B2 O3 19.5 -- -- -- 18.3ZrO2 -- 2.0 0.5 -- --ZnO 4.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 66.4Na2 O -- 4.0 4.0 3.0 --Al2 O3 4.0 7.0 7.5 8.0 --TiO2 -- 1.0 0.5 -- --MgO 2.5 -- -- -- --CuO 2.0 -- -- -- --α � 10-7 /� C. 69.0 74.9 83.0 77.8 54.6(24�-300� C.)Ts (�C.) 522 578 563 572 580Ta (�C.) 434 457 439 448 503Wt. Loss 15.2 0.185 0.279 0.414 2.24(mg/cm2)* inpH 6.25 acidic ink______________________________________ *24 hour accelerated test at 60� C.
As will be noted Table II also gives the chemical durability of the various glasses with respect to a slightly acidic electrostatic ink (pH=6.25). All of the developmental seal glasses exhibit weight losses that are much less than that of the C-223 glass. The seal glass, with the designation S-347, has been found to be the best glass for making structurally sound highly acid-resistant nozzle arrays, because this glass is thermally compatible with the nozzle glass A-192, in terms of expansion coefficient and because it exhibits a very high corrosion resistance towards the acidic ink solutions. The S-347 type of glass has, in combination, the lowest Ts and α, and the highest Ta and acidic corrosion resistance of any seal glass known to date. The weight loss of the S-347 glass, in the acidic ink, is 82 times less than that of the C-223 glass, and only 30 times more than the A-192 nozzle glass.
When the seal glasses, in Table II, were exposed to the alkaline (pH=10.5) ink solution for 24 hours at 60� C., they showed signs of severe corrosion; and thus they are not adapted for use in alkali inks.
A glass, such as the S-347 type (that is essentially a P2 O5 zinc oxide containing glass with small amounts of ZrO2, Al2 O3, TiO2, SiO2 and/or Na2 O to substantially improve acid resistance) provides a better solution to the fabrication of a good acid-resistant ink-jet glass nozzle arrays than any seal glass known at the present time.
In summary, U.S. Pat. No. 4,122,460 has disclosed excellent corrosion resistant glasses (e.g. A-192, see Table III and FIG. 9 of this patent) which are complemented by the seal glasses of this invention, which are compatible with each other to form an ink-jet nozzle assembly. These seal glasses, in addition to having appropriate thermal properties to be able to be reflowed about the nozzle glass and result in low stress ink-jet nozzle package, also possess chemical resistance about 75 times better than presently available high-lead borate glass.
As shown in FIG. 1, a plate assembly is illustrated for the fabrication of multiple nozzle arrays. Plates 1 and 2, preferably of the same material (e.g. A-192 glass) or ceramic, and surface area, are machined to provide parallel, deep, trapezoidal-type slots 6 and 7 along one surface thereof. Plate 1 is further machined to provide a single wide groove 3 and smaller grooves 4. Groove 3 must be wide enough to permit a plurality of capillary glass orifice elements or tubes 5, of this invention, to be placed snugly side by side across the entire length of the groove surface. Groove 3 may also be slightly tapered in the corners or have undercuts in the inside corners. Smaller grooves 4 may take any dimension to assure a flow of a first sealing glass between the plates to guarantee a bond between plates 1 and 2. Groove 8 provides for alignment of the plates when assembled.
FIG. 1 shows plates 1 and 2 joined to form a plate assembly 9. It will be noted that slots 6 and 7 are perfectly aligned by wire 10 in groove 8. The wire is made of heat resistant material, e.g., tungsten. Such alignment is necessary since the area between each adjacent pair of slots will later be cut to form the multiple nozzle wafers. At this time, the plates are joined, but not sealed, and the capillary glass tubes 5 (e.g. A-192 glass) are shown resting loosely in groove 3.
FIG. 2 shows a plate assembly 9 held upright to permit downward melt flow of a first glass seal or cane glass 14 (e.g. S-315 for alkali ink application or S-347 for acidic ink application) when the assembly and support are placed in a furnace and heated. The glass tubes are shown extended beyond the lower portion of the assembly to prevent possible orifice blockage caused by melt flow up the tubes due to capillary action.
FIG. 2 also is shown as a partial cross-sectional view, taken along lines 2--2 of assembly 9 of FIG. 1. It will be seen that the trapezoidal-type slots on both sides of glass tube 5 permit the glass seal or cane glass 14 to rest snugly against the glass tube on both sides and, therefore, when melted (e.g. at about 700�-750� C.), to flow freely, due to capillary and gravity action, to cause the glass area between each upper slot and lower slot to seal in a void and bubble free manner.
FIG. 3 illustrates one way in which plate assembly 9 may be cut after the sealing operation, wherein a plurality of uniformly spaced sawing elements 15 are moved relative to the plate assembly 9. The assembly, mounted on a fixture of a gang sawing machine, is fed parallel with the plane of the saws while cutting takes place. While rotary saws are shown, reciprocating blade saws can also be used. It should be understood that wafers can also be cut singly in accordance with accepted techniques, although simultaneous cutting of the wafers 16 with a gangsaw arrangement is preferred, since it produces more uniform thickness throughout the length of the wafer. In the disclosed arrangement which forms a part of the invention, the cross slots 6 and 7 reduce the area of the section cut and serve as a means for introducing an appropriate coolant as close as possible to the saw blades and the glass tubes. This assures a cutting operation without tube or seal glass damage.
FIG. 4 shows a typical wafer 16 with the formed glass melt or seal 30 in grooves 3 and 4 which fully seals the tubes and provides a bond between the plates. After a wafer is cut, there are performed precision lapping and polishing operations that are known, e.g. see the IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, December 1974, Vol. 17, No. 7, p. 2171. After one side of the wafer 16 has been suitably lapped and polished, it is mounted, as shown in FIG. 5, on back-up plate 17 to form the head of an ink jet recording apparatus. The back-up plate should preferably be the same material, i.e. ceramic or glass, as the wafer, although this is not mandatory. As for the mounting operations, this may be done by applying a thin coating of glass solder or epoxy at least on that portion of the back-up plate coextensive with the dimensions of the wafer and entirely around the passageway opening. With the wafer properly aligned on the plate, it is heated, thereby causing the solder glass or epoxy to be molten and, when cooled, to bond the wafer to the back-up plate. After mounting, the front side of the wafer is lapped and polished.
FIG. 5 illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of the mounted wafer 16, taken along lines 5--5 of FIG. 4, with proper alignment of the glass tube 5 and opening 18 of back-up plate 17. The opening in the back-up plate adjacent the wafer is larger than the glass tube opening but smaller than the annular diameter of the tube so that a fluid-tight seal is obtained to assure that when pressurized fluid is supplied to the plate, leakage will not occur around the tube.
While the invention has been illustrated and described with respect to preferred embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the precise construction herein disclosed and the right is reserved to all changes and modifications coming within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
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By Gary Lloyd TRUSSVILLE -- The Trussville City Council on Thursday approved its 2013-2014 fiscal year audit. Jennifer Sherman of Till, Hester, Eyer & Brown, P.C. said it was a "clean" audit. She said the city did a "phenomenal" job of keeping its expenses down that fiscal year, despite many refundings of warrants. [caption id="attachment_11308" align="alignleft" width="300"] Trussville City Hallfile ph ...Read more ›


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barbeque grill
How do you get /or what do you used to get the rust out of a stainless steel grill? I tried brillo soap pads but not too good - it was just from leaving it out all winter without a cover. stainless steel polish does nothing either.
Thanks much
I would stay away from using "polishes" or other chemicals on the grates that you cook your food on.
I'd suggest putting them on the grill and heating them up to the highest temperature possible for ~30 minutes or so to burn off any toxins. Then scrub with a grill brush. If they don't look satisfactory then buy new ones.
If they're really rusty, I question whether or not they were stainless to start with.
Are you talking the grates or the actual surface of the grill lid, frame, etc.?
If the grates, try burning them off. The cleanser, "Bar Keepers Friend" works wonderfully on stainless cookware combined with a blue ScotchBrite. I would imagine it would also works well on grill grates. Maybe use one of the green Scotchbrites since the appearance of the grates doesn't matter.
Thanks for the quick reply & sorry for MY real LATE reply -just now getting back my pc from being repaired. Actually I was talking about the surface of the grill I tried some BBQ grill cleaner by SPRAY NINE and it came out pretty good all the rust spots (on the surface) came out. still has some blemishes but all in all looking much better.
Thanks again guys & sorry for the delay getting back to you.


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NLP, or Neuro-Linguistic Programming, will show you how the mind works. Exploring all aspects of human psychology, from subconsciousness, emotions, and creativity to mind-modelling, overcoming fears and more, NLP can help you have a greater understanding of human psychology, and how it can be used to improve lives. With today's deal, you'll have lifetime access to Vizual Coaching's NLP course, which includes:
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Word of Mouth
11:53 am
Wed January 30, 2013
E-Cigarettes Suck In Users, Evade Regulation
Long gone are the days of Joe Camel and the Marlboro Man. (The last television ad for a cigarette, incidentally, aired on January 1, 1971 at 11:59pm, right up to the second an advertising ban took effect.) The tobacco industry faces strict regulation, but the market for E-cigarettes is still an unregulated, wild, wild west with endorsements ranging from Playboy Playmates to Stephen Dorff.
Chris Robbins wrote about the growing and still unregulated industry of electronic cigarettes for Gothamist.com.
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We're accessing the content via filepath, since using \localhost\sharename when the machine is offline doesn't work even though the content is on the machine. The problem with that is that then it's running in the local machine zone, and you get the warning about running ActiveX controls (even if that's set to 'allow' in the options menu on IE).
So I'm using Mark of the Web to act as if the content is saved from localhost. I appended it with the requisite vbCrLf to the start of the HTML page that's being dynamically written every time a link is clicked. When I open the resulting page in IE, I no longer get the ActiveX warning, and everything works. However, when I use WebBrowser.Navigate to that filepath, I still get the warning. Any idea how to get rid of that?