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The Integrative Aspects of Cardiac Physiology and their
Implications for Cell-based Therapy
Daniël A. Pijnappels1, Serge Gregoire2, and Sean M. Wu2,3,*
1Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
2Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts
General Hospital, Boston, MA 3Harvard Stem Cell Institute
Cardiac development is characterized by a complex interplay of chemical, mechanical, and electrical
forces, which together contribute to the proper formation of the heart muscle. In adult myocardium,
cardiomyocytes are elongated, well-coupled by gap junctions, and organized in spatially well-defined
muscle fibers. This specific tissue architecture affects electromechanical activation and global
cardiac function. Since the adult heart has only limited capacity for repair after injury, a significant
loss of myocardial tissue often leads to impaired cardiac function. Recent efforts to transplant
autologous cells to counteract this cardiomyocyte loss have resulted in marginal functional
improvement and no evidence of myocyte regeneration. In order to achieve durable therapeutic
efficiency, the transplanted cells will need to not only be cardiomyogenic, but also functionally
integrate with host myocardial tissue and thereby contribute to both structural and functional
Cell therapy; ischemic heart disease; functional integration; cardiac architecture
The heart is a muscular organ with a unique three-dimensional (3D) architecture that is
optimized for efficient electrical and mechanical activation. This heart muscle tissue remains
active throughout the entire lifespan with only limited, or no degree of self-renewal after injury.
1,2 The disruption of the myocardial architecture, as a result of myocardial infarction, bears
serious consequences for the electrical activation and proper pump function of the heart leading
to malignant conditions, such as ventricular arrhythmia and heart failure.
Pioneering work in the past century to document the physiology and pathology of the
cardiovascular system has provided us with novel insights on the myocardial structure and
function. This knowledge has led to the development of the most effective strategies to diagnose
and treat cardiovascular diseases. While traditional therapeutic options targeting symptomatic
relief of patients with heart failure have been reasonably successful, there has been no effective
therapy developed targeting the underlying cause – cardiomyocyte loss or dysfunction. More
recently, cell therapy was introduced as a potential therapeutic treatment modality for patients
*Address for correspondence: Sean M. Wu, M.D. Ph.D., Room 3224, Simches Building, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185
Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA, Phone: 1-617-643-3458, Fax: 1-617-643-3451, firstname.lastname@example.com.
NIH Public Access
Author Manuscript
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Published in final edited form as:
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010 February ; 1188: 7–14. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05077.x.
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with heart failure due to ischemic heart disease. Although still in its infancy, cell-based therapy
has the potential to reconstitute damaged heart by repopulating infarcted areas with new cells.
These cells, if capable of integrating functionally with residual cardiomyocytes, may improve
or restore cardiac function through a variety of mechanisms, including cardiomyogenic
differentiation and paracrine effects. For cell therapy to become successful it is not only
necessary to select the most appropriate cell type for transplantation and route of delivery, but
also to understand the way these new cells will have to be incorporated into the myocardium
in order to prevent rhythm and conduction disturbances. In this article we will focus on these
integrative aspects of cardiac cell therapy. First, the architecture of the normal myocardium
will be described. This is followed by a brief overview of the current status of cardiac cell
therapy for ischemic heart diseases and aspects of functional integration of transplanted cells
with host myocardium tissue. And finally, we will conclude with the future perspective on cell-
based cardiac therapy.
To understand how transplanted cells might integrate with host cardiac tissue and contribute
to positive force generation, it is essential to first consider normal myocardial tissue architecture
and electrical and mechanical activation of the myocardium. During cardiac development,
different types of progenitor cells contribute to the formation of muscular, vascular, conductive,
and interstitial cells. Developmental processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, and
migration are integral in the generation of organized structures. Only recently it was recognized
that these cardiovascular progenitor cells belong to a family of closely related cells.3–7 During
early development, round-shaped cardiomyoblasts elongate through unidirectional growth and
align in a specific orientation in response to directional stress.
How the process of elongation and alignment is governed, to generate a short and a long cell
axis, is still not fully understood. Processes, such as electrical activation8 and mechanical
stretch9,10 appear to be involved. Extracellular matrix is likely to play an important role.
Existing literature suggests that extracellular matrix malformations, which give rise to
increased structural heterogeneity, can be responsible for some cardiac pathologies.11
As early cardiomyoblasts begin to mature into spontaneously contracting cardiomyocyte
precursors, intercalated disc components, such as gap junction proteins (e.g. connexin 43),
become clustered at the short cell axis of cardiomyocytes.12 Consequently, these rod-shaped
cells are predominantly coupled in the longitudinal direction while each cardiomyocyte can
act as a single excitable and contractile unit. These initially one to two-dimensional myofibers
subsequently connect in the long axis of the fiber to form a 3D myocardium. The formation of
a 3D myocardial structure allows the establishment and maintenance of efficient electrical
conduction. This 3D multicellular functional syncytium, consisting of myofibers with specific
architectural characteristics, is required to generate enough force to extrude the blood from the
ventricles.13 Importantly, the presence of normal myocardial architecture has functional
implications for electrical conduction across the cardiac muscle. In particular, conduction of
the electrical impulse parallel to the myocardial fiber axis (longitudinal) is about 3 times faster
than perpendicular to the fiber axis (transverse), indicating anisotropic conduction14 (i.e.
heterogeneity of a physiological property for a certain material when measured along different
axes). In contrast, isotropy refers to homogeneity in each direction. The preferential anisotropic
conduction is determined by 3 factors: cell geometry, cell size, and gap junction distribution
During electrical activation of the heart, a wavefront is propagated from the endocardium to
the epicardium in a spiral-like fashion, guided by the orientation of myofibers in the working
myocardium. As a result of this fiber arrangement and the resulting electrical activation pattern,
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the left ventricle wall shortens, thickens, and twists along the long axis during normal cardiac
cycles, extruding a maximal volume of blood from the ventricles. In addition, this typical
cardiac architecture also influences diastolic function.16
A fine balance between the different cell types, their distribution patterns, and degree of
communication allows the heart to be optimally efficient as an electromechanical pump. This
diversity of physiologically interdependent cell types is markedly disturbed after myocardial
infarction, which results in replacement of well-coupled electrically active cardiomyocytes by
scar tissue, containing primarily unexcitable fibroblasts and an electrically insulating
extracellular matrix.17 Consequently, contractile performance and impulse propagation across
the scarred myocardium are hampered.
These conditions may seriously affect global cardiac function and eventually lead to symptoms
of heart failure.
Given the inability of the adult heart to fully repair itself, the concept of using cells as the basis
for therapy holds tremendous promise to improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction
presumably through a variety of mechanisms including improved vascularization, reduced
adverse remodeling, prevention of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and enhanced electromechanical
activation of damaged areas.18 In recent years, a significant number of experimental studies,
and a smaller number of clinical trials, have examined the therapeutic potential of cell
transplantation in the damaged heart. Transplantation of almost any cell type has been shown
to improve cardiac function. These beneficial effects were associated with reduced infarct size,
ischemic burden, and improved cardiac contractile function. So far, cell-based therapies have
been performed in patients from a few clinical scenarios including acute myocardial infarction,
chronic ischemia, and heart failure. Most of these studies involve transplanting bone marrow
mononuclear cells because of their autologous source, low tumorigenic risk, and the ease of
cell harvesting. Other cell types, such as endogenous cardiac stem cells, mesenchymal stem
cells, hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and skeletal myoblasts have also
been extensively studied in animal models. These different cell types are likely to all induce
functional improvement but via distinct mechanisms. Therefore, it will be of great interest to
determine the most optimal cell type for transplantation in each specific cardiac disease.
Interestingly, although most experimental cell therapy studies reported improvement in cardiac
function after cell transplantation, the cell engraftment rate was shown to be rather low,
reaching only 2–5% of the total number of transplanted cells.19 The low engraftment rate
suggests that paracrine effects are responsible for the observed improvement in cardiac
function. Yet, for cell therapy to provide a longer-term durable solution to patients with MI or
heart failure, the transplanted cells should be capable of undergoing cardiomyogenic
differentiation into adult cardiomyocytes and functionally integrate with surrounding host
cardiac tissue.
In most experimental and clinical studies of cell-based therapy thus far, transplanted cells have
been introduced by either intracoronary infusion or direct injection into damaged myocardial
areas. In both of these cases the resulting graft is not properly guided in its spatial orientation
relative to the host myocardial tissue. It had been hoped that the extracellular matrix would
somehow guide the proper alignment of the transplanted cells or else the cells would have the
intrinsic capacity to organize themselves into a fully structured and integrated myocardium
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following transplantation. Nevertheless, due to the presence of a deteriorated extracellular
matrix and disturbed electromechanical activation patterns in these damaged regions, no cell
transplantation studies have yet shown the creation of a fully organized, functional, and
electrically integrated myocardium. It had been hypothesized that if cells are implanted in the
border-zone of an infarction, where viable myocardial tissue are present, these transplanted
cells may receive enough stimuli from normal myocardial tissue nearby to align properly and
regenerate normal tissue architecture within the scar region. To date, data for successful cell
engraftment and tissue creation from the border-zone into the scar region remains lacking.
Much work will be required to fully understand how the implanted cells might be able to
integrate within the surrounding myocardium.
The consequences of misalignment of transplanted cells within native tissue may be quite
severe. The increased electrical heterogeneity around the graft area could potentially lead to
lethal ventricular arrhythmias, dyssynchronous contraction, and decreased cardiac output.
Approaches that enforce transplanted cells to adapt to the native tissue structure, either with
or without the use of tissue engineering approaches or pharmacological adjuvants, may
contribute to improved therapeutic efficiency and safety.
Of note, in the developing heart, cells are guided in their alignment and arrangement by a well-
structured extracellular matrix, and by electro-mechanical stimuli. However, all of these are
missing or deteriorated in the infarcted myocardium. Nevertheless, clinical cell therapy with
bone marrow mononuclear cells appears to be relatively safe. This may be due to the low
percentage of transplanted cells that actually engrafts in the recipient myocardium and,
therefore, does not create enough electrical heterogeneity within the already distorted scar
region. This further confirms that the therapeutic effects associated with bone marrow
mononuclear cell therapy are mainly attributed to paracrine effects, instead of formation of de
novo cardiac cells in the areas of damaged myocardium. In the future, with improved delivery
methods, the engraftment rate of cells after transplantation might increase resulting in increased
risk of arrythmia and adverse effects. It would be of great interest to develop innovative ways
to repair the damaged myocardium that allows recapitulation of the normal myocardial
While transplantation of new cells in the infarcted myocardium may lead to improved cardiac
function through a variety of different mechanisms, these transplanted cells must functionally
integrate with surrounding cardiac tissue, and thereby contribute to restoring
electrophysiological homogeneity of the damaged myocardium. If differentiated into
functional CMCs, these cells should approximate the same mechanical properties as host cells
(i.e. rigidity and force generation) in order for proper contribution to cardiac function.20 To do
so, these transplanted cells must couple to neighbouring cardiomyocytes and conduct electrical
impulses with the same velocity as the adjacent endogenous cardiomyocytes.21 Furthermore,
these transplant-derived cardiomyocytes must also align with native cardiomyocytes to restore
tissue structure thereby contributing to anisotropic conduction.
Currently, the alignment, or spatial integration, of transplanted cells with host cardiac tissue
has mostly been studied in vitro.22 Soonpaa et al. showed more than 15 years ago the presence
of gap junctions between transplanted fetal CMCs and host myocardium,23 which most likely
allowed low-resistance trafficking of ions and signalling molecules up to 1 kD to take place
between these cells. In addition, a two-photon molecular excitation laser scanning microscopy
was later used to prove functional integration of transplanted cells at the level of single cell,
by simultaneous imaging of calcium transients in donor and host cells within the myocardium.
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24 Interestingly, one of the potential beneficial effects of cell therapy appears to involve
improved gap junction coupling between cells within the scar area by transplanted cells.25 In
support of this, transplantation of cells lacking Cx43 significantly worsened cardiac function,
as these became electrically isolated from surrounding host cardiac tissue, thereby increasing
electrical heterogeneity and giving rise to harmful arrythmia.26
To further emphasize the importance of gap junctions in functional integration and therapeutic
efficacy, Cx43 was forced expressed in skeletal myoblasts that are typically devoided of Cx43.
This resulted in the elimination of the malignant arrythmia associated with skeletal myoblast
transplantation.27 These experiments highlighted the importance of gap junction coupling of
transplanted cells with native cells in order to gain therapeutic benefit from cell transplantation
in the heart. However, while gap junction coupling seems to be mandatory for a beneficial
outcome, the extent of gap junction coupling between excitable and unexcitable cells, in terms
of ratios, appeared to affect this outcome. As an example, investigators have shown that
increasing the number of unexcitable mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (>10%) relative to the
number of cultured, excitable CMCs, significantly increased the risk for arrhythmias, whereas
a lower number of MSCs (<10%) did not result in these harmful conduction abnormalities.28
Beyond electrical coupling between transplanted cells and the host myocardium, these cells
must also function in synchrony with the existing myocardium. This issue is highlighted by
the fact that in human heart failure, despite the presence of electrical coupling in all of the
myocardial cells, they do not always produce synchronized contraction. Although the origin
of this dyssynchrony is due most commonly to conduction block, the effect of dyssynchronous
contraction clearly contributes to impaired systolic function. This suggests that for the
transplanted cells to achieve functional, and not just electrical, integration, they must be
electromechanically similar if not identical to the endogenous adult myocardium. As most
stem/progenitor cells used in cell therapy do not easily differentiate into mature adult
cardiomyocytes, alternative approaches may be necessary to enhance this process. One
possibility is to employ new technologies found in the emerging field of cardiac tissue
Much work remains as we now enter the second decade of cell-based therapy for cardiovascular
diseases. For autologous cell transplantation, in particular, bone marrow-derived cell studies,
we will need to better define the mechanisms of benefit as well as demonstration of efficacy
in hard clinical endpoints, such as decreased mortality and heart failure-related hospitalizations.
Future success of cell-based therapy will depend on our understanding of the most optimal cell
type, the best time point of delivery, the selection of the most appropriate patient, and the
development of pharmacological or tissue engineering-based adjuvant to cell therapy that could
promote survival, engraftment, expansion, differentiation, and functional integration of
transplanted cells.
With regards to the cell type used for therapy, the recent derivation of pluripotent stem cells
from somatic cells raises exciting prospect that one day these cells may be used as autologous
cells for clinical application. Takahashi and Yamanaka made a remarkable breakthrough when
they showed that adult mouse and subsequently human somatic cells could be reprogrammed
into pluripotent cells by enforced expression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.31,32 These
induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells behave very similarly to embryonic stem (ES) cells in
various aspects including morphology, expression of pluripotency markers, ability to generate
teratoma, and contribution to germline in chimeric mice. They have also been described to
differentiate into beating CMCs in vitro.32 The advantages of iPS cells over ES cells include
less ethical controversy, easier to derive, and autologous in origin. Furthermore, the recent
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demonstration that viral integration is not essential for the derivation of iPS cells has further
enhanced its potential for clinical applications.33
As iPS cells can be derived from adult somatic cells, it will be possible, in the future, to derive
patient's own iPS cells for cell-based cardiac therapy. Furthermore, derivation of iPS cells from
patients suffering from selected genetic cardiac diseases may offer a unique opportunity to
study the pathogenesis of these diseases in vitro. These cells, if able to recapitulate disease
phenotype, may also be amenable to high-throughput drug screening to identify compounds
that may prevent the onset or reverse the progression of disease. As this exciting field of genetic
reprogramming moves forward, one may anticipate the development of novel therapies and
screening tools, provided that the differentiation and maturation of iPS cell-derived cells are
identical to those derived from human ES cells.
Cell-based therapy for ischemic heart diseases holds great promise to enhance cardiac function,
by improving or restoring both electrical and mechanical activation of damaged myocardial
regions. An important goal for this new decade of cardiac cell therapy will be to improve cell
engraftment, survival, and functional integration of cells at the site of implantation. The
development of new technologies to deliver these cells and support their survival and
cardiomyogenic differentiation within the damaged myocardium will be essential to recreate
normal myocardial anatomy and anisotropy.
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8. Au HT, et al. Interactive effects of surface topography and pulsatile electrical field stimulation on
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10. Reckova M, et al. Hemodynamics is a key epigenetic factor in development of the cardiac conduction
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15. Kleber AG, Rudy Y. Basic mechanisms of cardiac impulse propagation and associated arrhythmias.
Physiol Rev 2004;84:431–488. [PubMed: 15044680]
16. Buckberg G, et al. Cardiac mechanics revisited: the relationship of cardiac architecture to ventricular
function. Circulation 2008;118:2571–2587. [PubMed: 19064692]
17. Ertl G, Frantz S. Healing after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. Res 2005;66:22–32. [PubMed:
18. Segers VF, Lee RT. Stem-cell therapy for cardiac disease. Nature 2008;451:937–942. [PubMed:
19. Grauss RW, et al. Forced myocardin expression enhances the therapeutic effect of human
mesenchymal stem cells after transplantation in ischemic mouse hearts. Stem Cells 2008;26:1083–
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20. Pillekamp F, et al. Force measurements of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in an
in vitro transplantation model. Stem Cells 2007;25:174–180. [PubMed: 16973834]
21. Kehat I, et al. Electromechanical integration of cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem
cells. Nat. Biotechnol 2004;22:1282–1289. [PubMed: 15448703]
22. Pijnappels DA, et al. Forced alignment of mesenchymal stem cells undergoing cardiomyogenic
differentiation affects functional integration with cardiomyocyte cultures. Circ. Res 2008;103:167–
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23. Soonpaa MH, et al. Formation of nascent intercalated disks between grafted fetal cardiomyocytes
and host myocardium. Science 1994;264:98–101. [PubMed: 8140423]
24. Rubart M, et al. Physiological coupling of donor and host cardiomyocytes after cellular
transplantation. Circ. Res 2003;92:1217–1224. [PubMed: 12730096]
25. Roell W, et al. Engraftment of connexin 43-expressing cells prevents post-infarct arrhythmia. Nature
2007;450:819–824. [PubMed: 18064002]
26. Leobon B, et al. Myoblasts transplanted into rat infarcted myocardium are functionally isolated from
their host. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 2003;100:7808–7811. [PubMed: 12805561]
27. Abraham MR, et al. Antiarrhythmic Engineering of Skeletal Myoblasts for Cardiac Transplantation.
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31. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult
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Figure 1.
Embryonic myocardial development. (A) At embryonic day 8.5 in mouse, the cardiomyoblasts
(myosin heavy chain positive cells stained in black in top panel) that give rise to the eventual
compact and trabecular layers of the heart lie circumferentially along the linear heart tube
structure. The same two layered cells (yellow) are depicted in cartoon (bottom panel). (B) At
embryonic day 9.5, upon stimulation from signals provided by the endocardium (labeled Endo),
the inner layer of cardiomyoblast (labeled Myo and stained in black) delaminate to form the
first trabecular myocardial cells. The same cells (yellow) are depicted in cartoon (bottom
panel). (C). Subsequent proliferation of cardiomyoblasts along the circumferential wall of the
heart tube creates multiple layers of cells that become eventually the compact myocardium.
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Figure 2.
Effects of myocardial infarction on electromechanical activation. (A) Proper cardiac function
is ensured by coordinated electrical activation (indicated by equally spaced isochronal (dashed)
lines, which connect points of equal local activation times) and subsequent mechanical
activation of the working myocardium, resulting in efficient pump function, associated with
optimal cardiac output (thick dark blue arrow). (B) Myocardial infarction results in replacement
of well-coupled, excitable, and contractile myocardial tissue in poorly-coupled, nonexcitable,
noncontractile scar tissue, containing mainly fibroblasts and accumulating extracellular matrix.
Hence, electrical (indicated by distorted shape and distribution of isochronal lines) and
mechanical activation of the myocardium are severely disturbed, affecting global cardiac
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function and resulting in decreased cardiac output (thin dark blue arrow). Cardiac cell therapy
may counteract these detrimental effects by repopulating the damaged areas with new cells.
Figure by S. Blankevoort (department of Anatomy and Embryology, LUMC, Leiden, the
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Figure 3.
Myocardial tissue architecture and spatial aspects of cardiac cell therapy for myocardial
infarction. The following scenarios are postulated for situations in which high engraftment
rates could be achieved after cell transplantation. (A) Normal ventricular tissue structure and
the oblique fiber orientation across the myocardial wall. In cardiac cell therapy, cells are
directly injected into regions of infarcted myocardium (oval area), to improve cardiac function.
(B) Potential effects of misalignment of implanted cells on therapeutic outcome and hazardous
potential. In addition, these implanted cells may differentiate into functional, contractile
CMCs*. (C) Potential benefits from forced alignment of implanted cells. As a result, the
therapeutic potential of cardiac cell therapy may increase, while the hazardous potential
decreases. Figure by S. Blankevoort (department of Anatomy and Embryology, LUMC,
Leiden, the Netherlands).
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text:
I have been planning on getting the 10 gallon Rubbermaid beverage cooler from HD, but I have seen rectangular 48 quart coolers for under $20. Do you think the 10 gallon is worth double the price?
I use the 48 quart cube, I don't think you can beat it for the price.
On Tap: IIPA w\ DFH 120 Yeast
On Tap: IIPA
On Tap: Belgian Dubbel
On Tap: Apfelwine
Fermenting: American Barelywine, Porter
On Deck: Blood Red IIPA
Beer is the proof that God loves us and wants us to be happy......Ben Franklin
Gig'em Aggies, Beat the Hell out of t.u.
I went from the 48 to the 10 gal round, the only benefit is i get more consistant volume runoffs. Also it is 100 times easier to dump the spent grains.
primaries: BRown Ale
secondaries: Rye IPA
Bottled: IPA, Pigs ear brown clone, stovepipe porter, German Alt, Oktober fest ale, Smoked IPA, failed pale ale, 1st AG ESB, belgian wit, Ipa#2, , Lake wheat, fish Red ale, Smoked wheat,
KEGS: blonde Nugs , Sugar pale light, chin nook ale (gone in 1 week)
I am in the market for a MLT.
and I was thinking the same thing... which one.
I know most people make theirs on the cheap... not that I am made of $ but I am not the best DIY person.
So I was leaning towards the 10gal drink cooler and installing this bottom
Any thoughts about this bottom? it is 30$ .. I went and saw it today... I was concerned that the grain would get clogged?>
Any thoughts?
I've had times when that extra 2 gal. difference between the 48 qt. and the 10 gal. would have come in handy but I'm doing 10 gal batches. If I had it to do all over again I would probably go with the 48 qt. but only an Extreme or Max Cold not a regular cooler.
I'm getting ready to build an MLT also, but wont be AG'n for awhile.
Will i have any trouble if i get a big one now and use it for PMs. I figure the 48 qt rectangular wont be so great because of the area involved with a smaller grain bill and such.
I hope to do 10 gallon batches and may have a hookup to a Keg i can convert for my brew pot that is as long as my Dad's memory is correct on him having a keg on the farm someplace.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
We loved our romantic dinner on the patio of Rouge! The patio was beyond perfect - quaint yet lively and with great service throughout. Our food was excellent - great ingredients and preparation that blew us away. We recommend Rouge and can't wait to get back for our next night out!
If you own or manage Rouge, register now for free tools to enhance your listing, attract new reviews, and respond to reviewers.


text:
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The Sunscape Curacao Resort Spa & Casino has an outdoor pool, a sauna and a free town center shuttle service. This all inclusive features massage services and free parking on site. There are 4 people looking at this hotel. More
Latest Booking: March 27
Saint Tropez Apartments & Suites 274
Saint Tropez Apartments & Suites is a property located in central Willemstad, just 20 minutes' drive from Hato International Airport. The complex is located beachfront and features an outdoor pool. More
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Lions Dive and Beach Resort 195
On a private beach, Lions Dive and Beach Resort is set within the National Curaçao Underwater Park. This luxury, eco-friendly resort features a spa, outdoor pool and rooms with balconies. There are 2 people looking at this resort. More
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Sonesta Kura Hulanda Village & Spa 174
Sonesta Kura Hulanda Village & Spa is home to a spa and an anthropology museum. There are 2 people looking at this hotel. More
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Renaissance Curacao Resort 293
Featuring a private beach club, the Carnaval Casino and a full-service spa, this Willemstad, Curacao resort is in the center of the Dutch Caribbean. The rooms include 32-inch flat-screen cable TVs. There is 1 person looking at this hotel. More
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The Royal Sea Aquarium Resort 196
On a private island next to Curaçao Sea Aquarium, the Royal Sea Aquarium Resort features 2 swimming pools, a hot tub and a private beach. There is 1 person looking at this resort. More
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BijBlauw 190
BijBlauw is located over the seafront, 10 minutes' walk from Willemstad's Historic Centre and 4 km from Curaçao Sea Aquarium. It features stunning sea views, a garden and a free Wi-Fi throughout. More
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The Strand of Curacao 59
Set on private stretch of beach, The Strand of Curacao offers apartments with balconies and sea views. More
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San Marco Hotel Curacao & Casino 328
Located one block from the Curaçao Synagogue and the Floating Market in Willemstad, Curacao, this hotel and casino provides international phone lines and free Wi-Fi in guest rooms. There is 1 person looking at this hotel. More
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Boutique Hotel 't Klooster 137
This Willemstad, Curacao hotel is 6 miles from Hato International Airport and features Augustinus Restaurant. There are 2 people looking at this hotel. More
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Atlanta Beach Hotel Curaçao 104
Atlanta Beach Hotel Curacao is located just a 1-minute walk from the beach and a 2-minute walk to the famous Mambo Beach Boulevard shopping and entertainment centre. More
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Veneto Casino Holiday Beach Resort 237
On a private area of Coconut Beach, Veneto Casino Holiday Beach Resort features an outdoor pool, a 24-hour gym, a casino and a nightclub. Each stylish, air-conditioned room has a private balcony. More
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Lovely 4 Bed Semi Detached House in Harborne Garage Large Drive 3 Receptions Fitted Kitchen Garden
A well maintained four bedroomed, semi-detached property in sought after location on Croftdown Road in Harborne is becoming available for rent. Large fitted kitchen, good sized reception room, second reception room and study. Four good sized bedrooms
- Agency
- Date available: 23 Mar 2015
- House
- 4 Beds


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Friday, October 30, 2009
3rd Quarter GDP and Land Development...
Much has been made about the 3.5% 3rd quarter GDP number released this week and how it seems to suggest an end to this deep recession. As Lee Corso would say though, "Not so fast, my friend!"
Indeed, the Calculated Risk blog explains why, if you dig into that number, the results are not as encouraging.
This is primarily because one statistic that historically indicates the ending of a recession--new homes sales--remains quite underwhelming even with the recent positive GDP increase. Combine that with a very low number for new home starts and it's pretty clear that land use and development is not going to play a significant role in ending any recession right now.
The current reported inventory of available homes is so high that it makes little sense to start a great deal of new ones. The word "reported" is important because it is very likely that banks still hold a large number of available homes on their balance sheet but have yet to make them available for sale for a variety of reasons.
The result? As Calculated Risk suggests--a circular problem:
Unfortunately ... the two leading sectors, residential investment (RI) and personal consumption expenditures (PCE), will both be under pressure for some time. The Census Bureau report this morning showed that there are still far too many excess housing units (homes and rental units) available. There cannot be a sustained recovery in RI without a boom in new home sales and housing starts, and it is difficult to imagine a boom in new home sales with the large overhang of housing units.
It takes household formation to reduce the excess inventory, and household formation requires job creation so that individuals and families will feel more confident and move out of their parent's basements. Some day there will be a boom in household formation, once job creation returns, but usually the first jobs in a recovery are from RI and PCE - so the economy is in sort of a circular trap.
Chad Emerson, Faulkner U.
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Arizona Coyotes
Updated Jul 12, 2014 - 11:57 am
Arizona Coyotes re-sign David Moss to one-year deal
The Arizona Coyotes signed forward David Moss to a one-year contract Friday.
Moss, an eight-year NHL veteran, has played with the Coyotes for the last two seasons, tallying 13 goals and 29 assists in that span.
Coyotes insider Sarah McClellan reports the one-year, one-way deal is for $800,000. He previously earned $4.2 million over two years in the Valley.
The 32-year-old spent the first six years of his career with the Calgary Flames, where he scored 61 goals and had 63 assists.
"David is an intelligent, steady, reliable player who fits into our style of play," general manager Don Maloney said in a statement. "We are pleased David decided to resign with us in Arizona."
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Coyotes Audio
- Dave Tippett- Coyotes head coachDave Tippett says neither team was trying to lose last night in Buffalo.
- Jeremy White- WGR 550 Morning Show HostJeremy White describes the atmosphere in Buffalo when the Yotes came to town.
- Jeremy White- WGR 550 Morning Show HostJeremy White says the Sabres have been planning on losing all along.
- Bickley BlastThe Coyotes have a must-lose hockey game tonight.
- Shane Doan, Coyotes captainShane Doan says he and his teammates would never tank a game.


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2303, 2015
Virginia Garcia's SBHCs are Pedaling Towards Health
Virginia Garcia's five School-Based Health Centers (SBHC) are […]
1703, 2015
Healthy kids: Beaverton High school-based health center proving successful, so far
By Wendy Owens
Beaverton High School's newly opened […]
2402, 2015
Virginia Garcia Unites Care Teams in Managing Population Health
HCE Exchange
By Patricia Chaney
Historically, Federally Qualified Health Centers […]
7th Annual Health Care Symposium
Your mouth is a window into your body's overall health. Dr. Paul Glassman and our panel of experts will examine the crucial role of integrating dental care into a primary care home.
Be a Virginia Garcia GEM
It's simple and convenient. Set it up once and don't worry about it again.


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Showing 1,153-1,248 of 1,553 items found in Outdoors & Play
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Tapley Woods State Natural Area
Located 5 miles west of Elizabeth, IL, this 260 timbered acres provides public hunting areas, hiking and nature viewing.
Bureau County Metro Center
The Bureau County Metro Center is a 50,000 square-foot recreation center with full size gymnasium; 25-yard indoor swimming pool with wading pool and observation balcony; racquetball courts; weight room; cardio-vascular room, elevated running/walking track above the gym; and locker rooms. A 40' x 80' multi-purpose room with adjacent kitchen provides the perfect setting for conventions, expositions, meetings, or wedding receptions.
CTA Holiday Train
Every year for the holidays, the Chicago Transit Authority decorates one of its trains, inside and out, with twinkling lights and festive decorations. As the holiday train pulls into each station, Santa waves to boarding passengers from his sleigh on an open-air flatcar while elves serenade riders between stops.
The Ledges Golf Course
Built in 1966 with water on 10 holes, this 18-hole course is par 72.
Swanhills Golf
This beautiful 18-hole golf course is enjoyable for all levels of golfers, located just minutes from Rockford in Belvidere.
Governors Run Golf and Country Club
This championship 18-hole course has 13 lakes scattered throughout the par 72 layout. It boasts five sets of tees to accommodate all skill levels on exquisitely manicured greens.
Gebbhard Woods State Park
Hikers, campers, picnickers, and canoeists frequent this 30-acre site, making it one of the state's most popular state parks. Fishing, boating and bird watching are also popular activities. This picturesque park is bordered on the south by the Illinois & Michigan Canal and to the north by Nettle Creek which gently flows along the perimeter and through the park adding to its natural beauty and abundance of wildlife. Stately old trees including walnut, oak, ash, maple, sycamore, hawthorn and cottonwood provide ample shade throughout the park. In the spring, trillium, bluebell, white trout lily, violets, wild ginger, phlox, toothwort and spring beauties are just a sample of the wildflowers that can be enjoyed by park visitors.
Geneva Kayak Center
Geneva Kayak Center is a paddlesport school and adventure travel company that's proud to be recognized as a ACA Pro School and offer both whitewater and sea kayak instruction. Their goal is to promote the sport of kayaking through safety and education. In addition to local offerings, they offer spectacular Adventure Paddling Trips for beginner to advanced paddlers, to amazing locations. Whether you want to enjoy an afternoon on the river or are preparing for a two-week expedition, Geneva Kayak Center believes the sport of kayaking should be fun, and enjoyed by all.
McDonald Woods Forest Preserve
The McDonald Woods Forest Preserve in Lindenhurst, offers gentle, rolling grassy terrain. It's the perfect place to hike, bicycle and cross-country ski. Take the 3.8-mile loop around the woods and wetlands for some great exercise. A 0.3-mile wood-chip trail designed for hiking and cross-country skiing leads to a basswood and sugar maple forest, glowing yellow in autumn. A cooling ravine beckons below where migrant songbirds feast on insects, and water skimmers dart atop the clear water.
CITY:Lake Villa
Keeling-Puri Peace Plaza
This 2.5-acre park is dedicated to promoting peace and celebrating diversity. The plaza is located at the head of Rockford's 20-mile Perryville Path network of bicycle and recreational trails.
CITY:Loves Park
Arcola Camper Stop
30 campsites; 28 have water, 30 amp electric and cable TV. Restroom with showers. Sites are grass and gravel, flat and level.
Chester Country Club
Golf the par 9 course at this country club.
South Shore State Park
33 sites, fishing, boating, tent camping.
Springfield KOA Kampground
Rural country campground. Pool, playground, game room, store, laundry, restroom with showers. Full hook-up, RV sites available, cabins and tenting.
Griswold Conservation Area
Located 14 miles southwest of Decatur off Route 48 near Blue Mound. Hike the trail up the glacial kame to the observation deck for sweeping view of the prairie. Picnic facilities and playground.
Jubilee College State Park Camping
Jubilee College State Park is a 3,200-acre facility, located in Peoria County between Kickapoo and Brimfield, just off U.S. Route 150. This scenic area, with its rolling topography and meandering Jubilee Creek, offers various outdoor recreation.
Schmidt's Canoeing Service
Camping, trips, outfitting and instructions.
Hansens Hideaway Ranch & Campground
Tents, pop-ups and RV camping sites with water and electric hookups, swimming, nature trails, arcade, snack bar, playground, horseshoe pits, covered pavilion, restrooms, showers, sanitary dumping station, fire rings, firewood, and ice available.
William W. Powers Conservation Area
Offering fishing, waterfowl hunting, picnicking, and winter sports. At the center of its attraction is Wolf Lake, segmented by dikes and offering six miles of shoreline to bank anglers.
Boone Creek Golf Course
This course has 27 holes, rated at a par 71, along with nine holes at a par 35.
Woodlawn Country Club
This nine-hole walking course features plenty of trees, and water that comes into play on seven of the nine holes. A snack bar is available.
CITY:Farmer City
All Veterans Memorial Park of Stephenson County
This park honors all of the veterans from Stephenson County. It contains large era stones from all conflicts. Benches surround concrete walkways, and a large brick memorial garden if featured. A Gold Star Family Memorial is dedicated to all who gave given their lives for our freedoms. Open: Daily: Dawn to Dusk.
Atkinson Motorsports Park (Gob Hill)
Looking for an adrenaline rush in Henry County? Experience the thrill of the Hill! Filled with 200 acres of unrestricted trails, undiscovered timber, rugged hills, steep valleys and lakes. Gob Hill is a motorsport enthusiast's dream. More conservative riders can enjoy over four miles of perimeter road riding, with beautiful Midwestern vistas. Gob Hill is also home to a children's dirt track perfect for knee-high dirt trackers. There is also a motocross track.
Wolf Creek Golf Club - Pontiac
The 18-hole course features 6,637 yards of golf from the longest tees for a par of 72. The course rating is 69.1 and it has a slope rating of 117. Wolf Creek golf course opened in 1972.
Beall Woods State Park
Listed in the United States Register of Natural Landmarks as the "Forest of the Wabash," this state park supports 64 species of trees within its 635 acres. Several miles of scenic nature trails start at the new Visitor Center.
CITY:Mount Carmel
Race View Farms RV Camping
RV, camper and car parking during major races at Chicagoland speedway and at Rte. 66 Raceway.
Byron Forest Preserve District (skating)
The Forest Preserve has one outdoor skating rink and warming shelter - open weekends.
Macktown Golf Course
This beautiful 18-hole, par 71 course was built in the 1930s with limited sand traps and one pond. It's located in Rockton, near the site of the earliest white settlement in Northern Illinois.
Shambolee Golf Course
This beautiful, well-maintained 18-hole course has a long front nine with mature trees, and a short tricky back nine with water, bent grass, trees and greens.
Skateland of Jacksonville
Skateland of Jacksonville is the sister rink of Skateland South in Springfield, IL. Whether you are looking for a good way to celebrate a special birthday or if you are just looking to have some fun with the family, come on out to Skateland!
DuPage County Trail System
DuPage County, Chicago's Western Suburbs - A 61-mile hiking, biking and nature trail follows the bed of a long-gone railroad. It's one of the nation's first linear recreation trails and a model for others in the United States.
Rall Woods State Natural Area
280 acres for public hunting, hiking, nature viewing. Area has native hilltop prairies and views of the Mississippi River.
Amboy Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary
The Amboy Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary is 272 acre of wetlands offering a rare and fragile ecosystem, which includes endangered turtles, many birds and unique plant life. It is located near the intersection of U.S. Route 52 and Mormon Road about 3 miles south of Amboy. Open to the public 7 days a week for walking and bird-watching. No dogs are allowed due to sensitive plant and wildlife.
Hanover Bluff Nature Preserve
This nature reserve is the perfect place to bring the family. Hike 450 natural acres, home of nine Illinois endangered or threatened plants and animals. Hanover Bluff Nature Preserve is The Prairie State's 150th nature preserve.
Kankakee South KOA
A campground that has something for everyone with basketball, volleyball and other activities.
Mautino State Fish and Wildlife Area
Encompasses 871 acres of mostly unreclaimed strip-mining land. The area is dotted with some 15 stocked lakes for fishing. Be aware that shore access is limited and that shorelines tend to drop off suddenly into deep water.
Terry Park Golf Course
Terry Park offers a nine-hole, par 35 course.
Edwards Apple Orchard West
Edwards West is a popular destination for families to enjoy the sights, tastes, and activities of an apple orchard and farm market. For a fun family outing, enjoy the experience of picking your own apples, pumpkins and raspberries. Visit the play area featuring the wooden bus and train, the corn cribs, the wagon slide and our animals in the "Petting Farm." Stroll through the over 100 year old dairy barn with displays of bright colored apples, freshly squeezed cider, fresh apple cider donuts, and wonderful gift items that are on display.
The Oaks Golf Course
This scenic, wooded 18-hole public golf course features a fully stocked pro shop.
Mill Creek Golf Club
This 18-hole championship golf course, featuring wildflowers and elevated tees, offers spectacular views of the Fox Valley region.
Wapello Land & Water Reserve
Experience Native American mounds, prairie and the Apple River. Hike beginner trails. Pets welcome. Fishing allowed.
Kickapoo Landing
Guests have the opportunity to rent canoes, kayaks, and paddleboats to explore the rivers and lakes at Kickapoo State Park. Canoe and kayak trips (8 or 13 mile) are offered or rentals can be done by the hour. Following your adventure, guests can grab a bite to eat at the on-site Dockside Cafe which offers live music throughout the summer.
Lenus Turley Park
Beautiful city park with fountain, playground, picnic shelter, butterfly garden and benches to enjoy the summer concerts and community events. Open to the public during daylight hours, includes a large playground and walking paths.
Deer Valley Golf Club
Located just 10 miles south of Rock Falls, Deer Valley is a challenging 18-hole championship golf course.
CITY:Deer Grove
Jaynesway Farms (Bartlett)
A complete equestrian center offering English & Western riding lessons, boarding trail rides, pony rides, hayrides, carriages rides and barnyard zoo. Heated indoor arena.
Irons Oaks Enviromental Center
Call for details
CITY:Olympia Fields
Pekin Park District
Facilities include a 4-mile trail, indoor ice-skating rink, horse riding stables, fishing, bocce ball, canoes, bike boats, Frisbee golf course, mini-golf and a lot more.
Snakeden Hollow State Fish and Wildlife Area
Features exceptional waterfowl hunting opportunities. The 112 water impoundments offer large-mouth and small-mouth bass, bluegill, crappie, channel catfish, bullhead, rainbow and brown trout for fishing. Seasonal restrictions and limited access may apply.
Country Hills Golf Course
18-Hole, 6414 yard, par 72 public golf course. Front nine opened July 4, 1993; Back nine added July 4, 2002. Bentgrass greens, bluegrass/rye mix fairways, tees, and rough. Banquet facility to accommodate up to 110 guests and clubhouse seating for up to 200. Full service pro shop fully stocked with golf clubs, balls, equipment, clothing, towels, hats, and shoes.bPractice facilities include drivingvrange with three target greens, chipping and putting green, practice bunker.
Lake View Park Trail
Lake View Park Trail is an advanced single track dirt trail, 6 miles in length. It's quite technical in nature, offering good descents and heart-pounding climbs.
Scovill Golf Club
Sometimes called the "shot-maker's" course, Scovill Golf Club is hilly and tree-lined. Golfers will enjoy the manicured fairways surrounded by natural plantings on Decatur's only Audubon sanctioned course. Scovill was designed by Tom Bendelow and redesigned by Dick Nugent. Scovill was named on one of the top 100 women-friendly course in the United States by Golf for Women. It is also the course most frequented by out-of-town golfers.
Ruffit Park
Located west of Sterling & Rock Falls on Rt. 30 & 2.
The Links
This nine- and 18-hole championship golf course features a driving range and practice green.
Primrose Farm Park
Park has ball fields, sand volleyball courts, basketball courts, tennis courts, soccer goal posts, playground, benches & picnic tables, parking lot, pavilion and restrooms. A great family and group park.
CITY:St. Charles
Columbia Woods Forest Preserve
A River Thru History
CITY:Willow Springs
Riverside Park
This 34-acre park located next to the Big Muddy River includes a public boat ramp, picnic areas, ball fields, hiking trails, a pavilion, historic band shell and playground areas.
Kitchell Park and Chautauqua Auditorium
This 40-acre park, donated to the City of Pana by Civil War Captain Kitchell, features the round Chautauqua Auditorium, Schuyler Bridge, a playground and picnic area.
Nelson Center
A multi-purpose recreation complex that provides leisure endeavors for all ages, including public ice skating, group skating, lessons, and learn-to-play hockey. In the summer enjoy the outdoor public pool.
Mt. Vernon Veterans Park
86 acres of shaded playgrounds, tennis courts, swimming pool, in-line skating area and walking path around the lake. Fishing is allowed with proper license.
CITY:Mount Vernon
Edward R. Madigan State Park
Enjoy the peaceful walking, biking or running trails with plenty of deer to be seen.
Coyote Crossing Mini Golf Course
DuPage County, Chicago's Western Suburbs - Professionally designed 18-hole golf course. Putt around a waterfall, through a cave, over a river and under rocks. Coyote Crossing is a great place for birthdays, rentals, picnics, company and other group outings.
CITY:West Chicago
Countryside Golf Club
At Countryside Golf Club, play two challenging, award-winning 18-hole golf courses. The Prairie course, with bentgrass tees, wide-open greens and sand bunkers offers golfers a chance to challenge their game. The Traditional course, with bentgrass tees and tree-lined fairways, offers golfers scenic and challenging rounds of golf. Also try out the driving range.
Hamilton Lakes
Hamilton Lakes is home to Chicagoland's largest fireworks display synced to music as well as an annual Scottish Festival & Highland Games. The lakes also offers several fields good for soccer tournaments and other outdoor activities.
Washington County State Recreational Area - Nashville, IL
A 248-acre lake fed by two creeks is the focal point of the Washington County State Recreational Area. The area offers several barrier-free facilities, including camping, hunting, picnicking and a fishing pier.
Prairie Landing Golf Club
Playing this unique, well-conditioned and spectacularly-designed 18-hole course will surely make you want to come back. Full service premier meeting and banquet facility provides outstanding culinary offerings and personal service.
CITY:West Chicago
Jim Ardvini Boat Launch Park
Boat ramps into Lake Sinnissippi area of Rock River. Picnic tables, scenic river view, adjacent to Hennepin Canal State Park.
CITY:Rock Falls
Longbridge Golf Course
Longbridge features a nine-hole, par 36 course.
Fox Creek Golf Club
Fox Creek features an 18-hole golf course.
Lost Nation Golf Club
This beautiful 18-hole course with large, smooth greens and rolling hills is open to the public, and offers a pro shop and restaurant.
Van Raden Memorial Park
The Van Raden Memorial Park features Lake Baalton, a three acre man-made lake stocked with bass, crappie, blue gill and catfish. A small shelter and playground area are also offered. A Veterans Memorial honoring all German Valley area service men and women, past or present is at the park
CITY:German Valley
Metamora Fields Golf Club
An 18-hole D. A. Weibring/Wolfard designed championship golf course with a 25,000 sq-ft clubhouse that offers banquet seating up to 400 people in one room. Introducing a brand new "classic" golf course to the Tri-County area focusing on offering "playable" golf for every skill level. Stunning panoramic views overlooking this links course make for an amazing backdrop for any special event. Our tag line "Where You're Always Welcome" says it all. Hang out for a while in the clubhouse - even if you don't play golf very much but like to watch. We have the very best view of golf in all of Central Illinois from our two level outdoor deck that peers out to the 9th and 18th greens tucked on opposite sides of our beautiful clubhouse chain of lakes. We intentionally brought these two greens as close to the clubhouse as possible so that everyone can enjoy watching golf while relaxing on the decks or inside the clubhouse.
Randolph County Conservation Area
Amid rolling hills and abundant game cover, this area is a hunter's paradise offering quail, deer (archery only), squirrel, dove, and rabbit hunting. Bass and channel catfish are found in its 69-acre lake. Equestrian trails, picnicking, and camping.
Inwood Ice Arena
Open public skating. Skate rental and concessions.
Pineapple Dance Studio
Pineapple Dance offers dance and fitness classes to adults and teens in Zumba, Traditional Belly Dance, Hip Hop, West African and more. Movement to music has been a vehicle for celebration and connection in ethnic cultures across the globe and history. The studio is available for rent, rehearsals and or meetings. Special group classes with any of our instructors are available.
CITY:Forest Park
Wolfe Wildlife Refuge & Bike Path
Explore the natural beauty and animal habitats of this 45-acre wetlands preserve. Nature programs for all ages include bird surveys, seed collections, planting, clean-ups and hiking.
CITY:Oak Lawn
Edgebrook Golf Club
This public course has tree-lined fairways and a hilly terrain. There is a creek and lake that come into play on six holes, and out-of-bounds stakes on just about every hole.
Rolling Knolls Country Club
This 18-hole course is tree-lined, with 10 water holes.
Macomb Country Club
This beautiful 18-hole course offers rental carts and a driving range.
Bolingbrook Park District
Providing over 2,100 opportunities for recreation. Relax, have fun and embrace the power of recreation.
Itasca Country Club
DuPage County, Chicago's Western Suburbs - Itasca Country Club is rich in tradition and offers a cost-effective solution for golf outings, corporate entertaining and special events in a picturesque setting. Enjoy beautiful surroundings, spectacular views, and the service of a fine country club-for your wedding reception or other banquet event. Amidst the elegant grounds and facilities, our skilled professional staff will put you at ease and ensure your special occasion is unforgettable.
Bruce Park
Right in the middle of Energy you will find Bruce Park. A nicely manicured 8 acre park with trees, pavilions, ball diamonds and soccer fields. The park is a great place to take your family on an outing or for your kids to participate in local sports. While you are there, take a look at the military memorial. There is also a monument with the bell from a schoolhouse that stood on the site.
Bicentennial Riverfront Park
Bicentennial Riverfront Park is a five-acre community park on the south bank of the Fox River. Built by volunteers on Hydraulic Street, Bicentennial Riverfront Park makes optimum use of the river, with abundant fishing, plus canoe and kayak access to the white water chute. There is also a beautiful view of the Glenn Palmer Dam as you follow the trail along the river and the picnic area, playground and river-side pavilion are popular community gathering spots in the summertime.
McLeansboro Golf Club
This nine-hole, semi-private club offers a pro shop.
Oak Club of Genoa
This picturesque, 18-hole watered course winds through wooded and lowland areas along the meandering Kishwaukee River. Oak Club is rated among the region's top 20 courses by Chicagoland Golf.
Northridge Hills Golf Course
This nine-hole, par 32 golf course has three water holes, a driving range and a practice green.
Washington Park
Washington Park is the city's original central square laid out by Quincy's founder, John Wood, in 1825. The square was formerly called John's Square, named in honor of President John Quincy Adams. In 1858, Washington Park was the site of the sixth Lincoln-Douglas debate. Laredo Taft's sculpture now marks the setting of the debate site. Today, a farmer's market is held in the park every Tuesday and Saturday mornings from May to October.
Glen Ellyn Park District
DuPage County, Chicago's Western Suburbs - Discover 300+ acres of fun: splash park, outdoor swimming, mini golf, tennis, sand volleyball, bocce ball, horseshoes, ice skating, fitness center, playgrounds, athletic fields, banquet facilities, special events and year-round programs for all ages!
CITY:Glen Ellyn
Greater Decatur YMCA
Swimming and a wide variety of exercise opportunities.
Kristof's Entertainment Center
Complete entertainment for all ages and interests. Bowling, mini golf, Go Karts, redemption arcade, batting cages, birthday parties and a haunted house. Lunch and dinner served daily. Bar and billards with various night time entertainment. A safe and fun environment for all members of the family. Kristof's is a smoke-free facility.
CITY:Round Lake Beach
North Entrance To Lake Shelby
This 15-mile-long lake has 250 miles of shoreline, offering camping, fishing, boating, marinas and more.
Sunnyside Acres
Small campground.
Macedonia Game Preserve
A state-licensed hunting preserve, we provide hunters with a good environment and quality deer management. Also quail, pheasant,chukar and dove hunting available. Package prices available upon request for walk-in hunts, corporate & business hunts.
Little Red Schoolhouse Nature Center
Nature center with 3 miles of walking/hiking trails through woodland, wetland, and prairie. Exhibit building displays local wildlife. Educational activities year round.
CITY:Willow Springs
Marengo Ridge Golf Club
Built in 1985, this 18-hole golf course offers a clubhouse, driving range, golf lessons, pro shop and a putting green.
Fairfield Golf Club
This club features an 18-hole, regulation length golf course.
River Lakes Golf Course
This 18-hole golf course features bermuda grass fairways.


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I'm a 1 gallon AG BIAB brewer who started out on this hobby about 2 years ago. I loved it instantly and started brewing every weekend. Thing is, approx 90% of the beers that I brewed, I didn't care for. Everyone else said they were "good," but I didn't agree. Most of the time, I was disappointed. Lots of times, I didn't think what I made was even palatable.
I originally started with spring water. Then I started using distilled water with salts added. No matter what I did, I couldn't get my finished product to something that I was happy with. In ALL cases, I'd rather drink commercially brewed beer than what I was producing.
I have since taken off about 7 months. All of my stuff sits in the closet, but I constantly think about starting again. But to what end? I really could use a pep talk. I've thought about attending some of the local homebrewer's meetings near me, but I'm not sure that anyone/anything can truly help me unless they're involved in my process to see where I may potentially be going wrong. I feel like the majority of successful brewers on here would rather drink they're beer than anything brewed by Stone, or Founders or any of the "big boy" brewers. I think Stone's IPA's are like, 150x better than any IPA I have ever made...And I've made about 10!
I don't want to let go and quit altogether, but I'm having a hard time finding the motivation again to start when I feel like I already know the results that I'm going to have.
Give extract brewing a try for a little while. Do partial boils so you can use a pot that can fit on the kitchen stove. Pick recipe kits that are your style drink. A few good tasting ones and your confidence may come back. Don't use someone elses' recipe that they tell you is awesome.
Try Northern Brewer of Midwest Supplies kits. Don't cut corners on yeast or pitching rates.
I think you're onto the right answer when you talk about hanging out with other brewers, but maybe you have the wrong emphasis. Rather than having them watch you, maybe you should hang out with them and watch them brew while you pick their brain and help. I've learned some solid stuff just attending my local club meetings. You'd be surprised at what simple things you would learn that may help you turn the corner.
I have also learned a ton as a groupie hanging around my LHBS and talking to the proprietors and patrons. I plan an hour in my schedule every time I shop there in order to leave open the possibility of friendship and education. I've even been invited to brew with the owner; what an awesome eye-opener that was. I learn something nearly every time I'm in there. Plus -- you might make some new friends!
And yes -- I'd rather drink my homebrew than most commercials.
I'd re-think your attitude about attending your local homebrewers meetings. Think it would be easier to adjust whatever your displeased with and acquire a bit more knowledge face to face rather than on here. Plus, have the ability to sample other's wares and get the low down on how they make them.
Brewing Beer is a tradition. When my Mother gave me my Grandfathers hydrometer I was honored. Its worth figuring out. But if all else fails, just lower your standards.
Definitely go a local homebrew club meeting. If you do have something wrong in your process, more than likely, they'll be able to taste it.
I am in the same boat as you in the sense that most family and friends really enjoy my beer. On some occasions, I agree, but I'm never truly happy. That doesn't deter me from brewing, though. It motivates me. To learn about what I'm doing, and what I can do to improve my process and my beer.
My IPAs have usually been off from what I expected, I usually have to go overboard on the hops if I want to achieve what I wanted.
My ciders, Belgian beers, porters and Oktoberfest beers are constantly rotating and coming out perfectly.
I didn't even think I liked these styles until I brewed them to MY tastes.
I'll have to second the advise to seek out a homebrewing club. See what they are doing. Taste their beer. I'm sure most any of them would be thrilled to have you try their stuff and see if it's more to your liking.
I like to drink commercial beer as well. Some of it is better than mine, and some of mine I'd rather drink than some commercial. But I also like the process of brewing and trying different things. My beer is not consistent because of it, but that's the nature of continually upgrading and trying different things I guess. I like spending less on beer and having a keg in the kegerator I can just pour a glass off of.
If the process isn't holding the same interest I'm not sure what to tell you. If the only thing disappointing you is the finished beer, I am willing to bet you can overcome this problem with a little more exposure to other homebrewers and their methods.
+1 on doing extract + grain kits. If you didn't like 90% of your beers, it's likely something in your process. Or possibly your water, extract kits should be done with distilled water (one less thing, as they say).
Kits teach cleaning, sanitation, simple equipment utilization, bottling, etc. To those who've brewed scores of beers, these things seem automatic / intuitive, but for new brewers they are skills to learn. These things could be what is causing you to be unhappy with your beer.
Also with kits, you can start with darker beers that hide minor flaws, then as you get better brew some cleaner beers, even lager a beer. If you can do a clean extract lager, you've pretty well mastered all of the "basics." Another issue could be your equipment. If you make a kit beer, it's either process or equipment, and this can be figured out by process of elimination.
I have a buddy who has done many extract kits, makes good beer, and has little interest in moving to PM or AG brewing. He'd rather experiment, and who's to criticize that? I think AG is a bit overrated, it's more time consuming, more costly equipment wise, and I am not convinced that it produces markedly better beer than PM beer.
Also, you brewed ALOT- maybe you just need / needed a break? Brewing is fun, but like anything too much of a good thing can make it a bad thing. Maybe 6 months off clears your head a bit.
I have a HB club, always love talking beer, sharing beer, brewing together. Brewing alone is fun, but it is ultimately a social hobby, beer needs to be talked about, shared, enjoyed by those of similar passion.
I hope you get re-infected with the "bug." I realized I'd overdone my brewing, I have hundreds of bottles in my pipeline, and am scaling back to 2.5G BIAB for awhile. I'm taking this opportunity to experiment with beers I wasn't sure I wanted 2 cases of- chili beers, IPA with wine juice added, Rauchbier. I expect that to be a different journey, but one no less enjoyable.
Best wishes
Give a man a beer, waste an hour. Teach a man to brew, and waste a lifetime! Bill Owen quote
Join the Beacon Point (Aurora, CO) Brewclub on Facebook- casual, fun brewing, drinking, socializing!


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12 of Kelly Rowland's Sweetest Family Moments view
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After eight years of playing Laura Winslow on "Family Matters," actress Kellie...
After eight years of playing Laura Winslow on "Family Matters," actress Kellie Williams spends her days helping teens tell their stories through her nonprofit arts program.
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Admin Tools
|Numinix Product Fields : This free Zen Cart module adds additional fields to the product pages in the Zen Cart admin. Fields are added for the following modules: eBay Exporter http://www.zen-cart.com/downloads.php?do=f ... [more]
|26 Mar 2015
|Encrypted Master Password : Encrypted Master Password allows the store's administrator to login to any account with their administrator password.
|24 Mar 2015
|Sales Report : Generate sales reports by date range and more. Easy plugin to Admin The Sales Report is designed to offer professional-level accounting data for businesses who use Zen Cart heavily, with multiple di ... [more]
|24 Mar 2015
|Admin notes advanced : Features/advantages: - Create, edit and delete admin notes. - Easy installation (no need to edit files and no existing database tables are changed). - Active Notes: the Zen Cart notifier syst ... [more]
|14 Mar 2015
|Stock vs Sales : - For each product sold in a given period (specified in the php file), determines total sales for the product, current stock level, and how many days until the product is projected to be out of stoc ... [more]
|25 Feb 2015
|User Tracking : This module tracks your visitors hits on your sitepages and displays pages visited and searches done by users, lists the result in admin, sorted by user-sessions. Compatible with Zen Cart v1.2.6 thru ... [more]
|23 Feb 2015
|Twitch Hidden Searchable Model Number : Twitch Hidden Searchable Model Number for ZenCart v1.51 - Version 13a December 07.2013 Description: - This module will add a products_model_spoon input for each product. - It will be displayed ... [more]
|19 Feb 2015
|Reset Client Password from Admin : This plugin adds the ability to reset the client password right from the admin in one step. While other mods do same thing this is, I find, much easier and can be done in one simple step with clien ... [more]
|6 Feb 2015
|Admin Display Product/Catalog Thumbnails : Verified to work with Zen Cart 1.5 out of the box. Just copy over the folders into the admin folder and then you can see the category images and product images.
|5 Feb 2015
|EZ-Pages Meta Tag Fields : This mod adds 3 additional fields in the EZ-Pages editor to accomodate meta title, keywords and description. It will allow you to update those values without having to manually edit meta_tags.php. If ... [more]
|31 Jan 2015
|Email Downloads : This module adds a "email download" with customized message to your admin orders screen, if a download is purchased. Many times people fail to download their order, then maybe can't login and many o ... [more]
|30 Jan 2015
|FraudLabs Pro Credit Card Fraud Prevention : FraudLabs Pro Credit Card Fraud Prevention screens credit card transactions for online frauds. It increases e-commerce merchant profits by reduces chargeback, improves operation efficiency and provid ... [more]
|29 Jan 2015
|Save your sideboxes layout as the default : Make your current layout settings (i.e. for your current template) be the default. You'll get a new button at the bottom of the layout boxes controller screen (admin-_tools-_layout boxes controller ... [more]
|18 Jan 2015
|ZC1.5.4 - Admin Plugin Backward Compatibility : The Zen Cart v1.5.4 admin-level scripts (e.g. the popular ones like customers.php and orders.php) are now sprinkled with calls (for PCI compliance) to a new function named zen_record_admin_activity. T ... [more]
|18 Jan 2015
|Optional Payment Method : Allows you to configure a payment method so it only shows up for specifically marked customers and not everyone.
|3 Jan 2015
|Quick Status Update : This module allows you to quickly update the status of an order order simply by selecting it in the orders screen (Admin-Customers-Orders). It creates a new dropdown list under the existing buttons; c ... [more]
|3 Jan 2015
|Orders Status History -- Updated By : This plugin adds (using Tools->Install SQL Patches) a new field to your orders_status_history table: updated_by. This field captures the admin name and ID of the admin that performs each action on o ... [more]
|20 Dec 2014
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|20 Dec 2014
|IP Blocker for Zen Cart v1.5.0+ : This plugin allows your store's admin to identify IP address ranges that are blocked from access to your store. The code for this plugin is based on the like-named plugin for Zen Cart versions 1.3.8/ ... [more]
|20 Dec 2014
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|20 Dec 2014
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|20 Dec 2014
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|8 Dec 2014
|Monthly Sales and Tax Summary Report : This report displays a summary of monthly or daily totals: gross income (order totals) subtotals of all orders in the selected period nontaxed sales subtotals taxed sales subtotals tax colle ... [more]
|20 Oct 2014
|Simple Backorders : This addon adds a simple backorder function to your Zen Cart for items which are expected. There is only 1 core file edit and no database functions, nor new queries that are created.
|7 Oct 2014
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|4 Sep 2014


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Category Archives: Animal Rights
Washington, D.C. – Today, the Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF) released its yearly review of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals' (PETA) appalling record of killing pets at its Norfolk, VA animal shelter. In 2013 alone, PETA killed 1,792 cats and dogs, an average of 5 … Continue reading
PETA's "Animal House of Horror" Killed 82% of Dogs and Cats in its Possession in 2013(February 5th, 2014)
Joe Namath, the New York Jets legend, conducted the coin toss to begin Super Bowl XLVIII while wearing a fur overcoat. Namath has a flamboyant reputation, and many observers found the coat well within the Hall of Fame quarterback's larger-than-life … Continue reading
"Broadway Joe" Ticks Off PETA(February 4th, 2014)
A big story this Thanksgiving is the invasion of the political into every nook and cranny of American family life. National organizations promoting healthcare reform and gun control have distributed talking points to their supporters to make the potentially enjoyable … Continue reading
This Thanksgiving Activists Say Please Pass the Politics(November 27th, 2013)
Perhaps unsurprisingly for a pop star who once wore a dress made of preserved meats, Lady Gaga has had a tiff with People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). But unlike some celebrities who capitulate to the world's most … Continue reading
"Applause" to Star's Stand Against PETA(November 14th, 2013)
Recently, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) has waged an all-out assault on the University of Wisconsin (UW) complete with a robocall by celebrity supporter Bill Maher. PETA is trying to intimidate UW into abandoning research on how … Continue reading
University of Wisconsin Blasts PETA(October 9th, 2013)
Today HumaneWatch.org, a project of the nonprofit Center for Consumer Freedom, released a new poll of over 1,000 self-identified donors of the Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) that found nearly two-thirds of those surveyed donate to the animal … Continue reading
New Poll Finds Donors Deceived by Humane Society of the U.S. Advertising(October 9th, 2013)
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) runs an animal shelter out of its Virginia headquarters, but the poor dogs and cats that end up there probably would rather go just about anywhere else. According to records on file … Continue reading
PETA Putting Vegan Theater before Homeless Pets(October 7th, 2013)
The Mexican restaurant chain Chipotle has a new cartoon video out to coincide with the launch of an iPhone game. The video, titled "Scarecrow," paints modern food production as a dark place run by evil beings. This isn't new for … Continue reading
If Chipotle Only Had a Brain…(September 12th, 2013)
The nonprofit Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF) is running online ads throughout The New York Times' "Fashion and Style" section during this week's portion of New York Fashion Week as part of an ongoing campaign to educate Americans on the … Continue reading
Ad Calls Out Hypocritical People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals(September 10th, 2013)
We've been writing for a while now about the juvenile PR tactics PETA employs to try and get attention. Whether it be equating the death of animals for consumption to the Holocaust, likening performance whales to slaves, or, more recently, claiming that pregnant mothers who … Continue reading


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2 Days Before- [Monday Meeting Notes]Monday Meeting
We've been talking a lot about the incredible response that we got from the nWoD Dark Eras Kickstarter. The more we discuss it the better historical era gaming sounds, and judging by the never-ending buckets of emails and posts we get, most of you agree. Things were really bad back then in history, and it really seems like there was a commensurately larger amount of angst floating around to make everything grimmer and nastier- the way we like it! Mmmmm- Historical Angst™. Due to legal contract type issues we can't announce what we're going to do this quarter- but that ends on Tuesday, so expect a press release as to our plans on Wednesday.
We also discussed the upcoming Deluxe V20 Lore of the Clans Kickstarter, which is designed with most of our most requested Rewards, and should have some excellent Stretch Goals to earn. But we are also adding a new element to the mix with the Achievement section. This is another way to gain bonus rewards for your fellow backers and yourself while having fun in a sort of ...34 COMMENTS


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CITY LANDING: About Hempstead
Learn more about the city of Hempstead by reading about the specific demographics and lifestyle that is unique to this city area. This includes local information such as age ranges, population, income, households, schools, search tips, restaurants, shopping, local flavor and more. Knowing the area of Hempstead will be essential if you are going to consider renting in Hempstead. You can also view apartments for rent in Hempstead, NY by clicking the link and search box below.View All Hempstead Apartments
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Hempstead Demographic Information
Age Ranges 0-9: 15.59% 10-17: 10.93% 18-29: 24.79% 30-39: 16.85% 40-49: 11.44% 50-64: 12.00% 65 & Over: 8.40%
Population Land Area: 3.68 sq mi Total Population: 54,133 Population Density Ranking (National): 94th percentile Population Density Ranking (State): 67th percentile Population Growth Rate: 0 Population Growth Rate Ranking (National): 27th percentile Population Growth Rate Ranking (State): 31st percentile
Income Median Income: $50,129 Average Income Households W/ Children: $54,892 Median Income Ranking (National): 68th percentile Median Income Ranking (State): 60th percentile Average Income Households W/ Children Ranking (National): 54th percentile Average Income Households W/ Children Ranking (State): 47th percentile
Households Married: 41st percentile Single: 59th percentile Married With Children: 22nd percentile Married With No Children: 19th percentile Single With Children: 17th percentile Single With No Children: 43rd percentile
Schools School District Name: HEMPSTEAD UNION FREE SCHOOL DISTRICT Student/Teacher Ratio: 14.23 : 1
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Sleep Inn
222 Jefferson Highway
Staunton, VA 24401
Phone: (540) 887-6500
Fax: (540) 885-8325
South River
South River is among the two main rivulets of the South Fork Shenandoah River. It starts from Greenville and flows to Port Republic where it joins the North River to make the South Fork. Flowing through Waynesboro, it presents plenty of favorable fishing circumstances for fly fishing enthusiasts. Catch a small-mouth bass, redbreast sunfish or rock bass. Take a float fishing trip to see the fishermen live in action where the bigger fish are caught. For trout angling, the delayed-harvest time is the best time to fish for catch-and-release brown and rainbow trout. There are several hatches in Waynesboro's South River all through the year. The river is also the home of the Virginia Fly Fishing Festival.
West Main Street
Waynesboro, VA 22980
Earn valuable points toward free nights.


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Article of the Month: March 2015
The Cold Never Bothered Me Anyway
You probably know of the connection between solar storms and the beautiful Northern (and Southern) Lights. But did you realize that until this century, it was all theoretical? Find out how the Sun-Earth connection was discoveried to really work by reading this month's article.
Read the article as a Word document.
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Simple and fun learning activities to share with children.
The Space Place Experiment Center—Students can conduct real life science experiments and learn how the world works.
Stained Glass Earth—For Earth Day, create your own full view of our planet as if it were seen from space—something that was not achieved until the 20th century.
Build Your Own Satellite—Design the latest and greatest satellite, complete with communication device, power source, orientation finder, and science instruments.