text:
The present invention provides systems and methods for calibrating a transceiver. In an exemplary embodiment, a method of operating a modular wide-range microwave transceiver, each having precalibrated modules, comprises the steps of coupling the precalibrated modules to form a radio unit, each module having a module memory storing predetermined calibration values, coupling the radio unit to a signal processing unit, determining a first attenuation value by adjusting a first transmit attenuator to achieve a predetermined target output of a AGC detector, and storing the first attenuation value in a first module memory, and when an RF loopback switch is coupled as part of the radio unit, determining a received signal level (RSL) correction factor and transmit output power correction factor based on a loop-back switch insertion loss.
1. A method of operating a modular wide-range microwave transceiver, having precalibrated modules, comprising the steps of:
coupling the precalibrated modules to form a radio unit, each module having a module memory storing predetermined calibration values;
coupling the radio unit to a signal processing unit;
determining a first attenuation value by adjusting a first transmit attenuator to achieve a predetermined target output of a AGC detector, and storing the first attenuation value in a first module memory; and
when an RF loopback switch is coupled as part of the radio unit, determining a received signal level (RSL) correction factor and transmit output power correction factor based on a loop-back switch insertion loss.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. A transceiver comprising:
a signal processing unit (SPU); and
a radio frequency (RF) unit operatively coupled to the SPU, the RF unit including a plurality of precalibrated modules, each precalibrated module of the plurality of precalibrated modules comprising a module memory, the plurality of precalibrated modules comprising:
a first precalibrated module configured to determine a modified attenuation value by adjusting a predetermined attenuation value until a target output of an AGC detector is within a predetermined target range and to store the modified attenuation value within the module memory,
a second precalibrated module configured to determine a loop-back switch insertion loss, and
a third precalibrated module configured to determine a received signal level (RSL) correction factor and an transmit output power correction factor based on the loop-back switch insertion loss.
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. The system of
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. The system of
14. A method of calibrating a transceiver, the method comprising:
determining if a voltage of an AGC detector is within a predetermined range;
modifying an attenuation factor until the voltage of the AGC detector is within the predetermined range;
storing the attenuation factor within a transceiver memory;
determining a transmit output power correction factor based, at least in part, on a loop-back switch insertion loss; and
applying the transmit output power correction factor to correct output power at an antenna port.
15. The method of
coupling a plurality of precalibrated modules to form the RF unit, each precalibrated module of the plurality of precalibrated modules having a module memory, each module memory storing at least one predetermined calibration value; and
coupling the RF unit to a signal processing unit to form at least part of the transceiver.
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
This application is a divisional application of, and claims priority to, U.S. Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 10/815,313 entitled �System and Method for Calibrating Modules of a Wide-Range Transceiver,� filed on Apr. 1, 2004, which is incorporated by reference herein.
Our invention generally relates to communications systems and, more specifically, the invention is related to the field of microwave wireless transceivers.
Mankind has an insatiable desire to communicate. This demand has spurred on the development of a great variety of communications technologies�both wired, in the form of telecommunications and data networks, and wireless, such as cellular, microwave and satellite systems.
Making all these systems work together has become a daunting challenge. Back when there was only one dominant service provider�the Bell System in the U.S. and Canada�it was relatively straightforward to add a new technology to a fairly uniform network. In the case of wireless systems, the upgrades often involved a complete swap-out of the existing RF (radio frequency) units. But, the limited number of units, by today's measures, and fixed transceiver characteristics (e.g., a single modulation type), made migration far easier to plan for then than now.
Today, if a service provider wants to implement a wireless link using multiple modulation schemes at varying frequencies, it must typically resort to redundant componentry to cover the differing forms of communication. For example, the main receiver path for a microwave RF unit is traditionally equipped with band pass filters, whose bandwidth is equal or slightly larger than that of the signal to be processed. This capacity dependent filter determines the sample of the receiver path used to derive the AGC (automatic gain control) loop control voltage; the RSL (received signal level) strength indication is similarly derived. Since bandwidth tunable IF (intermediate frequency) filters are expensive and immature technology, the only practical way, until our invention, in which to implement a microwave RF unit that is wide-range (by which we mean multi-capacity, multi-bandwidth, and multi-frequency) would require a bank of IF bandpass filters. However, such filter banks, for use across many different bandwidths, are not cost effective. They also occupy significant space in the RF unit, which defeats a key objective of keeping the RF unit small and compact.
A different kind of problem exists when with trying to implement the transmitter path in a wide-range microwave transceiver. In order to achieve a wide dynamic range�e.g., 40 dB accurate power control�at microwave frequencies, most current designs rely on open-loop calibration methods. These typically require the RF unit to be calibrated as a whole unit, leading to complexity in the overall test setup, increased costs, and increased test times.
In both cases, current designs fail to adequately address the problem created by the needs of service providers to more frequently change their network configurations. Whether driven by advances in technology, or changing customer requirements, a more flexible RF unit design is needed to avoid a complete unit swap-out as new capacity/bandwidth/frequency technologies are implemented for a given link.
Thus, there is a need for a better microwave RF unit design, one which allows for flexibility and ease in implementing multiple performance criteria (e.g., capacity, bandwidth, and/or frequency) in a low-cost manner, while still meeting all desirable and mandated regulatory specifications for the selected types of communications.
The present invention provides a method, system, and processor instructions for calibrating a modular wide-range microwave communication system. In an exemplary embodiment, the system includes a first radio module including a calibration memory and radio circuitry (e.g., RF transmit, RF receive, and IF circuitry), a test signal processing system including a signal generator, measuring unit, memory, and a processor with instructions; and (for over-temperature tests) an oven or other controlled environment. The system is operable for controlling the signal generator to supply a series of test signals to the first radio module, for controlling the radio circuitry to set attenuation values, for controlling the measuring unit to determine characteristics (e.g., output power) of the radio circuitry based on the series of test signals, and for determining calibration values based on the series of test signals, attenuation values, and the determined characteristics of the radio circuitry, whereby the calibration values are stored in the calibration memory of the radio module. A modular wide-range transceiver using pre-calibrated modular units, and its operation, is also disclosed.
The present invention also provides systems and methods for calibrating a transceiver. In an exemplary embodiment, a method of operating a modular wide-range microwave transceiver, each having precalibrated modules, comprises the steps of coupling the precalibrated modules to form a radio unit, each module having a module memory storing predetermined calibration values, coupling the radio unit to a signal processing unit, determining a first attenuation value by adjusting a first transmit attenuator to achieve a predetermined target output of a AGC detector, and storing the first attenuation value in a first module memory, and when an RF loopback switch is coupled as part of the radio unit, determining a received signal level (RSL) correction factor and transmit output power correction factor based on a loop-back switch insertion loss.
The method may further comprise applying the transmit output power correction factor to correct output power at an antenna port and/or coupling the radio unit to a diplexer. Determining the first attenuation value may comprise incrementing or decrementing the first attenuation value. The transmit output power correction factor and/or the RSL correction factor may also be based on a diplexer insertion loss.
An exemplary transceiver comprises a signal processing unit and a radio frequency (RF) unit. The RF unit may be operative coupled to the signal processing unit. Further, the RF unit may include a plurality of precalibrated modules. Each precalibrated module of the plurality of precalibrated modules may have a module memory. The plurality of precalibrated modules may comprise a first, second, and third precalibrated module. The first precalibrated module may be configured to determine a modified attenuation value by adjusting a predetermined attenuation value until a target output of an AGC detector is within a predetermined target range and to store the modified attenuation value within the module memory. The second precalibrated module may be configured to determine a loop-back switch insertion loss. The third precalibrated module made be configured to determine a received signal level (RSL) correction factor and an transmit output power correction factor based on the loop-back switch insertion loss.
Another exemplary method of calibrating a transceiver comprises determining if a voltage of an AGC detector is within a predetermined range, modifying an attenuation factor until the voltage of the AGC detector is within the predetermined range, storing the attenuation factor within a transceiver memory, determining a transmit output power correction factor based, at least in part, on a loop-back switch insertion loss, and applying the transmit output power correction factor to correct output power at an antenna port.
The novel features believed characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. However, the invention itself, together with certain objectives and advantages, may best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of an illustrative, presently preferred embodiment thereof, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of which:
The limitations of prior systems described above are overcome by the novel improvements of our invention, which are illustrated by the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment. In this embodiment, common transmit path and receive path designs are implemented in modular form. Despite the common designs, by using a modulation index and combining modulation/capacity correction factors, a variety of modulations (e.g., QPSK, 256QAM), capacities (e.g., 2T1, STM1), and bandwidths may be transceived without resort to redundant or expensive circuitry. This improvement also allows for a per-module room-temperature calibration process, performed during standard module production, which substantially reduces per unit production costs and factory capital costs for testing. Moreover, by appropriate location of attenuators, detectors, and filters, together with software control and correction mechanisms, the embodiment disclosed can achieve sustained performance across a very wide range of frequencies (over 40 dB of accurate power control from 3 to 40 GHz and higher).
With reference now to the figures and in particular with reference to
The indoor unit 110 is, in the illustrated case of
The SPU/indoor unit 110 is connected to the RF/outdoor unit 120 by appropriate means such as an RG8 coaxial cable. The RFU 110 contains the IF and RF components (described in more detail below) for converting the signaling from the SPU into an appropriate wireless signal for transmission via antenna 125. Antenna 125 receives/transmits wireless signaling with other remote antennas such as antenna 126, which is connected to further networks 140 via its local RF/signal processing equipment 130.
1. Overview of the RF Unit
When transmitting, the signaling information is received via the cable from the IDU 110. This signaling information includes both the data signal being transmitted via antenna 125, as well as certain control and telemetry information as needed. The control information may include, e.g., instructions to a processor (CPU 208) used to control module settings based on the particular frequency and modulation format desired for a given data signal. The telemetry information also includes certain power and alarm status information. The data signal is appropriately filtered and amplified along the transmit path of RPC module 200 and Tx MMIC module 300. Synthesizer module provides an appropriate local oscillator (LO) signal to mixers 225 and 310 along the transmit path. After being appropriately upconverted, the data signal is applied to antenna 125 via ACU diplexer 520 and transmitted.
On receiving a data signal, it is appropriately filtered and amplified along the receive path of Rx MMIC module 400 and RPC module 200. Synthesizer module 500 provides an appropriate local oscillator (LO) signal to mixers 235 and 410 along the receive path. After being downconverted, the data signal is forwarded via the cable to IDU/SPU 110 for further processing.
While the embodiment of
On the receive circuit, an Rx IF Circuitry 203 is provided with appropriate connections to the Rx MMIC Module 400, via J5, and a receive IF LO signal via J6. The Rx IF Circuitry 203 is similarly coupled to the RPC 202, and its output is in turn coupled to cable interface 201.
Various other module connections are provided via pins, such as P1 through P9. In one illustrious embodiment, the type of functionality enabled might include: P1�connection to the Tx upconverter; P2�connection to the Rx downconverter; P3�control connection to synthesizer module 500; P4�control connection to HPA 510; P5�connection with the module's optical ID (242 in
2. Transmit Path
Turning now to
The IF transmit path includes multiple attenuators used in accurately setting the transmission characteristics, in order to deliver the desired output RF signal. Two of these attenuators, AT1 (211) and AT4 (214), are digital attenuators. Presently preferred attenuators would include high P.sub.1 DB PIN diodes in view of the high linearity these yield, without the expense and performance issues associated with alternatives like variable gain attenuators, FET diodes and the like. The remaining attenuation is preferably applied via analog means. Thus, in a two-attenuator implementation, two DACs (digital to analog converters), AT2 (212) and AT3 (213), are used to apply the bias to the PIN diodes, controlling the resistance value to change the RF signal level.
In operation, the four attenuators function as follows. The first digital attenuator AT1 (211) functions in a closed-loop operation with the AGC (automatic gain control) circuitry 220. Unlike the other attenuators, AT1 need not be adjusted during operation, but is set once during an initialization (e.g., power-on) operation. Its purpose is to compensate for input power variations that result from the (unknown) cable length between the SPU 110 and RFU 120. The second digital attenuator, AT4 (214), is used for modulation index backoff. It is programmable according to the different modulation settings, and is used to maintain linear operation of the transmitter path throughout all the modulations selectable. Attenuators AT2 and AT3 (212, 213) function in a closed loop manner together with attenuator AT5 (315), IF detector 307, and RF detector 320, all of the Tx MMIC module discussed below in connection with
Continuing next with
3. Operation of a Transmit Path
In operation, since this embodiment uses dual up-conversion, the IF signal from the SPU 110 (e.g., 310 MHz) is first up-converted to the second IF frequency at mixer 210 (e.g., in a 2-3 GHz range). The data signal is up-converted again to the desired RF output frequency at mixer 310 (e.g., somewhere in the range of 6-40 GHz). The control signaling received at telemetry unit 207/CPU 208 is used to programmatically adjust the transmit path settings for the desired frequency and modulation of the output RF signal.
On initialization/power on, the closed leveling loop of AT1 211 and AGC 220 is used to account for variation in the Tx IF signal level due to differences in the IF cabling length. The AGC 211 preferably adjusts AT1 211 attenuator and switch amplifier gain to drive the associated voltage detector to a target reference (e.g., 2V). High and low alarm threshold may also be used to trigger an alarm if the Tx IF detector voltage level falls outside these thresholds. A manual mode may also be provided for control of the attenuator, e.g., for test and debug purposes.
The transmit power control process is accomplished using stored values (e.g., calibration table values stored in EEPROMs 250, 350) applied via a transmit power control program. In a preferred process, this program is an interpolation process, using present values of frequency, dynamic range and temperature together with the stored calibration values of the IF/RPC and Tx MMIC modules 200 and 300 to run the power control algorithm. Because of strict regulatory requirements the output power settings are tightly controlled, preferably meeting a maximum of 0.5 dB/10 ms and temperature sensor update every 2 seconds or so.
The Tx MMIC and IF module memories 250, 350 preferably store calibration tables that contain the entire transmit power attenuation values supporting the full dynamic range (e.g., 40 dB for QPSK, for which 8 dB is achieved in the RF path and 32 dB in the IF path, in incremental (1 dB) steps). The calibration tables contain the attenuator control voltage (a DAC value) necessary to achieve the corresponding power output level, at the corresponding frequency of the table. The Tx MMIC module 300 calibration table also contains the IF and PA detector 306, 320 voltage values (an ADC value), taken during the calibration process and stored in EEPROM 350. The output power stability is maintained by an output power limiting window, a value dynamically calculated from RF/IF detector curves and kept at a fixed range (e.g., +/−0.5 dB) for the whole RF/1F detector range. The window is thus an output power and unit dependent number.
The transmit power control process is preferably implemented between two temperature plateaus, bounding the current RFU 200 internal temperature. The resulting attenuator control voltages are then interpolated based on the interpolation of the current RFU 200 temperature against the bounded (stored/calibrated) temperature plateaus. The computed control voltage is compensated over dynamic range, modulation, capacity, frequency, and temperature, and is used to drive the Tx PA (power amplifier 318, represented as a single stage but which could be multistage) to a target output power. This interpolation process is preferably performed at frequent intervals (e.g., every 2 seconds), or whenever there has been a change in frequency or required Tx PA 318 level to change.
For example, given a particular modulation (such as 128QAM) and detected temperature (via sensor 244), the appropriate control value stored in EEPROM 250 is used to set AT4 214 to the appropriate modulation index backoff value. This value was previously determined during the calibration process (e.g., 2 dB for QPSK, while lower at 10 dB for 256QAM). Attenuators 212, 213, and 315 then operate together in a closed looped fashion with the IF and RF detectors 306, 320 to provide the desired dynamic range. In order to minimize emitted noise, the attenuators are preferably set starting with AT5 315 incrementally up to its maximum value (e.g., from 0 to 18 dB), then adding AT3 213 incrementally up to its maximum value (e.g., from 0 to 15 dB), then adding AT2 212 as needed up to its maximum value (e.g., from 0 to 30 dB), to achieve the desired total range (e.g., 40 dB). The reverse process is used when removing attenuation, i.e., first zeroing out AT2 212, then AT3 213, and finally adjusting AT5 315 incrementally down. The initial/minimum AT5 315 setting is preferably a fixed value over the desired RF stage attenuation (e.g., 4+8 dB) in order to avoid overdriving the RF PA 318.
The transmit control algorithm is further illustrated by the exemplary flow chart of
The transmit operation can similarly support a manual mode, for remote, test or debug purposes. Other options, such as mute (e.g., useful for up to 100 msec. after a frequency change to allow synthesizer 500 to settle out), may be automatically implemented via the control algorithm.
By using precalibrated modules 200, 300, with local memories 250, 350, temperature sensor 244, and processor 208 algorithm, this embodiment now realizes a fully software programmable, common path, modulation and capacity independent wide-range transmitter. Thus, in the illustrated embodiment one is capable of satisfying stringent power control requirements (e.g., +/−1 dB) over a wide dynamic range (e.g., 40 dB in 1 dB steps), over a wide frequency range (i.e. 37-40 GHz) within a given band, varying modulation (e.g., QPSK up to 256QAM) and capacity (e.g., 1.5 Mb/s (T1) up to 180 Mb/s (4DS3)), and over a wide operating temperature range (e.g., −33 C to +55 C), all in a single, modular outdoor transceiver.
Moreover, by the use of IF and RF detectors, attenuators, and EEPROMs as described above, this improved transmitter design supports module-level calibration. This is very advantageous, as it allows a manufacturer to avoid the expense of traditional over-temperature, over-frequency, over-dynamic range, and whole-RF unit calibration methods. This results in greatly reduced calibration times, test/production/manufacturing cost, and test/production-required capital investment.
4. Receive Path and Operation
The receive path of RFU 120 is illustrated in
A key problem with implementing a common path, modular, wide-range microwave receiver is the in-band interference found within a wideband IF signal. This arises, for example, because the regulatory requirements are such that systems need to meet interference requirements only within a fixed number of channels away (e.g., −30 dB C/I (carrier to interference) within 2 channels). An RFU designed to handle only a 40 MHz channel would have filters designed to handle the adjacent channel interferers. However, if the same receive path has to handle a 3.5 MHz channel, the interferers will fall in-band due to the greater filter bandwidth. This problem could be solved by resorting to either a variable bandwidth filter or a filter bank, but neither one of these provide a satisfactory solution due to the corresponding increase in size and expense from using them.
The receive path disclosed in
Turning to
An optional attenuator AR6 436 may be used if the additional attenuation is needed, and it functions together with attenuators AR1-AR4 231-234 and AGC 230 to provide the necessary closed loop control. This may happen, for example with 256QAM modulated signals; in this case, AR6 is actuated when the other attenuators have reached to high levels to provide the necessary extra attenuation and linearity. AR5 435 provides a temperature/frequency compensation, which is independent of the input signal level. Altogether, the Rx Module provides a designed gain (e.g., 8 dB+/−3 dB). As with the other modules, the necessary calibration factors for this module 400 are stored in local memory 450, which could be any of a variety of convenient memories, including but not limited to an EEPROM.
The first IF signal is then passed from Rx MMIC module 400 to IF/RPC module 200. This portion of the receive path uses one wideband IF filter bandwidth in the main path, which bandwidth is selected to be equal or slightly wider than that of the desired signal bandwidth for all the capacities (e.g., 40 MHz). However, the AGC control voltage is derived from the sample of the second IF frequency using a narrow bandpass filter 262. Likewise, the RSL level detector circuit uses a narrow bandpass filter 248. The narrowband RSL filter is selected at an appropriate bandwidth (e.g., at 3.5 MHz) to provide rejection of interferers beyond the required separation (e.g., 2 channel C/I at 30 dB) for the narrower bandwidth signals. By using a wideband filter 261, there may be limited rejection (if any) of adjacent channel interference signals when the radio is used to carry signals with narrow channel spacing. To overcome this, several independently controlled attenuators are deployed in several stages of the receiver path, and the IF AGC amplifier is operated below (e.g., 20 dB or more) its P1 DB compression point when the adjacent interference signal is not present. This ensures that the required linearity of the desired signal will be preserved even in the presence of the strong adjacent channel interference signals.
In order to maintain the second IF signal level constant (e.g., at 70 MHz), the AGC control loop derives the AGC amplifier gain control voltage from a sample of the second IF signal. This IF signal may be extracted using the single, relatively narrow bandwidth (e.g., 3.5 MHz) second IF bandpass filter 262 for all the system configurations. Thus, only one calibration is required to provide accurate control voltage for the AGC loop for all the system configurations. This is accomplished by introducing different correction factors for different capacities, with different channel spacing using modulations from, e.g., QPSK to 256QAM. The AGC control voltage is preferably set to be proportional to the real desired signal strength, even in the presence of strong adjacent interference signal in the receiver path, since bandpass filter 262 eliminates all the adjacent channel interference signals.
The RSL detection circuit derives the RSL indication voltage by sampling the first IF signal (e.g., in the 1 GHz to 2 GHz range). This sample of the first IF signal is further down-converted via mixer 246 to a lower IF frequency (e.g., 70 MHz) for ease of implementing the narrow bandpass filter 247. The output of the narrow band (e.g., 3.5 MHz) filter 247 is further processed in RSL detector 248, which may be any of a variety of commercially available RSL chips. Using a single calibration in conjunction with applying correction factor for each of the differing desired signal bandwidth and modulation levels, an accurate RSL level may be derived even in the presence of strong adjacent channel interference signals.
Together, this software controlled AGC closed loop and RSL detection processes make possible a wideband, capacity independent, and modulation independent microwave RFU. By making use of a common path, costs are advantageously held down. However, this RFU 120 can still process the RF/IF signals, for capacities ranging from 1.5 Mb/s (T1) to 180 Mb/s (4 DS3) and beyond, using a variety of authorized channel spacings (e.g., from 2.5 MHz up to 56 MHz). Depending on the capacity and the authorized channel spacing, different modulations are used, ranging from QPSK up to 256QAM (and beyond). The configuration of the system also allows for full software programmability.
The receive control algorithm is further illustrated by the exemplary flow chart of
5. A Calibration Process
Unlike prior calibration processes, the approach described here avoids the necessity for calibration of the radio unit as a whole. It also advantageously avoids an over-temperature calibration for each unit (i.e., calibrating the whole RF unit at each temperature increment within the calibration range). The need for whole-radio calibration is avoided since calibration is now done on a module basis. Over-temperature calibration is avoided by appropriate pilot and production sample calibration.
a. Rx MMIC Calibration
Beginning then with Rx MMIC module 400, this is the simplest module to calibrate since the only elements needing calibration are the attenuators AR5 and AR6 435, 436. This process includes:
At a first frequency and temperature, starting with 0 dB attenuation at AR6:
In a preferred approach, step 6) is only done for a small number of initial (representative) units and periodic samples from a production run. The test temperatures do not need to be at regular intervals, as linear interpolation can provide sufficiently accurate values so that only a limited number of temperatures need to be tested (e.g., at −25 C, 5 C, 35 C and 70 C). When taking the values from the initial production units, small runs, such as 10 representative (beta, pilot or even production) units will provide values that when, averaged for all units, can provide accurate table values when interpolated. It is also preferable to take periodic samples of a production run and perform a full calibration, as this will adjust the �master� values in response to changed characteristics in the components (e.g., different batches, manufacturers, or the like).
When in production, a simplified process can be used to test each module. First, each module is only tested at one temperature (e.g., 25 C or room temperature is the most convenient, although similar economies are realized if multiple temperatures are tested, but a lesser number than for the representative units). The values for other temperatures are interpolated based on a comparison of the measured values versus the current �master� calibration values. A pure tone (CW or continuous wave) may also be advantageously used, with moderate frequency increments (e.g., 100 MHz steps). In this manner, the time and expense of typical unit calibration is dramatically reduced, but without loss in the accuracy of the calibrated output of each module.
b. Tx MMIC Calibration
The Tx MMIC module 300 calibration is similarly straightforward, with calibration being performed on both detectors 307, 320 and attenuator AT5 315. An illustrative calibration process for attenuator 315 includes:
An illustrative calibration process for Tx IF detector 307 includes:
The Tx RF detector 320 may then be calibrated as follows:
In addition to these calibration measurements, one may also want to determine and store appropriate tables for a Tx modulation index, detector 307 value for Tx IF overdriven alarm, and a Pout offset (e.g., −1.5 dB for calibrated versus specified RFU nominal output power).
c. IF/RPC (Transmit) Calibration
For each calibration, the following initialization may be used:
At the time PoutRef is determined, several other values may be determined. Thus, e.g., the Tx_Cable detector DAC value is now stored, and the range verified by comparing the variation of this value and confirming it is proportional to the input level when stepped across a selected range. Tx mute may also be verified (e.g., confirming PoutRef<-85 dBc after mute).
The attenuator AT3 213 may be calibrated as follows:
The attenuator AT2 212 is similarly calibrated as follows:
There are three main calibration routines in the IF/RPC receive path calibration process. First, the Rx IF AGC detector 230 may be calibrated as follows:
The Rx RSL detector 248 may be calibrated as follows:
Finally, the Rx attenuator dynamic range calibration may be performed as follows:
While there is no whole unit calibration performed during production, there will be several calibrations or calculations performed when the modules are put together as an RFU 120 and powered on site. On the transmit path, examples include: IF AGC calibration for cable length compensation; IF cable alarm; nominal output power and output dynamic control; PA detector alarms; power mute; and Tx IF overdriven alarm.
While one of ordinary skill in the art will understand how to implement these, and depending on their design, other calibration processes, a few examples are worth mentioning. First, AT4 is used in this embodiment for the modulation index, and calculated accordingly. AT5 contributes a first range (e.g., 10 dB) for temperature compensation, and following (e.g., up to 8 dB) for RF close loop control. Because of the dynamic range of RF detector, the RF close loop range is modulation dependent.
In order to maximize the usage of AT2 and AT3, there is no clear separation between the AT2 and AT3 operation range when closed-loop with RF or IF detector. It is closed-loop with AT3 first, and then AT2 when AT3 reaches a maximum (e.g., 15 dB) attenuation. To avoid excess high output power during setup, the output power level should be adjusted from its low level to high level. AT2 and AT3 provide a combined maximum attenuation range (e.g., 37 dB), but in addition, they may be designed to take care of some temperature variation and unit-to-unit gain variation.
With respect to the correction factors, a Tx output power correction factor should be applied to correct the output power at the antenna port. One such correction factor would be
On the Rx path, there are two items that may need calibration or calculation. The first of these, for RSL display, is a correction factor depending on modulation and capacity. An example of such a calculation is:
Finally, turning to
Thus, the present invention provides an improved microwave RF unit, and process for calibrating and operating such. The modular approach allows for simplified test/calibration during production, and ease of field replacement of select modules without replacing the entire RFU. Its unique common path design also enables use across a wide-range of capacities, modulations, and frequencies, providing greater flexibility in a more cost efficient form than has previously been possible.
Of course, those skilled in the art will appreciate how a variety of alternatives are possible for the individual elements, and their arrangement, described above, while still falling within the scope of the invention. Thus, while it is important to note that the present invention has been described in the context of a particular double conversion microwave RFU, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the components and processes of the present invention are capable of being further distributed or aggregated with others, such as in complete wireless base stations, using any convenient modulation (e.g., FSK, ASK, OFDM), adding other functionality such as distortion control, and components illustrated as if discrete in nature may, in the forseeable future, be replaced by equivalently functioning hardware and/or software chips. The principle of room temperature calibration for production units, while sampling across a wider temperature (and if desired frequency, power) range is also applicable to a highly integrated single module system. Moreover, while certain transmission-type media was particularly described, others such as digital and analog communications links, wired or wireless communications links using similar microwave transmission forms may apply. Moreover, while the depicted embodiment is described in connection with a microwave transceiver, the term microwave should be understood to encompass the higher frequency millimeter wave transmissions, for which the advantages of our invention should similarly apply.
In conclusion, the above description has been presented for purposes of illustration and description of an embodiment of the invention, but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the form disclosed. This embodiment was chosen and described in order to explain the principles of the invention, show its practical application, and to enable those of ordinary skill in the art to understand how to make and use the invention. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Thus, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, but should be interpreted within the full spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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Fat Cat After the Holiday Trip
By FatCat on November 30, 2012
I left on our trip wearing my Carhart jeans with the side pocket - perfect for my phone. I returned in those pants. Kinda. At our overnight stop, I pulled my running sweats out of my carry on bag and traded my too tight jeans for my roomy flexible pants made for running out in the elements, but now relegated to airplane flights and overflowing stomachs.
I thought about weighing myself this morning and figured I could pretty much skip it. I knew the news wouldn't be good.
Before arriving home I looked forward to waking up early and gettting to the gym and just getting back in the swing of things.
Before returning home, I picked up some dandelion tea and planned to do a water detox thing upon arriving home. I knew it would help me feel better. I had PLANS!. I was going to cook well (maybe even out of a vegan cookbook I picked up). I was going to eat moderately and I was going to run, run, run and do wonderful glorious situps.
And now I'm home and two cups of coffee into the day and I haven't exercised and our frozen pipes are proving to be quite frozen and that tea doesn't look appealing at all. And I just want to eat something.
But I'm not.
Dang process of being healthy and moderate.
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Suggestios - Pillows for leather couch?
ecatrussDecember 9, 2012
Purchased a beautiful light pearl colored leather sofa with hopes of using pillows for both comfort & color. The issue I am having is the leather is smooth, hence all the pillows do not sit up, they slide down. It looks messy and I can't beak up the big white color. Anyone have suggestions?
Thank you-
Thank you-
That is annoying! I would discard the pillows and try out a couple of complementary throws. Perhaps a pillow with a square edge (like better bed pillows), or with heavy corner tassels, would stay in place. Perhaps try a long, round shag pillow in contrasting color (custom made).
Maybe this would help: You could take out the pillow forms and frame each insert's outside perimeter by attaching a narrow, sewn cylinder that you have filled with rice or flaxseed. Then put covers back on. Your pillows should then have no trouble "sitting" up straight. (like a stuffed toy with a skooshy bottom...) Think "bean bag" frames... You need to measure to be sure each pillow can handle the extra "stuffing." Good luck!
I have the exact sofa upon which I have the combination of pillows and throws.
Veronica Wunderlich
I would find fabric I love and make my own. The trick would be adding some weight to hold them down. Maybe a sock filled with rice, and place it in side with the pillow before stitching it up. It would be hidden inside the back and bottom of the pillow.


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You may have noticed things look a little different around here - we've switched to a new platform (XenForo) and have some new forum styles and features. This how-to guide will help you find your way around. If you find anything that looks strange, post it in this thread.
Both touchpad buttons right-click
Discussion in 'Hardware Components and Aftermarket Upgrades' started by nu_D, Sep 12, 2011.


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If you're a runner who's considering going meat-free (or cutting back), you're in good company. According to a runnersworld.com poll, just 17 percent of runners are vegetarian or vegan, but 48 percent have tried to reduce the amount of meat they eat or the frequency with which they eat it. Studies show that vegetarians have a lower incidence of cancer, heart disease, and diabetes, and weigh less than meat-eaters. Their diets also contain more good-for-you nutrients, including fiber, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.
But can you really eat a vegetarian diet and perform your best? "Absolutely," says Nisevich Bede. "Well-balanced vegetarian diets can provide ample energy and nutrients that will prevent premature fatigue and muscle breakdown." The key is to make sure you don't fall short on essential nutrients that are typically abundant in meat-eaters' diets—protein being one of them. Soy is an excellent source of quality vegetarian protein, as are beans and lentils, which have the added benefit of providing complex carbohydrates. And if you eat dairy and eggs (vegans don't), reaching your daily protein needs is easy. "It is uncommon for vegetarians who consume adequate amounts of plant, vegetable, and dairy protein to experience severe protein-deficiency," says Nisevich Bede.
Other nutrients, including vitamin D, calcium, B vitamins, iron, and zinc, can be harder to get without eating meat. "Iron and zinc deficiency can lead to poor performance and fatigue," says Nisevich Bede, "while not getting enough B vitamins can cause muscle weakness, tiredness, and even memory loss." Beans, whole grains, and leafy green vegetables are good sources of iron; however, to maximize your absorption you should pair them with vitamin C—rich foods. Nuts, seeds, and whole grains provide good amounts of zinc. Eggs and dairy are the only vegetarian sources of vitamin B12 , but plenty of other foods, like grains and cereals, are often fortified with it.
Vitamin- and protein-rich meat-free recipes for runners
BREAKFAST: More-Vegetable-Than-Egg Frittata (recipe, below) and a Hearty Whole-Grain Muffin
One egg provides six grams of protein, nearly a quarter of your daily need for selenium, and 11 percent of your daily need for vitamin B12 , a nutrient that many vegetarian runners fall short on. The key is to eat the whole egg—not just the white—since most of those nutrients are found in the yolk. Vegetables add nutrients such as vitamin C, vitamin A, and even iron. Pair the frittata with a whole-grain muffin for a quick and convenient source of complex carbs as well as a surprising amount of protein.
MIDMORNING SNACK: Coconut Almond Energy Bar
Making your own energy bars is easier than you think—and they taste way better than any store-bought version. Thanks to the almonds, cashews, sesame seeds, and sunflower seeds in this recipe, these energy bars are an excellent source of zinc, a mineral essential for maintaining proper immune function.
Makes: 20
Total time: 25 minutes
Recipe Key: Gluten-Free, Vegetarian, Fast, Low-Calorie
2 cups old-fashioned rolled oats
1 cup unsweetened shredded coconut
1/2 cup whole raw almonds
1/2 cup whole raw cashews or peanuts
1/2 cup sesame seeds
1/2 cup raw sunflower seeds
1/2 cup chopped dates or raisins
1 1/2 cups tahini (sesame seed paste) or natural peanut butter
1 cup honey (you'll need an entire 16-ounce bottle)
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
Preheat the oven to 350°F. Generously coat a 10" x 15" baking sheet with cooking spray.
In a large bowl, combine the oats, coconut, almonds, cashews or peanuts, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds, and dates or raisins.
Put the tahini or peanut butter and honey in a microwaveable bowl and heat on high for 1 minute. Add the vanilla extract and mix well. Add to the oats mixture. Stir until well combined.
Pour the mixture onto the prepared baking sheet and, with wet hands, pat into a rectangle about 1" high (your rectangle will be about 10" x 12"). Bake for 15 minutes, or until the edges of the bars turn golden brown. Do not overbake. The bars will still feel tacky in the center but will firm up as they cool.
NUTRITION PER BAR: 311 calories, 30 g carbs, 5 g fiber, 8 g protein, 20 g total fat, 5 g saturated fat, 26 mg sodium
LUNCH: Chickpea, Cherry, and Ginger Salad
One cup of chickpeas packs more than a quarter of your daily need for iron—that's key for vegetarians, who may not get enough of this energy-boosting nutrient (and also 12 grams of fiber per cup, so save this for your postrun meal). Vitamin C—rich mandarin oranges ensure that your body absorbs as much of the mineral as possible.
Makes: 4 servings
Total time: 10 minutes
Recipe Key: Vegetarian, Gluten-Free, Fast
2 cans (15.5 ounces each) chickpeas, drained and rinsed
1 can (11 ounces) mandarin oranges
1/2 red onion, diced
1 clove garlic, minced
1 tablespoon minced fresh ginger
2/3 cup chopped pecans
2/3 cup dried tart cherries
1 jalapeño chile pepper, minced (wear plastic gloves when handling)
1 cup chopped parsley
4 ounces feta cheese
2 tablespoons apple cider vinegar
2 tablespoons olive oil
1/8 teaspoon salt
1/8 teaspoon ground black pepper
In a large bowl, add the chickpeas, oranges, onion, garlic, ginger, pecans, cherries, chile pepper, parsley, and feta cheese. Stir to combine. In a small bowl, whisk together the vinegar and oil. Season with the salt and pepper. Pour over the chickpea salad and mix well.
NUTRITION PER SERVING: 587 calories, 70 g carbs, 17 g fiber, 16 g protein, 28 g total fat, 6.5 g saturated fat, 953 mg sodium
AFTERNOON SNACK: Spinach-Kiwi Cooler, plus plain low-fat Greek yogurt topped with Granola
The combination of iron-rich spinach and vitamin C—packed kiwi in this low-calorie smoothie helps vegetarians meet their iron needs. Blending it with almond milk instead of low-fat dairy milk keeps calories in check, while adding banana helps offset the slightly bitter greens. Greek yogurt is a concentrated source of quality protein, with six ounces providing 17 grams. Topping it with homemade granola provides a dose of whole-grain carbs—minus the bad-for-you fats found in most store-bought brands.
Makes: 1 serving
Total time: 5 minutes
Recipe Key: Gluten-Free, Vegetarian, Vegan, Fast
1/2 cup unsweetened almond milk
1 cup fresh spinach
1 kiwi, sliced
1/2 frozen banana, sliced
Combine the almond milk, spinach, kiwi, and banana in a blender. Process until smooth.
NUTRITION PER SERVING: 123 calories, 26 g carbs, 5 g fiber, 2 g protein, 2 g total fat, 0 g saturated fat, 109 mg sodium
DINNER: Tagliatelle with Peas, Chili, and Mint
Even though this dish contains no meat, it still provides 15 grams of protein. The surprising source: peas, which are also rich in iron, vitamin C, and vitamin K, a nutrient that's key for healthy bones.
Makes: 6 servings
Total time: 25 minutes
Recipe Key: Vegetarian, Fast
2 cups shelled peas
1 pound tagliatelle (use linguine or fettuccine as a substitute)
3 tablespoons olive oil
1 tablespoon minced fresh hot chili (such as Thai)
1/2 cup chopped fresh mint, plus more for garnish
1/2 cup freshly grated Pecorino Romano cheese, plus more for garnish
Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil. Add the shelled peas and cook for 3 to 5 minutes, or until tender. Remove the peas with a sieve. Add the tagliatelle to the boiling water.
Meanwhile, put 2 tablespoons of the oil in a medium saucepan over medium heat. When the oil is hot, add the hot chili and peas, and cook, stirring occasionally, for 2 minutes.
When the pasta is tender, drain it, reserving 1/4 cup of the cooking water. Return the tagliatelle to the pot. Toss it with the remaining 1 tablespoon oil, the peas and chili, mint, and cheese. Add a bit of the cooking water, if you like, to wet the sauce. Serve garnished with more mint and cheese.
NUTRITION PER SERVING: 414 calories, 64 g carbs, 5 g fiber, 15 g protein, 11 g total fat, 3 g saturated fat, 223 mg sodium
DESSERT: Chocolate Oatmeal Cookie
Chocolate chips, walnuts, and oats give these cookies a chewy and crunchy texture. They use less sugar than many traditional chocolate-chip cookies, but have plenty of rich sweetness thanks to the combination of brown sugar, dark honey, and cocoa powder. The latter two ingredients also provide a dose of minerals, including zinc and iron.
Makes: 30
Total time: 50 minutes
Recipe Key: Vegetarian, Low-Calorie
6 tablespoons butter, at room temperature
1/2 cup packed brown sugar
1/2 cup white sugar
3 tablespoons dark honey, such as buckwheat
2 eggs
1 teaspoon vanilla extract
1/2 cup all-purpose flour
1/2 cup whole wheat flour
1 teaspoon baking soda
Pinch of salt
1/4 cup cocoa powder
2 cups quick cooking oats
3/4 cup dark chocolate chips, or 4 ounces chopped dark chocolate
1/2 cup chopped walnuts or pecans
Preheat the oven to 375°F. Coat a baking sheet with cooking spray or line it with parchment paper.
In the bowl of an electric mixer or in a mixing bowl, combine the butter, brown sugar, white sugar, and honey. Beat on high speed until smooth and creamy. Add the eggs and vanilla extract and beat on low speed to blend well.
In another bowl, add the all-purpose flour, whole wheat flour, baking soda, salt, and cocoa powder. Stir until well combined. Add to the wet mixture. Stir in the oats, chocolate, and nuts.
Spoon the batter in 1 tablespoon mounds onto the baking sheet. Bake for 10 to 12 minutes, or until set to the touch.
NUTRITION PER COOKIE: 124 calories, 23 g carbs, 2 g fiber, 3 g protein, 7 g total fat, 3 g saturated fat, 74 mg sodium
Daily Nutrition: 2,139 calories, 270 g carbs, 41 g fiber, 82 g protein, 92 g fat
Mark Bittman's More-Vegetable-Than-Egg Frittata
A runner for four decades, New York Times columnist and RW contributing writer Mark Bittman wrote about his semi-vegan diet for his new book, VB6, meaning vegan before 6 p.m.
Makes: 4 servings
Total time: 35 minutes
Recipe Key: Gluten-Free, Vegetarian, Low-Calorie
1 tablespoon olive oil
1/2 onion, sliced
Salt and ground black pepper
6 cups of any chopped or sliced raw or cooked vegetables, drained of excess moisture if necessary
1/4 cup fresh basil leaves, or 1 teaspoon chopped fresh tarragon or mint leaves (optional)
3 eggs
1/2 cup freshly grated Parmesan cheese
Heat the oil in a skillet over medium heat. When the oil is hot, add the onion, sprinkle with salt and pepper to taste, and cook for 3 minutes, or until it's soft. Add the vegetables, raise the heat, and cook, stirring occasionally, until they soften, anywhere from a couple of minutes for greens to 15 minutes for sliced potatoes. Adjust the heat so the vegetables brown a little without scorching. (If you're starting with precooked vegetables, add them to the onions and give a couple of good stirs before proceeding to the next step.)
When the vegetables are nearly done, reduce the heat to low and add the basil, if using. Cook, stirring occasionally, until the pan is almost dry, up to another 5 minutes for wetter ingredients like tomatoes or mushrooms.
Meanwhile, beat the eggs with salt and pepper to taste, along with the Parmesan. Pour over the vegetables, using a spoon if necessary to distribute them evenly. Cook undisturbed for 10 minutes, or until the eggs are barely set. (You can set them further by putting the pan in a 350°F oven for a few minutes or by running it under the broiler for a minute or two.) Cut into wedges and serve hot, warm, or at room temperature.
Nutrition per serving: 159 calories, 6 g carbs, 2 g fiber, 12 g protein, 10 g fat
Hungry for More? BUY THE BOOK!
Get all the delicious runner-friendly meals, snacks, and desserts mentioned here, plus many more, in The Runner's World Cookbook: 150 Ultimate Recipes for Fueling Up and Slimming Down—While Enjoying Every Bite (Rodale), available at runnersworldcookbook.com.


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In a FBC/Ixonia meeting just a few weeks back, many shared loving and living memories of the church's history. Alongside this sharing, thinking emerged about the future. Excitement was palpable and filled with expectant and hopeful faith about this future. Somewhere in that meeting, I mentioned we are not closing the book on the past, but we are writing a new chapter. Having given the whole thing some thought prior to the meeting, I believed that was a good enough thought.
Well, as I've prayed about it since that meeting, I've ever so slightly corrected myself. It is time for a sequel, not just a new chapter, to the first 100+ year history of the church. We've moved to a new location, with a "new" re-purposed building we now call our church home; why not a new story – Wander to Wonder – the Sequel!
So, with that said, suffice it to say, that sharing this ongoing story, totally related to the previous 100+ years of this church's history, is not that bad of an idea! I really do believe, as I have all along that there are serious and worthwhile reasons to relate this story. Telling this will be my and our attempt over, let's say, at least the next several months. So minus all the fluff of book signings, interviews and marketing parties, here goes!...
Church Service:
Every Sunday @ 10:00AM
Food Pantry Times:
12:00PM to 7:00 PM*
Clothing Exchange Times:
12:00PM to 7:00 PM*
*every second and third tuesday
Our location:
N8340 North Street
Ixonia, WI 53036
Church Phone:
(920) 206-8300
Food Pantry & Clothing Exchange Phone:
(920) 262-0633


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Mine Water and the Environment
Founded in 1981 (as the International Journal of Mine Water), Mine Water and the Environment presents original contributions addressing technical questions and practical issues related to the evaluation, prediction, prevention, or control of water problems at mining operations or their impact on the environment.
Both the journal and its audience are interdisciplinary. Published papers convey new technical information by and for researchers and practitioners in this field. Coverage includes laboratory and field experiments, modeling efforts, studies of relevant field sites, technical evaluations of new technology, and engineering applications.
Mine Water and the Environment is the journal of the International Mine Water Association (IMWA).
- 31 Volumes
- 100 Issues
- 771 Articles
- 5 Open Access
- 1982 - 2015 Available between
Latest Articles
Technical Article
Groundwater Numerical Simulation in an Open Pit Mine in a Limestone Formation Using MODFLOW
José Paulino Fernández-Álvarez, Lorena Álvarez-Álvarez… (March 2015)
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An Overview of an Acidic Uranium Mine Pit Lake (Caldas, Brazil): Composition of the Zooplankton Community and Limnochemical Aspects
Carla R. Ferrari, Heliana de Azevedo… (March 2015)
Technical Article
Emergy and Carbon Footprint Analysis of the Construction of Passive and Active Treatment Systems for Net Alkaline Mine Drainage
B. K. Winfrey, R. W. Nairn, D. R. Tilley… (March 2015)
- Journal Title
- Mine Water and the Environment
- Coverage
- Volume 1 / 1982 - Volume 34 / 2015
- Print ISSN
- 1025-9112
- Online ISSN
- 1616-1068
- Publisher
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg
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Salvia Greggii
Hi All!
Well i work at Lowe's here in Tx in the garden center so i suppose i should know this however i'am the waterer there and not the plant specialist and i haven't gotten around to asking her this question. I could read the tag but i've come to find the tag is not the most reliable resource. So why not ask the experts?? I see alot of people asking for and buying Salvia Greggii. My question is ....How hardy is it??? I buy very little any more that i cannot at least hope to see come back up in the spring. Here in West Central TX we can expect to drop below 20 degrees a few times each winter. No snow for insulation and the cold usually blows in with a cold front and out a day or two later, never hangs around long. What do you think??
The S. Gregii, should do just fine for you. We have simular weather here in the Austin area and they do great. Mine do best with some afternoon shade in the heat of the summer. but I've seen them growing wild in the Del Rio area full sun. cut them back every once in awhile to keep them flowering stong.
Mine are in a south facing bed that has a garage wall on the north and west side but they are in the east/south part of the bed. It has some overhang of sparse oak branches that have no leaves in Winter and they have survived 24* weather for a couple of days. I mulched with redwood mulch - real hairy like. I used small stones and redwood mulch on my other tender Salvias and they all came back except the Leucantha.This is a fabulous Salvia - I call it the "Energizer Bunny" as it blooms for so long. Be careful as the branches are brittle and easily broken, otherwise enjoy.
Yes, I've had greggii's in ground for 3-4 years now....I must admit that we had a very atypical ice storm that put nearly a foot of ice/snow on the ground that lasted for 6 weeks about 5 years ago that wiped them all out here. However, since replanting, all are fine (till some other atypical weather sometime in the future).
I have mine in a variety of locations, full sun but damp,part sun and dry and they all stayed evergreen and some are already blooming.
Great plant I would highly recommend it. I have some planted with a smallish ornimental grass and the contrast is very nice.
I'm Z8b South Tx.We don't get real cold and when we do not for long& rarely longer than 6 hours.I have the autumn sage.its in shade,but gets sun after 3,but gets sun all winter.when it gets cold I don't lose leaves,they turn purple-tinted& has a heavy spring bloom& fall bloom and will bloom till december and starts again in March.I do see hummingbirds on it mid morning and night time.
I'm hopeing to air-layer some branches for more plants in yard.anyone do this?how tall the 2nd year are they?


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iPhone - iPod
Temple Run: Brave Answers for iPhone - iPodHome / iPhone - iPod /
Game Questions & Answers (Q&A) service lets you ask questions about video games for game consoles or PC games. So ask your Temple Run: Brave question for iPhone - iPod and get answers from real gamers or answer questions and share your insights and experience with the rest of the gaming community.
Boxshot / Details
- Developer: Disney
- Publisher: Disney
- Genre: Adventure
- Release Date: Jun 14, 2012
- ESRB: Not Set
- Other Platforms
Question & Answers
Where to find the fire potion in brave
Hey im really stuck on the level after the earth monster because at the end of the next level you have to kill an ice monster but i cant find the fire potion to kill it anywhere
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HELP - new frig panel - how deep should I go?
Hi, in addition to my crown issue (earlier thread), I'm stuck on how deep to make my new frig panel.
It's a long story, but basically the Viking D3 specs were wrong and the frig will not recess far enough for a 24" panel to cover the gray side (based on water tubing/etc.). So I'm having my cabinetmaker make me a new frig panel (note I'm getting the grille for the top as well - just waiting to sort everything else out).
I've included a picture. As you can see, there is an opening to the dining room to the left. I also left about a 5.5" filler to the left of the frig to allow the left door to open (filler piece will be installed later). I can access everything just fine, however I cannot get the drawer out to clean (which I rarely do). I would have to pull the frig forward maybe 4 inches (so maybe a 28" frig panel). I'd need to confirm this but am deathly afraid of scratching my new floors by pulling the frig out! This would pull the frig forward towards the dining room opening, but we never use the dining room (and there is a big entryway on the other side from the hall coming from the foyer), so I'm not overly concerned with how far the frig comes out, other than how it looks from a design perspective.
One other thing to note, the top left frig door does contact the door casing, so if someone were to open it too fast/hard, it could likely dent the door -- so far so good on that, but I've got 2 school-age kids -- so anything could happen.
I think these are my options:
Option 1 - Pull it out far enough to open the left door all the way (maybe 28" of depth for the frig panel). So the base of the frig would stick out 4" past the cabinets, 2.5" past the granite, and a bit further into the dining room opening (although it�s not actually in the opening as that left wall is about 37" - the wall to edge of casing will be about 33.25" when the new casing is installed). The frig doors add 3" and the door handles another 2.75". So doing the math, that is 28" + 3" + 2.75" = 33.75" (entire frig including handles will be out this far).
Option 2 - The granite comes out 25.5", so I was thinking maybe just having the new frig panel be 25.5". I'd have to pull the frig out for that once in awhile cleaning of the left drawer, and probably deli drawer.
Option 3 � Just go with a round 26" for the new frig panel, so it would stick out just a 1/2" in front of the granite.
What is the best solution here?
I always prefer to see the countertop overhang die into something, so I would opt for a 26" side panel.
Ellen1234: I have a Viking Pro with trim. With my fridge, the top grill piece along with the leveling feet makes it pretty much impossible to move without fully recessing the feet. (Mine is not at the end so it does not matter). My GC had to work hard (rerouting the water line) to make sure the 24" deep cabinet worked, btw.
Regarding the depth, I would go for B or C if you have issues getting enough depth.
For the door banging issue, BTW, Viking does make a hinge restrictor that changes the door swing from 180 to 110 degrees.
gooster -- thanks! I called and talked to Viking about the depth and they basically told me with the water tubing design (and some kind of structure which holds it), that 24" depth is not enough. And I don't really want to push it - the actual body is exactly 24" so the tubing definitely protrudes beyond that. Also, the hinges on the Viking D3 actually already restrict it to less than 180 degrees -- I'll have to get our protractor out to see whether it's 110 degrees! I got excited when I saw that, but then I realized we probably already have those restrictors -- but I will double check. BTW my husband was able to pull out the frig, but we did empty it first. BTW, are your levelers up a lot, or just a little? The installer put ours up quite a bit -- I didn't check the level though - maybe it needed to be up that much. Personally I would just prefer it be directly on the wheels and that's it. Oh well.
sjhockeyfan - thanks! I actually can pull the left drawer out far enough to clean it in place, but I cannot remove it w/o pulling the frig out. In fact I just checked and I can physically remove the deli drawer (yeah!). I can pull the left drawer all the way out so that the entire inside is visible, but cannot remove it. The good thing is I can remove the right drawer and then clean under the left drawer if needed.
Ellen1234: it sounds like your design is a bit different. Our floors are not exactly level on that side (old house), so the GC had to extend the levels a bit. He ended up routing the water line from the floor, even though we did have a regular water outlet and recessed plug installed. There is just enough depth on this Pro model to make it all fit (the body is 23 1/2"). My left door swings to 180 degrees while my right one is restricted to 110.


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Sermon Search Results for Brotherhood
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Results: 12 Sermons
Paul gives some Biblical way to love the family of God.
Series: Romans - God's Glorious Gospel
Contributor: Jerry Watts (425 sermons shared)
Scripture: Romans 16:1-16:16
Shared: 6/9/2009
This sermon addresses the way in which Christians are called on to look after their fellow brothers and sisters in the faith.
Contributor: Joel Pankow (310 sermons shared)
Denomination: Lutheran
Scripture: Matthew 18:15-18:20
Tags: Christian Disciplines
Shared: 8/31/2005
As Christian men, we need to surround ourselves with other God fearing men that will keep us accountabile and lifted up. If we cannot be there for our brother in Christ, then how will we be there for God when He calls.
Contributor: Carl Allen (337 sermons shared)
Scripture: 2 Timothy 4:2
Tags: Men And Women
Shared: 8/3/2005
In a school, there are ways to build a brotherhood and ways to destroy it; Scripture leads the way.
Contributor: W Pat Cunningham (502 sermons shared)
Denomination: Catholic
Scripture: 1 Corinthians 8:1-8:13
Tags: School, Forgiveness For Others
Shared: 9/7/2008
This is a message about loving one another.
Series: Unusual Love
Contributor: Larry Wise (20 sermons shared)
Denomination: Evangelical/Non-denominational
Scripture: 1 Peter 1:22-1:23
Tags: Love, Brotherhood, Love Of The Disciples
Shared: 2/14/2010
Paul's exhortation to each of us is simply to give proper care and feeding to the body of Christ.
Series: A Single Verse
Contributor: Daniel Austin (215 sermons shared)
Denomination: Christian/Church of Christ
Scripture: 1 Thessalonians 5:14
Shared: 5/10/2010
Epaphroditus is a Christian model for us to consider. Paul's words about him remind us of who we are to be as Christians.
Series: Philippians
Contributor: Greg Nance (393 sermons shared)
Denomination: Christian/Church of Christ
Scripture: Philippians 2:25-2:30
Tags: Spiritual, Brotherhood, Soldier, Warfare, Growth In Christ, [more]
Shared: 12/10/2011
All church came from one blood. I wonder what would happen if we all rose up together and agreed on two issues.
Contributor: Mike Fogerson (577 sermons shared)
Scripture: Acts 17:26-17:31
Tags: Denomination, Love, Christian Values
Shared: 9/19/2012
We need to consider the early Church's message to their elder brothers, the Jews, and our attitude of love for them today.
Contributor: W Pat Cunningham (502 sermons shared)
Denomination: Catholic
Scripture: Acts 6:8-7:59
Tags: Conversion, Israel, Love Of The Disciples, Morality, Brotherhood
Shared: 12/26/2009
Part 1 of a 2-part sermon. The writer to the Hebrews disclosed that the security of man's reclamation was in Jesus. Thus you can have, if you so choose, a sure reclamation. Man's reclamation is secure thru...
Contributor: Byron Sherman (474 sermons shared)
Scripture: Hebrews 2:10-2:18
Shared: 4/20/2010


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'Fountain of youth in a bottle'
Drugs used to treat AIDS patients are being diverted onto a black market that serves professional athletes.
SAN FRANCISCO -- On a lazy morning in the Castro District of downtown, two middle-aged men with shaved heads lean on the front counter at the local Gold's Gym, talking 'roids.
The other man, in sweats, laughs just a little. "Oh, that's the least powerful stuff you can take." He explains that he has grown far more muscular using human growth hormone.
They talk freely about their use of anabolic steroids and HGH because the men are among a group legally permitted to use such muscle-building pharmaceuticals. They have HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, so doctors can prescribe the drugs to keep their bodies strong.
|Is there a connection between pro athletes, steroids and the HIV community?
• OTL in ESPN Motion
Last year, when federal and county investigators raided the Bay Area home of Greg Anderson, best known as Barry Bonds' personal trainer, they found syringes, anabolic steroids and vials of Serostim. In 1996, Serostim became the first synthetic human growth hormone approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment of "wasting," the involuntary loss of lean body mass among HIV and AIDS patients.
The statements are contained in a report written and signed by agents for the Internal Revenue Service and San Mateo County Narcotics Task Force shortly after the Sept. 3, 2003 raid on Anderson's house. Anna Ling, one of Anderson's attorneys, claims the memo contains fabrications by investigators, but declined to address whether Anderson has acquired drugs from the AIDS community.
"There's a huge market for it [AIDS drugs], so it's an easy money-maker," says James Johnson, owner of the Max Muscle sports supplement shop located across the street from Gold's Gym. "In fact, I probably have customers once a week ask me if I can find it for them."
Steve Kelly, a personal trainer who often works out of a Gold's Gym in San Francisco, estimates that a quarter of his clients are HIV-positive. While he is unaware of anyone who has sold the drugs to bodybuilders, athletes or trainers, he says he can understand why some people would trade their prescriptions for a wad of cash.
"They might have lost their job," he says. "The money might not be there, and they might be on welfare. I can see where the temptation would be if someone dangles a couple hundred dollars in front of them to give up half of their prescription for a month."
A monthly supply of Serostim runs more than $6,000. States such as California often pick up the costs of the prescription for those who qualify for assistance.
"It's fairly reprehensible that somebody would be preying on a compromised part of the population to feed some million-dollar athlete," Kelly says. "There's probably a special place in hell for somebody like that."
The question of whether Bonds received human growth hormone and testosterone is not addressed in the report.
The attorney for Rios and the agent for Estalella declined comment when reached by ESPN.com. The agent for Santiago did not respond to requests for comment.
Bonds has long denied using performance-enhancing drugs, though his name is often mentioned in the same breath with BALCO, the Bay Area lab at the center of what is becoming one of the biggest drug scandals in sports history.
On Wednesday in San Francisco, U.S. District Court Judge Susan Illston denied a defense motion to dismiss the case. Anderson and two BALCO executives, founder Victor Conte and vice president James Valente, are among those indicted by a grand jury on charges including drug distribution and money laundering. Each has pleaded not guilty.
Human growth hormone has been used by bodybuilders and athletes since the early 1980s when the only way to acquire it was by grinding up the pituitary glands of human cadavers. HGH, however, was linked to a variant of mad cow disease, which resulted in dementia and death among a statistically significant segment of its users. Its popularity and potential medical applications grew after a genetically engineered form of the hormone was created in 1985.
Athletes often use human growth hormone in tandem with steroids, says Dr. Gary Wadler, who helped the World Anti-Doping Agency determine its list of banned substances.
"Growth hormone causes not only growth of muscle but growth of everything in the body," he says. "Athletes determined to cheat will mix steroids and growth hormones [on the notion] that if the growth hormone makes the muscles bigger, then steroids will make the bigger muscles stronger."
Colin Kelly, a 48-year-old amateur bodybuilder from Hermosa Beach, Calif., says he uses Serostim to help him bulk up his physique. He says he gets the drug from middlemen in the black-market pipeline who buy it from AIDS patients.
"Remember when you were 20 years old and could eat ice cream and cake and stuff, and you never gained any fat? This is what it will do for you," he says. "You can eat all that stuff again. It picks up your metabolism a lot, so you take the stuff and you gain muscle mass and lose body fat without even working out at all. It's incredible.
"It's the fountain of youth in a bottle, so who wouldn't want that?"
Two years ago, West Hollywood (Calif.) mayor John Duran rapidly lost 60 pounds, mostly muscle, because of wasting. Serostim, he says, helped him to get his weight back up to 185 pounds.
"I know when my weight was severely reduced, I would walk out on the public streets and people would give me that look, like, 'Oh my god, is he going to die?' " Duran says. "I don't have to face that look anymore. I get to go to my gym four days a week. I get to get on my spinning bicycle at the gym and do my cardio. I get to participate in regular activities."
Publicly, Conte has only said he knows athletes who use the substance, but has not supplied it to them. In requesting a search warrant for the BALCO offices, the government cited a 1998 quote from Conte in Testosterone magazine: "I don't condone the use of anabolic steroids or growth hormone. However, I know a number of athletes who use growth hormone, and most of them are reporting tremendous benefits. A few NFL players who have been caught using anabolic steroids have switched to using growth hormone by itself. Some of the older players in their mid-30s are also using growth hormone."
Fraud related to black-market sales of Serostim to bodybuilders has prompted the state of California to enact stricter controls on the distribution of the drug. Along with a doctor's prescription, people with HIV also must get prior approval from the state. Now that Serostim has been linked to Anderson and the BALCO case, some people with HIV fear that further restrictions will be placed on the drug.
"Most good drugs are subject to abuse so I can understand why people would want it -- because it has the same effect as a steroid," Duran said. "I just hope that some of those abuses don't result in people like me, who really need the drug, being denied access."
Tom Farrey is a senior writer for ESPN.com. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.
ESPN producer Nicole Noren contributed to this report. She can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Tom Farrey | emailWriter, Reporter
- Honors include 2014 Alfred I. DuPont-Columbia University Award, 2013 Edward R. Murrow Award and two Outstanding Sports Journalism Emmys
- Director: Aspen Institute Sports & Society Program
- Steroid scandal case will proceed
- Memos: BALCO execs said Bonds used 'roids
- Play Balco
- BALCO lawyers allege illegal searches, coercion
- Report: Sheffield unknowingly used steroid
- Kreidler: Timing is everything
- Ratto: Equal justice for some
- Marion Jones denies sending checks to BALCO
- Assael: Indictment by innuendo
- Blood Money


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Devi (Madhuri Dixit), who gets sudden visions (usually accompanied with a mild panic attack) of..
Hindi | Mystery
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War...Chhod Na Yaar!
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War...Chhod Na Yaar!
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WAR...Chhod Na Yaar! movie tries to shed light on some "so-called" reasons behind one such unwanted war. The movie is a satirical take on the conditions of the armed forces of two..
Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri
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A petty thief and a con-man make his son, Prasad (Shakti Kapoor) also a con man. Running through their victims and the police, they end up staying at Umargaon. Here his sister,..
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The movie is about Devayan (Vinod Khanna) is his fight for Justice. This movie mainly shows the power of truth. After witnessing the death of his dad, being killed by Ratan Singh..
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Babban is a hot-blooded thief and he ridicules the idea of romance. Watch this movie to find out how Babban discovers his true love.
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Sept. 30, 2013
ROCK ISLAND—Carl Sandburg College sophomore women's cross country runner Haley Bolliger broke the school record for a 6-kilometer race during Friday's Brissman-Lundeen Invitational a Saukie Golf Course.
Bolliger, who also holds the women's 5K school record, finished the race in 24 minutes, 12.2 seconds to break the previous record of 24:52 set by Jessica Hanson in 2007. Bolliger placed 54th out of 425 runners overall.
The Chargers women's...


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So guess what? My wife and I are going to have a baby! Woohoo! Yup, what you just read. I've been wanting to break the news for a few days now but with everything that was going on, my endless to-do list, the trip and stuff, truth is, I couldn't find the time.
Johan Bakken added this photo to his favorites. (81 months ago)
Congratulations man !
Wishing you the bests to you and your wife ! :)
Wooohoo! Thank you so much!
Felicitaciones!!!! :)


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Burger Wuss
From the critics
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CommentAdd a Comment
"I'm several decades too old for this book." - Blind Date with a Book 2015 comment
Mr. Anderson's short book is unflinching as a short, embittered glimpse into a youth wasted in the fast-food industry. Its protagonist is a nebbishy loser who never gets the girl but spends his time brooding over his revenge against a Neanderthalic rival and striving to retrieve his sluttish girlfriend. This is no feel-good, heart-warming tale in the 80s movie tradition. Here are adolescent flailings in all their true messiness.
Awash in a churning acidic sea of teenage angst and insecurities, the book is at times annoying, heartrending, funny and chaotic. Anthony gets bad advice, teams up with another teen of dubious morals and odd sleeping habits and gets pummeled in graphic detail that suggests the author himself may have been on the receiving end of a vicious drubbing or two.
"Burger Wuss" is a nasty remembrance of the things that make American adolescence such a dreadful, awkward time. The only hope is knowing that we'll outgrow it and go on to better things.
SummaryAdd a Summary
Funny story of teen love, revenge, and working in a fast food burger place.
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|See All Puppies
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For most dog owners in Oregon, the toughest challenge has been to find a good breeder. This is why at Oregon Labrador Breeders, we have done the running around for you. We screen our breeders and only work with those who follow our policies. Our trained puppy counselors help you in finding the right breed and puppy. Our puppies are thoroughly examined for health concerns before they join your family. We do all this because we believe you don't just bring home a puppy, instead you bring home a relationship!
Though not breeders ourselves, we place puppies in caring lifelong homes in Oregon and across the US. All of the puppies available on this website are from our exclusive national network of the finest breeders and may not necessarily be located in Oregon. Shipping is available.
Available Evenings and Sundays Se Habla Español
Merry Christmas! Our family is enjoying Holly (1yr) and Coco who just arrived safely last Friday!
Thanks for all your help Lilly and everybody else at Purebred Breeders- great customer service on your end and we love our new pup (Java).
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Call 866-592-5322 to speak with a Puppy Specialist or enter your information:
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Trash to Treasure: 28 Recycled Crafts
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Oatmeal Box Doll Cradle
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Recycle your oatmeal boxes into doll beds with this cereal box craft from Carolyn Wainscott. You'll learn how to make a doll bed using an old oatmeal container, some scrap fabric, and a hot glue gun. These easy crafts are even appropriate for children.
- Recycled oatmeal or other round box
- ½ yard fabric
- lace/trim
- hot glue gun
- scissors or craft knife
- Cut opening in side of box for doll.
- Cut & glue fabric circles to ends of box.
- Cut & glue fabric around sides.
- Cut fabric from opening to within ½ inch of opening,cut into corners.
- Turn under edges and glue all around to cardboard.
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My Grandmother taught me how to make this in the 1950s. It was nice seeing this craft here. It is really cute.
I made this for my daughter years ago, The only thing I did differed was I used padding on the outside and inside. My daughter loved it. Then I made one for my first granddaughter who is now 14. Now I'm making one for my second and third granddaughters who is 2 1/2 and her 1 year old sister. It is alot of fun teaching them my trade.
I like this idea but it would be nice if they could slow down the video! lol......
I like, I remeber a pincusion chair made from a oatmeal box but dont have the pattern. FLO S.
I'll tell you something very important!! When the lady from Face Craft is showing us how to put the cloth on the cartons, she does it in such high speed, it's very hard to tell what to do!! We haven't done so much as she! I cldn't do one from her video!!
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Try the yogurt, now 99% radiation free!
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Try the yogurt, now 99% radiation free!
Clash of Cultures
Fight Food
You Spin Me Round and Round...
Smile and Say "Fromage!"
Where there's a gré there's a whey.
Maid in Italy or France?
Yaourt Sans Frontières?
Circling the prize!
Sour Milk
Sour Milk
Until the cows come home!
should i trade these For Ferrero's nuts or Frog Cheese?
It's ours....all ours
Si Signore... why even Miss Bruni herself insists on our new 'Yogurt alla Berlusconi!
Is it still 'Prodotto in Italia'?
Thou shalt not covet thy neighbour's whey
Latte con vino -- delizioso!
Italian vs. French Yogurt Race Fermenting Quickly
French culture for Parmalat?
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The RS Components lighting range offers solutions for offices, warehouses and commercial premises. You will find penlights and headlamps, as well as retro-fit LEDs and panel indicators. You can also rest assured that RS stocks a vast array of lighting accessories to complement any lighting solution.
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Featuring up to 126 lumen using standard AA Alkaline batteries. Temperature, impact and corrosion resistant body made of tough ABS or Lexan® EXL resins.