text:
Launcher Update
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I want to do Discipline for just healing. I noticed that some of the points you can choose to go into are things that heal allies by attacking enemies and such. Is there really a point in speccing into these kinds of talents if I plan on using Disc for strictly Healing, and plan on using Shadow for my damage spec?
Thank you
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|Page (1) of 1 - 01/16/13
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LAS VEGAS, Jan. 16, 2013 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Galaxy Gaming, Inc. (OTC:GLXZ), the world's second largest developer, manufacturer and distributor of casino table games and enhanced casino systems, announced today that Mr. Dan Lubin has been added to the Company's development team as its Table Games Project Manager.
Mr. Lubin, 52, was previously employed by Station Casinos, Inc., which operates 18 casinos in Las Vegas. Since joining Station Casinos in 2006, Mr. Lubin held various positions in table game operations and has been an active inventor of proprietary table games. One of his games, marketed as "EZ Pai Gow Poker," achieved commercial success for a competitor of Galaxy Gaming. Besides developing casino table games and having a thorough knowledge of table game operations, Mr. Lubin's professional background includes computer science and programming technologies. He also has a background in teaching mathematics and is a noted contributor to various internet-based forums pertaining to table games and table game math.
"While at Station Casinos, I was attracted by Galaxy Gaming's innovation in bringing cutting edge products to our casinos," commented Mr. Lubin. "As I became more familiar with Galaxy, its innovative products and its team of professionals, it was clear to me that this company is becoming a major player in the casino industry. Not only did I want to be a part of it, but I also believe my talents will play an active role in Galaxy's future," expressed Mr. Lubin. "I am thrilled to be a part of the team."
"For 2013, we plan a number of strategic decisions to stimulate further growth of our company," stated Galaxy's Chief Executive Officer, Robert Saucier. "Creating this important position within our development team is critical to this strategy and we are extremely fortunate to have someone with Dan's impressive credentials, expertise and enthusiasm. Dan's background serves as the perfect complement to our team and we look forward to his future contributions," added Mr. Saucier.
(Click here to place a textlink on this site)

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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text:
The awards night was a great success with beaming finalists and beaming parents and radiant teachers. Thank you to everyone for their cooperation and support in being part of this big event.
Book sales are still available online.
For the first time this year we had 4 special $100 awards for creativity from Bradfield Senior College - a senior high school in St Leonards specialising in the creative industries. The winners are:
Year 3 Jet Ang Heaton Public School
Year 4 Jacqueline Xie St Ives North Public
Year 5 Jordan Lau Putney Public
Year 6 Samuel Cook SCEGGS Redlands
Congratulations to these fine writers who displayed outstanding creativity sometimes across all categories.
At the awards night, students from Bradfield's retail class completed work placement exercises in ushering, communication and customer service.
Thanks to all our volunteers who, as ever, give so much and without them, the competition wouldn't exist. We are a not for profit organisation and the book sales pay for the administration, publishing and insurance. Thank you all for your continued support.
Meredith and Anna
Competition Directors
(PS: Anna's daughter had a boy at 2am!)
Here's a letter from the students at St Margaret Mary's - now that make the hard work worthwhile!
The students of St Margaret Mary's would like to say a word of thanks for giving us the opportunity to participate and enjoy the experience of becoming finalists in the Sydney Youth Writing Competition. It has been an honour to meet the hard working directors, Meredith Melville-Jones and Anna Carmody that have made the competition what it is today; we would like to thank the sponsors and benefactors, Ashley Dawson-Damer and Karen Foley, for contributing to this competition and awarding the finalists with such prizes. We would also like to thank you for publishing our work in the annual Drop Wind Keep book.
Thank you for being so considerate and welcoming on the awards night. We think that every student from all the different schools appreciate all of your work and encouragement towards the entrants.
The competition, in our opinion, helped everyone to use all their writing skills that they learnt throughout their years to produce the best work they could. We could sense that many of the entries were full of imagery, especially the poems.
Thank you so much for choosing us as finalists in the competition. There were so many entries this year and we were so happy to be chosen as some of them. We think this competition has helped us to become better writers and has encouraged us to write more stories in our spare time.
Writing our entries was really fun and enjoyable. The competition helped us go a step further and improve our writing. The awards night was really exciting and helped make our school proud.
Again, we would like to thank everyone for all their hard work. We hope to see you again in the future.
By Jonathon Horley, Paula Kahwajy, Vanessa Cheng and Victoria Georges.
Certificate of Recognition
As our 2014 finalists have now been announced we would like to acknowledge all the wonderful writers who worked so hard on their entries for this year's competition.
You can now download a certificate of recognition. We encourage schools to acknowledge everyone who entered and for those students to be justifiably proud of their achievement.
A certificate of recognition from the Sydney Youth Writing Competition says that you value good writing and made the effort to craft an entry for consideration by our judges. You are 1 of 3,000 writers who took that brave step and so joined our wonderful writing community. And we are proud of you too.
Anna Carmody and Meredith Melville-Jones
Sydney Youth Writing Competition, Inc


text:
Ago 9 2007, 0h35
When I got home today the new Kevin Gordon CD O Come Look at the Burning (new, heh, it's 2 years old now...) was in the mail. It's more of a rock thing than the other CD of his I have (Down to the Well), but I got it on the strength of the single (which is the best John Hiatt song Hiatt never wrote). I need to listen more, but I find it a nice swampy, bluesy but very serious party record so far. Reminiscent of John Hammond & CCR at times.


text:
The Thatched Tavern4
Steep Hill Maidencombe, Torquay, TQ1 4TS
Price FromView Rooms
- Excellent
- 8 guest reviews
"peace and quiet at last excellent..."
"The Thatched Inn is a lovely pub in a great location. The hosts and staff couldn't make you feel more welcome .Food excellent and room luxur..."
"Quaint, lovely large room, fab food,great staff and excellent service. Will definitely be back..."
"Why go in a plastic corporate hotel chain or a tired seaside hotel when you have somewhere like the Thatched Tavern which oozes character? S..."
"Beautiful location (once you've found it!). Very peaceful and silent after the bar has closed. Might be noisy at weekends I suppose, I went..."
About the hotel
The Thatched Tavern, nestles in the heart of Maidencombe, a pretty picture postcard village in the Torbay countryside but only 300m from the beach and South West Coastal Path. Our two newly refurbished cosy rooms have been designed with your comfort in mind and are situated on the first floor of the Original 15th Century Grade II listed Cottage part of the building. An idyllic retreat where you can relax and unwind.
During your stay, drink or dine in the cosy bar and cottage with roaring log fires in the winter, our light and airy restaurant or Al Fresco in the fantastic award winning garden that surrounds the pub. Mick , Fiona and their team pride themselves on providing warm, friendly and attentive service in a relaxed atmosphere.
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- Main
- Hotel Non-Smoking Throughout
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- Wi-Fi Available, Wi-Fi Available In Public Areas, Wi-Fi Available In Rooms
- Dining
- Restaurant, Bar
- In room entertainment
- Video/DVD Player, TV, CD Player, Radio
- In room facilities
- Tea/Coffee making facilities in each room, Hairdryer in each room
- Parking
- Car Parking Available Offsite
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- Disabled Access Public Areas, Disabled toilets on ground floor
Useful Info Show/hide
- From 15:00 hours
- Until 11:00 hours
- The LateRooms.com rates for The Thatched Tavern in Torquay are the total price of the room and not the 'per person' rate. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
- Pets are not allowed
Customer Reviews
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100% would recommend it to a friend
Customer service
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peace and quiet at last excellent
amazing little find
The Thatched Inn is a lovely pub in a great location.
The hosts and staff couldn't make you feel more welcome .Food excellent and room luxurious. Our 2nd visit-we will be returning.
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text:
Page 1
Journal of Plant Physiology 164 (2007) 1028—1036
Effect of salinity on root-nodule conductance
to the oxygen diffusion in the Cicer
arietinum–Mesorhizobium ciceri symbiosis
Boulbaba L'taiefa,b,c,?, Bouaziz Sifib, Mainassara Zaman-Allahb,
Jean-Jacques Drevonc, Mokhtar Lachaa ˆla
aDe ´partement de Biologie, Faculte ´ de Sciences de Tunis, Campus universitaire 1060, Tunisia
bLaboratoire des grandes cultures, INRAT, Rue He ´di Karray 2080 Ariana, Tunisia
cUMR1220 Rhizosphe `re and symbiotes INRA-AGRO.M, Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex 01, France
Received 20 December 2005; accepted 12 May 2006
Cicer arietinum;
Nodule conductance;
Oxygen diffusion;
Symbiotic nitrogen
Nodule conductance to O2diffusion has been involved as a major factor of the
inhibition of N2fixation by soil salinity that severely reduces the production of grain
legumes. In order to determine the effect of this constraint on the nodule
conductance, oxygen uptake by the nodulated roots of Cicer arietinum was
measured by recording the concentration of O2as a function of pO2in a gas-tight
incubator. After germination and inoculation with the strain Mesorhizobium ciceri
UPMCa7, the varieties Amdoun 1 and INRAT 93-1 were hydroponically grown in a
glasshouse on 1L glass bottles filled with nutrient solution containing 25mM NaCl.
Salinity induced a marked decrease in shoot (30% versus 14%), root (43% versus 20%),
and nodule biomass (100% versus 43%) for Amdoun 1 relative to INRAT 93-1. Although
salinity completely prevented nodule formation in the sensitive variety Amdoun 1,
nodule number and biomass were higher in the first than in the second variety in the
absence of salt. This effect was associated with a significantly higher O2uptake by
nodulated root (510 versus 255mmolO2plant?1h?1) and nodule conductance (20
versus 5mms?1) in Amdoun 1 than in INRAT 93-1. Salinity did not significantly change
the nodule conductance and nodule permeability for INRAT 93-1. Thus, the salt
tolerance of this variety appears to be associated with stability in nodule
conductance and the capacity to form nodules under salt constraint.
& 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
0176-1617/$-see front matter & 2006 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
Abbreviations: Conr, oxygen consumption by nodulated-root; EURS, efficiency in utilisation of the rhizobial symbiosis; nDW, nodule
dry weight; pO2, partial pressure of O2; sDW, shoot dry weight; SNF, symbiotic nitrogen fixation
?Corresponding author. De ´partement de Biologie, Faculte ´ de Sciences de Tunis, Campus universitaire 1060, Tunisia.
Tel.: +21697408012.
E-mail address: email@example.com (B. L'taief).
Page 2
Root nodules are the sites of a beneficial
symbiotic association between legume plants and
soil bacteria commonly denominated as rhizobia.
The plant supplies the bacteria with an energy
source, malate or succinate. In turn, the bacteria
reduce, i.e., fix, the atmospheric N2gas to NH4
providing the latter to the plant for assimilation
into amino acids, protein and other essential
nitrogenous compounds. Since nitrogenase, the
enzyme responsible for N2 fixation, is O2 labile,
legume nodules have evolved mechanisms to down-
regulate their permeability to O2and maintain the
infected-cell O2 concentration at approximately
5–50nM. This is extremely low compared with the
level of approximately 250mM for cells in equili-
brium with air (Witty et al., 1987; King and Layzell,
1991; Denison et al., 1992; Hunt and Layzell, 1993;
Minchin, 1997). By controlling their permeability to
O2diffusion, nodules are able to reduce or increase
the supply of O2to the infected cells, and thereby
regulate their metabolism (de Lima et al, 1994).
The metabolism of legume nodules is thought to be
O2-limited in ambiantal conditions, as gradual
increases in the external partial pressure of O2
(pO2) result in significant stimulations of nitrogen-
ase activity (Drevon et al., 1988; Hunt et al., 1989)
and nodule respiration (Ribet and Drevon, 1995).
The specific sensitivity of the symbiotic nitrogen
fixation (SNF)-dependent legumes to salinity is well
documented for initiation, development and func-
tion of nodules (Singleton and Bohlool, 1983; Bekki
et al., 1987; Serraj et al., 1998; Ramos et al., 1999;
Garg and Gupta, 2000; Saadallah et al., 2001). An
application of salt or drought decreases the nodule
permeability (Sprent, 1972; Vance and Heichel,
1991; Drevon et al., 1994; Gonza ´lez et al., 2001;
Serraj et al., 2001). This decrease is associated
with a contraction of nodule inner-cortex cells
(Serraj et al., 1995) and an increase in acid
abscissic content of the nodule (Irekti and Drevon,
2003). The subsequent inhibition of nitrogenase
activity and nodule respiration is compensated by
raising pO2 in the nodulated-root rhizosphere
(Serraj et al., 1994). Alternatively, the inhibition
of the sucrose synthase (Arrese-Igor et al., 1999)
and various enzymes of the sucrose hydrolysis
(Anthon and Emerich, 1990) by salinity has been
argued to induce a deficiency of carbon for
bacteroids associated with an accumulation of
sucrose up to 40–70% of the total nodule sugar
content. The subsequent inhibition of nitrogenase
would result in O2 accumulation in the infected
zones, inducing the decrease in nodule permeabil-
ity. Additionally, it has been argued that the
limitations of O2 diffusion imposed by structural
modifications due to salinity are compensated by
the decrease of nodule growth and the formation of
a large number of small nodules facilitating the O2
entry in nodules by increased contact area with
external medium (Hunt and Layzell, 1993).
Cicer arietinum is one of the most frequently
grown grain legumes in semi-arid regions. Cultivars
grown in India are either native- (desi) or medi-
terranean- (kabuli) types. The kabuli types have
been found to be more tolerant to salinity than the
desi types (Dua and Sharma, 1995). However, the
nodulation pattern of the two groups in saline soils
has not been examined, and the role of the
bacterial symbiont overall yield in salt-affected
soil remains controversial. Root nodules are the site
of a beneficial symbiotic association between
legume plants and soil bacteria commonly denomi-
nated as rhizobia. The plant supplies the bacteria
with an energy source, malate or succinate. In turn,
the bacteria fix the atmospheric N2 gas to NH4
providing the later to the plant for assimilation into
amino acids, protein and other essential nitrogen-
ous compounds. Since nitrogenase, the enzyme
responsible for N2 fixation, is O2 labile, legume
nodules have evolved mechanisms to regulate-
down their permeability to O2 and maintain the
infected-cell O2 concentration at circa 5–50nM
(Minchin, 1997). Sprent (1972), Vance and Heichel,
(1991), Drevon et al. (1994); Gonza ´lez et al. (2001)
and Serraj et al. (2001) concluded that exposure to
salt or drought decreases the nodule permeability.
Serraj et al. (1994) showed that the salt-induced
inhibition of nitrogenase activity and nodule re-
spiration is compensated by raising pO2 in the
nodulated-root rhizosphere.
Since most of the above conclusions were
obtained with nodules of Glycine max, Phaseolus
vulgaris and Medicago truncatula, the aim of this
work was to examine the effect of salinity on the
oxygen consumption of C. arietinum nodules, and
compare its values in contrasting lines for their
symbiotic tolerance to salinity.
Materials and methods
Plant material and culture conditions
Growth in pots
The selection of two contrasting varieties and
search of toxicity levels was carried out in experi-
ment under greenhouse conditions with plant
growth in pots. The seeds of four chickpea varieties
Amdoun 1, INRAT 93-1 (Be ´ja 1), INRAT 88 (Bouchra)
Cicer arietinum nodule conductance under salt stress 1029
Page 3
and INRAT 87(Neyer) were provided by M. Kharrat
(Field crops Laboratory, Gain Legumes programme,
INRAT Ariana, Tunisia). They were sterilised in 2%
calcium hypochlorite, washed with sterile distilled
water and germinated at 281C in soft agar contain-
ing 100mL of Bergersen solution (Vincent, 1970).
The rhizobial inoculant was prepared from Mesor-
hizobium ciceri UPMCa7 preserved in tubes at 41C
on YEM media (Vincent, 1970). Rhizobia were
grown in liquid YEM solution into an Erlenmeyer
with agitation during 2 days at 281C, in darkness.
Inoculation was performed by soaking 4-day-old
seedlings for 30min with 100mL of inoculant
containing approximately 108cellsmL?1. The seed-
lings were transplanted into plastic pots containing
2kg of the collected sterilised soil from the
Research Area of Tunisian Agricultural Research
Institute, Ariana. Afterwards, they were separated
into five groups (five plants per treatment) and
irrigated with nutrient solution supplemented with
0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100mM NaCl. Plants
were harvested at 45d of culture, coinciding with
the onset of flowering. Fresh and dry matter of
shoots, roots and nodules were then determined.
Growth in hydroaeroponics
For O2uptake and nodule conductance, only the
two contrasting varieties Amdoun 1, INRAT 93-1
were used, with the surface seeds were sterilised
and pre-germinated in agar 0.9%. They were
transferred into 1L glass bottles wrapped with
aluminium foil to maintain darkness in the rooting
environment. The roots of selected uniform seed-
lings were gently passed through the hole of a
rubber stopper on the bottleneck, and cotton wool
was fitted at the hypocotyl level to maintain the
root system suspended in the nutrient solution. The
latter contained 0.7mM K2SO4, 1mM MgSO4?7H2O,
1.65mM CaCl2, 22.5mM Fe for macronutrients and
6.6mM Mn, 4mM Bo, 1.5mM Cu, 1.5mM Zn, 0.1mM for
250mmolKH2PO4week?1plants?1. In order to re-
produce natural conditions, salt was added during
the first days after transfer into the glass bottle.
During the first 2 weeks, i.e. before nodule
function, the nutrient solution was complemented
with 2mM urea, and was renewed every 2 weeks
thereafter without urea. It was initially added with
1mL of M. ciceri UPMCa7 inoculum containing
approximately 108cellsmL?1. Its pH was main-
tained to 7.0 by adding 0.2gL?1CaCO3. It was
aerated with a flow of 400mLL?1min?1of filtered
air via a compressor and ''spaghetti tube'' distribu-
tion system. Plants were grown in a temperature-
controlled glasshouse with night/day temperatures
of circa 20/281C and a 16-h photoperiod with
additional lights of 400mmolPARm?2s?1.
wassupplied with
Oxygen consumption by nodulated root
One day before the measurement with the device
shown in Fig. 1, the level of the nutrient solution
was lowered to one-third of the volume of the
culture bottle for the majority of nodules to be in
Figure 1. Device for the in situ measurement of oxygen consumption by nodulated-root of Cicer arietinum. Between
each confinement, the circuit was opened and washed by a renewed gaseous mixture monitored by mass-flow metres.
Oin ¼ influx O2; Oex ¼ efflux O2.
B. L'taief et al. 1030
Page 4
direct contact with the gaseous phase. The
circulation of the gaseous phase in the circuit from
the nodulated-root environment through the oxy-
meter was driven by a peristaltic pump with a flow
of 400mLmin?1that favoured the homogenisation
of the O2 concentration in the gas and liquid
phases. The incubator at the level of the plant-
stem through the bottle- neck was tightened with a
seal of a non-toxic Rhodorsyl polymer (RTV 385)
that was poured as a liquid and stopped by the
cotton fitted around the stem. Thus, the micro-
spaces, which might have been a source of gas leak
along the plant stem, were filled before polymer-
isation. The measurement consisted in recording,
with an oxymeter (Abiss, La Verpille `re, France), the
pO2decrease during successive confinement period
with varying initial pO2, as previously described in
details by Jebara and Drevon (2001). A steady
decrease in pO2 corresponded to a stationary
nodulated-root respiration and constant nodule
permeability. After 5min registration during steady
state, the devise was flushed with a new N2–O2
gaseous mixture established in less than 10min
with mass-flow metres (Tylan, F38296, La Verpil-
le `re). For each 5min confinement, the Conr could
be calculated as follows:
Conr ¼ DpO2(V/24.2)(60/t) with DpO2¼ (initial?
in% of the
V ¼ volume of gas phase in l; 24.2 ¼ volume of
1mol pure gas in experimental conditions in l;
t ¼ time between initial and final O2measurement
in min, i.e. 5. Conr was expressed in mmol O2
consumed per hour per plant.
atmospheric pressure;
Biomass and nodule surface
The plants were harvested after the gas exchange
measurements and separated into shoots, roots and
nodules. Shoot, root and nodule dry mass (DM) were
determined after drying for 2 days at 701C. Because
chickpea nodules are indeterminate, with unlimited
growth, they are often multilobular, each lobe
representing to an N2-fixing zone.
Consequently, the nodule numbers included lobe
numbers. Each unit nodule N2-fixing zone was
considered as a cylinder of 3mm diameter and
3mm length, for the calculation of whole nodule
surface as follows: S ¼ nPDH, with n the nodule
number per plant, D the fresh nodule diameter and
H the length of the fresh nodule. Nodule surface
was expressed in mm2. The EURS was estimated by
the slope of the regression model of shoot biomass
as a function of nodule biomass. For a linear
adjustment curve, i.e. y ¼ ax þ b, b corresponds
to the shoot biomass production without nodules
(g shoot dry weight (sDW0)), and a to the EURS as
(gsDM–gsDM0) g?1nDM. The Statistic software was
used to perform the statistical analyses of biomass,
correlation analyses and regressions of gas ex-
changes parameters as a function of external pO2.
The analysis of variance and the standard deviation
of the means were used to determine the sig-
nificance (Po0.05) of differences in symbiotic
Selection of two contrasting varieties and
search of toxicity levels in sand culture.
Data in Fig. 2A show genotypic differences in the
of shoot growth of the four chickpea varieties.
Without salt, Amdoun 1 show the higher production
of shoot biomass (1.2gDMsplant?1), with the INRAT
(0.33gDMsplant?1). With salt, the production was
differentially decreased depending on the variety.
For example, at 25mM NaCl, only the Amdoun 1
variety presented a significant decrease in shoot
biomass production. With concentrations higher
than 25mM NaCl, shoot biomass of all varieties
decreased, but Amdoun 1, the more vigorous
variety in absence of salt, presented the higher
decrease (more than 50%) and INRAT 93-1 displayed
the lower one.
Thechickpea varieties
growth of root in the control treatment (Fig. 2B)
with Amdoun 1 being significantly more productive
than INRAT 93-1, INRAT 88 and INRAT 87. In these
conditions, the root biomass ranged from 0.92 to
0.531gDMsplant?1in Amdoun 1 and INRAT 87,
respectively. The effect of salt on root growth was
similar to that of shoots, so that Amdoun 1
displayed a high salt sensitivity to NaCl treatment
whereasINRAT93-1 presented
Moreover, our results showed that nodules are
the most sensitive organs to the salinity (Fig. 2C),
with 25mM NaCl. Salinity entirely prevented the
formation of symbiosis between the sensitive
variety Amdoun 1 and INRAT 87 and Mesorhizobium
ceceri UPMCa7 rhizobia. In contrast, the variety
INRAT 93-1 and INRAT 88 showed a decrease in
nodule biomass formation only in salinity. With
concentrations higher than 25mM NaCl, salinity
completely prevented the nodulation in all chick-
pea varieties.
In continuation of this study, we worked with the
two contrasting varieties Amdoun 1 and INRAT 93-1
and with 25mM NaCl.
thelower one
an opposite
Cicer arietinum nodule conductance under salt stress1031
Page 5
Shoots, roots and nodule growth of two
contrasting varieties in hydroaeroponics
Data in Fig. 3A show that salinity induced a
significant decrease of 30% and 14% in shoot growth
for Amdoun and INRAT 93/1, respectively. The root
biomass was affected more by salinity with a
significant decrease of 43% and 20% for Amdoun 1
and INRAT 93/1 (Fig. 3B). Nodule biomass and number
without salt was higher in Amdoun than INRAT 93/1
(Fig. 3C). Salinity entirely prevented the nodule
formation between the sensitive line, Amdoun 1, and
M. ciceri UPMCa7, INRAT 93 showed a decrease only in
nodule biomass formation under salinity.
In order to assess whether the efficiency in
utilisation of the M. ceceri UPMCa7rhizobia varied
among the two contrasting varieties, the shoot
mass of each individual plant was plotted as a
function of its nodule mass. The results showed a
significant correlation between both parameters
for the two varieties, regardless of the treatment.
The slope of the linear regression was significantly
increased under salt for INRAT 93-1. A significant
difference in this efficiency parameter was found,
with a negative correlation with INRAT 93-1,
whereas it was positive for Amdoun 1.
O2uptake and nodule conductance
on variation of rhizospheric pO2was measured in
order to assess the effect of salt on nodule
permeability, as well as the subsequent inhibition
Root DM, g plant-1
Nodule DM, g plant-1
Shoot DM, g plant-1
0 mM NaCl
25 mM NaCl
Amdoun 1 INRAT 93-1
Figure 3. Effect of NaCl (25mM) on shoots (A), roots (B)
and nodule (C) biomass of two chickpea varieties:
Amdoun 1 and INRAT 93-1. NaCl 25mM was added to
the medium at the beginning of the culture (at the first
day of seedling transfer on the culture medium). Plants
were harvested 45 DAS (day after sowing). Data are the
means7SD of five replicates. The numbers on the
histogram indicate the nodule number per plant.
0 2550 75100
NaCl, mM
Root DM, g plant-1
Shoot DM, g plant-1
Nodule DM, g plant-1
Figure 2. Effect of salinity on shoot (A), root (B) and
nodule (C) biomass of 4 chickpea varieties: Amdoun 1,
INRAT 93-1, INRAT 88 and INRAT 87. The NaCl concentra-
tions of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100mM were added to the
irrigation solution at the beginning of the culture (at the
first day of seedling transfer on the culture medium).
Plants were harvested 45 day after sowing (DAS). Data
are the means7SD of five replicates.
B. L'taief et al. 1032
Page 6
of nitrogenase-linked respiration. In the first
experiment the measurement was performed with
initial pO2 of 15, 21, 30 and 40kPa O2. Nodule
respiration was stimulated steadily by raising
rhizospheric pO2(Fig. 4). However, this stimulation
was higher for Amdoun than INRAT 93/1. In the
presence of salt, this effect was more marked in
latter variety, but it was not significant at pO2more
than 20Kpa (Fig. 4).
Data in Fig. 5A show that salt did not affect the
nodule permeability, i.e. the slope of the regression
models of O2uptake by nodulated root as a function
of pO2, for INRAT 93-1. Without salt, a significant
difference was found in both the varieties: nodule
permeability for Amdoun 1 in the range of
7mm3h?1compared to 3 for INRAT 93-1.
The nodule conductance was calculated as the
ratio of the slope of the regression of nodulated-
root O2uptake as a function of pO2in Fig. 4 upon
the total nodule surface in Fig. 3C. Without salt, a
significant difference in the regression slope was
found between Amdoun 1 (7mm3h?1) and INRAT
93/1 (3mm3h?1) (Fig. 5B). Salt did not change this
value for INRAT 93/1 significantly. Without salt, a
significant difference in nodule conductance was
found between Amdoun (20mmh?1) and INRAT 93/1
(5mmh?1). The nodule conductance was not sig-
nificantly affected by salt in INRAT 93/1.
The nodulated-root O2uptake at the ambiantal pO2
of 20kPa was calculated by applying the Fick law of
diffusion with the values of nodule conductance and
surface. Without salt, Amdoun showed a value of
510mmolO2pl?1h?1than was significantly higher
than 255mmolO2pl?1h?1for INRAT 93/1. This nodu-
lated-root O2uptake was significantly increased by
salt to 520mmolO2pl?1h?1for INRAT 93/1.
The present work shows that the salinity did not
alter the nodule conductance in chickpea nodules
in the INRAT 93-1 variety. This tolerant variety
showed no significant differences in nodule con-
ductance under salinity (Fig. 5B). Consequently,
salt tolerance appears to be associated with
stability in nodule conductance of the tolerant
variety under salinity. This supports their lower
respiration linked to their nitrogenase activity by
comparison to the sensitive variety Amdoun 1 in the
control treatment, as shown by their lower de-
crease of permeability, i.e. the product of nodule
0 mM NaCl
1520 30 40
0 mM NaCl
25 mM NaCl
Oxygen uptake, µmol O2.h-1 .plant-1
pO2, KPa
Figure 4. Effect of rhizosphere pO2and NaCl (25mM) on
in situ measurements of the oxygen uptake by chickpea
nodulated-root of Amdoun 1 (Top panel) and INRAT 93-1
(Bottom panel). NaCl 25mM was added to the medium at
the beginning of the culture. Plants were harvested 45
DAS (day after sowing). Data are the means7SD of five
Nodule permeability, mm3.h-1
0 mM NaCl
25 mM NaCl
Amdoun1 INRAT 93-1
Conductance to O2 diffusion, µm.s-1
Figure 5. Effect of salinity (25 mM NaCl) on: (A) nodule
permeability; and (B) conductance to the oxygen diffu-
sion, in two varieties of chickpea, Amdoun 1 and INRAT
93-1. NaCl 25mM was added to the medium at the
beginning of the culture. Plants were harvested 45 DAS
(day after sowing). Data are the means7SD of five
Cicer arietinum nodule conductance under salt stress 1033
Page 7
conductance and nodule surface. The latter is
proportional to the nodule respiration supporting
N2 fixation. This shares similarities with the
stability in nodule conductance that has been
found with legumes grown under P deficiency in
previous work with soybean (Ribet and Drevon,
1995) and common-bean (Vadez et al., 1996).
The differences in conductance might be due to
differences among genotypes in response of nodu-
lated-root respiration to raising external pO2.
Indeed, nodule conductance depends upon the
overall permeability of the whole population of
nodules, i.e. the slope of the response curve of
nodulated-root respiration as a function of external
pO2. Consistently, higher permeability was ob-
served for sensitive (Amdoun 1) than for tolerant
variety (INRAT 93-1) (Fig. 5A). The stimulatory
effect of pO2on nodulated root respiration for both
chickpea varieties (Fig. 4) demonstrates that below
25kPa O2, and particularly at ambiantal pO2, the
nodule energetic metabolism supporting N2fixation
is oxygen limited. It confirms the conclusion that
nodule N2-fixing metabolism is not limited by the
shoot supply of photosynthates.
The differences in capacity to form nodules
under salinity can explain the differences in nodule
conductance. Without salt, nodule biomass in the
Amdoun 1 variety was higher than INRAT 93-1,
whereas salinity completely prevented the forma-
tion of symbiosis between the sensitive variety
Amdoun 1 and M. ceceri UPMCa7 rhizobia. In
contrast,variety INRAT
decrease in nodule biomass in salinity. These results
confirm the salt sensitivity of Amdoun 1. Generally,
nodular activity is less affected by salt than
nodulation (Bekki et al, 1987, Hafeez et al, 1988;
Singleton and Bohlool, 1983). However, the infec-
tion process appears to be the most sensitive to salt
(Velagaleti and Marsh, 1989; Zahran and Sprent,
1989). Bhardwaj (1975) showed that the salinity
tolerance limits of Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium
spp. are much higher than those of the legume
host, which suggested that it is predominantly the
tolerance of the host plant that dictates the
possibility of a successful symbiosis.
The salt-induced lower decrease in nodule con-
ductance in the tolerant variety INRAT 93-1 may be
a systemic response for the tolerant variety to
maintain the same N demand for plant growth per
individual nodule under salinity as under the
control treatment. The increase in efficiency in
utilisation of the rhizobial symbiosis (EURS) under
salinity for the tolerant variety INRAT 93-1 sub-
stantiates the conclusion that the respiratory cost
of N2fixation, and its subsequent contribution to
plant growth, is altered by salinity. The latter could
93-1only showeda
be further addressed by simultaneous measure-
ments of nitrogenase activity and nodule respira-
tion for the contrasting variety with and without
salinity. The stability in nodule conductance in the
salt-tolerant variety INRAT 93-1 could be linked to a
specific use of fixed nitrogen in the osmotic
adjustment. Indeed, chickpea accumulates free
proline in response to hyperosmotic stress, as do
many other organisms (Armengaud et al., 2004)
including P. vulgaris (Raggi, 1994) and Medicago
sativa (Irigoyen et al., 1992) in both leaves and
nodules. However, accumulation of free proline is
not always associated with tolerance to osmotic
constraints, since a large increase in proline was
found by Andrade et al. (1995) in leaves of four
bean cultivars subjected to drought stress. The
greatest increases in proline occurred in the
drought-susceptible cultivars. A negative relation-
ship between salt tolerance and proline accumula-
tion has been reported by other authors (Petrusa
and Winicov, 1997). Thus, it would be interesting to
determine salt effects on free proline accumulation
inthenodulesof contrasting
C. arietinum. Alternatively, the stability in nodule
conductance in the tolerant variety INRAT 93-1 may
result from stimulation of respiratory activity in
nodule tissues in order to produce sufficient malate
for osmotic adjustment, like guard-cells using K+-
malate for the osmoregulation (Tablott and Zeiger,
1998). Malate, mannitol and well-known K+, con-
tribute to the decrease in osmotic potential in
several species (Peltier et al., 1997). Part of the
malate might also be used to offset anion deficit,
concentration (1–1.5mmolg?1DW) that is
twice higher than that of Cl?in some line of M.
truncatula under salinity (Aydi et al., 2002). This
might compete with malate bacteroid supply for N2
fixation, and result in reduction of N2-dependent
growth in spite of the increase in nodule O2
consumption. Nodule malate is synthesised by
carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) from
the glycolysis of sucrose coming from photosynth-
esis. The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC;
EC 18.104.22.168), key enzyme in this malate synthesis
(Ga ´lvez et al., 2000), is stimulated by salt in ILC
1919, a relatively salt tolerant variety of chickpea,
resulting in root-nodule higher malate concentra-
tions (Soussi et al., 1999).
In conclusion, this work is the first report of
nodule stimulation by raising oxygen concentration
in its rhizospheric environment in the C. arieti-
num–M. ciceri symbiosis. It shows that nodule
conductance is not changed by salinity resulting in
lower nodule permeability under salinity for toler-
ant symbioses. Since a larger proportion of respira-
tory energy is associated with maintenance under
varieties of
B. L'taief et al.1034
Page 8
abiotic stresses (Serraj et al., 1995), more inves-
tigations are necessary to assess the diversion of
photoassimilates and/or fixed nitrogen from growth
processes towards maintenance processes among
contrasting C. arietinum symbioses under salinity.
This work was supported by the Aquarhiz Project
no. INCO-CT-2004-509115, including a fellowship
allocated to Boulbaba L'taief for his work in INRA-
ENSAM, Montpellier.
Andrade JL, Saavedra AL, Trejo CL. Proline accumulation
in leaves of four cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. with
different drought resistance. J Exp Bot 1995;57:
Anthon GE, Emerich DW. Developmental regulation of
enzymes of sucrose and hexose metabolism in effec-
tive and ineffective soybean nodules. Plant Physiol
Armengaud P, Thiery L, Buhot N, Grenier-de March G.
Savoure ´, Transcriptional regulation of proline bio-
synthesis in Medicago truncatula reveals developmen-
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Arrese-Igor C, Gonzalez EM, Gordon AJ, Minchin FR,
Galvez L, Royuela M. Sucrose synthase and nodule
nitrogen fixation under drought and other environ-
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Aydi S, Jebara M, Abdelly C. Etude comparative de
l'action du sel sur le comportement de deux ligne ´es de
Medicago truncatula en condition de fixation symbio-
tique de l'azote. 1e `res journe ´es maghre ´bines de
biotechnologieet symposium
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Bekki A, Trinchant JC, Rigaut J. Nitrogen fixation (C2H2
reduction) by Medicago nodules and bacteroids under
sodium chloride stress. Physiol Plant 1987;71:61–7.
Bhardwaj KKR. Survival and symbiotic characteristics of
in saline-alkali
Dua RP, Sharma PC. Salinity tolerance of kabuli and Desi
chickpea genotypes. International Chickpea and Pi-
geonpea Newsletter 1995;2:19–22.
De Lima M, Oresnik IJ, Fernando SM, Hunt S, Smith R,
Turpin DH. The relationship between nodule adeny-
lates and the regulation of nitrogenase activity by
oxygen in soybean. Physiol Plant 1994;91:687–95.
Denison RF, Hunt S, Layzell DB. Nitrogenase activity,
nodule respiration and O2 permeability following
detopping of alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil. Plant Physiol
Drevon JJ, Deransart C, Irekti H, Payer H, Roy G, Serraj R.
La salinite ´ (NaCl) abaisse la conductance des nodosite ´s
de le ´gumineuse a ` la diffusion de l'oxyge `ne, in: J.J.
soils. PlantSoil
Drevon (Ed.), Facteurs Limitant la Fixation Symbio-
tique de l'Azote dans le Bassin Me ´diterrane ´en, INRA
Editions, les colloques, vol. 77. 1994. p. 73–84.
Drevon JJ, Kalia VC, Heckmann MO, Pe ´delahore P. In situ
openflow assay of acetylene reduction activity by
soybean root nodules: influence of acetylene and
oxygen. Plant Physiol Biochem 1988;26:73–8.
Ga ´lvez S, Hirsch AM, Wycoff KL, Hunt S, Layzell DB,
Kondorosi A. Oxygen regulation of a nodule-located
carbonic anhydrase in alfalfa. Plant Physiol 2000;124:
Garg BK, Gupta IC. Nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen
fixation under salt stress. Curr Agric 2000;24:23–35.
Gonza ´lez EM, Ga ´lvez L, Arrese-Igor C. Abscisic acid
induces a decline in nitrogen fixation that involves
leghaemoglobin, but is
synthase activity. J Exp Bot 2001;52:285–93.
Hafeez FY, Aslam Z, Malik KA. Effect of salinity and
inoculation on growth, nitrogen fixation and nutrient
uptake of (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Plant Soil 1988;
Hunt S, King BJ, Layzell DB. Effects of gradual increases
in oxygen on nodule activity in soybean. Plant Physiol
Hunt S, Layzell DB. Gas exchange of legume nodules and
the reduction of nitrogenase activity. Ann Rev Plant
Physiol Mol Biol 1993;44:483–511.
Irekti H, Drevon JJ. Acide abcissique et conductance a ` la
diffusion de l'oxyge `ne dans les nodosite ´s de haricot
soumises a ` un choc salin. In: J.J. Drevon, B. Sifi,
editors, Fixation Symbiotique de l'Azote et De ´vel-
oppement Durable dans le Bassin Me ´diterrane ´en, INRA
Editions, les colloques, vol. 100. 2003. p. 371–80.
Irigoyen JJ, Emirich DW, Sanchez-Diaz M. Water stress
induced changes in concentrations of proline and total
soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa)
plants. Physiol Plant 1992;84:55–60.
Jebara M, Drevon JJ. Genotypic variation in nodule
conductance to the oxygen diffusion in common bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris). Agronomie 2001;21:667–74.
King BJ, Layzell DB. Effects of increases in oxygen
concentration during the argon induced decline in
nitrogenase activity in root nodule of soybean. Plant
Physiol 1991;96:376–81.
Minchin FR. Regulation of oxygen diffusion in legume
nodules. Soil Biol Biochem 1997;29:881–8.
Peltier JP, Marigo D, Marigo G. Involvement of malate and
mannitol in the diurnal regulation of the water status
in members of Oleaceae. Trees Struct Funct 1997;
Petrusa LM, Winicov L. Proline status in salt-tolerant
and saltsensitive alfalfa cell lines and plants in
response to NaCl. Plant Physiol Biochem 1997;35:
Raggi V. Changes in free amino acids and osmotic
adjustment in leaves of water-stressed bean. Physiol
Plant 1994;91:890–903.
Ramos MLG, Gordon AJ, Minchin FR, Sprent JI, Parsons R.
Effect of water stress on nodule physiology and
independent ofsucrose
Cicer arietinum nodule conductance under salt stress 1035
Page 9
biochemistry of a drought tolerant cultivar of common
bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Ann Bot 1999;83:57–63.
Ribet J, Drevon JJ. Increase in permeability to oxygen
and in oxygen uptake of soybean nodules under
limiting phosphorus nutrition. Physiol Plant 1995;94:
Saadallah K, Drevon JJ, Abdelly C. Nodulation et croissance
nodulaire chez le Haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) sous
contrainte saline. Agronomie 2001;21:627–34.
Serraj R, Roy G, Drevon JJ. Salt stress induces a decrease
in the oxygen uptake of soybean nodules and their
permeability to oxygen
Serraj R, Fleurat-Lessard P, Jaillard B, Drevon JJ.
Structural changes in the inner-cortex cells of soybean
root-nodules are induced by short-term exposure to
high salt or oxygen concentrations. Plant Cell Environ
Serraj R, Vasquez-Diaz H, Drevon JJ. Effects on nitrogen
fixation, oxygen diffusion and ion distribution in
soybean, common bean and alfalfa. J Plant Nutr 1998;
Serraj R, Vasquez-Diaz H, Hernandez G, Drevon JJ.
Genotypic difference in the short-term response of
nitrogenase activity (C2H2reduction) to salinity and
oxygen in the common bean. Agronomie 2001;21:
Singleton PW, Bohlool BB. Effect of salinity on the
functional components of soybean–Rhizobium japoni-
cum symbiosis. Crop Sci 1983;23:815–8.
Soussi M, Lluch C, Ocan ˜a A. Comparative study of
nitrogen fixation and carbon metabolism in two
chick-pea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under salt
stress. J Exp Bot 1999;50:1701–8.
Sprent JI. The effects of water stress on nitrogen fixing
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Tablott LD, Zeiger M. The role of sucrose in guard cell
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Vadez V, Rodier F, Payre H, Drevon JJ. Nodule perme-
ability and nitrogenase-linked respiration in bean
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Plant Physiol Biochem 1998;34:871–8.
Vance CP, Heichel GH. Carbon in N2fixation: limitation or
exquisite adaptation. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol
Biol 1991;42:373–92.
Velagaleti RR, Marsh S. Influence of host cultivars and
Bradyrhizobium strains on the growth and symbiotic
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bacteria. IBP handbook 15. Oxford: Blackwell; 1970.
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Witty JF, Skotl L, Revsbech NP. Direct evidence for
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diffusion. J Exp Bot 1987;38:1120–40.
Zahran HH, Sprent JL. Effects of sodium chloride and
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B. L'taief et al. 1036


text:
Since forming in Summer 2010, Hive Robbers has been striving to produce music that finds a place in the hearts of those who hear it. All of the members of the band are accomplished musicians in their own right, but when they come together friendship and collaboration make them a true force to be reckoned with.
The four friends began playing together when front man Aidan Bailey Williams wanted to play and record his original works. He first added Jimmy Dykes and Meredith Yeager to complete a folk trio of banjo, guitar, and bass. Still something was lacking and when it came time to record, the addition of Sam Langstaff (previously of Attica) on drums completed the band that would become Hive Robbers.
Aidan Bailey Williams and Jimmy Dykes write all of the Hive Robbers original songs and it is this collaboration of different voices that leads to the band's diverse repertoire. Aidan and Jimmy's strong, distinct voices are backed by their skillful musicianship on guitar and banjo, and a whole new dimension is reached with Meredith Yeager's soulful bass and Sam Langstaff's eccentric drumming.
The band currently plays primarily in the North East Ohio area where they are steadily building a base of adoring fans. Riding on the success of their first EP (recorded by Eric Vaught), Hive Robbers has been working to break out of Ohio to see the country and gain life experiences that will make their songs hit home with audiences.
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Dear Ones All
Volume 1
by Helen Louise Noyes
This volume surveys the Moore, Davis, Alexander, and Allbright and allied families, dating from the present back four generations to the early 1800s.
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Published December 24, 2010
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LPGA Extends Mike Whan Through '20 Study: Average MLB Salary Tops $4M Mark MLB Wants More Spanish-Speaking Interpreters NHL Vegas Group Moving To Second Phase Panthers' Richardson Pens Letter To Owners Bruin, RedBird Form Hospitality Unit Around NFL Cactus League On Par For Record Attendance NBPA's Roberts Optimistic CBA Can Be Reached NFL Eyeing Germany For Regular-Season Game TV Pundits Question NFL About Goal-Line Cameras
Upcoming Conferences and Events
SBD/Issue 156/Leagues & Governing Bodies
League Notes
Published April 27, 2010
NBA Commissioner David Stern noted the league has "given the players a load of information" regarding the current CBA talks. Stern: "Maybe we'll argue about what the numbers mean, but we won't argue about what the numbers are. We want to make sure that this is the largest delivery of financial information in the history of any collective bargaining. ... We don't have a sustainable business model, and this is the place where you correct it: collective bargaining" ("Jim Rome Is Burning," ESPN, 4/26).
FEHR FACTOR? In Boston, Kevin Paul Dupont reported former MLBPA Exec Dir Donald Fehr "sent out an e-mail last week apprising the rank-and-file" of the NHLPA executive board meetings, and he is "likely to be named top dog, pending player approval," at the meetings July 13-14. Fehr was "first approached by Eric Lindros to advise the union" during former NHLPA Exec Dir Paul Kelly's tenure, and "by all appearances" he will take over the job. The NHLPA Exec Committee will meet in June and July as it "creeps closer to fixing its constitution and selecting a new executive director," and an "improved constitution will make it possible for the executive director to do his job and not be the victim of a player-driven cabal" (BOSTON GLOBE, 4/25).
|IndyCar Will Reward Top Drivers On Two Types
Of Tracks With Trophies, Bonuses At End Of Season
STREET SENSE: In Indianapolis, Curt Cavin reports Izod IndyCar Series officials yesterday confirmed that the "top performers on the two types of tracks -- ovals and road/street circuits -- will be honored" at the end of the season. Drivers "scoring the most points in each category, regardless of where they finish in the overall standings, will receive a trophy named for a former champion and a cash bonus." IndyCar "will continue to crown an overall series champion, but having special designations could help drivers sell a partial schedule to sponsors" (INDIANAPOLIS STAR, 4/27).
SMALL PIECE OF THE PIE: SI.com's Jon Wertheim noted Wimbledon last week announced that it "would increase prize money for the 2010 Championships," but "compared to other sporting properties, the athletes still get a paltry percent of the business." Men's and women's singles champions will receive about $1.53M this year, but "judging by the proceeds returned" to the Lawn Tennis Association, Wimbledon "likely posts gross revenues in the neighborhood" of around US$153M. Wertheim: "Consider the NFL owners and players are fighting over whether 60 percent of revenues in salaries is a fair ratio." The tennis players are "still getting a raw deal at the majors." But as the Grand Slams "fatten the purses, you could argue that it has the effect of undermining the strength and gravitas of the tours" (SI.com, 4/26).


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Very good,
Verified Purchase(What is this?)
Contrary to what is written here, these don't smell particularly strong of anything. Also contrary to comments here, these are almost as good as the very expensive ones. In fact why pay an eye watering amount for expensive ones when these do quite well?
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Every half-empty jar in the refrigerator must be used, I decided when I embarked on spring cleaning last weekend. And that includes the jelly.
My friend Butter, who makes the best plum-and-guajillo-chili fruit leather imaginable, recommends upcycling jams into fruit leather. "All you have to do is mix it 1:3 (jam: apple) with apple puree," she writes. Then you spread it thin and dehydrate it—either in direct sun, a dehydrator, or the oven set on low heat.
Finding myself in possession of several half-used jars of jelly, and with a sudden bank of time at my disposal, I decided to put her jelly tip to the test. The oven seemed the only feasible option to me—that and the top of the fake fireplace, which we sometimes turn on but otherwise remains warm from the heat of the pilot light.
Instead of apple puree—as I was unable to avail myself of feral apples last year—I used store-bought applesauce. I know what you're thinking, but I don't care. This is valuable practice for what I hope will be a stellar apple season, or even crabapple season, as I will be newly armed with a Foley food mill (thanks to my industrious mom who found me one) to separate the skins and seeds from tiny apples once and for all. Read the rest of this entry


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Despite recovering from a bad cold and feeling a bit under the weather, I decided to join the monthly Seattle Urban Sketchers outing this past Sunday. It promised to be an unseasonably warm and sunny day but it was still quite chilly in the late morning when I drew this view of Pike Street in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle, standing in front of the new Starbucks Roastery, looking east toward the domed First Covenant Church. Not my finest work but merely another step in the long process of learning how to say more with less. There is so much missing in this drawing, so many things that I saw but omitted, and yet, the overall feel for that particular place is still there.
Category Archives: Visual Thinking
Kapaleeshwarar Temple
My second attempt at entering India was successful and we began the first of two days of a drawing workshop sponsored by the AARDE foundation. Many thanks to Xavier Benedict for hosting my visit and to the students and architects who persevered and returned to make this weekend possible. We began at the Luz Church, built in 1516, and then moved onto the 7th century Kapaleeshwarar Temple in the Mylapore neighborhood of Chennai. Here is the group in front of the main doorway and a quick study I did of the interior of the temple complex. The temple architecture is a difficult subject because of the multiple layers of sculptural details. The approach has to first establish the geometric framework that holds the details together. Tomorrow we head to Parry's Corner to visit a prime example of Indo-Saracenic architecture.
Iconic Images
If we think of the Eiffel Tower, the Sydney Opera House, or the Chrysler Building in New York City, we can see the image in our head, even if we have never seen the real thing. It appears as though the stream of images we have seen in photographs and movies have been seared into our memory banks. And we might even be able to sketch reasonable facsimiles if asked to.
After we have visited a place several times, or lived near to, driven by, or walked past a place for a number of years, we might also form an iconic image of that place. A personal example is the Fremont Baptist Church, established in 1892 with the current brick building being constructed in 1924, perched on a hill above downtown Fremont in Seattle.
For me, this iconic image of Fremont has materialized over the years. Yet the image I hold in my mind's eye does not correspond to what you can actually see from any position on the street. What seems to occur is that our mind is able to recombine the fragmented, partial views we've experienced into a single iconic, memorable image.
Evolution of a Drawing
Few drawings are executed in a single pass. When drawing on location, my process usually involves first blocking out the overall structure of a scene before refining the forms, making adjustments, and filling in the details. And for studio work, the process becomes a little more involved. For example, for a drawing of the interior of the new Starbucks Reserve Roastery and Tasting Room in the Capitol Hill neighborhood of Seattle, there were three phases in the process. The first is a very quick study of the possible viewpoint. The second is a rough pencil layout of the final view submitted for approval. And finally, the finished ink-line drawing.
Surface and Depth
In the 1950s, the psychologist J.J. Gibson outlined a number of cues to depth perception. A few rely on our binocular vision and therefore do not apply to 2-dimensional drawings and paintings. Others, however, are psychological rather than physiological in nature. As such, these depth cues are pictorial in nature and are applicable to drawing and painting on a 2-dimensional surface. In the following, I try to use simple terms and snippets of my own drawings and photographs to illustrate each of the depth cues that I consider to be relevant to drawing on location.
Convergence of parallels: This is a key characteristic of linear perspective in which parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance. Despite the usefulness of the other depth cues, linear perspective remains the structural scaffolding upon which to build a sense of spatial depth on the page.
Overlap: Near objects overlap or partially block the view of objects farther away. Locating effective overlaps can be useful in selecting a viewpoint and composing a drawing.
Position relative to the horizon: Objects below our eye level rise toward the horizon as they recede; objects above our eye level descend toward the horizon as they recede.
Relative size: Objects known or assumed to be of similar size appear to shrink in size with distance from the observer.
Texture gradient: Surface texture appears to get finer and smoother with distance from the observer.
Shading and shadows: Contrasts in light and dark can convey the shape, form and depth of objects.
Aerial perspective: Particles in the atmosphere affects the color and visual acuity of objects at varying distances from the observer; distant objects appear grayer or bluer and less distinct than nearer objects.
As we can see, scenes more often than not comprise a number of these depth cues operating simultaneously. Seeing how these depth cues occur in our real-life perception can aid our understanding of why things appear as they do, counter to what we know of the things we draw, which are often in conflict.
Casa das Canoas
While in Rio de Janeiro a month ago, we had the opportunity to visit Casa das Canoas, the first residence designed by Oscar Niemeyer in 1952. It is a true gem, nestled in a beautiful hillside setting and displaying the characteristic flowing lines of Niemeyer's architecture. Thanks to Caique Niemeyer, Oscar's grandson, for allowing us the privilege of touring this fine example of modern architecture.
After doing a few sketches of the exterior and interior of the deceptively simple structure, I attempted to draw a plan to try to understand the two-dimensional origin of what I saw in three dimensions.
To verify my plan, I perused several books on the architecture of Oscar Niemeyer but none contained a plan of this house. Upon returning to Seattle, I did an internet search and found this plan drawn by Jeff Hottinger, which is included next to the plan I drew.
In this age of digital 3D modeling where much design thinking and decision-making is made from a perspective viewpoint, it is still a useful mental exercise to try to imagine the orthographic relationships that plans and sections reveal and which perspective views do not. As designers, we should be able to think two-dimensionally as well as three-dimensionally.
Negative Spaces
Along with a few fellow architect-volunteers from the community service committee of the AIA Young Architects Forum, I met this morning with a group of middle schoolers attending the Northwest School Summer Camp. Our task was to introduce some basic drawing concepts to the young students. My topic was negative space, a concept that is somewhat difficult to grasp, especially when translating the in-between spaces that we see in real life into the two-dimensional shapes we draw on paper. After the session, I remembered an animation that I had created a while back when I was conceiving of a ebook on drawing. Here is an unedited version of Seeing Shapes.
Keep in mind that it is often easier to see shapes in a photograph and more difficult to see them when drawing on location from direct observation.
Oratorio dei Filippini
This measured drawing of the facades of the Oratorio dei Filippini (Oratory of Saint Phillip Neri) and the Chiesa Nuova (Santa Maria in Vallicella) in Rome was beautifully crafted by hand by Professor Emanuela Chiavoni of the Università Sapienza di Roma, who I met at the UID conference in Matera last year. Designed by Francesco Borromini and erected between 1637 and 1650, the Oratorio achieves a measure of strength and elegance not through decorative features but rather by careful proportioning and the use of opposing geometries, particularly of the interplay between the convex and the concave.
Professor Chiavoni executed this drawing as part of her Ph.D thesis and graciously presented it to me as a gift. The drawing shows the use of orthographic projection to objectively describe the formal and proportional relationships between the parts and the whole of a design.
Below is my drawing of the same facades that I had done while Professor Chiavoni accompanied me for an afternoon of sketching in Rome. These two drawings show the difference between the objective and perceptual descriptions of the same subject.
Black and White
With the rise of digital photography color has become pervasive, unlike the film era where black-and-white photography was prized for its confident and raw visual style. In the field of sketching, too, color sketches are often seen as richer and communicating more information than monochrome drawings, which many consider to be primitive and lacking emotion. Yet, utilizing a range of strokes, black-and-white sketches can express a wider range of feelings than one might expect…
from light and airy…
to dark and heavy…
from descriptive…
to illusory…
Architecture: Form, Space &, Order
Much of my attention recently has been attuned to preparing the fourth edition of Architecture: Form, Space & Order. Working on this revision is giving me the opportunity to explore and attempt to understand the spate of irregular forms and compositions that dominate our consciousness.
Beginning a project is always enjoyable; thinking about all of the possible directions a work can take can be liberating. But beginnings can also be difficult when innumerable false starts interrupt the work flow and inhibit a sense of progress. I have come to realize, however, that these friction points are a necessary part of the creative process for they compel us to slow down, to pause, and to think ahead rather than simply charge forward into uncharted territory. One way I occupy these uncertain spaces is by roughing out ideas with a pen on paper and teasing out possibilities with a certain tactile rhythm. Here are a few examples.


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Kawhi Leonard's game-winning corner three to beat Cavaliers (VIDEO)
Feb 14, 2013, 1:37 AM EDT
This is what the Spurs do — make a mistake and you pay the price.
Down two with 8 seconds left in Cleveland, Tony Parker gets the ball out top and drives the lane. If you don't take that away from him one of the best point guards in the game will tie it up. Tyler Zeller does the right thing and cuts off Parker's path to the basket. But watch rookie Dion Waiters almost unconsciously slide into the paint to be near the action and leave Kawhi Leonard alone in the corner.
Tony Parker finds Leonard — it's what the Spurs do, the execute game in and game out better than any team in the league. Leonard is shooting 48.8 percent on corner threes this season and this one fell. And the Spurs win. Again.
Doc Rivers, Steve Kerr trade verbal jabs before Warriors beat Clippers
Apr 1, 2015, 11:10 AM EDT
The rivalry continues.
Kevin Durant says he'd 'love to' stay with Thunder his entire career, wants his jersey retired in OKC
Apr 1, 2015, 10:30 AM EDT
Durant will be an unrestricted free agent after next season.
Chris Paul posts self-mocking meme after getting crossed over by Stephen Curry
Apr 1, 2015, 9:50 AM EDT
The Internet went nuts with memes of Paul falling down, and he got in on the fun himself.
Mario Chalmers hits from beyond half court to beat the buzzer (VIDEO)
Apr 1, 2015, 9:10 AM EDT
Old school Nets' coach Lionel Hollins doesn't believe in resting players
Apr 1, 2015, 8:30 AM EDT
Hollins believes what he believes, evidence to the contrary be damned.
Blake Griffin dropped 40 on Golden State in loss (VIDEO)
Apr 1, 2015, 8:00 AM EDT
He was the reason the Clippers were close to the Warriors.
Five Things We Learned in NBA Tuesday: Golden State exposed Clippers' defense
Apr 1, 2015, 1:34 AM EDT
We may have to watch the Nets in the playoffs. Lord help us all.
Stephen Curry drops Chris Paul with behind-the-back move (VIDEO)
Apr 1, 2015, 12:50 AM EDT
Curry just dropped the best defensive point guard in the NBA.
Is this the Milwaukee Bucks' new logo?
Mar 31, 2015, 11:00 PM EDT
The deer is angrier
Anthony Davis says James Harden should be MVP
Mar 31, 2015, 10:00 PM EDT
Curry and Harden seem to be the frontrunners.
Kevin Durant posts picture from hospital bed, thanks fans, "NBA brothers"
Mar 31, 2015, 9:00 PM EDT
"Not what I envisioned coming into this season. But I'm here and ready to conquer this journey." —Kevin Durant
Shaq takes shots at Lakers, Clippers during Justin Bieber roast
Mar 31, 2015, 7:59 PM EDT
Which is easier to insult, the Lakers or Justin Bieber?
Louisville's Montrezl Harrell, Terry Rozier declare for NBA draft
Mar 31, 2015, 7:20 PM EDT
Harrell a potential lottery pick, Rozier a potential first rounder
Celebrating the bond between Spurs, San Antonio
Mar 31, 2015, 6:29 PM EDT
It's impossible to ever really define and entire large city in one bit of writing. But this story comes as close to defining the intricate relationship of San Antonio with the Spurs as you are going to see.
Stop judging J.J. Redick by his Duke days if you haven't already
Mar 31, 2015, 5:38 PM EDT
Redick, who once looked like a bust given oversized expectations, playing big role for surging Clippers
Glen Davis fined for kicking seat cushion into crowd (video)
Mar 31, 2015, 4:56 PM EDT
This was fun frustration
Phil Jackson asks Knicks fans to "remain optimistic"
Mar 31, 2015, 3:44 PM EDT
Knicks fans should be patient with this season. Optimistic… that's a tough sell.
LeBron says he's 'got three very good friends in this league,' none play for the Cavaliers
Mar 31, 2015, 2:59 PM EDT
LeBron names his three, and says after that he has 'a bunch of teammates.'
Report: Rockets' Patrick Beverley to need four months of recovery following season-ending surgery
Mar 31, 2015, 2:00 PM EDT
It had been hoped that Beverley might be available to return later in the postseason.
Spurs' Patty Mills receives flopping warning for play against Grizzlies (VIDEO)
Mar 31, 2015, 1:20 PM EDT
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- Five Things We Learned in NBA Monday: DeMar DeRozan went Harden on Harden 12
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Weaning, Booster Seats & Highchairs
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Feeding your baby requires tools and accessories that make it easier and comfortable for you and your child. High chairs are popular types of seats that include the baby at the dinner table and at family events. High chair accessories give parents control on how to use these chairs to ensure that feeding is not stressful. These accessories turn feeding into a fun experience where parents can connect with their baby. Booster seats can be portable which makes them fantastic accessories for parents who lead mobile lifestyles. Weaning sets that include bowls and three-set pieces are also options for parents to enrich the lives of their babies.
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Recent Posts
- The great social network and apps for cosplayers and how to use them more effective
- Miccostumes Weekly Summary 23th -28th.March 2015
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- How to Make Rose Quartz Cosplay Crystal Gem
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Tag Archives: Anri Sonohara costume
New Arrival on Jan. 18 – DuRaRaRa Anri Sonohara Cosplay Costume
By Sherry | Published: January 18, 2012
The experienced group of designers, manufacturers and marketers aims to realize all of your cosplay dreams at Miccostumes.com. So, the product line is continually broadened. Featuring deluxe quality, great accuracy yet inexpensive price, are those cosplay costumes, wigs, shoes etc long-awaited items for you? Today's theme is DuRaRaRa Anri Sonohara cosplay costume, which is available [...]
Posted in New Arrivals Costumes | Also tagged Anri Sonohara cosplay, DuRaRaRa cosplay, DuRaRaRa costumes | Leave a comment


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Expand is looking for a go-to developer to help us with our e-learning web and mobile app. We are looking for a full-time employee located Akron, Ohio. Day to day you will be working with a small committed development team and project manager. We are a fun hard-working team that is looking for someone that takes pride in doing excellent work - who believes in craftsmanship.
Our development is split between Charleston and our headquarters in Akron, Ohio. The Charleston office is currently small but growing and right in the heart of downtown.
Erforderliche Kenntnisse und Qualifikationen
Must haves: full web stack experience, strong OOD/OOA background, Javascript, HTML/CSS, Relation DB, preferably MySQL
Nice to have skills: - Functional programming experience, AngularJS, Python, Objective-C, Dev-ops experience- ORMs (Hibernate, Django, SQLAlchemy)- Drools
Other - git, subversion or mercurial- bash, sed, awk scripting experience
Über Expand Interactive
Expand is a creative technology firm. We create online and interactive media for clients in a wide variety of industries. Our key competitive edge is the ability to make training easy to understand, fun and engaging, which translates to high attention and comprehension–at very competitive prices.
The company was founded in 2007 from a core group of professionals who had been working together doing e-learning and marketing for more than 10 years in the desktop publishing, digital photo and graphics market.
We thought our technology could serve a much larger audience than the industry we were focusing on, so we branched off to expand our offering … and we were right!
Now we have clients ranging from large merchandising chains to electric utilities, physicians to corporate consulting firms.
Visit us on the web at http://www.expandinteractive.com
Mehr erfahren über Expand Interactive
Wir bieten attraktive Leistungen.MedicalPrescription DrugsPTO
Besuchen Sie die Company Page von Expand Interactive
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Tag Archives: RIVERS
Washington State seeks to purchase forest conservation easements
Landowners with threatened species habitat on their property may apply The Washington State Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is seeking landowners who wish to apply for permanent conservation easements through its Rivers and Habitat Open Space Program (RHOSP). Since 2002,
Washington State to set guidance for reclaiming wastewater
The state Department of Ecology is developing guidance for local governments so they have an approved, standardized approach to reclaim water. "Water is our most precious natural resource and is declining in many parts of our state" said Ecology
Department of Natural Resources launches derelict vessel "turn-in" program
The Washington State Department of Natural Resources (DNR) has developed a Vessel Turn-in Program (VTIP) to dismantle vessels that do not yet satisfy the legal definition of "derelict" or "abandoned," but are likely to become derelict or abandoned in the
Hoquiam turns on the spray park, Weather Service warns of cold rivers in hot weather
The city of Hoquiam has energized the spray park for the next couple days so kids can enjoy some early summer. The park will be active from about 12-7 today and tomorrow, and will re-open again around Memorial Day weekend.
Public input sought on potential habitat restoration project near Astoria
Portland, Ore. – The Bonneville Power Administration is seeking public input and comment on potential environmental impacts from a proposed project to restore a tidal marsh in Clatsop County, Ore., to benefit salmon and steelhead. An open house describing the
Hoquiam to Celebrate First First Thursday
HOQUIAM, Wash. - Stores will host live music, display art, and stay open late this coming Thursday, why? Well because it's the First Thursday in Hoquiam, and this Thursday is the first, First Thursday for the Hoquiam Business Association.
The HBA
Cosmopolis to Draft Resolution Against Wild Olympics Proposal
COSMOPOLIS, Wash. - The city of Cosmopolis could be next in line to make a stand on the Wild Olympics campaign, Mayor Vickie Raines said last night that Councilman Frank Chestnut requested a resolution in opposition be drafted and presented
Humptulips Fish Hatchery to Hire Clipping Crew
HUMPTULIPS, Wash. - The Humptulips Fish Hatchery will seek funding for a fish clipping crew, due to low volunteer turnout to get the coho and Chinook fry marked prior to their release. With 500-thousand of each, Ken Isaksson from the
Some in GOP Push for Conservation Causes
SEATTLE, Wash. - Support for many environmental causes seems to run strictly along party lines, but a group of Republicans is trying to change that in Congress. They are asking House Speaker John Boehner to help push 19 bills through
Aberdeen Construction Project Fails Water Quality Standards
OLYMPIA - The developer of an Aberdeen housing project is being fined $79,000 by the Washington Department of Ecology (Ecology) for violating the water quality permit requirements and an order designed to correct the problems.
Ed Christensen


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Miami Highlights
It used to be called "God's Waiting Room" because of the many octogenarians eking out their last moments by the pool. Today the old folks mingle with fashion designers, bikini models, Cuban émigrés and totally smitten holiday-makers.
Greater Miami is a melting pot that would make America's founders swell with pride. Half of Miami's population is Hispanic, creating a city peppered with the flavors of Latin American food, language and music. Here in Miami, the Everglades and the Keys, the weather is warm and humid, and it feels like vacation time all the year round.
Top Miami AttractionsSee all
- 1 Miami Beach
- 2 South Beach
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What's Happening Now
4 Must-try Cuban Restaurants in Miami
February 2015
Getting Married in the Florida Keys
February 2015
10 Most Unusual Places in Miami
January 2015
Key West's Best Winter Festivals and Events
January 2015


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April 01, 2015
Along with director Dexter Bullard, the cast of Grace — Paul Rudd, Michael Shannon, Ed Asner
and Kate Arrington
— met the press to discuss the Broadway bound-play. Rudd and Arrington play Steve and Sara, a couple who head south with the dream of creating a chain of gospel-themed motels. When they run into disturbed rocket scientist Sam (Shannon) and prickly exterminator Karl (Asner), the couple's neatly organized life is thrown into chaos. Dealing in themes of religion and spirituality, Craig Wright's humor-flecked drama seeks to entertain as well as create a forum in which the meaning of human existence is questioned. For more about the play, click here.
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27 Feb 2015
PLAYBILL VAULT'S Today In Theatre History: FEBRUARY 27
13 Feb 2015
"Birdman" Stars Edward Norton and Emma Stone Will Reunite for "Saturday Night Live" 40th Anniversary Special
12 Feb 2015
O'Neill Epic The Iceman Cometh, With Nathan Lane and Brian Dennehy, Opens at BAM
28 Jan 2015
Nathan Lane and Brian Dennehy Prepare For New York Run of The Iceman Cometh (Photo)
26 Jan 2015
Curious Incident Star Alex Sharp and Russell Janzen Win Clive Barnes Awards
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I don't join up to these sites – but having had such a bad experience I feel forced to do so!
Venue is great – hands down.
Service is bad – We found it very difficult to understand what she was saying. She needed to keep referring to the menu to tell us what each meal came with and took our order down wrong.
Food is terrible. I ordered a sirloin steak medium rare which came with fresh peas, mash potatoes and mushroom sauce. What I believed would be a simple meal.
What I got – Well done thin steak of which half was chewy fat, peas that were still cold as if they had been frozen, mash potatoes which hadn't been mashed properly and had a few raw potato chunks in it and mushroom sauce that was so thin and spare that I couldn't enjoy it with the remainder of my meal.
My partner ordered a pasta of which was equally disappointing.
Never again.
Last Saturday evening I went to Patio Cafe with very high expectations of the place as I so heard from my friends. I went along with a couple of my friends, and when I entered the place it was absolutely stunning. The interior design was really classic yet had unique aspects to it. I was greeted with a friendly smile as a waitress kindly escorted me outside to the balcony where I met with the breathtaking view of the lower Queen Street. The entree we had was mushroom caps and calamari which was quite pleasing. Our mains evolved around the pasta and the pizza selections. I loved the seafoood pasta that was fulfilling. Dessert was my favourite. I had a creme brulee that was heavenly, and tried some of my friends almond pie which was aslo nice. The pricing I would say is very reasonable and quite affordable for such fulfilling portions. Overall the food, the service and the site was satisfying and it has become one of my favourites to visit with my friends.
On a sunny day last week, i was strolling around Queen Street to look at some shopping malls. But what really caught my eye was that the Queens Arcade seemed worth my time to have a look inside. Since my friend and I was feeling hungry, we decided to eat at Patio Cafe. When we stepped inside, it seemed like everything was new, which impressed me. Staff members greeted me politely, which i was lead to a comfortable seat out in the balcony. The Menu was handed over quickly, served by drinks. The meal came out in 5minutes. But it didnt look like a 10second rush-do. The t-bone steak was served with lots of salad and some gravy on the steak. The steak was cooked medium, which was perfect for my taste buds. My friend had bolognese. She said she loved the sauce and the spagetti was perfect. After our scrumptious main, we decided to eat a dessert. I ordered a tiramisu and my friend ordered vanilla bean ice cream. It was delicious as the tiramisu melted in my mouth. The plate was decorated nicely, and my friend loved the ice cream. Everything seemed high quality. I paid the bill which didnt cost much at all. We would love to go eat there another time, and try something esle. I recommend Patio Cafe to everyone.
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Monolaurin is an OTC (over-the-counter) anti-microbial agent that may protect the immune system from a range of infectious agents. Monolaurin is a glyceride ester derivative of lauric acid, a fatty acid found naturally in breast milk and certain vegetable oils. This fatty acid has been used as a germicidal agent for centuries. Lauric acid was originally discovered when microbiologists studied human breast milk to determine the antiviral substances which protected infants from microbial infections. It has been shown to protect newborns, whose immune systems are underdeveloped, from Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and other respiratory tract viruses (1, 2, 18). Monolaurin was found to have even greater viral activity than lauric acid. Studies show that Monolaurin disintegrates the viral envelope, killing the virus (3).
In studies performed at the Respiratory Virology Branch, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, Monolaurin was found effective against 14 human RNA and DNA enveloped viruses in cell culture (3). These included influenza, RSV, Rubeola, Newcastle's, Coronavirus, Herpes Simplex types 1 & 2, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus. (Monolaurin has no effect on naked viruses, such as polio, encephalitis virus, coxsachie, or pox viruses.). Monolaurin removed all measurable infectivity by disintegrating the virus envelope.
No. Antibiotics kill unwanted micro-organisms, but they also kill many friendly micro-organisms. Monolaurin, on the other hand, does not appear to have an adverse effect on desirable digestive bacteria, but rather only on unwanted microorganisms.
Not only is Monolaurin included on the GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe) list, but it may, by virtue of its source of origin, be safer than many other food supplements that are designed to improve the immune system.
One of the safest substances known to man is breast milk. This is where the monoglyceride of lauric acid (Monolaurin) is found. When an infant is born, it is totally dependent on food factors in the mother's milk for immune protection. In analyzing the composition of human breast milk, medical researchers found lauric acid monoglycerides in high concentrations, which is what led them to study Monolaurin as an anti-viral agent (4,5). Monolaurin is also found in coconut oil, butter, and heavy cream; only recently has it been isolated and purified. It is highly unusual in pharmacology to find chemicals that are toxic to lower forms of life (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) but non-toxic to man.
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Category:LGBT in New Zealand
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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