text:
How Al-Qaeda Lost Iraq (Part 1)
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- published: 25 Mar 2011
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- author: TheFunnybabylaughing
A new wave of bombings hit Iraq's capital, Baghdad, killing at least 20 people Sunday, officials said, the latest assault by militants who have been fighting Iraqi security forces and allied tribes in country's west. The deadliest attack...
Houston Chronicle 2014-01-05"two to three days"
A worker cleans up the site of a car bomb attack in Baghdad August 11, 2013. A series of car bombs in mainly Shi'ite areas of Baghdad killed 57 people and wounded more than...Toronto Sun 2013-08-11
BAGHDAD, Sept. 3 (Xinhua) -- At least 56 people were killed and 170 others wounded in separate attacks in central and eastern Iraq on Tuesday, the police said. On Tuesday...Xinhua 2013-09-04
Baghdad, Sep 4 (IANS) At least 56 people were killed and 170 others wounded in separate attacks in central and eastern Iraq Tuesday, police said. At least a dozen of car...Newstrack India 2013-09-04
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Baghdad, May 28 (IANS) As many as 34 people were killed and 155 wounded in at least 10 car bomb explosions in different parts of Baghdad Monday, an interior ministry source said. A car bomb and a roadside bomb ripped through Um al-Maalif area in southern Baghdad, killing up to six people and wounding 34, reported Xinhua citing a source. Another car bomb went off in Kadhmiyah...Newstrack India 2013-05-27
• Up to 34 people were killed in at least 10 car bomb explosions in Baghdad on Monday. • The six car bomb attacks followed two bombings in the afternoon in the capital. • No group has so far claimed responsibility for the deadly attacks. BAGHDAD, May 27 (Xinhua) -- Up to 34 people were killed and 155 others wounded in at least 10 car bomb explosions in the Iraqi capital of...Xinhua 2013-05-28
BAGHDAD, June 22 (Xinhua) -- Up to 15 worshipers were killed and 30 others wounded in a suicide bomb attack north of the Iraqi capital of Baghdad on Saturday, a police source said. A suicide bomber blew himself up in a Shiite mosque on Saturday evening in the Taj area, 20 km north of Baghdad, the source told Xinhua on condition of anonymity. Earlier, the source said the attack...Xinhua 2013-06-23
Car bombs hit several mostly Shiite neighborhoods of Baghdad and a town south of the Iraqi capital on Wednesday, killing at least 24 people and wounding dozens, officials said, the latest bout of violence ahead of the country's first parliament elections since the 2011 U.S. troop withdrawal. No group immediately claimed responsibility for the attacks but the bombings bore the...U~T San Diego 2014-04-09
More than 60 people were killed and over 200 others wounded in a wave of bombings attacks across Iraq on Saturday, mostly in the capital Baghdad, according to latest data given by officials and local media. A total of 12 car bombs went off in Baghdad, mostly targeting markets, restaurants and cafes, killing more than 30 people and injured over 100 others as Iraqis were...China Daily 2013-08-11
• At least 35 people were killed and 138 others wounded in a wave of bomb attacks in Iraq on Monday. • On Monday evening, at least nine car bomb attacks struck Baghdad, killing 28 and injuring 125 others. • No group has so far claimed responsibility for the attacks. BAGHDAD, June 24 (Xinhua) -- At least 35 people were killed and 138 others wounded in a wave of bomb attacks in...Xinhua 2013-06-25
Baghdad, Aug 28 (IANS) At least 32 people were killed and 152 injured in a series of bomb attacks in the Iraq's capital Baghdad Wednesday, police said. The attacks occurred during the morning rush hour when 12 car bombs went off in Baghdad, while a suicide bomber struck a restaurant in the nearby town of Mahmoudiyah, an interior ministry source told Xinhua on condition of...Newstrack India 2013-08-28


text:
A method of resisting corrosion in concrete containing metal elements is provided. It includes introducing into fresh concrete, containing metal elements, at least one compound capable of sequestering chloride ions. The method may also involve employing a compound which is capable of establishing a corrosion resistant oxide layer on the metal reinforcing elements. The invention also includes certain compounds which may be employed in the method as well as concrete structures containing the compounds. In another embodiment of the invention, concrete structures may be rehabilitated by providing an overlay containing a compound of the type which will contribute to corrosion resistance either through chloride ion sequestering or creating barriers around metal structural elements with the overlay being provided in situ or as a preformed member and with possible use of a slurry in combination with an overlay segment.
1. A method of resisting corrosion of metals in a concrete structure comprising,
creating an overlay containing at least one compound capable of sequestering chloride ions,
securing said overlay adjacent to said concrete structure, and
sequestering chloride ions in said overlay.
2. The method of
securing said overlay to said concrete structure to permit chloride ion exchange therebetween.
3. The method of
creating said overlay on said concrete structure.
4. The method of
preforming said overlay, and
securing said preformed overlay to said concrete structure.
5. The method of
securing said preformed overlay to said concrete structure by adhesive.
6. The method of
effecting said securing to establish surface-to-surface contact between said overlay and said concrete structure.
7. The method of
applying said overlay to said concrete structure as a slurry.
8. The method of
applying a second layer of said overlay over said slurry.
9. The method of
providing said second layer with lower porosity than said slurry layer.
10. The method of
employing a material selected from the group consisting of concrete, asphalt, Portland cement, clay, calcium aluminate cement, and mortar in said overlay.
11. The method of
introducing high ionic strength liquid into said overlay.
12. The method of
employing said method on a concrete structure disposed at least partially under water.
13. The method of
performing said process without requiring ongoing input of electrical energy.
14. The method of
establishing said overlay with a thickness of about 0.5 to 10 inches.
15. The method of
employing as said compound a compound capable of establishing a corrosion resistant oxide layer on embedded metal elements.
16. The method of
effecting said chloride sequestration in a low-solubility compound.
17. The method of
employing a nitrite-containing compound as said compound.
18. The method of
employing said method on metal elements made of steel.
19. The method of
employing as said compound, a compound capable of liberating nitrite ions.
20. The method of
employing as said compound a compound selected from the group consisting of
3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O; 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O; 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O; and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O
wherein n=0 to 24.
21. The method of
employing as said compound a compound selected from the group consisting of 3Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O and 3Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion).nH2O,
wherein Me(II) is one or more cations, R2 is Al2, Fe2 or Cr2, anion is NO2, NO3, CO3, BO4, or OH and n is 0 to 24.
22. The method of
establishing said overlay with a thickness of about 1 to 4 inches.
23. The method of
employing as said compound, a compound selected from the group consisting of CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO)2.nH2O and 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O
wherein n=0 to 24.
24. The method of
said metal elements being embedded reinforcing elements.
25. The method of
effecting said compound introduction into ingredients of said concrete prior to creating said overlay.
26. The method of
effecting said overlay creation by mixing said compound in dry form with cement in dry form and subsequently adding water to said compound and cement mixture.
27. The method of
adding other ingredients to said mixture prior to adding said water.
29. A concrete assembly comprising
a concrete structure,
a plurality of metal elements within said concrete structure,
an overlay containing a compound capable of sequestering chloride ions disposed within said concrete structure, and
said concrete structure and said overlay being disposed in close adjacency to permit ion exchange between pores of said concrete structure and said overlay.
30. The concrete structure of
said concrete structure being a portion of a bridge.
31. The concrete structure of
said concrete structure being a portion of a pier.
32. The concrete structure of
said concrete structure being a portion of a highway.
33. The concrete structure of
said concrete structure being a portion of a parking garage or parking lot.
34. The concrete structure of
said compound being capable of establishing a corrosion resistant oxide layer on said metal reinforcing elements.
35. The concrete structure of
said chloride ion sequestering compound being a low-solubility compound.
36. The concrete structure of
said chloride ion sequestering compound being a compound containing nitrite.
37. The concrete structure of
said compound being selected from the group consisting of
3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O; 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O; 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O wherein n=0 to 24.
38. The concrete structure of
said compound being selected from the group consisting of
3Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O and 3Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion).nH2O
wherein Me(II) is one or more cations, R2 is Al2, Fe2 or Cr2, anion is NO2, NO3, CO3, BO4, or OH and n is 0 to 24.
39. The concrete structure of
said compound being selected from the group consisting of
3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O and 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O wherein n=0 to 24.
40. A compound capable of sequestering chloride comprising
a compound selected from a group consisting of 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O
wherein n=0 to 24,
3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O; and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O; wherein n=0 to 24.
41. The compound of
said compound selected from the group consisting of
3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O, and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2).nH2O wherein n=0 to 24.
[0001] The present application is a divisional application based on U.S. Ser. No. 10/044,660, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 10/010,581, filed Nov. 13, 2001.
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a method of introducing into fresh concrete, as herein defined, compounds capable of sequestering chloride ions to establish resistance to corrosion of metal reinforcing elements contained within or contacting the concrete and provide a corrosion resistant oxide layer on the metal reinforcing elements, as well as related compositions and structures. The invention is also directed toward corrosion protection of concrete articles wherein the concrete has already set and hardened.
[0004] 2. Description of the Prior Art
[0005] The advantageous use of metal reinforcing members, such as steel reinforcing members, in concrete for structural uses has been known for many years. Concrete is known to provide desired compressive strength, but tends to lack tensile strength. The reinforcing bars co-act with the concrete to provide enhanced tensile strength for the combination of materials. It has also been known to employ corrugated metal deck in combination with concrete to create a composite with similar benefits. Numerous other metal members have been embedded in concrete or provided in contact therewith to achieve enhanced benefits in the structural environment as a result of such materials. Among these additional materials are grids, beams, bolts, hold-downs and wire mesh.
[0006] One problem with such construction has arisen as a result of exposure of concrete to salts, such as calcium chloride and sodium chloride, on external structural members to resist the undesired accumulation of snow and ice on bridges and other concrete paved areas such as roadways, parking lots, sidewalks and the like. While these chloride salts do provide benefits in terms of de-icing of concrete surfaces, they frequently result in the chloride solutions migrating into the concrete decks and adjacent vertical concrete surfaces, such as walls and columns, also subjecting these to chloride intrusion. Also, saline seawater may migrate into the pores of concrete exposed to seawater as in sea walls, With respect to bridge decks, in particular, an enhanced problem results from air movement under the deck creating an environment wherein the salts are aspirated into the concrete and salt laden solutions flow into the pores.
[0007] Regardless of the manner in which chloride enters such concrete, the chloride, upon reaching the steel reinforcing members, tends to accelerate corrosion of the same because hydroxides of Fe2+ frequently form and occupy porosity in the vicinity of the interface of the steel and concrete. In addition, oxides and hydroxides of Fe3+ may also be produced. As these iron oxides and hydroxides are of greater volume than the iron metal from which they were produced, they tend to cause internal stresses which may become high enough to crack the concrete, and also degrade the desired bond between the metal reinforcing elements and the concrete.
[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 5,049,412 discloses a method of re-alkatizing concrete in which carbonation has occurred. An outer layer of the concrete structure containing reinforcement which layer through exposure to air has been carbonated has an adjacent layer that remains relatively less carbonated. The patent discloses applying to the outer surface a water type adherent coating followed by introducing between the outer adjacent layers, water from a source external to the concrete structure and maintaining the concrete structure in this condition for a period of time sufficient to effect diffusion of the alkaline materials from the relatively less carbonated adjacent layer into the relatively carbonated outer layer.
[0009] U.S. Pat. No. 5,198,082 discloses a process for rehabilitation of internally reinforced concrete, which includes temporary application of an adhered coating of an electrode material to surface areas of the concrete. Distributed electrodes such as a wire grid is embedded in the coating. A voltage as applied to the reinforcement and distributed to the electrode to cause migration of chloride ions from the chloride into the electrolytic coding. Among the shortcomings of this approach are the need to provide, at the local source, a source of electrical power. This electrical equipment might have to be maintained at the site for extended periods of time. This further complicates matters by establishing a risk of injury to children and others that might find the equipment at an attractive nuisance, as well as the risk of theft and vandalism. Also, such chloride extraction processes may alter the concrete microstructure by making it more porous and permeable, thereby, facilitating enhanced re-entry of chloride when de-icing salts are again applied to the exterior.
[0010] It has been known to employ nitrites, such as calcium nitrite, in resisting corrosion of steel parts in concrete. It is believed that the nitrites oxidize the Fe2+ to Fe3+ which, in turn, precipitates as Fe2O3. The Fe2O3 thus formed tends to act as a barrier to further contact between the chloride and the steel. See, generally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,092,109 and 4,285,733. Neither calcium nitrate nor Fe2O3, however, function to sequester chloride. The latter provides merely a barrier.
[0011] There remains, therefore, a very real and substantial need for a method and related composition and structure which will resist undesired corrosion of metal structural elements contained within, or in contact with, concrete structural members.
[0012] The present invention has met the above-described need.
[0013] The method, in one embodiment, includes resisting corrosion in concrete containing metal reinforcing elements composed of steel, copper, galvanized steel, tin plated steel or other structurally suitable metals by introducing into fresh concrete containing metal reinforcing elements at least one compound capable of sequestering chloride ions in a low solubility compound.
[0014] In connection with steel reinforcing elements, a low solubility compound within which the chloride ions are sequestered preferably also is created in a reaction that releases nitrite, which serves to oxidize Fe2+ to thereby provide a corrosion-resisting oxide layer on the steel reinforcing elements. This, therefore, in connection with steel achieves two levels of corrosion resistance, one of which is the actual capturing or sequestering of the potentially damaging chloride ions, and the second of which provides a protective layer on the metal reinforcing elements.
[0015] Among the preferred compounds for use in the method of the present invention are one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O; 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O; and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2. nH2O; wherein n=0 to 18 and preferably 10 to 18, depending upon the relative humidity to which a compound is equilibrated. If desired, lower values of �n� may be obtained by drying at low relative humidity as by evacuation or by heating, for example.
[0016] A further compound employed in another embodiment of the invention is, 3Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O wherein Me(II) is one or more divalent cations, such as CO2 for example, R2 is Al2, Fe2 or Cr2 anion is NO2, NO3, CO3, BO4 or OH and n is 0 to 18 and preferably 10 to 18. For some formulations, the anion may be divalent. In this case the formula would be Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion)nH2O wherein n is 0 to 18 and preferably 10 to 18.
[0017] The invention also contemplates a concrete structure which has hydrated fresh concrete and a plurality of metal structural elements in contact with the hydrated fresh concrete with a compound which sequesters chloride ions dispersed within the concrete.
[0018] The invention in another embodiment contemplates rehabilitation of existing concrete structures by providing a chloride sequestering compound in a member adjacent to the concrete structure and having a composition such that migration of chlorine ions away from metal structural elements in the concrete structure and into the adjacent overlay may be effected. In addition, if desired, release of nitrite to migrate into the concrete structure and afford corrosion protection to embedded steel.
[0019] In one version, the overlay, which may be formed in situ or as a preformed panel, contains the chloride-sequestering compound. In another, a slurry may be applied to the concrete structure with or without an overlay secured thereover.
[0020] It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and related compounds and structures for inhibiting corrosion of metal elements positioned within or in contact with concrete in a structural environment.
[0021] It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system wherein undesired chloride ions will, as a result of a reaction, be sequestered, thereby reducing their ability to corrode the metal elements.
[0022] It is yet another object of the invention to, through a reaction effecting such sequestration of ions, to provide free nitrites which will oxidize the Fe2+ to a Fe3+ ion which, in turn, precipitates as Fe2O3 which coats the metal element and, thereby, resists corrosion.
[0023] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a system which employs unique compounds.
[0024] It is another object of the present invention to provide such a system which will effectively and rapidly provide corrosion resistance to steel and other metals.
[0025] It is yet another object of the invention to provide such a system which may be employed by merely adding one or more compounds of choice to fresh concrete without requiring substantial changes in conventional practices employed in producing and placing the concrete structure.
[0026] It is a further object of the present invention to provide such a system where an existing concrete structure may be rehabilitated through by sequesting the chloride and providing a means to accumulate nitrite ions in the vicinity of the embedded steel. It is appreciated that the nitrite ions oxidize presently corroding steel to produce a protective layer. In some formulations nitrite ions may not be available and in these instances rehabilitation is the result of chloride sequestration only.
[0027] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a system wherein an overlay, which contains a composition which may be of the type employed in other embodiments of the invention and facilitates sequestering of chloride and corrosion protection of metal structural elements. In another version, a slurry containing the compound of interest may be applied to the concrete structure with an overlay material either formed in situ or as a preformed panel secured thereover.
[0028] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide such a system for rehabilitation of existing concrete structures without requiring a source of electrical energy to be present on an ongoing basis during the performance of the method.
[0029] These and other objects of the invention will be more fully understood from the following description of the invention with reference to the drawings appended hereto.
[0030]FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration of a concrete bridge deck containing metal reinforcing elements.
[0031]FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration similar to FIG. 1, but showing a construction having an overlay containing the chloride sequestering composition.
[0032]FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional illustration similar to FIG. 2 except that the overlay consists of a slurry adjacent to the concrete structure and an overlaying material.
[0033]FIG. 4 illustrates a cross-sectional illustration looking downward on a concrete piling which is to be rehabilitated through the system of the present invention.
[0034] As employed herein the term �concrete structure� refers to an existing structure which is composed in at least significant part of concrete which has set and hardened, as contrasted with �fresh concrete� as defined herein and shall expressly include, but not be limited to, bridges, roadways, parking lots, sidewalks, parking garages, floors, support columns, piers, marine structures, piling, conduits and other concrete structures whether located inside or outside, and whether subject to vehicular or foot traffic thereover or not.
[0035] As employed herein, the term �fresh concrete� means concrete which is in a plastic state.
[0036] As employed herein reference to �introducing� a compound into fresh concrete shall be deemed to include introducing the compound in solid form and in slurry form with or without other ingredients such as minerals and additives into fresh concrete and shall also embrace admixing or blending the composition in dry form with dry cement and/or other ingredients prior to water being added.
[0037] As employed herein, the term �metal elements� means metal elements placed within or in contact with concrete for various purposes including, but not limited to, structural purposes and shall expressly include, but not be limited to, reinforcing bars, grills, beams, metal deck hold downs and wire mesh.
[0038] As shown schematically in FIG. 1, a layer of concrete 2, overlies and is supported by a deck member 4. The concrete in the form shown has a plurality of elongated, generally parallel, reinforcing bars 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18. This assembly may be created in a conventional manner to provide the desired structure which, in the form shown, may be a bridge deck having an undersurface 22, exposed to air 24 and an upper surface 26, which may have undesired snow deposited thereon or ice formed thereon. Application of calcium chloride, sodium chloride or other chloride containing salts to the upper surface 26, or the overlying ice and snow (not shown) results in chloride penetration into the concrete interior and, if not inhibited, contact with the metal reinforcing bar 6-18 (even numbers only) which will generally be composed of steel to create the undesired corrosion.
[0039] For convenience of reference herein, the use of metal elements such as steel reinforcing bars 6-18 (even numbers only) will be discussed. It will be appreciated that corrosion inhibition of other types of metal elements such as those made of or coated with copper, tin or zinc, for example, may benefit from the present invention.
[0040] In one embodiment of the invention, there is not only provided free nitrite, which oxidizes ferrous (Fe2+) to ferric (Fe3+) ion to thereby effect precipitation of Fe2O3 to form an iron oxide barrier, but also provides means to sequester chloride which enters the concrete porosity by capturing the same in low solubility compounds.
[0041] As employed herein the term �low-solubility compounds� means, chloride-containing compounds exhibiting solubilities substantially below those of sodium chloride or calcium chloride, and shall include, but not be limited to, chloride-containing compounds, which at saturation in aqueous solutions permit less than about 1 kg of soluble chloride per cubic meter of concrete. A chloride level of about 1 kg/m3 is considered the threshold level for corrosion.
[0042] In general, the invention contemplates the addition of any compound into which chloride ions would enter to produce a low solubility compound that sequesters the chloride.
[0043] An example of a preferred reaction of the present invention, which accomplishes both the objective of creating an iron oxide barrier and the sequestering of chloride, is shown in reaction (1).
[0044] In this example 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O wherein n=10 is added to fresh concrete as a particulate solid. The reaction that occurs is the chloride from the de-icing salts used on the hardened concrete reacts to produce Friedel's salt, which sequesters the chloride and, in addition, serves to release nitrite in order to oxidize any Fe2+. In adding the particulate compound, 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O, is added to the fresh concrete, it is preferred that in general about 3 to 88 pounds of the particulate solid will be added per cubic yard of hydrated fresh concrete, and preferably about 22 to 66 pounds per cubic yard. The exact amount will be influenced by the anticipated rates of chloride ingress into the concrete having the usual range of water-to-cement ratios, e.g., 0.35 to 0.50. The admixture may, if desired, be employed in concrete having lower water-to-cement ratios such as 0.25 to 0.35, for example, or higher ratios such as 0.5 to 0.9, for example. In general, the higher the anticipated rate of chloride ingress, the larger the amount of particulate composition employed. The compound is admixed with the hydrated fresh concrete to achieve substantially uniform distribution thereof. When the concrete sets, this constituent will be present in the concrete to receive and interact with chlorine from the icing salts that penetrates the pores of the concrete. This compound (3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O) is generally stable over the range of pH values normally encountered in concrete. The resultant compound 3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.1OH2O is a low solubility compound within which the chloride is sequestered. This compound, is more stable than the nitrite. Chloride will exchange for the nitrite thereby freeing the nitrite and sequestering the chloride. As a result, the concentration of chloride in the concrete at the surface of the steel, such as re-bars 6-18 (even numbers only) will be reduced as compared with concrete not containing the compound. This same reaction may be employed with the same result substituting Fe2O3 for Al2O3 in the starting material. This would result in the reaction
[0045] In lieu of providing the compound such as 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O in dry particulate form, it may be presented as a slurry with a pH of about 10 or greater with the particulate being present in the slurry in the range of about 5 to 60 weight percent and preferably about 10 to 35 weight percent. The slurry then would be admixed with the hydrated fresh concrete.
[0046] In lieu of introducing the particulate solid or slurry into hydrated fresh concrete, if desired, one may admix the particulate solid or slurry with one or more of the dry components of the concrete such as the cement, for example.
[0047] In lieu of the compound employed in reaction (1), other compounds may be used to create essentially the same reaction with the following differences. Among these compounds are, 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O wherein n=0 to 24;
[0048] 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O wherein n=0 to 24;
[0049] and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O wherein n=0 to 24.
[0050] Also, 3Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O wherein Me(II) is one or more cations, R2 is Al2, Fe2 or Cr2, anion is NO2, NO3 or OH and n=0 to 24 may be employed. These approaches, in many instances, involve a substitution in the compound employed in equation (1) for the aluminum, for the calcium or the nitrite. As to the substitution for the nitrite, this would be replaced by nitrate in equation (1) 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O or (3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O. As stated hereinbefore, the anion may be divalent in which case the formula would be 3Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion)nH2O wherein n is 0 to 18 and preferably 10 to 18. In other compositions, nitrite could be replaced by carbonate, borate or other anions.
[0051] The nitrites have the advantage of sequestering chloride in addition to liberating a species capable of rapidly oxidizing ferrous (Fe2+) ions near the surface of corroding seal to ferric (Fe3+) ions to facilitate the formation of a protective layer of ferric oxide or hydroxide on the steel.
[0052] It is understood that the value of �n�, meaning the number of waters of hydration, may vary, depending on the relative humidity to which the compounds are exposed.
[0053] Among the preferred compounds for use in the invention are, 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O in terms of effectiveness for both chloride sequestration in concrete and protective oxide layer formation of metal embedded or in contact with concrete. It is preferred that n=0 to 24.
[0054] In order to provide more detailed information regarding the manner of synthesizing the compounds, examples will be provided.
[0055] In the synthesis of 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O wherein n=0 to 24, the following procedure may be followed.
[0056] In employing 3CaO.Al2O3 the following process of synthesis may be employed:
[0057] In employing CaO.Al2O3 the following process of synthesis may be employed:
[0058] The presence NaOH does not appear to interfere with sequestration of chloride or with the action of nitrite on steel and, as a result, it is not necessary to remove the NaOH by washing the product compounds. Alternatively, the 3CaO.Al2O3 and Ca(NO2)2.nH2O can be crystallized and separated from the NaOH solution.
[0059] In each of these two examples, the Ca(OH)2 and calcium aluminate were employed as fine powders. Ca(NO2)2 and NaNO2 are commercially available and highly soluble in water. While there are no critical particle size distributions, in general, it is preferred to have a particle size such that 99% of the powder passes through a 325 mesh sieve. Commercially available Ca(OH)2 was employed as was commercially available CaO.Al2O3 with the latter being employed as a refractory cement. The synthesis in each case was carried out at room temperature by mixing the reactives with approximately 10 times their weight of water in suitable sealed containers. Their reaction occurred more rapidly if the contents of the containers were stirred or agitated. Optionally, if desired, grinding media such as Zirconia media, for example, may be placed in the containers.
[0060] The nitrate chloride sequestering compound 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O wherein n=0 to 24 can be produced in the manner described in the foregoing two examples employing tri-calcium aluminate or mono-calcium aluminate and calcium hydroxide.
[0061] In using 3CaO.Al2O3 as a starting material, the following process can be employed.
[0062] wherein n=0 to 24.
[0063] Employing CaO.Al2O3 as the starting material, the following process can be employed.
[0064] wherein n=0 to 24.
[0065] The presence NaOH does not appear to interfere with sequestration of chloride or with the action of nitrite on steel and, as a result, it is not necessary to remove the NaOH by washing the product compounds. Alternatively, the 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O and Ca(NO3)2 can be crystallized from the NaOH solution.
[0066] The phase 3CaO.Fe2O3.CaCl2.nH2O wherein n=10 has been created by reacting the precursors 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3) 2.nH2O with chloride. This indicates that chloride ions can be sequestered in the Fe analog of Friedel's salt (3CaO.Al2O3.CaCl2.10H2O). The compounds 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO2) 2.nH2O and 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O have also been produced employing 2CaO.Fe2O3. in the presence of supplementary Ca from Ca(OH)2 and nitrite or nitrate from their calcium and/or sodium salts. 2CaO.Fe2O3 may be produced by blending Fe2O3 and CaCO3 in a molar ratio of about 2:1 followed by sintering this mixture at 1150� C. for approximately 1.5 hours. The mixture of CaO and 2CaO.Fe2O3 is produced by calcining 3 moles of CaCO3 with 1 mole of Fe2O3 at 1100� C. for approximately 1.5 hours. A variety of reaction times and temperatures can be used in the synthesis of this compound or this mixture. After cooling the 2CaO.Fe2O3 or the mixture of 2CaO.Fe2O3 and CaO were ground to an average particle size of approximately 10 microns using known comminution techniques.
[0067] The compounds 3CaO.Fe2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O may be produced by calcining 1 mole of CaCO3 with 3 moles of Fe2O3 at 1100� C. for about 1.5 hours. This produces a mixture of CaO and 2CaO.Fe2O3. This mixture is then ground and reacted with either NaNO3 or Ca(NO3)2 under basic conditions. In the event that NaNO3 is used, it is preferred to add supplemental calcium. This may be added as CaO or Ca(OH)2 for example.
[0068] With respect to compound 3Me(II)O.R2O3.Me(II)(anion)2.nH2O wherein R2 is Al2, Fe2 or Cr2, anion is NO2, NO3 or OH and n is 0 to 24 where Me(II) is a cation such as Ca, but may be partially substituted by other divalent cations or may be completely substituted by other divalent cations such as Ba, Sr, Mn, Zn, for example. For some compositions divalent anions such as carbonate or borate may be used.
[0069] Referring to FIG. 2, wherein an existing concrete structure 2 having reinforcing metal elements 6-18 (even numbers only) is shown with an underlying deck member 4, which may or may not be present in connection with the rehabilitation of existing concrete structures as provided in this embodiment of the invention. An overlay 30, which in the form illustrated, it is concrete containing a compound usable in the present invention to sequester chloride ions with or without the capability of releasing nitrites to establish an oxide coating on the metal reinforcing member 6-18 is shown. This overlay 30 preferably has a porosity similar, or in excess of, to that of the concrete in the structure so as to permit free movement of chloride ions and nitrites therebetween. The thickness T of the overlay 30 may be in the order of 0.5 to 10 inches with a preferred thickness being about 1-4 inches.
[0070] The overlay 30 may be established in situ and self-bonded to the upper surface 32 of the concrete structure. In the alternative, the overlay 30 may be a preformed panel containing the compound which may be secured to the concrete structure 2 by any desired means such as an adhesive material preferably provide a continuously between the overlay 30 and the concrete layer 2 without interfering meaningfully with porosity in the interchange between the two structural elements or may be provided in certain locations leaving other areas for surface-to-surface contact between the overlay 30 and the concrete member 2. A suitable adhesive for this purpose is latex.
[0071] In lieu of the concrete material employed in overlay 30, other suitable materials having the desired strength, porosity and other characteristics needed for the present invention, may be employed. Among these are asphaltic materials, clay and clay-like materials and other cement materials including but not limited to Portland cements, blends of Portland cement with other materials such as fly-ash, slag or silica fume, calcium aluminate cements and mortars.
[0072] The overlay 30 provides a number of beneficial actions, which facilitate rehabilitation of the existing concrete structure 2. First of all, chloride will migrate out of the concrete 2 in response to the concentration gradient produced in the pore structure of the concrete 2, the pore structure across the interface with the overlay 30 and with the pore structure of the overlay 30 itself. The admixture in the overlay 30 sequestered chloride ions that enter the overlay 30. Nitrite will migrate from the overlay 30 into the concrete 2 and toward the reinforcing steel 6-18 (even numbers only) in response to the concentration ingredient produced in the pore structure of the concrete itself, in the pore structure across the interface at surface 32 between the concrete 2 and overlay 30 and within the pore structure of the overlay 30 itself. The nitrite facilitates formation of a protective coating on the metal reinforcing elements 6-18, which may be composed of steel. All of this is accomplished without requiring prior art external electric current application. The system, therefore, results in passive chloride extraction.
[0073] If desired, in order to enhance the efficiency of maintaining the desired continuous moisture path, through which the chloride ions and nitrite can move, additional wetting may be applied and a low porosity overlay (not shown) overlying the upper surface 33 of the overlay 30 may be provided in order to seal the moisture in the structure. Also, rain may enhance such moisture paths. The low porosity overlay 30 may be applied as a self-bonding coating established in situ or as a preformed element secured to surface 33.
[0074] In employing the process in connection with FIG. 2 and the embodiment describing in connection with FIG. 3, the compounds previously disclosed herein may be employed. It will be understood that those compounds which both sequester chloride ions and release nitrite will result in both the sequestration of chloride ion and releasing of nitrite serving to create the protective oxide layer around the metal reinforcing members 6-18 in the manner described herein.
[0075] Referred to FIG. 3, there is shown an embodiment similar to that of FIG. 2 except that the overlay 30 has a lower portion which is a separately formed slurry 34 disposed between the upper surface 32 of existing concrete structure 2 and the upper portion of overlay 30 with the overall thickness of the overlay 30 remaining within the range of thickness T. The slurry will be porous to facilitate migration of chloride ions and nitrite between it and the underlying concrete structure 2. The porosity of the slurry 34 will be such as to maintain communication with the underlying concrete 2. The slurry 34, which may be employed alone (not shown) or in combination with another portion of overlay 30 as shown in FIG. 3, will contain the compound employed to effect the objectives of the invention and may also include cements and sand as desired. In cases where slurry 34 is employed preferably alone it has a thickness of about ⅛ inch to 4 inches. In general, it will have a water to solids ratio of the slurry will facilitate its being pumpable or spreadable with the capability of hardening with the consumption of free water during formation of and 3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O. Wherein n=0 to 24. The water to solids ratios may be about 0.25-5 and preferably about 0.4 to 1.0. The slurry is pumped, sprayed, troweled or otherwise placed on the surface 32 to create slurry layer 34. The thickness of the slurry preferably will be in the range of about 0.125 to 4 inches and if sand is not present in the composition, will preferably be in the range of about 0.25 to 0.5 inch. With sand, the range is preferably about 0.5 to 1.0 inch. It will be appreciated that if in lieu of the composition previously recited in this paragraph, the composition CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO3)2.nH2O, wherein n=0 to 24 were employed as nitrate is not regarded as a corrosion inhibitor in the sense of creating an oxide protective coating on the metal elements, this compound would provide solely a means for removing chloride ions from the concrete, but not inhibition of corrosion of embedded steel or other metal. The amount of the compound employed in a specific installation can be determined by the amount of chloride that has entered the concrete structure and can be determined readily by those skilled in the art.
[0076] Referring to an embodiment wherein the vertical concrete structural be remediated, FIG. 4 shows a piling 40 which is generally vertically oriented and may be located under water. It has a plurality of elongated steel reinforcing members 42, 44, 46, 48, 50 embedded therein. A continuous clamshell 60 has been placed around the piling 40 to create an annular region 64 within which a slurry of the present invention may be introduced. The clamshell 60 may be in segments which are longitudinally adjacent to each other and secured to each other. They may be joined by bolts or other suitable mechanical means such as cables, or clamps. The annular region 64 has the slurry introduced after the clamshell 60 is placed in the space with the slurry being pumped in to displace water within an annular region 64. In other respects, the system of the invention performs in the identical manner as previously described herein.
[0077] It will be appreciated that depending upon the specific nature of the concrete structure to be remediated and the location and nature of the environment in which it is being employed, certain preferred refinements of this embodiment of the invention may be employed. For example, in situations where vehicular or foot traffic may be imposed on the concrete structure and an overlay with high strength should to be provided. Also, for example, in situations were the concrete structure will be subjected to a freeze-thaw cycles certain preferred approaches may serve to minimize the effects of the same. For example, an air-entrained admixture may be provided in slurry 34 of FIGS. 3 to counteract the effects of the freeze-thaw cycles. Such an approach might involve adding a chemical in a small amount, such as about 0.1% of the weight of the concrete, for example, to produce small bubbles when the concrete freezes the water in the porosity migrates into the bubbles and freezes harmlessly.
[0078] An alternate way of minimizing the effect of the freeze-thaw cycle would be maintain a high ionic strength liquid in the porosity of the slurry. The more ions dissolved in water the lower the freezing temperature. For example, soluble nitrite salts such as calcium nitrite, calcium nitrite, sodium nitrate, or sodium nitrite may be employed for this purpose and function to increase the concentration ingredient in nitrite and thereby facilitate movement of nitrite into the concrete.
[0079] Another compound suitable for use in the present invention would involve the use of the source of aluminum not coming from cement. This would result from the use of sodium aluminate NaAlO4. This may be accomplished by the following approaches.
[0080] wherein n=0 to 24 and preferably 0 to 12
[0081] or
2NaAlO4+4Ca(OH)2+2NaNO2→3CaO.Al2O3.Ca(NO2)2.nH2O +4NaOH
[0082] wherein n=0 to 24 and preferably 0 to 12.
[0083] It will be appreciated, therefore, that the present invention has provided an effective method and related compounds and structure for incorporating into concrete containing metal elements a class of compounds which will effectively resist undesired corrosion of the metallic compounds by both sequestration of chloride ions and provide a coating on the metallic elements, in some instances such as reactions that release nitrite. Other reactions, such as those which release nitrate alone, occur without providing such a coating.
[0084] It will be appreciated that the compositions of the present invention may be combined with fresh concrete as defined herein in many ways. For example, the composition may be combined in solid form (a) with concrete in a plastic state (b) with ready mix concrete at a job site (c) at the time of batching or (d) inter-blended with mineral admixtures of materials such as slag, fly ash, or silica fume, or (e) may be interblended with cement, for example. It may also be combined in slurry form in a suitable liquid such as Ca(OH)2 solution at the time of batching, for example. These approaches are all within the scope of the present invention.
[0085] It will further be appreciated that the present invention provides a system for rehabilitation of an existing concrete structure through an overlay which contains compounds which serve to sequester chloride ions. It may also establish an oxide barrier layer on metal structural members associated with the concrete structure.
[0086] Certain preferred compounds have been disclosed herein, along with their method of use and resultant structure.
[0087] Whereas particular embodiments have been described herein for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilled in the art that numerous variations of the details may be made without departing from the invention as defined in the appended claims.
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Business Card Doubles As Cheese Grater
Is this the world's most useful business card?
Editor's Pick
Brazilian specialist cheese store Bon Vivant offers a business card you can also use as a cheese grater. The store gave out over 1000 of the ingenious cards, created by JWT Brazil, luring new customers to its store who came especially for the grater.
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- May 13, 2013
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- Bon Vivant
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- Food
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I don't want to know how to fight aging. I want to know how to enjoy and understand the experience. How do I cultivate and enrich the second half of my life? This is what I write and blog about. I'm even curating a YouTube channel on that issue. You can find it here: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDA21FB9EC36549BA&feature=mh_lolz
I just finished my first novel, Dakota Blues, a story about midlife reinvention. Newly single and unemployed, middle-aged Karen Grace agrees to take a 90-year-old neighbor on one last RV trip across the Midwest. While on the road they meet a memorable collection of women travelers and face a decision that changes both their lives.


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2013-04-11 14:20:00
As expected, New Jersey's Anton Volchenkov was suspended for his hit on Boston's Brad Marchand. NHL chief disciplinarian Brendan Shanahan decided to sit Volchenkov down for four games and explains why below. Agree or disagree?
Who should be the favorite for the Hart Trophy as the NHL's MVP this season?


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Pope: In Sickness, God Mysteriously Visits Us
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The Pope has chosen to start the new liturgical year with a visit to the hospital of St. John the Baptist, belonging to the Soveraign Military Order of Malta.
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As if it were fig jam, the density of this PX moves slowly across the palate, filling every corner of the mouth with its exuberant flavors and sweetness. A touch of smoke appears toward the midpalate, lending a delicious balance. A wine to serve over vanilla ice cream.
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With a color akin to motor oil, this lush PX Sherry smells of golden and black raisins, caramel and kumquat. In terms of feel, its unctuous up front, but ideally balanced on the back palate. Caramel, raisin and brown sugar flavors finish long, sticky and complex. Its hard not to love this.
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Prune, bittersweet chocolate and plum eau-de-vue notes are wrapped together in this thickly layered and velvety version. Warm Christmas pudding and toffee accents line the finish, with a flicker of date lending definition. Drink now. (Web-2013)
Below is a listing of the wine review scores we frequently reference in our notes. While these sources remain an excellent source of information, we always recommend that you trust your own palate. Scores in these publications often represent the personal taste of an individual critic, which may not always coincide with your own. We have a huge team of excellent wine professionals that can match wines you've had in the past with new arrivals that meet your flavor profile.
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My name is Inés, from Argentina.
I am living in London since 4 months and work in British museum.
I am an architect post graduated in furniture design and love illustration, visual art in general.
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Introducing Vianet TV
Vianet TV delivers today's best entertainment with the most impressive HD. It's a picture perfect digital TV experience. 100% fibre optic speed and reliability, tons of HD channels and available Whole Home DVR Service takes you to the next level of home entertainment.
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MysteryTV (367) has been re-branded as Crime + Investigation.


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3rd hearing set for raw milk proposal
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SIOUX FALLS — South Dakota agriculture officials are holding a third public hearing in Pierre today on proposed rules covering the production, testing and labeling of raw milk sold in the state.
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Enlarged Lymph Nodes Sign Of Seroconversion
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enlarged lymph nodesI discovered a week ago that my right axilliary lymph node was wnlarged. On Tuesday i went to see my doc who confirmed the enlargement and she ordered a chest x-ray and ct scan. I had the x-ray done on wednesday and got the results on firday which...
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Rocky Mountain CARES...thanks for your post.It's good to hear that your follow up tests (chest XR and CT) were normal. The concern in HIV+ persons with enlarged lymph nodes ("glands") is that they could represent things other than the more common infections (including... Read more »
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HIV Symptoms...flu-like illness within a month or two after exposure to the virus. This illness may include Fever Headache Tiredness Enlarged lymph nodes (glands of the immune system easily felt in the neck and groin) These symptoms usually... Read more »
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Horton's coach named men's assistant for London
Tom Meadows, who has trained two-time Beijing medalist Jonathan Horton for most of his career, has been named assistant coach for the U.S. men's gymnastics team at the London Olympics.
Meadows will be on the floor with head coach and national team coordinator Kevin Mazeika for the July 28 preliminaries and the team final two days later. Any Americans who make the all-around or event finals will have their personal coaches on the floor with them during those competitions.
Meadows, an NCAA All-American at Oklahoma, has been coaching elite gymnasts since 1995. Horton trained with Meadows until he, too, went to Oklahoma, then returned to Houston to work with Meadows again after the Beijing Olympics.
Meadows is also the personal coach of U.S. alternate Chris Brooks.
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6 Reviews
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6 of 6 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars S.O.D.O.M,
Bad...Blood "Bad Blood" (Northern Ireland) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Epitome Of Torture (Audio CD)
This is the first time ive ever been the first reviewer so I will have to do this justice, Sodom - where do I start, well first thing I can say is Sodom are more Thrash than the term Thrash itself, they epitimise the very meaning of the word, in fact i dont think the word existed until Tom Angelripper from the Angelripper clan was born. Believe me - this is damn near perfection. With Sodom you dont have to waste time listening to creative emotional parts in songs or slow moments or any of usual Blah blah you get when musicians try to "break new territory". All you have to do is listen to what is possibly the most Thrash band in existence, my personal favourites are Final Bullet, Epitome of Torture and Shoot Today - Kill Tomorrow but every song is rip your face off brilliant, I have to make a special mention for the majestic Stigmatized, which is really taking the piss, in other words - not only do we pound out the best Thrash available to ears but if we ever get bored with the day job we can just take over the Death Metal scene. Epitome of Torture is absolutley amazing, Sodom are completely on top of their game and i believe this is even better than War and Pieces, this CD adds to my belief that Sodom are the all time No 1 Thrash band, There I said it!!! (PS not No 1 best ever Thrash CD release as Alkoholizer already have that victory recorded)But Classic CD, brutally Classic
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Epitome of Torture,
Mr. Kevin J. Day "Faceripper" (England) - See all my reviews
Just bought this album. On first listen, I like it. A good typical aggressive onslaught as usual from the Sodom army. It sounds death metal at times, which I like. Adds to the lethal injection that is Sodom. It kinda bugs me how Tom is shouting Epitomeeeee in the wrong pronunciation haha. I'd recommend getting the ltd. edition for the bonus track Waterboarding, kicksass. All in all, excellent album for a band that's been going 3 decades. Mint stuff. German legends.
4.0 out of 5 stars Mellow thrash!?,
Good stuff this one! I was expecting more ripping guitars vocals etc, but no! Fairly melodic in tone. Good album. Gets a little lose near the end but still rips for the most part! J Counsell
5.0 out of 5 stars Masterpiece,
J. J. Tech (UK/Poland) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Epitome Of Torture (Audio CD)
I don't know how they're doing it but they are. After brilliant "In War And Pieces" they release another jewel of extreme metal. There are no weak songs on this album. Epitome of Torture is a classic disc, in my opinion the best Sodom has ever released. They never lacked good ideas but sound wasn't top notch. On this album they've reached new heights because great ideas met more selective, meaty sound. Someone did a great job producing this stuff.
4.0 out of 5 stars Crushing and lethal Sodom.,
Agma (UK) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Epitome Of Torture (Audio CD)
I have never served in the army, nor have I ever been involved in a war, and even if I had, I don't think thrash metal would be the first thing on my mind concerning "war" in any case. Sodom, however, are on the other hand the absolute perfect accompanying soundtrack for such a grim picturesque of train of thought, and "Epitome Of Torture" (from these thrash metal maniacs) is no different; and just like it's predecessor, (In war and pieces and Sodom); a rapid fire, no-holes-barred onslaught is guaranteed to beat your brains-in and just about everything else in between as well.
Production seems decent enough; content-wise:- There is an evident display of good hooks, choruses, lines, and a couple of black and death metal touches as well to spice up an otherwise pretty straight-down-the-line and business-as-usual affair from these German aficionados. The anger and extreme violence is these songs is, of course, a predictable but very expected outcome on this recently released opus. The album itself sounds very similar to 2010's "In war and pieces", and it is very much a continuation of that brutality here. Highlights include the infamous:- S.O.D.O.M., Stigmatized and Into the skies of war. Bonus tracks are also of a very decent standard, so the digipak version comes highly recommended from me.
So no surprises then, of-which itself probably doesn't come as a surprise to anyone anyway. "Epitome Of Torture" is certainly metal as hell, and what you see is what you're gonna get. Sodom, delivers the goods once again!. 8/10.
5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars,
Superb and a bit of unexpected melodically work for their usual work. Excellent
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Epitome Of Torture by Sodom (Audio CD - 2013)
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Roy Hibbert proves size matters
Win or lose, Indiana's success validates the old big-oriented approach
They called him "Bobo." He was so gangly, so goofy, so downright awkward and almost clumsy in his movements that the rest of the All-Stars called him Bobo.
That's what Indiana Pacers center Roy Hibbert was subjected to during his first All-Star experience in 2012. In practice, in warm-ups, in the game, some of his Eastern Conference teammates ribbed him with that derogatory nickname. They were just joking around, just being fun-loving, but Hibbert, who laughed off the insults, probably wasn't laughing inside.
He's laughing now, though.
Bobo is far from a clown in these Eastern Conference finals. With a wide array of post moves rarely seen in today's version of basketball, Hibbert has dominated the world champion Miami Heat, averaging 22 points and 11 rebounds a game while shooting 54.7 percent from the floor.
Through the first four games, he arguably played better than four-time MVP LeBron James when you factor in his significant defensive contributions, and he's simply outdistanced James' struggling perennial All-Star teammates Dwyane Wade and Chris Bosh by a wide margin.
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I just cooked a new rom with buildos and the lastest kitchen 3.02 from ppckitchen. Everything in rom works well except I cant get phonealarm to switch profiles.
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New consignment store opens
Krupke's Konsignments recently opened in Alexandria. It sells gently-used current style clothing, furniture, household, home décor, baby items, toys - basically anything in good, clean condition. It is located at 423 Nokomis Street in the old Alexandria
Appliance Center, one block south of Elden's Foods. It is open Monday through Friday,
10 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.; and Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. For more information,
call owner Tanya Krupke at (320)
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SourceMex Economic News & Analysis on Mexico
SourceMex Economic newspaper & Analysis on Mexico is a magazine specializing in International Business topics.
Articles from June 23
Government's Arrest of Ex-Tijuana Mayor Jorge Hank Rhon Seen as Political Maneuver Ahead of Upcoming Elections
President Felipe Calderon's administration described the arrest of former Tijuana Mayor Jorge Hank Rhon, a member of one of Mexico's most powerful political families, as another step against political corruption. In contrast, critics viewed the move...
U.S., Mexican Legislators Take Low-Key Approach on Immigration at Washington Meeting
Several-dozen legislators from Mexico and the US met in Washington, DC, in mid-June, with predictable results. The legislators agreed to agree. By all accounts, the discussions were civil and the spin in the post-meeting announcements was positive,...


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Below you can find a number of personal injury law firms outside of Louisiana.
The Robert Pahlke Law Group has advocated for Nebraska's accident victims for more than 30 years, and the firm would be proud to assist you in filing a claim. If you were injured because of another party's negligence, they can help you prepare a detailed claim and provide you with a powerful legal voice. To learn more about your options to pursue compensation, visit their website at http://www.pahlkelawgroup.com/.
If you were injured by the negligent actions of another person, Petty Law Office, P.C. can help you pursue the generous compensation you deserve for your losses. The Champaign-based firm's attorneys have more than 40 years of combined legal experience, and they can ensure your rights are protected and that your voice is heard. Visit their website to learn more about your options to fight for justice!
A Los Angeles personal injury lawyer at the Law Offices of Gerald L. Marcus will work with you to help you obtain the just outcome that you deserve. If you are currently struggling with the ramifications of a preventable accident, do not hesitate to contact them. They know what is on the line and will fight tooth and nail to help you defend your freedom.
If you are looking for a Long Island personal injury attorney to help you file a lawsuit, consider contacting Jacoby & Jacoby. The attorneys at Jacoby & Jacoby have a great deal of experience, and can provide you with the invaluable guidance and counseling you need when pursuing a claim. Whether you need help filing a car accident claim, a medical malpractice lawsuit, or an injury suit stemming from a dog bite, slip and fall, construction accident, or a dangerous or defective product, you can trust the team at Jacoby & Jacoby to protect your rights and help you secure the compensation you deserve.
Have you been injured in an accident? At Sawl, Taleisnik & Jones, Attorneys at Law, a skilled Fresno personal injury lawyer has 15 years of experience and will strive to gain you damages for your pain and suffering, something they have done successfully for many clients. Visit their website or call their firm to set up a free consultation.


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particles size analyses Equipment in Michigan
Category: Air & Climate ×
Subcategory: Particulate ×
Keyword: particles size analyses ×
Location: USA ×
Location: Michigan ×
SALD - Model 7500nano - Nano Particle Size Analyzerby Shimadzu Scientific Instruments Inc based in Columbia, MARYLAND (USA)
High-sensitivity Measurement of Nano Particle Size Distribution. A powerful new tool for research and development in nanotechnology and life sciences, and for measuring fine bubbles.
Model 0.1-1um - Polydisperse Particle Standardsby Whitehouse Scientific Ltd based in Chester, UNITED KINGDOM
This standard has been introduced by popular demand resulting from an increased interest in the properties and performance of Nanoparticles or sub-micron powders. The soda-lime glass microspheres are supplied as dry powders in a 5ml pipetting bottle. To analyse, simply add water and place in an ultra-sonic bath for a few minutes, shake well and ...
LUMiSizer - High-end Dispersion Analyserby L.U.M Gessellschaft based in Berlin, GERMANY
The High-end Dispersion Analyser LUMiSizer® is your complete dispersion lab, all in one instrument. The quick characterization of any demixing phenomena, consolidation and the calculation of the velocity distribution in the centrifugal field as well as of particle size distribution make the LUMiSizer the instrument of choice for research, ...
Model LSPM10 - Airborne Particulate Continuous Monitor and Samplerby UniTec Srl based in Ferrara, ITALY
Model LSPM10 is an instrument designed for the continuous monitoring of particulate, using the principle of orthogonal nephelometry. A constant flow controlled pump draws ambient air through the size selective sampling head of choice (PM10 or PM2.5) into the instrument, where particle concentration is derived by measuring the light scattered from ...


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ACE Fit Share
Use a combination of these core back exercises to strengthen your lower, upper or middle back areas. Whether you're interested in barbell deadlifts or reverse extensions, we have back strengthening exercises for every level. These exercises are also featured in convenient workout routines that include proper warm-up and cool-down techniques, which greatly reduces the risk of injury.
Fit Life Articles
February is American Heart Month and represents a great opportunity to understand the risk factors of cardiovascular disease and learn how to incorporate heart-healthy habits for a lifetime.
Regardless of what your self-improvement goals might be, they will require effort, energy and engagement to be realized. But where do you begin? Here are five steps to help simplify the process and set you on the path to a more fulfilled and happier life.
Is weight really a good indicator of your overall health and fitness? What about body composition? Body mass index? You may have heard of these terms, but it can be a challenge to know exactly what they mean in terms of your health. Learn which measurements are the most...
ACE Pro Homepage
Copyright © 2015 The American Council on Exercise. All Rights Reserved.4851 Paramount Drive, San Diego, California 92123 1 (888)-825-3636


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Blake Bortles, the No. 3 overall pick in the 2014 NFL Draft, made his debut for the Jacksonville Jaguars during Week 3 against the Indianapolis Colts, and started his first game the following week against the San Diego Chargers. Bortles … Continued
Shaun King: Marcus Mariota won't be ready to play rookie year
Championship Sunday: Adam Schein makes his predictions
Mad Dog Sports Radio host Adam Schein calls it the "absolute best day of the NFL calendar year": Championship Sunday. Friday on Schein on Sports, Schein offered predictions for each of Sunday's NFL games. First up? What he thinks will … Continued
Would you rather Adrian Peterson or DeMarco Murray in 2015?
Monday morning on SiriusXM Bleacher Report Radio, Dan Levy posed the question: In 2015, would you rather Adrian Peterson as your lead running back, or DeMarco Murray? Murray enjoyed a career year in 2014, carrying the ball 392 times for … Continued
Jameis Winston or Marcus Mariota? B/R Radio weighs in
Florida State quarterback Jameis Winston and Oregon quarterback Marcus Mariota are the consensus top two quarterbacks expected to be available in April's NFL Draft. In his latest mock draft, Bleacher Report's Matt Miller has the Tampa Bay Buccaneers selecting Winston … Continued
Teams of destiny? Broncos, Panthers compared to Spurs, Giants
Do the Denver Broncos or Carolina Panthers remind you of something you've seen before? For Broncos head coach John Fox and former NFL running back Clinton Portis, that answer is "Yes." This week on SiriusXM NFL Radio, Fox explained why … Continued
Sergio Brown meets Ric Flair on SiriusXM NFL Radio
He's a limousine-riding, jet-flying son of a gun. Indianapolis Colts safety Sergio Brown, whose Ric Flair-inspired post-game celebration following Sunday's win against the Cincinnati Bengals took the world by storm, called into The Opening Drive on SiriusXM NFL Radio earlier … Continued
Antrel Rolle reacts live to news of Perry Fewell firing
Giants safety (and soon-to-be free agent) Antrel Rolle was on the phone with The Opening Drive on SiriusXM NFL Radio Wednesday when news of defensive coordinator Perry Fewell's firing broke. He reacted live, saying he was "shocked." I really don't … Continued
Dallas Cowboys DE Jeremy Mincey takes NFL Radio through pass interference reversal
The NFL playoffs are officially in full swing, and all we can talk about is a reversed pass-interference call. Matt Stafford and the Detroit Lions were driving in the fourth quarter against the Dallas Cowboys in their wild-card playoff game, … Continued
Andrew Luck, Colts need more than wild-card win this year
Andrew Luck was exceptional Sunday afternoon in the Indianapolis Colts' 26-10 home playoff win against the Cincinnati Bengals. Luck completed 31 of 44 passes for 376 yards and a touchdown, easily out-dueling Bengals quarterback Andy Dalton. The win was the … Continued
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There are undoubtedly several NFL teams that would do just about anything to bring Bill Cowher on board as a head coach. But alas, the former Pittsburgh Steelers head coach has no interest (right now) in returning to the NFL … Continued


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Those Potatoes
Source: Kathy Szumski is all I know. The origins and the real name of the recipe are lost in the milk-scented mists of time, and no doubt its creator is long dead of clogged arteries. Ive never actually made this recipe myself because Kathy always brings it and its really not a dish anyone should eat more than once a year, or probably at all.
If you are faint of heart (and I mean that literally) both the butter and cheese amounts can be cut down and no harm done. Although the whole purpose of this dish is death by dairy. Really, the potatoes are just incidental. You might consider serving these with a side of nitroglycerin.
6 to 10 large baking potatoes
1 to 2 cups shredded mozzarella cheese, divided
Salt and pepper
1 cup butter, melted
1/2 pint heavy cream
1 cup grated Parmesan cheese
1. Bake the potatoes in a 350 degree oven until done (about an hour). Leave oven on.
2. Cut in half and scoop out the flesh into a bowl; discard skins. Gently mix potatoes with half the mozzarella, salt and pepper, melted butter and cream.
3. Transfer to a large shallow baking dish, top with Parmesan and remaining mozzarella. Bake for about an hour, or until the top is very brown and there is a nice crusty edge all around the pan.
Really, the only holiday tradition that lasts forever is the tradition of ever-changing traditions.
People are born and people die. Snowstorms interfere, money gets scarce, ovens crap out. Somebody is allergic to live trees or gluten or large groups. Someone converts to Judaism or Catholicism or goes vegan.
People pair up and have to incorporate their partners families traditions of changing traditions into their own families changing traditions.
And kids grow up. These days, the Miller Three stay up way later than their parents (which is to say, later than 10) on Christmas Eve.
So, Santa has begun stopping by early the next morning.
It is no longer necessary for Ma to sneak upstairs and set the clocks back so the wide-eyed kidlets given a firm do NOT come down tomorrow morning until 7 oclock unwittingly allow the old folks an extra hour for their long winters nap.
These days Ma and Pa sleep til sleepings done.
Theres no rush, after the big reveal, to gather up the piles of sparkly detritus, get gift-and-chocolate-drugged children showered and side dishes made so we can head to a Miller family extravaganza (Pa is from a large family) at Granny and Papas house to do it all over again with a cast of thousands.
These days, Granny and Papa watch from above as their six children, 11 grandchildren and five great-grandchildren do their holidaying from various spots around the country, with their own set of traditions to morph.
And theres no Moremom (Mas mother) sleeping over in the guest room so as to witness the early morning wonder and delight/chaos. These days, Moremom gets a solid nights sleep in her own bed, and wanders over after checking in to see if anyone is actually up to be wondering and delighted.
I suppose it all sounds a little sad, all this we used to ...
It would be way sadder if the gang hadnt grown up and found their own ways, and really sad if I still had to do all that sneaking and bathing and battling and schlepping. I havent had to set foot in a toy store for years, which is unspeakably wonderful. Plus, I can have all the pinot grigio I want on Christmas Eve, because I get to sleep in.
So, you see, change is not necessarily bad.
Besides, we have a few Christmastime traditions left. We always open stockings first and then presents in a rotation, starting with the oldest. And we always have a sausage-y, sticky-sweet breakfast only barely redeemed by a kiwi-pomegranate fruit salad. There are always two cats and a dog to pounce on ribbons, step on coffee cups and just generally make a nuisance of themselves.
And we always, always, always have Christmas Eve with the Szumskis, family friends so long-term they are more family. And the menu never, ever varies: cheese and meat plates to nosh on ahead of dinner and, for dinner, great, heaping piles of hot peel-and-eat shrimp, salad with oranges, pomegranate seeds and orange vinaigrette and those potatoes.
Part of the tradition is the annual pre-Christmas Eve conversation:
Ma: So, you guys coming over on Christmas Eve?
Kathy Szumski: Sure. What should I bring?
M: (after a pause for dramatic effect) Oooh. Bring those potatoes. And some wine.
This conversation is completely unnecessary but knowing firsthand of lifes unchanging changeability, its good to have something to hang onto. Even if its just a two-minute phone call and a big batch of really naughty potatoes.
JENNIFER MILLER covers the Iowa food and restaurant scene for The Des Moines Register. Have a story idea? Email Jennifer at email@example.com, or call 515-699-7073.


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Clegg: Undersoil Heating Beyond a Championship Budget
Sunday, 12th Feb 2012 19:56
Town chief executive Simon Clegg says the club could look at the installation of undersoil heating as part of pitch improvements but only once the Blues are back in the Premier League. Clegg says the six-figure cost of such work is beyond the budget of a Championship side.
Clegg told TWTD: "We will look at lots of things in a Premier League scenario, including potentially the laying down of a new pitch and that is the time that you'd want to do it. But that would be a six-figure commitment. You can't do it on a Championship budget."
He admits that Saturday's abandoned game against Middlesbrough might have stood a greater chance of being completed if the club had undersoil heating: "We'll never know but possibly verging on the probably would be my view of it."
Saturday's match was the first abandoned Portman Road fixture since November 1972. Then, a fuse blew at an electrical sub-station causing a floodlight failure in the 61st minute of a league game against Coventry with the Blues a goal down. They eventually won the restaged match 2-0.
The only other senior match abandoned at Portman Road since the club turned professional was in November 1948 when an FA Cup first round tie against Aldershot was brought to an early halt in the 63rd minute due to fog with Town a goal ahead. The Shots won the rerun 3-0.
Last season's Watford game was one of only two postponed during former groundsman Alan Ferguson's 12-year spell at Town - new man Ben Connell took over in the summer - and Clegg says the club has generally had a good record with the heated bubble purchased in the late 1990s: "This is the first season that we've had a requirement in the Championship to have pitch protection which we've already had for around 15 years. How many games have we had called off in that time?
"You've got to look at the level of investment that's required [to install undersoil heating] against the benefit of it.
"We need to recognise that, while everyone is quite rightly upset about the game being abandoned on Saturday, it needs to be viewed in the context of the extreme conditions that we've experienced.
"I'm not sure of the last time that Portman Road got down to -13. I think the sensible thing is to view this in the context of some quite freak weather conditions."
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