text:
A communication system for transferring data packets between a network device located within a first network and a network device located within a second network. The data packets having a header allowing each packet to be routed independently through each node of the second network using routing information to process the header of each incoming data packer and forward the data packet to the next node. The headers of each of said data packets entering said first network at an ingress node are encapsulated by assigning at least one label to each data packet so that the data packets can be forwarded by each of the intermediate nodes based on said label without having to process the header information.
1. A communication system for transferring data packets between a network device located within a first network and a network device located within a second network, said data packets having a header allowing each packet to be routed independently through each node of the second network using routing information to process the header of each incoming data packet and forward the data packet to the next node; wherein the headers of each of said data packets entering said first network at an ingress node are encapsulated by assigning at least one label to each data packet so that the data packets can be forwarded by each of the intermediate nodes based on said label without having to process the header information.
2. A system according to
3. A system according to
4. A system according to
5. A system according to
6. A system according to
7. A system according to
8. A system according to
9. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein the labels that are assigned to each data packet each have a fixed length.
10. A system according to any preceding claim wherein each of said assigned labels comprises:
a label field indicating the actual assigned label value used to forward said data packet;
an experimental field used to identify a required class of service;
a stack field to indicate whether there is another label that has been assigned to the data packet;
a time to live field where if only one label is assigned to a data packet then this field operates as a normal hop counter, while if two labels are assigned then within the second label this field operates as a sequence counter or alternatively identifies the N-PDU if mapped from a GTP header.
11. A method of transferring data packets in an IP RAN:
a base transceiver station for receiving headed data packets from said mobile station and acting as an ingress node for said radio access network by assigning at least one label to each of said data packets;
a plurality of intermediate nodes forming said radio access network wherein each of said intermediate nodes is equipped to forward the data packets in dependence on the assigned labels.
12. A method according to
13. A method according to
14. A method according to any of
[0001] The field of the invention relates to a communication system where transport level user data packets are encapsulated.
[0002] The growth of mobile communications and the Internet have spurred innovation and new technology in these areas, where the requirements of the modern day user are becoming more demanding. The boundaries between the various �traditional� networks are becoming increasingly blurred. Nowadays, there is a significant overlap between applications traditionally in the telecommunications domain, i.e. circuit-switched traffic (voice) and applications traditionally in the data communication domain, i.e. packet-switched traffic (data). For instance, a mobile user forming part of the PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) can now retrieve data from the Internet.
[0003] At present, there is a transition from second generation radio networks to third generation (3G) systems. Second generation mobile included the GSM system that made use of a combination of FDMA (Frequency division Multiple Access) and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), i.e. the allocated frequency spectrum is divided into frequency channels where each frequency channel carries eight TDMA channels. However, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) remains a circuit-switched technology where a communication channel will be dedicated to a user for the duration of the call. In contrast data communications, for example over the Internet, is performed by transferring data packets through a network where data is of a �bursty� nature. A packet-switched network is preferred for data communications where a channel can be released immediately after packets are transmitted allowing more efficient resource use, for example by statistical multiplexing where many users can share a communications channel.
[0004] The two basic approaches to packet-switching are well known:
[0005] i) �Connection-oriented� where during an initial phase a �virtual circuit� is first established between two end-users (analogous to a standard voice circuit) and then packet data is transmitted down this pipe. An example is the X.25 network used for public packet data networks.
[0006] ii) �Connection-less� also known as datagram switching or a �best-effort network�. An example of this approach is the Internet, which uses a datagram service where at each node (or router) the IP packet header is examined and the packet is routed to another intermediate node that is closer to the recipient. Thus, the packets are routed on a �hop-by-hop� basis.
[0007] One of the differences between these two approaches is that the packet structure of the �connection-oriented� approach can use short headers, because the path of the envisaged data stream (virtual circuit) has already been established. In contrast, the data packets for the connection-less approach can arrive at the receiver in any order and each packet is treated as a �self-contained� entity and therefore the header needs to carry full information about the intended recipient.
[0008] A limitation on existing 2G mobile systems is the slow data rates that are possible when retrieving data packets. Thus, one of the aims of 3G systems is to increase data transmission rates over the radio interface. In the interim, one of the solutions intended to bridge this gap is GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), which can be used with GSM and improves wireless access to packet data networks.
[0009] GPRS is composed of a backbone network that links various GSN's (GPRS Support Nodes). This network is also called the core network, which can be thought of a privately addressed IP network that uses the GTP (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol) to communicate between nodes. As described above, IP networks use a best-effort approach where a relatively large amount of processing is conducted on the IP packet header of each node of the network.
[0010] One of the aims of the present invention is to alleviate the processing overhead incurred when using GTP to route packets through the core network.
[0011] The present invention provides in one aspect a communication system for transferring data packets between a network device located within a first network and a network device located within a second network, the data packets having a header allowing each packet to be routed independently through each node of the second network using routing information to process the header of each incoming data packet and forward the data packet to the next node; wherein the headers of each of the data packets entering the first network at an ingress node are encapsulated by assigning at least one label to each data packet so that the data packets can be forwarded by each of the intermediate nodes based on the label without having to process the header information.
[0012] Preferably, wherein the first network is a UMTS network having a radio access network and a core network such that the network device located within the first network is a mobile station that communicates with the nodes of the UMTS network over the radio access network and wherein the nodes communicate with one another over the core network.
[0013] The data packets are transferred within the first and second networks using respective first and second formats which are different such that data packets entering the first network from the second network can be tunnelled through the first network using the first format and wherein the tunnelling information is mapped into at least one of the assigned labels for each data packet at the ingress node to the first network.
[0014] The definition of the first network may vary depending on the application. However one example is where the first network a UMTS network and the second network is an external packet data network. Also, an example of the different format used in the respective networks is that the first format may be GTP while the second format may be IP.
[0015] The present invention provides in a further aspect a method of transferring data packets in an IP RAN: a base transceiver station for receiving headed data packets from the mobile station and acting as an ingress node for the radio access network by assigning at least one label to each of the data packets; a plurality of intermediate nodes forming the radio access network wherein each of the intermediate nodes is equipped to forward the data packets in dependence on the assigned labels.
[0016] The present invention will now be described by way of an example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:�
[0017]FIG. 1 shows the GSM hierarchy;
[0018]FIG. 2 shows the overall system structure of IMT-2000;
[0019]FIG. 3 shows the UMTS R99 architecture;
[0020]FIG. 4 shows the logical architecture of the GPRS network;
[0021]FIG. 5 shows an example of the physical architecture of a GPRS network;
[0022]FIG. 6 shows the transmission plane of the GPRS network;
[0023]FIG. 7 shows the structure of an MPLS label;
[0024]FIG. 8 shows MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) in an IP RAN (Radio Access Network) domain;
[0025]FIGS. 9a and 9 b shows the control and transport planes when MPLS is used in IP RAN.
[0026]FIG. 10 shows a preferred embodiment 0 of the present invention;
[0027]FIG. 11 shows the GTP header information mapping to the two MPLS labels.
[0028]FIG. 12 shows an alternative embodiment of the present invention; and
[0029]FIG. 13 shows the present invention being applied to IPv4 and IPv6 data packets.
[0030] A list of all the acronyms used in this description is provided in the annex. FIG. 1 shows' a general GSM hierarchy where a MS (Mobile Station) 3 can transmit and receive communications to and from a BTS (Base Transceiver Station) 4, where each BTS 4 has a certain coverage area 2. A group of BTS's 4 is controlled by a BSC (Base Station Controller) 6�and this combination of elements makes up the BSS (Base Station Subsystem). Also a group of BSC's 6 are controlled by an MSC (Mobile Switching Centre) 8. The MSC is also able to interface with other networks, for example the PSTN through a GMSC (Gateway) 9.
[0032] UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is the European vision for 3G. The IMT-2000 (Internal Mobile Telecommunications) is an attempt by the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) to standardize certain functional elements and interfaces of 3G systems. The terms UMTS and IMT-2000 are often used interchangeably in relation to 3G systems. FIG. 2 shows the overall system structure of IMT-2000. A UIM (User Identity Module) or MT (Mobile Terminal) 10 communicates with the RAN (Radio Access Network) 12 over the UNI (User-Network Interface) 18. The RAN 12 communicates with the CN (Core Network) 14 over the RAN-CN interface 20. At the highest level, the CN 14 communicates with any other external networks 16 over the NNI (Network-Network Interface) 22.
[0033] More generally, UMTS is concerned with the RAN 12 and CN 14 elements, where the RAN-CN interface that connects these two elements is known as the �Iu interface�. The UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) is composed of a node B and a RNC (Radio Network Controller), which are equivalent to a BTS and a BSC in the GSM hierarchy. The intention of UTRAN is to provide a flexible radio interface that is operable under a variety of conditions such as indoor and/or mobile use. A popular suggestion is that the RAN makes use of a FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and WCDMA (Wideband�Code Division Multiple Access) implementation. Furthermore, the CN (Core Network) is concerned with the control and routing operations of the backbone network.
[0034] FIG. 3 is a representation of the UMTS R99 architecture, which shows the core network as comprising two domains divided by the horizontal dotted line X-X. The domain below line X-X indicates a circuit switched network, whereas the upper domain shows a packet switched network. In practice this might be implemented as a GSM network overlaid with a GPRS network. Furthermore, the portion of FIG. 3 to the left of the vertical dotted line Y-Y indicates the RAN. The portion between the two vertical dotted lines Y-Y and Z-Z is the CN. The portion to the right of vertical dotted line ZZ indicates the external networks, where for the circuit-switched domain this might be a connection to the PSTN and for the packet-switched domain this might be a PDN (Packet Data Network) such as the Internet.
[0035]FIG. 3 also shows the various interfaces that have been defined for UMTS. The A-interface exists between the BSC and the MSC for the circuit-switched domain. More importantly, two interfaces are defined for the RAN of the UMTS model, these are the:
[0036] Iu-CS interface, which connects the RNC to the circuit-switched domain
[0037] IU-PS interface, which connects the RNC to the packet-switched domain.
[0039] For GPRS, some of the interfaces are shown in FIG. 3, while a more complete representation can be seen in FIG. 4 that shows the logical architecture of the GPRS network. As explained above, UMTS packet services are based on GPRS architecture for wireless access networks. GPRS defines some additional network elements to the conventional GSM network, which are known as GSN's (GPRS support nodes). The dotted lines in FIG. 4 indicate a signalling interface, while the solid lines indicate a signalling and data transfer interface. In particular, there are two types of GSN:
[0040] 1. SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) which is a GSN either connected to another GSN over a Gn interface in the same PLMN (i.e. an intra-PLMN), or connected to a GSN over a Gp interface in a different PLMN (i.e. inter-PLMN). FIG. 5 shows an example of a physical GPRS network including the various interfaces as well as the relationship between an inter-PLMN IP network and an intra-PLMN network.
[0041] 2. GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) which is a gateway to external networks such as a PDN (Packet Data Network), which may be the Internet or an X.25 network. The GGSN converts data packets coming from the SGSN into the appropriate PDP (Packet Data Protocol) format of the external network, i.e. IP or X.25. Similarly, all packets coming from the other direction are re-addressed to the relevant SGSN.
[0042] The GSN's may be interconnected to form the core network with privately addressable space between the GGSN and SGSN (Gn interface) of a given PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network). The GSN's communicate using an IP-based GPRS backbone network where the GSN's encapsulate the external PDN (Packet Data Network) packets and use GTP (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol) to tunnel these packets through the core network. Broadly speaking, tunnelling is the act of transporting protocols foreign to an intermediate network by encapsulating the data packets on entry and decapsulating on exit from the intermediate network, so that the encapsulated foreign protocol appears transparent to the intermediate network.
[0043] GTP (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol) is used between GSN nodes in the core network and is defined for both the Gn and Gp interfaces. Furthermore, GTP is defined for both signalling and data transfer procedures. GTP specifies a tunnel and management protocol in the signalling plane. Signalling is used to set up a context as well as create, modify and delete tunnels. In the transmission plane, GTP uses a tunnelling mechanism to carry user data packets. FIG. 6 shows the transmission plane of the GPRS network. It can be seen that below GTP 60, either TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) or UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 62 may be used depending on the PDP type. For an IP network where a less reliable connection is tolerated, UDP is used. In contrast, for the X.25 network, which is a connection-orientated network, TCP is used. The SNDCP (Sub-Network Dependent Convergence Protocol) 64 is used to transfer data packets between the SGSN and the MS.
[0045] MPLS is a packet forwarding technique standardised by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) that uses labels to make forwarding decisions at the network nodes. More generally, short labels also known as shim headers are assigned to data packets that provide information as to the manner in which they should be forwarded through the network.
[0046] In a conventional IP network at the network layer, routing of packets is performed on a hop-by-hop basis where the IP network header of each packet is analysed and forwarded to the next router depending on routing tables. This requires processing of the packet header at each node of the network. In contrast, this processing is only performed once at the entrance node of the MPLS network known as the ingress node. The ingress node examines the label and assigns the packet to a stream or path. MPLS is also useful when a certain QoS (Quality of Service) needs to be established. In MPLS, the possible forwarding options in a network domain are partitioned into FEC's (Forwarding Equivalency Classes). For example, all the packets destined for a given egress node and requiring the same QoS may belong to the same FEC.
[0047] Traffic engineering allows one to control the routing path taken through a network. This may be advantageous, for example, in a video or real-time application where it is possible to classify critical and normal traffic on a per-path basis. Broadly speaking, LSP's (Label Switched Paths) may be regarded as �virtual pipes� (i.e. connection-orientated) or independent paths that may be set up in an MPLS network. Thus each LSP will have a series of LSR's (Label Switched Routers) that work together to perform MPLS operations on a packet stream. Therefore, packets entering a path at an ingress node might be encapsulated into a FEC and switched across a network without being touched by the intermediate nodes at the IP network level.
[0048] In MPLS, traffic aggregation is concerned with binding a single label having a specific-FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class) to a union of flows with the same FEC, where a flow has the same MPLS label, IP and TCP. It is possible to take advantage of different label granularities, the coarsest being where a set of FEC's is aggregated into a single FEC and the finest being where no aggregation takes place. Traffic aggregation reduces�the number of labels needed to handle a particular set of packets, which also reduces the LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) control traffic. Broadly speaking, traffic aggregation may be done in two ways, i.e. by label merging and by label stacks.
[0049] Each of the intermediate nodes of an MPLS network uses the label of the incoming packet to determine its next hop and also performs �label swapping� by replacing the incoming label with a new outgoing label that identifies the respective FEC for the downstream node. The label swapping maps corresponding to the FEC are established using standardised protocols such as RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) or CR-LDP (Constraint-based Routing Label Distribution Protocol). This type of label-based forwarding technique reduces the processing overhead required for routing at the intermediate nodes, thereby improving packet forwarding performance and scalability. Furthermore, the label swapping process used by MPLS creates multipoint-to-point packet forwarding trees in contrast to a routing mesh in a conventional network based on a similar paradigm (i.e. ATM).
[0050]FIG. 7 shows the structure of a single label. The fields are explained below:
[0051] Label 70: The actual assigned label value (20 bits).
[0052] EXP 72: The experimental bits used to identify a required QoS (3 bits).
[0053] S 74: The stack bit is set if the particular label is at the bottom of the stack (1 bit).
[0054] TTL 76: Time to Live Is an 8-bit field used in IP to specify how many more hops a packet can travel before being discarded or retumed, i.e. the maximum time the datagram is allowed to remain in the network. This field may be used differently for the present invention as described later.
[0055] For each data packet in the MPLS environment, a label may be assigned after the data link layer (i.e. layer 2) header but before any network layer (i.e. layer 3) header. Each user packet can carry a plurality of labels where a LIFO (Last In First Out) label stack may exist. At an intermediate node, the forwarding decision is based on the label at the top of the stack for each packet. Apart from the �swapping� operation, each node (i.e. router) in an LSP is also normally able to perform push and pop operations for adding and removing labels respectively from the top of the stack. The swap operation simply replaces the label at the top of the stack with a new label (i.e. corresponding to the FEC of the downstream node).
[0056] GTP includes both the GTP signalling (GTP-C) and data transfer (GTP-U) procedures. In UMTS, user data packets are transferred using the GTP-U protocol that supports encapsulation of user packets (for example IP, PPP or X.25 packets) and supports optional re-ordering of packets (for non IP-based services). The GTP-C protocol handles all signalling relating to GTP management for the Gp and Gn interfaces, while for the Iu interface this is done by the RANAP (Radio Access Network Application Part) protocol.
[0058] There is a drive towards an all IP-based transport network where the RAN (Radio Access Network) is based on IP as well as the core network.
[0059]FIG. 8 shows a physical example of applying MPLS to an IP RAN domain. A MS 3 sends an unlabeled packet to a relevant BTS 83. This BTS 83 may be regarded as the ingress node of the IP RAN domain, which supports MPLS and therefore is able to assign labels to the incoming user packets. The arrow marked 85 shows the LSP that is set up through the network to reach the RANGW (Gateway) 89. The gateway would typically connect to a SGSN of a core network (see FIG. 3). For each hop of the LSP, two arrows 86,88 can be seen. Firstly, one set of arrows 86 indicate that normal routing protocols, for example OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), are used to distribute �routing table updates� to reflect network topology changes. This signalling is needed so that every node of the network has an updated picture of the network topology. The other set of arrows 88 indicates that this network picture is needed to distribute �label distribution messages�, for example using RSVP, LDP or BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), between neighbouring LSR's (Label Switching Routers). Therefore, one set of arrows 86 indicate routing table updates, while the other set of arrows 88 indicate label distribution messages.
[0060]FIGS. 9a and 9 b shows the protocol stacks for the respective control and transport planes when MPLS is used: in IP RAN.
[0061]FIG. 10 shows the preferred embodiment of the present invention where two MPLS labels are added to a user level IP packet. In known systems, user IP packets 104 are encapsulated by a GTP-U header when entering a GPRS network, instead the present invention replaces the GTP-U header by two MPLS labels 100, 102. FIG. 11 shows the GTP header information 114 mapping to the two MPLS labels. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, label1 100 is at the top of the label stack and identifies the LSP to be used between the BTS and the RAN GW. Label2102 is the lower label and identifies the MS.
[0062] An MPLS label can be assigned to a user level IP packet after a MDC (Micro Diversity Combining) procedure performed at the ingress node. In the R99 UMTS network, the MDC happens in the RNC (Radio Network Controller) and therefore this concept is applicable to the uplink direction from the RNC onwards, i.e. in the Gp and Gn interfaces. On the other hand, if an IP RAN exists, then the MDC function may be pushed to the BTS (or Node B) and therefore the present invention is applicable to the whole UMTS network, which includes both the RAN and CN networks.
[0063] The present invention will now be described as it operates over the Iu-Ps interface where this interface is terminated at a BTS in the case of an IP RAN.
[0064] In a normal PDP context set-up procedure, in response to a context request message, the SGSN returns the IP address of the SGSN interface and the TEI (Tunnel Endpoint Identifier) in a RANAP (Radio Access Network Application Part) message back to the RNC. For the present invention, the SGSN also returns the IP address of the relevant SGSN interface, but now the MPLS label2 is returned rather then the TEI. The RNC interprets these parameters in the manner described below.
[0065] For the SGSN IP address, the SGSN IP address interpretation depends on which MPLS path creation technique is used, i.e. �topology-driven� or �request driven�. For topology driven path creation, labels are assigned according to existing routing protocols such as OSPF (Open Shortest Path First). So, the RNC obtains label1 from the NHFLE (Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry) database, based on the SGSN IP address. To support real-time services, a network operator could pre-allocate resources between a RNC and a SGSN so that an adequate QoS could be guaranteed. For request driven path creation, the RNC may use either conventional RSVP (Resource Reservation) or LDP (Label Distribution Protocol) to obtain label1 for the SGSN IP address. Also, RSVP and LDP can allocate resources for the LSP in order to support real time services.
[0066] For the MPLS label2, this label is assigned to the user packet to identify the MS inside the top level LSP-tunnel. In this case, the TTL field of the label is not used as a normal hop counter, but rather as a sequence counter ( ) or alternatively to identify the N-PDU (Network Protocol Data Unit) mapped from the GTP header as shown in FIG. 11. Furthermore, because Label2 identifies an MS, it can also be used for charging purposes.
[0067] Sequence numbering is used for re-ordering of the packets at the end node. For the example shown in FIG. 9, the end node might be a VoIP (Voice over IP) phone. Such an application (i.e. voice) requires in-order delivery of the data packets, otherwise the voice samples would be reassembled in the wrong order. Another use for a sequence counter is for charging purposes. A network node is able to determine if some data packets are missing, because each packet has a unique serial number. So if a node has received packets: 1, 2, 4 and 5, it can easily determine that packet 3 is missing and that packet should not be charged.
[0068] The purpose of each field of Label1 and Label2 is now provided.
[0069]FIG. 12 shows an alternative embodiment of the present invention where only one MPLS label (shim header) is used, if any information that is normally carried in label2 is not needed, i.e. PDU identification or the sequence counter. So the field encoding for label 1 now looks like this:
[0070] Therefore, the only difference to the preferred embodiment is that the S field is set to 0, because there is no additional label in the stack. Now the user identification is based on the user IP address 122, rather than label2.
[0071]FIG. 13 shows that for conventional IP (i.e. IPv4) the MPLS label is marked in front of the IP header, whereas if the latest version of IP (i.e. IPv6) is used and sequence numbering is not needed, then the MPLS label can be marked inside the IPv6 header (i.e. layer 3). However, IPv6 also allows the MPLS label to be marked in front of the IP header as previously described.
[0072] Therefore, the present invention proposes a technique of replacing GTP-U encapsulation by hierarchical LSP's. More generally a user level IP packet is encapsulated in two MPLS labels. The invention alleviates the overhead caused by GTP and the additional transport level IP header. The invention allows MPLS traffic engineering and QoS tools to ensure �hard� QoS services. Hard QoS can be achieved by using RSVP or LDP signalling in the tunnel set-up. In addition, in some narrow bandwidth links, the packet overhead can be further decreased when the user level IP/UDP/RTP header is compressed.
[0073] ANNEX: List of Acronyms Used
[0074] ATM�Asynchronous Transfer Mode
[0075] AuC�Authentication Center
[0076] BG�Border Gateway
[0077] BSSGP�Base Station System GPRS Protocol
[0078] BSC�Base Station Controller
[0079] BTS�Base Transceiver Station
[0080] CN�Core Network
[0081] CR�Constraint-based Routing
[0082] EIR�Equipment Information Register
[0083] FDMA�Frequency Division Multiple Access
[0084] FEC�Forwarding Equivalency Classes
[0085] GGSN�Gateway GPRS Support Node
[0086] GMSC�Gateway Mobile Switching Center
[0087] GPRS�General Packet Radio Service
[0088] GSM�Global System for Mobile Communication
[0089] GSN�GPRS Support Node
[0090] GTP�GPRS Tunnelling Protocol
[0091] GW�Gateway
[0092] IETF�Internet Engineering Task Force
[0093] IP�Internet Protocol
[0094] HLR�Home Location Register
[0095] LDP�Label Distribution Protocol
[0096] LSP�Label Switched Path
[0097] MAC�Media Access Control
[0098] MDC�Micro Diversity Combining
[0099] MPLS�Multiprotocol Label Switching
[0100] MS/MT�Mobile station or terminal
[0101] MSC�Mobile Switching Center
[0102] NHLFE�Next Hop Label Forwarding Entry
[0103] N-PDU�Network Protocol Data Unit
[0104] NSS�Network Subsystem
[0105] OSPF�Open Shortest Path First
[0106] PDN�Public Data Network
[0107] PDCP�Packet Data Convergence Protocol
[0108] PDP�Packet Data Protocol
[0109] PLMN�Public Land Mobile Network
[0110] PSTN�Public Switched Telecommunications Network
[0111] RANAP�Radio Access Network Application Part
[0112] RLC�Radio Link Control
[0113] RNC�Radio Network Controller
[0114] RSVP�Resource Reservation Protocol
[0115] RTP�Real Time Protocol
[0116] SGSN�Serving GPRS Support Node
[0117] SN DCP�SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol
[0118] TCP�Transmission Control Protocol
[0119] TDMA�Time Division Multiple Access
[0120] TEI�Tunnel Endpoint Identifier
[0121] TTL�Time To Live
[0122] UDP�User Datagram Protocol
[0123] UIM�User Identity Module (UMTS)
[0124] UMTS�Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
[0125] UTRAN�UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
[0126] VLR�Visitor Location Register
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Death Grip chronicles a top climber's near-fatal struggle with anxiety and depression, and his nightmarish journey through the dangerous world of prescription drugs. Matt Samet lived to climb, and craved the challenge, risk, and exhilaration of conquering sheer rock faces around the United States and internationally. But Samet's depression, compounded... more...
When Your Adult Child Breaks Your HeartLyons Press 2013; US$ 18.99
Urgently needed practical advice for parents of adult children whose mental health disorders, addictions, and/or violent tendencies continue to traumatize their family's lives. more...
In My SkinThe Text Publishing Company 2005; US$ 24.99
An Australian memoir published to critical acclaim worldwide, In My Skin is the true story of Kate Holden's life as a prostitute and a heroin addict. Kate was a nice middle-class girl: a dreamy bookworm, a classics scholar and an innocent. In this memoir she chronicles in frank and beautifully crafted prose her descent into drug addiction and then... more...
Alcoholics AnonymousSee Sharp Press 1997; US$ 9.95
This well researched, painstakingly documented book provides detailed information on the right-wing evangelical organization (Oxford Group Movement) that gave birth to AA; the relation of AA and its program to the Oxford Group Movement; AA's similarities to and differences from religious cults; AA's remarkable ineffectiveness; and the alternatives... more...
Seven Weeks to SobrietyRandom House Publishing Group 2011; US$ 16.00
"Comprehensive, rational and personal. It suppplies much of what is missing in traditional approaches to alcoholic rehabilitation. I believe that this book can save lives." Leo Galland, M.D. Open this book and you will embark on a groundbreaking seven-week journey that will change your life. You will learn how to break your addiction to alcohol and... more...

subset: commoncrawl


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SB will play how he always has played, and once the rest of the team understand him better he'll be enabling them for try after try running off his shoulder for the offload once he draws in the two or three defenders to be stopped! It would be interesting to put him at wing and give him a free ride see where he wants to be and what to do, guarantee he'd go looking for it all over!
3 Months ago on Sam Burgess makes hi… »
3 Months ago on Sam Burgess makes hi… »
Looks like a corker! Anyone know where I can watch the full test?
3 Months ago on Bloodied Brad Barrit… »
3 Months ago on Bloodied Brad Barrit… »
Incredibly entertaining game to watch! Best bits include; Rich giving away the interception, penalties and knocking on, Finn & co double teaming Dan Carter and someone else to spill the ball, Sean Lamont fending a man to the ground every time he ran with the ball, (not specifically sure who it was, may also be Lamont or Seymour) a Scotland player tackling Savea BY HIMSELF and then stripping him of the ball and of course Hogg's Savea squat flip! Immense game from Scotland, they surely won't be taking the wooden spoon in the 6 Nations playing like this!
4 Months ago on Scotland give New Ze… »
4 Months ago on Scotland give New Ze… »
awful awful music
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Best finish for Garapa Deck
Thanks to all the advice here, my Garapa decking from East Teak is on the delivery truck and should be at my house sometime this week. It's not that big, so I expect it to be fastened down within a few days after arrival.
Now for the next phase. How to finish it.
Everything I read on-line says go with a Penetrating oil. I know John will recommend TWP and that sounds like a good option as well. I am having a hard time differentiating between Penofin, Woodrich Wiping stain and Cabot Australian Timber Oil.
Are there any Pros/Cons that can be shared? Are there other brands I should consider? I don't want to make a mistake and put something down that needs to be sanded when re-finishing time comes.
Thanks for all the advice so far and looking forward to more on the finish :-)
what did you decide on? Any pictures? I am not sure all the Timber oils have UV protection. Woodrich is selling samples now, worth a shot
let us know how is goes
What type of look are you trying to go for? If you want to keep Garapa looking the same I have a product called Wood Protect. It's 100% invisible. Water-based. Zero VOC's. Will last 5-7 years depending on traffic. UV inhibitor. Lowers the surface temperature about 7-10%. Simple pressure wash will clean it, actually, since it bonds to the wood at the molecular level, all you need to use is a garden hose to clean it. Also, because of traffic over the years, you can spot treat it. No need to strip and reapply. Kinloch is the manufacturer if you'd like to check it out. We're working on a pigment in case you are looking to darken your material, but that won't be out for a few more weeks.
I looked up the references you provided and they are a bit thin. This is not to imply the product is not good. I am in the business where we require products to show factual independent testing to demonstrate their product capabilities. Performing accelerated life testing for the product you are promoting is not difficult and can be accomplished in short order. Have you considered having an independent lab perform these tests? Facts and supporting evidence will help you sell here.
I decided upon Woodrich wiping stain (Brown Sugar). I ordered the samples and they were at my house in 3 days. I did some boards and just ordered the Hardwood stain/cleaning kit.
Hopefully all will work out well. I can post pics once I get the shipment and do the work.
Thanks to all for the advice.


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Chinese authorities executed tycoon Liu Han on Monday, after his prosecution led to the collapse of his ambitious business empire and brought attention to his links to a top target of China's broad crackdown on corruption. Read More »
Feb 9, 2015
Chinese authorities executed tycoon Liu Han on Monday, after his prosecution led to the collapse of his ambitious business empire and brought attention to his links to a top target of China's broad crackdown on corruption. Read More »
Villagers in a hamlet in Sichua province's Xichong county this month signed a petition to oust from their midst an 8-year-old, HIV-positive boy, according to official media. The petition was signed by more than 200 fellow villagers—including his self-described grandfather, the reports said. Read More »
In this verdant city deep inside China, one of the country's oldest state-owned companies has built a 10-story-high machine that Chinese leaders hope will help it take on Boeing, the U.S. Air Force and even the U.S. space program. Read More »
A Chinese appeals court on Thursday upheld a death sentence for former mining tycoon Liu Han and a clutch of associates convicted earlier this year in a sensational gangland crime case. Read More »
Chinese cities have been relaxing property curbs in recent weeks to address a housing market slump. But a potential example of backpedaling in Sichuan province shows local governments are still finding their way when it comes to policy tweaking.
Over the weekend, western China's Sichuan province removed a statement it posted on Friday saying it would give subsidies to banks to support lending to homebuyers. Specifically, it would offer a 3% subsidy on loans that are offered on benchmark rates or lower to first-time homebuyers in the second half of the year. Read More »
Three days after a magnitude-7.9 quake struck southwestern China's Sichuan province, Zhao Qi had made his way to the leveled city of Beichuan, wanting to help. Soldiers were carrying bags of corpses which were being disinfected. "Of course you cannot really feel that human is human anymore. It's just flesh," he recalled by phone from Beijing this week. Read More »
The day's China news in pictures: People break their fasts during the Muslim holy month of Ramadan in Beijing, protesters are arrested after Hong Kong's annual pro-democracy march, a rainbow is seen over Sichuan's Flower Lake and more. Read More »
China has only made it to one World Cup, in 2002, but there was some hope it would contribute to this year's tournament following reports that a group of baby pandas in Sichuan would try to predict the outcome of matches in Brazil.
Chinese authorities have, however, intervened and scrapped the plan. Read More »
You say cute, people in Sichuan province say 'tasty.'
China's Sichuan province is known for pandas, spicy hot pot and beautiful women. It's also known for its love of eating rabbits—specifically, rabbit heads. Now, in order to satisfy appetites there, one local company has begun to import rabbits from France. Read More »
While peeing in public may be frowned upon in many places, mainlanders apparently take a slightly more tolerant attitude to the practice. In Hong Kong, this cultural clash has led to a number of altercations after mainland parents let their children relieve themselves in the territory's streets.
But at times, evacuating one's bladder in public apparently can have its upside. According to local media in the southwestern city of Chengdu, there is at least one young man who now believes that when the call of nature is heard, just go with the flow. Read More »
China's territorial ambitions in the East and South China seas are by now well-documented. Much less understood is one of the key factors in the country's ability to realize those ambitions: an increasingly well-funded and capable maritime militia.
China now has a key tool for sidestepping weak government enforcement of pollution controls, but only if it's allowed to function as intended.
The U.S. has been urging allies to steer clear of Asia's new China-led infrastructure investment bank. Robert Zoellick, former president of the World Bank, calls that approach mistaken on multiple levels.
Can legal reform and Communist Party control coexist in a way that will benefit Chinese governance and society?This is the question that confronts the country in the wake of its annual legislative gathering.
China's just-concluded legislative sessions seem to be another example of the deinstitutionalization of politics under Xi Jinping. Months from now, these meetings won't be seen as harbingers of reform, so much as another lost opportunity, writes CRT analyst Russell Moses.
Content engaging our readers now, with additional prominence accorded if the story is rapidly gaining attention. Our WSJ algorithm comprises 30% page views, 20% Facebook, 20% Twitter, 20% email shares and 10% comments.
China Real Time Report is a vital resource for an expanding global community trying to keep up with a country changing minute by minute. The site offers quick insight and sharp analysis from the wide network of Dow Jones reporters across Greater China, including Dow Jones Newswires' specialists and The Wall Street Journal's award-winning team. It also draws on the insights of commentators close to the hot topic of the day in law, policy, economics and culture. Its editors can be reached at email@example.com.


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The work that I do
Expand Messages
- The only problem a king like me has with this
forum is that I am truly the king here and no one else
wants to contribute. The thing is this. Look at the
numbers for this club recently. The thing is about to
die. As we spics say, "Al punto de morir." Whenever a
king like me posts a provocative message attacking the
mores of vegan mom's kitchen, the numbers go
skyrocketing, like fireworks at a fairground. I am not Yotsuya.
Even though you are a nanny goat and a fool, Bella,
you should be down on your knees kissing my hairy
beanbag for salvaging your club. Without me, this club
would be one of those shitboxes that hasn't had a
visitor in six months. Did you know that I run the
kingdom of love? Did you know that I am the king of love
AND the king of punishment? Fuck you.
- Here's a new debate topic - animal rights v.
animal welfare. Excuse me if it's already been taken.
I'm just bored and need something to do. Personally,
I support animal welfare. I think groups like PETA
and HSUS definately need to sort out some problems -
don't think I that I think adopting animals and
everything is wrong, because I adopted a dog from our local
shelter last Feb., but look at the statistics (found from
http://littlegems.hypermart.net/1/ARA.html) - PETA sent Rodney Coronado's "support
committee", the guy who bombed the animal research place,
$45,200, which is 15 times as much as they donate to
animal shelters every year. Less than .03% ($5,000)of
PETA's $13.4 million dollar budget was given to shelter
spay/neuter programs in the US. 90% of PETA's donation money
was spent on it's new satellite offices in Germany.
HSUS does not operate a single shelter, even though
they have a 40 million dollar budget.That's enough to
operate at least one good shelter in every state, plus
they'd have enough money left over to feed, spay,
neuter, and save the lives of thousands of dogs and cats
every year. But they did manage to pay it's president
and vice president a combined amount of $446,882.
Something seems a little fishy, maybe they're really not
devoted to animal rights, just lots of $?
Whitewolf
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text:
Hard Times - Stephen R. Kemp
Stephen R. Kemp, manager and director of Haley Funeral Directors, holds an urn that has yet to be collected by relatives at the funeral home in Southfield, Michigan. Many relatives cannot afford to pick up the cremains of their deceased family members. "I can't keep doing this. You got to get... Genaro Molina / Los Angeles Times


text:
- Find a rental
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8BR/7B OceanView SprinGolf Spec Pay for 3 get 4 nt
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From $352 / night
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Description from the owner
- 8 bedrooms
- 7 bathrooms
- Sleeps 20
- House
Bedrooms: 8
Bathrooms: 7
Sleeps: 20
Type: House8BR/7B OceanView SprinGolf Spec Pay for 3 get 4 nt
Description from the owner
The exterior of Cayman Villas is as inviting as Cayman Villas G. Ocean view balconies line the front where a palm tree landscape is across the street from the white, sandy beaches. Water amenities at Cayman Villas are the first clues that this will be an unforgettable Myrtle Beach vacation. Open the front door and your family will be greeted by luxurious accommodations. Eight bedrooms comfortably sleep 20 people and seven baths are convenient for your large group. A spacious living room with big-screen television is adjacent to the dining area. The fully furnished kitchen with marble countertops also boasts 2 extra-large refrigerators and it would...Read more
About the owner
About the owner
Roger L .
Roger L .
Response rate 90%
Response time Within a day
Calendar updated 5 days ago
Overall rating5.0 / 5.0 based on 1 review
8BR/7B OceanView SprinGolf Spec Pay for 3 get 4 nt
North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
(Property location is approximate) ?
Additional Location Information
There were several reasons why we chose Cherry Grove for one of our vacation properties. Cherry Grove is known for being one of the friendliest beaches for vacationers coupled with the great beach and fishing pier. Being just across the street affords us the luxury of a great ocean view as well as literally steps away from sinking your toes into the sand which translates into an affordable property with all the amenities. Another important factor was the proximity to 40 or more golf courses within minutes. Golfing is year round in Myrtle Beach and after golf there are plenty of restaurants and local pubs to settle up your wagers. The third reason is a lot of our friends enjoy deep water fishing and up the street in Little River there is a fleet of fishing boats ready to take you out.
More About This Location
Beach or lakeside relaxation, Waterfront
Getting There
Nearest airport: Myrtle Beach International Airport, 20.01 miles
Car is essential
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Creative Technology Increases Creativity With L-ACOUSTICS
Creative Technology deployed a full KIVA/KILO system for Linkedin Talent Connect 2011 at the Las Vegas MGM Grand in mid-October
CT adds LA-RAK, KIVA/KILO and 108P to its event production inventory
LOS ANGELES — Based in Los Angeles with satellite offices in San Francisco, Las Vegas and Chicago, Creative Technology (CT) ranks as one of the West Coast's largest L-ACOUSTICS KUDO and dV-DOSC Rental Network companies. With 62 KUDO and 80 dV-DOSC line source systems in its collective inventory, the audio/video/staging provider has successfully used them on countless corporate functions, tradeshows, concerts and other events over the years.
Recently, CT opted to delve further into the L-ACOUSTICS catalog with the addition of four LA-RAK touring amplifier racks — each loaded with three LA8 amplified controllers — 36 KIVA line source elements, 12 KILO low-frequency extension cabinets, and 20 self-powered 108P coaxial enclosures. more
Related Topics: Audio, Case Studies, Corporate AV, Loudspeakers, News, Video |


text: http://techcrunch.com – The startup world woke up to some exciting news this morning, with the $10 million cash sale of restaurant dish photo sharing and recommendation app Foodspotting to online restaurant reservation giant OpenTable. So were very pleased to have Foodspotting co-founder and CEO Alexa Andrzejewski stop by TechCrunch TV this afternoon (after what was certainly a very long day) to give us the scoop on the deal and what's next for Foodspotting now that it's part of a larger company. First, she said, the good news for Foodspotting's several million users is that the app is not going a (IT news)


text: New stories Upcoming Incoming 0° 4 Reasons Why the Nintendo NX Might Be Virtual Reality 7m ago - Now may be the perfect time for the Big N to improve on the initial idea of the Virtual Boy, espe... | Wii U Comments (0) Source 0° Fatal Fury Special Borrows Many Ideas from Super Street Fighter II 8m ago - Carl Williams writes, "When Capcom finally released Super Street Fighter II it was a great day fo... | Retro Comments (0) Source Ad Make the World / Break the World Now - Myriad is a twin-stick shooter that grows more beautiful the better you play. Give us your vote on Steam Greenlight! | Promoted post Read More SiteBot 0° 'A Hideo Kojima Game' back on The Legacy Collection on official site 9m ago - After removing Kojima's name from all promotional material, causing a lot of backlash from fans,... | Culture Comments (0) Source 10° Does Destiny Treat Women Fairly? 16m ago - Many games serve up female characters in ways that are by and large a disservice to us all as wel... | Xbox 360 Comments (0) Source 10° Mortal Kombat X Jax And Jacqueline Trailer Is Truly Bone Crushing 21m ago - One Angry Gamer "A new trailer was released for the Briggs family in Mortal Kombat X. Jax and his... | PC Comments (0) Source


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Upcoming Events
- Board Meeting (Special Study Session)
- Regular Governing Board Meeting
- Parent Leadership Ambassador Meeting
February's Issue of Exhibitions of Success Magazine Now Online
February's issue of Alhambra's Exhibitions of Success Magazine is now online! Click here, Exhibitions of Success, to access the magazine electronically. The link will take you to a web-based program called Issuu.com where you can view it in an online magazine format. For easy reading, follow these steps:
- In Issuu.com, the Exhibitions of Success Magazine will appear at the top of the screen.
- In the lower right corner of the magazine screen, click on the double arrow icon. The double arrow icon will take the magazine into a full-screen mode for viewing.
- To turn from page to page, click on the gray arrow on the right/left sides of the screen.
- If you would like to view the magazine in a single page format, rather than a magazine format, click on the open book icon in the black icon bar at the top of the page. This feature will take it from magazine format, to single page format.
- To view from a PC, use the right/left arrow keys to advance pages.
- Also accessible from your smart phone.
Superintendent Encourages Core Commitments
Alhambra School Districts Superintendent Dr. Karen Williams guided principals to work collaboratively with staff to establish core commitments to share with their communities. Please visit the each schools website to view their core commitments.
Additionally, the Governing Board and Dr. Williams are proud to share their core belief statements regarding children and their education:
I believe every child is entitled to a high quality education and the opportunity to live the American Dream. Working together equals winning together!
Dr. Karen E. Williams, Superintendent
Core Belief Statement
I believe all children will learn when effective instruction is delivered by caring individuals who teach to positively impact the lives of children every day.
Mari Alvarado, Governing Board Member
Core Belief Statement
I believe all children deserve a high quality education delivered by highly effective instructors that prepares them for college and their careers.
Cathleen O'Neil Frantz, Governing Board Member
Core Belief Statement
Teacher Recognized as Rodel Exemplary Teacher
Congratulations to Jennifer Hollenbeck, second grade teacher at Westwood Primary School, for being named one of seven Phoenix-area teachers named as a Rodel Exemplary Teacher! The exemplary teachers will receive $5,000 and will mentor six Rodel Promising student teachers over a three-year period. Check out the feature article in The Arizona Republic.
Teacher Honored on Mix 96.9
Paul Hamel, District English Language Arts Academic Coach, was honored on Wednesday on Mix 96.9 Radio. Mr. Hamel was contacted by a former student, who now works on the morning show. Mix 96.9 was launching a new teachers recognition contest and Mr. Hamel was interviewed by his former student, Priscilla Ornelas, as being a teacher that touched her life! There is no greater reward in the teaching profession than to have a former student say thank you in a meaningful way! Click here to listen to the surprise interview.
MESA Team Earns National Recognition
The Alhambra Elementary School District is pleased to announce the MESA (Math, Engineering, and Science Achievement) Team from Montebello School, lead by MESA advisor Kelby Milgrim, took home two awards this weekend at the MESA National Challenge in Portland Oregon. The team earned first place in the country in the "Design Efficiency" category, and a third place award in the "Technical Paper" category. We are incredibly proud of the Alhambra District junior high MESA team!
For more information on Alhambra's MESA team's accomplishments, view our news release or visit AZEDNews.
For more information on Alhambra's MESA team's accomplishments, view our news release or visit AZEDNews.
Superintendent Named Administrator of the Year
Congratulations to Alhambra's Superintendent, Dr. Karen E. Williams, for being named the 2014 Administrator of the Year by the Arizona Technology in Education Association. This award honors an administrator who uses technology to engage the community and families of the district and encourages further support of innovations in the classroom.
EXPRESSion Project
Alhambra School District's
EXPRESSion Project
EXPRESSion Project
Express your thoughts about the Alhambra School District. Can you do it in seven words? Then join our EXPRESSion Project by sharing your experiences, thoughts, concerns, triumphs, or beliefs about the district and express it in seven words. Seven-word statements will appear on the EXPRESSion Project link on our website. Express yourself!
"Alhambra believes in every child's American Dream."
"Alhambra believes in every child's American Dream."
Dr. Karen E. Williams, Superintendent
"Alhambra District prepares students for the future!"
Kylie Jeffries, 5th Grade Student
Alhambra Traditional School
Alhambra Traditional School
What's Happening Around the District
For the latest information on what is happening throughout the district, visit our "News Around the District" link.


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|Grandson charged with theft from NASCAR's Ingram
|Written by Admin
|Friday, 15 July 2011 02:25
The Asheville Citizen-Times reports Buncombe County investigators charged 25-year-old Jackson Layne Ingram on Thursday with breaking and entering and larceny.
Authorities say $5,000 worth of items were taken from Jack Ingram's home June 29, including the diamond ring he won for his 1982 Busch Series championship , a 1985 championship ring, a watch and his wife's high school ring.
A few days later, a caller asked for $1,000 to return the items, but Ingram said no.
Jackson Ingram was being held at the Buncombe County Detention Center. It wasn't clear if he had an attorney.
Information from: The Asheville Citizen-Times, http://www.citizen-times.com


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The ultra-lightweight Big Agnes Air Core SL inflatable pad is ideal for ounce-counting backpackers and thru-hikers. Designed for summer or warm-weather use, the pad packs down small and takes up little space inside your backpack.
With an R-value of 2.9, an integrated hand pump and sprawling 25" x 78" x 3" dimensions, the rectangular Kelty Deluxe Recluse 3.0 Insulated inflatable sleeping pad is a plush offering for 3-season backpacking or camping.
The lightweight, mummy-shaped Kelty Recluse 2.5 Insulated inflatable sleeping features the comfort, packed size and warmth (R-value of 2.5) required for 3-season backpacking and camping.
Providing maximum sleeping comfort and warmth, these pads are ideal for camping when you don't need to haul gear in a backpack.
Light enough for backpacking, yet comfortable enough for car camping, these pads strike a balance between the extremes of weight and comfort.
Extreme lightweight pads for hikers and climbers who care far more about light weight and small stuff size than they do about comfort.
View more videos in our Video Library.


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Very good facilities. Very good restaurant. - Fernando
Lift not working but manager carried our bags and sorted out any littleissues immediately, very impressed with the service. - Mary
services,hotel staff,comfort - Tanya
An exclellent location on the river bank near to the park and downtown. If you like jogging - is pefect. Room is very positively surpricing. There is no plastic windows or brand new ferniture but natural and stylish. Wooden floor and arched ceilings will bring you beck in time. - Radoslaw
the ambiencce - Toma
One of the best hotel in Hungary. All rooms have different designs
and style. 50M from city center and all the shopping and culture
of the city. - Anonymous
Cosy quiet hotel, loved it! Excellent location in the the old town. Good breakfast. Gated parking available next to the hotel. Very friendly and helpful staff - they even gave us their körözött recipe we particularly liked. We visited during the great flood, and hotel had done everything to minimise the discomforts of their guests. - Anonymous
I 've been a guest of Ibis Hotels in Hungary many times , especially in Budapest . Each time i felt good staying there and the hotel staff was helpful . - Liliana
privacy - Anonymous
the location and the pub - Bogdan
Its name already says: romantic! It is very nice and charming. The roomis very big, clean and confortable, perfect to go with a child, becausethere is a separate living room for the extra bed. The staff is veryfriendly, everything was very fine. - Viviane


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National Foreclosure Rates Down, El Paso Numbers Up
POSTED: Thursday, October 25, 2012 - 7:46am
UPDATED: Friday, October 26, 2012 - 7:43am
El Paso — Foreclosures are down in much of the country, but El Paso is seeing a rise. These figures according to Realy Trac, a company that breaks down real estate figures and data.
According to Realy Trac, the amount 900 homes are under foreclosure in El Paso County. Most of the new foreclosure filings occurred in East El Paso, with the highest amount of 16 foreclosures in the 79936 area code. The rest of the county ranges from 0-9 in each zip code.
Realy Trac also reports that El Paso foreclosure sales have decreased from last year by almost more than half.


text:
Brandon Fibbs honors the 50th anniversary of "Doctor Who," calling it a "consistent beacon of humanism," with this fantastic clip compilation:
50 Years of Humanism in 'Doctor Who'
Related posts from Friendly Atheist:
Hemant Mehta is the editor of Friendly Atheist, appears on the Atheist Voice channel on YouTube, and co-hosts the uniquely-named Friendly Atheist Podcast. You can read much more about him here.
- popeyoni
Not quite Humanism, more like Timelordism.
- Alan Bloor
- Ginger
I LOVE Dr Who!
- Michael
There's a brilliant scene in the Daemons where the Doctor is arguing with a witch as to whether what is going on is science or magic. After finally convincing her to back down, he starts going on about psychic energies and crystals and the like. But it's science, because he knows how it works.
- BeasKnees
- Highlander
Or Galifreyanism
- beatonfam
…because people can be so, so much more…
- Miss_Beara
I looooooove the Doctor! It makes me happy. Except for that awful Titanic episode as well as the Agatha Christie bee one as well. Those made me depressed.
- Scott McGreal
A delightful video, thanks so much for sharing it
- pirate_froglet
And Van Gogh. But that one I LOVED because of the feelings it inspired.
- Keulan
Such a great TV show.
- Tim
Thanks for the clip.
I love Dr Who. Just looking out of my office window across the harbour I can see the BBC Wales studio where it is made. Last week I saw the Prince of Wales and Camilla walking strolling along there with a Darlek.
- Chris ones
The Van Gogh episode makes me cry EVERY time
- rufus_t
(Arthur C.) Clarke's third law states "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic"
- Art_Vandelay
Am I the only atheist that's never seen an episode of Dr. Who? I've also never seen an episode of Star Trek and I didn't quite care for The Matrix. Do I get to keep my membership?
- wabney
Nope, sorry. Turn in your A card.
- The Other Weirdo
I've never been happy with that because I've always felt that a sufficiently advanced culture, when face with technology more advanced than its own, should be able to tell the difference.
- The Other Weirdo
We're atheists, not religious people. We don't excommunicate members for being different. That's for religious people. We, on the other hand, sit those different from us down in a chair and force them watch the right shows, damn it!
- BrianO
… I love Dr. Who, but I think that calling it out as a beacon of humanism is a little naive. A large portion of the character is a thinly veiled metaphor for Christ. The more-than-human that comes to save mankind, looking and acting like a man, complete with resurrection. A Christmas special every year, which could be chalked up to secular celebration, but they even start each new season on Easter! They're not trying real hard to disguise the connection.
- danferguson
The video was taken down. Does anyone have a mirror?
- allein
Nope. I have friends who are huge fans and I have never seen an episode. (Though I've absorbed enough to at least recognize a lot of the references I come across.) The only Star Trek I've seen is a couple movies and a lot of the original series that my ex had (mostly on VHS). I saw the Matrix once and I remember very little of it. Maybe we should break off and start an A- movement.
- Art_Vandelay
Yeah, well after seeing this video…I had no idea he was like the British Carl Sagan. It's officially on deck in my Netflix queue. I can get by without watching the old ones, right?
- Art_Vandelay
Sure! I like to throw horseshoes, play ping-pong, and teach myself retro-80′s and Tim Minchin songs on the piano. There's usually gin involved. Can that be a thing?
- The Other Weirdo
Am I the only one around here that doesn't have a Netflix queue? I hate that.
Yes, you can. Start with the 1st season in 2005, the Ninth Doctor, and go from there. Watch your brain, though. They like to throw curve balls into the plots that don't hit you in the head until 3 years later.
- Gordon Duffy
Please, Christ wishes he was the Doctor.
- allein
Cool! I'm a huge Tim Minchin fan! (Though I was never very good on the piano.) My family has a ping-pong tournament every year at Christmas (though I suck at it). But as long as there is an option for an vodka alternative, I'm cool with that.
- Bobbie
To be honest, I grew up with the original Doctor Who and the new stuff has never really settled with me… Ecclestone was a good Doctor, Smith is doing well, but Tennant… Kill it with fire, DAMN he was almost as bad as Sylvester McCoy…
Can't see the video, though, echo the calls for a Mirror
- Art_Vandelay
There's always a vodka alternative. Make no mistake about it…I'm not implying that I'm good on the piano either. On the contrary, I'm a talentless hack. Fortunately though, I'm completely shameless.
- Art_Vandelay
It can be rectified with a measly 8 bucks a month.
- The Other Weirdo
No, I have Netflix. I meant that queue where you can mark shows for future watching. A couple of my friends have that, but I don't.
- allein
I will have to watch that later. My work blocks the 'tube
- Jennie Erwin
Awww.. video is gone… stoopid copyrights
What's a "Darlek"? You love it so much you still can't spell Dalek?
- frozen01
The UK version of Netflix doesn't include an instant queue. The US version does. Your friends might be either not British or using a proxy.
- The Other Weirdo
Why would I be using the UK version of Netflix?
- Spuddie
Nu-who made it pretty explicit, but also showed the drawbacks to such associations. If they did it in the classic version, I bet it was purely accidental. =)
- Ida Know
And the Doctor doesn't demand to be worshipped in return for saving the cosmos. In fact he doesn't even like being saluted.
- Cafeeine
The interesting thing is that they do address that in the show. The Waters of Mars episode is one where they examine the Doctor's hubris.
- Michael
Girl Genius argues that any sufficiently analyzed magic is indistinguishable from science.
- AskAnAtheistBecky
Is this video mirrored anywhere? the original has been taken down due to copyright claim
- Michael Harrison
And Florence Ambrose (of Freefall) once graffitied that, regardless of how advanced a society is, science will look like magic to people who don't understand how it works.
- frozen01
That's a bit of a stretch.
When Doctor Who was created, the Doctor didn't regenerate. This was added later to explain why there was a new actor for the role.
I'll admit, some of the David Tennant episodes did get a little too close to Jesus for me towards , but that was very brief.
- http://atheistlutheran.blogspot.com/ MargueriteF
Using religious metaphors doesn't make a show religious. It's a metaphor that most Westerners understand, but that doesn't mean we have to buy into it as real. Anyway, in my opinion the Christ imagery was mostly a Russell T. Davies thing, and is not an integral part of the series as a whole.
- http://atheistlutheran.blogspot.com/ MargueriteF
You get to keep your membership, but you should do yourself a favor and watch both "Doctor Who" and "Star Trek." They're both very worthwhile.
- allein
No I don't have one of those, either (I don't have Netflix).
- allein
Your daugher (I'm assuming) is cute
- Miss_Beara
The Van Gogh episode was amazing. It makes me cry too.
The Titanic and Christie ones were depressing because I hated them.
- RobMcCune
Also I don't think the RTD stuff was about the christian religion, it was just another way that the second half of the Tennant era could constantly heap an insufferable amount of praise on the Doctor.
- RobMcCune
The first episode I remember that explicitly says the Doctor is traveling all of time and space in order to save people was "Love and Monsters". Take that for what it's worth.
- Cincinatheist
Since YouTube has pulled the vid due to copyright claim, I saw a couple o' folks looking for an alternative. Looks like LiveLeak has it available for the moment: http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=79d_1374040894
- Cincinatheist
And now it's gone. Oh well. I tried.
- Brandon Fibbs
Search the title. It's been put up a half dozen other places but may not stay there for long. I am fighting a copyright issue with a particularly dislikable user.
- Brandon Fibbs
Search the title on YouTube. It's been put up a half dozen other places but may not stay there for long. Changes will be made and it will be reuploaded soon.


text:
From The Heart
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Chargers put Larry English on IR
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The San Diego Chargers have placed outside linebacker Larry English on season-ending injured reserve with a foot injury.
STING MEIt's the ugly but unavoidable side of football. Take a look at the major injuries of 2011.
It's the latest setback for English, who hasn't lived up to his billing as the team's 2009 first-round draft pick. He also was slowed by a foot injury last year.
To take his spot on the active roster, the Chargers signed tackle Stephen Schilling from the practice squad. The team also re-signed running back Jordan Todman to the practice squad.
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text: Xtreme World Wrestling presents WINTERBASH 2012Thu, December 13, 2012Doors: 7:00 pm / Show: 7:30 pm Tremont Music Hall $8.00 - $10.00Tickets This event is all ages Kids 12 and under get in for FREE! http://www.tremontmusichall.com/event/185893/ Facebook Share On Twitter Share This Event Sync event to iCal Sync event to Google Calendar Xtreme World Wrestling presents WINTERBASH 2012 Facebook Links NECROBUTCHER vs. BELTON CREEDMORE REID FLAIR vs. KWEST vs. ERIC ADAMZ vs. T.N.A.'s GUNNER MANNY MAC vs. MAESTRO THE BARBARIAN vs. SWEET DREAMZ Plus, Santa Claus AND SO MUCH MORE!!! Kids 12 and under get in for FREE!!! There are currently no videos. Check back soon.


text:
Ubuntu One Hits the Million Users Mark 125
from the open-lining dept.
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
So neither the article or the summary actually link to the main product at hand. Convenient.
Here: https://one.ubuntu.com/ [ubuntu.com]
a) My primary use for ubuntu one is to buy music from the ubuntu one music store. Its handy to haver everything you bought available on all laptops.
b) a second important function, which i dont use (i dont like my contact data in the cloud) is the synchronization with a mobile phone. There is no working built-in way in ubuntu which allows this.
c) for some time the service was very slow and syncronization was unpredictable, so i dont use it for serious stuff right now.
d) I would like a better integration in the desktop for start/pause sync for single folder or everything (if i am on my mobile AP i do not like to sync everything).
e) it lacks storage encryption (unless you use encfs on the top, and encfs has issues itself)
% APL is a natural extension of assembler language programming; ...and is best for educational purposes. -- A. Perlis


text:
Anchor Zippered Jackets, black.
Design ID: 3644931
Good quality, stylish designs of everything from an Albanian Eagle to a Star of Life and William Shakespeare!
*Model *-* Mari Rytkonen* *Designer *-* Stefanina Hill* *Photographer *-* Anna Batani* *Web Design *-* Nightfire Digital*
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AUTISM Designed by greatideas
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The classic. The original. Kangaroo pocket, drawstring hood, zipper and unique comfort all wrapped into one. This is the one your boyfriend or girlfriend will steal the second they get the opportunity, so keep yours well in sight.
still to fill


text: Houston Grand Opera News - Tuesday, March 24, 2015Houston Grand OperaAtlanta baritone a Metropolitan Opera competition winnerAtlanta Journal ConstitutionAtlantan Reginald Smith Jr. was one of five winners selected Sunday in the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions, the prestigious national vocal competition.Explore in depth (12 more articles)The ultimate diamond anniversary: A blinged out diva returns home ...CultureMap Houston... world acclaimed mezzo-soprano Joyce DiDonato let it rip ragtime style on stage in the Brown Theater where she and Houston Grand Opera music and artistic ...General Opera NewsCOMPOSERS DATEBOOKReminding you that all music was once new®L.A. Opera Did Three Shows About Figaro, and This One Is the Best ...LA WeeklyIn opera's Figaro Trilogy, true love always wins out in the end, but it first requires the intervention of a small village of scheming eavesdroppers, nearsighted ...Profile: Kids' OperaThe NationalThis is the third opera for the very young that Scottish Opera has created. It follows on from the company's hugely popular BabyO and SensoryO shows for ...Ernani, Metropolitan Opera, New York — reviewFinancial TimesDon Carlo, King of Spain, was none less than opera's most enduring, if not most endearing, overachiever, Plácido Domingo. He looked sturdy, sang steadily, ...La Tragédie de Carmen Overcomes Its Shortcomings at Opera in the ...Houston PressDo you hear that whirring deep underground? It's composer Georges Bizet spinning in his grave after the beating his immortal opera masterwork Carmen gets ...WHY I AM TAKING MY LABEL OFF-STREAMSlippediscPaul has now decided to buck industry trends and take his recordings off streaming devices such as Spotify, and freeviews such as YouTube.Paul explains why, exclusively on Slipped DiscHouston Grand Opera News - Monday, March 23, 2015Houston Grand OperaMet Competition Features Nation's Top Opera TalentWall Street JournalSome of opera's rising stars performed in a career-making concert on Sunday: the Metropolitan Opera's National Council Auditions, a competition that helped ...Mackerras rememberedHerald ScotlandAs Patrick Summers puts it in his chapter, Sir Charles 'was a lion whose winter was uniquely rich.' Among chapters that analyse Mackerras' profound ...HGO's 60th anniversary shines bright like a diamondHouston ChronicleEverything sparkled at the Wortham Center for the Houston Grand Opera's 60thAnniversary Concert and Gala. Champagne bubbles and a slew of ...General Opera NewsCOMPOSERS DATEBOOKReminding you that all music was once new®That's opera? A new company takes a radical approach to an old art ...Oregon LiveLadies, and gentlemen, we have an opera. A Gypsy jazz opera, courtesy of Eric Stern - he of Vagabond Opera, shaved head and vaudevillian beard. And radical ...Is This Opera, or Soap Opera? NYCOs Troubled Rise From The AshesDaily BeastThe saga of New York City Opera—bankrupt, and possibly seeking resurrection—became ever more complicated, in the wake of a benefit concert.Blue Viola, a bluesy, jazzy new opera from UrbanAriasDC Theatre SceneWhat would you call the blend of music and genre in Urban Arias' world premiere Blue Viola? Standard terms like "chamber opera," "folk opera," or "comic opera" …Happy together: Marriage between music, story fulfills opera ...Waterloo Cedar Falls CourierCEDAR FALLS | Growing up in Ohio, composer Jake Heggie didn't know beans about opera. The kid loved his piano, though, and storytelling through music.Marilyn Monroe Opera Debuts In U.S.The InquisitrThe Long Beach Opera presents the United States debut of Marilyn Forever, an opera based on the life and emotions of screen legend Marilyn Monroe, and ...THE MOST POIGNANT PICTURE EVER TAKEN OF JOHANNES BRAHMSSlippediscAndrea Bambace has published a picture of almost mythical power and importance.Houston Grand Opera News - Friday, March 20, 2015Houston Grand OperaHouston Grand Opera Studio Recitals at Rienzi | Houston …Arts HoundThe Houston Grand Opera Studio presents Recitals at Rienzi. Intimate evenings of art and song: the artists of the Houston Grand Opera Studio in recital at Rienzi, the ...Mariachi opera 'El Pasado Nunca' has preview performance at ...Chicago TribuneThis particular opera features a story by Leonard Foglia with music accompaniment created by Pepe Martínez. The duo is already well-known for their smash hit ..."Nixon In China" Visually StunningThe ExaminerWhen "Nixon In China" premiered at the Houston Grand Opera in 1987 it received mixed reviews. By 2011, two recordings, a Metropolitan Opera debut and a production in Toronto it has picked up speed and is now considered to be a 'significant, influential and lasting contribution to American opera in the last few decades. General Opera NewsCOMPOSERS DATEBOOKReminding you that all music was once new®Pretty Yende: An Opera Star Whose Rise Began With A FallNPRWhen Pretty Yende took the stage as Adèle in Rossini's Le Comte Ory, her debut at the Metropolitan Opera, her performance didn't go quite as ...Stanton Williams wins approval for plans to open up the Royal ...DezeenArchitecture office Stanton Williams has unveiled its plans to upgrade the entrances and public spaces of London's Royal Opera House, which have just been ...REVIEW: Dallas Opera's 'La Boheme'Dallas VoiceThe fourth opera in Dallas Opera's season, Puccini's timeless tale of tragic love La Boheme, is one of the most popular in the standard repertoire: There's nary a ...Culture Ministry to Probe 'Blasphemous' Novosibirsk OperaThe Moscow TimesThe Novosibirsk State Theater of Opera and Ballet's recent production of the opera, directed by Timofei Kulyabin, features a variety of provocative scenes ...Opera about Iraq War to Be Performed at USFWUSF NewsThe opera, "Fallujah," is a work in progress. Playwright Heather Raffo has been developing the biographical story of U.S. Marine Christian Ellis for about five ...Vienna bug: Stephen Costello is wiped out of TraviataSlippediscThe US tenor is the latest victim of Viennitis. He was down to appear with Marina Rebeka but fell sick shortly before showtime.Houston Grand Opera News - Thursday, March 19, 2015Houston Grand OperaThe Houston Grand Opera Presents 60th Anniversary Gala Concert With Joyce DiDonato TonightBroadway WorldHouston Grand Opera (HGO) invites patrons to celebrate 60 years of producing and performing world-class opera in Houston at a gala anniversary concert featuring renowned mezzo-soprano and HGO Studio alumna …IAA and SPARC to Present Shobana's 'Krishna' in May 2015NewsHub.orgThe IAA, has earned the respect of Houstonians and today its repute is on par with institutions like the Houston Grand Opera, Houston Performing Arts and ...General Opera NewsCOMPOSERS DATEBOOKReminding you that all music was once new®New season, new adventure for Michigan Opera TheatreDetroit Free PressMichigan Opera Theatre opens and closes its 2015-16 season with two of the most popular works in the repertoire — Puccini's "La Boheme" and Mozart's "The ...Why were Southwest High students allowed to see lurid opera?Imperial ValleyWe recently learned that the Southwest High School orchestra students were taken to see Mozart's opera, "Il Don Giovanni." Whose idea was this? The subject ...Big spending brought down operaThe AustralianBARITONE Lucas de Jong was working overseas when he was invited to sing a principal role in a production of Lakme with the Victoria State Opera. He had ...Royal Opera's Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny review: far too ...SpectatorThink of 1994 and now, no time at all, and not only for an ageing opera reviewer. Both works tend to be routinely referred to as masterpieces, but seeing them ...Exclusive: The ultimate feminist demolition of 'Mrs Bach'SlippediscOn the eve of BBC4's screening of the hyperbolic film claiming that Bach's late cello suites were written by his wife, an authority on Bach's compositional processes has taken both the thesis and its Australian author to the cleaners.Houston Grand Opera News - Wednesday, March 18, 2015Houston Grand OperaMet Opera: Shagimuratova[former HGO Studio artist] Goes Brilliantly Mad In 'Lucia di ...Huffington PostAnd with the return of Lucia di Lammermoor to the Met Opera stage last night, Albina Shagimuratova is one of the best things now going for Donizetti.Lyric Opera of KC to Present TOSCA, 4/18-26Broadway WorldThis big, grand opera features the debuts of some of the world's most talented ... as Marta in the world premiere of The Passenger at Houston Grand Opera.Rhinecliff library hosts performance by Katherine Johnson, Richard ...The Daily Freeman-10 hours agoDuring her career, she has been heard at some of the finest opera houses of the ... Opera, Los Angeles Music Center Opera, Houston Grand Opera, L'Opéra de ...General Opera NewsCOMPOSERS DATEBOOKReminding you that all music was once new®Opera Theatre crafts strategic plan to bolster operating fundsSt. Louis Business JournalOn paper, the Opera Theatre of St. Louis looks financially strong. While it holds a significant endowment, the specific restrictions on some of that money have ...More Copyright, More "Quality Works"? Not Quite, New Study of ...Iowa Public RadioThey compiled a database of no fewer than 2,598 Italian operas written between 1770 and 1900, and - in a virtuoso masterstroke - came up with ways to put ...Taconic Opera: La Traviata - like you've never experienced it before!The Daily VoiceAfter its success in 2013 with a Lucia di Lammermoor sing-a-long and a sold-out crowd, Taconic Opera returns to White Plains with Giuseppe Verdi's La Traviata ...Lyric Names Civic Opera House Stage After Kenneth G. PigottBroadway WorldLyric Opera general director Anthony Freud announced that the stage of the Civic Opera House has been named for Kenneth G. Pigott, who served as Lyric's ...CNN publishes list of 'the world's greatest orchestras'SlippediscClick here for the top ten.


text:
The Gilda Stories
Sheba Feminist Press, 1992 - African Americans - 252 pages
An elegant, sensual and naturalistic fantasy -- a black vampire story.
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LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - VikkiLaw - LibraryThing
Vampires of color talk about the Attica uprising!!!! And Angela Davis and Black liberation (and how women got left behind by so much focus on male Black nationalism. (but then I wasn't too fond of the last two chapters) Read full review
Review: The Gilda StoriesUser Review - Liza - Goodreads
LOVED IT! This book is everything to me right now. Checked it out from the library but then bought it before I was done because I wanted to be able to keep it near. It is for real giving me life. Read full review
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This is the place to post that hilarious irreligious YouTube video, an irreverent, anti-religious cartoon, or other humorous bit of media. Posts that do not reflect an atheist/irreligious theme will be deleted. (Don't make me go Old Testament.)
Members: 2121
Latest Activity: yesterday
A slightly longer version of the clip that used to be here.
Started by Loren Miller. Last reply by Grinning Cat Feb 23. 7 Replies 5 Likes
Started by Bertold Brautigan. Last reply by Bertold Brautigan Feb 8. 16 Replies 2 Likes
Started by Christopher Cosgrove. Last reply by rockytij Sep 19, 2014. 1 Reply 0 Likes
April 13 it Christopher Hitchens Day.
But who is the anti-Hitchens?
Darth Ratzinger?
@Charles Cusumano. Instead of "paid in full" the check should be stamped "insufficient funds."
My 6 year-old asked me about what Good Friday is. I told her, and drew some pictures to illustrate the relevant points. Here's the story.
@Riomarcos - THANKS for the laugh! I left a Comment:
Hmmmm... Large-screen football in church. Sounds like the "Fosterite" services in Heinlein's STRANGER IN A STRANGE LAND. Come to think of it, the main character in that book is named "Mike." Tee-hee! LOVE it!
Gotta go back and bookmark that site.
© 2015 Atheist Nexus. All rights reserved. Admin: Richard Haynes.


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There are 45 results - Show results on a map Print this page
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Penjoy is a very professionally run establishment, where attention to detail and quality are noteworthy throughout. Bedrooms are delightfully decorated and complemented by an impressive range of extra...More about Penjoly Guest House
This friendly farmhouse is located in peaceful countryside, convenient for Truro or as a touring base. It has all the charm of an historic house but is styled and fitted with modern facilities. Bedroo...More about Bodrean Manor Farm
The Silver Jubilee is a small establishment situated on the level in the heart of Newquay. All amenities including shopping centre and beaches are about three minutes' walk away. Breakfast is served i...More about The Silver Jubilee
Expect a warm welcome at Meadow View, which is just a short walk from Newquay, and Fistral Beach which is famous for surfing. The bedrooms are comfortable and some have countryside views. A hearty bre...More about Meadow View
Conveniently situated within walking distance of the town centre and the beaches, in a quiet residential area, Avalon provides comfortable accommodation, and enjoys the benefit of on-site parking. Gue...More about Avalon
This long-established hotel is situated on thhe edge of the stunning Cornish coast with breathtaking views. The atmosphere is all about sophistication and elegance. Bedrooms are soundly appointed and ...More about Treglos Hotel
The Plume of Feathers is a very popular inn, with origins dating back to the 16th century, situated close to Newquay and the beaches. The restaurant offers a varied menu which relies heavily on local ...More about The Plume of Feathers
High quality, budget accommodation ideal for both families and business travellers. Spacious, en suite bedrooms feature tea and coffee making facilities, and Freeview TV in most hotels. Internet acces...More about Premier Inn Quintrell Downs
Rolling Waves is a family-owned and run guest house with great views across the bay. The bedrooms are comfortable, the hosts friendly and welcoming, and dinner is available on request. ...More about Rolling Waves
Set in gardens on the edge of the village, this Edwardian house has a relaxed and welcoming atmosphere. Period features abound, and the best possible use is made of space in the bedrooms. Home-cooked ...More about Penkerris


text:
Forgiving Your Parents - Inspirational Videos
Embed drjamesdobson 3151 views 2012-11-08T16:29:05 Have you noticed how difficult it is to forgive your enemies? And it's even harder when they happen to be your parents. You know, when we're kids, our needs and feelings are so intense that the wounds and the injuries suffered during those early years often stay with us for a lifetime. And the pain is immeasurably worse when the one who wronged us was a parent.
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Obituary & Guest Book Preview for James Edwards
James Edwards Obituary
Published in The Providence Journal on Jan. 7, 2013
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: EDWARDS, JAMES BERESFORD passed away January 3, 2013 in Scottsdale AZ. Jim was born in Providence, RI to Oliver "Dean" and Esther (Volker) Edwards. He...
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Eden Hazard is delighted with the ease at which he's settled at Chelsea.
Hazard has thanked Juan Mata and Oscar for helping him adapt quickly to English football.
He said: ŌĆ£It is easier to play alongside players with a similar style to yourself and I donŌĆÖt think itŌĆÖs been a case of needing a lot of ┬Łtraining sessions or a lot minutes on a pitch ŌĆō we just kind of developed this automatically.
ŌĆ£We are very similar, weŌĆÖre comfortable with the ball at our feet and we complement each other very well.
ŌĆ£Even when we are not in possession, we know where each of us are on the pitch and then we can counter straight away.ŌĆØ


text:
I use it to heat strike water but usually not sparge water. I just filled my extra tank 2 weeks ago. Haven't used it yet. I'm going to mark the date on it when I do and see exactly how many I get out of one tank. But I know for sure that I have 2 tanks and have used one completey and about 1/2 of the other. And I know that I've brewed 14 beers with that set-up.
I'm going to have to pay attention, and do some planning and organizing...
I've got 4 tanks that I use for my BBQ, smoker, and burner, and I tend to switch them around a lot. I guess I could dedicate one for beer only and see how many uses I get. My guess is that I get 4-5 10-gallon batches out of it including heating strike and sparge.
I get around 10 beers, all strike and sparge water heated, with a 20# tank. I did build a heat shield and am not an advocate of boiling your wort to the point of jumping out of the pot. BTW, the heat shield more than doubled the number of beers i could brew on a tank of gas.
I'll do my best to describe the heat shield. I don't have any pics and will be away from the computer for a few days.
For reference here is my turkey fryer stand - http://www.masterbuilt.com/prod-propanefryers.html.
On each leg of the stand I drilled a hole and bolted on a piece of all thread to serve as a rest for the heat shield. The bottom of the heat shield sits just above the burner where it protrudes from the stand. I then obtained some roof flashing and rivets from Lowes. Measure the circumference of your pot (in my case I use the AL pot that came with the fryer). Roll out the flashing and cut a few extra inches so that the pot will easily slide in the heat shield. I have my heat shield extending all the way to the bottom of the pot handles which required that I stack (for lack of a better term) two pieces of flashing together to achieve my desired height. You then rivet the flashing together to make a cylinder. *VERY IMPORTANT - make sure that you cut the flashing long enough to account for the space required to rivet the pieces together or your shield will be too small to fit the kettle.
I then just rest the heat shield on the all-thread supports I attached to the fryer legs.
The pot handles will get very hot because all of the heat is going up the sides of the kettle and not blowing out the bottom. Be sure to use good oven mits when handling the kettle.
I hope this helps and if you've any more question feel free to ask. Though it may be a couple of days until I respond.
This whole project cost $8 and probably paid for itself in about 2 batches of beer. When I'm boiling the burner is down so low you can barely hear it running. This has greatly decreased my time to heat sparge and strike water as well. Not to mention saving a ton of money on propane.