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« Sept. 29 Oct. 1 » Friday, September 30, 2011
Ferris wears down Central Valley
Sept. 30, 2011 in Sports The Ferris/Central Valley football game, a showdown between Greater Spokane League heavyweights, lived up to its billing Friday.
Doubts raised over 'Three Cups' author's Himalayan climbs
Sept. 30, 2011 in News, Region BOZEMAN, Mont. — In the climbing community, serious questions are being raised about whether Greg Mortenson climbed six Himalayan peaks, as described in his bestselling book, "Three Cups of Tea." 4
Children locate father after drop-off wreck
Sept. 30, 2011 in Nation/World, News SANTA CLARITA, Calif. (AP) — David Lavau's children drove slowly along the perilously curved mountain road, stopping to peer over the treacherous drop-offs and call out for their father, missing … 2
Vandals after more than cash against Virginia
Sept. 30, 2011 in Sports He's a bedrock senior and defensive captain, a player who last year exerted so much energy in a blowout loss to Nevada that he was immediately taken to a hospital … 1
Baumgartner to run for Cantwell's Senate seat
Sept. 30, 2011 in City After less than a year in the state Senate, Michael Baumgartner plans to run for the other Senate in the other Washington by entering the race against Democrat Maria Cantwell. … 22
'That guy would have lost his life'
Sept. 30, 2011 in City Christopher Smith, a Gonzaga University junior from Tampa, Fla., found himself dangling from a ledge over the Spokane River before daybreak Friday in a daring rescue of a suicidal man … 8
Another big challenge awaits winless EWU
Sept. 30, 2011 in Sports With its ranks already thinned dramatically by injuries, Eastern Washington's winless football team is bracing for yet another demanding physical challenge Saturday afternoon when Big Sky Conference leader Weber State …
Freaky Friday news: School official sorry for bra trick
Sept. 30, 2011 in Nation/World The chairman of the school committee in Abington, Mass., is apologizing for a magic trick he performed before a televised meeting in which he appeared to tear the bra off …
Eastbound I90 cleared after two collisions
Sept. 30, 2011 in City, News Two multi-car crashes Friday afternoon on Interstate 90 near Highway 195 caused a seven-mile backup in the eastbound lanes. 6
Cougs will get pressure in Pac-12 opener
Sept. 30, 2011 in Sports The signs may not be ominous, but they certainly aren't promising either. On one side of the ball is Washington State's offensive line, featuring a new, injury-forced starter at center … 2
Stocks end gloomy 3rd quarter on a weak note
Sept. 30, 2011 The worst quarter for the stock market since the financial crisis ended on another down note. 1
Farmers pass on camelina crop test program
Sept. 30, 2011 in Business, Region A federal program to boost camelina crops in Eastern Washington failed to attract any takers. 3
NW today: Judge fines Longshore union $250,000
Sept. 30, 2011 in Region A federal judge fined a Longshore union $250,000 today for its tactics in a Longview labor dispute, and he warned that individual protesters could face their own penalties for future … 3
Washington's minimum wage rising to $9.04
Sept. 30, 2011 in Business, City Washington state's minimum wage will rise to $9.04 next year, keeping it as the highest hourly rate in the nation. 32
Spokane protesters ordered to remove tents, placards
Sept. 30, 2011 in City Occupy Spokane, the two-day-old action in solidarity with the two-week-old Occupy Wall Street protest against economic injustice, was visited this morning by police enforcing a city ordinance. 37
High may reach 80 for the last time this year
Sept. 30, 2011 in City, Idaho High temperatures in the lower 80s for Spokane and Coeur d'Alene could be the last time the thermometer breaks the 80-degree mark this year.
U.S. strike kills American al-Qaida cleric in Yemen
Sept. 30, 2011 WASHINGTON — A U.S. counterterrorism official says American forces targeted al-Qaida cleric Anwar al-Awlaki's convoy with a drone and jet attack and believe he's been killed. 42
Researchers atwitter about mood analysis
Sept. 30, 2011 in Nation/World on Page A1 There's a lot you can read about on Twitter – including, it now appears, the patterns of human moods. After analyzing two years' worth of tweets by 2.4 million people …
Sacred artifacts
Sept. 30, 2011 in Idaho on Page A1 A Smithsonian Institution conservator gently unwrapped a 110-year-old doll Thursday, preparing it for installation in a new exhibit at Old Mission State Park in Cataldo, Idaho. "It's something coming back … 2
Records ruling costly for county
Sept. 30, 2011 in City on Page A1 A public records request about a seating chart may cost Spokane County more than $100,000 under a state Supreme Court ruling released Thursday. The high court overturned two lower courts' … 5
City's FAQ answers challenged
Sept. 30, 2011 in City on Page A1 Spokane city leaders are continuing to mislead the public about the fatal Otto Zehm confrontation, new court documents suggest. Federal authorities say city officials provided "patently false" information in a … 14
Boeing plant raided in drug sweep
Sept. 30, 2011 in Nation/World on Page A2 PHILADELPHIA – Federal agents on Thursday raided a Boeing plant that makes military helicopters in a Philadelphia suburb and charged more than three dozen people with distributing or trying to …
Assad loyalists pelt U.S. envoy with eggs
Sept. 30, 2011 in Nation/World on Page A3 BEIRUT – Angry supporters of President Bashar Assad's regime hurled tomatoes and eggs at the U.S. ambassador to Syria on Thursday as he entered the office of a leading opposition …
Vote buoys euro's outlook
Sept. 30, 2011 in Nation/World on Page A3 BERLIN – Germany kept alive hopes that the 17-nation euro currency can survive the sprawling debt crisis when lawmakers in Europe's largest economy voted overwhelmingly on Thursday in favor of … 1
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Scotland Tonight
4 episodes
Current affairs show which tackles the issues behind the headlines from a Scottish perspective, with live studio debate and analysis of all the top stories
We are joined by former Labour Party adviser Paul Sinclair and Michael Tait, the former director of media at the Scottish Conservatives to discuss David Cameron's first televised event of the election campaign.
We are joined by Health Secretary Shona Robison to discuss The Penrose Report, which was six years in the making, concluded that few things could have been done differently.
Scotland Tonight asks if personality politics is a recipe for success? And author Derek Niemann discusses his family's secret Nazi past.

subset: commoncrawl


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More About Points »
Mike Do
Miami, FL
Recent Activity
Hello, I have a similiar problem, maybe we can help eachother out. Have you found the solution to the problem?
I have checked fuel pressure and performed a fuel volume test. I disconnected all 3 catalytics and drove, same problem. When I cycle the ignition while running the engine accelerates fine 2 times, then it goes back to having a lean misfire. I sprayed Throttle body cleaner down intake hose while the engine was bogging and it accelerated up in RPM's. I cleaned the Mass Air flow sensor. The only code I have is for the EPC sensor (P1747). I checked for vacuum leaks. The problem is with all the cylinders. Remember it accelerates perfect when ignition is cycled while engine running. Please let me know if you have any suggestions. Thanks Mike
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After meeting with her one time, she decided not to help us with my grandfather's will after his death. The problem is, she wouldn't tell us that....
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text: One of my favorite small kitchen appliances is my electric teapot (kettle). I keep it on the counter and use it daily. It's not that I'm a big tea drinker. Sometimes I am, but I go through phases with it. It's that the pot is very efficient at heating water for anything. It's great for […][Continue reading...]


text: Share: Pork Main Dishes Looking for pork main dishes? Find pork main dishes including pork chops, pork ribs, pork casseroles, and more pork main dish recipes. Recipe Spotlight Easy Cheesy Loaded Grits A tasty bowl of grits inspired me to develop my own with sausage, green chilies and cheeses. It just might be better than the original. —Joan Hallford, North Richland Hills, Texas View Easy Cheesy Loaded Grits Recipe Sign up for Our Recipeof the Day Newsletter New recipes and fan favorites delivering daily inspiration! SIGN UP More Pork Main Dishes Sort: Highest Rated Alphabetical Contest Winning Newest < prev | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ... | next > Greek Pork Chops Greek Pork Chops "My in-laws taught me a lot about cooking, so any time I come across a great new recipe, I enjoy making it for them," says Geri Lipczynski of Oak Lawn, Illinois. "These tasty grilled chops always get rave reviews." View Recipe Sausage Manicotti Sausage Manicotti This classic Italian entree comes together in a snap, but tastes like it took hours. "It's so tasty and easy to fix," writes Carolyn Henderson of Maple Plain, Minnesota. "My family always enjoys it." View Recipe Grilled Pork Tenderloin Satay Grilled Pork Tenderloin Satay My dad made this often when grilling for the family. I love this served on roasted veggies and yellow rice. Peanut butter and soy sauce come together for great Asian flavor. —Gayle Jefferson, Las Vegas, Nevada View Recipe Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Deep-Dish Sausage Pizza Deep-Dish Sausage Pizza My Grandma made the tastiest snacks for us when we stayed the night at her farm. Her wonderful pizza, hot from the oven, was covered with cheese and had fragrant herbs in the crust. Now this pizza is frequently a meal for my husband and me and our two young daughters. —Michele Madden, Washington Court House, Ohio View Recipe Upper Peninsula Pasties Upper Peninsula Pasties Meet the Cook: I grew up in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, where many people are of English ancestry and pasties - traditional meat pies often eaten by hand - are popular. Home is now a bush community. My husband and I have four children. -Carole Lynn Derifield, Valdez, Alaska View Recipe City Kabobs City Kabobs This old-fashioned mock chicken dish, actually made of tender perfectly seasoned pork, is one that my mom relied on often during 55 years of marriage. The delicious gravy is so good over mashed potatoes. -Barbara Hyatt, Folsom, California View Recipe Autumn Sausage Casserole Autumn Sausage Casserole Apple, raisins and spices give this tasty sausage-rice casserole a taste of autumn. We enjoy it with a green salad on a cold fall day. It would be a nice potluck dish, too—just double the recipe if needed. View Recipe BBQ Country Ribs BBQ Country Ribs I created this sauce 45 years ago when I adapted a recipe I saw in a magazine. The original called for much more oil. I usually triple the sauce and keep some in my freezer to use on chicken , beef or pork. —Barbara Gerriets of Topeka, Kansas View Recipe Brunch Pizza Squares Brunch Pizza Squares I love using convenience items, like the crescent rolls in this easy recipe. When I serve it to guests, they always ask me for the recipe. To hurry along the preparation of this dish, I frequently brown a few pounds of sausage ahead of time and keep it in the freezer.—LaChelle Olivet, Pace, Florida View Recipe Cranberry Glazed Pork Roast Cranberry Glazed Pork Roast Meet the Cook: Many pork recipes were too spicy for me, so I decided to try this sweeter alternative. That was 18 years ago, and it became a family favorite. It tastes great the day after in a cold sandwich, too. Today, our two daughters make this roast often. We also have eight grandchildren and 25 great-grandchildren. -Madeline Strauss, Clinton Township, Michigan View Recipe Herbed Pork Roast with Gravy Herbed Pork Roast with Gravy The herbs that top this roast add a flavor Father is sure to favor! Subscriber Jean Harris of Central Point, Oregon notes that it's her husband's favorite dish. View Recipe < prev | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ... | next > Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT Advertise with us ADVERTISEMENT


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Am Nussdorferhof
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
TripAdvisor Reviews Am Nussdorferhof Salzburg
Travel Blogs from Salzburg
Venice - Floating in Italy
... pathways twist every way sometimes connecting land with a bridge and other times leaving you at a dead end or on the edge of the water. This labyrinth of a city made exploring it's streets a wonderland. These streets were filled with thousands of Venetian mask shops - but beware it's very hard to find the originals. Beautifully decorated and very elegant these masks bring the Venetian carnival to life. It was also very interesting to learn that ...
The hills are alive......& Mozart.
... he finds and change he gets to the beggars.
We took the cable car up to the castle on the hill rather than the steps, of course Liam was keen but even Rob opted out this time....thankfully. Hohensalzburg Castle is one of the largest in Europe with building commencing in 1077 and having various expansions over the next 5 centuries. In 1515 a primitive funicular (cable) car provided freight to the upper courtyard, being updated and modern today ...
Boxing Day
... the markets & the kids found a game to play. It involved putting your hands in a persplex cylinder & trying to catch a piece of paper. Each piece had a number which told you what you had won.
Tess won a snow globe - very excited, Dan & Andie some tea & candles & Meg an apple!
We then headed to the souvenir shop so Andie & Meg could buy the hoodies they wanted. We took the long way home through the old town.
Home for an early night.
The Hill's Are Alive With The Sound of Music
... inside the apartment (which was someones private holiday rental within a block of units...and awesome that we had SPACE to move!), Greg and Hayley went out in search of food while Mum and I sat with the phone translator to try and work out how to use the washing machine.
Greg and Hayley had made it back with pizza. No the Austrians can't make good pizza, but it filled to hole in our stomachs. He had a heck of a time trying to order with the one person that we met ...
Sound of Music Scavenger Hunt Pt. 2
... tree was also blocking our view so it made it tough to see the beautiful structure. And there was that sign at the front of the driveway that told us in no uncertain terms that this was private property and no entrance was permitted.
So with that, Cheryl and I got back in the car and drove in the opposite direction 2 km to Schloss Hellbrun, the location where the "Gazebo" from I am Sixteen Going on Seventeen scene had been moved to approximately 20 years ...
Other places to stay in Salzburg
Wyndham Grand Salzburg Conference CentreFanny-von-Lehnert-Strasse 7, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $119
- Nice Hotel-don't like the location
- Fantastic.... Great Reception Staff & Room Service
- Merry Christmas!
Crowne Plaza Hotel Salzburg - The PitterRainerstrasse 6 - 8, Salzburg | 3 star hotelfrom $129
- Good value for money - its got a gym and pool!
- OK hotel but you deserve better if you are on holiday
- Excellent hotel in a good location
NH Salzburg CityFranz-Josef-Strasse 26, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $110
- Great hotel & location
- Was very good for the price
- Good hotel, lousy service
Sheraton SalzburgAuerspergstrasse 4, Salzburg | 5 star hotelfrom $215
- Great Hotel
- Great Hotel, Great Service
- Beautiful friendly hotel
Castellani ParkhotelAlpenstrasse 6, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $156
- Great hotel in a great city!
- Modern Classic
- Best Western Castellani Parkhotel
Austria Trend Hotel Europa SalzburgRainerstrasse 31, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $113
Ramada Salzburg City CentreSuedtirolerplatz 13, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $119
Mercure Salzburg CentralSterneckstrasse 20, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $105
Mercure Salzburg CityBayerhamerstrasse 14 a, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $94
Hotel Sacher SalzburgSchwarzstrasse 5 - 7, Salzburg | 5 star hotelfrom $265
- Wonderful hotel
- Wonderful Hotel
- The Sacher Hotel, the ONLY place stay when in Salzburg
Hotel NeutorNeutorstrasse 8, Salzburg | 3 star hotelfrom $95
Star Inn Hotel Salzburg AirportFranz-Brotzner-Strasse 15, Salzburg | 3 star hotelfrom $86
Austria Trend Hotel Salzburg MitteMunchner Bundesstrasse 114a, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $86
BEST WESTERN PLUS Parkhotel BrunauerElisabethstrasse 45A, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $129
Ibis Salzburg NordCarl Zuckmayer Strasse 1, Salzburg | 3 star hotelfrom $68
Hotel Goldener Hirsch, A Luxury Collection Hotel, SalzburgGetreidegasse 37, Salzburg | 5 star hotelfrom $258
- A Beautiful, Charming Hotel
- Salzburg in a nutshell
- Wonderful and Quaint
ACHAT Plaza Zum HirschenSt Julien Strasse 21-23, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $98
- Loved this Hotel
- Great location, breakfast & staff
- Nice hotel and close to the train station
Star Inn Hotel Salzburg ZentrumHildmannplatz 5, Salzburg | 3 star hotelfrom $111
Hotel AuerspergAuerspergstrasse 61, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $216
- Great Hotel
- Nice hotel, a little out of the way
- Luxury for reasonable price!
Hotel Hofwirt SalzburgSchallmooser Hauptstrasse 1, Salzburg | 3 star hotelfrom $120
Hotel SteinGiselakai 3-5, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $170
- 8/10...could have been 10..
- The best Hotel in Salzburg!
- Wouldn't stay here again
Hotel Am MirabellplatzParis-Lodron-Strasse 1, Salzburg | 3 star hotelfrom $126
- Good Stay in Salzburg
- Excellent stay,good price
- Lovely Stay
Stadtkrug HotelLinzer Gasse 20, Salzburg | 4 star hotelfrom $161
Hotel zur PostMaxglaner Hauptstrasse 45, Salzburg | 3 star hotelfrom $132
Amadeo HotelAlpenstrasse 115-117, Salzburg | 2 star hotelfrom $114
HartlwirtLieferinger Hauptstrasse 120, Salzburg | 3 star hotelfrom $120


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I am almost 10 weeks pregnant, and I live in Japan.�
My OB/GYN is an older Japanese man, and he is wonderful but sometimes communication can be difficult.�
Anyway, I have battled insomnia on/off since I was 9 years old and sexually assaulted. (I am now almost 34.)
The only thing I have here in Japan to take for insomnia is Tylenol PM, which I order from drugstore.com.�
I have been taking it 4-5 times a week for months, up until last night.�
I just read on BBC that it is NOT safe to take during the first trimester, due to the ingredients in it being similar to Benadryl and not safe?�
Holy cow, have I done something really horrible to my baby?!�
I will have to explain this to my doc, which will be embarassing and I have a feeling he will be upset with me (he's very anti-medication.)
I have had a bout of food poisoning already and a bladder infection, and already taken Rx Zofran and Macrobid (antibiotic), plus Immodium AD, Tyelnol and Milk of Magnesia. I've been a mess.�
Is there anything OK to take for insomina?�
What do you think the risks are with the Tylenol PM? Birth defects?�
I am not usually such a moron, I just assumed since it was Tylenol and whatnot it was OK. :(


text: Web exclusive! Fly through the night in this awesome costume. Original: $132.00 Sale: $66.00 The Night Wing Bat Child Costume is perfect for hanging around in. This costume includes a bustier top with buckle accents and a tutu style skirt in purple and black. It also includes matching gloveletes, a headpiece with attached bat friends and wings with stylized spider web designs. Includes bustier top, tutu skirt, wings, headpiece and glovelets Hand wash Polyester Imported More


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Eastbourne Herald
Will PM save the country?
Eastbourne Herald
Yes, Prime Minister, the award-winning stage comedy based on the hit TV series, is coming to the Under Ground Theatre, Eastbourne, from April 15-18 (7.30pm). Jim Hacker, Sir Humphrey and Bernard are back, spinning out of control in a world of 24-hour ...
The Star Online
Yes, Prime Minister: Lee Kuan Yew's books sums up Singapore's history
The Star Online
As Singapore's first prime minister and founding father of one of Asia's most prosperous nations, Lee Kuan Yew's life journey would fill several volumes. Indeed, many books have been published on both him and his career as a modern politician. Lee was a ...
and more »
Who's the racist?
Israel Hayom
And yes, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu "frightened the public" -- unbelievable; have we not heard constantly for the past three months that Netanyahu being elected will hasten the end of the state and the end of the universe itself? What remains after the ...
and more »
Shoreham Herald
Political satire from '80s gets modern twist
Shoreham Herald
In this story, Prime Minister Jim has a new special policy adviser, Claire Sutton, which rather pushes Sir Humphrey from the foreground and the position of control he prefers. Sarah Frost was commanding in the adviser role and a joy to watch, taking charge in ...
and more »
Yes, Prime Minister, The Barn, Southwick Street, Southwick, until Saturday ...
The Argus
Turning again to stage adaptations of successful TV series, Wick Theatre Company take on this updated political satire where Sir Humphrey's cosy Whitehall world is moved to Chequers and, in the space of a night, chaos rules. The presence of a special ...
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Posts Tagged 'Argentina'
Crying for the Argentina ETF
December 12th by Tom Lydon
Saying Latin American equities and the corresponding exchange traded funds are having a rough go of...
Despite Default, Argentina ETF Sees Big Inflows
August 8th by Todd Shriber
Argentina, once South America's second-largest economy, is contending with its third sovereign...
Follow the Hedgies Into Argentina
August 1st by Tom Lydon
Some of the world's largest hedge funds are diving into Argentine stocks, and retail investors can...
What, Me Worry? Argentina ETF Durable Despite Default Woes
July 30th by Todd Shriber
One sovereign debt default is usually enough to jaundice a country in investors' eyes for years....
Latin America ETFs to Play Hedge Funder's Picks
July 21st by Tom Lydon
Investors may take a look at exchange traded funds that track Mexico and Argentina as hedge fund...
Argentina ETF Plagued by Peso Plunge
January 24th by Max Chen
The Argentine peso currency has rapidly depreciated over the past few days and is expected to...
Frontier Markets Could See EM-Style Volatility
November 21st by Todd Shriber
10 Best Global Equity Markets By Single-Country ETFs
November 15th by Tom Lydon
For most of the world's major equity bourses, 2013 has been a good year. However, few markets can...


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Weapon Brown is a web-comic by Jason Yungbluth about a post-apocalyptic future featuring parodies of some of your favorite comic-strip characters. It's oddly jarring to see family oriented comic strip characters portrayed as violent superheroes, but wonderful at the same time. (Via The Uniblog)
This post was created by a user and has not been vetted or endorsed by BuzzFeed's editorial staff. BuzzFeed Community is a place where anyone can post awesome lists and creations. Learn more or post your buzz!


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Height 94cm
Height To Seat 45cm
Height To Arm 67cm
Width 53cm
Seat Depth 58cm
|Fixed Height, Gloss Finish, With Arms, With Backrest
|Lakeland Furniture
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The drain voltage of an IGFET having a channel responsive to the change in physical quantity to be measured is negatively fed back to the gate terminal of the IGFET. The negative feedback loop includes series connection of a first amplifier having an amplification factor larger than unity and a second amplifier having an amplification factor smaller than unity. The interconnection point between the first and the second amplifiers is connected to the output terminal. There is provided a stable, highly sensitive and highly reliable semiconductor sensor.
1. A semiconductor sensor comprising:
a main FET having a channel responsive to a change in physical quantity to be detected, wherein said physical quantity is a quantity representing mechanical variation;
impedance means which is connected in series with said main FET to form the load thereof;
negative feedback means for negatively feeding back the change in potential at a connection point where said main FET is coupled to said impedance means to the gate of said main FET; and
an output terminal for receiving an output signal based upon said potential change fed from said negative feedback means,
wherein said main FET is an insulated-gate FET and said negative feedback means includes first amplifying means having a voltage amplification factor larger than unity, said output signal being obtained by amplifying said potential change,
further wherein said load is an insulated-gate FET having a conductivity type which is different from that of said main FET,
and further wherein said insulated-gate FET constituting said main FET and said insulated-gate FET constituting said load are coupled to have their source and drains connected in series with one another between first and second predetermined potentials, and wherein said first amplifying means is coupled to feed back the change in potential at said connection point of said FETs to the gates of both the main FET and the insulated-gate FET constituting the load.
2. A semiconductor sensor according to claim 1, wherein said sensor is formed on a semiconductor substrate having a diaphragm portion, wherein said main FET is formed in said diaphragm portion so that its channel will be responsive to deformations of said diaphragm portion.
3. A semiconductor sensor according to claim 2, wherein said negative feedback means is formed in a different portion of said substrate away from said diaphragm portion.
4. A semiconductor sensor according to claim 2, wherein said semiconductor substrate is formed on a mounting substrate so that a portion of said substrate is bonded to the mounting substrate and said diaphragm portion is separated from said mounting substrate, and said mounting substrate includes a through-hole for permitting pressure to be applied to said diaphragm portion.
5. A semiconductor sensor according to claim 2, wherein a plurality of said semiconductor sensors are provided on said substrate, including a first group of main FETs having their channels perpendicular to an edge of said diaphragm and are adjacent to the channels of a second group of main FETs which are parallel to an edge of said diaphragm.
The present invention relates to a semiconductor sensor and in particular to a feedback circuit for a semiconductor sensor having a voltage-controlled semiconductor active element.
Various types of semiconductor sensors are known. A pressure or strain sensor comprising an insulated-gate (IG or MOS) active element and utilizing the piezoresistive effect is proposed in Solid State Electronics, vol. 18, 1975, p.p. 295 to 299. That paper discloses a bridge circuit comprising four metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOS FET's), a differential amplifier comprising two MOS FET's and so on. A strain gauge comprising a bridge circuit composed of four IG FET's is proposed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7699/80 which corresponds to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 920,137 filed on June 28, 1978. Characteristics adjustment according to the species of diffusion impurities and the diffusion temperature is also implied. In addition, an IG FET utilizing the piezoresistive effect is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,609,252, for example. In all of the conventional sensors, however, pressure or the like is applied to a MOS FET with a constant gate voltage applied thereto. The resultant change in the drain current is detected to measure the quantity to be detected such as pressure. That is to say, a physical quantity is measured in an open loop state, resulting in low stability and reliability in measurement. Due to change in the drain current, the operation speed is restricted. In addition, the dissipated power is varied. Accordingly, the quantity of generated heat and the characteristics of the semiconductor sensor are also changed.
Therefore, a semiconductor sensor which is more stable, highly reliable, highly sensitive and operable at high speed has been demanded.
An object of the present invention is to provide a stable and highly sensitive semiconductor active element sensor having a negative feedback loop. To attain this and other objects, the semiconductor active element may be formed by an insulated-gate field effect transistor (IG FET) having a channel structure responsive to a physical quantity to be measured. The drain voltage of the IG FET is negatively fed back to the gate thereof to provide a nearly constant drain current through the IG FET. The stabilized drain current eliminates charging and discharging of the stray capacitance existing in the main current path, facilitating fast operation. Because of the stabilized drain current, the bias condition of the IG FET, and hence the power dissipation of the sensor are also stabilized. Therefore, the quantity of generated heat and hence the characteristics of the sensor are thermally stabilized.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor active element sensor comprising an insulated-gate field effect transistor (IG FET), a first amplifying means which is connected between the drain of the IG FET and the output terminal and has an amplification factor larger than unity, and a second amplifying means which is connected between the output terminal and the gate of the IG FET. The amplification factor of the first amplifying means is increased to provide a large output voltage. The amplification factor of the second amplifying means is adjusted to feed a stable bias to the gate of the IG FET. A capacitor for coupling the gate of the IG FET to the source thereof may be placed in the second amplifying means so that a stable DC bias may be applied to the gate of the IG FET and the AC change in a physical quantity to be measured may also be detected with high fidelity.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be better understood and appreciated from the following description of embodiments taken in conjunction with drawings.
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram for illustrating an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows the dependence of the characteristics of a MOS FET on the pressure;
FIG. 3 shows the dependence of the characteristics of a MOS FET on the temperature;
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram for illustrating another embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 5 to 7 are circuit diagrams for illustrating examples of the embodiment shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 8 is a circuit diagram for illustrating still another embodiment of the present invention; and
FIGS. 9A to 9C are respectively a perspective view, a top view, and a sectional view for illustrating an embodiment of a pressure sensor according to the present invention.
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by referring to drawings.
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the present invention.
In FIG. 1, a fixed load impedance ZL and a voltage amplifying circuit A1 are connected to a drain D1 terminal 1 of a MOS FET T1. The power supply voltage Vcc from the power source circuit PS is applied to the load impedance ZL. The gate G1 of the MOS FET T1 as well as the output terminal V are connected to the output 2 of the amplifying circuit A1. The source terminal S1 of the MOS FET T1 is connected to the ground. The voltage gain of the amplifying circuit A1 is μ. In addition, the MOS FET T1, i.e. the channel thereof, has a pressure sensitive amplifying function.
In this embodiment, the drain current variation ΔV1 caused by the pressure applied onto the MOS FET T1 is fed back to the gate terminal G1 of the MOS FET T1 via the amplifying circuit A1 having an amplification ratio μ, a feedback quantity ΔV0 (=μΔV1) being the change in the output voltage corresponding to the change in the applied pressure. The quantity of change ΔVg =ΔV0 in the gate bias serves to change the drain current Ids toward its original value. When the drain current Ids approaches its original value, the feedback quantity of the gate bias is decreased. The feedback quantity is stabilized at a point where the difference between the change in the drain current caused by the pressure and the change in the drain current caused by the negative feedback balances with the resultant gate bias.
FIG. 2 shows an example of relationship between the drain current Ids of a MOS FET illustrated in FIG. 1 and the gate voltage Vgs thereof. It is assumed that a MOS FET has an enhancement mode n-channel and is subjected to a compressive stress in parallel with the channel direction. It corresponds to the tensile stress in parallel with a p-channel. Upon application of pressure, a characteristic curve A corresponding to zero applied stress is replaced by a curve B. If the pressure is applied with the constant gate voltage, a point P on the curve A corresponding to a current value Ido moves to a point R on the curve B, exhibiting the quantity of change |ΔIds(p) |. In the circuit of FIG. 1, the change in the drain current is transformed into the change in the drain voltage. The change in the drain voltage is amplified and negatively fed back to the gate G1 of the MOS FET T1. That is to say, the gate voltage is changed so as to cancel the change in the drain current. If the voltage gain μ is infinitely high, the change in the drain current will be completely canceled.
To restore the drain current to its original value Ido by changing the gate voltage, the operation point R must be moved to a point Q along the line B. At this time, the gate voltage changes from Vg (o) to Vg (p). The quantity of change expressed as ΔVg =Vg (p)-Vg (o) which corresponds to the strain caused by the applied pressure is fed to the output terminal as the quantity of change ΔVo in the output voltage.
In FIG. 3, the drain current of a MOS FET as a function of the gate voltage thereof is plotted for various temperatures under an identical pressure. In the large current region, the carrier mobility is decreased to decrease the drain current Ids according as the temperature is raised. According as the temperature is raised in the small current region, the drain current Ids increases due to the reduced energy gap (red shift) and increase of thermally excited carriers. Midway between these two regions, there is a region around a point U in which the temperature variation exerts little influence on the drain current. By selecting a drain current value in the vicinity of the point U, a stable sensor which is not affected by the temperature may be realized. If the MOS FET with no stress being applied thereto is biased to a point where the minimum variation in characteristics due to the temperature is caused, the variation in characteristics such as the thermal drift due to the temperature may be substantially made zero at least in the strainless state.
FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment has an advantage that desired magnitude of output voltage may be obtained irrespective of the negative feedback quantity to the gate.
In this embodiment, a first amplifier A1 having an amplification ratio μ and a second amplifier N1 are connected between the drain terminal D1 of the MOS FET T1 and the gate terminal G1 thereof. The second or the negative feedback amplifier N1 has a voltage gain of β which is usually less than unity. In such configuration, the following equations ensure:
ΔV0 =μ�ΔV1
ΔVg =β�ΔV0 =μ�β�ΔV1.
That is to say, the output voltage ΔV0 is 1/βtimes as large as the negative feedback gate bias ΔVg.
By letting μ larger than unity and β smaller than unity, stable operation with a high output may be realized. In addition, the amplifier N1 may be constituted by using stable passive elements such as resistors and capacitors.
FIG. 5 shows an example of the circuit illustrated in FIG. 4. In FIG. 5, the power supply voltage Vcc is fed to the drain terminal D1 of the MOS FET T1 through a resistor RL. The source terminal S1 of the MOS FET T1 is grounded. The noninverting input (+) of an operational amplifier A1 is connected to the drain terminal D1 of the MOS FET T1. A reference voltage source VB is connected to the inverting input (-) of the operational amplifier A1. The reference voltage source may be formed by a voltage divider circuit composed of diffusion resistors. An output terminal V for the detected value and a resistor R1 are connected to the output terminal 2 of the operational amplifier A1. The gate terminal G1 of the MOS FET T1 is connected to the other terminal 3 of the resistor R1.
The operational amplifier A1 in this example corresponds to the first amplifier A1 illustrated in FIG. 4. The voltage divider circuit composed of resistors R1 and R2 corresponds to the second amplifier N1 illustrated in FIG. 4. The resistors R1 and R2 may be formed by using diffusion resistors or polysilicon resistors on the same semiconductor chip as that of the MOS FET.
Owing to such configuration, the voltage V1 at the drain terminal D1 of the MOS FET T1 is always controlled to be equal to the reference voltage VB which is coupled to the inverting input terminal (-) of the above described operational amplifier A1. In addition, because of the voltage divider composed of resistors connected to the output terminal of the operational amplifier A1, the output voltage ΔV0 is obtained as a result of amplification with the ratio expressed as
facilitating highly sensitive detection.
FIG. 6 shows another example of the circuit illustrated in FIG. 4. The circuit of FIG. 6 differs from that of FIG. 5 in that an intermediate coupling point 3 of the voltage divider circuit, i.e., the gate terminal G1 of the MOS FET T1 is connected to the ground via a capacitor C1.
The capacitor C1 serves to eliminate the AC component in the gate bias and to feed back only the DC component to always keep constant the average drain current Id. Since the DC bias level is stabilized by the capacitor C1, the AC change in the quantity to be measured such as vibration may be detected with high precision.
The capacitor C1 may be formed by providing a conductive region such as a doped polysilicon region on a thin insulative film which in turn is placed on a source region or a conductive member region having the same potential as that of the source.
FIG. 7 shows still another example of the circuit illustrated in FIG. 4.
The circuit of FIG. 7 differs from that of FIG. 5 in that the resistor RL in FIG. 5 is eliminated and a MOS field effect transistor T2 is inserted in the circuit. In an integrated circuit, the required occupation area may be greatly reduced by using a MOS field effect transistor instead of diffusion resistors, the chip size being reduced. Further, if the driver transistor T1 is configured to exhibit a piezoresistive effect which is different from that of the load transistor T2 for the same pressure, the sensitivity may be increased correspondingly. That is to say, if the MOS FET T1 and the MOS FET T2 are arranged on a Si diaphragm so that drain currents will change in directions opposing to each other upon pressure application (or so that the tensile stress and compressive stress will be incurred or so that the stress which is in parallel with the current channel and the stress which is perpendicular to the current channel will be incurred), the sensitivity may be increased correspondingly.
The MOS FET T2 having a gate directly coupled to the drain and serving as a load may be replaced by another kind of transistor.
In FIG. 8, instead of the transistor T2 illustrated in FIG. 7, a MOS field effect transistor having a conductivity type opposite to that of the driver transistor T1 is connected to the drive transistor T1 to form a pair of complementary transistors. The output voltage V is negatively fed back to gates of the above described two transistors to control the gate biases. As is well known, such a configuration provides a highly sensitive sensor which can be driven with extremely low power dissipation. If the complementary configuration is applied to a pressure sensor as described in FIG. 7, it is possible to use different piezoresistive effects of the n channel and p channel as they are without any contrivance. As a result, a highly sensitive sensor or a sensor with high precision may be easily realized.
FIGS. 9A to 9C show an embodiment of structure of a pressure sensor according to the present invention. Reference numeral 111 denotes a Si monocrystalline substrate and 112 denotes a borosilicate glass die. The central part of the Si monocrystalline substrate 111 is worked from its rear side to form a thin diaphragm 114. Borosilicate glass has a thermal expansion coefficient close to that of Si and is effective to realize stable operation of the sensor against the temperature change. In addition, the substrate 111 and the glass die 112 are firmly bound together by using the anodic bonding method, for example. At the central part of the glass die 112, a through hole 115 is provided. The pressure to be measured is applied via the through hole 115. On the upper surface of the above described thin diaphragm 114, MOS field effect transistors 113 and 113' are formed by using the IC technology. According to the applied pressure, the diaphragm 114 is deformed to apply stress upon MOS field effect transistors 113 and 113', forming a sensor, i.e. to the channel thereof. The FET 113 has a channel which is perpendicular to the edge of the diaphragm. The FET 113' has a channel which is in parallel to the edge of the diaphragm. Therefore the output voltage produced by the FET 113 for a pressure and that produced by the FET 113' for the same pressure change in opposing directions. Reference numeral 116 denotes a signal processing circuit including the above described operational amplifier and the voltage divider composed of resistors. By simultaneously forming the signal processing circuits 116 on the rigid portion of the Si substrate 111, a pressure sensor composed of a MOS IC may be realized.
Heretofore, the present invention has been described by referring to embodiments of a pressure sensor. However, the present invention is not restricted to pressure sensors. The present invention may be applied to various sensors by forming a functional thin film on the gate electrode portion of the MOS structure. That is to say, a humidity sensor may be realized by using an organic polymer as the functional thin film. A gas sensor may be realized by using Pt, Pd or the like as the functional thin film. In the same way, an ion (H+, Na+, K+ or the like) sensor and a strain sensor may be realized respectively by using Si3 N4 or the like and a piezoelectric film composed of ZnO or the like respectively as the functional thin film.
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'Mad Men's' Jared Harris Weds Allegra Riggio
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"Just married. <3 #TeamHarris #Jally #MarriageEnsued," she wrote.
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Just married. <3 #TeamHarris #Jally #MarriageEnsued pic.twitter.com/mpo8Qg0Tps— Allegra Riggio (@Allegratastic) November 9, 2013
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Indoor Citrus Trees...advice for a beginner.....
Hi Guys,
New-comer here. So glad to see that there are other Citrus growers on-line I can turn to for advice as Citrus growing is quite rare in England. Very few have success but I have decided that i am going to give it a proper go....
I do need some advice over and beyond what I have been able to dig out from the archives on here.....
1. I have just bought a mini-lemon tree, but it looks more like a vine, and its branches are so long that it has been grown into a circular bush-like shape. I was going to a more tree-type look, so should I prune it back to encourage sideways growth? Any tips on how to straighten this plant out or is it just too late to tame this one?
2. on the same lemon tree I notice that thick dark-green branches are appearing sitting directly on top of the main stem. What are these and if I get rid of them, will they harm the tree's future?
3. I also have a meyer lemon and a Calamondin plant which I plan to bring indoors. I have huge windows all around my house so light is not going to be an issue, but during the winter our sky is very grey....does this light count or when we say light we mean 'sunny' sunlight? Also the air can get quite dry, if fed and fertilised properly, how will my plants cope with this? shall I just spray everyday on the foliage...would this be enough? Has anyone on here got experience of growing Citrus in the UK?
4. I have bought a ready-made Citrus compost, are these ok or do I have make a special mix like Meyer Mike?
Thanks alot for the advice I have already received on here and more than I will un-doubtedly pester everyone for.
Best Regards
First off, it is great to meet you all the way from there:-)
You can grow anything there just as we do here. I have heard of many people having great experience growing citrus in your area. Who knows, maybe by the time you get this all under your belt, you could start a local Citrus Club.
I will tell you that the first and most important thing about growing citrus in your area and or for that matter where trees spend a lot of time indoors is to make sure they are planted in a great well draining, open, and porous mix.
Next is make sure you have plenty of light to get them through the winter in your home and if not to think about investing in lights.
It sounds like your trees are going to be VERY happy in this regards.
Even if you get many grey days, sunlight still reaches your plants in windows that big.
Is there any way you can post a few closeups of your tree so that we can better guide you as to trimming them?
I would never ever use any sort of compost in a container for your trees since you will defeat any open porous mix purposes. Your trees will show signs of decline as soon as the days grow shorter, even outside in full light once it starts to compact your mix.
I do have friends that frequent England and they tell me the weather is more temperate than us rarely hitting the nineties and hardly ever into the teens in winter. What is the weather like in your area year round?
It is usually a general rule that no matter where anyone lives, citrus perform best in open and porous mixes while sitting in containers:-)
This is just to get you started. Let us see how many more will contribute. I will help more if some don't cover what I am thinking.
I noticed you had other questions and I will leave that open for our friends here.
Again, welcome
1. depending on the size of your tree, it may be too early to prune. pic will help. sometimes pruning will encourage more growth, either straight up or laterally.
2. these dark green branches might be what some people call water spouts, they grow very fast and thick. wont hurt the tree at all, but will affect the shape. generally, will cause the tree to have a more bushy shape.
3. you have to account for intensity of the light and also the length of time, winter = shorter periods of light. the sun will be at a much lower angle, plus the cloud cover, i'd say add some artificial lighting. the room i put my plants in for the winter doesnt have good light, so i setup some high wattage CFL's with timers and run the lights for 12 hrs.
during the winter, we have the heater on, and it can dry the air in the house. i do not mist, but i do check the soil moisture approx 3-4 after watering.
4. like mike said, a well drained medium is best. im not sure about a citrus compost mix, but you can get a pot of it, water it thoroughly and set it out for a few days and see how much moisture it retains. you could mix it with perlite to get better drainage. i use a garden soil mix, adding in perlite, and it holds decent moisture for 2-3 days in our very very hot Texas summers.
For what it's worth, my Climate here in Ohio is very similar to that of England. People think these Great Lakes are left over glaciers. Not true, the glaciers made the hole. But those holes are just where all the rain goes. I'm sure you can relate. I asked an Englishman where are the lakes without rivers came from, he looked out at the rain and smiled, saying "Where do you think ya' dumb Yank.
More to the point, while I enjoy freezing winters compared to the mild ones across the Pond, we both get to enjoy sunless days for weeks on end. Last I checked, it was something like 30% sunshine for the entire year, and less than half that during the winter. We both get short days in the winter and long ones in the summer. Generally speaking green-pigmented chlorophyll absorbs mostly visible light, however enough visible light reaches the ground that the Tree will do just fine with the natural light of your window room during the winter, provided it is properly heated.
During my trees first winter, I was surprised to see them grow and flourish despite the low hanging sun and endless clouds. Around March, they bloomed and my 'Sun' room smelled great. I did notice an elongation of leaves, but I suspect that was due to the reduced light. A larger surface area means more light which means more sugar, or something like that.
As far as pruning, it's sort of a catch-22. If you prune, you will have to keep pruning, especially if you want a certain form. If you don't, the tree will grow however it thinks best for the current situation without much planning for the future. Thus, the indoor tree has no idea it will become an outdoor tree in a couple of months, and vice-a-versa. Without pictures and a 'bushy' description, the only pruning I'd suggest, other than no pruning at all, would be to heed back some of the top branches, keeping one of them to become a new leader. Again, without pictures I can't really say. You could keep it a bush, I'm growing one of my cuttings into one. You could also try to train it into a 'real' tree, whatever that means.
At fist I used the ready-made citrus soil. It nearly killed my trees. I will 3rd what everyone else said, and use a well draining soil. Real citrus does best in a sandy loam, which is a heavy draining soil. But don't use that in your pot, like I did, as it will compact and stay wet, literally drowning the roots in water making them unable to absorb nutrients as they rot away. That said, I've had no problems with my dwarf citrus once I switched to a proper potting soil. I'm no green thumb, but the little guys are doing well.
The popular soil around here now seems to be Al's mixture. I think it's 5 parts pine bark, 1 part peat, and 1 part perlite mixed in with some gypsum (or lime) and a proper amount of fertilizer. I'm sure someone will come along and verify, but whatever it is you can find all of the components at any garden store. My mixture is very similar, though I leave out the gypsum and lime to keep my PH around 5.5-6.0 from the peat, but I'm no expert. If you are curious, I use 7 parts by volume small-medium CHC and 1 part by volume sphagnum peat moss (pH usually 4.5-5.0). I do a lot of work at a University lab, and the plant guys owe me favors, so they checked out my soil and it's pH is 6.0. But I'm no expert, and while I've read papers that say citrus prefer a pH between 5.5 and 6.0, everyone around here seems to do just find in any good draining soil regardless of 'pH' testing. Anyway, enough technical mumbo-jumbo. (A soil pH below 5.0 will harm citrus, or so the plant guy tells me... that would be hard to do with any of the soils talked about around here :P)
As far as fertilizer, stay away from 'sticks' or any kind of instant fertilizer. You'll want a high Nitrogen count fertilizer. The recommended ratio is 3:1:1, but you might not be able to find that. I use a 19:6:12 time released formula, of which I can't remember the name. Whatever you do, do not use in-ground fertilizers, or direct chemicals, such as tossing in a handful of potash or ammonium-nitrate like you may do in a garden, or you will burn your potted plants.
So that's a lot of info. Let me just finish by saying I'm on my 2nd year, and having spent decades killing house plants left and right, the advice on this forum has taught me a great deal and helped me help my trees thrive. So I'll leave with these words of wisdom. "You cannot plant an acorn in the morning and expect that afternoon to sit in the shade of the oak... or bite into a fresh lemon" (I added that last part for posterity).
Hi Guys,
Mike, I have read so much of your stuff on here it feels like I already know you. Thanks for the advice, I have got the citrus mix on Saturday and watered the plants after I re-potted them the same day. I have invested in a PH and moisture meter just so I know whats going on a root level.
Question around the Citrus mix is that it looks totally different to what you use Mike, your mix almost looks ornamental (just mainly bark chips), but I bought bark chips recently and they just look damp and moist so I decided against suing them and bought a ready-made citrus mix which is low in peat, and made from totally degradable materials. I am considering adding perlite to the standard citrus mix, but don't want to ruin what may be a the perfect mixture for citrus. I checked yesterday the moisture levels on my plants (3 days after watering) and its still showing wet...though the top of the soil seems dryish. The question is....if its still wet down there after 3-4 days, isn't that a sign that my mix is wrong? Is it harmful if I have a mix that takes say...6-7 days to dry out? Let me know on this one
What about rains guys, over here in the summer, we have frequent rains, though there may be sun and it'll be warm but still it will rain. Should I keep my plants inside so they don't get wet roots after being over watered in the rain, or shall I leave them outdoors to benefit from the air/humidity and direct sun? would appreciate an answer to this one as I keep wondering ...shall I bring them in? shall I leave them out? and wife just keeps sighing at how many times I keep moving my pots from location to location .
I will upload pics guys, as soon as I have taken some and figured out how to upload on here. Too late for the pruning though, as I got trigger happy with my pruners and just went for it after about 10 hours reading on-line.
One Calamondin just had too much fruit, too much foliage and a good portion of the leaves were just not getting any sunlight or air circulation and as I saw many buds of new flowers I didn't want to jeapordise their nurishment and just went for it, will send pics soon
The Meyer lemon was growing like a bush so heartbreakingly I have to trim it back hoping to grow it like a tree using a stake to re-shape the plant.
Any advice is appreicated
Hello and thanks Shiraz:-)
Let me do the best I can do in this uncomfortable position with my leg elevated..lol. Broke my heel:-(
I love what Windysheets and Houstontexas had to offer, especially the part about open mixes.
It is apparent here that many grow in different mixes and become quite successful at it.
There is common ground between most of us>
*Citrus will not thrive in mixes that compact or hold water for too long of time, especially in climates such as ours. This fact remains that everyone here no matter where they live, even in hot climates all benefit from porous mixes and tweak it a bit based on conditions and circumstances, no matter what they use.
Yes, my mix is exactly how Windysheets describes and I just love the results. I have yet to kill a tree since I have been, especially due to the fact they spend a lot of time indoors.
If you are conscientious of this fact, you will have a great head start. Many people think that just any ole bagged mix will due, but unfortunately learn the hard way after years of trying.
If your mix is taking over 6 days to dry out without any watering after the first day, yes, too me that is way to long to dry out.* How long will it take to dry out once the sunlight is only a few hours day and winter is here, or between rain storms is of greater concern.
A good mix should dry out evenly through out although many will dry out on top first and then to the bottom.
You could use a wick to trick the moisture out from the bottom. Having moisture towards the bottom is not always a bad thing, but not knowing how to work with it is.
It is recommended here that one use a moisture meter to read the moisture and then others such as I recommend using a wooden dowel.
You see, the great thing about using porous mixes is that one does not have to worry about bringing their plants in and out dependent on rain. You can just leave them out there until the cold without a hitch. You don't have to worry about drying out come the short days either. Really, the more often you have to water, the healthier your tree will be. It can be inconvenient for many, and for other not at all and find great benefits in watering more frequently.
Lol..I can only imagine what your wife thinks. I do it all the time when I loose the sun or when the cold arrives..
You know I don't go by any set rules on trimming. I do it whenever I feel like it and my trees never respond badly. The only time I don't prune is when a new flush of growth starts to appear for fear of loosing buds, or when in bud so I don't cut them off.
Let us know when you get pictures. I would love to see them. Use a free hosting site such as photo bucket and then upload them from there. It is easy.
Have a great all for now.
Wow.....thanks guys.....
Great feedback...I can't wait to get home to see if my soil is any dryer. I am seriously considering getting some crushed granite and changing my mix, but due to inexperience I have re-potted twice in the last 2 weeks, this would then be a third re-pot and I don't know if I will be doing more harm than good.
Any thoughts on whether or not I should add builders sand to my out of the bag citrus mix?
What size were the bark that you had a look at? What did it look like? Do you have access to perlite and other goodies?
I have an idea for your mix if you should decide to amend the bagged one.
I wouldn't do another thing with your trees until you get the perfect together mix together or the one that you know your trees will be satisfied with.
I would suggest a test, as your trees aren't going to die like tomorrow if the soil isn't "perfect." Try to mix up a soil with the qualities mentioned above (fast draining, good air flow) using the recipes found all over the site. (As I said before, Al's recipe has had tremendous success.) Gather two smallish, around 8-10", containers to test your soil. Fill one container with your new mix, and one with your current soil. Water them as if you were watering your trees. If you old soil is really bad, you will see the difference right away, as the new mix will not pool water on the top while the old soil might. Your new mix might even start draining a little right away, which is perfectly fine and desirable IMHO.
Test the soil after 12, 24, and 36 hours by shoving a dowel from the bottom up through the drainage holes, and examining the amount of 'moist' and 'wet' soil attached to it. This is just like testing a cake for moisture with a toothpick. The new mix will never be 'wet', which is when the dowel is covered in soggy, wet dirt. Moisture will also be uniform from the bottom up. The idea behind the popular mixes, such as Al's 5:1:1 mix I've mentioned before, is to have a soil that holds water without drowning the tree. That is to say the soil absorbs water, and the roots suck it out as needed (along with evaporation and such), instead of pooling the water and drowning the roots.
I did this after reporting my trees 5, yeS FIVE, times within 2 months before finally realizing I'd need a better soil. I used to have before and after pictures showing the month to month differences good soil makes compared to bad soil. My trees went from brown sticks to lush green sprouts in about 2 months. At first you might be a little put-offed by the notion that water comes out as fast as it goes in, but a good draining soil has a sort of water threshold that when reached, excess water simply drains out. Now, that's not to say the soil is sufficiently watered the minute it starts draining, as a good draining soil will always drain a little bit as soon as you add water. I hope I'm explaining this properly, but after the test you will see for yourself how a good mix becomes nearly impossible to over-water by saturating it with water, while a bad soil will pool up and overflow the top. My State, and most of the country west of the Mississippi, has had record rainfall this year. None of my trees have come close to drowning.
Just my 2.5 cents, others with much better experience may have different opinions.
Well now you got me thinking about soils again. Here is Al's most recent post on container soils and water retention. One of the first things he talks about is the mistake I made early on, mixing in 'potting soil' with rocks hoping it would improve drainage. Instead, I ended up with rocky potting soil that only reduced nutrients. When I first got into this last year, I printed out the post and gave it to a biologist I know, the same person who had my soil tested. She told me it was an excellent explanation and guide with lots of wisdom, and should definitely keep in on hand.
Hi guys,
Thanks for the top tips regarding soil. I am thinking I will need a 'stony' dry looking mix that almost looks artificial. Either that or I have got it completely wrong. When I see mikes soil and other pictures I think that's so different to the soil I have received the plants in and here lies the confusion. Also the soil I am using at present seeds woody in nature (levingtons citrus mix) drains right away but 4 days later the moisture meter is still wet at root level. Does this mean the soil is retaining moisture for too long? I have pics of the healthy tree which I will be uploading shortly along with my pruning work.
Thanks again guys.
Something else has occurred to me. What everyone here talks about in terms of good container soil is essentially a soilless medium. For example, Al's recipie is 70% bark, 15% perlite, and 15% peat. Insitu soil, peat is considered an organic nutrient and additive and not actually soil. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_conditioner)
Here is a paper I've bookmarked, it's quite old but has good info, that talks about soilless medium and micronutrients. (http://ohioline.osu.edu/sc165/sc165_4.html) It's not specific to citrus or anyting, but specifially states their 'soilless' medium is pine bark, hardwood chips, peat moss and sand... which sounds oddly familiar:P
Anyway, Mike's 'soil' that you see in his beautiful pictures is technically soilless, at least from the academic point of view. So your description of 'artificial' fits right in, and is correct in every way. In other words, successful citrus is more easily grown in something that's definitely not soil from the ground. Afterall, when was the last time you saw a giant English Oak growing out of a bed of tree bark and perlite.
Again, treat my opinions here with a grain of salt. I love to read technical papers about my hobbies, but this is only my 2nd year doing this and I don't have much trade experience, as they say.
I consider your offerings more than opinions. I enjoy reading them and can tell you are very excited to do well with yours after years of trying Windy3sheets. And thank you for your kind words:-)
I can also see your dedication to help a fellow citrus lover out and its very nice.
Shiraz: When you say your meter is reading wet at the root level, is that literally what you mean? Does the meter come out saying WET?
Also, I am not one that believes that moisture readers give accurate readings since I never saved a tree using them. But a wooden dowel or barbecue wooden stick of any kind would tell you a much better story.
Yes Mike the meter reads wet quite literally. I haven't tried a wooden dowel as I don't even know what that is. I will try something made from wood, but how do I tell if it's too wet or too dry using this method?
Also, why is the mix the plant was actually grown in so different to your recommendations? My little calamondin tree had lots of fruit, foliage and flower buds when I got it..... How is this possible using that kind of mix?
I am struggling to get hold of dry hardwood chips. I have builders sand, perlite and the citrus compost. I was thinking to mix 1 part citrus compost, 1 part builders sand and 1 part perlite, but now after discussion with you guys I am going to go for a soil less mix and try to look for exactly the same ingredients as Mike before attempting yet another re-pot. I have re-potted twice in 2 weeks already except the new healthy calamondin I mentioned earlier. As this was doing so well and came in a fair sized pot already I thought to leave it as is. I will be posting pics soon so you can have a look.
Thanks for taking the time out to provide such a detailed response....I do have further questions......
1. What level of wet is too wet or too dry....how do you know when is the right time to water again?
2. How much do I water when watering? The water starts to drain from the bottom straight away, so I never really get to water more than say a couple of litres max. Is this enough for 5-7 day intervals as this water is retained for this long in the current mix?
I know these seem like daft questions, but I really need it spelled out to me initially
Oh...and these questions I got an answer for....
1. At present my pot is drying out after 6 days, although it is not even and is still moist at the bottom....moist, not wet...Does this mean I am ok?
2. I should leave my plants outside, but didn't quite catch the recommendation regarding leaving them outside or inside to avoid rain. Also I thought since I have great light indoors, why not 'train' my plants to be indoors early instead of disrupting them, especially in England where the threat of rain is ever-present and when my citrus is outdoors I am constantly looking to the skies hoping the rain won't come. I have put my plants next to walls so they get minimal rain water and as they have been re-potted, might need the shade to root themselves.... But is it best to bring them in for fear of too much rain or is it best to give them the outdoor air circulation, pollination and humidity and direct sunlight? decisions decisions....your opinions will be appreciated.
Well let me just say that's a great looking tree. I see it's not only got fruits ripening, but has new buds starting to flower. The leaves look really good too, so it appears to be getting the correct amount of water.
To answer your question in a nutshell, "too wet" is when the soil solution, the space/pores between the individual bits of soil, is full or water instead of a mixture of water and air. If you pinched a clump of soil and water comes out, it is soggy/wet and supersaturated. If the soil is sticky but does not 'bleed' water, it is moist. Wikipedia has a good article that explains it.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil)
If the water is draining when you start watering, and continues to do so as you water, then your soil is a good drainer. All that means is that the water is not pooling(perched) in the soil solution, which will block airflow and choke the plant. You'll know you've watered enough when the soil is thoroughly moist, but not wet. You can use your moisture meter and probe at different depths, or use the BBQ stick method. Moist soil will cling evenly on the wood BBQ stick in little particles, while Wet soil will coat the stick or cling unevenly.
If the soil is moist after watering, and continues to remain most for 6 days, then that's your interval. However, if the soil is soggy and wet for 2 out of those 6 days, then that can cause problems. So you should probably measure take moisture readings of your soil for 6 days and see how it does.
The advantage of Al's mix, which Mike uses and you commented on, is that it drains uniformly and does not supersaturate easily. I'd suggest reading Al's excellent post on container soils. (http://forums2.gardenweb.com/forums/load/contain/msg0622171013552.html) He explains the importance of container soil structure for aeration and water retention much better than I.
So while the top of your soil will usually be drier than the rest of your soil due to evaporation, a well draining soil will evaporate water fairly uniformly, as this means air is flowing throughout the soil. Thus a good soil will remain evenly moist, and not just moist on top and wet on bottom.
Anyway, if your soil has this qualities you'll have no problems. If it were me, I'd just water the plant and monitor the soil until it dries. That would tell me if I need to re-pot or can just stick with it for now.
If you leave it in the pot, watch for leaf color changes, as this can indicate lack of fertilizer should the leaves turn bronze or light green. You probably have no idea how they trees were feed and what's in that pot. (Whether it was it a one time fertilization, time released fertilizer, or semi-weekly feeding)
Thanks Windy, that really clarifies things in my mind's eye.
If I do re-pot deciding that this is not the right mix....when re=potting, what do you guys think I should do with the exisiting soil, do I hose the whole soil off the plant and then pot in the new mix? Any tips on how much of the old soil to retain when changing mixes?
I am thinking I will have to definitely change mixes as my soil is still wet after 2 days, and in the winter whilst indoors I can imagine the problem will only get worse....
Any feedback on my idea of this citrus mix to be used in conjunction with builders sand and perlite? Good idea or bad idea?
Are you sure the soil is soggy-wet and bleeds water if you pinch it or compress it, and not moist where is sort of leaks water if you do the same? I don't want to make you think your soil should be dry, which I'm worried I have.
What is the composition of the citrus mix? Is it just sand, peat and soil? Or is it some kind of hardwood/softwood chips? The latter is preferred, the former is definitely not.
The soil is not soggy wet where it bleeds water but does group together in lumps at the bottom of the roots it seems. Just watered and fed the plant it was very dry at the top and just moist at the bottom. Hope I am doing the right thing, don't want to kill it. Fingers crossed
Shiraz: I am sure that Windy is doing a great job at not only helping you, but spending the time to be here and guide you. So I will just answer your questions in my own way since I am afraid the meds are going to zap me once again.:-0)
Please don't rush anything since you have time to learn all you need, to be successful at this.
You have the choice to make this a pleasurable experience to start with or a worrisome one. I sense you are over worrying and will loose out on the joy to experience the fun of having citrus starting now as I once did. Relax, you will do just fine:-)
1: Drying out after 6 days is just fine at this time of the year. As long as citrus are evenly MOIST, which is what I think you have, they will be fine.
Looks like that tree did just fine in that pot and this time of the year can be as close if not better than the environment it was use to growing in before you bought it. Like I said, your major concern should be come the fall when days are shorter, and then I would do a re-pot based on that.
2: I don't think the rains will do any harm to them, if anything be beneficial. I have a feeling the fear you have is unfounded. I would do a wait and see approach. As long as the soil is not soggy wet, they should be fine. I fear the amount of time you are transplanting and moving your plants will do more harm than good. Just find them a place that is sunniest in your yard and enjoy!
Many people I know grow these trees in much heavier mixes than I do and do very well at it this time of the year. The amount of daylight and warmth makes all the difference.
Do you have a hardware store any where near by? Wooden dowels can be had at any store that supplies lumber or building materials. Let me link you to a thread that will help:-) Barbecue sticks work just as well.
The thread linked at the bottom is a couple of years old, but you can still derive some good ideas from it.
Shove one deep into the root zone and pull it out. If you feel the slightest bit dampness on that stick, do not water. I touch my inner wrist or face with them.
Here is a link that might be useful: wooden dowels
Thanks so much guys. Mike hope your ankle gets better you need to be outdoors man! I heard somewhere to never re pot in the fall but it makes logical sense to change the mixture with changing weather conditions as per you recommendation I think I will go to a soil less mix when it moves indoors. Will monitor the situation and your advice and guidance will help me relax.
Plus knowing I have expert advice also helps. Thanks guys, I live in Manchester.... Northwest of England but I am originally from London....Chelsea to be precise.
Will keep you guys posted on the trees and might go back to get some more thick barked dwarf citrus plants. This is great stock for $30 a tree. There was one other there that looked established..... Hmm....
Oh Shiraz!
Growing citrus trees can be quite addicting. I think you have caught the fever.lol
Fall is NOT the optimal time to do any sort of transplanting and can still be done. But if it is a matter of life or death for the future of my trees while indoors, then for me it is a must to make sure their feet are residing in a very happy environment to get them through the toughest part of the year.
If my trees hold well through the winter, then I will make the time come the following spring to do all my re-pots.
Yes, relax and enjoy this new adventure you are embarking on. We are all happy and here for you.:-)
Thanks for your kind words and it is a pleasure to help you.
Hello, Shiraz!
That one question is difficult to answer.
Bare-rooting is best *IF* you're re-potting during the optimal time of year (Spring)
*AND* if you're replacing all of the old soil with a very differently textured medium.
If the tree is very, very rootbound and the old soil is compacted, some have suggested
that you only remove a couple wedges of the old rootball during the first year. Then,
you remove the other wedges in the second year to make the transition go more smoothly.
If you're switching from the current soil to a mix that is bark-based like the 5-1-1,
then you don't necessarily need to remove all the old soil. You can simply tease
the roots apart around the bottom and outer sides of the rootball, rough off some soil,
and then replace with the bark mix.
Hi Shiraz,
I'm just north of Birmingham in the UK, I had mine in the levington as well and it was just too wet, the moisture meter never went down. The mixture appears to be made up of recycled wood thats been shredded into chunks and i think this is part of the problem.
I've just moved some of mine over to the gritty mix and into the CHC mix for comparison. They're all doing much better and water retention's not a problem any more.
It takes a bit of time to do the gritty mix properly but the CHC with all the soaking and cation exchange takes just as long so it might be worth trying both as i have done and seeing which one works in your situation.
All the best with your trees.
Hi Sabiann
Great to see another Uk grower. Any Recommendations on where to get the ingredients for the gritty mix in this country.... Preferred suppliers etc.
Thanks for your levingtons feedback, I had a feeling it wasn't right. I don't want to wait too long between watering and with a 6 day gap at the height of summer it pretty obvious I have to go grittier. Any tips for a Uk supplied gritty mix would be appreciated.
These are the places i used Shiraz:
The bay for large sized (P45) perlite. This is effectively glass and is dusty so only partly open the bag and give it a hose down or you'll end up breathing the dust in, which you probably know already, but worth mentioning in passing.
B&Q small pine bark - i sun dried mine and put it through a shredder to make it smaller and then through a garden sieve to give it a consistent size.
Builders merchant for the grit which is readily available, but you will need to wash it before you use it.
All the best


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