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A pitch extractor for an electronic musical instrument generates a digital count indicative of the period of the signal whose frequency is to be extracted and processes this count to provide an analog control voltage corresponding to this frequency; the control voltage is usable to control an electronic music synthesizer. The rate at which the pitch is extracted is enhanced by initially setting the system for the expected pitch of the musical source and thereafter adjusting it to the actual pitch of the source in a closed-loop manner as extraction proceeds.
1. A pitch extractor for an electronic musical instrument, comprising:
A. an envelope generator connected to receive a waveform whose pitch is to be detected and providing a signal corresponding to the envelope thereof;
B. a gate generator providing a gate output whenever said envelope generator signal rises above a predetermined level;
C. peak detection means providing outputs indicative of the successive passage of said signal through predetermined levels;
D. gating means responsive to the output of said peak detection means to provide a pulse train indicative of the rate at which said signal passes through successive levels;
E. a counter operative in response to output from said gate generator connected to receive said pulse train for providing a count indicative of the period of said pulse train; and
F. means providing an analog control voltage corresponding to said count for controlling said electronic musical instrument therefrom.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 914,706, filed June 12, 1978, and now abandoned.
A. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to electronic musical instruments and, more particularly, comprises an extractor for an electronic musical instrument.
B. Prior Art
Electronic music synthesizers create varied musical sounds by generating and processing various basic waveforms to provide the desired sound. This commonly takes place under control of a player who "shapes" the waveforms by changing their amplitude, spectral content, envelope, etc. by means of various controls associated with the synthesizer.
The most basic control used in synthesizers is that which establishes the "note" to be played. Typically, this is accomplished by means of a keyboard which the user plays in the same manner as a conventional organ or piano instrument. Generally, each key on the keyboard is tuned to provide a specific frequency or "pitch" of one or more octave ranges. These instruments are highly desirable and useful, but not appropriate for users whose playing skills are directed to musical instruments which do not use a keyboard.
A. Objects of the Invention
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide a pitch extractor for electronic musical instruments.
Further, it is an object of the invention to provide a pitch extractor which rapidly and accurately derives the fundamental frequency an electronic signal applied thereto.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a pitch extractor for a stringed musical instrument.
B. Brief Description of the Invention
The pitch extractor of the present invention is particularly adapted to extraction of the pitch of a stringed instrument, such as a guitar, whose pitch may be continuously varied by a player during his playing, and thus the invention here will be described with particular reference to such an instrument. The extractor provides, as a final output, a control voltage indicative of the pitch of the note being played and usable to control an electronic music synthesizer which can generate and produce a variety of electrical signals representative of various "sounds" to be produced. The pitch extractor of the present invention, when so coupled with a synthesizer, thereby allows the player of a stringed instrument to produce musical sounds not usually obtainable with the stringed instrument itself.
More particularly, the pitch extractor described here comprises a number of signal processing channels for converting an electric input signal corresponding to the playing of a note on a stringed instrument, such as a guitar, into the desired synthesizer control voltage. A first channel of the extractor identifies the string that is being played and initially sets the pitch extractor to process the note from this string efficiently. A second channel generates a control voltage corresponding to the actual note being played on that string and modifies the extractor setting in accordance with that control voltage. A third channel generates timing signals to further control the extraction process.
The first channel of the extractor includes a number of trigger detector circuits, one for each string. For a typical guitar, there are six detectors, corresponding to the E, A, D, G, B and E strings, respectively. Each of these generates a brief pulse whenever its corresponding string is played. The trigger generators are connected to a priority encoder circuit whose output is a three bit digital code uniquely identifying which of the six strings has been played. This "string code" is applied to an initial pitch controller to set the extractor initially to process a frequency corresponding to the fundamental frequency of the string being played. It is also applied to an audio multiplexer located in the first signal channel to gate the actual signal (the "source signal") generated by the playing of that string into the first channel for processing.
In this channel the source signal is applied to a voltage controlled filter and thence to a peak compressor, followed by a pair of peak detector circuits. The voltage controlled filter is a low-pass filter whose passband is controlled by the extractor control voltage. As noted previously, the extractor control voltage is initially established to correspond to the fundamental frequency of the string being played. The peak detectors measure the positive and negative peaks of the filtered source signal and provide outputs to a level detector circuit whenever the source signal passes through certain pre-established levels. A gate circuit responsive to the level detector tracks the level transitions of the source signal and provides an output pulse train whose frequency is proportional to the frequency of the source signal.
A counter circuit driven by a fixed clock is controlled from the pulse train that had been derived from the signal source. The counter circuit is periodically reset by the pulse train so that, immediately prior to reset, its output contains a count that is proportional to the period of the pulse train. This count is transferred to a set of latches immediately prior to the time that it is cleared from the counter and thence into a multiple stage shift register which shifts the count through it, one position at a time. An output counter connected to the shift register provides an output pulse train at a rate proportional to the frequency of the source signal. This pulse train is applied to a phase-locked loop comprising a phase comparator and a voltage-controlled oscillator driven by the comparator to a frequency equal to that of the output pulse train. The error voltage driving the oscillator is a measure of the frequency of the source signal and this error voltage is thus utilized as a control voltage for the synthesizer. The control voltage is also applied to the voltage controlled filter in the first channel to adjust the cut-off frequency of this filter to correspond to the actual frequency of the source signal. Thus, the "correct" frequency of the source signal, and accordingly the "correct" control voltage, is quickly established.
The third signal processing channel provides the various logical control signals utilized in the extraction process. It includes a rectifier-filter circuit for providing a unipolar envelope of the source signal, and a gate generator providing a gating level signal as long as the amplitude of the envelope is above a predetermined level.
The foregoing and other and further objects and features of the invention will be more readily understood when reference to the following detailed description of the invention, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block and line diagram of first and second signal processing channels in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a block and line diagram of a further portion of the signal processing channels of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is a block and line diagram of a third signal processing channel forming pitch of the extractor of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows the control signals used in the present invention.
In FIG. 1, electric signals corresponding to the playing of any of the strings of a musical instrument, such as the strings of a guitar, are applied to input terminals 10a-10f and individually amplified by preamplifiers 12, there being one such preamplifier for each string. Each preamplifier consists of an operational (high input impedance, low output impedance, high gain) amplifier 14 having gain-setting resistors 18 and gain-adjustment potentiometer 20 connected thereto; the non-inverting input terminals of each amplifier are connected to ground. The outputs of the preamplifiers are connected to a first signal channel 22 and a second signal channel 24 for further processing.
Signal channel 22 includes an audio multiplexer 26 that is gated by selection signals on lines 28a-28c to pass a selected one of the six signals applied to the multiplexer to a further amplifier circuit 30; the latter comprises an operational amplifier 32 and gain setting resistors 34, 36. The multiplexer 26 may advantageously comprises a CD 4051 audio multiplexer, with two of its input terminals being unused in the application shown. The output of amplifier 30 is applied to a voltage-controlled amplifier 40 from a pair of bipolar transistors 42, 44, having their emitters connected in common in a differential-amplifier configuration. The amplifier is gated on and off by means of a transistor 46 connected in series with a resistor 48 across a capacitor 50. A control signal applied to the base of the transistor 46 via a resistor 52 shunts the amplifier power supply, connected to terminal 54, to ground when the transistor is turned "on", that is, when a positive signal is applied to the base of this transistor. Capacitor 50 limits the rate of the transition between the on and off states.
The output of amplifier 40 is applied to a voltage-controlled filter 60 shown illustratively as comprising a transconductance amplifier 62, a filter capacitor 64, a feedback resistor 66, and bipolar input transistors 68, 70. A source of bias current is applied to the amplifier 62 through a resistor 72 and a source of potential connected to terminal 74. The cut-off frequency of filter 60 is controlled by a control voltage applied to the base of transistors 68, 70 as will be described in detail subsequently. Filter 60 is illustratively illustrated as a single pole filter; it will be understood, however, that multiple-pole filters may be desirable and even advantageous, and can be obtained simply by cascading additional stages of the type shown in filter stage 60.
The level of the source signal applied to the input terminals 10a-f may vary over a wide dynamic range, depending on the particular piece being played and the characteristics of the individual player. Accordingly, the output of the voltage controlled filter 60 is applied to a peak compressor 80 comprising input resistors 82, 84, 86; limiting diodes 88, 90; and operational amplifiers 92, 94. Field effect transistor 96, in conjunction with resistor 98 and diode 100, establishes the gain of amplifier 92 in response to signals applied to a control terminal 102. Similarly, capacitor 104, establishes the gain of amplifier 94. Transistor 106 shunts out capacitor 104 when a positive signal is applied to terminal 102.
The output of peak compressor 80 is applied through a coupling capacitor 110 and amplified in a circuit comprising operational amplifier 112 and resistors 114 and 116. The amplifier 112 is referenced through a resistor 118 to a positive voltage level at terminal 120; this level is halfway between the maximum and minimum peak levels which, illustratively, are at 15 and 0 volts, respectively. Peak detectors 130 and 132 are also referenced to the voltage level applied to the terminal 120 and receive the output of the amplifier 112.
Peak detector 132 is formed from amplifiers 140, 142; diodes 144, 146, 148; resistors 150, 152, 154; capacitor 156; and bipolar transistors 158, 160, and detects the negative-going peak of the source signal. Detector 130 is constructed similarly to detector 132, but with the polarities of the diodes and transistors reversed; it detects the positive going peaks of the signal source. Peak detector 132 is gated on and off by signals applied to control terminal 102, as is peak detector 130.
The outputs of peak detectors 130 and 132 are combined in level detection network 161 comprising resistors 162-172. Amplifiers 174, 176, 178 are connected as comparators. Each of these amplifiers receives the output of the peak compressor via a lead 180; they also receive voltage levels of different magnitudes from the peak detectors 130, 132 via the resistor network 162-172. Comparator 174 provides an output when the source signal exceeds an upper-level threshold voltage; comparator 176 provides an output whenever the signal source exceeds a mid-level threshold voltage; and comparator 178 provides an output whenever the source signal exceeds a lower-level threshold voltage. The voltages applied to the respective comparators may be changed during the extraction process by means of a switch 182 which switches resistor 172 into and out of the resistor network. Thus, during initial extraction of the frequency of the source signal, it is advantageous to set the voltage levels applied to the comparator to trigger the appropriate comparators when the source signal passes above 75% of its amplitude or below 25% of its amplitude. Once the initial extraction interval has passed, resistor 172 may be switched into the network by closing switch 182 in order to set the comparator levels at 90% of the initial source amplifier level and 10% of this level, respectively.
The comparators 174-178 drive a logic network 200 consisting of inverting NAND gates 202-212 and inverter 214. Network 200 insures that the source signal passes through at least one full cycle before timing signals are derived from it. The output S0 of the network appears at terminal 216 and comprises a pulse train at the frequency of the source signal (see FIG. 4); its complement pulse train appears at the terminal 218.
Turning now to FIG. 3, the manner of generating the desired control voltage from the clock signal drive in FIG. 1 is shown. High frequency oscillator 210 and low frequency oscillator 212 provide square wave pulse trains for driving the counters and shift registers used in implementing the present invention. Oscillator 210 preferably provides an output at a 1 megahertz rate, while oscillator 212 desirably provides an output at a 1 kilohertz rate. A two stage binary divider 214 connected to oscillator 210 provides a further square wave output at a frequency of 250 kilohertz and applies this through an inverter 216 to a gating circuit 218 comprising NOR gates 220, 222, 224, and 226, NAND gate 228 and inverter 230. Gate 220 is gated by means of control signals S1 and S3 which are obtained as shown in FIG. 3 and described later, while gate 228 is gated by control signal S2. The logic circuit 218 drives a shift register 230 at either a 250 kilohertz rate or a 1 kilohertz rate, dependent on the status of control signals S1 -S3. An input counter 232 is driven with a 250 kilohertz signal from the output of divider 214. It is connected to shift register 230 by latches 234. The output of shift register 230 is applied to output counter 236 which is driven at a 1 megahertz rate by oscillator 210.
Register control circuit 250 controls the progress of the count in counter 232 and its subsequent transfer. Circuit 250 comprises complementing flip flops 252-256, illustratively type 74LS74 flip flops. Flip flop 252 is driven from S0 ' via inverter 258; its output is clocked into flip flop 254 by the 250 kilohertz clock signal. The output of flip flop 254 is applied to the reset terminal of flip flop 256, which in turn is clocked from the 1 megahertz clock 210. The clock 210 also drives the flip flop 258 which is connected to receive an input from the output of flip flop 256.
Flip flop 258 generates a counter clear signal S7, to periodically clear the counter 232. This signal is gated with a clear enable signal S6 in a gate 260. Similarly, flip flop 256 generates a transfer signal S5 to transfer the contents of the counter 232 to a shift register 230 through the latches 234. It is gated with a transfer enable signal S4 through a gate 262.
Counter 232 continuously counts in response to the clock driving signal from the divider 214. It is reset each time a source frequency signal S0 is passed through the circuit 250. Immediately prior to being reset, its count is transferred through the latches 234 to the shift register 230. The latter advantageously comprises a type 2519 multiple-stage shift register which is connected to shift the count transferred through itself, one digit at a time. The shift register is 12 bits wide and 40 bits long. It passes bits through itself as long as S2 is present. Initially (i.e., for the first 50 milliseconds after a note is played) it is clocked at a 250 kilohertz rate so that the number representing the note period is quickly passed through it. The note pitch is thereby quickly extracted. After this initial period, the shift register is clocked at a 1 kilohertz rate so that the number representing the note period is delayed 40 milliseconds before it is passed to the counter 236. This insures that spurious pitch information that normally occurs at the end of a guitar note, will be masked and thus wil not cause a pitch droop (shift in pitch). The contents of the shift register are then applied to counter 236 which provides a pulse train output at a rate inversely proportional to the contents of counter 232.
The pulse train from counter 236 is converted to a voltage in a pitch to voltage converter 280 comprising a voltage controlled oscillator 282, a phase comparator 284, and an averaging circuit 286. Phase comparator 284 is formed from flip flops 290, 292, NAND gates 291, 293 and inverter 295. Flip flop 290 is driven from the counter 236, while flip flop 292 is driven from voltage controlled oscillator 282.
The outputs of flip flop 290 and 292 are applied through diodes 294, 296 and resistors 298, 300 to a smoothing capacitor 302 which is buffered by means of an amplifier 304 having gain-setting resistors 308, 310 associated with it. The output of amplifier 304 in turn is applied to the oscillator 282 to change its frequency in one direction or another depending on the voltage on the capacitor 302. Phase comparator 284, filter 286, and voltage controlled oscillator 282 form a phase-locked loop. Its action as such is to drive the oscillator 282 to a frequency proportional to that of the counter 236. The error voltage at the output of amplifier 304 that is applied to the oscillator 282 to drive it to this frequency is directly related to the frequency of the source signal as measured by the counter 236, and thus provides the desired control voltage indicative of the source signal frequency. This control voltage may be applied to an electronic music synthesizer to control its output in a known manner. It is also applied to one of the signal channels in FIG. 1, as will be described in more detail below.
Turning now to FIG. 2, the amplifier source signal from the audio multiplexer 26, after amplification in amplifier 30, is also applied to a third signal channel comprising rectifier-filter 250, gate generator 252 and gating circuit 254. The rectifier-filter 250 provides a rectified version of the source signal in a rectifier circuit 256 and provides the envelope of this signal by means of a low-pass filter 258. The smoothing capacitor 260 associated with this filter is periodically discharged on receipt of a control signal S8 from the trigger generator 16 of FIG. 1 whenever a new note is played.
Gate generator 252 includes an amplifier 270 whose non-inverting input is referenced to an adjustable voltage level by means of a potentiometer 272, a resistor 274, and a voltage applied to a terminal 276. When the output of the envelope from the filter 258 exceeds the level established by the potentiometer 272, the output of the amplifier 270 suddenly changes its state and generates a pulse which is applied to the gating circuit 254.
The gating circuit 254 includes a monostable multivibrator 280, and flip flops 282-288. Miltivibrator 280 is triggered by the output of the gate generator 252 and its output sets flip flop 282. The output of this flip flop in turn drives flip flop 284. The output of the latter is connected back to the multivibrator 280 to reset it to its inactive state after a predetermined time delay.
Multivibrator 280 and flip flops 282 and 284 generate control signals here designated as S1, S2 and S3, respectively. These signals control the circuitry shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and indicate that extraction of the frequency of the source signal is in progress. Flip flops 286 and 288 generate gating signals for transfer of the contents of the counters and shift registers in FIG. 2. Thus, flip flop 286 receives a clock input from the output S0 of logic circuit 200 (FIG. 1) and generates a transfer enable pulse, S4. Flip flop 288 is clocked by the transfer enable pulse and generates a clear enable signal, S6. These signals are utilized as shown in FIG. 2.
Returning to channel 24 of FIG. 1, trigger generator 16 is formed from operational amplifiers 300, 302, 304, 306 and associated resistors and capacitors. There is one such trigger generator for each of the strings which is to be played; however, for ease of illustration, only a single such generator is shown, it being understood that the remining generators are similarly constructed. After passage through one of the preamplifiers 12, the source signal applied to one of the input terminals 10a-10f is applied to the inverting input of amplifier 300, and the non-inverting input of amplifier 302. Amplifiers 300 and 302 form a peak follower; their outputs are connected together and applied to a capacitor 310. The voltage stored in this capacitor is applied to a low-pass filter comprising resistors 312 and 314 and capacitor 16; simultaneously, it is applied to a high-pass filter comprising capacitor 316 and resistor 318. The output of the low-pass filter is applied to the non-inverting input of amplifier 304, while the output of the high-pass filter is applied to the inverting input of this amplifier. Capacitor 315 at the output of this amplifier is normally charged from positive and negative sources, respectively, applied to terminals 316, 318, respectively. However, when the voltage applied to the inverting input of amplifier 304 exceeds that applied to the non-inverting input, amplifier 304 discharges capacitor 314. The discharge of this capacitor is converted to a rectangular pulse by the amplifier 306. This pulse is the trigger pulse, S8, designating the playing of a new note.
The pulses from the trigger generator 16 are applied to priority encoder 350 which provides an output indicative of the last pulse. The encoder 350 may advantageously comprise a CD4532 8-to-3 encoder with two of its inputs unused. The output of encoder 350 is applied to flip flops 352, 354, 356 and are clocked into the flip flops by means of a further flip flop 358 which provides a brief trigger pulse S8, whenever an input is applied to encoder 350. These outputs comprise a three digital code identifying the string which is being played. This code is applied to the audio multiplexer 26 as previously described and is also applied to digital to analog converter 360 comprising amplifier 362 and resistors 364-370.
A storage capacitor 380 receives the output of amplifier 362 via a diode 382 and a bipolar transistor 384. Transistor 384 is driven by a control signal S1 generated by the monostable multivibrator 280 of FIG. 3. When this signal is high, it turns the transistor 384 on and thus couples the output of the amplifier 362 to capacitor 380.
Capacitor 380 also receives the control voltage generated by the pitch-to-voltage converter 280. This control voltage is applied to amplifier 390 and thence to capacitor 380 through resistor 392. During the initial pitch extraction interval, that is, prior to the time that the output of multivibrator 280 is turned off by the output of flip flop 284 (see FIG. 2), the output of amplifier 362 is coupled directly to capacitor 380 via transistor 384. The voltage on capacitor 380 is thus determined by the voltage at the output of amplifier 362, independent of the magnitude of the control voltage applied to amplifier 390. This sets the cut-off frequency of filter 60 in signal channel 22 to correspond to that of the fundamental frequency of the selected string. However, after the control signal S1 ceases, transistor 384 turns off and amplifier 362 is effectively decoupled from capacitor 380. This capacitor then charges to a level determined by the control voltage applied to amplifier 390 and the cut off frequency of the filter 60 is then set to correspond to the actual frequency of the string being played. This greatly facilitates the extraction process by speeding the correct pitch acquisition process and minimizing the pitch sliding which might otherwise be obtained in reaching the desired frequency.
From the foregoing, it will be seen that I have provided an improved pitch extractor. The extractor efficiently generates a control voltage corresponding to the frequency of the particular string being played. It initially sets the frequency at a level corresponding to that of the fundamental of the string being played so that subsequent transitions of the extraction circuitry to the correct frequency are minimized.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Quality Inn Vernon - Hartford
425 Hartford Turnpike -- SR 30
Vernon, CT 06066-5200
Phone: (860) 871-2432
Fax: (860) 871-0004
Outdoor Activities
Lyman Orchards Golf Club
Opened in 1969, the Lyman Orchards Golf Course is located on the property of the famous Lyman Orchards,one of Connecticut's best pick-your-own farms. The site contains two 18-hole courses, the Jones Course and the Player Course. With reasonable rates and excellent facilities, the Lyman Orchards Golf Club is a great place to tee off or come for private lessons. Where else could you go pick up a hot apple pie when done with tee time?
7 Lyman Road
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Earn valuable points toward free nights.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Deck Post In Concrete
I've heard so many different ways I've what to do with existing deck posts when laying a patio higher then the original footings. I've heard...
Wrap the post with expansion material and caulk. This I was told will allow the post to come out if it ever needed replacing. These are nailed in now with the post sleeve that is cemented in the footing. Are they suppose to remove the nails prior to laying the cement? Is this feasible?
I've heard just wrap it with plastic and supposedly the water won't get in it. Pretty lame.
I've heard put cement right up to it. I know how well that works for fence posts...it doesn't.
Another which sound the most plausible was the existing footing would be increased in height and temporary posts would be placed. The original posts would be cut down to fit and then placed on top. How truly accurate can someone get the height of the concrete around the post and the new patio? Is this overkill?
I think I know too much about concrete to make this job seem too hard, and I don't know enough to do it ourselves.
I've heard from some very consciousnesses people here that know there stuff. Please guide me in knowing what are the best practices and which ones I should just run from.
BTW, what is the best slope ratio 1/8, 3/16, 1/4, 3/8? The patio will extend out 18'.


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Shop now and get Free Value Shipping on most orders over $49 to the contiguous 48 states, DC and to all U.S. Military APO/FPO/DPO addresses.
We want to ensure that making a return is as easy and hassle-free as possible! If for any reason you decide that your purchase just isn't for you, simply return the item within 30 days of receipt and we'll cover the cost of return shipping. Learn more about our Return Policy.
The Lomography LC-A+ 35mm Film Analog Camera 508 has the same functions you love, but with a new hinged back that's rip rarin' to go, whether you want to shoot 35mm film or Fuji Instax Mini film with your LC-A Instant Back+! This Lomography Camera from Lomo has got the old-school lightning-fast zone focusing and on-point automatic exposure that we know and love. The Lomography 35mm Film LC-A Plus Camera now offers a Multiple Exposure switch, expanded film ISO setting to 1600, and a cable release thread. The door hinge on the Lomography LCA+ Camera has been redesigned, making it easier than ever before to switch between your LC-A+ film back and the LC-A Instant Back+ - without all the need for DIY unscrewing and ungluing!
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Discover My Talking Tom Shorts. Take a break, have a laugh! Watch hilarious My Talking Tom Shorts and be sure to subscribe to Talking Tom's YouTube channel now. - read more
Sep 07, 2012 · Maca shqip, oj lulija jon me limana Talking Tom Cat 2 app: http://o7n.co/Tom2 - read more
Please vote if the answer you were given helped you or not, thats the best way to improve our algorithm. You can also submit an answer or search documents about wwwo7nco tom2 pc.


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Holdays.net Home
Please read the size form and delivery details on the item's page carefully before offerding. If you can not accept that, please give up to click out my other items, too!
Click here for picture that Sweetypea teach you how to measure you size.
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• Because of the difference of monitor and shooting,inevitably will exact color difference,please understand .
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•The parcel has little delay to the remote areas.
• As sellers, we can't contral the shipping but we will try our best to send the item ASAP.
• Due to the time difference, maybe we can't reply to your messages on time. But we promise to solve the problems for you immediately when we saw your messages.
• If the parcel didn't arrive within 30 days, we will refund postage as compersation. And we will do the full refund or resend a new parcel if the delivery time over 40 days!
We try our best to reply to your emails as soon as possible, however, due to high volume of daily incoming emails and time zone difference, we may not be able to reply your emails immediately. Please allow 1-2 business days for us to response. If you do not receive any reply from us, please check your email ensuring your mailbox has not reached full size.
Our company is located in Shanghai, China, the production factory in Guangzhou. For many years to provide customers with inexpensive goods and services.
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As we all know ,The most famous brands in the worldwide set up factory in China.
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Permanent Marker
I sometimes decorate hard boiled eggs with faces for the children's lunch box. Around Easter, it's fun to decorate eggs as an activity by using a non toxic Sharpie markers. Even though the pens are classified as non-toxic, I only use them on the shell so it doesn't come in contact with the egg inside. It's easy and relative mess free.
Non Toxic Sharpie or crayon
Boiled eggs
1. Decorate the egg however you like!
–> Tip! Egg & Spoon Game!
Play an egg and spoon race with the colourful eggs in the backyard! The fun thing is the eggs will crack if you drop them which makes the game more dramatic!
Keeping and Storing
Hard boiled eggs (to eat) need to need to stored in the refrigerator (and shouldn't be out of the fridge for more than two hours). If kept in their shells, the eggs will keep in the fridge for a week. *according to eatbydate.com
If you don't plan on eating the decorated hard boiled eggs, display them somewhere in the house at room temperature for a few days before throwing out.
Another Idea
Decorate boiled eggs with temporary tattoos
Kelly - Be A Fun Mum
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"Dr. Pitter is an incredible doctor..he also treated me for other things as well..i cannot find another doc to replace him as i am in Fl now..His staff ..."
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Sleep Talkers United
When great men lie underneath, only death shall show them out
Face Tags
clan thingie that will b deleted
@ArtixKrieger How dare you mess with bullywugs! >:/
Finished version of this nameless blade. Perhaps one of my best hilts done so far! I have to say, I expect some good comments on this hilt. the hilt came to me in a dream, and then I saw it in a shadow of my shandelier and it looked good! so i drew it! :D SUGGEST SOME NAMES!!
Perhaps one of m best hilts done so far! I have to say, I expect some good comments on this hilt.
my friend and her friends! XD
Name - Hōkō (Hōkō = 方向 = Kt)
this time I colored it in and added some miisng detail. cant shade well on paint...SRRY! D:
Another Lost Saga attack
got the staff of time on first kill which was good!
This is me fishing off a cactus...yes the needles pierce my boots! OUCH OUCH OUCH! never do this ever! well not in real that is
My guy fishing...again
My lost saga account using my fav hero! I DOMINATE WITH THIS GUY! XD
My character in Lost Saga. I am not even a week into this game and I already ahve level 43 in fishing and still working on it! XD
Name - Hōkō (Hōkō is japanese for kt) (Hōkō = 方向 = Kt)
PLUSHIE ME! minus pet
Shaded version....still need a name! come on suggest some names!
This is my sword I use in kung fu practice, just without all that detail and stuff. only thing that truly is the same as my kung fu sword is the blade part, minus the breaks in it.! XD! Please suggest a name for the sword please
step 3, the extra stuff on the bot are just being creative, so technically this is all that is required to be done
step 2
step 1
yep thats right! XD
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|Date / Time
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Doobies defined. The "dictionary definitions" below represent some of the ways we've heard people try to describe our music, and show some pretty good reasons why someone once said simply -...Expand
Doobies defined. The "dictionary definitions" below represent some of the ways we've heard people try to describe our music, and show some pretty good reasons why someone once said simply - "listen to the music." It's hard for us as the Doobie Brothers to define our music, and as a matter of fact one of the things that has kept the band going through the years is an approach that isn't self-limited stylistically.
Doobie Brothers n. ['Hind. dub; Sans. durva, a kind of pasture grass; L. frater; G. bruder, Sans. bhratar; AS. brothor, male sibling'] 1. Music group known for blues based songs with a rock edge, often with lush vocal harmonies (see also rock 'n' soul). 2. Assemblage of musicians specializing in country based rock featuring instrumentation such as violin and finger-picked acoustic guitar combined with electrical instruments and drums. 3. Musical entity recognized for incorporating sophisticated jazz stylings into "popular hit" songs. 4. "Rock" band, origins circa 1970, with reputation for exciting live performances and skillful musicianship.
We feel fortunate to have had solid support from the listening public for our efforts with songs ranging in style from the bluesy rock of Long Train Runnin' to the country tinged Black Water to the gospel/jazz rooted Takin' It ToThe Streets, and songs that truly defy classification. Along the way we've also been blessed to have accumulated multiple Grammy awards, numerous gold, platinum, and multi-platinum albums (and now a "Diamond" record!!) and a lot of great times together. Many thanks to all the listeners who've helped us to keep making music!!
The Doobie Brothers Live Lineup Is (in alphabetical order):
Guy Allison - Keyboards/Vocals
Michael Hossack - Drums
Tom Johnston - Vocals/Guitar
John McFee - Guitar/Strings/Vocals
Marc Russo - Saxophones
Pat Simmons - Vocals/Guitar
Skylark - Bass/Vocals
Ed Toth - Drums


text:
Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Nov. 24, 1970 v. J. KOVARIK 3,
PHASE ANGLE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING AND CONTROLLING THE RESONANCE OF THE RADIO FREQUENCY ACCELERATING CAVITIES FOR Hi6?! ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Filed March 29, 1968 5 Sheets-Sheet 1 I5 ZL ZL R C Fig. 2
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y VINCENT J.KOVARIK Nov. 24, 1970 v. J. KOVARIK 3,
PHASE ANGLE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING AND CONTROLLING THE RESONANCE OF THE RADIO FREQUENCY ACCELERATING CAVITIES FOR HIGH ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Filed March 29, 1968 5 Sheets-Sheet 2 (3b)- v VF Dlgecfionolzgouplers 13 delay deloy=K+W W =2 (LX) ump L .1
: i 22 3| 1 2| I 25 Mi crossover omp pulse Comparator de'r gen SE S 0 LOOP oper 37 amp Fig. 5
A IIIlIIIIlIIIll|l||I 3 I Q 24 I g E 6 1 flB- Pvsqb E O a; ge- I 3 I 12-- I n. O P-s 6 Lu I E I .51 :42 o O l l 1 1 l l 1 1 l 1 I l O O 6 l2 I8 24 3O 36 ACTUAL PHASE ERROR (DEGREES) Fig. 4
ViNCENT J. KOVARIK Nov. 24, 1970 v. J. KOVARIK 3,543,147
PHASE ANGLE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING AND CONTROLLING THE RESONANCE OF THE RADIO FREQUENCY ACCELERATING CAVITIES FOR HIGH ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Filed ch 9, 1968 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 I I I I I I I I I (D Z 6 o 4 O l l I I I I I I O 2 4 6 8 IO x i0 sec PULSE GENERATOR OUTPUT I I I I I 40 U) LL] w 01 3O I 0 LLI Q 20 L 5) IO o I I I w MEGACYCLES BIAS Fig. 7 SERvo- CONTROL LOAD BEAM AXIS 73 55 Gil-ACCELERATOR I/ DISCRIMINATOR'; POWER -I AGC suPPLY 5 i MAlN-47 I I 57 DRIVER AGC MA$TER\49 Q I INVENTOR.
L" I VINCENT J. KOVARIK R. F. COMPLEX BY 43 47M Nov. 24, 1970 v. J. KOVARIK 3,5
PHASE ANGLE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING AND CONTROLLING THE RESONANCE OF HE RADIO FREQUENCY ACCELERATING CAVITIES FOR HIGH ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Filed March 29, 1968 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 BY VINCENT J. KOVARIK Nov. 24, 1970 v. J. KOVARlK ENT SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING AND CONTROLLING THE RESONANCE OF THE RADIO FREQUENCY ACCELERATING CAVITIES PHASE ANGLE MEASUREM FOR HIGH ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Filed latch 29, 1968 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Fig. /2
VINCENT J. KOVARIK CLAMP VOLTAGE OF DIODE Q United States Patent O1 fice 3,543,147 Patented Nov. 24, 1970 3,543,147 PHASE ANGLE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR DETERMINING AND CONTROLLING THE RES- ONANCE OF THE RADIO FREQUENCY AC- CELERAIING CAVITIES FOR HIGH ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Vincent J. Kovarik, Bohemia, N .Y., assignor to the United States of America as represented by the United States Atomic Energy Commission Filed Mar. 29, 1968, Ser. No. 717,262 Int. Cl. G01n 27/00 U.S. Cl. 324--57 3 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Discriminating means responsive to the forward and reflected waves in a co-axial cable for determining whether the radio-frequency accelerating cavities for high energy accelerators are in or out of resonance. By measuring the phase angle difference between the forward and reflected waves the discriminator can be centrally located away from the accelerating cavities. The system also measures the reactive component of the accelerating cavities for the proper tuning thereof.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In the field of high energy physics, a need exists for accurately resonating the radio-frequency accelerating cavities for high energy accelerators over a wide band of frequencies. These frequencies for example, vary from a minimum frequency of 1.4 megacycles per second to a maximum frequency of 4.5 megacycles per second over a period of a fraction of a second, e.g. one half second. Various proposals have been made and used to resonate these cavities at these frequencies, such as described and shown in The Radio Frequency Accelerating System For the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchrotron by M. Plotkin, which was published in the 1960 International Convention Record, part 9. While these arrangements are useful and can resonate the cavities over the broad band of frequencies required, they have required a discriminator adjacent to and coupled to the input and output of the power amplifiers for the cavities for determining whether the cavity was in or out of resonance. Also, radiation has caused expensive problems of maintenance repair, and replacement of the discriminator, or has limited the discriminator to low energy accelerators having substantially low radiation levels. It is also advantageous centrally to locate the discriminator in the main radio-frequency complex.
It is an object of this invention, therefore, to provide an economic and practical discriminator apparatus and method for determining whether radio-frequency accelerating cavities for high energy accelerators are in or out of resonance by deriving the required discrimination from the radio-frequency transmission line for the cavities;
It is another object to remove the discriminator from areas of radiation, such as are present around the radiofrequency accelerating cavities for high energy accelerators;
It is another object centrally to locate the discriminator in the main radio-frequency complex for high energy accelerators;
A further object is to provide new and novel means for determining the reactive component of a radio-frequency load.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention described herein was made in the course of, or under a contract with the US. Atomic Energy Commission.
The foregoing objects are achieved by utilizing the forward and reflected waves in the cavity transmission line. To this end, the phase angle difference between the forward and reflected waves in the transmission line is detected, since it corresponds to the reactive component of the load. Moreover, in one embodiment, this phase angle difference is detected for continuously tuning the cavities over a wide band of frequencies. With the proper selection of components and method steps, as described in more detail hereinafter, the desired discrimination tuning and driving of the radio-frequency accelerator cavities are provided.
The above and further objects and novel features of the invention will appear more fully from the following detailed description when the same is read in connection with the accompanying drawings. It is expressly understood, however, that the drawings are not intended as a definition of the invention but are for the purpose of illustration only.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings where like elements are referenced alike:
FIG. 1 is a partial schematic diagram of a power source and transmission line for RF accelerating cavities in a high energy accelerator;
FIG. 2 is a partial schematic diagram of the transformed inductance, capacitance and resistance of the cavities of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a graphic representation of the amplitude T =V and the calculated phase wave 11/ in degrees of the backward wave in the transmission line of FIG. 1 plotted against actual phase error (p in degrees and percent phase error w on the horizontal axes and 11/ and F on the vertical axes;
FIG. 4 plots 1// vs. g0 and of FIG. 3 vs. to (horizontal axis) and \l/ and (ll/'10) (vertical axis);
FIG. 5 is a practical embodiment of the system of this invention;
FIG. 6 plots output V vs. time of device of FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 plots a delayed output of the device of FIG. 5 with ,0 (vertical axis) and mc. (horizontal axis);
FIG. 8 schematically shows an accelerator with the system of FIG. 5;
FIG. 9 is a practical device for FIG. 5;
FIG. 10 plots in phase V at Q in FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 plots leading out of phase V at Q of FIG. 9;
FIG. 12 plots lagging out of phase V at Q of FIG. 9;
FIG. 13 plots V clamp voltage of diode Q of FIG. 9.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT It is known that high intensity beams of high energy particles can be accelerated by radio-frequency accelerating cavities wherein the cavities are driven by a main, wide band, radio-frequency driver source through a coaxial cable and a power amplifier whose input is adjusted to tune the cavities by DC saturation. FIGS. 2 and 9 of the above-cited Plotkin reference illustrates one DC saturation control system wherein the RF fluxes in two cavity halves are in phase while the DC fluxes are out of phase. Therefore, the total RF induced in the DC is zero if everything is balanced and the RF and DC circuits are thus decoupled. Since the saturating winding is the same as the RF winding, it is a one turn structure and requires currents up to 1000 amperes, controllable to keep the load resonant. The invention hereinafter described, is useful in a tuning loop of the type shown in FIG. 2 of the above cited reference wherein a new cable coupled discriminator is provided for detecting whether the accelerating cavities are in or out of resonance. Provision is also made for adjusting the DC saturation control so as to tune the cavities. It will be understood in more detail hereinafter, however, that the system of this invention is coupled to the coaxial cable for driving the RF cavities for determining the reactive component of the cavities, and as such it is useful in any system employing an RF source for driving a reactive load through a co-axial cable for determining the reactive component of the load.
In understanding how this invention detects the reactive component of the RF accelerating cavities for a high energy accelerator and/ or detects whether they are in or out of resonance, reference is made to FIG. 1, which illustrates an RF source 11, a co-axial cable 13 and a load 15 driven by the source 11 through the cable 13. For any point x on the co-axial line 13 the incident forward wave from the source 11 is given by:
VF 1 F F 6 where V is the forward wave voltage, V, is the generator output voltage minus the loss across the internal impedance of the generator, 1 is the ratio of the source impedance minus the cable impedance Z divided by the source impedance Z plus the cable impedance, F is the load impedance Z minus the cable impedance divided by the load impedance plus the cable impedance, while the reflected wave is given by:
where x is the distance from the source 11 to the measuring point, L is the length of line 13, 'y is the propagation constant of the line 13, Z is the impedance of load 15, Z is the impedance of source 11, and Z is the impedance of the line 13.
If the forward wave from source 11 is delayed by eit becomes:
V v 2Lx) l FBIUTZ'YL Since a comparison of the forward and reflected Waves will yield the necessary information, all of the common factors can be divided out to give: V I and V =l Further, if the inductance L, capacitance C and resistance R are the transformed inductance, capacitance and resistance in an assumed load 15, as shown in FIG. 2, then:
=i, 100(1 )=percent phase error w driving frequency w l/Lc natural frequency of load (Q l) Q wL/R Assuming a Q of 10, plots of (p and II l are shown in FIG. 3. It will be seen from this figure that (p does not represent the phase error due to an untuned load. For example, as ca approaches one (0), (,0 goes to 90 while ]I goes to Zero. Thus the information cannot be used directly without a translating device. However, if only a small range of phase errors (e.g. :15") are to be measured, then by the addition of some of the incident wave to the reflected wave by a suitable connection as will be understood in more detail hereinafter, reasonable agreement between the adjusted (,0 and ca can be achieved. In this regard, the results of a sample calculation, which are 4 plotted in FIG. 4, indicates a maximum deviation of :3.5 in the range of :20 of phase error.
It will be understood in connection with the above that the source 11 produces a forward wave in cable 13 and load 15 produces a reflected wave in cable 13. Moreover, the magnitude of the reactive component of the load 15 determines the phase angle between these waves. Thus first and second signals proportional to the phase angles of the forward and reflected waves can be compared to a reference or third signal in a comparator to provide a fourth signal corresponding to the reactive component of the load 15.
In accordance with this invention, the above-described first and second signals are derived in a discriminator in the form of voltages v and V proportional to the amplitude of the forward and reflected signals and the sum of these signals is compared to a constant in a comparator to produce the fourth signal. Moreover, since this cable connects with the main driver source in the central RF complex for the source, the discriminator of this invention can be placed in this same RF complex, which is out of the area of high radiation levels produced adjacent the accelerating cavities in the above-referenced accelerator. Likewise the discriminator can operably adjust the control current for the above-mentioned DC saturation adjustment in the tuning loop therefor, continuously and accurately to maintain resonance in the accelerating cavities, represented by load 15. To this end, the functional adjustment of the discriminator of this invention is analogous to the function of turning an adjustment knob where the DC saturation control is represented as the tuning knob for the accelerator cavities, represented herein by load 15.
In one embodiment for deriving the above described signals, which is illustrated in FIG. 5, two commercially available directional couplers 17 and 19 astride the cable 13 produce the signals V and V The coupler 17 has two distinct elements a and b and the coupler 19 has two distinct elements a and b. Each of the elements a and a couples capacitively to the inner conductor in coaxial cable 13 producing an output proportional to the current wave. Should the inductive coupling element b be phased so that the voltages in elements a and b add and should the other inductive coupling element b be arranged and connected by a suitable reversing link 20 to be 180 out of phase with its counter-part inductive coupling element b, the voltages in elements a and b will subtract.
Since the current Wave is related to the voltage wave by Z of the line, the output of the couplers can be written as:
V =K V +K V =incident wave V =K V K V =reflected wave where V =capacitive pickup, V =inductive pickup, and
K K are constants.
Thus the first coupler 17 produces a signal V proportional to the amplitude of the forward wave and corresponds to the phase angle of this wave, and the second coupler 19 produces a signal V proportional to the amplitude of the reflected wave and corresponds to the phase angle of this wave.
In this embodiment, the reflected wave signal V triggers a pulse generator 21 each time the wave goes through Zero crossover with a positive derivative as determined by cross-over detector 22. A typical output from generator 21 is shown in FIG. 6. The height of this pulse 23 is clamped in the comparator circuit 25 to the value of the forward wave signal V plus a constant. By an addition through connection 26 corresponding to an addition of some of the incident wave to the reflected wave, and with the signals V; and V amplified by amplifier 27, 29 and 31, and equally delayed by delays 33 and 35, as illustrated in FIG. 5, the output of the comparator 25 then becomes equal to the sine of the phase difference between V and V The constant is thereupon subtracted out in the operational amplifier 37 to give the desired fourth signal described above.
As shown in FIG. 8, the overall discriminator 41 for producing the above described fourth signal, is located in the main RF complex 43 containing the central power supply 45, main driver 47, AGC master 49 and AGC program 51. The driver 47 drives through cable 13a the power amplifiers for each cavity 15, while the discriminator 41 senses the phase of the forward and reflected waves in cable 13, which connects the power amplifiers 11 to the RF accelerating cavities 15, thereby to produce the signals V: and V These signals are compared in comparator 25 and fed to operational amplifier 37 to produce the fourth or control signal for controlling the DC saturation bias control 55 to maintain the cavities 15 in resonance.
It is understood from the above that the difference between V; and V and a reference voltage in discriminator 41 can also 'be used for an AGC 57, such as shown in FIG. 2 of the above-cited reference. As is understood in the art, this AGC 57 controls the master, which is in turn programmed by a AGC programmer 51. This overall system thereby provides the required frequency band in cavities 15 and maintains the cavities 15 in resonance to accelerate a high energy beam of charged particles along equilbrium axis 59 in a high energy accelerator 61, partially shown schematically in FIG. 8 for ease of explanation.
The described system has been tested with a signal generator driving both the forward and backward wave inputs. By inserting a delay cable in one input and sweeping the frequency from one to four megacycles, the results illustrated in FIG. 7 were obtained. A measure of the bandwidth was also obtained by driving V; and V inputs independently. To this end one input was held constant (=2 megacycles) while the other was charged until the output dropped to 3 db. The measured bandwidth was 100 kc., while performance was not affected by power supply variations of or temperature variations from 25 to 50 C. Moreover, measurements of the complete system including the directional couplers provided qualitative results indicating the success of this system in performing the desired functions.
In the practical embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 9, the cross-over detector 22, amplifier 31, pulse generator 21, comparator circuit 25 and operational amplifier 37, are shown as they are connected in RF phase detector 41 for receiving the reflected wave input from coupler 19 for indicating whether cavity is in resonance and/ or for providing the desired signal in servo-loop 73 for causing the cavity to resonate as desired.
The reflected wave (V enters at point A. Its crossover is detected by the action of a tunnel diode (B). The pulse produced by the tunnel diode is amplified and sent to the pulse generator (C). Transistor D is operated in the avalanche mode and thus produces a pulse whose magnitude and length are not proportional to the driver pulse. When transistor D is triggered it sends a negative wave down cable E. This wave sees an open circuit at the end and is reflected back in phase with the original signal. This action turns transistor D off. The triggering of transistor D also produces a positive pulse which is sent down cable F. Since cable F is shorted it reflects this positive wave 180 out of phase. This produces a positive pulse at point G whose length is equal to twice the electrical length of cable F. The amplitude at point G is proportional to the applied voltage on the collector of transistor D. This pulse (10 nanoseconds long and 12 volts high) is sent to the comparator circuit 25.
The forward wave (V enters at point H and is delayed by cable I. This delay insures that when there is no reactive load (zero crossover of V and V occur at the same time) the trailing edge of the pulse at point G coincides with the zero crossover of the forward wave. Transistor K is biased to approximately 4 volts. Transistor L is biased to the same voltage by the (p offset adjustment. When there is no generated pulse at G then points M and N are at the same voltage. These voltages are sent to a difference operational amplifier which subtracts the two voltages resulting in a zero output at point 0.
In the normal operation of the comparator, point P has a voltage on it (V which is given by:
Sin wt K=4 volts (bias voltage) K =4 volts (maximum amplitude of V Since V produces pulses at a frequency equal to v and for one time period (cycle):
V =K (in the interval 21rw to 21r) V =0 (in the interval 0 to 27r) where K is the amplitude and w is the width of the pulse at time 21r.
V is clamped by transistors K and L to their bias voltages. If no V signal is present then V is clamped to approximately 4 volts at points Q and R by the diodes connected to transistors K and L. However, point P can vary according to V This means that the amplitude of the pulse voltage at Q will vary in the same manner. If the phase between Vf and V are the same, then the voltage at Q as is shown in FIG. 10. If V is out of phase with Vf then the voltage at Q is proportional to this phase difference as shown in FIGS. 11 and 12.
Where V is a voltage equal to the sine of 1 (the amount of lead) and V is a voltage equal to the sine of 2 (the amount of lag). The operational amplifier subtracts out the bias voltage and leaves V V or zero depending on whether a lead, lag, or in phase condition exists between v and V as shown in FIG. 13.
While this invention has been described as it is useful for measuring the reactive component of radio-frequency accelerating cavities for tuning them for the high energy acceleration of charged particles, it will be understood that the discriminator system of this invention is likewise useful for determining the reactive component of any reactive load that is driven through a co-axial cable by a high frequency source.
The system of this invention has the advantage of providing a discriminating system for determining the reactive component of a high frequency load by detecting the phase angle difference in the forward and reflected waves in the co-axial transmission line for driving the load from a source. Moreover, a specific system is provided for centrally determining the phase angle of the forward and reflected waves, and comparing these phase angles with a reference to produce a signal corresponding to the load impedance of an accelerating cavity for high energy accelerators for tuning the cavities to resonance over a wide band of frequencies.
What is claimed is:
1. In an accelerating system for high energy charged particle accelerators of the type having a radio-frequency power source, cable and accelerating cavity, said cable transmitting radio-frequency forward waves to said accelerating cavity whereby reflected waves are reactively produced in said cable by said cavity, said accelerating cavity having DC saturation means for tuning said cavity for resonating said cavity to receive and accelerate to high energies a high density beam of charged particles whose velocities increase by increasing the resonance frequency of said cavity, wherein the improvement comprises means for remotely determining whether said cavity is in resonance over a wide band of frequencies for varying said frequencies over said wide band of frequencies for resonating said cavity over said wide band of frequencies, comprising directional coupling means inductively and capactively coupled to said cable for responding to the phase angle difference between said forward and reflected waves in said cable, means producing a measuring signal remote from said cavity corresponding to the amount and direction said phase angle difference needs to be changed to resonate said cavity as said particles increase in velocity, and means responsive to said measuring signal for remotely adjusting said DC saturation means for said cavity in the correct direction an amount for changing said phase angle difference for reducing said measuring signal to zero for maintaining said cavity in resonance over said wide band of frequencies as said particles are accelerated.
2. The invention of claim 1 wherein said coupling means has voltage producing directional coupling elements capacitively coupled to said cable and voltage producing directional coupling elements inductively coupled to said cable for producing a forward wave voltage (V proportional to the amplitude of said forward waves, and for producing a reflected wave voltage (V proportional to the amplitude of said reflected waves, and wherein said measuring signal producing means has output means that generates a pulse whose output is clamped to the value of said forward wave voltage (V plus a constant, and means responsive to the derivative of said reflected wave voltage (V for triggering said output means to gener- 8 ate said pulse when said output means produces said measuring signal.
3. The invention of claim 1 wherein said coupling means has distinct directional coupling elements respectively capacitively and inductively coupled to said cable for producing respective forward and reflected wave voltages (V and V and wherein said measuring signal producing means has means for comparing said voltages (V and V to produce an output equal to the sine of the phase angle dilferences between said voltages (V and V for producing said measuring signal.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,442,606 6/1948 Korman 32458 X 2,523,791 9/1950 Vahle et al. 2,624,780 l/l953 Byrne 324-58 OTHER REFERENCES Anderson et al.: Advanced Network Analyzer, in Hewlett-Packard Journal, February 1967, pp. 1-10.
Phase Gain Impedance Admittance Attenuation, in Hewlett-Packard Journal, May 17, 1967, pp. 18.
EDWARD E. KUBASIEWICZ, Primary Examiner
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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I wish Cryptic gave this level of Support.
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Join Date: Jun 2012
Posts: 1,250
# 24
Originally Posted by
My point has still been ignored. A game made in 1999 is still getting support from its own producing team, so it will still run on the latest systems. Not even just Windows, Mac and Linux.
However have you all had that nice NEW SHINY BUG yet?
Its great, its the one that gives all your ships powers a 2 minute cool down! No serious and it does not just happen in STFS it also happens in PVPS also.
Another new bug that will never get fixed correctly. Or it will get fixed and something else will get broken, when they fix it.
The thing is EGOSOFT 1 : CRAPTIC 0
So what if they still support a game from 1999? What's that got to do with a new bug appearing in STO? You think Egosoft's updates never introduce bugs? They do. You think Egosoft fixes every single bug they introduce? They don't. In fact, the X3 games (the first of which was released 8 years ago) have bugs that are apparently unfixable and so will never be resolved (which is one reason they are building a whole new engine for X-Rebirth).
If you can reliably recreate this bug, then stop raging and provide Cryptic with step by step instructions on how to do it so they can nail it down quickly. If you can't, then they probably couldn't either, which makes it the kind of random and unpredictable thing that can show up
in any game made by any company
; and you'll just have to wait while they find and fix it the hard way. Do so with patience; stress is bad for you.
Exploration suggestions thread - give it a read
BTW, you'd pronounce it 'Cap'n Manks'
I protest the removal of exploration clusters


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Quality Inn Savannah
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
- Continental Breakfast
- Swimming pool
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Photos of Quality Inn Savannah
TripAdvisor Reviews Quality Inn Savannah
Travel Blogs from Savannah
All about the bikes
... pro accessories.
USB Charging outlets
wide foot pegs
altered suspension
tool holder
higher screens
Marks additional alterations:
installed a dino jet kit.
involved drill out holes in airbox, changing air filter for K&N type.
removed air box snorkel
increase main jet and needle
unfortunately it does not appear to have made any significant improvement,
Day 24: Tornado Warnings in Tennessee
... out of Pulaski. Insert special thank you here to Wes and the Pulaski community for paying for our lunch and transportation in to Adamsville this afternoon! (As well as everything they did for us yesterday when we arrived!) Once in Adamsville, we played some hoops inside and had mail delivered. It has been awesome receiving a card from my Aunt Diane every week! (Thank you for the always very unique and creative cards!!) Mail drops have been a very refreshing time of week to ...
Rained out.. And bummed out
... this morning - shout out to the jokes received early this morning to cheer me (and those of us that stayed awake) up with semi-inappropriate jokes. Always puts a smile on my face. Also makes me smile to hear so many friends, family, and co-workers are doing their best to keep up with the blog as well. I hope I do not fail to entertain! It's been a long, non eventful day, but one thing ...
Blog... More Like Blahhhhh
... cards, napped again, ate a bunch of snacks, chit-chatted. There was a break in the storm so a large group of us went to The Yellow Deli. Delicious. Next stop, Walgreens to get more sunscreen, razors, snacks, etc. And onto the bus we went. Again, I fell asleep. Anytime there's a window for me to nap, I take it. I woke up midway through the trip to, like, basically see the sky folding in on itself. It was unbelievable (see pictures). And then I fell back asleep. We arrived ...
Very Interesting Battle and Park....
... some 2.5 mile a away.
The southern troops stopped at the Union camps to loot and eat as they hadn't eaten for 3 days, and Johnston managed to reorganise them across a 3 mile front. The CSA then proceeded to attack both flanks of the Union army and gained some more ground pushing the flanks so far back that Grant got them to retreat and make new lines a few hundred yards from the landing. However this left about 7,000 Union troops on a hill in the middle of ...


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Fun with Fabric Dye
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Intalling larger undermount sink in existing quartz counter?
How difficult would it be to change out the sink in an existing quartz countertop? The current sink is an undermount double bowl and I am considering a much large under mounted Kohker stages. Can the current counter be cut on site? Or will a new a new slab be required? And if a new slab is required, how likely is it to get a match for white quartz? Is there much variation between quartz slabs, or are they pretty consistent?
You should have no problem getting a fabricator to remove that top, sink and all, re-fabricate the cut-out, and reinstall the top with the new sink in it. I'd do it in the front yard, but some guys will want to take it back to the shop.
Expect to be charged under a thousand dollars with plumbing included. No guarantee on damaging the splash though, although that's unlikely.
Stages requires you to not have a top drawer in the cabinet under the drainboard side and can't be installed on top of a DW. It also requires that you cut into the cabinet sides for that drainboard, meaning you need to add in additional support for the counter at that point. You could do a large single sink replacement just fine without all of that though.


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Roswell researcher and author Tom Carey told the crowd at American University yesterday that he has the "smoking gun" to prove once and for all aliens are real. According to an article by WTOP in Washington, Carey claims to have ...Read More »
Scientist suggests alien abduction could be due to "accidental awareness"
When someone wakes up during surgery early it is called "accidental awareness." As one can imagine, it can be a very traumatic experience.Read More »
Richard Dolan – Alien Abduction, Area 51, MUFON, and Breakaway Civilizations – November 10, 2014
Open Minds UFO Radio: Author Richard Dolan has often been referred to as a UFO historian, but he is also a researcher, lecturer, TV personality and one of the most interesting, and sometimes controversial, participants in what is often called Ufology.Read More »
A space agency tried to steal evidence of alien life? – Spacing Out! Episode 96
A politician in Sri Lanka says a team from an international space agency tried to steal meteor fragments that prove alien life. That, and other space and UFO news on this episode of Spacing Out!
AIR DATE: 11/7/14Read More »
Strange Times afoot at Area 51 for Tom DeLonge
Many know that accomplished musician and businessman Tom DeLonge has a strong interest in UFOs and other mysteries. The veteran UFO researcher has invested more than twenty years into researching and investigating the UFO phenomenon. In 2011, DeLonge and his ...Read More »
Lee Speigel – Nazi secret weapons and UFOs on the Moon – November 4, 2014
Open Minds UFO Radio: Lee Speigel has been researching and discussing UFOs in the media for decades. He is now a journalist for Huffington Post's Weird News, where he writes about UFOs.Read More »
National UFO Alert: West Virginia takes lead in October reports
An October spike in U.S. UFO reports occurred in West Virginia, Maine, Delaware and Colorado, according to witness reporting statistics released November 1, 2014, from the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON). The four states were rated in the National UFO Alert ...Read More »
Lockheed Martin scientist: 'There really are aliens and UFOs at Area 51′ – Spacing Out! Episode 95
A former Lockheed Martin scientist says there are aliens and UFOs at Area 51, and he says he has the photos to prove it. Jason McClellan also presents a story quite fitting for Halloween about UFOs and spiders. That and other space and UFO stories on this episode of Spacing Out!
AIR DATE: 10/31/14Read More »
Witnesses terrified by UFO as they catch it on video
A couple in the town of Saint John in New Brunswick, Canada captured a strange light zipping around the sky on video.Read More »
Nat Geo continues exploring the UFO topic
National Geographic (Nat Geo), like most cable networks, has repeatedly featured UFO-related programming. And, based on one of their upcoming shows, it doesn't appear that the network plans to get out of the UFO business anytime soon. Invasion Earth is ...Read More »
Virginia witness photographs UFO hovering over neighbor's tree
A Virginia witness at Richmond reported watching and photographing a "small, glowing, rod-shaped UFO hovering silently in a neighbor's tree," according to testimony in Case 61042 from the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) witness reporting database. The witness was outside walking ...Read More »
SETI talk leads to confrontation over nature of extraterrestrial life (Video)
A lecture given by SETI scientist, Dr. Jill Tarter at the Paramount Theater in Charlottesville, Virginia on Monday night October 27th saw some uncomfortable moments when an audience member confronted the celebrated astronomer with notions that the organization was involved in a cover-up of what he thought was the reality of an extraterrestrial presence on planet Earth.Read More »
Area 51 whistleblower Bob Lazar appearing at the 2015 International UFO Congress
In 1989, Bob Lazar came forward to assert that he had worked on reverse-engineering alien technology at a secret facility in Nevada called S-4 that was built into a mountainside just south of Area 51's main site. The world was ...Read More »
Lockheed Martin scientist says there really are aliens and UFOs at Area 51
A senior scientist at Lockheed Martin says there are aliens and UFOs at Area 51, and he has the pictures to prove it. However, serious doubt has been cast on the alleged alien in pictures. Boyd Bushman worked as an ...Read More »
John Burroughs – Rendlesham UFO Witness – October 27, 2014
Open Minds UFO Radio: John Burroughs is one of the primary witnesses to a mass UFO sighting in December, 1980.Read More »
Aviation experts stumped by 'flying man' UFO – Spacing Out! Episode 94
The UK Airprox Board recently investigated a case where a "flying man" UFO flew past a plane. That and other UFO news on this episode of Spacing Out! Stories discussed on this episode: – Brazil UFO turns night to day ...Read More »
Mysterious fires officials blamed on UFOs and aliens return to Sicily
In 2004, a town in northern Sicily experienced mysterious spontaneous fires that officials purportedly suspected were the result of alien activity. Now the mysterious fires have returned.Read More »
Unidentified floating object being hunted by Swedish military
Sweden's armed forces have launched their largest domestic military effort since the cold war in a hunt for an unidentified floating object.Read More »
Travis Walton – UFO Abduction Update – October 20, 2014
Open Minds UFO Radio: Travis Walton had one of the most famous and fascinating alleged UFO abduction experiences. It was documented in the movie Fire in the Sky.Read More »
Three 'football field sized' UFOs reported low by multiple West Virginia witnesses
Ten West Virginia witnesses near Marmet working a coal plant evening shift reported watching three triangle-shaped UFOs the size of football fields silently moving under 500 feet, according to testimony in Case 60631 from the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) witness ...Read More »


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Are you searching for details about Mildred Frantz in Deland, FL? If so you are in the correct place as PeopleFinders is exceptional at collecting people search data such as address, phone number, and possible relatives for people like Mildred Frantz. Furthermore, with such well researched information about people with the last name Frantz in Deland in our records, you won't find it hard to track down who you're looking for.
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In an earlier post, we discussed a pending bill in front of the Maryland State Legislature that would establish a no-fault birth-injury fund to help cover the costs associated with having a child with a birth injury. In a recent article by Southern Maryland News Net, the bill is discussed in greater detail.
According to the article, Senate Bill 585 and House Bill 553 would establish a fund to help provide those families who give birth to a child with a neurological injury with the necessary means to care for and treat their child. Specifically, the fund provides money for the "living and care expenses" of the baby. The fund would be created by local participating hospitals that, according to actuarial estimates, would total around $25 million a year.
Pros and Cons of the No-Fault Birth-Injury Fund
The bill has been met by some harsh criticism, some of which is directed at the amount of money that the hospital would deposit into the fund. According to the bill's sponsors, only about seven babies would qualify to tap into the fund each year. However, according to the Maryland Association for Justice, the number of eligible babies should be closer to 150 per year. If that is the case then the fund will be woefully inadequate to address the needs of all the children born with qualifying birth injuries.


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John Page Classic, a new guitar brand, announces the Ashburn, its initial production model.
The Guitar Drum gives players an elevated pad for bass sounds or can serve as a scratch plate.
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Kenosha, Wisconsin, has to be the unlikeliest source of heavy metal, but we all need to thank this town for producing Lazarus A.D., an absolutely killer band that started out of there around six years back. Their music can be described as a blend of thrash and groove metal, with elements of traditional heavy metal thrown in for good measure. Their debut album, The Onslaught, was released in 2009, and they were on tour with Testament not long after that.
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Social media management vendor Sprinklr raises $46 million
The funding round values the company at more than $1 billion. Sprinklr has raised $123.5 million to date.
Social media management vendor Sprinklr raises $46 million
The funding round values the company at more than $1 billion. Sprinklr has raised $123.5 million to date.
Etsy seeks up to $1.78 billion value as it readies for an IPO
The company and existing stockholders intend to sell 16.7 million shares for $14 to $16 apiece, according to a regulatory filing Tuesday.
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The changes keep coming at top marketplaces, but what does it mean for small merchants?
I've reported on a flurry of announcements relating to the marketplace over the past few weeks.
There is Sears Holdings Corp., which quietly launched the local marketplace, an extension of its existing marketplace that seeks to provide a venue for local retailers to sell to consumers in the same metropolitan area. The local marketplace allows consumers to have purchases from multiple marketplace merchants bundled together and delivered to them.
Meanwhile Buy.com says it is opening up its marketplace to more small- and medium-sized sellers, as well as rolling out a white-label marketplace that allows retailers to sell all or some of Buy.com marketplace's more than 7.5 million SKUs on their own sites.
And Walmart.com continues to slowly add new retailers and categories to its marketplace.
These developments will clearly offer small- and medium-sized retailers more opportunities to sell to consumers who come to major web sites like Walmart.com, Sears.com and Buy.com.
But, at the same time, does it also mean that it will be increasingly difficult to lure shoppers away from all-encompassing web retailers with Amazon-like appeal?
My guess is that retailers with specialized merchandise will be fine. But retailers who fail to find a way to distinguish their sites—either through their content, communities or other value-added features—may risk getting blocked out by the various marketplaces. If they find themselves overly reliant on sales from the various marketplaces, they may be in trouble because in an online marketplace, it's hard to convince shoppers to focus on anything but the bottom line price.
First, understand your customer: Is she just getting to know you or a loyal customer? ...
Posted 04/01/15
Consumers who shop at Amazon are impulse buyers interested in self-image, and that's particularly true ...
Posted 03/31/15
Training, signage and motivation are all critical elements to making in-store pickup work. If done ...
Posted 03/13/15
With holiday promotions starting as early as September, now is the time to assess the ...
Posted 03/12/15
If there's something you've bought offline that you weren't able to buy online, we're probably thinking about that."


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Street Fighter V Gets a Tentative Release Window of Spring 2016
It was 20% complete last December.
It was 20% complete last December.
Pre-order the game in North America to receive access.
Ultra Street Fighter IV on PS4 is in the final phase of testing.
Capcom prefers a small roster.
Capcom calls it the "latest and greatest technology available."
Not surprising…
Watch the Charlie Nash teaser.
From Alpha to V.
It really isn't.
That makes sense.
Capcom and Sony believe the fighting genre has room for growth.
Only on the PS4!
Yes, you read that right.
Screen-grabs captured and ready for viewing, too!
Awesome special effects!
The producer discusses the present and future of Street Fighter
This is good, right?
A look at the history behind some of gaming's latest and greatest jargon
Includes many adjustments.
Omega Mode's emphasis is on making the characters feel new, so it will be imbalanced.


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Reality Aftershows Keep the Party GoingStory | Aug 5, 2014 | 2:30 PMViewers are loyal to shows, not networks. It's just how the business works. This may explain why for years executives have been tearing their virtual hair out trying to figure out ways to get those eyeballs to stay in place once a show ends. The answer?...
Dining scene: From the Champ burger to the Jersey Boy sub
Star chefs lay it on the table at Horseshoe Casino Baltimore
'Good Morning America' Anchor Robin Roberts Launches Production CompanyStory | Sep 3, 2014 | 8:30 AMBy allowing viewers of ABC's "Good Morning America" to witness many of her struggles - including a months-long grapple with the bone-marrow disease myelodysplastic syndrome - Robin Roberts has become something much more than a morning-show anchor. Now she...
Food lovers rejoice: The Fair is here
Mar Jennings Wraps Up Connecticut Authors Trail Sixth Season
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In Vegas' neon mecca, food stars shine bright
In Vegas' Neon Mecca, Food Stars Shine BrightStory | Aug 28, 2014 | 12:30 PMWhat happens in Vegas is now splashed across food blogs and foodie Twitter feeds, as the "Sin" in Sin City more often refers to overindulging at a celebrity chef's restaurant than gambling, drinking and cavorting with pole dancers. A constellation of...
Beef shoulder cuts you should be grilling
Video News Program 'RightThisMinute' Expands Station Lineup, Adds New HostStory | Aug 28, 2014 | 2:30 PM"RightThisMinute," the syndicated television program covering web video and YouTube stars, will clear 91% of the country, expanding its syndication to 182 stations for the 2014-2015 season, and will add Oli Pettigrew as a new host. The announcement came...


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This page provides written and visual information for growing tiny melons (Cucumis melo). The variety we will be using is the Savor F1.
The Savor is the sweetest French melon.
Unsurpassed eating quality. The small, 2 lb. melons are of the classic Charentais type: faintly ribbed, with a smooth gray-green rind and dark green sutures. Sweet and aromatic, deep orange flesh. Resistant to fusarium races 0, 1, & 2, and powdery mildew. CULTURE: The Savor tiny melons like southern exposure and sweet, light, well-drained soil is ideal. Good soil moisture is important in early stages of growth and during pollination when fruits are setting. After this point do not water unless the soil is very dry and leaves begin to show signs of wilting in midday.
TRANSPLANTING: Sow indoors in 2-3" pots or cell-type containers in late April or one month (no sooner!) before transplanting outdoors when the weather is frost-free, warm, and settled. Plant 3 seeds per cell, about 1/4" deep. Keep temperature 80-90°F (27-32°C) until germination.
Handle young plants carefully and never let the soil dry out. Grow seedlings at 75°F (24°C). Reduce water and temperature for a week to harden seedlings.
After frost, transplant growing tiny melons seedlings, 2-3' apart in rows 6' apart or thin to 1 plant/pot or cell with scissors and transplant 18" apart. Even hardened melon seedlings are tender! Do not disturb roots when transplanting, and water thoroughly.
DIRECT SEEDING: Sow 1-2 weeks after last frost when soil is warm, above 70°F (21°C), 3 seeds every 18", 1/2" deep, thinning to 1 plant/spot.
ROW COVERS: Since growing tine melons like consistently warm conditions, plastic mulch and row covers (refer to Index) will make for earlier crops and better yields, especially in the North. Remove covers when plants have female flowers (tiny fruit at base of blossom).
DISEASES: Choose varieties resistant to diseases in your area. "Sudden wilt" is a complex disease and cold weather stress syndrome in late summer when plants have a heavy set of ripening melons, can cause plants to wilt almost overnight. Keep plants healthy with good fertility and irrigation.
INSECT PESTS: Control cucumber beetles by using fabric row covers or with the botanical insecticides rotenone and/or pyrethrin.
RIPENESS: Each melon variety is a little different and must be learned! Most melon varieties are ready when the gray-green color begins to change to buff-yellow and when a light tug separates the fruit from the vine.
Some growing tiny melons, like honeydew, charentais, canary, Spanish, and crenshaw are overripe by the time the stem can be tugged from the fruit. These must be cut from the vine.
STORAGE: Store ripe netted melons at near freezing; store other melons at 45-50°F (7-10°C) and 80% humidity 2-4 weeks.
We will add more information as we get further into the Spring 2011 Season. Keep checking back for updates.
When do I start my tiny melons seeds?
First of all you need to figure out what is your last frost free date--what is the last date a freeze is expected in your area.
My father and his parents always said it was safe to plant after Easter. Over the years, I have noticed that this works well for the South Texas area.
For the Savor Melon I will start my seeds inside around the 8th of April. They can also be direct sown which we may also do just so we can compare the two.
To help get my seeds started correctly, I will be using 4 Inch CowPots, 2 Grow Lights and a Heating Mat.
Using these items will help me get my seeds off to a great start.
I had a bad growing season this year. Right during the crucial growing period I became ill and was not able to move about for four weeks.
The moving I was able to do was used to get our seed orders from our garden store.
So I got started late and then we had no rain. No fall rain. No winter rain. No spring rain. And so far, no summer rain.
I watered but then we got water restrictions and I could no longer afford to water.
And it has been hot here. Hot and dry. So I have let most of the garden die and will plow it under and get ready for fall. Hopefully we will have better luck in the fall.
We did get to harvest a few of these melons. Below is a picture of one. It had a good sweet taste to it. Some of the melons we harvested did not taste well. I believe it has to do with how much water they get and at what time they get the water.This concludes our page on tiny melons. We will try again later with this section.
Click here to see our entire melon seed collection in our Amazon Store. Keep checking back. We are always adding new types.
Return from Growing Tiny Melons to Garden Fruits
David's Garden Seeds And Products has taken the Safe Seed Pledge.
This means that all of our seeds are non-GMO. We care about your family's health because we care about the health of our own family. You can safely grow plants that are all natural, safe, and healthy for you and for your loved ones.
Look for our official David's Garden Seeds And Products logo on our seed packets as shown below.


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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a in which the immune system destroys platelets, which are necessary for normal blood clotting. Persons with the disease have too few platelets in the blood. ITP is sometimes called immune thrombocytopenic purpura or simply, immune thrombocytopenia.
Immune hemolytic anemia
Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to the body's tissues. Red blood cells last for about 120 days before the body gets rid of them. In hemolytic anemia, red blood cells in the blood are destroyed earlier than ...
Immunoelectrophoresis - urine
Urine immunoelectrophoresis is a laboratory test that measures immunoglobulins in a urine sample. Immunoglobulins are that function as , which fight infection. There are various types of these proteins. Some can be abnormal and may be due to cancer. Immunoglobulins can also be measured in the .
Special Topic
Intrinsic factor
Intrinsic factor is a protein that helps your intestines absorb vitamin B12. It is made by cells in the stomach lining.
Iron deficiency anemia
Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen to body tissues. There are many types of anemia. Iron deficiency anemia occurs when your body does not have enough iron. Iron helps make red blood cells.


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A $500 reward is offered for the safe return or any information leading to the whereabouts of Bubbles, a missing pomeranian poodle.
Bubbles has been missing since April 3. She disappeared between 3:30-4:30 p.m. in the 1200 block of West Third in North Platte.
Bubbles is six-years-old, weighs just 4 and a half pounds and is black/grey. She is a pomeranian/poodle and was wearing a multi-colored collar with a rainbow colored tag in the shape of a dog bone. The tag carried her name and address and an out-of-service phone number.
Her family is heartbroken. All they want is their dog back, no questions. They ask that you please share this information and report anything you hear or see.
If you have any information about Bubbles, call 308-660-0796, 308-539-9898 or 308-520-1739.
Also see LostPawsNorthPlatte on facebook.
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