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An arrangement where a policy manager automatically generates configuration file updates for the routers in the network, as necessary, sends those updates to the appropriate routers, and causes the routers to install the configuration file updates in real-time. The automatic generation of configuration file updates is carried out in response to information that is delivered to the policy manager from a traffic measurement and flow analysis system that replaces the prior art analyzer system. The information that is generated by the traffic measurement and flow analysis system is sensitive to thresholds that the policy manager installs in the traffic measurement and flow analysis system.
1. An arrangement comprising:
a first module that receives information from a plurality of routers of a network;
a second module that carries out analysis of said information relative to preselected thresholds;
a third module responsive to analysis results of said second module that, when said analysis results indicate an unsatisfactory operational condition in said network, develops configuration-information regarding configuration files of one or more of said routers; and
a fourth module that transmits said configuration-information to said one or more of said routers to modify a configuration file within said one or more of said routers that, in turn, modifies operation of said one or more of said routers.
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scheduling algorithm for outputting packets from a line card of said one router,
queue sizes in a line card of said one router,
transmission buffer size in said line card of said one router,
processing algorithm and parameters of processing elements of input ports of said one router,
TOS specifications,
information that said routers are to send back to said fourth module on a continuous basis,
information that said one router is to store in a MIB file that is accessible to said fourth module through polling, and
analysis algorithms that said one router is to undertake.
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31. An method executed by a computer comprising the steps of:
a receiving information from a plurality of routers of a network;
analyzing said information relative to preselected thresholds;
when said step of analyzing indicates an unsatisfactory operational condition in said network, developing configuration-information regarding configuration files of one or more of said routers; and
transmitting said configuration-information to said one or more of said routers to modify a configuration file within each of said one or more of said routers that, in turn, modifies operation of said one or more of said routers.
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scheduling algorithm for outputting packets from a line card of said one router,
queue sizes in a line card of said one router,
transmission buffer size in said line card of said one router,
processing algorithm and parameters of processing elements of input ports of said one router,
TOS specifications,
information that said routers are to send back to said fourth module on a continuous basis,
information that said one router is to store in a MIB file that is accessible to said computer through polling, and
analysis algorithms that said one router is to undertake.
[0001] This invention relates to packet networks and, more particularly, to performance management and control of such networks.
[0002] A packet network, like the one shown in FIG. 1, comprises routers and links that interconnect the routers. More particularly, the network comprises backbone routers such as routers 11-15, access routers such as routers 21-23, and customer routers such as routers 31-34. A backbone router is a router with all incoming and outgoing links coupling the router or to one or more other backbone routers, and perhaps to one or more access routers. Access routers, as the name implies, provide access for customer equipment to the network. The customer equipment might be a computer, a customer router, or even a network of customer routers.
[0003] The speed of the FIG. 1 network can be quite high, supporting transmission in the Gbps range; but for purposes of this disclosure one can think of network 100 as a more modest network, employing routers that are wholly electronic rather than a mixture of electronic and optical components.
[0004] The links shown in FIG. 1 are duplex links. That is, each line in FIG. 1 that connects two routers (e.g., line 101 that connects routers 12 and 13) comprises a first path that carries packets from a first router to a second router (e.g., from router 12 to router 13), and a second path that carries traffic in the opposite direction (i.e., from router 13 to router 12). A duplex link can consist of two unidirectional connections, or one bi-directional connection.
[0005] The FIG. 1 network also includes an analyzer system 110 that is coupled to the routers, an administration controller 120 that is connected analyzer 110, and an administrator terminal 130 that is connected to controller 120. System 110 receives traffic information from the routers, reduces the data through analysis to create summary information, and sends the summary information to controller 120. From this summary information, controller 120 determines whether there are congestion spots within network 100. Controller 120 also maintains a database of the service-level agreements (SLA) that the provider of network 100 has with various customers of the network and, based on the SLA information and the summary information, controller 120 determines whether the service requirements of customers are met. When it is found that the network is congested, or when it is determined that the service agreements are not met, information is communicated to a network administrator at terminal 130. In response, the administrator manually fashions a modified configuration file for one or more of the routers, and downloads the modified configuration files.
[0006] The deficiencies of this approach are that it is slow, error prone, and requires knowledge and expertise on the part of the administrator at terminal 130 that only few people posses. It is desirable to automate the task of modifying the configuration files of routers.
[0007] An advance in the art is realized, and the above deficiencies are overcome with an arrangement where a policy manager, which replaces the prior art administration controller, automatically generates configuration file updates for the routers in the network, as necessary, sends those updates to the appropriate routers, and causes the routers to install the configuration file updates in real-time. The automatic generation of configuration file updates is carried out in response to information that is delivered to the policy manager from a traffic measurement and flow analysis system that replaces the prior art analyzer system. The information that is generated by the traffic measurement and flow analysis system is sensitive to thresholds that the policy manager installs in the traffic measurement and flow analysis system.
[0008]FIG. 1 presents a prior art network;
[0009]FIG. 2 shows a network akin to the FIG. 1 network that employs the principles of this invention;
[0010]FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a router in the FIG. 2 network;
[0011]FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the policy manager in the FIG. 2 network; and
[0012]FIG. 5 is flowchart describing the general operation of the FIG. 2 policy manager.
[0013] As mission-critical enterprise applications of packet network customers increasingly demand high bandwidth and low end-to-end delay, it becomes more and more desirable to set router configuration parameters automatically in order to provide specified Quality of Service (QoS) levels for the network, with focus on specific customers requirements.
[0014]FIG. 2 presents an IP network 200 that, for illustrative purposes, has the same router topology as that of the prior art FIG. 1 network. For sake of clarity, the labels of some of the elements in FIG. 2 are not shown because they are the same as the labels of the corresponding elements in FIG. 1. Network 200 differs from network 100 in that policy manager 210, which roughly encompasses the functions of controller 120 and analyzer 110, is functionally different. Also, the routers of network 200 have a different functionality from the routers of network 100. While network 200 is likely to have an administrator terminal connected to policy manager 220 (as in FIG. 1), it is not necessary for this invention and, therefore, for sake of simplicity it is not shown in FIG. 2.
[0015] The Packets
[0016] Like network 100, network 200 is in the business of carrying packets between terminal points at the edges of the network. Each such terminal point has an IP address, and packets that originate at a source IP address are sent to a destination IP address. The header of each packet, correspondingly, contains a �source IP address� field, a �destination IP address� field, a �source port number,� and a �destination port number.� If one is to be able to make determinations relative to service that customers receive by network 200, as is the intent of this invention, it appears also necessary to include a �customer ID� field in each packet's header. In embodiments where that is not possible, however, one can employ the source IP address of the packets instead. For example, a company X customer may own customer router 31, and employees of company X may have IP addresses with fields 123.001, 123.002, 123.003, etc. The field 123, which identifies router 31, also effectively identifies the customer. In applications where an individual is connected to network 200 through an ISP but, nevertheless, has a specified IP address, such as 245.102.34.123, that address identifies the customer.
[0017] The traffic of packets can correspond to a single stream of packets that relate to a specific application, or to a confluence of packet streams, where each stream may relate to a different application and is typically addressed to different destination IP addresses.
[0018] Correspondingly at a destination, it is possible for a particular destination to receive packet traffic that is a confluence of numerous packet streams. It is convenient, therefore, for equipment at a destination IP address to segregate received packet streams by application number, and to route each packet stream that relates to a particular application number to the appropriate application within the equipment. For example, a computer might be receiving a stream of packets to update a web page and, concurrently receive a stream of packets relating to email. To that end, packets in network 200 have an �application number� field included in each packet header. This �application field� actually designates an application type to which the packet belongs. For example, the field may specify that the packet stream belongs to an email message, to a text file, to a voice-connection, etc.
[0019] In addition to an �application number� field, each packet includes a �type of service� (TOS) field, which is a service class designation. The service class designation carries with it a set of specified parameters, such as priority, bandwidth, maximum packet limit, and queue limit. That is, packets belonging to a class are subject to these parameters, such as bandwidth and queue limits. A class assignment is controlled by, and within, network 200. More specifically, each packet that arrives at an access router of network 200 (e.g., router 22) has a value assigned to its TOS field, and routers within the network have the ability to operate based on the TOS field value, and to even modify this value.
[0020] In order to measure delays in the network, each packet includes at least one �time-stamp� field, which is set to a clock time at least by the first (access) router that a packet encounters as it enters network 200. For purposes of this disclosure, it is assumed that packets have only one time-stamp field and, of course, include various additional fields, such as a packet sequence number; but those fields are not material to this disclosure.
[0021] The Routers
[0022]FIG. 3 presents a general block diagram of a network 200 router. It includes a routing element 60, receiving elements 50-1, 50-2, . . . , 50-3 that are interposed between input ports of the router and routing element 60, and line cards 70-1, 70-2, . . . , 70-3 that are interposed between routing element 60 and output ports of the router. Additionally, the FIG. 3 router includes a controller 80 that is coupled to receiving elements 50-i, to routing element 60, to line cards 70-i, to routing table 81 and to configuration file store (storage) 85. Controller 80 operates pursuant to a configuration file that, effectively, is the stored-program-control that imparts the desired functionality to controller 80. The configuration file for controller 80 is received from policy manager 210 via path 83, and may be kept within controller 80 or in configuration file store 85. So are the receiving elements and the line cards.
[0023] Downloading a configuration file that controls the functionality of controller 80 is a very versatile approach, because it permits to remotely modify not only the parameters of algorithms within the controller, but also the algorithms proper.
[0024] Receiving elements 50-i provide a FIFO queue, and a means for controlling information in packets before applying the packets to routing element 60. That includes altering the value of the TOS field of packets, setting a time-stamp field of packets, etc.
[0025] In accordance with one aspect of the principles disclosed herein, the TOS value of packets is set by network 200 based on the application number of the packets, but that setting is not necessarily fixed. Packets of a particular application number can be set to have a particular TOS field value at one time, and a different TOS field value at another time. Also in accordance with the principles disclosed herein, such setting can be customer-specific. That is, packets of a particular application number of a particular customer can be set to a different TOS field value from the TOS field value of the same application number but of other customers. Further, the TOS value that is imposed on packets of a given application of a given customer as those packets enter network 200 need not be maintained throughout network 200. Somewhere along some routes within network 200, the TOS value for these packets can be modified. In short, control of the TOS value in elements 50-i is one mechanism in network 200 for insuring that the network operates at a desired QoS level and also meets all of the SLA requirements.
[0026] The FIFO queue within elements 50-i provides a small averaging window for purposes of bandwidth management at the input ports of the access routers, which connect to customers, or to customer routers. These FIFO queues provide a convenient mechanism through which the access router can throttle the rate at which packets are accepted from a customer, yet permit short high-bandwidth bursts of packets. The size of the buffers that hold the FIFO queue determines the time window within which the router effectively averages the input rate at which packets are accepted. When a packet arrives at a router input port but the FIFO buffer in the associated receiving element 50-i is full, the packet is rejected (i.e., dropped), and receiving element 50-i provides an alarm message to controller 80 about the rejected packet. The message includes the customer ID, and the application number of the packet stream to which the dropped packet belongs. In short, elements 50-i form a bandwidth control mechanism, and it is one additional tool for insuring that the network operates at a desired QoS level and also meets all of the SLA requirements.
[0027] It may be noted that the FIFO queues in elements 50-i also serve another function: that of accommodating timing differences between the incoming packets and the controller 80 clock that runs the entire router. In connection with input ports where throttling is not necessary, such as between two backbone routers, the sizes of the buffers in the corresponding receiving elements 50-i can be very small, and the buffers can be removed entirely (e.g., set the queue length to zero) in applications where there is no need to accommodate clocking differences.
[0028] Physically, the memory within which the FIFO queues of elements 50-i are stored may be a common memory that is associated with controller 80, which may also be the memory that controller 80 employs in the course of its operations, the memory that maintains configuration file store 80, and the memory that holds routing table 81. In such an embodiment, controller 80 can easily control the sizes of the FIFO queues of the elements 50-i buffers pursuant to parameters contained in a configuration file that is associated with each input port of the router and stored in configuration file store 85.
[0029] Packets that exit elements 50-i and are presented to input terminals of routing element 60 are also directed to controller 80, from whence controller 80 determines the destination IP addresses of the packets. Pursuant to information from routing table 81, controller 80 directs routing element 60 to transfer the packets at its input terminals to appropriate ones of its output terminals and, through the associated line cards, to output ports of the router. By routing the packets from one router to the next within network 200, the packets traverse a path from the source IP to the destination IP via a set of links that is directly controlled by the routing tables in the various routers. As indicated above, the operation of receiving elements 50 is controlled by a configuration file that is associated with each of the receiving elements.
[0030] Line card 70-1, which is identical in construction to all other line cards 70-i (such as 70-2 and 70-3), includes scheduler/controller 93, associated memory 95 that contains a plurality of queues 94-1, 94-2, . . . 94-3, and transmit buffer 92. Scheduler/controller 93 receives packets from routing element 60 and delivers those packets either to memory 95, or to transmit buffer 92. More specifically, controller 93 directs an incoming packet to transmit buffer 92 if and only if (a) the transmit buffer has available space, and (b) all of the queues in memory 95 are empty. Otherwise, controller 93 directs the delivery of the incoming packet to memory 95, and the controller specifies the particular queue 94-j that should receive the packet.
[0031] Scheduler/controller 93 operates pursuant to algorithms and parameters that are specified in a configuration file that controller 93 receives from configuration file store 85. That configuration file is a file that was previously received by controller 80 from policy manager 210, via line 83, and stored in configuration file store 85. Pursuant to this configuration file, when controller 93 needs to route a received packet to memory 95, the controller detects information contained in specified header fields of the packet, such as the TOS field and, based on that information, applies the packet to the tail end of an appropriate one of the FIFO queues in sub-buffers 94-j.
[0032] Concurrently with the process of storing received packets, line card 70-1 is engaged in a process of transmitting packets. In particular, the line card releases packets onto line 96 from the head end of a FIFO queue in transmit buffer 92 (if there is a packet in buffer 92) under control of signaling line 94 from network 200, in accordance with whatever protocol is established between routers. Concurrently with the release of a packet onto line 96, the header of the released packet is provided to controller 93 for analysis (via line 76).
[0033] When a packet is released by transmit buffer 92, space is created in the buffer, and that space can be populated with another packet. When that occurs, scheduler/controller 93 causes memory 95 to output a packet from one of queues 94-j, if a packet exits in memory 95. If there are no packets in memory 95, i.e., none of the queues 94-j have a packets, queues 94-j are said to be in an underflow condition, and space remains unpopulated in transmit buffer 92. Should it occur that transmit buffer 92 empties completely, an underflow condition is said to exist in the transmit buffer. That is not an unexpected condition, of course. Indeed, it is expected that all line cards will fairly regularly have periods when there are no packets to transmit.
[0034] Correspondingly, when controller 93 determines that a packet needs to be inserted into a particular queue 94-j, for example queue 94-2, and that queue is full, an overflow condition is said to exist, and the packet is either discarded, or placed in another queue, depending on the algorithm specified for that line card by its configuration file. That, of course, is typically not desirable.
[0035] On first blush, one might believe that overflow conditions can be prevented simply by providing a large-enough buffer for each of the queues that would accommodate whatever buffering might be necessary, as long as there is no overflow condition when engaged over a long enough time window. On reconsideration, however, one may realize that it is sometimes better to drop a packet rather than to delay it beyond some predetermined interval. Examples of the preference to drop a packet (rather than to incur unduly long delay) may be found in real-time applications, such as transmission of voice signals. It is much preferable to occasionally drop a packet than to delay packets of such applications beyond a certain time interval. It is noted that, additionally, delaying packets beyond a certain interval may run afoul of an SLA parameter in policy manager 210. For these reasons, the configuration file specifies the sizes of queues 94-j (sometimes referred to as �queue limits�).
[0036] While queues 94-j are shown as individual elements within memory 95, it should be understood that a single shared queue might be employed, with scheduler/controller 93 placing incoming packets at computed locations within the queue (rather than at the tail end of a selected queue).
[0037] As indicated above, each line card maintains a configuration file that specifies the algorithms employed by the line card, and includes various associated parameters, such as queue sizes. The configuration file is stored in memory 95. Additionally, memory 95 contains a MIB (Management Information Base) table 91, which holds all information related to parameters of the line card (from the configuration file), performance monitoring results, and results of analyses performed by scheduler/controller 93.
[0038] In addition to the configuration file of the line cards, configuration file store 85 maintains a configuration file for controlling the operability of controller 80, and configuration files for controlling the operability of elements 50-i. Based on the above, it may be appreciated that the configuration files obtained from policy manager 210 and line 83 completely control the routers of network 200.
[0039] In connection with the aforementioned scheduling algorithm that is stored in the configuration file of scheduler/controller 93 by which selections are made of the specific queue 94-j that is chosen to provide a packet to transmit buffer 92, there are numerous known algorithms that can be employed to make the selection. To give just a glimpse into the kinds of algorithms that are possible, an algorithm can be used that always selects a packet from the highest priority non-empty queue. Another algorithm might modulate this approach with selecting packets from lower priority queues at some regular intervals even when higher priority packets are queued up. Still another algorithm might employ a probabilistic approach for selecting a queue, where higher priority packets have a higher probability of being selected. Many of these algorithms employ parameters that have an effect on the algorithms' performance (for example, controlling the different probabilities that are chosen for each of the priority levels). Control of the algorithm type, or control of a given algorithm's parameters, provides one additional mechanism for controlling the operation of network 200.
[0040] In addition to routing of packets, an important function of the FIG. 3 router is to monitor its operation and the handling of packet flow through it. The description above already disclosed the capability of the FIG. 3 router to monitor its own operation relative to conditions that result in packet loss at elements 50-i and at queues 94-j. This monitoring function is controlled by policy manager 210 through the configuration files that it sends to routers, because it is the configuration files within the routers that specify not only the router's operation but also the conditions that are monitored, the analyses that scheduler controller 93 performs, and what conditions constitute triggers for exception reports that are to be sent to controller 80 and, then, to policy manager 210. The following are a few illustrative examples:
[0041] Scheduler/controller 93 may maintain information in MIB 91 counts of packets and bytes processed. Separate counts may be kept by source IP address, the customer, the destination IP address, the TOS field value, the application type, etc.
[0042] Scheduler/controller 93 may maintain information in MIB 91 on the number of packets dropped per group of packets transmitted (e.g., per thousand). In addition, Scheduler/controller 93 may maintain information in MIB 91 on each packet that is dropped, including the packet's source IP address, the customer, the destination IP address, the time stamp value, the TOS field value, the application type, etc.
[0043] Scheduler/controller 93 may maintain information on packet delay through the router (e.g., delays of all packets, average packet delay, maximum packet delay, etc.). Packet delay evaluations are accomplished, illustratively, with the aid of the time-stamp field within each packet. Specifically, each packet that arrives at an input port of the FIG. 3 router has its time-stamp field set (in the receiving element 50-i at which the packet arrives) to an internal clock of the router. Thereafter, while scheduler/controller 93 gains access to each packet header as the packet is transmitted on line 95 (via line 76), it compares the time in the time-stamp field of the packet to the current value of the router's internal clock, and thereby determines the delay that the packet experienced in passing through the router.
[0044] It is noted that, in current technology, storing the results of each packet's delay may be too voluminous for MIB 91, but future technologies might permit it. More likely, designs with current technologies will store packet delay information in MIB 91 for specified classes, applications, or customers; or just average information for the specified classes, applications, or customers. Another option is to collect raw data for certain time interval, and then analyze to produce a set of statistical descriptors that are kept for each time interval. Alternatively, the configuration file might dictate that mostly �raw� information is to be sent to controller 80, and have controller 80 perform some of the analysis and storage of analysis results. Alternatively still, the �raw� information�or a specified sub-set thereof, as suggested above�might be communicated to policy manager 210, in a constant stream of information.
[0045] Scheduler/controller 93 may maintain information in MIB 91 on the actual lengths of the various queues 94-i. Here, too, the information of the lengths of queues can be distilled first. For example, scheduler/controller 93 may store the average queue lengths within a given time interval (e.g., since last polled), store the number of times the queue lengths reach their queue limits, and/or the number of times the queue lengths were zero, etc. Alternatively, the computations of averages may be carried out in policy manager 210.
[0046] Scheduler/controller 93 is likely to maintain information in MIB 91 regarding bandwidth utilization; i.e., what percentage of the time transmission buffer 92 is in an underflow condition, average byte count in transmission buffer 92 (in octets), etc.
[0047] In general, the conditions that are monitored in each line card, and in other elements of each router are conditions related to load variables and performance variables.
[0048] It is noted that some of the above examples represent merely a reporting function, while others involve analysis of the available data to distill from it specified data flowing out on lead 96 so as to create a less voluminous collection of performance data. How much of the analysis to perform in each line card, rather than somewhere �upstream,� such as in controller 80 or in policy manager 210, is a design choice that is left to the practitioner.
[0049] All of the information obtained by controller 80 from receiving elements 50-i, routing element 60, and MIB 91 of line cards 70-i is communicated by controller 80 to policy manager 210, either through path 82, or through path 83. Path 82 is a high data rate path by which controller 80 sends a continuous stream of information to policy manager 210 for analysis; for example, packet delay information, in the form of tuples containing the fields:
[0050] application number:customer ID:delay.
[0051] Also, path 82 is used for sending exception reports to policy manager 210 of an existing or approaching particular condition. For example, a router might be set (by its configuration file) to send an exception report when a particular application is reaching an 80% bandwidth utilization at a line card of the router.
[0052] Alternatively, controller 80 may store information within a block of its memory, format it, and when the block is full, send a burst of data over path 82. Path 83 is a lower rate path by which policy manager 210 polls controller 80 and receives responsive information. Path 83 is also used to send configuration file updates to controller 80. Controller 85 installs the received configuration file in configuration file store 85, and distributes the updates from store 85 as appropriate (e.g. to the line cards). The use of paths 82 and 83 is illustrative, of course, and other approaches for communicating information between a router and policy manager 210 can be used.
[0053] Policy Manager 210
[0054]FIG. 4 presents one embodiment of policy manager 210. It includes controller 213 with associated memory 214, an SLA database 215, a Quality of Service (QoS) database 216, and a database of configuration files 217. All of the databases are connected to controller 213, as is communication line 215 through which polling is conducted of the network 200 routers. Additionally, policy manager 210 includes buffer 211 that receives information that the various network routers sent over paths 41-48 (of FIG. 2), and that information is fed into controller 213 through multiplexer module 212. Of course, if a single processor cannot handle the workload required of controller 213, numerous processors can be used.
[0055] The SLAs within database 223 specify, for different customers, the levels of service that network 200 commits to provide to the customers. Each agreement can be quite detailed, specifying different service attributes that relate to the service of which the customer is assured. The following examples illustrate a number of such attributes, but it should be understood that these examples are merely illustrative and do not constitute a comprehensive list of attributes.
[0056] Guaranteed Bandwidth�This parameter specifies the maximum guaranteed rate at which a customer can present packets to network 200 without having those packets rejected simply because the rate is too high. That typically refers to an average rate, taken over a specified time window.
[0057] In some embodiments, when a network is not busy, a customer may be allowed to send packets at a higher rate than the SLA specifies, but that rate is not guaranteed. Effectively, the additional bandwidth is provided gratis.
[0058] Application-specific bandwidth�This parameter is sensitive to the proportion of the customer's bandwidth that a particular application of the customer may utilize. For example, the SLA might specify that up to 20% of the bandwidth allowed to the customer may be occupied by any one (or a specific one) of the customer's application types.
[0059] Application-specific end-to-end delay�This parameter specifies the maximum delay (between the ingress to the network and the egress from the network) to which packets of a particular application of the customer may be subjected.
[0060] Maximum rate of dropped packets�This parameter specifies the maximum number of packets that may be dropped by the network within a specified interval. This may be applicable to the entirety of a customer's traffic, or it may be sensitive to application types. For example, data communication may have a lower packet-dropping limit than voice communication.
[0061] To illustrate the relationship between the SLA requirements and the performance data that needs to be collected in order to insure that these requirements are met, it is assumed, for example, that access router 22 receives packet streams from customer A on some particular input port of the router. It is assumed further that the SLA of customer A is as follows:
[0062] To satisfy the �maximum overall bandwidth� commitments of the SLA, router 22 is programmed to devote at least 40 Kbyte-time-slots for customers A, and grant additional time slots to the customers only when traffic conditions in network 200 allow.
[0063] To satisfy the �application-sensitive bandwidth� commitment of customer A, router 22 is programmed to be sensitive to the proportion of the 40 Kbyte-type-slots that are being used up by application 3 (i.e., 25%) and to refuse to accept packets belonging to application 3 that raise the proportion relative to the total number of accepted packets above the 25%.
[0064] To satisfy the �application-sensitive end-to-end delay� commitment of customer A, network 200 needs to be able to determine�for any particular customer�the packet delay through the network for a particular customer, and to control this delay. Packet delay through network 200 is determined, in the illustrative example disclosed herein, by determining packet delays through each router on a given path, and combining the router delays to obtain the network delays. Delays through a router are determined with the aid of the time-stamp field, as disclosed above, and information about those delays is transmitted to policy manager 210. Therein, the information from all of the routers is combined to yield the network end-to-end delays. Control of this delay is effected through the configuration files of the routers. The configuration file changes that may be employed, for example, are:
[0065] changing parameters of a scheduling algorithm in particular routers,
[0066] changing the TOS field value of packet streams of some application(s) (e.g. packet streams with application number �80�) throughout the network
[0067] changing the TOS field value of packet streams of some application(s) (e.g. packet streams with application number �80�) in selected routers, or particular line card(s) of selected routers
[0068] changing queue limits of module 93 sub-buffers in selected routers, or particular line card(s) of selected routers
[0069] To satisfy the �application-sensitive maximum rate of dropped packets� requirement of customer A, the routers of network 200 are programmed to ascertain the percentage of packets dropped in the routers, and to send information to system 210 about those packets, perhaps in the form of the following tuple:
[0070] application number:customer ID:rate of packets dropped.
[0071] That information is combined in policy manager 210 to obtain a measure of the rate of dropped packets within the network 200 relative to specific application numbers and customers.
[0072] In addition to ascertaining whether network 200 operates in a manner that satisfies the conditions imposed on the network by virtue of the SLAs, it is desirable to have network 200 operate well based simply on a Quality-of-Service policy that the provider of network 200 chooses to set forth in database 224. Illustratively, the QoS database may specify limit values to the following attributes:
[0073] packet loss rate,
[0074] average packet delay through the network,
[0075] maximum packet delay through the network, and
[0076] traffic load distribution on the links of the network (bandwidth utilization measure).
[0077] One can appreciate that performance data that is described above to be collected for assuring that SLA commitments are met can also provide the information necessary to determine whether QoS requirements are met. Of course, some specific information that is needed to determine whether QoS requirements are met might not be available from the information packets that actually flow through network 200. For example, perhaps no traffic happens to be flowing through output ports of access router 23. In such a case, delay between access router 21 and access router 23�if packet traffic were to be instituted between routers 21 and 23�cannot be measured simply from actual traffic flows from one customer to another customer. Accordingly, to provide data for the QoS analysis, to prospectively insure that SLA requirements are met, the configuration files of the access routers are arranged to create test packets that are cast onto the network to all output ports for which information is desired. The configuration files may inject those packets in a periodic fashion (e.g., every minute), or only when customer traffic is lacking. This active creation of test packets that are cast onto the network, which is termed herein �multi-pinging,� is somewhat akin to conventional �pinging,� where a computer sends a test packet to a specified destination, that destination responds, and the delay between the sending of the packet and receipt of the response is noted as the round trip delay. The multi-pinging employed herein differs from conventional pinging in that it causes the generation of numerous delay indication messages from numerous points in network 200 as well as, possibly, some alarm messages, and all those messages are sent to policy manager 210, rather than back to the source. Of course, it should be realized that the �multi-pinging packets can be also sent back to the source, where results of the multi-pinging are stored and, thereafter, communicated to the policy manager 210 with a transmission initiated by the source, or responsive to a polling.
[0078] It may be noted that the test packets can also originate under control of the customers. In such an embodiment, a customer's equipment is arranged to output test packets, for example, to a particular destination (egress port of network 200), obtain delay information (in accordance with conventional �pinging� techniques), and further arranged to send the information to policy manager 210.
[0079] The function of system 210 is to distill information from the multitude of signal streams that it receives from the routers in network 200. With respect to some of this information, system 210 is simply a �sink� for the information, in the sense that information arrives not in response to any action taken on the part of system 210. The paths for this information (from the various routers) are lines 41-48 that are shown in FIG. 2, and designated by label 82 in the router shown in FIG. 3. With respect to other information, controllers 80 of the different routers in the FIG. 2 arrangement send the information only in response to a polling signal from system 210. The path for this information is dashed line 215 in FIG. 2, which is connected to all of the network 200 routers in a �daisy chain� fashion. This is merely illustrative, of course, and other communication schemas between the routers and the policy manager 210 can be envisioned.
[0080]FIG. 4 presents a high-level block diagram of one embodiment of system 210 that provides the above-described functionality. It comprises a buffers module 211 that accepts packets arriving from the different routers, and a multiplexer module 212 that accesses the packets that are stored in the buffers module and applies them to processor 213. Memory 214 is associated with processor 213, and it stores the programs of controller 213, the algorithms and analysis parameters (thresholds) employed by processor 213, and the results developed by processor 213. Processor 213 uses path 215 to poll the routers for predetermined, or specified, information.
[0081] Basically, the function of policy manager 210 is to programmatically monitor the operation of network 200, relative to the desired QoS characteristics stored in element 216 and relative to SLA parameters stored in element 215, and to automatically modify one or more of the configuration files that are stored in one or more of the routers, as needed. The modifications are effected by downloading either the modified configuration files, or only the updates to the configurations files. Of course, the configurations files that are stored in database 217 are modified correspondingly.
[0082] Illustratively, policy manager 220 divides the information that it is concerned with into classes. The top class, e.g. class 1, is the class that gets the most attention, and the bottom class, e.g., class 9, is the class that gets the least attention. Additionally, each class comprises N applications, which are assigned to their respective classes by the policy manager. An �application,� in the context used herein, is packet traffic of a particular type, such as email traffic, or real-time voice communication traffic. In accordance with the principles disclosed herein, the assignments are alterable by the policy manager. A further level of granularity can also be employed with respect to different applications of different customers. For example, the email application of one customer (for example, the municipal government) might be assigned to a higher class than the email applications of citizen Joe Q. Public. In other words, the promised performance for the applications, as reflected in the SLA's of the various customers, can dictate the class assignments.
[0083]FIG. 5 presents an illustrative block diagram of a process carried out in policy manager 210 where class performance and performance of applications are monitored
[0084] The process starts with step 111 where thresholds related to information contained in elements 215 and 216 are loaded. It is against these thresholds that the information collected from the routers and analyzed by policy manager 210 is evaluated in the FIG. 5 process. More specifically, the process effectively starts at step 112, which determines whether a polling of the routers is to take place. When polling is determined to yet not be due, control passes to step 115 where information received via multiplexer 212 is analyzed. Thereafter, control passes to step 116, which determines whether any performance or load thresholds have been exceeded relative to any class of service. When the determination is that thresholds have not been exceeded, control returns to step 112. The frequency with which polling takes place is a design choice, and so is the frequency with which the FIG. 5 process takes place.
[0085] It may be noted that the notion of threshold being exceeded does not necessarily mean a single event of a threshold being exceeded. Rather, a determination that a threshold is exceeded can follow any desired algorithm. The simplest ones are (a) exceeded once, (b) exceeded more than N times within the last hour, (c) exceeded for longer than Y minutes, etc. More complex algorithms are, of course, also possible.
[0086] When step 112 determines that a polling of network 200 routers is due, control passes to step 113, which proceed to poll the routers, collect the polled information from the various MIB tables, and process this information. Thereafter, control passes to step 116, which determines whether any of the thresholds have been exceeded relative to any class of service.
[0087] When a determination is reached in step 116 that a particular class of service, for example, class i, has exceeded one or more thresholds, control passes to step 117, which determines whether it is the load parameters that have been exceeded for class i, or some other parameters. When the conclusion is that it is the load imposed by the applications in class i that is the cause for exceeding the thresholds, control passes to step 118, which determines whether an application exists in class i that exceeds its bandwidth limit. When such is the case, control passes to step 119, which moves the offending application to a different, lower, class, but at a cost of lower performance for the mover application in other categories, such as in end-to-end delay, or packet loss level.
[0088] Moving the offending application from class i requires a change in the class assignments that are made at the access routers and, accordingly, the configuration files of those routers need to be modified. This is accomplished in step 121. Once the necessary modifications are identified, control passes to step 122, which communicates the necessary updates to the appropriate routers. The communication may be in the form of new configuration files that policy manager 210 sends to the routers, or in the form of incremental changes to the existing configuration files. Illustratively, the communication of updates includes appropriate installation directions. It is noted that a class change for an application can be made to the entire network, or just to one or a few routers. The entire network is affected simply by modifying the configuration files of the network's access routers.
[0089] When step 118 cannot identify an application that takes up bandwidth in excess of its bandwidth limit, that means that either the capacity of network 200, or the guaranteed load for class i must be changed. This is reflected in the FIG. 5 process with control passing to step 123.
[0090] When step 117 determines that the exceeded thresholds for class i are not related to load parameters, control passes to step 124. Step 124 determines whether some other class exists, for example, class j, which performs well below its thresholds. When such a class is found, control passes to step 125, which modifies the operational parameters for class j to reduce the resources that are made available to class j, and correspondingly modifies the operational parameters for class i to increase the resource that are made available to class i. In this manner, performance of network 200 for class i is improved at the expense of performance for class j, which was found to be able to operate properly even with reduced resources.
[0091] Again, these changes in operational parameters for classes i and j must be reflected in the configuration files and, accordingly, control passes from step 125 to step 121 and, thence, to step 122, which are described above.
[0092] Lastly, when step 124 concludes that no class is found that is operating well within its available resource, the conclusion must be reached that either the network is operating well but that the thresholds are set too low, or that the network is in need of improvement. These alternatives are considered in step 126. It is likely that steps 123 and 126 will involve (in most embodiments) interactions with an administrator of network 200.
[0093] It should be realized that the above disclosure relative to FIG. 5 describes the basic principles of this invention, but that the analysis of an actual embodiment may be more complex, depending on the complexity of the network and the sophistication of the control that is desired. For example, customer SLAs effectively provide additional �granularity� to the considerations undertaken by policy manager 210. In addition to having classes that contain preassigned applications, it is possible to split applications so that application X of customer Y is in class A, whereas the same application X of other customers is in class B.
[0094] Moreover, the process of determining whether the SLAs of customers are met can be incorporated in the FIG. 5 process, or can be an independent, parallel, process. As with the FIG. 5 process, analysis of the network's performance relative to customer SLAs takes the form of selecting a set of thresholds based on the customers' SLA and analyzing the data received at policy manager 210 relative to each of the customers. Again, when a threshold is found to be exceeded, corrective action is taken. That corrective action might involve moving an application of that customer to a different class, or modifying the operational parameters of one or more of the routers relative to packets of that customer.
[0095] Certainly it is clear that the arrangement disclosed herein provides policy manager 210 with detailed data relative to each and every output of each and very router relative to each and every class, each and every application, and each and every customer that has an SLA with the provider of network 200. Therefore, it is possible for policy manager 210 to analyze the performance of the network down to an individual router, or to an individual link carrying packets between two routers, or a collection of links that form a path from a selected ingress point of network 200 to a selected egress point of network 200. Moreover, the arrangement disclosed herein allows policy manager 210 to control�through the configuration file�the operational behavior of each and every router, as well as control the type of information that the router feeds back to the policy manager.
[0096] The above disclosed principles of this invention with a general discussion that is not limited to specific details of a particular embodiment, and it should be realized that various additions, modifications, and detailed embodiments could be created without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. To illustrate, policy manager 210 is shown to includes a database 217 of configuration files that embodiment of most artisan would utilize in order to construct the necessary modified configuration files, or the modifications to the configuration files. However, other artisans might choose, at time, to poll routers for the parameters that are actually in the routers, rather than rely on the representation of the values of those parameters in the configuration file within database 217.
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Winnipeg Free Press - PRINT EDITION
ATTENTION BOMBERS: Run-of-mill QB's value has skyrocketed in last week
It took exiled Winnipeg Blue Bombers head coach Paul LaPolice to encapsulate the poetic symmetry of the moment.
"Kevin Glenn," LaPolice mused on his Twitter account on Thursday, "missed a grey cup because of (a) fractured arm and now he gets to start in a West Final because of a fractured arm. #huh."
Winnipeg Blue Bombers fans will well recall -- for all the wrong reasons --the Grey Cup Glenn missed when he broke his arm in the dying minutes of a Bombers win over Toronto in the 2007 East final and had to watch from the sidelines as the Saskatchewan Roughriders defeated the Bombers and backup Ryan Dinwiddie in the big game.
And so, as LaPolice insinuated, there was a certain redemptive quality this week to the news that Glenn will get the start for the Calgary Stampeders this Sunday when they take on the B.C. Lions at BC Place in the West final. Glenn was on the bench for Calgary's dramatic win over the Saskatchewan Roughriders in last weekend's West semifinal but got elevated to starter this week when it emerged that last week's starter, Drew Tate, fractured his forearm against Saskatchewan.
The week's events will be of particular interest in Winnipeg, where Free Press sports columnist Gary Lawless has reported the Bombers brain trust is interested in bringing Glenn back to Winnipeg for the 2013 season.
Now, you can all argue the relative merits of bringing Glenn back to Winnipeg -- five years after he was run out of town -- as at least a partial solution to Winnipeg's seemingly never-ending quarterback problems.
But what no one can argue is that this week's developments in Calgary have already significantly raised the price of bringing Glenn to Winnipeg via a trade, regardless of how he performs in the West final. And that's because with his second major injury in just his first season as Calgary's supposed starting quarterback, Tate is rapidly getting a reputation for being as accident prone as Winnipeg's Buck Pierce.
Perhaps that's unfair. Maybe the separated shoulder that Tate suffered in Week 2 which kept him out of the lineup for 14 games this season was just as isolated an incident as the fractured forearm he suffered last week, rather than the first glimpse into a pattern of fragility.
But Calgary head coach and GM John Hufnagel cannot take the chance and so will be decidedly reluctant this off-season to part with a backup who went 10-5 as a starter in Tate's absence this year.
Glenn's price tag will simply rise further if he somehow beats the heavily favoured Lions this weekend. And Glenn would become darn near priceless if he somehow led the Stamps to a Grey Cup title next weekend in Toronto.
Layered on top of all that is a likely CFL expansion draft following the 2013 season -- at which time the existing eight teams will be allowed to protect only one quarterback apiece to allow the new Ottawa franchise a chance to get started.
Put it all together and it seems that if Bombers management was thinking Glenn might be an easy fix to their quarterback problems next season, that fix just got a whole lot harder this week.
Republished from the Winnipeg Free Press print edition November 17, 2012 C3
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John Adams
The Other Mary has its longueurs, but John Adams's remarkable score is brilliantly performed at the Coliseum, writes Fiona Maddocks
The director of the controversial opera, which opened on Monday to protests at the Met in New York, will be online at 1pm ET on Friday. Please post your questions now
This special group of musicians displayed finesse as they forged an exhilarating path through John Adams's Shaker Loops, writes Guy Dammann
Review Adams: The Gospel According to the Other Mary review – 'Unlike anything in the choral repertoire'4 / 5 starsA trio of counter-tenors delivering the narrative like evangelists in this powerful performance of one of John Adams's most striking recent works, writes Andrew Clements
Fiona Maddocks: The journey from chamber baroque opera to Beethoven and Birtwistle is not as tortuous as it sounds, especially in the company of some crack ensembles
Review El Niño by John Adams – review3 / 5 stars
Adams's nativity oratorio with a contemporary, female, Latin American accent had power but a fitful momentum, writes George Hall
John Adams' jaggedly energetic score brings the passion into the present, writes Andrew Clements
Gustavo Dudamel put new music centre stage, while George Benjamin's Written on Skin sparkled, writes Fiona Maddocks
Review LSO/Adams – review3 / 5 stars
John Adams pays homage to Beethoven in his latest work, Absolute Jest, yet fails to produce something fresh, writes Andrew Clements
Review USB Soundscapes: Eclectica – John Adams; The Rest is Noise: LPO/ Jurowski; Britten Sinfonia – reviewJohn Adams conducts his own Shaker Loops, and the Britten Sinfonia and Mark Padmore have a power lunch, writes Fiona Maddocks
Tom Service: Anyone want to hear me hum Nixon in China?
Review LSO/Adams – review4 / 5 stars
Superb playing from the LSO offered a reminder of the power that pulses at the heart of John Adams's Harmonielehre, writes Andrew Clements
San Francisco Ballet's precision and personality dazzled in a largely successful mixed programme, writes Luke Jennings
The 1-2-3-4 | Patti Smith | Woods | The Jay Phelps Big Band | Ray Russell/Mo Foster/Gary Husband | Nixon In China
John Adams's conducting of his own film noir-themed symphony left a little to be desired, but he was better on the Respighi, writes George Hall
ENO turned controversy to triumph with The Death of Klinghoffer, writes Fiona Maddocks. Dvorák's lovelorn mermaid wasn't so lucky…
Editorial: John Adams' opera is a serious, beautiful and nuanced work that engages with one of the intractable tragedies of our era
The Southbank, Barbican, ENO and BBC4 are catering for the new-found appetite for sonic adventure
Review BBCNOW/Fischer – review3 / 5 stars'It was very exciting, but it gave me a headache,' said one audience member of the love-hate relationship with Schoenberg in John Adams's Harmonielehre, writes Rian Evans
Dudamel and the LA Phil bring a touch of Hollywood sheen to the Barbican, writes Fiona Maddocks
Review I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky; Icarus at the Edge of Time; Don GiovanniJohn Adams's I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky hits home in the nick of time, says Fiona Maddocks
Tom Service: A jazzed-up new production of I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky may be about to redeem the original score
American composer John Adams talks to Peter Conrad
Review LSO/Adams3 / 5 starsColston Hall, Bristol
It is questionable whether the matter and energy of Doctor Atomic in its altered form is a wholly viable creation. But here John Adams's indisputable charisma helped carry it off, writes Rian Evans
Review LSO/Adams3 / 5 starsJohn Adams's City Noir is an orchestral tour de force, and the LSO performance of its European premiere was outstanding in a brash, brilliant way, writes Andrew Clements


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Latest Titles With Christopher Nolan
- Job Types
- Movies or TV
- Genres
- Keywords
- IMDb Rating
- Instant Watch Options
- In Theaters
- On TV
- Release Year
1. Untitled Keith Gordon Project
Thriller | Announced
Plot unknown
Writer: Keith Gordon | Director: Keith Gordon
Anatomy of a Scene (2001– )
Stars: Dody Dorn, Christopher Nolan, Joe Pantoliano, Guy Pearce
3. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016)
Action, Adventure, Fantasy | Post-production
The plot is unknown.
Writers: David S. Goyer, Zack Snyder, Jerry Siegel, Joe Shuster, Bob Kane, Chris Terrio, Bill Finger | Director: Zack Snyder | Stars: Ben Affleck, Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Jesse Eisenberg
4. An Act of War (2015)
99 min | Drama, War
Battling insomnia & undiagnosed PTSD, a war veteran works nights as a projectionist at a decrepit theater. While struggling to adapt to civilian life, he soon finds himself tangled in an inescapable web of seduction, addiction, & violence.
Writer: Ryan M. Kennedy | Director: Ryan M. Kennedy | Stars: Russ Russo, Natasha Alam, Doug E. Doug, Joseph R. Gannascoli
5. Dark Harvest (2015)
90 min | Crime, Drama, Thriller | Filming
A marijuana grower is forced to partner up with a suspended narcotics investigator to solve a murder.
Writer: James Hutson | Director: James Hutson | Stars: James Hutson, Alan C. Peterson, Hugh Dillon, Tygh Runyan
6. Making Waves: The Art of Cinematic Sound (2015)
Documentary | Filming
An exploration of the history, artistry, and emotional power of cinema sound, as revealed by legendary sound designers and visionary directors, via interviews, clips from movies, and a look... See full summary »
Writer: Bobette Buster | Director: Midge Costin | Stars: Christopher Nolan, David Lynch, George Lucas, Hans Zimmer
7. Interstellar (2014)
PG-13 | 169 min | Adventure, Sci-Fi
A team of explorers travel through a wormhole in an attempt to ensure humanity's survival.
Writers: Jonathan Nolan, Christopher Nolan | Director: Christopher Nolan | Stars: Matthew McConaughey, Anne Hathaway, Jessica Chastain, Mackenzie Foy
8. Transcendence (I) (2014)
PG-13 | 119 min | Drama, Mystery, Sci-Fi
A scientist's drive for artificial intelligence, takes on dangerous implications when his consciousness is uploaded into one such program.
Writer: Jack Paglen | Director: Wally Pfister | Stars: Johnny Depp, Rebecca Hall, Morgan Freeman, Cillian Murphy
9. Interstellar: Nolan's Odyssey (2014 TV Movie)
A travel trought the stars and the space with the Nolan's Interstellar and how you can see it.
Writer: Tim Postins | Stars: Michael Caine, Jessica Chastain, David Gyasi, Anne Hathaway
13 min | Documentary, Short
A look at the evolving landscape of independent moviemaking and what "do-it-yourself" means for today's independent productions. Directors that went from no-budget to low-budget to blockbusters discuss their own beginnings, the state of the industry, and how making a movie doesn't always mean making a living.
Writers: Eric Ekman, Ben Hethcoat | Directors: Peter Baxter, Eric Ekman, Ben Hethcoat | Stars: Marc Forster, Matt Johnson, Rian Johnson, Nina Menkes
CBS This Morning (2012– )
Episode #3.300
Director Christopher Nolan (Interstellar (2014)).
Stars: Charlie Rose, Gayle King, Norah O'Donnell, Christopher Nolan
The Colbert Report (2005– )
Episode dated 3 December 2014
TV-14 | Comedy, News, Talk-Show
Director Christopher Nolan discusses his latest film "Interstellar."
Stars: Stephen Colbert, Christopher Nolan, Amy Sedaris
Good Morning America (1975– )
Episode dated 6 November 2014
News, Talk-Show
Christopher Nolan; NeNe Leakes. Also: "Deals and Steals" and an edition of "Oprah's Favorite Things".
Stars: Robin Roberts, George Stephanopoulos, Lara Spencer, Amy Robach
IMDb: What to Watch (2013– )
An insight into the creation of Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar'.
Writer: Keith Simanton | Director: Ron Sylvester | Stars: Anne Hathaway, Matthew McConaughey, Christopher Nolan, Keith Simanton
The Hollywood Reporter in Focus (2013– )
Director: Raphael Laski | Stars: Jessica Chastain, Anne Hathaway, Matthew McConaughey, Christopher Nolan
16. Man of Steel (2013)
PG-13 | 143 min | Action, Adventure, Fantasy
Clark Kent, one of the last of an extinguished race disguised as an unremarkable human, is forced to reveal his identity when Earth is invaded by an army of survivors who threaten to bring the planet to the brink of destruction.
Writers: David S. Goyer, Christopher Nolan, Jerry Siegel, Joe Shuster | Director: Zack Snyder | Stars: Henry Cavill, Amy Adams, Michael Shannon, Diane Lane
17. Don Jon (2013)
R | 90 min | Comedy, Drama, Romance
A New Jersey guy dedicated to his family, friends, and church, develops unrealistic expectations from watching porn and works to find happiness and intimacy with his potential true love.
Writer: Joseph Gordon-Levitt | Director: Joseph Gordon-Levitt | Stars: Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Scarlett Johansson, Julianne Moore, Tony Danza
18. IMDb: What to Watch (2013– )
12 min | Documentary
IMDb presents movies and TV shows that we think our users will love.
Stars: Keith Simanton, Melanie McFarland, Miles Teller, Charlie Hunnam
19. Paranormal Movie (2013)
Comedy, Horror
A man, long haunted by the paranormal, captures on camera the horror and hilarity he and his beautiful girlfriend encounter after moving into a new home.
Writer: Lisa Baget | Director: Kevin P. Farley | Stars: Kevin P. Farley, Carly Craig, Nicky Whelan, Eric Roberts
20. Pulp (2013)
Thunder Racers, Infinite Finity, Rat Warriors. Junk Comics' titles have been referred to as 'the worst printed material since Mein Kampf'. Tony Leary, the nice-guy owner of Junk Comics, is ... See full summary »
Writer: Bode O'Toole | Directors: Adam Hamdy, Shaun Magher | Stars: Jay Sutherland, Simon Burbage, Gavin Molloy, Neil Jennings
21. The Fire Rises: The Creation and Impact of the Dark Knight Trilogy (2013 Video)
77 min | Documentary
Stars: Eion Bailey, Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Nathan Crowley
22. Planet Krypton (2013 Video)
18 min | Documentary, Short, Sci-Fi
With the world now recovering from General Zod's attack, this news report explores recent discoveries of the Planet Krypton and its lost ancestry.
Writer: Tara Tremaine | Star: Lee Harry
23. The Hollywood Reporter in Focus (2013– )
Stars: Leonardo DiCaprio, Jonah Hill, Martin Scorsese, Terence Winter
24. Tales from the Warner Bros. Lot (2013)
106 min | Documentary
In honor of 90 years of Warner Bros., viewers learn the history of the Hollywood studio and are given a behind-the-scenes tour of the studio grounds (including the famous backlot). Actors, ... See full summary »
Director: Gary Khammar | Stars: Leith Adams, Ben Affleck, Dan Aykroyd, Steve Carell
25. Christopher Nolan & Richard Donner: A Conversation (2013 Video)
Documentary, Short
Stars: Richard Donner, Christopher Nolan
26. The Dark Knight Rises (2012)
PG-13 | 165 min | Action, Thriller
Eight years after the Joker's reign of anarchy, the Dark Knight is forced to return from his imposed exile to save Gotham City from the brutal guerrilla terrorist Bane with the help of the enigmatic Catwoman.
Writers: Jonathan Nolan, Christopher Nolan, David S. Goyer, Bob Kane | Director: Christopher Nolan | Stars: Christian Bale, Tom Hardy, Anne Hathaway, Gary Oldman
27. Side by Side (2012)
Not Rated | 99 min | Documentary
The documentary investigates the history, process and workflow of both digital and photochemical film creation.
Writer: Christopher Kenneally | Director: Christopher Kenneally | Stars: Derek Ambrosi, Michael Ballhaus, Andrzej Bartkowiak, Dion Beebe
28. CBS This Morning (2012– )
120 min | News
A mix of news, features and interviews with notable figures in politics, business and entertainment.
Stars: Charlie Rose, Gayle King, Norah O'Donnell, Jan Crawford
29. The Black Dahlia Haunting (2012)
TV-14 | 80 min | Crime, Drama, Horror
While investigating the murder of her father by her blind younger brother, a young woman disturbs the vengeful spirit of Elizabeth Short, known in legend as "The Black Dahlia".
Writer: Brandon Slagle | Director: Brandon Slagle | Stars: Devanny Pinn, Britt Griffith, Noah Dahl, Alexis Iacono
30. 2012 MTV Movie Awards (2012 TV Movie)
Writers: Megan Amram, Travis Bowe, Jill Kushner, D.C. Pierson, Jordan Rubin, Mason Steinberg | Directors: Hamish Hamilton, Jeff Roe | Stars: Russell Brand, Christian Bale, Kate Beckinsale, Jessica Biel
31. The Batmobile (2012 TV Movie)
TV-PG | 60 min | Documentary
The history and evolution of the Batmobile in comic books, TV and movies.
Writers: Roko Belic, Michael Fallavollita, Tara Tremaine | Director: Roko Belic | Stars: Christian Bale, George Barris, Harald Belker, Tim Burton
32. Guys Choice Awards 2012 (2012 TV Movie)
Writers: David Feldman, Tom Johnson | Stars: Malin Akerman, Blake Anderson, Christian Bale, Kate Beckinsale
Fantástico (1973– )
Episode dated 15 July 2012
Stars: Ana Paula Araújo, Taís Araújo, Christian Bale, Felipe Bronze
34. These Amazing Shadows (2011)
Not Rated | 88 min | Documentary
Tells the history and importance of The National Film Registry, a roll call of American cinema treasures that reflects the diversity of film, and indeed the American experience itself.
Writers: Douglas Blush, Paul Mariano, Kurt Norton | Directors: Paul Mariano, Kurt Norton | Stars: Jeff Adachi, James H. Billington, Robin Blaetz, Brooks Boliek
35. Atomism (2011)
Short, Action, Sci-Fi
In 2019, the human race is on the brink of extinction The governments of the world have united to create a sinister solution, and a group of mysterious rebels have formed to oppose them.
Writer: Matthew T. Price | Director: Paul A. Levin | Stars: Katy Foley, Sam Gipson, Xango Henry, Lincoln Hoppe
36. The 68th Annual Golden Globe Awards (2011 TV Movie)
The annual Golden Globe Awards hosted by Ricky Gervais
Writers: Barry Adelman, Dave Boone, Lewis Friedman, Jon Macks | Director: Louis J. Horvitz | Stars: Ricky Gervais, Amy Adams, Max Adler, Dianna Agron
37. Exploring 'The Tree of Life' (2011 Video)
30 min | Documentary, Short
An overview of the making of The Tree of Life (2011).
Stars: Jessica Chastain, Alexandre Desplat, Laramie Eppler, David Fincher
38. El defensor (2011)
8 min | Short
David is a boy who lives in a humble district and who dreams about being a masked hero like those in his comics. One day he decides to take a course from which there is no going back, to ... See full summary »
Writers: Jorge Laplace, Manuel H. Martín | Director: Manuel H. Martín | Stars: Mateo Ferrari, Pablo Canela, Susana Galiana, Adolfo Moreno
39. 9th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards (2011 TV Movie)
Writers: Barry Gribbon, Greg Spring | Director: Victoria Botka-Williams | Stars: Bonnie Arnold, Astrid Busser-Casas, Dayne Cowan, Paul J. Franklin
In the House with Peter Bart & Peter Guber (2009– )
Christina Applegate/Anthony Mackie/Chris Nolan/Alan Horn
Director: Ron Frank | Stars: Christina Applegate, Peter Bart, Peter Guber, Alan Horn
41. Inception (2010)
PG-13 | 148 min | Action, Mystery, Sci-Fi
A thief who steals corporate secrets through use of dream-sharing technology is given the inverse task of planting an idea into the mind of a CEO.
Writer: Christopher Nolan | Director: Christopher Nolan | Stars: Leonardo DiCaprio, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Ellen Page, Ken Watanabe
42. Mr. J (2010)
35 min | Short, Action, Adventure
Originally created as a 4 part web series, Mr. J (2010) picks up directly where The Dark Knight (2008) left off, with the Joker imprisoned at Arkham Asylum. He has been put into the care of... See full summary »
Writers: Chris R. Notarile, Kim Santiago | Directors: Kim Santiago, Chris R. Notarile | Stars: Chris R. Notarile, Johanna Telander, Roberto Lombardi, Kim Santiago
43. Janela Indiscreta (2010– )
30 min | News
A portuguese show where Mario Augusto presents the new films of the week and interviews actors, actresses and directors.
Stars: Mário Augusto, Paulo Branco, Nicolau Breyner, Afonso Pimentel
44. Before Breakfast (I) (2010)
12 min | Short, Comedy, Drama
Grace Kelly and Audrey Hepburn, two of the most revered screen legends of all time, spun in the same Hollywood and New York orbits simultaneously. Both exuded a kind of other worldly ... See full summary »
Writer: Elspeth Keller | Director: Paul A. Levin | Stars: Bret Ernst, Tyler Francavilla, Elspeth Keller, Paulie Redding
45. Dreams: Cinema of the Subconscious (2010 Video)
44 min | Documentary
Director: Roko Belic | Stars: Joseph Gordon-Levitt, William C. Dement, Jayne Gackenbach, Deirdre Barrett
46. Scream Awards 2010 (2010 TV Movie)
TV-14 | 120 min | Horror
Writers: Brent Bradshaw, Patrick Doody, Xaque Gruber, Laureen Nolan, Gary Tellalian, Chris Valenziano, David Wild | Director: Hamish Hamilton | Stars: Halle Berry, Kristen Stewart, Megan Fox, Anthony Hopkins
47. Guys Choice (2010 TV Movie)
Writers: David Feldman, Ray James, Tim Jennings, Tom Johnson, David Wild, Andres du Bouchet | Stars: Ben Affleck, Jessica Biel, Adrien Brody, Sandra Bullock
Janela Indiscreta (2010– )
Episode #1.21
Writers: Mário Augusto, Paula Campos, Marta Curado, Miguel Monteiro | Stars: Mário Augusto, Ivo Canelas, António Cordeiro, Leonardo DiCaprio
The 7PM Project (2009– )
Episode #1.255
Writers: Aleisha McCormack, Gerard McCulloch | Stars: Andrew Rochford, Carrie Bickmore, Dave Hughes, George Negus
Up Close with Carrie Keagan (2007– )
Episode dated 14 July 2010
Creator: Kourosh Taj | Director: Kourosh Taj | Stars: Carrie Keagan, Leonardo DiCaprio, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Christopher Nolan


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USCIS Wins International Innovation Award for Its U.S. Green Card Manufactured By HID Global
U.S. Green Card with HID's LaserCard Technology Sets Standard in Identity Management
HID Global, trusted leader in solutions for the delivery of secure identity, today announced that the U.S. Permanent Resident ("Green") Card that is manufactured by HID Global under its LaserCard brand has won the ACT Canada "International Innovation Award" for Identity Management. The U.S. Green Card is issued to all legal foreign residents of the U.S. under the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) border security program. USCIS is an agency of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.
USCIS was honored for the application of secure innovations to the U. S. Green Card's structure and its data and visual security features. The re-designed Green Card, launched in mid-2010, is the world's first ID card to combine HID's LaserCard optical security media (OSM) technology and an embedded RFID tag with other advanced security features. Since the introduction of the first OSM-based Green Card in 1997, the digital security of the card's OSM technology has never been compromised. A report by market research firm Frost & Sullivan concluded that because of its innovations, "the next generation U.S. Green Card sets a new standard for international government ID programs."
"ID security and functionality are pressing concerns for governments worldwide and the card industry must continually innovate to help maintain the integrity, longevity and usefulness of major ID programs," said Cathy Johnston, president of ACT Canada. "The U.S. Green Card is a leading example of an ID card that leverages advanced technology and manufacturing expertise to enable greater security and functionality."
"The advanced, multiple technology U.S. Green Card breaks new ground in the field of ID cards and make a major contribution to the integrity of the U.S. immigration system," said Stephen Price-Francis, LaserCard's vice president of marketing. "We are very pleased that this program has been recognized for its innovation in structure, security and functionality."
The U.S. Green Card is supplied to USCIS by General Dynamics Information Technology, the prime contractor for the U.S. Green Card program.
About HID Global
HID Global is the trusted source for secure identity solutions for millions of customers around the world. Recognized for robust quality, innovative designs and industry leadership, HID Global is the supplier of choice for OEMs, system integrators, and application developers serving a variety of markets. These markets include physical and logical access control, including strong authentication and credential management; card printing and personalization; highly secure government ID; and identification technologies used in animal ID and industry and logistics applications. The company's primary brands include HID®, ActivIdentity™, FARGO®, and LaserCard®. Headquartered in Irvine, California, HID Global has over 2,100 employees worldwide and operates international offices that support more than 100 countries. HID Global is an ASSA ABLOY Group brand. For more information, visit www.hidglobal.com.
®HID, the HID logo, and LaserCard are trademarks or registered trademarks of HID Global in the U.S. and/or other countries. All other trademarks, service marks, and product or service names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
HID Global
Jeremy Hyatt
Director, Global Public Relations


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Related quotes
"My impression is that the market is correctly anticipating that the Fed is close to being finished with its tightening campaign. The Fed may have one or two [rate hikes] left, but the punch line for investors is that the Fed is done."
"Sometimes it is wiser to be kind than to be right, but there are times when being right becomes not just a necessity, but a duty."
"Corrections officers deal with the same killers, rapists and thugs the street cops do. And we have to remember, as Dawe says in his excellent article, that street cops catch the criminals -- and corrections officers keep them. I think it's time we give these officers the recognition and credit due."


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Join FREE | Login
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Eggnog and rum extract add subtle flavor to always-pleasing cheesecake, while raspberry sauce provides pretty color.
©2014 General Mills, Inc. All Rights Reserved. This information will only be used to send an email to your friend(s) and will not be saved. Please read our Privacy Policy.
Use a food processor to crush the shortbread cookies, or place them in a sturdy plastic food-storage bag and crush with a rolling pin.
Be sure to save a few fresh raspberries so you can garnish each serving plate.
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Molten Mocha Cakes
Chocolate-Cherry Cheesecake
Chocolate-Caramel Crumb Cupcakes
Top-Your-Own Cheesecake
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milk punch recipes
Barbecue Apple Milk Punch
After straining, this punch should be as clear as a glass of Chardonnay.
Winter Milk Punch
This recipe deviates from a classic milk punch, leaving some of the milk solids in, lending a heavier, silkier feel.
Crystal Clear Milk Punch
Since you're already taking a couple of days to make punch, might as well make fancy ice. Try freezing water in balloons. Run the frozen ovals under cold water until they just fit inside your glasses.
Brandy Milk Punch
Like eggnog? This punch's for you.
Seasonal Milk Punch
Ruby port gives this milk punch a bright pink hue.
Warm Milk Punch
The lemony sugar syrup that results from muddling citrus zest and sugar is called an oleo saccharum, literally, "oily sugar."


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NHL® Centre Ice™
Catch all the NHL action down the stretch
Reserve your seats now with our NHL® Centre Ice™ Half-Season Package
The puck drops every night on NHL® Centre Ice™ from Northwestel, and now every game counts. Be rink-side for up to 500 regular season games, with up to 37 out-of-market games every week.
Follow your favourite team wherever they are playing. For four easy installments of $32.49 or a one-time payment of $129.95, you can experience all the drama of the race to the playoffs. Regional black out restrictions apply; click here to learn more
Get over three months of bone-crunching hits, spectacular
saves and highlight-reel goals delivered to your home
by calling 1 855 673-1121 today.
|Start Date
|End Date
|Full Price
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|January 2, 2015
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|4 payments of $32.49
* Offer expires March 31, 2015. Available to Northwestel Digital TV customers. Subscription to NHL Centre Ice will be billed in 4 equal instalments of $37.50 or a one time payment of $149.95, all fees included, taxes are extra. There are no refunds once the season has started. Other conditions apply. Blackouts and other restrictions apply. NHL and the NHL Shield are registered trademarks and Centre Ice name and logo and The Game Lives Where You Do are trademarks of the National Hockey League. NHL and NHL team marks are the property of the NHL and Its teams. ® NHL 2015. All Rights Reserved.


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David Black murder: Two men released in shooting inquiry
- 22 November 2012
- From the section Northern Ireland
Two men who were arrested by police investigating the murder of Northern Ireland prison officer David Black have been released unconditionally.
The men, aged 34 and 42, were arrested in Coalisland, County Tyrone on Wednesday morning.
Mr Black was shot as he drove to work on the M1 in County Armagh on 1 November.
A new dissident republican paramilitary group calling itself the IRA admitted carrying out the killing.


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Get more use out of your baby's crib by using these bed rails by Westwood to convert it to a platform bed. Once your child is big enough to climb out of the crib, it is time to think about transitioning it to a big kid bed. These rails make that transition quick and easy, and your child gets the security of sleeping in a bed he or she is already familiar with.
Features: Converts to a Full Sized Bed
Compatible With: Standard Size Cribs
Safety and Security Features: Lead-free, Non-toxic Lacquer
Certifications: JPMA Certified, Meets CPSC Standards, Meets ASTM Standards
Care and Cleaning: Wipe Clean with a Damp Cloth
Manufacturer's Suggested Age: 2 years and Up
Material: Wood
Frame Material: Wood Composite
Wood Finish: Walnut
Finish: Lacquered
Battery no battery used
Assembly Details: assembly required, tools provided
other Info.
Warranty Information
To obtain a copy of the manufacturer's warranty for this item, please call Target Guest Services at 1-800-591-3869.
- Online Item #: 14004104
- Store Item Number (DPCI): 030-08-0027
- Imported


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OC3D Reviews ›› Storage
OCZ Trifecta Secure Digital Memory
Storage | 7th October 2007
Today I take a look at the multi-function Trifecta SD card. With their expertise involved in making memory products, let's see what new features they've packed into this tiny slice of technology.
Kingston 266X 4GB Compact Flash Card
Storage | 28th August 2007
Kingston are one of the major brands when we talk about memory and flash memory. We take one of their 4GB Compact Flash careds for a spin and pit it against one of the fastest cards on the market. See how it does...
Icy Box IB-MP301 HDD Media Player
Storage | 12th July 2007
Looking for easy access to your MP3, video and image collections via your TV without the need for an expensive HTPC setup? Maybe Icy Box have the answer with their HDD Media Player.
OC3D Articles ›› Storage
Micron and Intel Unveil New 3D NAND
Mark Campbell | 27th March 2015
Micron and Intel Unveil New 3D NAND Flash Memory, the world's highest-density flash memory. The world of SSDs is soon going to get very interesting.
SanDisk Announces 48-Layer 3D NAND
Mark Campbell | 26th March 2015
Sandisk have just announced they they have developed their own version of Samsung's 3D NAND.
SSD-Z is in development!
Mark Campbell | 19th March 2015
Danish developer Anders Jakobsen has is developing SSD-Z. A free tool like CPU-Z and GPU-Z that provides information about the SSD(s) used in a system.
Toshiba Announces New 6 TB Hard Drives
Mark Campbell | 17th March 2015
Toshiba Announces New 6 TB Internal and External Hard Drives.
Pioneer DVR-112 DVD-RW Drive
Storage | 10th May 2007
Today I'll be looking at a top of the line DVD-RW drive from Pioneer. The DVR-112. Take a look inside to see how it fairs.
Preview - Blu Ray Burner Pioneer BDR 101A
Storage | 18th January 2007
We take a quick look at an early Blu Ray Burner from Pioneer. Capable of impressive capacities, is Blu Ray the storage media we've all been waiting for?
OCZ SD Dual 80X 2GB
Storage | 15th January 2007
OCZ has recently started delving into a few new areas of the technology market as we've seen here on OC3D with their new lines of flash drives. Today I will be looking at another mobile storage solution from them, the OCZ SD Dual 80X 2GB.
OCZ Roadster 1GB Flash Drive
Storage | 30th December 2006
OCZ is a name synonymous with innovative memory products. Today we take a look at one of their new flash memory sticks, the compact Roadster
OCZ Rally2 2GB USB2 Flash Drive
Storage | 20th December 2006
The sales of flash memory products are on a steep increase with many people realising how handy having all their data on the go can be. Today I'll be looking at OCZ's "Rally2" flash drive to see if it can compete in an already flooded market.
Intel Shows off a NVMe PCI-e SSD
Mark Campbell | 9th March 2015
Intel has Shown off their NVMe PCI-E SSD at PAX East. Intel say it pushed beyond 4x the speed of a Standard SATA 3 SSD.
SanDisk Unveils the World's Highest Capacity microSD Card
Mark Campbell | 2nd March 2015
SanDisk today introduced the 200GB SanDisk Ultra microSDXC UHS-I card, Premium Edition, the world's highest capacity microSD card for use in mobile devices.
4K Blu-ray Standard Has Been Finalized
Mark Campbell | 17th February 2015
4K Blu-Ray is coming, as the Blu_Ray Disk association has finalized the Ultra HD Blu-Ray standard. The spec will include 100GB Blu-Ray disks and many other improvements.
MSI First to Support NVMe SSDs on all X99/Z97/H97 Motherboards
Mark Campbell | 27th January 2015
MSI are the first to support NVMe Storage on all their X99/Z97/H97 Motherboards.
Mushkin Reveal STRIKER Series of SSDs
Mark Campbell | 8th January 2015
Mushkin have announced their new Striker Series of SSDs with reads and writes of 565 and 550MB/s. can't really ask for more from a SATA drive.
Samsung 850 EVO mSATA and 850 EVO M.2
Mark Campbell | 8th January 2015
Samsung 850 EVO mSATA and 850 EVO M.2 SSDs have been spotted. I wonder if it will run any faster through M.2.


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The Building Performance Institute, Inc. (BPI) recently introduced www.bpi.org for consumers, a new interactive website designed to educate ...
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The Passive House Institute US (PHIUS) recently announced that Executive Director Katrin Klingenberg will formally launch the new PHIUS+ 2015 passive ...