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News and Events
2014-2015 Research Theme:
"Medieval and Renaissance Globalisms"
In concert with the Pittsburgh Consortium for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, a set of talks and reading groups this year will focus on the theme of "Medieval and Renaissance Globalisms." We will examine how today's globalization is part of a long and complex historical process that has roots in the cross-cultural interactions of the medieval and early modern periods. We invite students and faculty from area universities to join us as we explore topics such as the overlapping constructions of race and sexuality during Europe's early overseas expansion; mutually transformative encounters among Christianity, Judaism, and Islam; the circulation of material objects in increasingly global markets; and textual, visual, and dramatic representations of cultural others.
Upcoming Events
Monday, March 2, 2015, 4 pm-6 pm, 501 CL
Dorothy Kim (Vassar College)
"The Music Libel Against the Jews & the Medieval Miracle of the Virgin"
Cathedral of Learning Room 501
Can sound mark embodied religious/racial difference in the Middle Ages? Against the backdrop of the rise and creation of Christian polyphony in the twelfth and thirteenth century in Paris, this talk will conisider how the sonic soundsacpe of Jewish heterophony reframes the entangled relations between Jews and Christians in the Middle Aages.
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Co-sponsors: English, Music, Religious Studies, Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Digital Humanities Research Exchange, and the Honors College.
Monday, March 23, 2015, at 4:30 pm
Lauren Benton (NYU)
"Before International Law: Protection and Early Modern Global Legalities"
255b Baker Hall, on the campus of Carnegie Mellon University
Before "international law" existed as a field -- or even as a term -- cross-polity and cross-cultural relations of the early modern world were organized around several broad rubrics of law. Protection was one such rubric. References to protection pervaded early modern treaties and featured prominently in less formal agreements about alliances. Protection also conjured up a duty owed by a sovereign to his subjects. In this lecture, I consider the way protection functioned in both registers
in the early modern world, drawing on examples from Atlantic and Indian Ocean encounters between imperial agents and a variety of local polities. I also suggest that ideas and practices of protection shifted in ways that matter to understandings of world history and the history of international law.
Lauren Benton is Silver Professor of History at New York University. She researches and writes about the comparative history of empires, with special emphasis on the history of law. Her publications include works on imperial sovereignty, legal pluralism in empires, maritime law, and the history of international law. Benton's main region of focus is the Atlantic world, but she also studies the global reach of European empires and has examined case studies from South Asia, Latin America, Africa, North America, and Australia. Benton is currently working on a history of imperial law and international order in the early nineteenth century, and she is developing a new project on imperial violence and the international law of war. Among many other books and articles, Benton is the author of A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400-1900 (Cambridge, 2010).
Sponsored by the Pittsburgh Consortium for Medieval and Renaissance Studies
Thursday, April 9, 2015, at 12:30 pm
Shirin Khanmohamadi (San Francisco State)
"Translating Empire in the Chansons de Geste"
Humanities Center, Cathedral of Learning Room 602
The twelfth century French of Italy text the Chanson d'Aspremont tells the pre-history of the transfer of Durendal, Roland's sword of Song of Roland fame, from Muslim royal hands to Roland on the bitter mountain passes, "the aspremont," of Calabria. Against the prevailing synchronic reading of the chansons de geste as the locus of civilizational confrontation between Frank and Saracen, in this talk I propose that we view such transfers of war objects in Aspremont and other chansons de geste as evidence of diachronic and historical thinking in these popular works, namely as popular expressions of the translation of Arab imperium to Franks. Placing my reading alongside historiographical explanations for the continuing 'imperium' of contemporary Arabs and Turks in high medieval universal chronicles, I argue that such literary and historical evidence urges our rethinking of how medieval writers understood translatio imperii, the Saracens, and their relationship.
Shirin A. Khanmohamadi is an Associate Professor in the Comparative and World Literature department at San Francisco State University, where she specializes in comparative medieval European literature, premodern travel and ethnographic writing, literary and cultural contact between the medieval European and Islamic worlds, and medievalism in contemporary theory and literature. Her articles have appeared in New Medieval Literatures, Exemplaria, and Arthuriana. Her study of premodern ethnographic poetics, In Light of Another´s Word: European Ethnography in the Middle Ages, was recently published in The University of Pennsylvania Press' Middle Ages Series (2014). Her current research is on the way in which Arabs and Arabic culture figure in articulations of translatio imperii and studii in a number of medieval genres, including historiography and romance but especially the chansons de geste.
Co-sponsored by the Humanities Center and the European Union Center of Excellence/European Studies Center


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China Finally Admits It Has an Army of Hackers for Cyberwar
China is finally admitting what we've known for years: Yes, it has cyber warfare units, and plenty of them. »
China is finally admitting what we've known for years: Yes, it has cyber warfare units, and plenty of them. » 3/18/15 6:10pm 3/18/15 6:10pm
Warfare is a constantly changing landscape, from the weapons that are used to the battlefields they're fought on. Amidst mountains of Snowden leaks from the NSA and GCHQ, it's no longer a mystery that the digital warfare is advancing quickly, and the British Army just upped its digital artillery. » 2/01/15 11:18am 2/01/15 11:18am
The holidays are a time for eggnog and presents and bizarre credulous rituals involving an old elf-man and his pack of flying caribou. It's also a time to cuddle up by the hearth and begrudgingly explain the latest technology news to your relatives. This week's edition: The Sony hack. » 12/22/14 2:37pm 12/22/14 2:37pm
In an undisclosed location in New Jersey, there's a tiny little town that's used as a training grounds to prepare the military for cyber warfare. No, tinier than that. Think more like model train sized. It's called CyberCity, and WNYC's New Tech City recently paid a visit. » 12/17/14 10:23am 12/17/14 10:23am
According to Bloomberg, the source of the huge Sony Pictures leak has been traced to a five-star hotel in Thailand's capital. Leaching off of the St. Regis hotel's high-speed wi-fi, the hackers, currently believed the work of the North Korea-linked group DarkSeoul, carried out their devastating and embarrassing… » 12/07/14 1:59pm 12/07/14 1:59pm
Simply put, cyberwarfare is the use of hacking to conduct attacks on a target's strategic or tactical resources for the purposes of espionage or sabotage. » 9/29/14 1:36pm 9/29/14 1:36pm
It's been over three years since the discovery of the Stuxnet worm, but new revelations continue to trickle out from the cybersecurity community. Actually, this latest one is more of a torrent than a trickle: Turns out Stuxnet had an evil secret twin. » 11/20/13 10:41am 11/20/13 10:41am
Hackers managed to infiltrate and shut down an enormous tunnel system in Israel last month, causing massive traffic jams for eight hours, according to the AP. Though their sources indicate that the attack didn't come from a state actor, this first strike opens up a whole new world of cyber warfare. » 10/28/13 10:20am 10/28/13 10:20am
The Washington Post has some more documents that reveal the offensive cyber-operations of US spy agencies. The cyber campaign is even broader and more aggressive than we first thought and uses movie-appropriate code names like GENIE, TAO, TURBINE and The ROC. Apparently, US spy agencies launched 231 offensive… » 8/30/13 10:51pm 8/30/13 10:51pm
According to a report obtained by The Verge, analysts from Florida-based Internet security firm Cymru have uncovered a massive foreign hacking enterprise that has somehow managed to steal more than a terabyte of data per day. Confirmed international targets include military and academic facilities in addition to a… » 2/27/13 12:17pm 2/27/13 12:17pm
Earlier this week, a sophisticated, capable, and seemingly freelance cyber-spying operation called Red October burst onto the scene. Well, it's probably been around for years, but we all only just found out about it. Now, it's already disappearing. After having the light shined on it, it's darting back into the… » 1/19/13 11:00am 1/19/13 11:00am
There are plenty of cyberweapons floating around out there, like Stuxnet, Flame, and that whole gang. Now, Kaspersky has turned up a cyber-espoinage operation its dubbed "Red October," and it's up there in the big leagues. But unlike its cohorts, it doesn't look state-sponsored. This is a freelance job, and it's… » 1/14/13 1:20pm 1/14/13 1:20pm
Obama has signed a highly secret directive which will allow the military to act more aggressively when it comes to stopping cyber attacks striking the US. » 11/15/12 3:49am 11/15/12 3:49am
In June of 2010, a security firm in Belarus called VirusBlokAda reported the first known citing of what we know now as Stuxnet. It was, simply put, the most advanced malware of all time. Its target? Iran. Its origin? Unknown. Until now. » 6/01/12 9:01am 6/01/12 9:01am
Now that we're both out of Iraq and money, the US government has to make some very important decision about how it'll kill its enemies in the future. Obama and his generals have weighed in: cheap war is getting techier. » 1/05/12 7:20pm 1/05/12 7:20pm
When we think "cyber attacks," we usually think of something along the lines of LulzSec or Russian botnets—mostly disruptive, and only destructive in the abstract. But General Keith Alexander, head of US Cyber Command, says IRL mayhem's coming. » 9/14/11 9:53am 9/14/11 9:53am
In a direct contradiction to China's official line about their never attack nations or groups online, Chinese state television CCTV briefly displayed footage showing their military students training for cyberattacks. Just enough to get then in trouble. Oops! » 8/24/11 5:40pm 8/24/11 5:40pm
If it wasn't true before, it's definitely true now. Hacking isn't just for giggles, it's a major threat to international security. » 8/03/11 12:31am 8/03/11 12:31am
The US Department of Defense just revealed that they lost 24,000 files to "foreign intruders" in March. Though they wouldn't specify on details, they acknowledged it was "one of the most damaging cyberattacks to date on the US military". » 7/14/11 3:53pm 7/14/11 3:53pm
The US military is not only prepared to retaliate when the country faces a cyber-attack, it has an approved list of cyber weapons ready to deploy when hackers come knocking on the door. » 6/02/11 1:46am 6/02/11 1:46am

subset: commoncrawl


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Properties in Llanbradach, Caerphilly, Wales between £110,000 and £120,000
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£120,000 Sold STC 3 Bedrooms Wingfield Crescent, Llanbradach, Caerphilly
Ideal first time family home! A beautifully presented traditional terraced property that is modernly decorated throughout. Lovely bathroom and kitchen, spacious lounge/dining room, three bedrooms, garden with parking. neutral decor, painted walls and ceil
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A Professor's Wife
"A baby changes everything"
Posts filtered on Category
Why I haven't stopped watching The Bachelorette
In the past ten years, it's gone from an ultra popular reality TV pick to a woman's borderline secret guilty pleasure – and something that, when I enthusiastically Facebook or Tweet about, almost always receive a negative comment in return. During the past few seasons, more and more have turned from ABC's The Bachelorette to […] [Read More]
Winner Prediction and more DWTS Cast Randoms
I skipped out on the DWTS All-Star Season this past fall, but why? Been there, done that. I like fresh meat. So every season that a brand new cast is announced, I anxiously await the news and then do the following: I predict the winner. This coming season, which begins on Monday, March 18th, features […] [Read More]
5 Reasons I want to hang at Daryl's House
I've watched Saturday Night Live for a long time, and typically turn the show off as soon as the cast and musical guests gather on the main stage at the end. That is, if I can make it all the way to the end – I often snooze away as soon as Weekend Update is […] [Read More]
Grammy Thoughts
Completely random, typed last night, and saved as a draft because apparently I can't tell the difference between the "Publish" and "Save Draft" buttons in WordPress: Let me kick things off on the negative and get it out of the way: I am more than over Taylor Swift. Really, I think she's a whiny, complainy, […] [Read More]
My friend talks lovemaking on Rachel Ray
A couple weeks ago, a friend of mine from Virginia sent a very surprising private Facebook message that read somewhere along the lines of, "my husband and I are going to be on Rachel Ray to talk about how to keep your love and sex life great when everything else in life gets in the […] [Read More]
Not into Football? Super Bowl alternatives on 2/3
I'll be tuned in to Super Bowl coverage the majority of the day, but will be taking a break for Animal Planet's Puppy Bowl at 3pm. I may even sneak in a few minutes of AP's cute cat and puppy programming throughout the day, depending on how bored I get with Boomer and the guys. […] [Read More]
I never really thought of West Virginia as "The South" until…
I guess I really am Southern. Wow. (Thanks to J. Pyle for sharing this.) [Read More]
Miss New York wins by answering the question
I had beauty pageants on the brain this weekend. Many of my friends and family attended the annual "West Virginia Association of Fairs and Festivals" three-day pageant; a lot of the action was shared on Facebook. The updates continuously reminded me that Miss America would be airing Saturday night. I tuned in. Actually, I tune […] [Read More]
Friday randoms, television style
MTV's Buckwild. I have no words. Except, I just sat and hoped and prayed throughout last night's series premiere that they wouldn't mention Marshall University, because that would be mortifying. Oddly, I couldn't stop watching and I'm on the fence about tuning in next Thursday evening. I have to admit… a couple of the cast […] [Read More]
Before you go Buckwild…
Surprise – reality shows on MTV aren't real! So sorry to ruin your day. Seriously though, most of us still tune in on occasion because real or not, it's sort of entertaining to watch others' trainwreck lives. Of course, I'm not terribly excited to watch the latest trainwreck - MTV moved into my old neck […] [Read More]
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A proposal analyst carries out tests to determine costs, risks, and benefits for proposed contracts, as well as calculations to determine pricing for various products. These analysts must make sure the proposals adhere to all laws, regulations, and company policies.Read More...
Creating reports is an important skill, as the results are often presented to higher management. The reports must document all sources that were used in the analyses, and multiple verifications of the analyses should be carried out. This position requires a dedicated, organized individual, and public speaking skills will also come in handy, as presentations may need to be made based on reports. Marketing may be part of the job, as well.
The proposal analyst will distribute requests for proposals and make sure these requests have been received by vendors. When proposals from outside parties are received, this analyst will carry out the required analyses; strong communication skills and confidence are required to work with outside parties.
Those in this position must be familiar with their company's products in order to answer any questions and carry out the job's multiple duties. Generally, a bachelor's degree is necessary and experience in a similar position may also be required. This is usually an office job, though some travel may be required in order to meet with outside parties.
Professional skills reported by Proposal Analysts are few in number. Most notably, skills in Microsoft Office, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Proposal Writing are correlated to pay that is above average. Skills that seem to negatively impact pay include Proposal Writing. Those educated in Microsoft Office tend to be well versed in Microsoft Excel.
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60 %
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|None: 7%


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World news about "Russia" published by euronews.
Russia: Nemtsov memorial 'removed'
In Moscow, an impromptu memorial to murdered activist Boris Nemtsov has reportedly been removed. According to reports, a group of men could be seen taking away flowers, pictures and candles left in memory of the opposition leader. Nemtsov was gunned down in the Russian capital…
Long mission begins for astronaut and two cosmonauts on ISS
It is the start of a long mission in space for a US astronaut and two…
Ukraine's oligarchs clash, president wrests control of business interests from governor
Ukraine's President Petro Poroshenko has accepted the resignation of…
Ukraine says it will stop buying Russian gas as of next month
Ukraine has announced that it intends temporarily to stop buying gas…
Russian foreign currency mortgage holders cry foul over soaring rates
The collapse of Russia's rouble has triggered protests by people…
Both sides in Ukraine conflict accuse each other of breaking truce
Both sides in the Ukraine conflict have accused each other of violating…
World Cup skiing showdown sees Fenninger, Hirscher win big
In this edition of Gravity we go to the French ski resort of Méribel as…
Ukraine peace deal: Moscow calls for pressure on Kiev
Moscow says France and Germany should put pressure on Kiev to make sure…
Judo titles tumble at Tiblisi's Grand Prix tournament
She won the Grand Slam event in Tokyo, now Slovenia's Tina Tristenjak…
Russian Navy vessels test fire-power amid nationwide drills
More than 30 Russian Navy vessels have been taking part in drills in…
Why has the EU backed plans for an energy union?
European chiefs have this week backed plans for an energy union - a single market for power and gas based on improving connections between…
Putin in Kazakhstan for talks
Russian president Vladimir Putin has met with the president of Belarus, Alexander Lukashenko, and the president of Kazakhstan, Nursultan…
- 20/03 - EU leaders agree to keep sanctions against Russia
- 19/03 - General Motors among car makers to spurn Russia
- 19/03 - GRAVITY - Russia celebrates Crimea takeover – nocomment
- 19/03 - Russia holds day-long celebrations on Crimea annexation anniversary
- 18/03 - Putin: Russia regained 'historic roots' with Crimea annexation
- 17/03 - Ukraine and Russian diplomats 'bandy words' in a bad tempered…
- 17/03 - NEWS + - Crimea's Tatars yearn for homeland one year after Russian annexation
- 16/03 - BRUSSELS BUREAU - NATO holds naval exercises in the Black Sea
- 16/03 - Frenchman tries to smuggle Russian wife into EU in suitcase
- 16/03 - Poroshenko: EU should threaten Russia with more sanctions over Ukraine
- 16/03 - Rigin outclasses Massialas in Cuba
- 16/03 - Putin is back! Russia leader reappears, laughing off rumours about long…
- 16/03 - Moscow flames at Novodevichy Convent spark false rumours of Kremlin fire
- 16/03 - Putin says he was ready to put Russian troops on nuclear alert over Crimea
- 15/03 - Russian writer Valentin Rasputin dies
- 14/03 - People of Mariupol make chain of hope and call for peace
- 13/03 - Deadline looms for Kyiv's decision for special status regions in…
- 13/03 - Crimea economy one year on after Russian annexation
- 13/03 - Russia cuts interest rates
- 13/03 - Putin is not ill. He's at his country residence, says Russian TV
- 13/03 - REPORTER - Shelling or shelter: the impossible choice facing battle-weary Ukrainians
- 13/03 - Russia: Kremlin dismisses rumours over Putin's health
- 12/03 - Confusion over Hungary's nuclear deal with Russia
- 12/03 - Russia: Five dead and up to 25 missing in shopping centre blaze
- 11/03 - BRUSSELS BUREAU - MEPs urge Russia to start 'independent' probe of Nemtsov murder
- 11/03 - NATO boosting tangible support for members fearful of Russia
- 11/03 - NATO reinforces Baltic presence as tensions rise with Russia
- 10/03 - Ukraine: 'Dogs ate bodies' as locals struggled to bury the…
- 10/03 - Moscow 'completely' ends actions under CFE arms treaty
- 10/03 - Ukraine: Poroshenko confirms 'significant' heavy weapon…
- 10/03 - Obama urges robust monitoring of Ukraine ceasefire
- 09/03 - Russia's recession sees profits slide for European luxury goods and…
- 09/03 - Annexation of Crimea: One year on
- 09/03 - Putin's secret plan to seize Crimea
- 08/03 - Five suspects in Moscow court in connection with Nemtsov murder
- 08/03 - Two new suspects detained over Nemtsov murder
- 07/03 - Russia arrests two suspects in Nemtsov murder inquiry
- 06/03 - Ukraine: Number of OSCE ceasefire monitors to double to 1,000
- 06/03 - Edward Snowden makes Switzerland asylum appeal
- 06/03 - Russian banks run by Putin's friends suffer asset freeze in the US
- 06/03 - Russian opposition figure Alexei Navalny leaves prison
- 06/03 - REPORTER - Concerns over Ukraine in Estonia's Russian speaking community
- 06/03 - REPORTER - "We are concerned about hostile information operations"…
- 06/03 - REPORTER - Vyacheslav Konovalov, International adviser, Narva City Office
- 05/03 - THE NETWORK - Killing in the Kremlin's shadow who or what is behind…
- 05/03 - Ukraine crisis tops agenda in Renzi's first official visit to Moscow
- 05/03 - Kasparov warns US Senate Russia has plans to expand
- 04/03 - Governor of oil-rich Russian region held in corruption probe
- 04/03 - France court upholds extradition of Kazakh oligarch Mukhtar Ablyazov
- 04/03 - Moscow court rejects Ukraine ex-pilot Nadiya Savchenko's appeal
- 04/03 - BRUSSELS BUREAU - EU will hit Russia with tougher sanctions if Ukraine truce fails, Merkel…
- 03/03 - Moscow funeral: "The shots were fired not only at Nemtsov but at…
- 03/03 - Thousands in Moscow attend funeral of Boris Nemtsov
- 03/03 - Thousands in Moscow pay respects to Boris Nemtsov
- 03/03 - Anna Duritskaya, only known witness to Nemtsov's murder, flies to…
- 03/03 - Nemtsov funeral: Crowds gather to pay tribute, but Navalny not allowed to…
- 03/03 - Moscow funeral for murdered opposition leader Boris Nemtsov
- 03/03 - Gas row between Russia and Ukraine averted – at least for now
- 02/03 - NEWS + - Interview: The consequences of Boris Nemtsov's murder
- 02/03 - Nemtsov's companion held 'against her will' by…
- 02/03 - Boris Nemtsov, 1959-2015: A political journey
- 02/03 - Boris Nemtsov murder: Tens of thousands march in Moscow
- 02/03 - Russia: floral tributes pile up at Nemtsov murder scene
- 01/03 - Moscow offers reward for information about Nemtsov killer
- 01/03 - Memorial march: "My hope for Russia has died with the death of Boris…
- 01/03 - Tens of thousands march in Moscow in memory of Boris Nemtsov
- 01/03 - Estonia votes in election amid concerns over Russia
- 01/03 - NEWS + - Thousands join Moscow march to pay tribute to murdered politician Boris…
- 01/03 - Russian opposition to march to spot where Nemtsov was shot dead
- 01/03 - Thousands pay tribute to murdered Russian opposition politician
- 28/02 - Friend and fellow opposition figure reacts to murder of Boris Nemtsov


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Celebrity Central / Top 25 Celebs
Jennifer Lopez
Credit: Jeff Vespa/WireImage
Published: Sunday February 10, 2013 23:00 PM EST
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Latest News!
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text: OverviewBack to top of page i Play - Green Sprouts Feeding Spoons Stage 2-3 - 2 Pack Code#:81816 Manufacturer:i Play Size/Form:2 Pack Packaged Ship Weight:0.05 i Play Green Sprouts Two Feeding Spoonsi Play Green Sprouts Two Feeding Spoons are PVC and BPA free! At green sprouts they know you want the best for your baby. That's why they make the natural, healthy and safe products for your little one. Safe for Baby!:PVC (polyvinyl chloride) freeLead freePhthalate freeBPA (bisphenol-A) freeWhat is PVC and BPAPVC (polyvinyl chloride) is a rigid plastic that requires toxic chemicals to make it stable and soft for use in many baby items.BPA (bisphenol-A) is used in hard, clear plastics like those used in baby bottles to increase durability.


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The City of Hamilton remains hopeful that a negotiated settlement can be reached at the bargaining table with the Amalgamated Transit Union (ATU) Local 107 which represents HSR bus operators, mechanics and other transit workers. The Disabled and Aged Regional Transportation System (DARTS), the accessible transit service provider for the City, is not part of ATU.
The two parties have been bargaining for several months and have two dates scheduled for this week. Updates will be provided as negotiations continue.
We'd love to hear from you: e-mail us at email@example.com or Contact Us.
HSR and Google Maps partner to provide a great way for you to plan your trip!
Presto smart card fare system now available on all HSR buses!
Metrolinx - Creating an integrated plan for the Greater Toronto and Hamilton area.
Note: Effective Thursday, February 12, 2015, the HSR Customer Service Centre (formerly the HSR Ticket Office) will have the City's Corporate Hours of 8:30 am – 4:30 pm.Current Bus Schedules and Trip Planner Current bus schedules, bus stop locations, maps for each route, and a trip planner.
Upcoming Bus Schedules Upcoming bus schedules are posted just before seasonal schedule changes, allowing you to review changes.
ATS - Accessible Transportation Services Specialized transportation within Hamilton.
Trans-Cab In addition to regular service, the HSR offers a shared-ride taxi service where riders pay a small premium to receive extended service to portions of Glanbrook and Stoney Creek.
Shuttles Need to get to that certain special event or go see a Ticat game? Have a look to see what shuttles are currently being offered.
HSR School Extras Special routes to accommodate students and to minimize overcrowding on regular transit services.
Ride Guide Have questions about our services? Everything you need to know is answered from transfers, to boarding, to using Bus Check.
Fares & Conditions Find information about fares, monthly passes and fare integration with regional transit services including Burlington and GO Transit.
Bus News Your one stop quarterly newsletter where you can find out about service changes, events, important phone numbers and more.
HSR System Map A map showing all of bus routes within the HSR service area.
News & Detours Watch for service detours and other important news that may affect your commute.
Major Transit Projects Have a look at current or upcoming projects that we're working on to improve transit in Hamilton.
Copyright © 2013 hamilton.ca - Hamilton, Ontario, Canada


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With tapered Arts-and-Crafts-style columns and durable decking, the front porch provides the perfect perch to relax and enjoy the country landscape.
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Positioned approximately 10 feet from the front porch staircase, pillars constructed by the Desperate Landscapes crew are faced with ledgestone and capped with bluestone. Copper and frosted-glass light fixtures brighten the walkway during the evening hours.
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Tool expert Chris Grundy highlights the transformation from beginning to end.
Interior designer Alison Victoria surprises shoppers and creates fabulous new kitchens.
Licensed contractor Matt Muenster shares amazing bathroom design tips.


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An Aussie immigrant to Israel, Aussie Dave is founder and managing editor of Israellycool, one of the world's most popular pro-Israel blogs (and the one you are currently reading) He is a happy family man, and a lover of steak, Australian sports and girlie drinks
Latest posts by Aussie Dave (see all)
- Karma Can Be A B**** Even In Jerusalem - March 26, 2015
Ramallah Parties Like It's
19992000 - March 24, 2015
- Depeche Mood - March 24, 2015
- Watch: Reaction To Bibi's Apology To Arab Citizens For Election-Day Remarks - March 23, 2015
- Depeche Mode Now Highly Unlikely To Ever Boycott Israel - March 23, 2015
Today is the Jewish festival of Purim. You learn more about it here, or just listen to this most excellent poetry slam.
So grab your "noisemakers" folks!


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Yesterday we ran a very shortened simulation of our Cloud Solution Planning Workshop for some analyst and PR folks. One of the attendees was Scott Fulton of ReadWriteWeb, and he wrote up a blog with some lessons learned from the experience which you can find here. In case you're wondering what he took away from the experience, the five areas that Scott covers are:
1. Migrate with the right intentions
2. Separate your customer-facing services from your internal ones
3. Tether your internal and external services to one executive
4. Start with a shorter timeframe
5. Set your consultants free as soon as possible
Based on what I know about the workshop, these are absolutely correct. Again, you can find his full writeup here and more information on the real Cloud Solution Planning Workshop here.


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Explore Little Italy!
You will love historic Little Italy in San Diego's downtown area. The lovely 19th century buildings in this waterfront area are carefully restored. As you stroll down India Street, you'll appreciate the patio cafes, pubs, art galleries, and shops that fill the quaint neighborhood. You'll discover wonderful (Continue reading)
Visit Colorful Hillcrest
San Diego's Hillcrest community is a fabulous combo of vintage clothing shops, hip sidewalk cafes, edgy art galleries, and distinctive live theater. It's a fun place, a lively place, a place where you can get into a spirited conversation with locals about beat poets from the '50s then move onto an in-depth (Continue reading)
San Diego Jeweler's Exchange
All your jewelry needs in one location! The landmark San Diego Jewelry Exchange, located in Downtown San Diego, has eight floors with over 75 different jewelry vendors. You'll see the most amazing variety of jewelry, loose gems, precious metals, watches, and accessories you can imagine. The San Diego Jewelry (Continue reading)
San Diego Souvenirs
If you want something that will make your friends (and strangers, too!) ask, "Hey, where did you get that?" then you'll want to make a stop at Del Sol in Seaport Village. Del Sol is a unique shop that carries all manner of color-changing clothing, accessories, jewelry, nail polish and more. The special (Continue reading)
Visit The Gaslamp Quarter
San Diego's Gaslamp Quarter has over 200 restaurants, shops, clubs, stores, museums, art galleries, music venues and theaters, all within 16 ½ blocks. Whether you're there during the day or at night, you will positively light up with excitement. One of the most fun places isSan Diego's most authentic Irish (Continue reading)
San Diego Embarcadero
When you take a stroll along the Embarcadero boardwalk that runs along Broadway on the east side of San Diego Bay, you'll wind past a beautiful waterfront park on Harbor Drive, the San Diego cruise ship terminal, the USS Midway museum ship at Navy Pier, the Star of India and seven other historic vessels (Continue reading)
Coronado Island
The distinctive San Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge rising up on the horizon tells you you're close to a special place—Coronado Island. There are sparkling beaches, elegant gardens, old-world mansions, and of course the world famous Hotel Del Coronado. Woven throughout this lovely setting is the feeling that every (Continue reading)
Antique Shopping
There is something truly satisfying and delightful about antique shopping. It is fun to picture the people who used the vintage silver ladle you're now holding or who hung their clothes in that beautiful armoire. In San Diego, you'll find a treasure trove of places to find lovely and valuable antiques. Try (Continue reading)
Shop Prospect Street
What are your prospects of finding the perfect item to take home with you that encapsulates your San Diego vacation experience? What are your prospects of coming upon cozy eatery with delicious fare? What are your prospects of strolling past beautiful historic buildings, all while enjoying peak views of the ocean (Continue reading)
Go Outlet Shopping!
Everyone loves a bargain! San Diego offers deal-seekers three first-class outlet centers where you'll find exactly what you're looking for. Carlsbad Premium Outlets The center features an impressive collection of 90 designers and leading brands including Banana Republic, Barneys New York, Calvin (Continue reading)


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FAU Press Releases
Listing of the most recent FAU Press Releases.
The Advisory Board of Florida Atlantic University's School of the Arts in the Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters will host a reception and performance with Elisabeth von Trapp, granddaughter of the legendary Maria and Baron von Trapp of "Sound of Music" fame, on Monday, April 20, from 6 to 8:30 p.m. The event will take place at the Eleanor R. Baldwin House, 555 NW 20th St., on FAU's Boca Raton campus.
The soon-to-be graduates of the Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine at Florida Atlantic University recently participated in a "rite of passage" at the institution's first "Match Day" to learn where they will be spending the next several years of medical training as residents.
BOCA RATON, Fla. (March 25, 2015) - Florida Atlantic University and Lynn University are teaming up to raise money and awareness for those who have been affected by cancer. The annual Relay for Life will begin at the FAU track on Friday, March 27 at 7 p.m., and end on Saturday, March 28 at 7 a.m. The relay is sponsored by the American Cancer Society, which says the event is an opportunity to "celebrate the lives of people who have battled cancer, remember loved ones lost, and fight back against the disease."
Two undergraduate students in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at Florida Atlantic University will take their place among distinguished innovators who will be presenting their unique concepts at the upcoming spring conference of TEDx Boca Raton -- a program designed with the mission "ideas worth spreading."
The Department of Theatre and Dance in Florida Atlantic University's Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters presents "The Last Night of Ballyhoo," a play by Alfred Uhry. The play runs from Friday, April 10 through Sunday, April 19 in the Studio One Theatre, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton campus.
Florida Atlantic University's Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing recently held a special donor appreciation event in the College's atrium at FAU's Boca Raton campus.
A state-of-the-art electron microscope housed at the Max Planck Florida Institute of Neuroscience in Jupiter is found in only a handful of places in North America and provides Brandon Lloyd, a Ph.D. student at Florida Atlantic University, with a unique glimpse of the brain's wiring.
The Florida Board of Governors has appointed Michael T.B. Dennis, M.D. and reappointed Anthony Barbar '78 to the Florida Atlantic University Board of Trustees.
Florida Atlantic University will host its second annual Dance Marathon fundraiser on Saturday, March 21 from 11 a.m. to 12:15 a.m. in FAU's Recreation and Fitness Center, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton campus. The event, known as OWLTHON, raises money and awareness for the Children's Miracle Network (CMN). All of the money raised will go directly to UF Health Shands Children's Hospital in Gainesville.
BOCA RATON, Fla. (March 17, 2015) ? Florida Atlantic University will host "Lincoln: The Constitution and the Civil War," a traveling exhibition from the National Constitution Center, from Friday, March 20 through Thursday, April 30 at the Wimberly Library, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton campus.
Florida Atlantic University's Peace Studies Program in the Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters and Peaceful Mind Peaceful Life host James Finley with the conference "A Path to Inner Peace: Freeing the Mind and Heart through Spiritual Sobriety."
Florida Atlantic University's Department of Music in the Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters presents the concert "Memory and Memorial: Music of the Holocaust" on Thursday, April 2, 2015 at 7 p.m. in the University Theatre, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton campus.
Florida Atlantic University will present the lecture "Syrian Refugees: Politics, Policies, and Issues" on Tuesday, March 31, 2015 at 5 p.m. in the Arts and Letters Building, room 189, 777 Glades Road, FAU Boca Raton campus.
The University Galleries in the Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters at Florida Atlantic University will host a public artist's lecture by activist artist Jay Critchley on Tuesday, March 31, from 7 to 8 p.m. in the Performing Arts Building, room 101 (next to the Schmidt Center Gallery), 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton campus.
The University Club of the Florida Atlantic University Foundation, Inc. recently hosted "Casino Royale," a casino gala fundraiser event, with proceeds benefitting FAU student scholarships, academic programs, and the Louis and Anne Green Memory and Wellness Center.
On Friday, March 20 at 11:30 a.m., sealed envelopes will determine the fate of every member of the inaugural class of Florida Atlantic University's medical school as students find out where their next phase of training, residencies, will take place. FAU's Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine will host its first "Match Day" at 777 Glades Road, building 71 and the courtyard, Boca Raton campus.
FAU improved its standing in the State University System Florida Board of Governors' performance-based funding model by 13 points. The University boosted its score more than 50 percent from 24 points in 2014 to 37 points -- improving from its previous place as the second-to-last ranked institution in the prior year. Among Florida's 11 public universities, FAU tied for sixth place this year. Florida Polytechnic University is not included in the rankings.
One of Florida's leading public research universities and two of the world's premier research institutions will create one-of-a-kind education programs that will attract the best and brightest students to Palm Beach County, and transform Florida Atlantic University's John D. MacArthur Campus in Jupiter into a hub of scientific inquiry, innovation and economic development


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Originally written on NESN.com | Last updated 11/17/14
The Timberwolves might be trying to add AK47 to their arsenal. According to Yahoo! Sports' Adrian Wojnarowski, Minnesota is working to complete a three-team deal that would give them cap space to pursue free agent Andrei Kirilenko. Kirilenko is reportedly considering a return to the NBA, and would like to make his decision before the Olympics. The T-Wolves are reportedly helping facilitate a trade that would send Phoenix' Robin Lopez and Hakim Warrick to the New Orleans Hornets. Minnesota would reportedly send Wesley Johnson and a lottery-protected first-round pick to the Suns as part of the deal. Kirilenko returned to...
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Vladimir Putin
Poll: Republicans say Obama more of an 'imminent threat' than Putin
Thirty-four percent of Republicans see the president as an imminent threat.
The curse of Lee Kuan Yew
The leader eulogized by Obama as a 'giant of history' is being used to re-legitimize tyranny.
The fear of being gay in Russia
Putin's state has allowed violence against the Russian LGBT community to spike.
Carson trips up on NATO knowledge, Islamic history
The potential presidential candidate shows the limits of his knowledge about the world.
What if Putin disappeared for real?
The Russian president's absence points to Russia's looming succession crisis.
'You can't bomb it away'
The State Department's former No. 2 on Iran's nuclear program, Putin and past secretaries of state.
Obama pressed on many fronts to arm Ukraine
Now many lawmakers, including some influential Democrats, are pushing for arms.
Russian official: We can put nukes in Crimea
The development comes the country will withdraw from the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces.
How Putin Killed Nemtsov
Even if he didn't pull the trigger, the Russian leader invited the assassination.
The fascist in the Kremlin
How Putin is eliminating enemies at home while creating new allies abroad.
It's up to the United States to solve Boris Nemtsov's murder
I've dealt with the Russian justice system. Putin's "investigation" will go nowhere.
Kerry: No intelligence on Nemtsov murder
Some supporters pointed to Putin, who vowed to find Nemtsov's killers.
Russians march to mourn slain leader
The mourners marched to the bridge near the Kremlin where Nemtsov was gunned down.
The sad irony in Boris Nemtsov's murder
He never hid behind anyone's back.
What if Putin were nice?
In truth, there would be very little difference in Russia's anti-Western policies.
Carter warns Russia on nukes
He has quietly thrown down the gauntlet in a lingering dispute with Russia.
Bipartisan group of senators push Obama to help arm Ukraine
The alarm comes as a cease-fire that went into effect this week appears increasingly fragile.
What Putin's favorite guru tells us about his next target
Russia's Soviet-style leader is following the advice of the USSR's most famous dissident.
Putin Has Asperger's? Don't Flatter Him.
As the father of a child with Asperger's and a Russia expert, I can tell you the Pentagon report couldn't be more wrong.
The Russians killed my lawyer. This is how I got Congress to avenge him.
How one man convinced Washington to care about human rights in Putin's Russia.


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Last update: Wednesday 25 March 2015 [424 news items]
Chipbond, ChipMOS 2013 capex to stay flat
Jan 22, 19:58
LCD driver IC packaging and testing houses Chipbond Technology and ChipMOS Technologies will have their capex for 2013 stay unchanged at the prior year's level.
Unity Opto expects 1Q13 LED lighting packaging shipments to reach 200,000 units
Jan 9, 22:13
As LED lighting is expected to boom, firms have been looking into adopting automated production. Nan Ya Photonics, a Taiwan-based joint venture between LED chipmaker Epistar and the...
STATS ChipPAC raises 4Q12 revenue outlook
Jan 4, 14:49
STATS ChipPAC, a semiconductor test and packaging service provider, has revised upward its fourth-quarter revenue guidance to a 16-18% sequential increase from the 2-8% growth estimated...
ASE reportedly lands small-volume orders for Apple processors
Dec 27, 21:00
Taiwan-based Advanced Semiconductor Engineering (ASE), an IC packaging and testing services provider, reportedly has begun to fulfill small-volume orders for Apple's A-series proce...
Packaging material supplier Chang Wah looks to strong sales in 4Q12
Dec 18, 15:48
Packaging material supplier Chang Wah Electromaterials is expected to continue to post strong sales in the fourth quarter of 2012 thanks to brisk demand coming from the handset and...
iPhone 5 yield rates improving, say sources
Dec 5, 14:44
Yield rates for the production of iPhone 5 in the supply chain appear to have improved recently, as Apple has shortened the standby period for pre-sale orders in the US and Europe...
Digitimes Research: China LED packaging houses Refond, Jufei, Z-Light to continue capacity growth in 2013
Nov 27, 11:45
Refond Optoelectronics, Jufei Optoelectronics, and Z-Light Optoelectronics are medium-size LED packaging firms in China. These firms have relatively low capital compared to Nationstar...
Solder material maker Shenmao strengthening deployment in China
Nov 26, 22:10
Taiwan-based Shenmao Technology, which manufactures solder materials for IC packaging, plans to set up new plants in China in order to sustain future growth, according to the compa...
Taiwan IC backend production value to dip in 4Q12, says IEK
Nov 20, 13:45
The production value of Taiwan's IC packaging and testing industry sectors registered sequential growth of 2% and 2.3%, respectively, in the third quarter of 2012, according to data...
IC substrate makers develop coreless substrates for thin-profile mobile devices
Oct 26, 13:59
Major Taiwan-based IC substrate suppliers, including Nanya PCB (NPC) and Unimicron Technology, have developed coreless IC substrates for use in thin-profile mobile devices, and already...
Chipbond 4Q12 sales likely to drop 5%
Oct 18, 22:14
LCD-driver-IC packaging and testing house Chipbond Technology is expected to post a sales drop of about 5% sequentially in the fourth quarter of 2012, compared to the double-digit...
STATS ChipPAC cuts 3Q12 outlook
Sep 21, 01:25
STATS ChipPAC, a semiconductor test and packaging service provider, now expects its third-quarter sales to decrease 3-5% on quarter. The firm previously estimated flat sequential...
Chipbond 12-inch gold bumping lines to operate at full capacity in September
Sep 11, 16:33
LCD driver IC packaging and testing firm Chipbond Technology will see its 12-inch gold bumping lines operate at full capacity in September thanks to orders from Renesas Electronics,...
SPTS announces dry etch process technology for via reveal applications
Sep 6, 13:50
SPTS Technologies has announced its dry etch process technology for via reveal applications. Already established as the tool of record at major customer sites, the Pegasus Rapier...
Demand for copper wirebonding packaging to peak in 2014
Sep 6, 13:36
Demand for copper wirebonding packaging will remain strong over the next two years, with the packaging technology to account for 85% of the global wirebonding market in 2014, according...
Taiwan IC backend firms look to expand in Korea
Sep 4, 01:00
Recent moves by Advanced Semiconductor Engineering (ASE) and Ardentec suggest that Taiwan-based IC packaging and testing houses are looking to expand their presence in South Korea,...
Taiwan copper wirebonding production value to rise
Sep 3, 12:11
The production value of Taiwan's copper wirebonding segment is expected to rise along with demand over the next three years, according to sources at equipment suppliers.
Aug 24, 11:51
Tong Hsing Electronic Industries, which provides assembly and test services for niche ICs and produces ceramic substrates for the manufacture of LEDs, has budgeted more than NT$2...
Taiwan IC packaging materials market to see 5% shipment rise in 3Q12
Aug 24, 10:39
Taiwan's semiconductor packaging materials industry is expected to generate NT$23.78 billion (US$794 million) in production value in the third quarter of 2012, with shipments up 5%...
Chipbond 3Q12 sales driven by demand for small-size panel driver ICs
Aug 21, 01:15
Consolidated revenues at Chipbond Technology are set to increase 5-10% sequentially in the third quarter of 2012, driven by strong demand for its 12-inch bumping services used for...
Quanta aiming to move all notebook production lines to Chongqing by 2014
Aug 16, 01:25
Quanta Computer is aiming to move all its notebook production lines except those for Apple's products to Chongqing, China within two years and estimates that its notebook shipments...
Walton expects flat or slight growth in 3Q12 sales
Aug 10, 01:35
Walton Advanced Engineering, which provides packaging and testing services for memory chips, expects its third-quarter revenues to be flat or rise slightly on quarter. The firm indicated...
Chipbond 3Q12 sales to grow up to 5%
Jul 13, 12:03
LCD-driver-IC packaging and testing house Chipbond Technology is expected to report sales growth of up to 5% sequentially for the third quarter of 2012, according to market sources...
Packaging material supplier Chang Wah 3Q12 shipments to rise
Jul 4, 13:43
Chang Wah Electromaterials is forecast to post shipment growth of more than 10% sequentially in the third quarter of 2012 as its IC customers including Advanced Semiconductor Engineering...
China-based LED chipmaker obtains certification from Taiwan-based packaging houses
Jul 2, 11:27
China-based LED chipmaker Sanan Optoelectronics may enter Taiwan's LED supply chain in third-quarter 2012. The firm has been certified by packaging houses such as Everlight and Unity...
Greatek remains focused on shift to copper wire bonding
Jun 29, 01:20
IC backend service provider Greatek Electronics, which focuses on the consumer electronics market, has said the firm will continue shifting copper wire bonding from gold bonding in...
Greatek, Lingsen 2Q12 sales to grow
Jun 19, 14:24
Second-tier Taiwan-based IC packaging and testing companies Greatek Electronics and Lingsen Precision Industries expect to post sequential revenue growth of 20% and more than 30%,...
ChipMOS expects sales growth in 2Q12
May 29, 01:30
LCD driver IC packaging and testing firm ChipMOS Technologies expect second-quarter sales to increase 7-12% sequentially with gross margin up about 0.8pp to 7%, thanks to a pick-up...
KYEC, Tong Hsing gearing up for new CIS orders
May 29, 01:20
Packaging and testing firms King Yuan Electronics (KYEC) and Tong Hsing Electronic Industries reportedly have landed new orders for CMOS image sensors (CIS) from OmniVision, with...
Packaging and testing firms see mobile DRAM orders rise
May 22, 14:07
Memory packaging and testing specialists including Powertech Technology (PTI) and Walton Advanced Engineering have both enjoyed a ramp-up in orders for mobile DRAM chips recently,...
LED lighting packaging price to drop nearly 10% in 2Q12
May 4, 16:58
Quoted prices for LED lighting packaging parts have dropped around 3% during the second quarter and could drop 10% due to packaging firms moving from backlighting applications to...
Tong Hsing expects revenue growth through 4Q12
Apr 24, 00:33
Tong Hsing Electronic Industries, which provides assembly and packaging services for niche ICs and produces ceramic substrates for the production of LED devices, has guided that its...
Rising demand for small-size driver ICs to boost revenues for Chipbond, ChipMOS
Apr 17, 14:55
LCD driver IC packaging and testing firms Chipbond Technology and ChipMOS Technologies are expected to see their second-quarter sales rise driven by growing demand for small-size...
Second-tier packaging and testing firms post sales growth in 1Q12
Apr 11, 14:16
Revenues at Taiwan's second-tier packaging-and-testing houses Giga Solution, Greatek Electronics, Lingsen Precision Industries and Thailin Semiconductor all registered single-digit...
Walton and FATC 1Q12 sales up, PTI down
Apr 10, 11:37
Memory IC packaging and testing firms have reported mixed results for the first quarter of 2012. Walton Advanced Engineering and Formosa Advanced Technologies (FATC) both saw their...
- Taiwan IC design houses gearing up to offer solutions for USB Type-C
- Prospects of IC backend service industry remain promising: Q&A with UTAC Holdings CEO William John Nelson
- Qualcomm, MediaTek shifting some 28nm chip orders away from TSMC
- Tablet vendors looking to tackle niche markets in 2015
- Getac chairman expects over 15% on-year growth in rugged PC shipments in 2015
- Global wind power installations increase 42% in 2014, says Navigant
- Sapphire makers seeing strong orders in March
- Genius Electronic Optical offers LED fishing lights
- Digitimes Research: Tianma expects new high-end display fabs to enter production in 2H15
- Digitimes Research: Microsoft to push 2 inexpensive notebooks in mid-2015 to counter Chromebook penetration
- Foxconn to cooperate with SK C&C to tap China IT service market
- Green Energy Technology to not deal out dividend for 2014
- Apple dictates the ranking of top 10 MEMS manufacturers in 2014, says IHS
- Senao Networks steps into industrial computing
- Commercial TV market in China expected to reach 3.35 million in 2015, says firm
- Inotera board approves NT$34.4 billion for transition to 20nm
- Nan Ya Photonics exhibits omni-directional LED light bulb
- Lenovo separates mobile business unit by brand
- LED light bulb prices to fall to US$5 in 2015, says Epistar chairman
- Digitimes Research: Holitech to become 2nd-largest touch panel maker in China after acquisitions
- Young Fast aims to reduce cash outflow and increase new solutions to improve performance in 2015
- Apple to release 3 iPhone models in 2H15
- Apple Watch yields have been low but are increasing, say touch panel makers
- Taiwan makers lower prices for PERC monocrystalline solar cells
- Taiwan International Lighting Show begins
- Releases
- White papers
- Bulletin
- Iceleads raises US$3.5M in Series-A funding for global expansion of its BuyNow solution
- Join ThroughTek's upcoming IoT/M2M webinar!
- KFA: Compact power entry module with filter now with ground line choke
- 2015 Taipei international cycle show: HOLUX exhibits wearable Heart-Rate Smartwatch WRL-8100
- Advantest wins new customer with installation of V93000 semiconductor test system at Shanghai Haier IC in China
- AccuTouch Five Wire Resistive Touchscreens
- Getting the Most Out Of Your Next Generation Digital Security Surveillance System
- Embracing the New Generation Intel Atom Family with DDR3 Memory Support
- Got The Message? Ensuring efficient and reliable delivery of content across a mission critical digital signage network
- Emb' Store On-Demand Software Service for Embedded Computing
27-Mar-2015 markets closed
|TSE electronic
|OTC electronic
- Lenovo realigns business following merger integration (Mar 19) - Company release
- China becomes the world's third largest arms exporter (Mar 16) - BBC News
- CoinTerra, yet another troubled Bitcoin miner startup, goes bust (Jan 29) - Ars Technica
- Swatch co-inventor: Apple will succeed and an ice age is coming for Swiss watches (Mar 10) - Bloomberg
- Judge says US$415 million settlement in Silicon Valley hiring case is 'substantial' (Mar 3) - PC World
- China 'drops US tech giants' from approved list (Feb 26) - BBC News
- Samsung Electronics, China trade deal give boost to South Korea's yuan hub ambitions (Feb 24) - Reuters
- Qualcomm to pay record $975m in China antitrust case (Feb 10) - BBC News
- Digitimes Research: Microsoft to push 2 inexpensive notebooks in mid-2015 to counter Chromebook penetration
- Digitimes Research: Holitech to become 2nd-largest touch panel maker in China after acquisitions
- Digitimes Research: White-box tablet players turn to Windows 2-in-1s using Intel Bay Trail in 2Q15
- Digitimes Research: Taiwan on-cell touch panel shipments to see strong growth, yet offer little profit
- Digitimes Research: Dual-OS tablets becoming popular in white-box market, but Google GMS remains an obstacle
Prospects of IC backend service industry remain promising: Q&A with UTAC Holdings CEO William John Nelson
The IC backend service industry was capped by a flurry of merger and acquisition (M&A) activities...
Consolidation needed to address oversupply in NOR flash industry: Q&A with Macronix chairman Miin Wu
Macronix International, which ranks as the world's second-largest NOR flash supplier with a 19% share...
Cloud applications to boost storage demand: Q&A with Seagate senior sales and marketing VP BS Teh
The applications, demand and service areas for the global storage device industry have seen profound...
Still aiming at growth in PC market: Q&A with Lenovo Taiwan president Justin Liang
Lenovo, which had the fourth-largest market share next to Asustek Computer, Acer and Apple in the Taiwan...
- Smartphone and tablet industry: The view from Taiwan - May 2012
Taiwan-based companies have a long and successful history of involvement in the supply chain for mobile devices, which for the purposes of this article consist...
- Taiwan motherboard industry overview - May 2012
The year 2011 saw the motherboard industry reverse its trend of declining shipments year-on-year, to post a slight 0.2% growth. This upturn in fortunes was expected...
- Notebook market overview - Jun 2011
The notebook industry in 2010 experienced several major events that significantly changed the industry's ecosystem for the year and the industry is also believed...
- LCD TV overview - Jun 2011
Growth of the global LCD TV market was not as strong as expected in 2010 as the market continued to feel the aftershocks of the economic recession that had hit...
- Wireless broadband developments in Southeast Asia markets
As of 2013, the 10 ASEAN nations had a total of over 700 million mobile subscriptions, with the CAGR from 2003-2013 reaching 24%. This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the various mobile broadband markets in ASEAN and looks at the respective trends in 4G LTE development for those markets.
- 2015 global tablet demand forecast
This Digitimes Research Special Report provides a 2015 forecast for the global tablet market and analyzes the strategies of key market players such as Google, Apple, Intel, and Microsoft.
- 2015 China smartphone panel trend forecast
This Digitimes Research Special Report analyzes the strategies of key China-based major panel makers BOE, Tianma and IVO for attacking the different market segments through technology and pricing, and their relationship to local vendors Huawei, Lenovo, ZTE, Xiaomi and Coolpad.


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Paranoid Penguin - Running Network Services under User-Mode Linux, Part II
The procedure for building your own root filesystem image boils down to this:
Create an empty filesystem image file and mount it to some directory.
Install Linux into that directory.
Sounds simple, right? On Debian and SUSE it is—sort of. On other distributions, it's much less so. Regardless, I'm going to save a more-detailed discussion of that process for my next column, in which I'll cover what I consider to be advanced User-Mode Linux topics and techniques. In the interests of getting you up and running with User-Mode Linux in a gratifyingly quick manner, for now I recommend you download a prebuilt image.
My favorite source of these is Nagafix Ltd.'s "UML Resources" page (see the on-line Resources) from whence you can download root filesystem images for not only Debian guests, but also Gentoo, Slackware, Fedora, Ubuntu and others. Nagafix makes a reasonable effort to keep these images up to date with security patches, which is a nice touch.
In addition, Nagafix provides an MD5 and SHA hash of each image file it provides. You may miss them if you click directly on the x86 and AMD64 links on the page cited above; instead, use the OS-name links, each of which leads to a page containing links not only to images but also to build logs and hashes, plus handy tips on how to update the images yourself.
I obtained my Debian 3.1 image by navigating to uml.nagafix.co.uk, clicking on Debian 3.1, and then clicking on the root_fs and MD5 links to download the files Debian-3.1-x86-root_fs.bz2 and Debian-3.1-x86-root_fs.bz2.md5, respectively. After my downloads were complete (the filesystem image itself is 169MB!), I verified the MD5 signature from within a terminal window with the command:
md5sum -c ./Debian-3.1-x86-root_fs.bz2.md5
When in Doubt, Roll Your Own Image
Even if you use a root filesystem image from a trusted source and verify its integrity via an MD5, SHA or GPG hash/signature, the fact is, if you're truly worried about security (we are, aren't we?), you're much better off building your own filesystem image than using someone else's.
I'm indulging in just a little laziness and instant gratification by using a prebuilt image in this article, which I think is justifiable in the larger aim of encouraging UML experimentation and adoption. Just be sure to check your image's hash/signature, and the first time you mount it in UML, run apt-get dist-upgrade (or YaST Online Update, yum or whatever update mechanism your guest's distro supports).
Next time, I'll discuss the filesystem image build process in more depth, as well as how to use iptables both on your host and on your guest OSes to add another layer of protection to your virtual machines.
And, now we're ready to boot our virtual guest for the first time. We've got a guest kernel named uml-guestkernel-188.8.131.52 (from my previous column's example) and a root filesystem image named Debian-3.1-x86-root_fs.bz2. You should already be logged in to a terminal session as a nonroot user. Uncompress the filesystem image with the command:
bunzip2 ./Debian-3.1-x86-root_fs.bz2
Next, just as a sanity check, try booting your guest system:
umluser@host:~> ./uml-guestkernel-22.214.171.124 ↪ubd0=testcow,Debian-3.1-x86-root_fs root=/dev/ubda
If all is well, you should see some User-Mode Linux messages, followed by a longer string of Linux kernel startup messages, ending with a login prompt. Log in as root—you won't be prompted for a password. Feel free to poke around a bit; you won't hurt anything that can't be fixed later by starting with a fresh COW file.
To see a list of installed packages, enter the command dpkg -l |less. You may be surprised by how few Debian packages are present. Don't worry; you'll be able to install additional packets with apt-get, just like on a "real" Debian system. When you're done with your initial exploration, issue the command halt to shut down your guest system cleanly. We've got some things to do before your guest system can do any serious work—first and foremost is configuring networking.
There are a variety of ways to network UML guests, all of which are described in Rusty Russell's User-Mode Linux HOWTO (see Resources). The best option for using UML guests as network servers is bridging, in which your host system acts like an Ethernet bridge between itself, the UML guests running on it and the outside world.
In a nutshell, the procedure is this:
Configure your host's TCP/IP stack as a virtual bridge, and then define your "real" network interface as the first "port" on that bridge.
For each guest system you intend to run, create a local tunnel interface and define it as another port on the bridge.
When you start a guest system, define its virtual Ethernet interface (eth0) to be the tunnel interface you created in the previous step.
Listing 1 shows the precise series of commands this translates to, adapted from David Cannings' useful article "Networking UML Using Bridging". All these commands must be executed as root.
When is better to use chroot than UML
I am interested to know when would actually be worth to use uml than chroot in the case of running a single service. For example, I would like to run an IRC or a web server. Which approach would be better when you consider separately one of this factors:
-Configuration effort.
-Resources used (RAM, Hard Disk)
Any comment would be truly appreciated.
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Setting veterinary practice fees
Football season is in full swing, and all this talk about the importance of having a solid defense and a strong offense makes us wonder if veterinarians could apply a similar strategy when it comes to pricing and delivering their services to clients.
Ask yourself this: As the quarterback of your practice, are you confused about how to set and charge your fees appropriately? Is your defensive line—your receptionists, technicians and support staff—worn out from spending too much time justifying your pricing and not enough time offering the level of care that makes the price secondary in the eyes of your clients—particularly if there's a new service, your fees are increasing or team members are unsure if your price is fair?
If you answered "yes" to any of those questions, it's time to make some changes to your practice playbook. So huddle up and follow this plan for success.Be ready to play with a solid game plan
Rule No. 1: All the practicing in the world won't matter if you're not ready to play ball when the game starts. Make sure your practice is rewarded with a win by charging appropriately for your services. Get started with the following strategies:
> Competitive pricing. You'll want to be price-competitive, so monitor what Internet pharmacies are doing by having a member of your staff go online to see what they're charging. And periodically survey other practices in your community to compare fees for price-sensitive services. Make the calls anonymously to ensure compliance with federal and state antitrust laws, though.
Depending on the quality of patient care and client service you offer, your fees should fall between the middle and high end of your competition. You don't want to be the cheapest option. You want to differentiate your practice by enhancing and communicating the level of service you offer so your clients can put your fees into perspective. Ideally, you'd be at the middle to high end of the range so long as your medical care and client service support that.
> Cost-based pricing. This strategy is most commonly used for pricing inventory. Establish a selling price by determining a cost and applying a markup. In companion animal practices, an average markup of 90 to 150 percent is added to the cost of pharmaceuticals, along with a dispensing fee of $6 to $11, according to Benchmarks 2013: A Study of Well-Managed Practices from Veterinary Economics and Wutchiett Tumblin and Associates. The total price is then compared to a minimum prescription fee and the client is billed the higher of the two. Drugs with low turnover rates (less than 8 to 10 times per year) typically have a higher markup to cover the additional carrying cost.
> Variable pricing. This changes your standard pricing to influence when, where or how clients purchase services and products. Examples include special pricing on dental services to increase visits in the month of February, wellness plans with monthly payment options and loyalty programs that offer rewards for client referrals.
> Value-based pricing. This strategy aligns the price of other medical services with your exam fee, which reflects the economics of your community. It takes into consideration your clients' demographic, employment, education and community setting (urban, rural or suburban). Through our study and other resources, we have found that if the client will pay X for an exam, we can predict they'll pay X, Y, Z for the other services.
Download a chart that'll help you compare your fees with those of Well-Managed Practices at http://dvm360.com/feechart.
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text: Economy Video: Obama pushes economic theme in Florida Add to ... AP Video Published Friday, Aug. 03 2012, 6:46 AM EDT Last updated Friday, Aug. 03 2012, 6:47 AM EDT President Barack Obama is accusing Republican rival Mitt Romney of promoting 'trickle-down tax cut fairy dust' that he says would take the nation in the wrong direction Watch More Video: Cable TV: A new era of consumer choice on horizon Nasdaq notches ninth consecutive quarterly gain Market Call Tonight: Top picks from Sentry's Gajan Kulasingam What this 'bond guy' has in his portfolio The search for humility in corporate types Greek shops running out of stock Iran oil deal could be bad news for high-cost producers Internet giants drive into the electric vehicle space Canada's economy 'could have been worse' in January Russia's car industry veers into slow lane Want Egg McMuffins for dinner? McDonald's tests all-day breakfast How different countries stack up when it comes to gender diversity on corporate boards Chinese stock boom defies slowing economy Market Call Tonight: Top picks from Goodreid's Gordon Reid Lululemon protects the, um, family jewels (theirs and yours) Why it's likely that oil will dip below $40 again The all-weather, no-brainer strategy for investing in bonds Are BlackBerry's quarterly results signs of a turnaround? Obama takes aim at payday loans Future Shop stores close across Canada Comments AA More Related to this Story Outlook Video: Next week in Asian business Retail Video: Retailers' new lesson plans Controversy Video: Knight is looking for a white knight


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Daley - Remember Me
Artist: Daley
Featuring: Jessie J
Producer: The White N3rd and Ballistiq
Album: Alone Together EP
Avg Rating: 3.2 ( 11 votes )
As I am sure you all know relationships can be confusing. While they are marred with grey areas for most of us, UK R&B/pop crooner Daley only sees relationships in black and white and even has video evidence to prove it. In a visual for the catchy, yet vengeful Remember Me Daley, assisted by fellow Brit Jessie J, lets you know that you only get one shot. And if you happen to blow it? Well, at least you'll have the memories. To match the black and white stance on second chances is a unique video filled with black and white images, most notably a black speaker filled with white paint that jumps when the beat, produced by The White N3rd and Ballistiq bangs. For more attitude-filled audio check out Daley's Alone Together EP, available now.
DaleyJessie J Music VideosR&B/Pop
Written by Lucas G. on 11/11/12
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Four 'P' ideas within the verb 'to lead'
1. Precedence
2. Pre-eminence
3. Prescription
4. Priority
Joy Klagge
Management and Leadership development are importent to you and of course to the team here at RapidBI. We hope you find this information valuable, if you do please tweet or facebook like this page. Thanks
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Weber State wide receiver Tim Toone, left, tries to outrun Northern Arizona defenders Daivon Dumas, center, and Taylor Julio during an NCAA college football game at Stewart Stadium in Ogden, Utah, on Saturday, Nov. 14, 2009.
- Filed Under
Three days after Nebraska defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh held up a No. 1 Lions jersey as the second overall pick in the NFL draft, someone held up another Lions jersey on stage at Radio City Music Hall in New York.
On this one, duct tape covered the No. 1 in the shape of an "I," honoring Mr. Irrelevant, the 255th and final pick in the NFL draft, Weber State wide receiver Tim Toone.
Paul Salata made the announcement as he traditionally does. He is the founder of Irrelevant Week, an annual five-day bash in Newport Beach, Calif., for the last man drafted. Why? To do something nice for no reason at all. ...


text:
A switched full-duplex Ethernet type communication network including at least one source subscriber equipment and at least one destination subscriber equipment connected to each other through at least one physical link through at least one switch and at least one virtual link, which is the conceptual representation of a link from a source equipment to at least one destination equipment. Each equipment transmitting Ethernet frames segregates between virtual links and allocation of a passband for each virtual link and multiplexes virtual links on the physical link output from this equipment. Each transmitted frame has a field that identifies the virtual link to which it belongs.
1. A switched full-duplex Ethernet communication network comprising:
at least one source subscriber equipment and at least one destination subscriber equipment connected to each other through at least one physical link through at least one switch and through at least one virtual link, which is a conceptual representation of a link from a source equipment to at least one destination equipment, wherein each source equipment that transmits Ethernet frames comprises:
a control to segregate between virtual links and to allocate a passband for each virtual link, the passband of a virtual link being eciual to: (packet size)/(minimum inter-packet time), the sum of passbands of the virtual links in transmission being less than about 5 Mbits/s; and
a control to multiplex the virtual links on the physical links output from the source equipment, each transmitted frame having a field that identifies the virtual link to which it belongs,
wherein each switch is configured to discard incoming packets if, for each incoming virtual link, one or more predetermined time constraints for said incoming packets are violated,
and wherein each destination equipment is configured to subscribe for an application in reception to at least one virtual link and to make the segregation between virtual links to said application for the duration of the application.
2. A network according to
3. A network according to
4. A network according to
5. A network according to
a control to configure each input port separately to indicate output ports to which each Ethernet frame must be directed as a function of the field identifier of the virtual link;
a control to monitor flow of Ethernet frames associated with each virtual link that passes through the switch;
a control to reformat the flow in each virtual link; and
a control to multiplex flows in virtual links on each output port.
6. A network according to
an input port;
a flow controller;
a switching motor supporting multidestination transfers;
a flow controller;
a flow reformatting device;
a virtual link multiplexer; and
an output port.
7. A network according to
the virtual link comprises:
a transfer direction, the virtual link being single directional;
a source equipment;
one or several destination equipment;
a fixed passband;
a guaranteed maximum time for transfer of packets from a source equipment to a destination equipment, regardless of the behaviour of the rest of the network, each virtual link having its own transfer time;
a fixed path on the network; and
an unique identifier.
8. A network according to
The present patent document is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/287,912 filed on Nov. 4, 2002, and claims priority to French patent application FR 01 14263 filed Nov. 5, 2001, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a switched full-duplex Ethernet type communication network, particularly in avionics.
2. Description of the Related Art
The Ethernet network, which is the reference in the world of communication networks, can be used to send data in digital form by packets or �frames�, where a packet is defined as being a set of data sent in a single step on the network.
In an Ethernet network, the data in each packet are not interpreted. The network carries the data without understanding their meaning. A packet is composed of two types of data, network data that are used to route the packet to its correct destination, and useful data which comprise the �useful load� in the packet.
An Ethernet network is composed of different equipment that is subscribed to the network, and connected to each other through a communication means formed of active equipment called switches, which perform three functions:
Operation of such a network is simple. Each network subscriber can send packets in digital form at any time towards one or several other subscribers. When a switch receives the packets, the �network information� data are analyzed to determine the destination equipment. The packets are then switched towards this equipment.
In the �switched full-duplex Ethernet type network� expression:
For example, this network may be a 100 Mbits/s switched full-duplex type network on twisted pair; the term �twisted pair� means that connections between the equipment and the switches are composed of two pairs of cables, each pair being twisted; the term 100 Mbits/s simply means the transmission or reception speed of packets on the network.
The Ethernet technology imposes:
At the present time, in the civil aeronautics field, data exchanges between the various onboard computers are based on the use of the ARINC 429 aeronautical standard.
However, the switched full-duplex Ethernet network is frequently used in industry. The emergence of new communication technologies shows that this type of network is an open and standard solution (IEEE standard 802.3) with a considerable potential for development as a local network. But this type of solution does not provide any means of guaranteeing segregation and transfer performances (in terms of network access, latency, etc.) necessary for avionics applications.
The purpose of this invention is to propose a switched full-duplex Ethernet type network, which guarantees data segregation and a limit to data transfer time, to enable application in avionics.
The invention relates to a switched full-duplex Ethernet type network comprising at least one source subscriber equipment and at least one destination subscriber equipment connected to each other through at least one physical link through at least one switch and through at least one virtual link which is the conceptual representation of a link from a source equipment to at least one destination equipment, characterised in that each source equipment transmitting Ethernet frames comprises:
Advantageously, each destination equipment comprises means of subscribing to at least one virtual link in reception and achieving segregation between virtual links as far as the application.
Advantageously, each switch comprises incoming passband control means for each virtual link. It uses a static configuration table to know which virtual links it needs to switch, and the allowable number of packets for a virtual link. It comprises:
In one example embodiment, each switch comprises the following in sequence:
Advantageously, a virtual link is characterized by:
In one advantageous embodiment, network redundancy is achieved by doubling up the network, each subscriber having a connection to each of the two networks.
The invention also relates to a process for implementation of a switched full-duplex Ethernet type communication network comprising source and destination subscriber equipment connected to each other through at least one physical link through at least one switch and through at least one virtual link that is the conceptual representation of a link from a source equipment to at least one destination equipment, characterized in that in a transmission service, an application is allowed to access virtual links in transmission, this service being used to multiplex virtual links to the physical link through an Ethernet interface, and to send packets for each virtual link as a function of the passband allocated to the virtual link. In a reception service, the packets are decoded, it is checked that their format is correct and useful data are made available to applications. In a passband protection service in the switch, the time characteristics of the packets are checked for each incoming virtual link, and if the allowable characteristics are exceeded, packets are destroyed to prevent a failure at a transmitter or a virtual link from compromising traffic in other virtual links output from this switch.
Advantageously, in one network redundancy service at subscriber level, a packet is sent and received in two virtual links in order to set up network redundancy, duplication of the network that is transparent for applications to guard against a failure in a switch or an interface.
Advantageously, in a �sampling� service, the destination terminal only presents the last received value to the user, and in this service the last value is systematically overwritten by the new received packet. In a �queuing� service, the destination equipment presents all data that it receives to the user, this service making it possible to:
In a �file transfer� service, a data file is transferred and the transmission service breaks this file down into packets which are then transmitted sequentially, and the reception service recreates this file.
Advantageously, a passband and an inter-packet time are assigned for each virtual link.
In one advantageous embodiment, a subscriber in reception refines the selection of packets on the same virtual link using the network addressing information contained in the packet.
Advantageously, data integrity is achieved on each packet by a CRC that carries out a calculation to validate data transmitted in the packet, each packet is verified at each equipment entry on the network, and every bad packet is destroyed so that it is not used in order to release the passband and thus avoid uselessly creating congestion at the switches.
A more complete appreciation of the present invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
The switched full-duplex Ethernet network according to the invention uses the virtual link concept to limit the end to end transfer time, in other words from a source equipment to one (or several items of) destination equipment.
This virtual link (VL) concept provides means of isolating data transfers between a source equipment 13 and destination equipment 14. A virtual link VL is seen as a �pipe� on the network, as illustrated in
A virtual link VL is characterized by:
A network subscriber may comprise several virtual links VL1, VL2, VL3, as shown in
When equipment 21 wants to send a packet to equipment 23, 24 and 25, it sends a packet on the virtual link VL1. When it wants to send a packet to equipment 22 and 23, it sends a packet on the virtual link VL2.
The difference between virtual links VL1 and VL2 is identified by the destination identifier in the packet. On the network, the virtual link to which a packet belongs is determined by the identifier of the virtual link in the packet.
A switch uses a static configuration table to determine the virtual links that it is required to switch, and the allowable number of packets for a virtual link.
The virtual link concept is a means of fixing communications between equipment by configuring routes and passbands allocated to the virtual links. Thus, the flow formed by a virtual link is sure to be not disturbed by other flows sharing the same physical links all along its route in the network.
Furthermore, the virtual link concept enables central flow management, to make sure that the sum of the passbands allocated to virtual links on the same physical link does not exceed the capacities of the technology of this physical link. In the above example, the sum of the passbands of virtual links VL1 and VL2 must be less than the transmission capacity of the physical link from equipment 21.
In the network according to the invention, each equipment comprises:
In the network according to the invention, each switch comprises:
Therefore as illustrated in
Thus, as illustrated in
In these transmission and reception services, the virtual link may be represented as being a queue, as seen by the application.
Other protection services are used to guard against some network failures:
The communication interface may supply three additional services to subscriber level applications:
The transmission service breaks it down into packets which are then transmitted sequentially. The reception service reconstructs the file. It is also capable of restarting on error (for example in the case of a data download).
The invention does not only relate to the definition of virtual links that are used in equipment to send and receive data. It also relates to a particular use of the allocated passband, and sub-filtering functions on reception in a virtual link.
1) The Allocated Passband and Inter-packet Time
The allocated passband is defined as being the number of packets sent per second and the size of each packet. But this definition is incomplete because a passband does not give the distribution of these packets in time. It is also necessary to specify the minimum time to be respected between two packets. This minimum inter-packet time (IPT) gives the maximum passband of the virtual link for a given packet size.
The assignment of a passband (PB) and an inter-packet time (IPT) for a virtual link does not mean that the packets will systematically be transmitted on the virtual link every IPT and occupy the entire allocated passband. These packets will only be sent on the virtual link when a subscriber application makes them available to the transmission in this virtual link.
2) The Filter Function in a Virtual Link in Reception
On the same virtual link, a subscriber in reception can refine the selection of packets using network addressing information contained in the packet. This filter mode which uses a virtual sub-links concept gives greater flexibility for the definition and use of virtual links by avoiding the creation of specific virtual links.
The performances of the network according to the invention can be broken down in four ways:
1) Data Integrity
Data integrity is achieved on each packet by a CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) that enables a calculation to validate data transmitted in the packet. The CRC is located at the end of the packet and it corresponds to all bits in the packet (network information plus useful information).
In the network a packet is verified at each equipment entry to the network, so that every bad packet can be destroyed so that it cannot be used, in order to release the passband and to avoid unnecessarily overloading the switches.
2) Network Availability
The network is shared by several systems for communications. Therefore its availability has a non-negligible impact on the global availability.
This availability is increased by network redundancy, that consists of doubling up the network, with each subscriber having a connection to each of the two networks, and one of the two packets being selected on reception.
This network redundancy enables operation even if a switch or several links are defective.
3) Network Determinism
The network is a deterministic network. This means that any packet belonging to a virtual link for an allocated passband is sure of accessing the network and being transmitted to receiving equipment for a limited latency time (maximum packet transit time).
For a virtual link, the maximum latency calculation is given by the following formula:
The times TAE and TAR are a result of the asynchronism between the applications and the network in transmission and reception.
A first estimate will give the following maximum values for a packet transfer time, independently of the virtual links:
In the example illustrated in
For the virtual link VL1 from equipment 13 to equipment 14 through two switches 11, if the time IPT=5 ms and the read interval=1 ms, we have:
4) End to End Routing of Data
The network according to the invention creates a single end to end route using virtual links, for each packet.
At each subscriber, each packet is assigned on transmission to a virtual link predefined by configuration. This packet has an addressing part that contains the identification of the virtual link. This identification is used for routing in the network.
In the routing of a packet, a service verifies if a packet is authorized to pass through each switch at which the packet arrives. Similarly, on reception, a service checks if the packet belongs to a virtual link authorized in reception. If not, the packet is destroyed.
In this example embodiment, several characteristics of the network according to the invention have been specified, in order to simplify and standardize the use of this network in avionics.
1) Number of Virtual Links
Three subscriber classes are defined, depending on the number of virtual links in transmission and reception:
This type of distribution is given in table 1 at the end of the description.
2) Passband in Virtual Links
Each virtual link has an allocated passband that is given by the minimum inter-packet time (IPT) and the packet size. The IPT is given by the following formula:
which gives either 1 ms, 2 ms, 4 ms, 8 ms, 16 ms, 32 ms, 64 ms, or 128 ms.
By definition, four maximum packet sizes have been defined for each virtual link, namely 16 bytes, 98 bytes, 226 bytes and 482 bytes. This size only indicates useful data for the packet, used by applications directly. Network information data are also taken into account for calculation of the passband.
In table 2 at the end of the description, the effective passbands on the network for a virtual link are given for each packet size (useful load) and for each IPT time.
The required transmission passband for equipment on aircraft is low (<400 kbits/s). Thus, an upper bound in transmission is given which is summarized by the rule that the sum of passbands of the virtual links VL in transmission must be less than 5 Mbits/s. Thus, in transmission we can have:
In order to allocate a passband to a virtual link, a real need has to be identified in terms of data transmission frequency and volume.
Margins on the passband are given in two ways, either by duplication of the virtual link, or by an effective margin on the passband of the virtual link. In the latter case, it is possible to:
3) Virtual Links Mode
Three transfer modes have been defined above, namely �sampling�, �queuing�, and �file transfer�. In order to facilitate the definitions in the virtual links, each virtual link is used either in �sampling� mode or in �queuing� mode or in �file transfer� mode.
4) Filtering
The possibility of filtering in a virtual link enables some equipment to avoid an excessive number of virtual links in transmission and in reception (if the same transmitter). This means can be used to group several virtual links into a single link and to define �virtual sub-links�, the packets being selected by network information contained in the packet. Filtering gives better flexibility on the use of communication �pipes� and enables optimisation of their use.
The term �structure� specifies the arrangement of the useful load (data transmitted and received by applications) in the packet.
The term �format� specifies the type of data (integer, binary, etc.).
The Ethernet standard does not impose the packet structure and the data format (unlike the ARINC 429 standard); however, the following rules are respected in the example considered.
As illustrated in
1) Functional Validity
The transmitter calculates the functional validity, and the receiver or receivers use it to determine the degree of confidence to be assigned to the transmitted packet. The functional validity is coded in the first four bytes of the packet.
The functional validity is the equivalent of �SSMs� used on the ARINC 429 aeronautical standard. However, there are some major differences:
2) Data Format
Data are coded in a predefined format, in order to standardize exchanges. This format is as similar as possible to the �computer� format manipulated by compilers and microprocessors, to minimize format transformations to be made by applications.
The selected formats are defined in the coding rule illustrated in table 3 at the end of the description.
3) Data Grouping
The Ethernet protocol is particularly efficient when transmitted information is relatively long. Therefore, it is very advantageous to group data to that they can be sent all at once to facilitate coherence and integrity.
The data grouping criteria may be as follows:
It is essential to define the subscriber hardware and software architecture, at least from the communication point of view, before carrying out a network design and sizing procedure.
This involves a system and network architecture design phase that must clearly identify:
The systems must take account of tests and if necessary define specific virtual links for transferring data to test instrumentation means.
For each hardware equipment, the following are necessary:
Equipment, even equipment external to the aircraft, or a test installation, etc., may support several subscribers each with one or several logical interfaces to one or several sub-networks.
The following are necessary for each virtual link:
The transmission system is responsible for defining virtual links. The transmission system must make sure that equipment in reception take account of virtual links.
A database supports this part of the process and defines:
This type of stack must enable every subscriber to interface with the communication network.
There are three possible approaches for integration of this function in the subscriber equipment:
Obviously, numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the present invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.
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