text:
2013 commercial seed swap
Sign ups are in the round robin section if your interested. we had 34 players last year and some great seeds were swapped.
This swap is for COMMERCIAL SEEDS ONLY, the packs must be seeds from 2010 or newer. Since these will be commercial seeds, you will probably get 1/2 trades but it will allow you to try some of the newer varieties out there.
PLEASE DO NOT send any cosmos,marigold or zinnia mixes (i have way too many that I got stuck with) Please don't send dollar store type seeds. If these types are sent they will not count towards your total number sent and will be returned to you.
PLEASE DO NOT send seeds that are known to have a short shelf life if probable viability time has gone by. A few seeds are good for one year only, such as onions, parsnips, parsley, chives, shiso, scorzonera, Batavian endive, licorice, pennyroyal, St Johnswort, liatris, delphinium, larkspur, perennial phlox, and any seed that has been pelleted (copied from Fedco).
Flowers and veggies are fine, last year we did both and it worked out. I did have a player that sent in all veggie seeds request only flower seeds in return, this I cannot do. If you sent in all veggies seeds, chances are you will get mostly veggie seeds back.
Here are the rules...
1. Must be commercial seeds
2. your packages must be labeled with year and where purchased if not in original packaging.
3. No more than 5 packs of the same type of seed (please don't make 5 packets of the same seed with 5 seeds in each package) I have purchased seeds that come with only 10 seeds to a package and shared only 5 seeds of that, However, I have also gotten seeds with 5 packages of 10 mixed marigold seeds. Please don't do that...lol. I try to keep this swap as fair as possible for everyone involved so please only send what you would be happy to get in return.
4. SEEDS MUST REACH ME by March 1. I will send my addy as people sign up, you can mail whenever you are ready to do so.
5. seeds will be mailed out to you no later than March,7th. I have sent out packages before if a complete wishlist has been filled.
6. I must have a current WANTS LIST, either sent with your seeds or on your gw page for me to check when sorting out the incoming packages.
7. sign ups are until the mail date...The more the merrier!
When mailing seeds, please be sure to put the same amount of postage that it cost you to mail PLUS.85 for delivery conf#. In 3 three years only one package has been lost, sadly, it didn't have a conf#. I replaced the seeds but I will not be replacing if a package is lost. I strongly suggest a delivery conf#!!
I mail from the post office so stamps or cash is fine, change will be returned with your seeds!
Last but not least, I send seeds from my garden if I see them on your wants list. I do not count them towards my contribution but you may want to add an extra stamp or two just in case. I ALWAYS return any unused postage!!!
Happy New...


text:
Look I don't think you are being fair in your assessment of
Ron Paul. I don't know anything about Lew Rockwell or Murray Rothbard. All I know is that the Federal Government is overstepping its bounds removing Constitutional Protection from the people in the name of fighting a nebulous war on terror.
I understand your words about promising the moon as a false front and then bringing in an extremely coersive government. I do not think Ron Paul is saying or doing that.
I think the current criminal socialist agenda that is promising people the moon is going to bring in anarchy when the bottom falls out of the dollar and all the freebies that dependant people are used to are removed. There will be anarchy all right. Anarchy in the name of burning and breaking and slashing and it will not be done by people who love Liberty. I think we will be busy protecting ourselves.
As far as the Occupy movement. I think that is being done by the current administration to rabble rouse young people in the wrong direction. Ron Paul is an opposite force and has a different message of personal responsibility as far as I can tell.
Anyways I brought up 2 things I wanted your opinion on and you never answered:
What do you think about this site? http://www.thecomingattack.com/obama-operatives-will-commit-... it was linked on the DP and I am wondering if it is legit.
And I have a big problem with Rand right now saying he doesn't care if someone coming out of a liquor store with a gun and $50 is killed by a drone or by the police. What do you think about that?
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Election 2012: Civil Liberties Win Big on the Ballot
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Tuman River Hotel
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TripAdvisor Reviews Tuman River Hotel Kashi
Travel Blogs from Kashi
Culture and cash in Kashi
... diverted the water supply from the mosque leaving the roses and other plants to fend for themselves. We headed from the tomb to the largest mosque in China, the Id Kah Mosque. Such grand attributions can lead to big expectations, so I'm sure we all expected a building rather large in size. Not so, but though smaller than expected the building was rather lovely. We walked across a very large and open paved square, in ...
A Totally Different Feel - Kashgar
... into specialized areas. There was the flower pot area, the wood carving area, the machinery area and more. It appeared as if many of the shops were just a garage like room at the base of their house. I still have a hard time walking by all the hanging meat on the streets even if the butcher is there swatting away the flies. We needed a toilet so stopped by a public one. It actually had a star rating of three on it. It was not that bad of a toilet but you did have to ...
Becoming Legal in China
... When discussing arrangements it is usual to confirm which time zone you mean. Confused? China spans 49 degrees of latitude and should really incorporate a couple of time zones. Beijing prefers to operate on a one country one time zone basis. This does not sit particularly comfortably with those areas in the far west of China. In August the sun does not rise until around 8 a.m. and it's still light at 10 p.m.
*The hotel where we are staying was newly opened last year. But ...
... in Kashgar. Nevertheless, I went with alcohol. As the eldest son, I am the head of my family as my father is recently deceased. Nevertheless, my brother has fallen seriously ill and I have no money to compensate his health with. In a grand search for money, I came across a man on a caravan. He further supplied me with knowledge of this black market, and informed me of the surplus of riches he had obtained. Thus, my decision was made. I was going to ...
A Wolf and a Sheep in sweet clothing
... which included lots of fruits, whole hanging lamb carcasses, and a whole street of hat salesmen. A long walk took us to the famous Kasgar "Sunday Market". Although the market is largest on Sunday, it operates 7 days a week and was still very large on a Thursday afternoon. Barb and I walked aisles and aisles looking at all the dried foods, fabrics, furs, musical instruments, head scarves, shoes, etc. You can buy nearly everything here. I bought a couple gifts, a baby blanket to ...
Other places to stay in Kashi
Yambu Grand HotelDowntown, Kashi | Hotelfrom $38
Kashi Tianyuan International HotelDowntown, Kashi | Hotelfrom $35
Seman HotelNo.337 Seman Rd., Kashi | Hotelfrom $19
Wenzhou International HotelNo.17 West Renmin Road, Kashi | 4 star hotelfrom $32


text:
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Dr. Howard Brody, Director, UTMB Institute for the Medical Humanities, presented, "Ethics, Policy and Single-Payer Health Care."
2012 Annual Convention
AMSA On Call is the official blog of the American Medical Student Association. Join us as we discuss the hottest issues in health care.
AMSA's 2015 Annual Convention
February 26 - March 1, 2015
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AMSA actively focuses on campaigns throughout the year that align with our organization's aspirations, mission and values.
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text:
SOURCE: CS Monitor
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Why did our ancestors start walking upright?tags: human evolution, CS Monitor, apes, bipedalism
Being four-legged has its perks. As a quadruped, your center of gravity is lower, there's less wind resistance when you're running, and, best of all, you can use your hind foot to scratch your ear.
All of this raises a big question: What were our apelike ancestors thinking when they started walking upright?
A prevailing hypothesis is that they were prompted by climate change. As African forests declined due to temperature fluctuations some 2.5 million years ago, the hypothesis goes, our australopithecine ancestors descended from the trees and ventured out into the open savanna, an environment thought to be friendlier for those standing on two feet....
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text:
The Defense Department's ongoing budget struggles could lead to streamlined cybersecurity efforts and better shared capabilities across the military services, defense officials said.
The hundreds of billions of dollars slated to be shaved from defense spending will push DOD toward creating a joint infrastructure for the military services, said Mark Orndorff, director of mission assurance and network operations at the Defense Information Systems Agency.
Speaking as part of a panel discussion sponsored by AFCEA-NOVA in Arlington, Va., on May 20, Orndorff said budget problems are a great motivator for forcing the services to work together on IT capabilities rather than having redundant programs in each military branch.
"On the positive side, the budget cuts force us to reassess how to spend [on cyber]…and it forces a dialogue at the joint level," Orndorff said. "We can prioritize better and focus on key things and core competencies. On the negative side, we're forced to make choices, and things like insider threats fall by the wayside when they ought not to."
Budget shortages will also promote efficiencies and innovative planning that could improve cybersecurity and information sharing, Orndorff said today in follow-up comments.
Standardization — essential to implementing enterprisewide services — will be improved as organizations jointly coordinate security, and that will help clear the way for efforts such as enterprise e-mail, already under way in the Army and DISA. Orndorff said enterprise e-mail is an example of capabilities that face hurdles in broader implementation because of the disparity in individual security systems, such as firewalls policies.
"As we get to a standard perimeter security approach, it will be more efficient to field enterprise capabilities since we'll have a security policy we can count on and predict," Orndorff said. "Today, we have a minimum standard security requirement, but at the local level, organizations have the option to go above that. People do it in different ways, so we have to troubleshoot against a variety of firewall policies that vary site to site, and that doesn't scale well."
Financial struggles will also affect DOD's approach to upgrading aging technologies and security systems, Orndorff said.
"A lot of security infrastructure throughout the services is at the point where it's due for a tech refresh, and the bill for that is something that's not supportable in all the budgets across the services," he said. "It's encouraging us to be diligent to come up with the most cost-effective way to do tech refreshes."
Getting defense IT to the enterprise level won't be easy, and many issues still need to be resolved, especially with regard to logistics, said Brig. Gen. John Ranck Jr., the Air Force's director of warfighter systems integration.
"The movement of information, the movement of forces across a theater the size of Iraq or Afghanistan is an incredible information transport challenge," said Ranck, who cautioned against overloading troops' rucksacks with heavy computer systems.
Budget problems also create discrepancies about where to invest precious DOD dollars, said Maj. Gen. Ed Bolton Jr., the Air Force's director of cyber and space operations.
"We have to build the next generation of world-class cyber warriors," he said. "Every airman must have a certain understanding of cyber," just as all airmen have a certain understanding of air power, and that's something that's still being determined.
He added that DOD is pulling together a cyber integration group to coordinate and integrate cyber issues across the military services and DOD.
About the Author
Amber Corrin is a former staff writer for FCW and Defense Systems.
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Unisys Federal Systems' Venkatapathi Puvvada, this year's Eagle award winner for industry, stresses the importance of community.
Experts tell committee that business models, not technology, are the main obstacle to better sharing across systems.
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The power of the individual informs FCW's coverage each and every day, but with the Federal 100, we take time to really spotlight and celebrate it. Get to know each of this year's winners.
The latest version of the Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act purportedly protects companies from liability and individuals from government intrusion.
Popular CIO is headed for the private sector.
The Census Bureau hasn't established a time frame for its cloud computing plans, including testing for scalability, security, and privacy protection, as well as determining a budget for cloud services.
President Obama's proposal to boost government coordination with the private sector got a warm welcome in the House Homeland Security Committee.
The spy agency wants to better integrate cybersecurity into its traditional human intelligence operations.
It will be even harder to accomplish if they don't hire in fresh talent...
All I know is, a critical DoD system that we use is being shut down with no alternatives due to the budget cuts. This has already impacted the mission and it was done without any consulation or warning. If this is a sign of things to come, we're all going to be in it deep.
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The spring is not yet entirely sprung, but sunny days are certainly here. For European transport operators, the period from mid-March to mid- June is prime season for big infrastructure projects. The hope of stable spring weather is the cue for track maintenance, renewal of airport runways and harbor renovations—in the expectation that normal services » Read more
EuroCheapo's transportation Articles
Those Were the Days: Tourism before mass mobility
Some 15 million Americans will visit Europe this year, a small part of a flood that helps reinforce Europe's position as the most buoyant tourist market in the world. Despite economic uncertainties, Europe recorded a 5 percent increase in international tourist visitors in 2011, in some measure benefiting from the declining fortunes of the Middle » Read more
Should you fly or take the train around Europe? It depends…
A few months ago I had to make a key decision while planning a trip from Paris to Berlin. Plane or train? I could take a €50 budget flight on easyJet and be there in about two hours. Or I could take the TGV to Germany, and then board an ICE train to Berlin (with » Read more
The Sky is the Limit: Rethinking travel in Europe, post-volcano
Note: The authors hoped to be in the Faroe Islands this week. That Icelandic volcano had other ideas. They reflect from Berlin on an interesting week in European travel. Air travel in Europe has taken a hard knock these past days. Media reports of all Europe being utterly paralyzed have a dash of hyperbole. Less than one » Read more
News on Fastnet, Euroferries, Varsity Express, Ryanair, and more
Three weeks ago, we reported here on EuroCheapo on how booking on a new air route or ferry service can cause a lot of grief for travelers intent on sticking to a fixed itinerary. All too often, teething problems can mean that a new service might not get started as smoothly as a carrier might » Read more
Splendid arrivals: Getting into London and beyond
Some arrivals are just too good to miss. Dropping down out of the skies to land at some of Europe's trickier airports can be challenging for even the most experienced pilots. And, even from the passenger cabin, the steep glide down into the airstrips at Innsbruck (Austria) or Lugano (Switzerland) can be very impressive. Funchal » Read more


text:
- Your file is being downloaded. It will remain available for download from the "My Files" section of your member area for 72 hours.
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Girl in headphones© Sergey Nivens - See portfolio
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["attractive","audio","beach","beautiful","beauty","bikini","caucasian","communication","digital","earphones","electronics","enjoyment","entertainment","equipment","expression","female","feminine","girl","headphones","headset","icon","innovation","lady","leisure","lifestyle","media","mp3","music","musical","player","portable","recreation","relaxation","sound","summer","swimsuit","technology","touch","woman","young"]attractive audio beach beautiful beauty bikini caucasian communication digital earphones electronics enjoyment entertainment equipment expression female feminine girl headphones headset icon innovation lady leisure lifestyle media mp3 music musical player portable recreation relaxation sound summer swimsuit technology touch woman young See all keywords
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text:
A method for improving the quality of a digital image acquired with a non-optimal exposure. In one embodiment, the method, which is applied directly to the image in CFA (Color Filter Array) format, identifies the regions of the image that are most important from the perceptive or contextual point of view by means of simple statistical measures. The image is then transformed by inverting the response function in such a manner as to optimize the quality of these regions.
1. A method for improving the quality of a digital image, the digital image comprising a matrix P of digital values P(x,y), or pixels, each of which is associated on the basis of the position (x,y) with a chromatic component of the red, green or blue type, each of said digital values forming part of a range of possible digital values comprised between a maximum and a minimum number, said method comprising the following operations:
establishing a response function f that expresses a relationship between the digital values P(x,y) of the image P and a measure q(x,y) of the quantity of light that produced said digital values,
extracting from the image P the matrix G of the pixels associated with the green chromatic component obtained from P by discarding the pixels associated with the red and the blue component,
subdividing P into a plurality of adjacent and not overlapping regions,
selecting the visually important regions of G,
establishing a digital value Meanv substantially at the center of the range of the possible digital values,
modifying the image P to obtain a corrected image PT by performing a translation of the digital values of P by means of the inverting the response function f in such a manner as to make the mean of the digital values of G forming part of the important regions coincide with Meanv,
characterized in that the important regions of G are selected by performing the following sequence of operations:
establishing a digital value Meanv substantially at the center of the range of the possible digital values,
obtaining from the plane G a plane GT by performing a translation of the digital values of G by inverting the response function f in such a manner as to make the mean of the pixels of G substantially coincide with Mean,
subdividing the plane GT into regions corresponding to the regions of G,
assigning to every region of G an index of visual importance V calculated on the basis of at least one contrast measure D and at least one focus measure F of the pixels of the corresponding region GT,
establishing a threshold value Vt, and
selecting the regions of G whose index of visual importance V is greater than Vt.
2. A method in accordance with
3. A method in accordance with
4. A method in accordance with
5. A method in accordance with
6. A method in accordance with
7. A method in accordance with
8. A method in accordance with
where α is any real number between 0 and 1.
9. A method in accordance with
10. A camera for generating a digital image of a scene, the camera comprising:
a sensor array operable to acquire pixels of the image having a plurality of regions; and
a processor circuit operable to, calculate at least one respective characteristic value for each of the regions of the image, and to identify at least one of the regions as visually important based on the corresponding at least one characteristic value.
11. The camera of
12. The camera of
13. The camera of
14. The camera of
calculating a histogram for the region;
calculating a mean of the histogram; and
calculating the contrast value equal to the deviation from the mean of the histogram.
15. The camera of
high-pass filtering the pixels within the region; and
calculating the focus value equal to the mean of the filtered pixels.
16. The camera of
17. The camera of
18. The camera of
19. The system of
20. A method for improving the quality of a digital image, the method comprising:
acquiring a digital image having a plurality of pixels;
determining a subset of visually important pixels from the pixels of the acquired image; and
modifying the plurality of pixels based on a characteristic of the visually important pixels.
21. The method of
22. The method of
determining a contrast value and a focus value for each of a plurality of regions of the image;
identifying at least one visually important region based on the contrast and focus values of the at least one region; and
identifying pixels located within the at least one visually important region as the visually important pixels.
23. The method of
calculating the mean of the visually important pixels;
determining a difference between the mean of the visually important pixels and a desired mean; and
shifting each of the plurality of pixels by the difference
24. A method, comprising:
extracting the green pixels from a color-format-array image having multiple regions to generate a green image plane having corresponding regions;
shifting the pixels of the green image plane such that the green pixels have a desired mean;
for each corresponding region of the green image plane,
calculating a histogram,
calculating the mean of the histogram,
calculating a contrast value D equal to the deviation from the mean of the histogram;
high-pass filtering the pixels in the region, and
calculating a focus value F equal to the mean of the filtered pixels;
normalizing the contrast values for the corresponding regions of the green plane;
normalizing the focus values for the corresponding regions of the green plane;
calculating a respective visual-importance value V=αD+(1−α)F for each corresponding region of the green plane;
comparing each value V to a threshold to identify at least one visually important region of the image;
calculating the amount of shift needed to cause the green pixels of the at least one visually important region to have a desired mean; and
shifting the pixels of the image by the calculated amount.
[0001] The present application claims priority from European patent application No. 01830803.1, filed Dec. 24, 2001, which is incorporated by reference.
[0002] The present invention concerns the processing of images in digital format and, more particularly, a method that can be advantageously used in digital still cameras for improving the quality of images acquired with a non optimal exposure.
[0003] Digital still cameras (or DSCs) are currently among the devices most commonly employed for acquiring digital images. The fact that both sensors of ever greater resolution and low-cost and low-consumption digital signal processors (DSPs) are readily available in commerce has led to the development of digital still cameras capable of acquiring images of very considerable resolution and quality.
[0004] In these cameras, as also in traditional still cameras, a problem that is, as yet, difficult to solve is represented by estimating the best exposure to be used in the acquisition phase.
[0005] Exposure control, obtained by acting both on the size of the diaphragm aperture and the shutter timing, makes it possible to control the amount of light that strikes the sensor�and, more particularly, the photosensitive cells of which it is made up�during the acquisition. In digital still cameras there also exists the possibility of regulating the exposure by varying the gain or, analogously, the sensitivity of the photosensitive cells.
[0006] A correct exposure makes it possible to acquire images of a good and uniform tonality, to reproduce the contrast of the scene in an optimal manner and to render any lighting variations within the scene in the best possible way by exploiting the limited dynamic response of the acquisition instrument in an optimal manner. Indeed, given the finite number of bits available for the numerical representation of the pixels and also on account of the sensor characteristics, digital still cameras have a limited response to the luminance variations to be found in a given scene, that is to say, a limited dynamic range.
[0007] Modern digital still cameras utilize several techniques for automatically setting the exposure. These techniques are known as �exposure metering� and operate in conformity with a multitude of different criteria. All of them are, however, based on measurements that estimate the quantity of light associated with or incident on the scene that is to be acquired or on particular regions of that scene.
[0008] Some techniques are completely automatic, cases in point being represented by those based on �average/automatic exposure metering� or the more complex �matrix/intelligent exposure metering�. Others, again, accord the photographer a certain control over the selection of the exposure, thus, allowing space for personal taste or enabling him to satisfy particular needs.
[0009] Notwithstanding the great variety of the known methods for regulating the exposure and notwithstanding the complexity of some of these methods, it is not by any means rare for images to be acquired with a non-optimal or incorrect exposure.
[0010] In any case, there does not exist a precise definition of the best exposure, because this depends both on the contents of the image and the personal taste of the observer. Given a scene that does not call for a particular exposure setting, it is possible to abstract a generalization and to define, as best, the particular exposure that enables one to reproduce the most important regions (deemed to be such in accordance with contextual or perceptive criteria) with a level of grey, or brightness, more or less in the middle of the possible range.
[0011] Optimal exposure therefore reproduces a digital image that, when represented in YCrCb format, is characterized in that the mean of the digital values of the luminance plane Y relating to the most important regions has a value approximately at the center of the range of the possible digital values.
[0012] Various so-called correction methods are known to obtain an improvement of the quality of the acquired image, generally by modifying the luminosity distribution within the image.
[0013] One of the most common of these is the so-called �histogram equalization�, a method that has several known variants.
[0014] Histogram equalization, described in detail�among others�in U.S. Pat. No. 5,923,383, extracts from an image the histogram of the distribution of the digital values corresponding to the light intensity of the pixels and then, equalizing this histogram, produces an image of better quality.
[0015] A problem associated with this method�in common with other known exposure correction methods�is that it takes no account of the fact that in the image there exist regions that are more important from either a perceptive or a contentual point of view.
[0016] Furthermore, the methods known in the state of the art perform the correction by acting on the image after the interpolation process traditionally employed in digital still cameras for producing an image on three full-resolution planes starting from the single-plane colored CFA (Color Filter Array) image produced by the sensor. For this reason, the known correction methods are not optimized from the point of view of computation cost.
[0017] An embodiment of the present invention, therefore, sets out to propose an exposure correction method for improving the quality of digital or digitalized images acquired with a non-optimal exposure that is not subject to the drawbacks associated with the known methods.
[0018] According to an embodiment of the invention, this aim can be attained by a correction method as described in general terms below.
[0019] The invention will be better understood from the detailed description of a particular embodiment given hereinbelow, the said embodiment being merely an example and should not therefore be regarded as in any way limitative, together with the accompanying drawings, of which:
[0020]FIG. 1 shows the block logic scheme of an acquisition system employing the method in accordance with an embodiment of the invention,
[0021]FIG. 2a shows the layout pattern of the filtering elements in a Bayer-type filter and the extraction process of the green plane in accordance with an embodiment of the invention,
[0022]FIG. 2b shows the convolution matrix of a Laplace digital filter in accordance with an embodiment of the invention,
[0023]FIG. 2c shows the response function f(q) of a digital still camera in accordance with an embodiment of the invention,
[0024]FIG. 3a provides a graphical illustration of the offset computation in accordance with an embodiment of the invention, and
[0025]FIG. 3b provides a graphical illustration of the translation process of the green plane G in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
[0026] Referring to FIG. 1, a digital still camera 1 in accordance with one embodiment of the invention comprises an acquisition block 2 consisting of a lens with diaphragm 3 and a sensor 4 onto which the lens focuses an image representative of a real scene.
[0027] The sensor 4, irrespective of whether it is of the CCD (Charge Coupled Device) type or the CMOS type, is an integrated circuit comprising a matrix of photosensitive cells, each of which generates a voltage proportional to the exposure to which it is subjected. The voltage generated by each photosensitive cell is translated into a digital value of N bits by an A/D converter 5. This value is generally represented by N=8, 10 or 12 bits. One could assume, but only by way of example and without thereby introducing any limitation whatsoever, that in this embodiment of the present invention we have N=8, i.e. that the analog voltages on the input side of the converter are encoded with digital values comprised between 0 and 255.
[0028] In a typical sensor, just a single photosensitive cell will be associated with each pixel. The sensor is covered by an optical filter consisting of a matrix of filtering elements, each one of which is associated with a photosensitive cell. Each filtering element transmits to the photosensitive cell associated with it the light radiation corresponding to the wavelength of nothing but red light, nothing but green light or nothing but blue light, absorbing only a minimal part of this radiation. For each pixel, it, therefore, detects only one of the three primary components (R,G,B) of additive chromatic synthesis.
[0029] The type of filter employed varies from one maker to another, but the one most commonly used is known as a Bayer filter. In this filter, the layout pattern of the filtering elements, the so-called Bayer Pattern, is identified by the matrix 10 shown in FIG. 2a.
[0030] In a sensor with a Bayer filter, the green component is detected for half the pixels of the sensor arranged in a chessboard pattern; the other two components are detected for the red and blue pixels, which are arranged on alternate lines.
[0031] The image on the output side of the A/D converter 5 is an incomplete digital image, because it is constituted by just a single component (R, G or B) per pixel. For this reason just a single digital value of N=8 bit is associated with each pixel. The format of this image is known as CFA (Color Filter Array).
[0032] The image in CFA format is sent to a pre-processing unit 6 (�Prepro�): this unit, which is active both before and during the entire acquisition phase, interacts with the acquisition block 2 and extracts from the CFA image a number of parameters, using them to perform some automatic control functions, namely automatic focusing, automatic exposure, correction of the sensor defects and white balancing.
[0033] Without introducing any limitation, one could assume that, in this unit, the image, following its acquisition, is subjected to the exposure correction method in accordance with the present invention.
[0034] The incomplete CFA image is subsequently sent to a unit 7 known as IGP (Image Generation Pipeline), which has the task of performing a complex processing phase with a view to obtaining a high-resolution digital image.
[0035] The core of the processing performed by the IGP 7 consists of the reconstruction process that, starting from the incomplete CFA image, produces a complete digital image�in RGB format, for example�in which three digital values (24 bits) corresponding to the components R, G, B are associated with each pixel. This transformation, obtained�for example�by means of interpolation, involves a passage from a representation on a single plane (Bayer), which nevertheless contains information relating to all three chromatic components, to a representation on three planes (R,G,B).
[0036] Various quality improvement functions are also performed in the IGP block 7, including for example: filtering of the noise introduced by the sensor 4, application of special effects and other functions that generally vary in both number and type from one maker to another.
[0037] The IGP block 7 is followed by a compression/encoding block 8, generally of the JPEG type. The compressed image can be saved in a memory unit 9 or sent to some external peripheral unit.
[0038] The correction method in accordance with the invention is applied directly to the CFA image, in which the regions considered to be important in perceptive or contextual terms are identified by means of visual analysis. This is followed by evaluation of the necessary correction and eventually application of the actual correction.
[0039] In particular, only the green pixels are involved in the visual analysis and the calculation of the correction. The reason for this is that the green pixels are the most numerous in the Bayer Pattern and also because the green component approximates the brightness or luminance of the image (channel Y).
[0040] The green plane G is extracted from the CFA image by eliminating the red and the blue pixels and placing the green pixels side by side in such a manner as to produce an image having half the size of the original (Matrix 11 of FIG. 2a). Obviously, this and all the intermediate processing operations are performed on a copy of the CFA source image, thus assuring that the information of the original image will neither be altered nor destroyed.
[0041] Subsequently the plane G is divided into K adjacent and non overlapping regions and by way of example we have here used K=16. For the sake of simplicity, the regions could be square matrices of the same size, but regions of any shape or size could equally be used.
[0042] Two statistical measures are then calculated for each region: a contrast measure and a focusing (or, more simply, focus). According to an embodiment of the present invention, indeed, the visually most important regions are the ones that have the best contrast and are well focused.
[0043] Contrast constitutes a measure of the difference of light tones present in the image; the regions with the greatest contrast have a strong visual impact. The focus, on the other hand, is a measure of the presence of sharp edges or sides in the region: it can be useful for identifying the regions in which there are concentrated the high-frequency components, that is to say, the regions of the image that contain the greatest details.
[0044] Obviously, if these two measures were to be computed for an under-exposed image, for example, the most strongly lit regions would have greater contrast and be better focused than the dark ones.
[0045] But, visual analysis has to identify the most important regions independently of their illumination. For this reason, the measures of contrast and focus are computed for an intermediate image obtained by forcing the green plane G to a mean digital value substantially at the center of the range of the possible digital values (in this example: 128). This operation, which we shall call translation, involves a transformation of the plane G and calls for knowledge of the response function f(q) of the digital still camera (FIG. 2c).
[0046] The response function 13 expresses the relationship that exists between the quantity of light q(x,y) that strikes a photosensitive cell of coordinates (x,y) of the sensor and the digital value I(x,y) assigned to the corresponding pixel (x,y), i.e.:
[0047] For the sake of simplicity, this function is commonly assumed to be the same for all the pixels.
[0048] As can be seen in FIG. 2c, the response function 13 has a threshold region, a saturation region and a linear region comprised between the threshold region and the saturation region.
[0049] For a given acquisition device the function f(q) is calculated once and for all as part of the calibration phase.
[0050] The actual calculation process forms part of the state of the art and will not be further considered herein. Two different methods of determining the response function are, however, set out in detail in �Recovering High Dynamic Radiance Maps from Photographs� (P. Debevec, J. Malik, 1997, Proc. Of ACM SIGGRAPH) and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,828,793 (Mann).
[0051] In actual practice, however, it is not necessary for the response function f(q) to be known with great accuracy: experimental trials have shown that good results can be obtained also with generic functions f(q) whose trend is substantially similar to that of the function shown in FIG. 2c.
[0052] The translation operation of the green plane is commenced by calculating MeanG, i.e. the mean of the digital values of the green pixels. One then selects a digital value (Mean) that is to represent the new mean value of the green plane after the translation operation, say, Mean=128.
[0053] Inverting the response function f(q), one then determines the quantity Δq that, always in terms of q, represents the offset (FIG. 3a) needed to make the mean value of the green plane substantially coincide with Mean, i.e.:
Δq =f −1(Meang)−f −1(Mean).
[0054] Once the offset Δq has been obtained, the digital value G(x,y) of the green pixels is modified by the translation operation into the digital value GT(x,y) in accordance with the following formula:
G T(x,y)=f(Δq +f −1(G(x,y))).
[0055] The translation operation is schematically illustrated in FIG. 3b.
[0056] Following the translation, one obtains a new green plane GT, which has the characteristic of being representative of the same real scene of the green plane G of the source image. The plane GT is, likewise, subdivided into K regions and reflects the subdivision of the green plane G of the source image.
[0057] For each of the regions of the plane GT, one then calculates a contrast measure. For any given region, this is obtained by constructing the histogram of the intensities GT=i (i=0 . . . 255) of the pixels and evaluating the deviation D from the mean value M of the histogram.
[0058] The histogram is a discrete function l[i] of the digital values i (i=0 . . . 255) that associates with each digital value i the number of green pixels with which the digital value i is associated. The deviation D from the mean value of the histogram is calculated on the basis of the following formula:
[0059] where M is the mean value of the histogram, i.e.:
[0060] Since a large deviation indicates strong contrast, the deviation represents a good measure D of the contrast of the region in question.
[0061] A possible variant consists of filtering the histogram in such a manner as to eliminate possible and unimportant peaks before calculating the deviation D. In practice a simple filtering of this type can be obtained by replacing each value of the histogram by the mean of this value and a certain number of adjacent values.
[0062] Once the measures D have been obtained for all the regions, they are normalized in the range [0;1] by assigning the value I to the largest measured D.
[0063] A focus measure F is assigned to the K regions by filtering each region of GT with a digital high-pass filter.
[0064] The measure F, for a given region, is calculated as the mean of the filtered pixels forming part of the region. With a view to eliminating some high-frequency noise components, it is also possible to exclude from the mean all the pixels having a filtered value in excess of some arbitrary threshold. The digital high-pass filtering can be obtained, for example, by performing the convolution of each region with a 3�3 Laplace filter, which is indicated by the matrix 12 in FIG. 2b.
[0065] After once again normalizing the quantity F in the range [0;1], one then calculates the quantity V, which represents an index of visual importance, i.e.:
[0066] where α is any real number between 0 and 1.
[0067] The regions in which the index V exceeds a predetermined threshold (for example, Vt=0.5) are classified as visually important.
[0068] This basic approach can give rise to several variants: for example, it would be possible to include in V an additional weighting coefficient for the regions that occupy central positions of the scene, because very often these contain the principal subject of the photograph. A further refinement consists of discarding all the saturated or very noisy regions or adding some other statistical measure indicative of the perceptive importance of the region.
[0069] Once the important regions have been identified, the correction operation in the proper sense of the term can be performed. This operation is once again a translation, but this time, it involves the whole of the CFA image. The translation is performed in such a way as to make the mean value of the green pixels of the important regions coincide substantially with the center of the range of the possible digital values in accordance with the definition of optimal exposure described above.
[0070] To this end, one calculates the mean MeangV of the digital values of the green pixels of the non-translated plane G of all the important regions and then determines the offset ΔqV needed to correct the exposure of the image in such a manner that the green components of the important regions will have a mean value Meanv substantially coincident with the center of the range of the possible digital values, i.e.:
ΔqV =f −1(MeangV)−f −1(MeanV).
[0071] Once ΔqV is known, the whole of the CFA image, inclusive of the red and the blue pixels, can be corrected by performing a translation operation that is in every respect similar to the method described above.
[0072] More precisely, if we use the letter P to designate the matrix P(x,y) that constitutes the source image in CFA format, the digital values PT(X,y) of the corrected CFA image PT are obtained performing the following translation:
P T(x,y)=f(ΔqV +f −1(P(x,y))).
[0073] For some types of images, however, a single correction might not prove sufficient: in these cases optimal final results can be obtained by applying the correction method several times. This is due to the fact that image correction also improves the identification of the important regions that were initially subject to incorrect exposure and thus renders the next correction step more efficacious.
[0074] The proposed method, thus, makes it possible to correct the acquired CFA images, either in a single step or in several steps, before these images are interpolated, producing final images in which the reproduction of the more important parts is improved. Since an interpolated image occupies three times as much memory space as a CFA image, the method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention obtains a considerable saving in terms of memory occupation, computation time and energy consumption.
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Komatsuna is a typical Japanese leafy vegetable. Komatsuna, also known as Japanese Mustard Spinach, is a Japanese green that has been known in North America since at least the 1930s. It has thick, smooth, glossy green leaves of an oblong shape.
Storing and Cooking
Store Komatsuna loosely in plastic bags in your refrigerator drawer.
It is delicious used in stir-fries, boiled, steamed, pickled or added to soups, stews, or used fresh in salads. Komatsuna's tender leaves remain delicious, even when plants are large. Delicate mustard flavor makes it nice for braising, too. Its tender leaves, as well as its flowering stems, are used raw or are cooked and have a flavor that falls between mustard greens and cabbage.
Did you know?The average food item travels 1550-2480 miles (2500-4000 KM) in the U.S.
-The WorldWatch Institute, "Home Grown," 2002
Quotes"If a man walks in the woods for love of them half of each day, he is in danger of being regarded as a loafer. But if he spends his days as a speculator, shearing off those woods and making the earth bald before her time, he is deemed an industrious and enterprising citizen."
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Spring is Coming!
Thursdays are open for visitation. We are packing seed orders and chatting it up with friends and family. In addition to eggs and seeds, there are also dry beans and some root stocks floating around and available. The home farm is located at 10145 Oxford Rd. We hope to see you soon!
Boulder Farmers Market re-opens Saturdays on April 2 from 8-2 and Wednesdays on May 4 from 4-8
This year we will also have seeds at the Longmont Farmer's Market for the first 6 markets.


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wi-sailor girl
bcafeFebruary 7, 2013
I emailed you about your tile setter. Let me know if you received it. Thanks!
I did and I wrote back the other day, but I don't have the info for you yet. I should talk to him today. We're playing phone tag and the only phone I have for him is his home number and I'm assuming he'd rather have me pass along a different number. As soon as I hear from him I'll e-mail you again and try to contact you through here as well to make sure you get the info!


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Costco urges Thorncliffe Park residents to support former Coca-Cola site for proposed new Toronto store, gas station
Costco is appealing to residents of Thorncliffe Park to voice their support for a store proposed on the site of the former Coca-Cola headquarters, which some want designated as a heritage site.
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Costco Wholesale Canada Ltd. is urging local residents to voice their support for a proposed store and gas station in Thorncliffe Park.
The designated location at 42-46 Overlea Blvd., the site of the former Coca-Cola Canada headquarters, which was built in 1964, would be the retailer's fourth in Toronto.
Whether anticipating pushback by residents concerned about the rise of big-box outlets in the city, or from architectural experts wanting the three-story office building preserved as a heritage site, Costco is going on the offensive.
In a mailing to its members, senior vice-president Pierre Riel wrote: "It is a fact of life that individuals who oppose projects tend to make their objections known, while those in favour do not express their views. As we pursue municipal planning approvals, we need you to show your support for a new Costco warehouse and gas station to City of Toronto planning staff and council members."
In May, city council adopted a city planning report recommending "the property be included on the City of Toronto Inventory of Heritage Properties for its cultural values."
A supporting letter from Geoff Kettel, chair of the North York Community Preservation Panel, said the main building was designed by "the well-regarded Toronto architectural firm Mathers and Haldenby, and is widely regarded as an excellent example of mid-century Modernist architecture in Toronto." The panel also wants the property's magnolia trees protected.
Costco is requesting a zoning bylaw amendment for the site that would see demolition of the office building and bottling plant.
Coca-Cola moved its headquarters downtown earlier this year. The bottling and distribution operation moved to Brampton more than a decade ago.
A community consultation meeting was scheduled for Thursday evening.
Abbas Kolia, president of the Thorncliffe Park Residents Association, was planning to attend.
Given the high unemployment among the 3,500 residents it represents, the association supports Costco because "they can bring jobs to the community; that is our biggest concern," said Kolia.
He has heard the project could generate up to 150 full-time jobs and 100 part-time jobs for qualified people in the surrounding postal codes.
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Sophia Bush attended the iHeart Radio Music Festival held at MGM Grand Resort and Casino on Saturday (September 20) in Las Vegas, Nevada.
The actress opted for a Monique Lhuillier Fall 2014 nude dress with a black netted overlay styled with nude Louboutin pumps and a Rauwolf clutch.
I can't say I'm a huge fan of the dress, but it would've been much improved with the patent-leather belt.
Sophia used to be so consistant on the red carpet. Lately I have been surprised to find myself at odds with some of her looks.
Credit: Style.com & Getty


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2014 Telegram All-Area Baseball Team: Despite poor weather, these players shined in 2014
For the second consecutive year, baseball teams in northern Wisconsin played a shortened season due to wintery weather that lasted well into spring.
Northwestern, Northwood, Solon Springs and Superior made the best of their condensed schedules, but all four teams are looking forward to better weather and better results in 2015.
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Sperry Top-Sider Girls Bluefish Boat Shoes
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Rose plaid along each side adds a vibrant pop of color to the linen leather Sperry Top-Sider Bluefish girls' boat shoe. The silhouette will add flair to her favorite casual looks.
- authentic handsewn construction for durability
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Read reviews, get customer ratings, see screenshots, and learn more about Google Search on the App Store. Download Google Search and enjoy it on your ...Test this site now
Google Search on the go. Movies, sports scores, local results, and more.Test this site now
Google Search (or Google Web Search) is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. Google Search, is the most-used search engine on the World Wide Web, receiving ...Test this site now
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Thats right friends and fans you can now download 1 or all of this awesome rockin album from iTunes .. Ceremony itunes
Tuesday, April 15th Liars Club ~ Chicago, Il Wednesday, April 16th The Saddle Ridge ~ Cleveland, Oh Friday, April 18th Penny Rd. Pub ~ Barrington, Ill Saturday, April 19th Rascal's ~ La Grange Pk., Il Sunday, April, 20th Legends ~ Addison, Il Wednesday, April 23rd The Fortune Cookie ~ Nyc, Ny Monday, April 28th The Red Eyed Fly ~ Austin, Tx 8pm Wednesday 30th April The Joint, 8771 Pico Blvd, Beverly Hills (cross street Robertson Sunday, May 4th SHOWCASE ~ West Hollywood, Ca These guys are ripping the roofs off every joint they've played so dont miss out on this the best new aussie rock band while there on their 'American Tour'


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Subfloor prep before laminate
freemanbrian12October 19, 2013
I plan to lay a tongue and groove floating laminate floor in my living room. After I pulled up the carpet I found the sub floor is particle board and isn't perfectly flat. It is higher at all seams and lower in the center of the panels. I would say the biggest gaps are about 3/16" across my 4' level.
I tried sanding at the seams but it didn't help much without taking quite a bit of material off.
Is a leveling compound an option or is replacing the sub floor with plywood my only hope?
Thank you,


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Do you have a BluRay player? Do you have a DVD player?
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April 2 2014, 01:09 AM
Alidar Jarok
Everything in moderation but moderation
Location: Norfolk, VA
Re: Do you have a BluRay player? Do you have a DVD player?
My TV isn't quite at the point to make it worth it just yet, but I'll probably get a Blue-Ray player sooner rather than later. I currently have a Region-free DVD player so it would be a shame to lose that, though.
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Narrow your search
After a second round of deliberations, the jury gives a decisive victory to prominent venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins, which was being sued for gender discrimination by former junior partner Ellen Pao.
What Einstein termed "spooky action at a distance" has been successfully demonstrated for the first time.
Technically Incorrect: Researchers suggest there are so many scientific papers that their contents are being rapidly forgotten.
ComScore finds 71 percent of Snapchat's user base is between the ages of 18 and 34.
4G wireless networks in the US are faster and more widely used, but download speeds are worse than in dozens of other countries, according to OpenSignal.
Apple has built a new technology to help researchers collect data from the company's customers.
Technically Incorrect: A study by social network On.com claims there's a time of day when it's best to post photos. And would you believe that photos with women in them get almost 6 times the "likes" of photos with men?
Technically Incorrect: The Microsoft co-founder says research by his friend Nathan Myhrvold has shown that studying dinosaur bones gives insights into the fight against malnutrition.
Trace the impact comics and superheroes have had on society and interact with legendary comic king Stan Lee himself with a new EdX course.
A single self-driving car could take care of multiple people's daily driving needs, so households might not need as many cars, University of Michigan researchers say.


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The latest stories from the Home section of the BBC News web site.
Updated: 13 min 16 sec ago
Garcia complaint inadmissible - Fifa
Fifa dismisses a complaint from its own World Cup corruption investigator Michael Garcia as well as two whistleblowers.
Rodgers rejects talk of disharmony
Liverpool boss Brendan Rodgers dismisses talk of dressing room unrest at the struggling Premier League club.
Day in pictures: 16 December 2014
Images from around the world: 16 December
Church reveals abuse allegations
The Catholic Church in Scotland reveals details of abuse allegations made in 2013, of which seven were made against members of the clergy.
Reading set to appoint Clarke
Championship side Reading are set to appoint former West Brom boss Steve Clarke as their new manager.
Roma pupils 'need more support'
Children from Roma backgrounds in England's schools must be better supported to learn and achieve, a report by the watchdog Ofsted says.
Charity boss in '£800k fraud' arrest
The head of finance at a homeless charity in Swansea is arrested on suspicion of fraud understood to be £800,000.
Google threatened with £12m fine
Google has been threatened with a fine of up to 15m euros (£12m) if it does not do a better job of protecting the privacy of Dutch citizens
McDonald's rations chips in Japan
Fast food company McDonald's is rationing fries in Japan as it struggles to cope with a chip shortage.
Referendum vote is deemed a success
The Scottish independence referendum was "well run" with high levels of voter satisfaction and is an example to be followed, according to the election watchdog.
Nursing assistant suspended sentence
A nursing assistant at Muckamore Abbey Hospital near Antrim is given a suspended prison sentence for assaulting a mentally-disabled woman she was meant to be caring for.
Design and technology 'marginalised'
Design and technology is being marginalised by curriculum changes, the subject's teachers say.
Briton guilty of Kenyan child abuse
Ex-teacher Simon Harris is found guilty of sexually abusing children in Kenya after a trial at Birmingham Crown Court.
Microsoft rivals unite over data row
Apple and eBay are among those supporting Microsoft's stand against handing over data stored in Ireland to the US government.
England-only votes: the options
What exactly are the options for votes on English laws?
In pictures: Peshawar school attack
Taliban gunmen open fire on school in Peshawar
Landlord pub murder accused remanded
A man accused of murdering a pub landlord on Anglesey appears at Mold Crown Court.
Teen raped woman on his birthday
A teenager who raped and assaulted a woman outside a nightclub where he was celebrating turning 18 is jailed for five years.
Child car smoking ban bill launched
South of Scotland Lib Dem MSP Jim Hume formally launches a bill at Holyrood to prevent smoking in cars with children in them.
NSA spying prompts security changes
Continuing revelations about government-backed surveillance have prompted millions of people to do more to keep their data private, suggests a survey.


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2010 Spring Gas Control Conference Presentations
The Gas Control Committee held its Spring Conference May 12 - 14 in New Orleans, LA. The presentations are posted below.
Control Room Management Roundtable
- Byron Coy, U.S. Department of Transportation, PHMSA
- Daron Moore, El Paso Energy Corporation
- Rich Montenes, National Grid
- Tom Gibsom, NiSource
- Maureen Williams, Nicor
Conference Presentations
- Fatigue Management: It's About Sleep! Charles Alday, Pipeline Performance Group
- Alarm Management for Control Room Operations in the Natural Gas Industry. Bridget Fitzpatrick
If you need more information about the 2010 Spring Conference, please contact Junaid Faruq


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Hiv From One Encounter
Here's a taste of what TheBody.com has to offer on this topic:
Ask the Experts
Balanitis 8 Months after an Unsafe Sex Encounter with an HIV+?Last November I accidentally had unsafe sex with a HIV+ man, and he ejaculated inside me once. I had my RT PCR blood test this January; it did not detect any virus. And in February I did antibody test; the result was negative. After one month,...
Response from Robert J. Frascino, M.D.
The Robert James Frascino AIDS Foundation...a throbbing tallywhacker from a virally enhanced bystander?As for your unsafe sexcapade, the CDC recommendations are to get HIV-antibody tested at both the three- and six-month period. That you've had negative HIV-antibody tests out to five... Read more »
Known Positive, Though Undetectable Partner, Oral Sex Slip-up: Risky Encounter? (ORAL SEX AND HIV/STD RISK, 2010)A few weeks ago I hooked up with a guy I met online; he did not reveal his status on his profile.... Read more »
Hepatitis/HIV Concern after Barber Shop VisitMy husband just returned from the barber shop with a cute haircut but when he turned around I saw... Read more »
U.N. Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS Lewis, WHO AIDS Director Kim Visit Lesotho to Evaluate HIV/AIDS Programs... U.N. Special Envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa Stephen Lewis on Wednesday began a three-day visit to Lesotho to evaluate the Southern African country's developments Read more »
Actor Brad Pitt Visits Ethiopia as Part of HIV/AIDS Fundraising Campaign...Actor Brad Pitt spent four days in Ethiopia this week as a part of a fundraising campaign that aims to curb the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa, the AP/ Yahoo! News reports. During the visit, Pitt met with local HIV/AIDS organizations and eight... Read more »
Burma Shuts HIV/AIDS Shelter After Suu Kyi Visit... One day after it was visited by newly freed democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi, a shelter housing HIV/AIDS patients was shut down by Burmese authorities. More than 600 people were on hand to cheer Wednesday's visit by Suu Kyi, who promised Read more »
HHS Secretary Leavitt to Visit HIV/AIDS Projects in Cote d'Ivoire...Secretary Mike Leavitt on Wednesday is scheduled to arrive in Cote d'Ivoire, where he will visit projects aimed at fighting HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, AFP/Google.com reports. Leavitt will spend two days in the country, which... Read more »
Connect With Others
Visiting HIV infected person
Posted by tnk, 1 Reply...Hello Sir, I am from India..Please help me.... My father-in-law is HIV +ve. We came to know about this about 3 months back.. We are supposed to visit him for 2 days this weekend.. What I want to Read more »
Can you catch hiv from this encounter
Posted by kris, 2 Replies...I have a friend who is hiv positive he has been so for ten years but I just found out recently. I have some anxiety about germs in general so I dont shake Read more »
Looking for HIV Poz friends visiting Cancun
Posted by Anonymous, 2 Replies...come down to Cancun, I will be more than happy to meet you and share experiences and exchange information about living with HIV, and of course, my friendship is open to all of you! I live in Cancun and working in tourism. Being HIV Poz since 2... Read more »
Recent encounter with a HIV+ man
Posted by Anonymous, 1 Reply...Hi there Just recently I had a sexual encounter with an HIV + man, I am a HIV- man. We engaged in kissing (I know, no risk), oral sex (he wore a condom I did not and neither of us came Read more »
Resource Centers
Guides for People With HIV


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Gambrills, MD, USA < change city >
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Tania has been my hairstylist for years... and I don't even live in Maryland anym...
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Colostrum has been called "nature's first food" because female mammals produce colostrum just before they give birth. The yellow fluid is excreted in the milk for approximately three days following birth. After this' colostrum is no longer produced in the mammal.
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Displaying reviews 1-5 of 5
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I'm looking to get someone to wrap my fascia & soffit in aluminim & vinyl. Most of my fascia has seamless gutters already installed, except for the gable end of my house which is just uncovered wood.
I've had 4 people look at it and give me 4 different opinions. One said I didn't need to wrap the fascia with gutters already there. Another has said the gutters would need to come down and be reinstalled after the fascia is wrapped in aluminum. The third said they would loosen the gutters and slide the aluminum underneath and reattach the gutter after the aluminum is attached. The last person said he would not remove the gutters, because they are difficult to reattach without damaging, but would slide aluminum underneath the gutter from the bottom and then slide an overlapping piece underneath from the top.
The last approach seems like it my be a problem to be but I'm no expert. If someone can give me some advice, I would appreciate it.
- Forum >
- Roofing & Siding >
- Wrapping fascia with existing gutters
The second guy is gonna do it the proper way,the gutters must come down. While they`re on the ground, take the chance to wash them inside and out. This will make re-sealing the corners, (if any) endcaps and downspouts much better. The coverage should go under the dripedge and return 3/4 back under the fascia or pannels. Make sure to use screws (2), back in the SAME holes on the gutters. The screws will grab the coverage. Make sure the pitch is properly re-installed. (You can lower them now if you wish but not raise them cuz the pipes will be too short) Gutters too high tend to get ripped down by ice dams more easily !! Finally, install an apron (some clip into the gutter) flashing over the top of the gutter and under the dripedge,...I know,..it will take another piece but it will last longer than caulk and not let water go down between.
Exposed rafter tails and gutters
Replacing pieces of existing wood siding..
Box gutters
Trimming out windows with existing Drywall trim
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Washingtonia filifera or W. robusta or W. filibusta?
I invite hobbyists and professionals who have knowledge of Washingtonia species - California and Mexican Fan palms and their hybrids, to discuss and identify these and many others amnd post your own photos identifying trunks, fronds, petioles, hastulas of a variety of Washingtonias to help us identify these palms better in the future.
Are these Washingtonia filifera or W. robusta or W. filibusta?
1. Grows in Columbia, South Carolina:
2. Grows in Lexington-Columbia, South Carolina on a Sunset Blvd.:
3. Grows (many) in Barnwell, South Carolina (next to some inn):
4. Grows in North,SC:
I include photos of hastulas, petioles and fronds of this palm to be ablew to identify it better. These (#4) I believe are probably W. filibusta hybrids. Or they could be W. robusta? Correct me if I'm wrong.
Here is a link that might be useful:
All of the ones in your pictures are Washingtonia robusta, except for number 2, which I believe is a W. filibusta with exceptional hybrid vigor. I've been watching the filibusta since its planting sometime around 2000-2001(It was planted by a now defunct palm nursery). The only true W. filifera that I'm aware of above the Midlands are located at Greenville Technical College.
Here are some pics.
Greenville Tech Washingtonia filifera-July 2, 2011.
Greenville Tech Washingtonia filifera-July 2, 2011.
Greenville Tech Washingtonia filifera-October 23,2010.
Greenville Tech Washingtonia filifera-October 23, 2010.
Washingtonia filibusta 2007(?)
Washingtonia robusta in Sumter,SC.
Washingtonia robusta in Abbeville,SC.
Btw, the W. filifera at Greenville Tech have been there for about six years, and have survived a low of 11 degrees, both in 2010 and 2011.
I was trying to find a Washingtonia filifera (California Fan Palm) in SC and all I could find to buy was this one with a clear trunk of just over a foot. As far as I know the ones safe to plant in the ground must have at least 2 feet of clear trunk. Do you think this is definitely a Washingtonia filifera?
Thanks a lot for your help! I hope this thread stays on and helps others to identify their palms as well.
Here is a link that might be useful:
If the one above is a W. robusta that would be very disappointing after buying it marked as W. filifera. Same as the seller I too thought it is W. filifera because the petioles and the "teeth" have yellow color to them. I am attaching a link to another palm that's got over 2 feet of clear trunk and that's been offered to me as definitely a W. filifera. What do you guys think?
Here is a link that might be useful:
neonrider I'm no expert but I have one at home now that looks pretty much like that one in your last pic except mine has a little bit of burgandy blushing on some of the frond base. It was sold as a robusta but I think it is a hybrid filibusta leaning more towards a robusa. And with that I believe yours is a hybrid that leans towards filifera. Don't stress hybrids are the best of both worlds - more cold tolerance with faster growth. I'm happy mine is a hybrid I just wish it leaned more towards a filifera.
Washingtonia is monotypic. The two "species" commonly called out are merely phenotypes unsupported by genotyping. If what you want is "filifera", you should check out west. Maybe Yuccado has some. Be aware that this palm is less tolerant of moisture when young than "robusta".