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NSA Blowback Spreads to Internet Governance Organizations
Monday, October 14 2013 @ 04:36 PM CDT
Contributed by: Andy Updegrove
Views: 3,883
The unexpected disclosures of NSA activities by Edward Snowden presents a splendid example of U.S. government, as well as popular, indifference to world opinion. As part of its efforts to control the political damage of the embarrassing revelations, the Obama administration repeatedly stressed that only foreign nationals had been the targeted. As the breathtaking breadth of the data accessed and analyzed became clear, this rationale raised the question of how the foreign citizens - and even leaders - of U.S. allies might feel about being considered to be fair game for the NSA's attention.
The answer to that question is that they weren't happy. Nor, as we will see, were a group of NGOs that had no reason to think they were targeted at all.


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"Hi Alexis, I'm your newest fan on facebook. What a cool concept! You can visit my business page Original Car Decals Please feel free to contact me if you ever need a business decal for your vehicle! Have a great day! Jen Maddox"
811 members2437 Comments 48 Favorites
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subset: commoncrawl


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Thank you HFB Cape Town and HFB Derry/Londonderry for your energy and enthusiasm!
Remember Me
Thanks to all who attended the Hands For a Bridge Annual Auction.
It was a tremendous success!
Travel, Retreats, Dialogue, Creativity, Friendship, Discovery, Peace...
The world is in the hands of our children.
Hands For A Bridge seeks your support for its global dialogue program that enriches the lives of students across the globe. Many people and organizations have contributed through the years to help HFB thrive.
It is easy to donate through Click and Pledge
Send your donations to:
Hands for a Bridge
P.O. Box 27004
Seattle, WA 98165
HFB is a registered non-profit. Tax ID#: 26-3624161.
Click to view and/or download IRS 501(c)3 verification letter
Click here!
Click Here!


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FULL RESOLUTION - 770x684
News » Published months ago
Is this One Direction the Musician?
Share your thoughts on this image?
27th March 2015 @ 04:10pm
Will it only be a matter of time before One Direction split completely?
19th March 2015 @ 07:05pm
Things have not been going well for Zayn Malik recently and it has now been confirmed that he has quit the One Direction tour
19th April 2013 @ 06:58am
The official poster for One Direction's film 'This Is Us' has been released


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This catalog gives back - 0 Comments
School fundraising drives just got a lot hipper.
Close Buy, a Portland, Maine-based catalog, forgoes standard wares such as wrapping paper and popcorn to showcase pencils that turn into potted plants and old fleece jackets repurposed as tablet cases. The goal is to feature independently made goods from across New England to benefit schools in the six states.
"The money stays in the local economy and in the school system," said Masey Kaplan, who founded Close Buy in 2010 to help Maine communities. "It is more of a personal connection."
Welcome to our new commenting system
Welcome to our new Facebook commenting system. Our goal is to create a meaningful environment where it is simple to comment on our pages and, if you'd like, share that comment with your friends.
Please read our commenting FAQ to learn more.
The views expressed in any comment section are not those of the Herald or endorsed in any way by the Herald; the Herald reserves the right to remove any comment which violates its Rules of Conduct; and the Herald is not liable for the consequences of any posted comment as provided in Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act and the Herald's terms of service.


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ERGO F93 PRO Stock Strike Plate Aluminum Matte
Product #: 795874 Ergo #: 4980 UPC #: 874748004268
Product Information
The ERGO F93 PRO stock strike plate is reinforcement for the toe of the stock that helps increase the strength of stock and provide a strong striking surface when needed. The strike plate also protects the stock when clearing malfunctions using the "mortar" method. Constructed of aluminum with a black anodized finish, installation hardware is included.
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The total weight of the product, including the product's packaging as it sits on our shelf. Since some products ship directly from the Manufacturer, their weight may be unavailable. Because of variations in the manufacturing process, similar products may have differing weights. Unless the product is designated as "Ships Alone", Shipping Weight does not include the shipping box or packing materials associated with your order.
Product ships from MidwayUSA, separate from any other products on your order due to its size. Products that are Shipped Alone incur separate "Per Order" and "Per Pound" shipping charges.
Product is regulated by the US Department of Transportation (DOT) and cannot be shipped via USPS or air shipping methods. DOT-Regulated products must ship UPS Ground.
Product is restricted by shipping carriers and cannot be shipped to certain locations or via certain shipping methods.
Additional shipping charge for HazMat products. Carriers charge extra to ship packages with products they consider hazardous, such as reloading powder and primers.
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WANTED: hoyas
raylynn2(8a)July 23, 2013
Years ago I had a couple hoyas and loved them now I would love to try again. I don't have any hoyas to trade but would pay postage or have other plant types I could trade. My trade list is not in member page it is in a post in plant exchange named house plants :) thanks


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CWC 2015 Fundraiser
Annual Party with a Purpose – Bad Poetry Night
Tuesday, March 31, 2015, 6:30 – 8:30 pm
Mrs. Murphy & Son's Irish Bistro
Join us and Chicago literary lovers for our annual benefit which supports our scholarship fund. Help us reach our goal of offering 20 scholarships to literacy and writing tutors at 826CHI and Open Books!
To keep you entertained, we'll have Chicago luminaries reading some of the worst poetry and oddities we could find, curated by our partner Open Books. Emceeing the festivities and bad poetry is Mike Stephen of WGN's Outside the Loop Radio.Purchase Tickets
Save $5 when you purchase your tickets by March 15!
More Information about the event
Video: What Writers Learned at CWC 2014
Visit our video channel on Vimeo to watch more videos from the 2014 Chicago Writers Conference!
Chicago Writers Conference is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization dedicated to connecting Chicago area writers and publishing professionals through conferences, workshops and literary events.
Chicago Writers Conference is partially supported by a CityArts Grant from the City of Chicago Department of Cultural Affairs & Special Events.


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Our Department
Prospective Students
Student Resources
Site Supervisor Resources
I know that applying to graduate school can be a frustrating, confusing, and sometimes complicated process. I want to help you in anyway that I can! Please contact me with questions about the application process, my experience in the program, what you can expect, or any other questions you may have.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (585)-395-5050
Jobs & Internships Fair
noon - 4 pm
Writers Forum: Suzanne Parker
8 pm
Scholars Day
8 am - 9 pm
MetroCenter Graduate School Open House
5:30 pm - 7 pm
Accepted Student Day
9 am


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Nike Dri-FIT Running Top, T-Shirt & Pants (Big Boys)
'Speed Fly Dimension GFX' T-Shirt (Big Boys)
- Item #689723
Details & Care
- A lightweight performance T-shirt with a pixelated logo is cut from moisture-wicking Dri-FIT fabric.
- Polyester; machine wash.
- By Nike; imported.
- Kids' Wear.
'Element' Dri-FIT Half Zip Running Top (Big Boys)
- Item #689752
Details & Care
- Signature Dri-FIT fabric wicks away moisture and keeps your young athlete comfortable and dry in a sporty optic-jacquard top. Raglan-cut sleeves allow full range of motion, and 360-degree reflectivity promotes visibility in low-light conditions.
- Flat-seam construction to minimize chafing.
- Polyester; machine wash.
- By Nike; imported.
- Kids' Wear.
'Lights Out' Pants (Big Boys)
- $35.00
- Item #627403
Details & Care
- Sporty stripes race down the legs of play-ready pants detailed with a signature swoosh and styled with an elasticized waistband for comfort.
- Side-seam pockets.
- 100% polyester.
- Machine wash cold, line dry.
- By Nike; imported.
- Kids' Wear.
'Air Max 2013' Running Shoe (Big Kid)
- Item #589477
Details & Care
- A play-ready sneaker features maximum cushioning for daylong comfort.
- Lace-up style.
- Removable insole.
- Synthetic upper and lining/synthetic and rubber sole.
- By Nike; imported.
- Kids' Shoes.


text:
Chromosome mapping ofSoa, a gene influencing gustatory sensitivity to sucrose octaacetate in mice
- Christopher G. Capeless,
- Glayde Whitney,
- Edwin A. Azen
- … show all 3 hide
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Strain distribution patterns among recombinant inbred strains suggested that a locus influencing taste sensitivity to sucrose octaacetate was on chromosome 6. A location forSoa was established by linkage analysis of behavioral and electrophoretic data from outbred and congenic strains and from test-cross progeny. Haplotyping of 41 outbred CFW-Cr animals with a cDNA probe showed perfect cosegregation ofSoa andPrp, a gene for salivary proline-rich proteins. Five of twelve B6. SW-Soa a strains were found to retainLdr-1, lactate dehydrogenase regulator-1, on chromosome 6 as an allelic passenger from the SWR/J donor strain (source of theSoa a Taster allele). Centimorgan distance was estimated using the ABP/Le linkage-testing strain (non-Taster,Soa b) and the SWR/J strain (Taster,Soa a) in a testcross breeding system. The data are consistent with a position for theSoa locus on mouse chromosome 6, 62 cM from the centromere.
- Ann, D. K., Carlson, D. M. (1985) The structure and organization of a prolinerich protein gene of a mouse multigene family. J. Biol. Chem. 260: pp. 15863-15872
- Azen, E. A. (1989) Prp (proline-rich protein) genes linked to markersEs-12 (esterase 12),Ea-10. (erythrocyte alloantigen), and loci on distal mouse chromosome 6. Genomics 5: pp. 415-422
- Davisson, M. T., Roderick, T. H., Hillyard, A. L., Doolittle, D. P. (1991) Mouse chromosome atlas. Mouse News Lett. 89: pp. 37-59
- Gannon, K. S., Whitney, G. (1989) Sucrose octaacetate tasting in a heterogenous population of CFW mice. Behav. Genet. 19: pp. 417-431
- Green, M. C. Congenic strains. In: Foster, H. C., Small, J. D., Fox, J. G. eds. (1981) The Mouse in Biomedical Research, Vol. I. Academic Press, New York, pp. 215-221
- Green, M. C. Gene mapping. In: Foster, H. L., Small, J. D., Fox, J. G. eds. (1981) The Mouse in Biomedical Research, Vol. I. Academic Press, New York, pp. 105-117
- Lush, I. E. (1981) The genetics of tasting in mice; I. Sucrose octaacetate. Genet. Res. (Cambridge) 38: pp. 93-95
- Lush, I. E. Mouse pharmacogenetics. In: Berry, R. J. eds. (1981) Biology of the House Mouse. Academic Press, London, pp. 517-546
- Shows, T. B., Ruddle, F. H. (1968) Function of the lactate dehydrogenase B gene in mouse erythrocytes: Evidence for control by a regulatory gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 50: pp. 211-214
- Warren, R. P., Lewis, R. C. (1970) Taste polymorphism in mice involving a bitter sugar derivative. Nature 227: pp. 77-78
- Whitney, G., Harder, D. B. (1986) Single locus control of sucrose octaacetate tasting among mice. Behav. Genet. 16: pp. 559-574
- Whitney, G., Harder, D. B., Gannon, K. S., Maggio, J. C. Congenic lines differing in ability to taste sucrose octaacetate. In: Wysocki, C. J., Kare, M. R. eds. (1991) Genetics of Chemical Sensing and Communication. Marcel Dekker, New Yorkpp. 243
- Title
- Chromosome mapping ofSoa, a gene influencing gustatory sensitivity to sucrose octaacetate in mice
- Journal
Behavior Genetics
Volume 22, Issue 6 , pp 655-663
- Cover Date
- 1992-11-01
- Print ISSN
- 0001-8244
- Online ISSN
- 1573-3297
- Publisher
- Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers
- Additional Links
- Topics
- Keywords
- chromosome mapping
- Soa
- sucrose octaacetate
- mice
- bitterness
- Authors
- Christopher G. Capeless (1)
- Glayde Whitney (1)
- Edwin A. Azen (2)
- Author Affiliations
- 1. Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 32306-1051, Tallahassee, Florida
- 2. Departments of Medicine and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin, 53706, Madison, Wisconsin


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What to do with rusty gulf clubs?
JaxxchicaJanuary 1, 2013
Join three of them together with wire or twine and plant the handles into the ground (teepee-like) for a trellis.
The clubs that have the wood heads could be painted or mosaiced into flamingos.
Using them for hose guards by flower beds.
Use the rusted parts for perches for bird houses and the wood parts are great for sturdy stakes.


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VIEWS: 12 PAGES: 5 CATEGORY: Lawyers and Legal Services POSTED ON: 7/11/2011
Heritage Arts Festival Artist Marketplace Underground Atlanta July 1 – 4, 2011 Artist Application Form Name: ______________________________________________________________________ Company: ______________________________________ Contact Person: ____________________________________ Address: ______________________________City/State: ___________________Zip: _______ Telephone: ( ) ___________________ Fax: ( ) ____________________ Email Address (REQUIRED FOR NOTIFICATION): ______ _____________ Website Address: ______________________________________ Cell: ( )_______________ Optional: Facebook/Twitter Name _____________________ ARTIST MARKETPLACE BOOTH FEES: (Circle One) OPTION A: Single Booth Fee $200.00 OPTION B: Double Booth Fee $300.00 PRODUCTS: __Mixed Media __Painting __Ceramics __Photography __Drawing/Pastels __Sculpture __Fiber (includes basket & leather __Wood __Glass __Graphics/Printmaking __Jewelry/Metalwork __Other. Please specify__________________________ Are you a returning artist? ____Yes ____No Will you need shipping information? ____Yes ____No Will you require electricity? ___ Yes ___ __ No Will you do artistic demonstrations? ____Yes ____No Will you require a ______ Single Space ______ Double Space How did you hear about the festival? _________________________________________ All Artists must provide the following with completed application: - 3 –5 slides or photographs of what you would like to exhibit - Photograph of Booth Configuration - Signed Hold Harmless Agreement AGREEMENT: I have read the terms and conditions set forth in the guidelines. If accepted, I agree to abide by the rules and regulations for the event. Additionally, I agree to hold harmless C.V. Underground L.L.C., and all subsidiaries for the theft, loss or damage to any items submitted for review shipped or exhibited during the festival. _________________________ ___________________________ ____________ Name (please print or type) Signature Date ---------------------------------------------------------- FOR EVENT USE ONLY--------------------------------------------------- Application Rcvd ________ HH Rcvd ____ Deposit Rcvd ____ Balance Rcvd ____ Acceptance information sent ________ License Agreement issued (if applicable) _______ Health Dept Application & Fee (if applicable)________ Insurance Cert Rcvd _____ CV UNDERGROUND, L.L.C. HOLD HARMLESS AGREEMENT The undersigned hereby agrees to indemnify, defend and hold harmless, CV Underground L.L.C, Underground Management L.L.C., O'Leary Partners, City of Atlanta, and Underground Atlanta Merchants Association, Inc., their officers, members and tenants, from and against any and all claims, actions, liability and expense, including attorney's fees and court costs, in connection with loss of life, personal injury and/or damage to property arising from or out of the use of a portion of Underground Atlanta, 50 Upper Alabama Street, Atlanta, GA 30303 (the Property). The undersigned, _____________________________ will be an artist at the 2011 Heritage Arts Festival (the event) on July 1 – 4, 2011 or any part thereof or any part of the Property, occasioned wholly or in part by any act or omission of the undersigned, its officers, agents, contractors or employees, or if signed by an individual, myself. Sound Clause: If numbers of audience and/or level of sound perceived by management and security becomes a problem to traffic flow safety or prohibits business, the problem shall be swiftly resolved by promotions/security staff (i.e. sound and/or crowd size exceeding acceptable levels). The undersigned agrees that all workers in the Event, be they trainees, trainers or administrative personnel shall be deemed employees of the undersigned and the undersigned shall provide all appropriate and/or required workers compensation and employer liability insurance in connection with the operation of the Event. The undersigned agrees to be solely responsible for loss or damage to its personal property while on the Property and hereby waives any claim for personal injury or property damage related to its presence on the Property pursuant to this Hold Harmless Agreement. Further, the undersigned agrees that it has inspected the area in which the Event which is the subject of this Hold Harmless Agreement will occur and accepts it as suitable for its intended use, and agrees that it will use the area as its sole risk. Witness: Person/Entity Signing: CV UNDERGROUND LLC Name Name of Office, If Corporation Date Date 50 Upper Alabama Street, Suite 007 * Atlanta, GA 30303 * 404.523.2311 * Fax 404.523.0507 * www.underground-atlanta.com HERITAGE ARTS FESTIVAL ARTIST GUIDELINES Please return the completed Festival Artist Application/Agreement, Hold Harmless Agreement and slides/photos, by JUNE 10, 2011, to: Mail: Underground Atlanta Management Office Heritage Arts Festival Coordinator 50 Upper Alabama Street SW, Suite 007 Atlanta, GA 30303 Fax: (404) 523-0507 Email: email@example.com Telephone: (404) 523-2311 REMINDER: All artists must provide the following with completed application: • 3 - 5 slides or photographs of what you would like to exhibit • A photograph of booth configuration • Signed Hold Harmless • If you desire the return of your submission, please provide a stamped, self-addressed envelope Application Deadlines and Payments The deadline for receipt of all applications with full payment is June 10, 2011. Notification of acceptance & set up information will be sent via email or telephone upon receipt of application. Certified Check or Money Orders are to be made payable to: C.V. Underground L.L.C. 50 Upper Alabama Street – Suite 007 – Atlanta, Georgia 30303 (no personal checks will be accepted) Set Up & Teardown Information Artist set up and check in will be on Thursday, June 30 th. Check in will be in the Mall Management office. The times are 9:30 am – 12:00 noon & 2:00 pm – 4:00 pm. Teardown time is Monday, July 4 th at 9:00 pm. Festival Hours 10:00 am – 9:00 pm (Friday, Saturday, Monday) 12:00 pm – 6:00 pm (Sunday) Parking and Traffic Each artist will be responsible for their own parking. There are a number of parking decks and private lots available in the area. All vehicles used for loading and unloading must be removed from the festival area no later than one hour prior to the start of the event. Vehicles parked in any other areas are subject to towing at owner's expense. Hold Harmless All artists will be required to sign a hold harmless agreement with Underground Atlanta before you are able to set up. General Exhibit Rules - Artist must be present and staff their Underground Atlanta booth for the entire event. The Underground Atlanta Management Team must approve extended absence from your booth. - All artist booth set-ups must be confined to the 10ft x 10ft single booth space and 10 ft x 20 ft double booth space. - Artist may only exhibit work in the category in which they denote on the application. - Booth spaces may not be transferred or otherwise re-assigned or sublet by the artist. - Artist is required to arrive promptly and remain open for the full-published hours of the exhibit. - On-site evaluations will be conducted to ensure that exhibition standards and rules are followed. - Artist failure to not open and be ready to sell by 10am (12 noon on Sunday) each exhibit day may be subject to a financial penalty of $50.00 for each half hour. - Work exhibited and sold must be of the same quality and type as the work submitted for selection. - Prior to the artists' departure from the mall your booth assignment space should be returned to its original condition. - Loud music, television, videotape and/or computer set-ups will not be permitted in any booth. - Commercially manufactured items or items made from commercial kits or mold may not be exhibited. - C.V. Underground L.L.C. assumes absolutely no responsibility, financial and/or otherwise for artists' shipping, handling and/or receiving charges. Lodging Accommodations While the metropolitan Atlanta area offers a variety of lodging accommodations. The hotels below are in close proximity of Underground Atlanta: Comfort Suites Atlanta Downtown (at Underground Atlanta) - 678.702.8600 Holiday Inn Atlanta Perimeter – 770.296.6001 Holiday Inn Atlanta Capitol Conference Center – 404.591.2000 Courtyard by Marriott Atlanta Downtown – 404.222.2416 Hampton Inn & Suites Atlanta Downtown - 404.589.1111 Residence Inn Atlanta Downtown - 404.522.0950 Information at-A Glance Artist Booth Fees Single Booth $200.00 Double Booth $300.00 Application DUE: June 10 Setup Date & Time: June 30 (9:30 am – 12 noon, 2:00 pm – 4:00 pm) Artist Marketplace Dates: July 1 – July 4 Contact Information Kelli Copeland, Director of Specialty Leasing Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Tel: (404) 523-2311, ext. 7030 Fax: (404) 523-0507 Address: 50 Upper Alabama Street, Suite 007, Atlanta, GA 30303 Directions to Underground Atlanta FROM INTERSTATE 75/85 NORTH: HEAD SOUTH. TAKE EXIT #248A ONTO MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. DRIVE, AND THEN GO 3 BLOCKS. IF YOU ARE COMING BY CAR, USE THE UNDERGROUND PARKING DECK ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. DRIVE. IF TRAVELING BY BUS OR IF GOING TO LOADING DOCKS A OR B, TURN RIGHT ONTO CENTRAL AVE. BUSES MAY PARK ALONG THE EASTSIDE OF THE STREET. FROM INTERSTATE 75/85 SOUTH: HEAD NORTH. EXIT #246 (FULTON STREET/CENTRAL AVENUE). FOLLOW CENTRAL AVENUE TO MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. DRIVE. TURN LEFT ONTO MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR DRIVE AND USE THE UNDERGROUND PARKING DECK ON THE RIGHT. IF COMING BY BUS PROCEED JUST PAST MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. DRIVE .BUSES MAY PARK ALONG THE EASTSIDE OF THE STREET. FROM INTERSTATE 20 WEST: HEAD EAST. TAKE EXIT #56B (WINSON STREET/SPRING STREET/STADIUM) GO TO THIRD TRAFFIC LIGHT AND TURN LEFT ON CENTRAL. STAY ON CENTRAL TO MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. DRIVE, TURN LEFT AND USE THE UNDERGROUND PARKING DECK ON THE RIGHT. IF TRAVELING BY BUS PRECEDE ON CENTRAL AVE. BUSES MAY PARK ALONG THE EASTSIDE OF THE STREET. FROM INTERSTATE 20 EAST: HEAD WEST. TAKE EXIT #58A (CAPITOL AVENUE), TURNRIGHT ON CAPITOL TO MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. DRIVE. TURN LEFT ON MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. DRIVE, USE THE UNDERGROUND PARKING DECK LOCATED 2 BLOCKS ON THE RIGHT. IF TRAVELING BY BUS TURN RIGHT ONTO CENTRAL AVENUE. BUSES MAY PARK ALONG THE EASTSIDE OF THE STREET. TO DOCK B FOR HERITAGE ARTS FESTIVAL LOAD IN/LOAD OUT: AFTER TURNING OFF OF OR CROSSING MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. DRIVE, CONTINUE 1 BLOCK DOWN CENTRAL AVENUE TO THE FIRST TRAFFIC LIGHT, WALL STREET, AND TURN LEFT. TURN LEFT AT THE NEXT LIGHT, PRYOR STREET. IMMEDIATELY BEYOND THE UNDERGROUND ATLANTA BUILDING AND BEFORE THE PARKING GARAGE, TURN RIGHT INTO THE ALLEYWAY. GO THROUGH THE DELIVERY ENTRANCE. IF YOU NEED ASSISTANCE PROCEED TO THE INFORMATION BOOTH LOCATED NEXT TO THE FOOD COURT IN THE EXCHANGE. ANY VEHICLE LEFT UNATTENDED AFTER LOAD-IN AND LOAD-OUT IS SUBJECT TO BEING TOWED. 50 Upper Alabama Street, Suite 007 * Atlanta, GA 30303 * 404.523.2311 * Fax 404.523.0507 * www.underground-atlanta.com
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"Artist Application Form"Please download to view full document


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Interactive Seating Charts
Unfortunately, we do not currently have
a seating chart for Somerset Amphitheater.
Somerset Amphitheater715 Spring Street
Somerset, WI 54025
Upcoming Events
May 9
Sat 11:00 AM
Invasion Fest (3 Day Pass) with Slipknot, Three Days Grace, LiveInvasion Fest (3 Day Pass) with Slipknot, Three Days Grace, Live at Somerset Amphitheater on 05-09-2015 FROM $130
Jun 19
Fri 6:00 PM
Jul 16
Thu 1:00 PM
Jul 18
Sat TBD
About Seatgeek
We scour the web's major ticket sites and aggregate inventory into one place. Our Deal Score helps you identify the best ticket deals available for each event.Learn more about SeatGeek


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FiltersShow / Hide
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Radius: ... miles
'Demented and original jazz standards.
1 Tom Hill And The Straightjackets Tour Date
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Security BankUSA donates to shelter
The Security BankUSA Employee Casual Day Fund presented a $125 check to the Evergreen Shelter. Gary Russell, program director of the Evergreen shelter, accepted the check from Barb Borgen, a bank employee. — Submitted Photo
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OtherSpace: An Official OtherSpace Chronicle
In an age when pay-to-play graphical games demand mainstream media attention, Wes Platt reminds us about the many text-based games that don't all require abundant system resources, strategy guides or monthly credit card billing. Brody's MUD Index 2002 offers a beginner's guide to online games known as Multi-User Dimensions (MUDs) and their kin.
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text:
Corral Glass Mosaic Fire Pit Table
Special Offer:
24 Issues of Better Homes and Gardens
Included with your purchase - a $10 value (Subscription and Rebate Info)
Corral Glass Mosaic Fire Pit Table
Weights & Dimensions
|Table Shape: Round
|Primary Frame Material: Metal
|Secondary Frame Material: Metal
|Top Material: Glass
|Glass Top: Yes
|Mosaic Design: Yes
|Folding: No
|Umbrella Hole: No
|Lazy Susan Included: No
|Firepit Available: Yes
|Firepit Included: Yes
|Commercial Use: Yes
|Product Care: 1. Wipe manufacturing oils off firebowl surface beforeusing for the first time. 2. As with any outdoor burning appliance, periodic maintenance is required to return the painted surfacesto original appearance. When rust appears on the paintedsurfaces, use sandpaper or a steel brush to remove looseparticles and re-coat with paint intended for high-temperaturesurfaces. Select a rust-inhibiting paint suitable for fireplacemaintenance and follow label directions on paint. Keepfire pit covered when not in use
|Country of Manufacture: China
|Assembly Required: Yes
|Additional Parts Required: No
|Product Warranty: 1 year
About the ManufacturerCorral Marketing is known for supplying high quality fire pits and fireplace accessories. Their key to success has been the durability of their fire pits. Constructed of copper, stainless steel or granite, each fire pit is made to last. Known for their portable folding fire pit with canvas carry case, all of Corral Marketing fire pits are manufactured with a steadfast devotion to high quality and style. They will add warmth and comfort to your backyard for years.
Corral Glass Mosaic Fire Pit Table
Questions & Answers (5)
"Hello, if I were to use this as a propane fire table, would my warranty still be valid?" asked by Jocelyn
"Hello, is the screen cover included" asked by Jo Ann
"Hello, is the screen cover included" asked by Jo Ann
"Hello, is the screen cover included" asked by Jo Ann
"Hi, how wide is the bowl?" asked by Supere
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As Striking as Other Reviewers Say
Tracy from Washington, DC– Verified Buyer
The tile is as striking as the reviews indicated. It's a lovely focal point for our patio. It was a snap to assemble and appears sturdy and durable. And, it's an extra great value given that a protective cover, grate, spark screen and spark screen handling tool are included. I'm VERY satisfied with this purchase and only give it 4 starts instead of 5 because I haven't had it long enough (1 month) long enough to know for certain that it's highly durable.
Stunningly Beautiful Fire Pit
David from Candia, NH– Verified Buyer
We had been looking at fire pits and many seemed to be rather cheaply made with painted on metallic finish. This pit is solid. The mosaic tiles are gorgeous shades of blue as pictured. Plus it comes with everything needed including a screen, grate, poker and cover to protect it from the elements. We weren't looking to make a big investment since we didn't know how much we would use it. We will use it more than anticipated because it is so special. Great value.
Stephanie from Reston, VA– Verified Buyer
I get so many compliments on this! It arrived in great condition and is a unique addition to my deck. Honestly, I don't really use it to burn fires - I use it as a "cooler" to hold wine, water, beer ,etc and the rim is large enough for people to put glasses and small plates. I love it!
great purchase !
valerie from Northport, NY– Verified Buyer
This was a gift for a friend. This fire pit was just like pictured, sturdy, easy to assemble and beautiful around the pool.
Beautiful Fire Pit
Suzanne from LIVERMORE, CA– Verified Buyer
I went on a search for a fire pit that was a substantial size, reasonably priced and also decorative. This is everything I was looking for. The blue mosaic tiles are just beautiful, accessories are included and it assembled very easily.
Excellent product
Michael from Chandler, AZ– Verified Buyer
Easy to install. Great looking fire pit. Love the tile
islandgirl from Island in the Puget Sound– Verified Buyer
I've been looking a long time for a large fire pit that doesn't break the bank. This was by far the nicest. It is easy to assemble, extremely well made & sturdy as well as being a beautiful piece of furniture. It looks exactly like the picture & comes with everything you need...spark screen & lifter and even a fitted plastic cover.
great product
Emily from Knoxville, TN– Verified Buyer
we just moved, and we are putting this in our new yard. so pretty, and it will add a nice flair to the backyard
Great Fire Pit!
Mark from Frisco, TX– Verified Buyer
First shopping experience with wayfair was excellent - very fast shipping. This fire pit is very sturdy and assembled easily. All of the components are high quality, and it's a great looking fire pit.
Nice pit
Jeff Rosine from Knob Noster, MO– Verified Buyer
This pits quality is much better than other pits of similar prices. The only ding I give it is the with the support legs. I dont doubt they are sufficient to do the job but I do wish they were a bit more sturdy.... not a deal breaker though.
OUR SKU # COR1043Glass Mosaic Fire Pit Table is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: AD389


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Trash Bash Slated for April 25
Get ready for spring cleaning and take that trash to the Trash bash April 25 at Chenault
Get ready for spring cleaning and take that trash to the Trash bash April 25 at Chenault
This woman is just plain disgusting. She deserted a 3 year old child left in her care because she forgot she was babysitting.
In order to make up a state budget shortfall, legislators may put the burden on smokers.
Here's your chance to get that Spring Cleaning done and get rid of all the trash that's been piling up all Winter. It's the Residential Trash Bash and it's coming up April 25th at Chennault International Airport.
New Orleans Jazz Festival is coming up April 24th and this year's line-up includes some great Classic Hits artist. In addition to a huge variety of other artists, this year's show includes the likes of Elton John, Chicago, Steve Winwood and The Who
I'm not even going to pretend this woman doesn't disgust me. Her name is Dawna Perkins Taylor and she's charged with desertion of a3-year-old child. Her excuse? She forgot the child was there! I refuse to believe anyone is really that stupid.
Here's the story
Sometimes you just need some silly fun on a Friday afternoon. What better way than with the Brady kids...singing!
'Sunshine Day' was one of my favorite episodes. Thanks to the power of reruns, I know not only the lyrics, but the choreography, too!
Put down your work for a few minutes and celebrate a fun Friday with some dancing and singing
We just couldn't leave well enough alone between The X-Files, Heroes, 24 and others, now Coach has been plucked from its grave for another go. Craig T. Nelson has been confirmed to lead an NBC revival of the classic sitcom, switching over from its original '90s run on ABC.
A bill has been pre-filed for the next legislative session which begins on April 13th, seeking to increase the taxes on cigarettes. iIf such a tax hike should pass, smokers could see a huge rise in the cost of a pack of cigarettes. It's all a part to make up a state revenue shortfall.
Congratulations to Jacki Nile! Jacki and her husband are as good as on their way to Las Vegas to see Elton John. Not only will they get to see a living legend in concert, but they'll also get the royal treatment.
Tom Hanks has an incredible catalog of hit movies, so it'd take a really long time to watch all of them. Thanks to this video, you don't need a really long time...you only need about 7 minutes.
From Sleepless in Seattle to A League of Their Own, from Road to Perdition to Castaway, from Forrest Gump to Toy Story, this video has all of the best of his films in just a few short minutes
It was 45 years ago this month that Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young released their album Deja Vu. I was a huge fan of the group and I went out and bought this album the first day it was released.
In 2
Shampooing your hair. We all do it. But why? When did we start this (daily for some) ritual? What's the best way to shampoo? How does shampoo work? How often is it needed?
This video from Mental Floss answers all of these questions and more
Today marks the 31st anniversary of the day — March 24, 1984 — that The Breakfast Club first met: that would be the day that characters from John Hughes' beloved teen classic were all stuck in detention together. And alt


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modern outdoor wicker chairs @ Spacify
Cartagena Corner Chair By Zuo Modern
The Cartagena Corner Chair with Cushion combines exceptional comfort with versatility. Endless seating arrangements can be formed by combining the armless chair. This modern corner chair can be used alone or combined with other Cartagena pieces to make your own unique seating area. The clean lines and contrasting color keep it looking fresh. Seat and back cushions are covered i...More
Boracay Dining Chair By Zuo Modern
Featuring an aluminum frame covered with Dark Brown synthetic weave,the stylish Modern Boracay Wicker Patio Garden Chair is the perfect addition to any outdoor living space. The weather resistant wicker chair provides comfort while giving your patio and garden space a modern,classy look.
cape — bbpf
Cabo Designer Chair By Zuo Modern
The elegant and innovative design captures the best mood for a romantic relaxation with a great stress on innovative style and contemporary elegance. Cabo Designer Chair with its superior modern look and feel and brightness,gives comfort,the right ambience,and more. Modern yet elegant,this Cabo Designer Chair would be a perfect addition to your home or office decor.
Cartagena Middle Chair By Zuo Modern
Middle piece chair is a team player. Use it alone or team it up with end/corner chairs to make a sofa for multiple guest seating. Waterproof polyester covers the cushions synthetic weave material covers the aluminum frame.
Cartagena Armchair By Zuo Modern
A perfect chair for cosmopolitan people who share a desire for beauty and like to be surrounded by precious furniture and materials. A piece that is perfectly suited to the contemporary home. Cartagena Armchair is a perfect way to enhance a room decor and they are also easy to keep clean Pick a Cartagena Armchair below to spruce up any room with comfort and style. This armchair...More
Mykonos Outdoor Armchair By Zuo Modern
The Mykonos Chair adds a whole new level of style to relaxing outdoors. Made of an aluminum frame and UV protected synthetic weave,this modern chair is both sturdy and well suited to outdoor use. The contemporary look of the Mykonos Chair enables you to bring the same style you enjoy in your home to the backyard or patio. The Mykonos Table makes a great complement to this versa...More
Chair for garden — robinullakko
Delta Wicker Chair By Emuamericas
The elements -Aluminum, Wicker and Plastic - mold themselves together meaningfully to form the Delta Wicker Chair. Here is a chair that displays contemporary art and modern creativity in the best possible way. In other words, the Delta Wicker Chair is a small manifestation of contemporary artistic expression. The Delta Wicker Chair is an artistic expression by designers Alfredo...More
Tebe Wicker Chair By Emuamericas
Place the Tebe Wicker Chair in a predominantly welcoming position in your living room,porch,verandah,or in your garden. The Tebe Wicker Chair is definitely going to elevate the ambience of your indoor or outdoor space. The simple Italian design followed by the wicker chair concentrates on perfect contemporary style and perfect utilization of indoor or outdoor space. The Tebe W...More
Chair — mgdebusk
Dafne Wicker Armchair By Emuamericas
The Dafne Wicker Armchair is built with an admirable Italian design with a slight Oriental touch. The Dafne Wicker Armchair will put you at ease while you relax, no matter where you are. There is an uncanny resemblance between the roofs of a Buddhist pagoda and the overall structure of the Dafne Wicker Armchair. Quite an inspirational design. Sourced from the popular brand Emu,...More
Isis Wicker Side Chair By Emuamericas
If you wish to feel the zephyr on your face or listen quietly to the chirping of birds around, you should take a companion along to relax in style and tranquility. The Isis Wicker Side Chair is a perfect companion for an ideal, private outdoor trip or for a private garden breakfast. The Isis Wicker Side Chair is sourced from the well-known brand Emu. Like any other outdoor furn...More


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Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Feb. 24, 1959 J. T. WALLMARK 2,875,384
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES Filed Dec. 6, 1956 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 IMMERSE SEMICONDUCTIVE BODY IN OXIDIZING BATH: 4 VOLUMES H O, SVOLUMES 48% H F,I VOLUME 30% H 0 WASH IN DISTILLED WATER DRY IN HOT AIR BLAST ANODICALLY OXIDIZE IN GLACIAL ACETIC ACID SATURATED WITH ANHYDROUS SODIUM ACETATE DRY IN HOT AIR BLAST IN IEN TOR. Jam/v 7. W4 LLMARA BY;.ZOQLQZCZL United States Patent a 2,875,384 SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES John T. Wallmark, Princeton, N. J., assignor to Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of Delaware Application December 6, 1956, Serial No. 626,623
12 Claims. (01. 317-234 This invention relates to improved semiconductor dcvices and more particularly to improved devices having stabilized electrical characteristics. It is known that the operating characteristics ofsemiconductor devices that include a wafer of semiconductive material are strongly dependent on the nature and condition of the wafer surface. One of the important characteristics of the transistor type of semiconductor device is the current transfer ratio, symbolized -as Ot and dcfined as the collector-to-base short circuit current amplification factor. Itis desirable'for most applications of transistor type devices that the a t, value be both high and stable. However, it has been found diflicult to make semiconductor devices in which u 'does not decrease on ageing. Many units of this type suffera deterioration in ea value of as much as one third in the first ten hours after fabrication if stored at 70 C. At room temperature, the d declines-about 21% in 200 hours. The decrease in ea is believed to be caused by slow oxidation of the semiconductor surface, and is dependent on the temperature and the humidity of the place where the units are stored. Another parameter which is dependent on humidity is the breakdown voltage, which decreases sharply as the ambient humidity increases.
The performance of most semiconductor devices is also affected by the rate at which negative charge carriers (electrons) and positive charge carriers (electron-deficiency centers known as holes) recombine at the surface of the semiconductor material used. This rate is known as the surface recombination. velocity. In most semiconductor devices, the surface recombination velocity is variable, thus resulting in undesired variations in performance. However, ithas been found difiicult to produce semiconductor devices in which the, surface recombination velocity is stable, particularly if stabilization is desired at a low level.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide improved semiconductor devices. a
Another object is to provide improved semiconductor devices having improved stabilized surface characteristics. Still another object is to provide improved, semicon ductor devices which may be stored at relatively high temperatures without deterioration.
Yet another object is to provide improved semiconductor devices which may be stored and may be operated at relatively high humidities Without excessive deterioration.
But another object is to provide improved semiconductor devices which have improved long term electrical stability.
A further object is to provide improved semiconductor devices having a low stable surface recombination velocity.
These and other objectsare accomplished by the instant invention which provides improved methods of stafbilizing the electrical parameters of monoatomic semic onductor surfaces and the improved devices resulting from use of these methods. Since it is practically impossible to prevent oxidation of the semiconductor sur-. face, the method of this invention, is to preoxidizethe surface to such an extent that whatever oxidation takes place subsequently will have a negligible influence on the surface stability. In particular, it has now been found that thesurface characteristics andstability of semiconductive wafers can be greatly improved by forming an adherent coating of the semiconductor fmonoxide over the wafer surface, then protecting the monoxide layer by covering it with a thin film of he semiconductor dioxide.
The invention and its features'willbe described'in greater detail with reference to the accompanying draw.- ing, in which Figure 1 is a flow chart outlining thesteps of the process according to a preferred embodimentof the invention. t t t Figure 2 is a graph of the variation of ea with time for treated units kept at C. For comparison, there is also shown the curves for untreated units maintained at various temperatures. t
Figure 3 is a graph of the variation of et with time for triode transistors treated by the method of this invention and then encapsulated in Araldite. For comparison, there is shown the curves for similar untreated units which havealso been potted in Araldite.
Figure 4 is a graph of the variation with time of the collector-to-base reverse current in microamps at an applied reverse bias of one volt, for triode transistors of the type described, which have been treated by the method of this invention and then potted in Araldite. For comparison, there is shown the curve ofisimilar untreated units encapsulated in the same plastic.
Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of this invention, a treated transistor encapsulated in a synthetic resin. 1 i
A circuit element which includes a semiconductive wafer may be treated according toa preferred embodi ment of the invention, as shown by the flow chart of Figure 1, to provide a device with improved electrical characteristics. The invention is particularly applicable to monoatomic semiconductors, that is, to semiconductive materials consisting of a single atomic species, such as wafers made of monocrystalline germanium or silicon, or
to alloys of germanium and silicon. Stabilization of et may be. obtainedby the method of the invention with wafers of P-conductivity type as well as N-conductivity low values isdesired, the invention is best applied to N- conductivity type wafers. For P-type wafers, a relatively thick layer of the dioxide alone. will give good results.
As an example,.the treatment will be described with reference to one of the widely used types of semiconductor devices, the triode transistor made by surface alloying two indium dots :upon opposing major surfaces of an N-conductivity type germanium wafer. The preparation of such a device is described by Law, Mueller, Pankove, and Armstrong in A Developmental Germanium P-N-P Junction Transistor, Proceedings of the IRE, volume 40, No.11, pp. 1352-1357. See also Uniform Planar Alloy Junction for Germanium Transistor, by C. W. Mueller and N. H. Ditrick, RCA Review, March 1956. For convenience in handling, the instant invention is utilized after the units have *had leads attached and have been mounted on an insulating stem in readiness for encapsulation. t
The unit is first immersed in an oxidizing bath for about 5 to 60 seconds, depending on the thickness of the monoxide layer desired. The bath may be prepared 3, by mixing 8 volumes ofconcentrated hydrofluoric acid (48 percent HF) with 4 volumes of distilled water and one volume of concentrated hydrogen peroxide (30 perc'e'ntHgO These proportions-of thereag'ents are'no't critical] The'concent ration of hydrogen peroxide'in the bath may be reduced to one-tenth of the stated amount ifjdesired,-and the unit immersed for a longer period of time. However, if" the hydrogen peroxide concentration is increased too much, the results are unsatisfactory. The's'olution describedis preferred because it gives good results'and works rapidly. During this step the germanium' wafer is oxidized at the surface to germanium monoxide, which is practically insoluble in the solution used.
Thereafter, the unit is withdrawn from the oxidizing bath, washed in distilled water, and dried in a hot air blast. After the unit has been'washed and'dried, interfere'nce' colors may be seen on the wafer surface. The structure of the surface after this treatment consists of ai adherent continuous. film of germanium monoxide approximately 1 to 10,000 angstrom units thick deposited: directly over the bulk of the germanium. Measurement of a in a group of germanium dried transistors before and after the formation of the monoxide layer indicate that on the average a is increased from 5 to percent. However, the: monoxide layer is not'stable. It
isbelieved that in air or an oxygen-containing ambient, the outermost portion of the monoxide layeris further oxidized to germanium dioxide;
The next step is to immerse the washed and dried unit in an electrolytic bath composed of glacial acetic acid containing a fewpercent of dissolved anhydrous sodium acetate. The exact amount of 'sodiumacetate'isnotcritical as its function is to'make the-bath more conductive. The cathode may be a thin sheet of platinum, which is not'attacked by the reagents used. The unit is made the anode and a current of about 60 microamps. is-passed through each unit for about 'minutes. Anodic oxidation thereby forms a continuous film of'germanium dioxide-over the layer of germanium monoxide.- The dioxide filmthus formed is estimated to be'about 10 to 10,000 angstrom units thick,. depending on the amount of current and the period of time inthe bath. Although the-dioxide film is comparatively thin, it isan'effective barrier against'the' oxygen and water vapor of the atmosphere: Further changes in the chemical state of the germanium surface are 'thus' prevented or become extremely slow. After this step the units are heat treated and thereby w is reduced. When units are kept at I 110 C. for 5 minutes or longer, a decreases about 18 percent on the average. Since the cz value was previously increased from 5 to 10 percentby the first step of the method, there is an average decline of about 10 percent in ea However,.a is stabilized by'thismethod. This may be seen by'an examination of the curves in Fig- .ure 2, which show the variation of Ot with time for groups of treated and untreated transistors. The curve for the treated transistor represents an average of 5 units, while the curves of the untreated units are an average'of 3 units for each curve. The value of cr for the treated units is remarkably stable even when kept at 110 C. The untreated units decline rapidly, even for the groups kept at temperatures below 110 C. An alternative method of forming, the dioxide film is to store the unit for one hour in air at 110 C. The oxygen of the air will react with the monoxide layer and form a film of germanium dioxide which grows in thickness by a phase boundary type of reaction. This reaction however, cannot proceed beyond the initial stage because diffusion of vacancies (germanium or oxygen) through the dioxide layer is extremely slow. Anodic oxidation of the monoxide layer is thus' preferred because it is more rapid and susceptible to more precise control than oxidation inair.
After the anodic oxidation step, the
unit is treated in I serene-a1 a blast of hot air. Washing in water should be omitted because the germanium dioxide film is water soluble. The unit may then be cased by conventional methods.
A transistor prepared without the monoxide layer and only a film of the dioxide on the wafer surface would have ea stable, but at a very low value. In most applications, it is desired that d -should be stabilized at a high value. By. first depositing, a layer of monoxide, w is kept high, but it is'not' stable until it is covered by the protective film of the dioxide. In some cases, such'a's large signal applications,.it may be desirable to stabilize ea at intermediate values. This can be accomplished by utilizing the method ofthis invention to form a structure with a relatively'thin layer of germanium monoxide over the bulk of the wafer, and a relatively thick film of germanium dioxide over the monoxide layer. The thickness of the monoxide layer can be decreased by decreasing the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide in the oxidizing bath or the time of immersion in the bath. The thickness of the dioxide'la'yer can be increased by increasing the period of anodic oxidation, or increasing the amount of current.
An important featureof this invention is that it enables a return to the technique of potting semiconductor devices in-synthetic resin or plastic. Potting was at first widely adopted by-the industry not only because it was an inexpensive and rapidmethod of encapsulating semiconductor devices, but also because it fixed the parts of each unit in place, so that vibrations and accelerations did not aifect'the alignment of unit components. However, it was found that'moisture penetrated the plastic and causedsuchmarked-deterioration of the units during storage that most of the industry abandoned plastic potting'for' slowerand more expensive'alternatives such as mounting each unit in a metal casein-a controlledambient, or in a vacuum. It has been found that units treated by the method of this invention are relatively insensitive to moisture. Such treated units have been potted in conventional synthetic resins or thermo-setting plastics known to the art, such as Araldite, and the decline of; ou has been measured. The variation of ea with time at room temperatures and humidity for units so treated is illustrated in the graph shown in Figure 3. The curve is an average of three units. For comparison, there is shown the curves for untreated units potted in Araldite and stored in ambient atmospheres of 100 percent relative humidity at room temperatures. Treated units have a higher value of et to begin with, and instead of exhibiting the usual oc decline, actually increase in value up to 5,000 hour's. Untreated units potted inthe same plastic exhibit alower w to begin with, and decline sharply after about 350 hours.
Figure 5 shows the construction of the transistors which were treated by the method of this invention, then-potted in plastic and used to obtain the data graphed in Figures 2 to 4. The units are triodes of the surface alloyed P-NP type described by Law, Mueller, Pankove and Armstrong, supra. See also pp; 34-35 of Transistor Electronics, by Le, Endres, Zawels, Waldhauer, and Cheng, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1955. An N- conductivity type monocrystalline germanium wafer 10 mounted on a nickel base tab 12 bears on opposing major surfaces an indium ernitter pellet 14 and an indium collector pellet 16 which have been alloyed to the wafer surfaces to form rectifying electrodes. Lead wires18, 20, and 22 are connected to the emitter electrode 14, collector electrode 16, and base tab 12 respectively; The lead wires pass through an insulating stem 24, which-may for-example be glass. The unitis thenhandled by means of the stem 24, and is treated as described in Figure 1, thus forming" over the exposed surface of the wafer 10 a protective coating-30 consisting of an adherent layerof germanium monoxide covered byafilm of germanium dioxide. The wafer 10 is then dipped in a viscouslacquer, for example polystyrene, so that anirregular blob 26 of the lacquer surrounds the wafer and the adjacent portions of the leads. The lacquer blob 26 prevents undesirable direct contact of the potting material with the wafer 10. The unit is then encapsulated by inserting the wafer and stem 24 in a mold (not shown), which is filled with a liquid synthetic resin or plastic such as methyl methacrylate or Araldite. The synthetic resin solidifies and forms a protective sheath 28.
Units treated by the method of this invention are also improved with respect to reverse current. As shown by Figure 4, transistors treated by the invention and encapsulated in plastic show only a very slight increase in the reverse current. At 5,000 hours, the average reverse current of three units at a bias of one volt increased from one microarnp. to only 1.8 microamps. In contrast, untreated units similarly encapsulated increased sharply from 1.4 microamps. at 300 hours to 10 microamps. at 400 hours.
Another important feature of this invention is that it provides a method for the control of the surface recombination velocity, symbolized as s. An increase in s from approximately 200 cm./sec. to approximately 600 cm./sec. causes an cr drop of approximately 20 percent of the original value. In some applications, for example large signal devices, a comparatively high value of s is desirable since it reduces ea at low currents more than at high currents, and therefore reduces the overall variation of (Z with current. For a complete discussion, see W. M. Webster, On the Variation of Junction Transistor Current-Amplification Factor With Emitter Current, Proceedings IRE 42, 1954, p. 914. Devices with relatively large .9 can be fabricated by applying a relatively thin layer of monoxide over the germanium wafer, and depositing over the monoxide a relatively thick film of germanium dioxide by prolonged anodic oxidation, as explained above. The instant invention provides improved et and s stability for all types of semiconductive devices which include a base of germanium or silicon, and is not limited to the triode transistor described above by way of example. Alloy type diodes, tetrodes, grown junction devices, drift transistors, unipolar transistors, and semiconductive photoelectric devices may be treated according to the invention to improve their electrical characteristics.
There have thus been described improved semiconductive devices and improved methods of treating materials and devices to improve the surface characteristics of the materials and the electrical properties of the devices.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of treating a body composed of at least one monoatomic semiconductor to stabilize the chemical and electrical characteristics of the surface thereof, comprising the steps of first treating said body to form a layer composed of a monoxide of said semiconductor on said surface, then treating said body to form a layer composed of a dioxide of said semiconductor over said monoxide layer.
2. A method of treating a monoatomic semiconductive body to stabilize the chemical and electrical characteristics of the surface thereof, comprising the steps of forming a layer composed of a monoxide of said monoatomic semiconductive body on said surface by immersing said body in an oxidizing bath, then withdrawing said body and forming a dioxide layer composed of a dioxide of said semiconductive body on said monoxide layer.
3. A method of treating a semiconductive monocrystalline germanium body to stabilize the chemical and electrical characteristics of the surface thereof,,comprising the steps of forming a germanium monoxide layer on said surface by immersing said body in a solution composed Y of 8 volumes concentrated hydrofluoric acid, 1 volume concentrated hydrogen peroxide and 4 volumes water, withdrawing said body from said solution, immersing said body in an electrolytic bath composed of anhydrous sodium acetate and glacial acetic acid, and forming a germanium dioxide layer on said monoxide layer by making said body the anode of said bath and passing a current therethrough.
4. A semiconductor device comprising a wafer composed of a monoatomic semiconductor having a stabiliz ing adherent coating over the surface thereof, said coating being composed of the monoxide of said semiconductor, and a protective film over said monoxide coating, said film being composed of the dioxide of said semiconductor.
5. A semiconductor device comprising an N-conductivity type germanium wafer havinga stabilizing adherent coating of germanium monoxide over the surface thereof, and a protective film of germanium dioxide over said monoxide coating.
6. A semiconductor device comprising a wafer composed of a monoatomic semiconductor, a. rectifying electrode in contact with said wafer, and adherent stabilizing coating over the surface of said wafer, said coating being composed of the monoxide of said semiconductor, and a protective film over said monoxide coating composed of the dioxide of said semiconductor.
7. A semiconductor device comprising a wafer composed of a monoatomic semiconductor, a. rectifying electrode in contact with said wafer, an adherent stabilizing coating over the. surface of said wafer, said coating being composed of the monoxide of said semiconductor, a protective film over said monoxide coating composed of the dioxide of said semiconductor, a sheath of solidified synthetic resin around said wafer, and leads ohmically connected to said electrode and said wafer, said leads projecting through said synthetic resin shea r 8. A semiconductor device comprising a wafer of N-type germanium having an electrode in rectifying contact with said wafer, an adherent stabilizing coating of germanium monoxide over the surface of said Wafer, and a protective film over said monoxide coating composed of garmanium dioxide.
9. A semiconductive photo-electric device comprising a P-type germanium body, an electrode in rectifying contact with said body, a stabilizing coating of germanium monoxide disposed over the surface of said body, and a protective film of germanium dioxide over said coating.
10. A semiconductor device comprising a monoatomic monocrystalline semiconductive wafer having two rectifying electrodes and an ohmic electrode in contact with said wafer, an adherent stabilizing coating over the surface of said wafer, said coating being composed of the monoxide of said semiconductor, and a protective film over said monoxide coating composed of the dioxide of said semiconductor.
11. A semiconductor device comprising a monoatomic semiconductive wafer, electrodes in contact with said wafer, an adherent stabilizing layer composed of the semiconductor monoxide over the surface of said wafer, a protective film over said monoxide layer composed of the dioxide of said semiconductor, a sheath of solidified synthetic resin completely surrounding said wafer and electrodes, and leads ohmically connected to said electrodes, said leads projecting outward through said synthetic resin sheath,
12. A semiconductor device comprising a monocrystalline N-conductivity type germanium wafer having two rectifying electrodes and an ohmic electrode in contact with said wafer, an adherent stabilizing coating of germanium monoxide over the surface of said wafer, and a protective film of germanium dioxide over said monoxide coating.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
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Numerical Study of the Electrical Properties of Insulating Thin Films Deposited on a Conductive Substrate
R.A.Gerhardt[1], and S. Kumar[1]
[1]School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Parametric finite element simulations were performed to study the effect of film thickness, and electrode size on the different impedance parameters for insulating thin films deposited on a conductive substrate. COMSOL Multiphysics® was used to solve the quasi-static form of Maxwell's electromagnetic equations in time harmonic mode. Several types of 2D models (linear and axisymmetric) ...
Periodic Near-field Enhancement on Metal-Dielectric Interfacial Gratings at Optimized Azimuthal Orientation
M. Csete[1,2], X. Hu[1], A. Sipos[2], A. Szalai[2], A. Mathesz[2], and K. Berggren[1]
[1]Research Laboratory of Electronics, Nanostructures Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, USA
[2]Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
The effect of plasmon-wavelength scaled gratings on the surface plasmon resonance is studied experimentally and theoretically. The model samples are multi-layers containing laser fabricated gratings at bimetal-polymer interfaces. Dual-angle dependent surface plasmon resonance measurements are performed illuminating the samples by monochromatic light in Kretschmann arrangement. The ...
Two-Dimensional COMSOL Simulation of Heavy-Oil Recovery by Electromagnetic Heating
M. Carrizales[1], and L.W. Lake[1]
[1]The University of Texas at Austin, University Station, Austin, Texas, USA
Introducing heat to the formation has proven to be an effective way of lowering the oil viscosity of heavy oils by raising the temperature in the formation. The application of electrical energy has gained more interest during the last decade because it offers fewer restrictions for its successful application compared to the conventional steam flooding methods. Although this recovery technique ...
Software Package for Modeling III-Nitride QW Laser Diodes and Light Emitting Devices
M. V. Kisin[1], R. G. W. Brown[1], and H. S. El-Ghoroury[1]
[1]Ostendo Technologies, Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA
We present a modeling software package developed at Ostendo Technologies for analysis and design of semiconductor laser and light-emitting diodes. The current database of material parameters supports complete group of III-Nitride alloys used in visible spectrum applications and can be readily extended to all III-V compounds. Self-consistent multi-band quantum-mechanical model for carrier energy ...
Multiphysics Simulation of a Packed Bed Reactor
A.E. Varela[1], and J.C. García[1]
[1]University of Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela
Most reactor designs are based on pseudo homogeneous models. This paper studies the COMSOL simulation of a packed bed reactor using a 2-D heterogeneous model. The case considered was a packed reactor with spherical catalyst for oxidation of o-xylene in air to phthalic anhydride. Large differences in intra-pellet temperature were found in comparison with the average temperatures resulting from ...
Modeling Contact Line Dynamics in Evaporating Menisci
J. Plawsky[1], A. Chatterjee[1], and P.C. Wayner Jr.[1]
[1]Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
The Constrained Vapor Bubble is a fundamental fluid mechanics experiment that is scheduled to run aboard the International Space Station starting in August 2009. The experiment is focused on looking at evaporation and condensation processes at the contact line, where vapor, liquid and solid meet. Our goal is to understand how processes that occur on the macroscale affect the transport processes ...
An Analysis of Heat Conduction with Change of Phase with Application to the Solidification of Copper
J. Michalski[1], and E. Gutirrez-Miravete[2]
[2]Rensselaer at Hartford, Hartford, Connecticut, US
The goal of this study was to determine the possibility of using the finite element in COMSOL Multiphysics program to obtain a high accuracy solution to a moving boundary problem, specifically, the solidification of copper. A one-dimensional geometry in Cartesian coordinates was used to investigate the solidification of initially liquid copper from a chilled wall maintained at fixed temperature. ...
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Blood Flow over a Backward-Facing Step: Steady-State Simulation
M.W. Siebert[1], and P.S. Fodor[1]
[1]Physics Department, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
In this work, the fluid flow over a 2D backward-facing step is analyzed in order to provide a case study for the use of different models for the blood dynamic viscosity in COMSOL Multiphysics. Three non-Newtonian models, as well as the Newtonian model are used to study the shear stresses and the reattachment length as a function of the fluid speed. The non-Newtonian models used in this study are ...
Modeling Hydrogen Permeation through a Thin TiO2 Film Deposited on Pd
Z. Qin[1], Y. Zeng[1], and D.W. Shoesmith[1]
[1]The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Models that describe hydrogen permeation through a thin TiO2 film deposited on Pd have been developed based on a mass-balance equation consisting of diffusion, reversible hydrogen absorption/desorption, and irreversible hydrogen trapping. These models are solved by the finite element method using COMSOL Multiphysics. By comparing model simulations with experimental permeation curves, values of ...
Three-Dimensional Simulation of Signal Generation in Wide-Bandgap Semiconductor Radiation Detectors
J. E. Toney[1]
[1]Pennsylvania State University Electro-Optics Center, Freeport, Pennsylvania, USA
We demonstrate the use of Comsol Multiphysics with Matlab to model signal generation in wide-bandgap semiconductor radiation detectors. A quasi-hemispherical detector design is compared with a simple, planar detector. Results show that the quasi-hemispherical design can simply and effectively compensate for the poor hole transport of most compound semiconductor materials.


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While We're Young
While We're Young searches for the blurry line we all cross once we've entered middle age, finds it and tramples all over it, but it…
While We're Young searches for the blurry line we all cross once we've entered middle age, finds it and tramples all over it, but it…
Imagine an "R" rated "Lassie" by way of "Spartacus." That's Kornél Mundruczó's "White God," a brutal but stirring fantasy about street dogs rising up against…
"The Ballad of Narayama" is a Japanese film of great beauty and elegant artifice, telling a story of startling cruelty. What a space it opens…
Patrice Leconte's "Monsieur Hire" is a tragedy about loneliness and erotomania, told about two solitary people who have nothing else in common. It involves a…
A preview of Ebertfest 2015.
An encounter with the legendary documentarian Albert Maysles, who recently passed away.
A film teacher looks back on "The Breakfast Club," partly through the eyes of her students.
A preview of Ebertfest 2015.
Our Far-Flung Correspondent Brings Explosive Polish 1980s Sci-Fi to NYC
"Dear White People" director Justin Simien, editor Phillip J. Bartell, composer Kathryn Bostic and cinematographer Topher Osborn at the Film Independent Directors Close-Up series.
The strange unraveling of Cinderella; Kimmy Schmidt skewers empowerment culture; Charles Grodin's fine art of reaction; Putting "use" back in fair use; Yoga pants are…
A look at recent releases on Netflix and Blu-ray, including "Life Itself," "Annie," "Into the Woods," "The Lady From Shanghai," and more.
At this moment, in this cafe, we're sitting next to strangers.
Everyone will get up, leave, and go their own way, And then, they'll never meet again. And if they do, they won't realize that it's not for the first time.
- Krzysztof Kieslowski One of the opening images in "Red" is of telephone lines, crossing. It is the same in life. We are connected with some people and never meet others, but it could easily have happened otherwise.
Looking back over a lifetime, we describe what happened as if it had a plan. To fully understand how accidental and random life is - how vast the odds are against any single event taking place - would be humbling.
That is the truth that Kieslowski keeps returning to in his work. In "The Double Life of Veronique," there is even a moment when, if the heroine had looked out of a bus window, she might have seen herself on the street; it's as if fate allowed her to continue on one lifeline after choosing another. In "Red," none of the major characters knows each other at the beginning of the movie, and there is no reason they should meet. Exactly.
The film opens in Geneva, in an apartment occupied by a model named Valentine (Irene Jacob). She makes a telephone call, and the phone rings at the same time in an apartment just across the street, occupied by Auguste (Jean-Pierre Lorit), a law student. But she is not calling him. Her call is to her boyfriend, who is in England, and whom she rarely sees. As far as we know, Valentine and Auguste have never met. And may never meet. Or perhaps they will.
One day Valentine's car strikes a dog, and she takes it to the home of its owner, a retired judge (Jean-Louis Trintignant). He hardly seems to care for the dog, or for her. He spends his days in an elaborate spying scheme, using wiretaps to monitor an affair being carried on by a neighbor. There is an instant spark that strikes between the old man and the young woman - a contact, a recognition of similarity, or sympathy - but they are 40 years apart in age, strangers to one another, and have met by accident, and . . .
The story becomes completely fascinating. We have no idea where it is going, where it could possibly go. There is no plot to reassure us. No goal that the characters hope to attain. Will the young woman and the judge ever meet again? What will come of that? Does it matter? Would it be good, or bad? Such questions, in "Red," become infinitely more interesting than the questions in simple-minded commercial movies, about whether the hero will kill the bad guys, and drive his car fast, and blow things up, or whether his girlfriend will take off her clothes.
Seeing a movie like "Red," we are reminded that watching many commercial films is the cinematic equivalent of reading Dick and Jane. The mysteries of everyday life are so much deeper and more exciting than the contrivances of plots.
We learn something about Auguste, the law student who lives across the way. He has a girlfriend named Karin (Frederique Feder).
She specializes in "personal weather reports" for her clients, which sounds reasonable, like having a personal trainer or astrologer, until we reflect that the weather is more or less the same for everybody. But perhaps her clients live in such tight boxes of their own construction that each one has different weather.
Valentine talks to her boyfriend. They are rarely together.
He is someone on the phone. Perhaps she "stays" with him to save herself the trouble of a lover whose life she would actually share.
She goes back out to the house of the old judge, and talks to him some more. We learn more about the lives he is eavesdropping on.
There are melodramatic developments, but no one seems to feel strongly about them.
And Valentine and Auguste. What a good couple they would make! Perhaps. If they ever meet. And if, in the endless reaches of cosmic time, there had been the smallest shift in the lifetimes of Valentine and the Judge, they could have been the same age. Or another infinitesimal shift, and they would have lived a century apart. Or never lived at all. Or if the dog had wandered somewhere else, Valentine would not have struck him, and met the judge. Or if the judge had had a cat . . .
Think about these things, reader. Don't sigh and turn the page. Think that I have written them and you have read them, and the odds against either of us ever having existed are greater by far than one to all of the atoms in creation.
"Red" is the conclusion of Kieslowski's masterful trilogy, after "Blue" and "White," named for the colors in the French flag. He says he will retire now, at 53, and make no more films. At the end of "Red," the major characters from all three films meet - through a coincidence, naturally. This is the kind of film that makes you feel intensely alive while you're watching it, and sends you out into the streets afterwards eager to talk deeply and urgently, to the person you are with. Whoever that happens to be.
This message came to me from a reader named Peter Svensland. He and a fr...
As we mourn Abrams' macho Star Trek obliteration, it's a good time to revisit that most Star Trek-ian of accomplishme...
You've been told that Superman not a "relatable" character. After all, he's faster than a speeding bullet, more pow...