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If you're a mystery fan, and there's a little bit of one in each of us, get on the Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy bandwagon. Gary Oldman leads a superb cast (including Colin Firth and Tom Hardy, to name two people that you think are awesome) in a game of Clue. Who among this group of men is the one (we know there's one, just check the latest trailer!) up to no good. The stakes: espionage. The accents: British. The result: cinematic dynamite.
To begin code cracking, look deep into Gary Oldman's unblinking eyes (it helps that he's a photo). There are clues hidden throughout the crowd of figures lining the Oldman gaze... to further investigate, look at the equally encoded posters of Firth and Hardy.
Source: Yahoo

subset: commoncrawl


text:
LOOKING for: Recipe for Chocolatey 'Type' Ganache
velaminaDecember 15, 2010
I think what I really need is a good chocolate glaze, but I'm wondering if there might be a chocolate ganache out there that sets. I have a request for cupcakes that are going to be schlepped.
I'm trying to replicate the Boston Cream Cupcake, and I know that where they are going there will be no refrigerator space; hence the need for the non-dairy pastry cream as well.
I looked at Alton Brown's Chocolate Glaze for Doughnuts but since I haven't tried it maybe someone else might have a better suggestion?


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Supreme Court of Canada Strengthens Federal Environmental Assessment Provisions
Municipal & Planning Law BlogJanuary 22, 2010
The Supreme Court of Canada found in a decision released on January 21, 2010 that the responsible authority cannot just conduct an environmental assessment screening study for a project listed on the Comprehensive Study List. In a unanimous decision of a 7-member panel in the case of MiningWatch Canada v. Minister of Fisheries and Oceans et al. the court held that the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act and regulations require that the environmental assessment track be determined according to the project as proposed; it is generally not open to a responsible authority to change that level. The responsible authority was free to use any and all federal-provincial coordination tools available, but it was still required to comply with the provisions of the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act pertaining to comprehensive studies. By conducting only a screening study, the responsible authority acted without statutory authority.
A link to the full decision is provided here.
David Crocker


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|Half Baths
|Property type
|Minimum Stay
Beautiful cabin on the banks of the New River. Whitewater access from the property. Balcony overlooking the river as well as a covered back deck for barbecues. One master bedroom with full bath. Loft with 6 roll away beds and half bath. Additional sleeping area in basement and on fold out couch in living room. Wood fireplace.
Perfect for an escape from the noise of the city. A quick drive to Babcock State Park, scenic overlooks, Tamarack Artisan Center, New River Gorge Bridge for Bridge Day, Mountain Biking Trails, rock climbing and repelling, hunting and some of the best fishing in the Eastern portion of the US. Areas of primitive camping as well.
Keywords: Cabin
The only private property in the federally owned New River Gorge Recreation Area
Whitewater kayaking, put it at our cabin for class four + runs
All in all out stay was good. The property was nice and serene. I would recommend bringing firewood as there was none there and finding some close by would be difficult. The river is visible from the house, however, access is a walk down the road. There is a nice campground/recreation area down the road that we took advantage of. If you are interested in taking in some West Virginia this is a nice place to stay. I would also recommend bringing some linens and pillows. Also, if you will be arriving after dark, it would be advantageous to ask for a light to be left on as it is dark. I would definitely recommend.
A very nice location, decent accomodations. A quiet getaway - don't expect modern conveniences (internet and cable/satellite) - that make for a very nice family focused getaway. Small problem on arrival that Bob made right immediately. Definitely potential for a small group or family.
What a beautiful spot. We had a great time at the house and on the river. The location is well located for getting to all the nearby attractions - plus, the river is right out the front door and a park with camping sites and river access is a short walk down the road. Six adults, a toddler, and a large dog all fit comfortably in the house. If you can't live without internet access then this might not be the house for you, but if you want to have a relaxing vacation filled with outdoor activities at a great price, then this is your spot! Oh, we're a family of foodies of were impressed with all the cooking utensils available in the kitchen. The firepit was a really nice feature too. There are several flights of stairs in the house, fyi.
Cabin was clean & quiet. The kitchen had everything we needed. The view of the river was great and it would be easy to get down there for swimming or fishing. Very nice jetted tub in the main bathroom. My only "not so good" comment is that the roll-away beds in the upstairs loft are not comfortable. They're probably fine for kids but not comfortable for an adult - mattresses are very thin! Other than that, our stay was great and I would definitely visit again!
Very nice. Within the National Park. Nice and private. All kitchen, linens, and paper products provided. Washer and dryer a plus. Interesting plumbing layout, but functional. Very clear. Great A/C. Matresses for rollaway beds worn and a little rough. Overall great experience! Will recommend to friends.
My husband, two adult sons, their girls, and I had a perfect week in the cabin. It has everything we needed to take day trips rafting, kayaking on the river, rock climbing, and then coming "home" to a perfectly situated and scenic cabin. While not for the deluxe resort amenity seeker, this cabin has everything for vacationers who are active and enjoy a place that provides for both cookouts and full kitchen needs within. The downstairs shower and laundry are special perks that we found invaluable. Everyone in our group has already given the "thumbs up" to another week's stay in July 2014.
Please note that nearest shopping is 8 miles away in Beckley where you will find anything you may need. Great hiking and mountian bking areas close to cabin. Only 12 miles from 12,000 acre Summit Bechtel boy scout area. Many trails open to the public in 2012.


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The Migrant Participation website has been officially launched today by the network NGOs from Central and Eastern Europe in frame of the "Fostering political participation and policy involvement of immigrants in 9 Central and Eastern EU countries" project. The website aims to provide an overview of migrant participation development with focus on societies in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria and Romania.
The Migrant Participation website promotes participation of third country nationals in political life, in elections, in advisory bodies and in immigrant associations and publishes the latest news concerning the migrant participation as well and contributions from experts accross the Europe. To access the website click on www.migrant-participation.eu . For contributions, feedback or requests please write at
The Romanian National Council for Refugees (CNRR) together with partners from 8 Central and Eastern EU countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria and the Czech Republic) commenced with implementation of the project "Fostering political participation and policy involvement of migrants on 9 Central and Eastern EU countries", supported by the European Commission´s Fund for Integration of Third Country Nationals. The aim of the project is to achieve electoral rights of third country nationals with permanent resident permits at municipal and regional level, to increase participation of immigrants in decision making processes as well as to support immigrants in formulation and implementation of solutions to problems directly affecting their lives. Our goal is to improve participation of immigrants in public life and thereby address their marginalization and exploitation in Central and Eastern EU Member States.


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"Written in part while Fenton's husband was deployed as a medic in Baghdad, Clamor loosely follows the narrative arc of weeks breathlessly suspended between imminences: word or silence, return or tragedy, heartbreak or gratitude"--Publisher's website.
Publisher: Cleveland, Ohio : Cleveland State University Poetry Center ; [Berkeley, Calif.] : Distributed by SPD/Small Press Distribution, c2010
Edition: 1st ed
Branch Call Number: 811.6 F342c 2010
Characteristics: 77 p. ;,21 cm
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Originally written on Knickswag | Last updated 11/16/14
Will Bynum, the pint size PG from the Detroit Pistons is has drawn some interest from the New York Knicks. With his small stature but competitive heart, Will has made a lasting impression on opponents. He is in the same mold as Nate Robinson, without the smooth shooting stroke, but he has the strength and tempo to be a very serviceable back up point for many teams, especially the starving NY Knicks. Will had a decent year this past season, averaging 18 minutes per game, 9.8 points and 3.6 assists on 46% shooting, as well as 31% from downtown. With the sudden departure of Jason Kidd and the question marks behind Pablo Prigion's return, the Knicks are in the market for a PG to back up Raymond Felton. Is Will that guy? This I am not sure, but what I do know is that the Knicks are desperate for a change of pace point guard in the mold of a Ty Lawson or an Eric Bledsoe. With those players too expensive for the Knicks, players like Will Bynum could be had for part of their taxpayer mini mid or perhaps their vet's minimum. The post Knicks Basketball: Will Bynum a Player of Interest appeared first on Knickswag - A New York Knicks Blog - News, Rumors, and more!.
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Apr 13, 2014
TEL AVIV [MENL] -- Israel has launched what officials termed an enhanced spysatellite.
Mar 31, 2014
CAIRO [MENL] -- Egypt has accused Qatar of espionage.
Feb 23, 2014
ANKARA [MENL] -- Turkey, amid renewed unrest, has been debating legislationthat would enable the intelligence community to access bank accounts andother personal information.
Feb 19, 2014
TEL AVIV [MENL] -- Israel's military plans to establish an intelligencecenter linked to all air, ground and naval sensors.


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I am so mad!!! I truly hate how all the Gym Leaders and Elites Four not only use healing items, but how they rely on them. It's like, oh you're the strongest trainer in all of the region and you have to use recovery items when your pokemon's health gets low. :saiyan::saiyan::saiyan::saiyan::saiyan::saiyan::saiyan:
I'm somewhat thankful that they don't even know what revives are, or God forbid Max Revives.
There i'm done, it felt good to let that all out, thank you for reading :thumbup:


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Hart Foundation
WWE tag team legends The Hart Foundation
Phil Panos
Originally: Massachusetts
Now lives in Arkansas
5'10" 290 lbs
"Fabulous" Phil Apollo
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The Playboy
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Vince Apollo
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After I got my fingerstache tattoo, the first thing I did with my boyfriend Dave was give him a good ol' "bottle brush!"
af Charles Kobayashi 2. januar 2011
Skriv din email-adresse nedenunder for at få Dagens Urban Ord gratis hver morgen!
Emails sendes fra email@example.com. Vi lover ikke at spamme dig.×


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Listen: Merchandise Share "Begging For Your Life / In the City Light" Edit, Sign to 4AD
By Evan Minsker on January 14, 2014 at 10:00 a.m. EST
Photo by Timothy Saccenti
Floridian avant-pop outfit Merchandise are readying a clear, one-sided 12" featuring their 14-minute long track "Begging For Your Life / In the City Light". It was previously available on a split tour cassette with Chelsea Light Moving, and now it's being released by their new label 4AD digitally tomorrow and on vinyl on February 24 in the UK and February 25 in the U.S. Check out an edit of the track below.
Future Islands Announce New Album Singles
By Evan Minsker on January 8, 2014 at 10:00 a.m. EST
The Baltimore outfit Future Islands are back with a new LP to follow up 2011's On the Water. It's called Singles and it's out March 25 via the band's new label home, 4AD. It was produced by Chris Coady (Beach House, Grizzly Bear, Yeah Yeah Yeahs).
Zomby Announces Double Album With Love, Listen to New Track "Soliloquy"
By Evan Minsker and Amy Phillips on April 24, 2013 at 10:08 a.m. EDT
Update: The tracklist for the album is now on iTunes. Check it out below. As FACT points out, we may have heard some of this material before...
Mysterious producer Zomby has announced the follow-up to 2011's Nothing EP. With Love is a 33-track double CD/triple LP due out on June 18 in the U.S. and June 17 in the UK via 4AD. It features the previously shared track "W I T H L O V E" as well as the newly revealed (via Dazed Digital) "Soliloquy". Listen to both below.
Listen: New Zomby Track "W I T H L O V E"
By Carrie Battan on April 3, 2013 at 9:51 a.m. EDT
Mysterious producer and Twitter curmudgeon Zomby is preparing new material to follow 2011's Nothing EP. He's posted a song called "W I T H L O V E" and an accompanying visual on a stand-alone site; the song is set to appear on an album out this summer through 4AD. (Thanks to Aaron Moreno for the tip.)
Deerhunter Announce New Album, Monomania
By Jenn Pelly and Amy Phillips on March 22, 2013 at 12:06 p.m. EDT
Photo by Robert Semmer
Deerhunter's new album, Monomania, is out May 7 via 4AD. The full-length followup to 2010's Halcyon Digest was recorded at Rare Book Room Studio in Brooklyn with producer Nicolas Vernhes. Bassist Josh Fauver has been replaced by Josh McKay.
The Breeders Detail Last Splash 20th Anniversary Reissue: Demos, Unreleased Live Tracks, More
By Jenn Pelly on March 1, 2013 at 3:20 p.m. EST
On April 23, 4AD will release the 20th anniversary reissue of the Breeders' classic Last Splash album, details of which are now available. LSXX, as the label has dubbed it, will be available as a limited edition deluxe 7xLP vinyl box set as well as a 3xCD release.
Camera Obscura Announce New Album, Tour
By Carrie Battan on February 28, 2013 at 2:55 p.m. EST
Glasgow indie pop act Camera Obscura have announced their first album since 2009's excellent My Maudlin Career. They'll release Desire Lines through 4AD on June 4 (June 3 in Europe and the UK/Europe). Recorded in Portland with producer Tucker Martine, the record features vocals from Neko Case and My Morning Jacket's Jim James.
Full Scott Walker Album Details Revealed
By Jenn Pelly on September 24, 2012 at 12:06 p.m. EDT
Bish Bosch, the new record from the legendary Scott Walker, is slated for release through 4AD on December 3 in the UK and December 4 in the U.S. It follows 2006's The Drift.
SpaceGhostPurrp Shares 4AD Session, Plans to Release Mysterious Phonk: The Instrumentals
By Carrie Battan on August 17, 2012 at 1:46 p.m. EDT
Producer/rapper SpaceGhostPurrp is the latest 4AD artist to take part in the intimate live performance video series 4AD Sessions. Below, watch him perform Mysterious Phonk: The Chronicles of SpaceGhostPurrp cuts "Mystical Maze", "Get Yah Head Bust", and "Don't Give a Damn" live in Brooklyn.
Scott Walker at Work on New Album
By Amy Phillips and Ryan Dombal on June 21, 2012 at 1:26 p.m. EDT
The legendary Scott Walker is at work on his first new album since 2006's The Drift. Last night at a 4AD event in New York City, the label played one new song, which does not appear to have a title yet. The epically unpredictable suite featured an album's worth of ideas as it went from pummeling drum rhythms to near-a cappella crooning. Its overall effect was unsettling, daunting, thrilling.
The album could possibly be released in late fall.
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Top Definition
Two people lie on their back head to toe, with their hips touching. On the agreed signal they raise the leg nearest each other and try to pull their opponents leg over to touch the floor, as in arm wrestling.
Dude, indian wrestling has given a whole new meaning to getting your leg over.
by Judge Mental June 02, 2005


text:
York Air Cleaner filter
Just got a York TM9X furnace installed. I specifically said I did not want an air filter box to enable use of a 4 or 5 inch filter. Unfortunately was not home during install and sure enough they added this 'feature'. I didn't want it because 1) not worth the cost of install, 2) cost of replacement filters and 3) difficulty in finding these 'exotic' filters.
Too late now. Specifically it's a Johnson Controls Air Cleaner, model TM11PAC16252 with Source 1 Air Filter model S1-FM410. The filter is not the usual kind in a cardboard box, but rather the top and bottom are designed to fit into some rails or slots in the actual air cleaner and it's also an 'accordion' style in that you can compress it. Then the filter part itself extends beyond the frame of the air filter by about 1/2 inch or so on each side.
The installer said that you can put the "normal box kind" in there but I fail to see how that is possible given the rails measure 2.5 inches in width and I know of no such air filter with that size....so I'm stuck exactly where I didn't want to be...... needing to use dealer to supply an expensive filter.
Anyone know of a possible "normal kind" of filter to replace this one with? Email to dealer was not responded to. Online search proved futile. Approximate measurement of the filter is 16 X 27.5 X 4 3/8 but like I say the rail itself is only designed to fit about a 2.5 inch wide filter
I see that 3M sells a air filter adapter that enables one to put a one inch filter into one of these air cleaners and it holds the filter firmly in place. Is that an option for me? There would then be a gap between where the air enters the air cleaner and where the rail or slot starts. Is that a big deal?
This post was edited by ratracer on Fri, Jul 18, 14 at 15:05


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Phantom Pain
all around, the shadows gather.
My dread grows as the stroke of death falls against my naked soul.
It slays me, and darkly my
essence drips
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In pain I call your name
while death hovers close.
Now alone, my cascade of tears falls upon my wailing eyes.
This is my Hell


text:
Page 1
www.thelancet.com/oncology Vol 15 February 2014 e69
Opium use: an emerging risk factor for cancer?
Farin Kamangar, Ramin Shakeri, Reza Malekzadeh, Farhad Islami
An estimated 16·5 million people worldwide illicitly use opiates, of whom 4 million use raw opium. We did a
systematic review to investigate the association between opium use and cancer incidence and mortality. Opium use
was associated with an increased risk of cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, larynx, lung, and urinary bladder.
Although the present evidence suggests that these associations are possibly causal, further epidemiological studies
(particularly prospective studies that collect detailed data about lifetime opium use and control for a broad range of
potential confounders) are needed.
Opium, the air-dried extract of the opium poppy Papaver
somniferum, has been used for recreational or medical
purposes since at least 5000 BC.1 Criminalisation of
opium use, and availability of other psychoactive drugs
such as cannabis, has resulted in fairly low rates of
opium use in the developed world. However, the drug is
still widely used in many parts of the world, particularly
in west and central Asia. According to the UN Offi ce of
Drugs and Crime, an estimated 16·5 million people
across the world used opiates illicitly in 2012,2 of whom
4 million used raw opium.3
Some of the more acute health eff ects of opium
use—including its analgesic, hypnotic, antitussive, and
antidiarrhoeal eff ects—have been known to physicians
and the general public for a long time.4,5 A popular, yet
unsubstantiated, belief among lay people, and even
among some of the older generation of physicians in
western and central Asia, is that long-term use of low-
dose opium can prolong survival by preventing chronic
diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular
diseases, and cancer. This old belief could be due to the
analgesic eff ects of opium, which relieves pain from
some of these chronic diseases. Nevertheless, until
recently very little data about the eff ects of long-term
opium use on the incidence of chronic diseases (eg,
cancer and cardiovascular diseases) was available. In a
report into the global burden of illicit drug use, which
included data through to 2008, these potential eff ects
of opium (or other illicit drug) use were not taken into
consideration because the level of evidence was
thought to be too low.6 The authors of the report stated
that "well-designed prospective studies are needed for
these consequences of illicit drug use that properly
control for key forms of confounding".
During the past few years, however, many studies
about the carcinogenic eff ects of opium use in human
beings have been reported. These epidemiological
studies, both prospective and retrospective, have
matched or adjusted for the key forms of confounding
(including age, sex, and cigarette smoking). Never-
theless, to our knowledge, no systematic review of these
studies has been published. The objective of this
Review is to provide a systematic review of
epidemiological studies associating opium use with
Search strategy and selection criteria
We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus to
identify publications about opium use and cancer risk.
The exposure of interest was opium use as an illicit drug.
We did not search for or include studies about the eff ects
of therapeutic or illicit use of synthetic opioids (eg,
morphine, oxycodone, and fentanyl). We searched
PubMed with the terms "opium" AND ("neoplasms"
[MeSH term] OR "cancer" OR "carcinoma" OR
"malignancy" OR "malignant"). Equivalent terms were
used to search the Web of Science and Scopus databases.
The Scopus search was limited to medicine (for subject
area) and article (for document type). All searches were
updated on Nov 5, 2013. No relevant non-English-
language articles were identifi ed by our search. We
identifi ed a total of 620 articles from PubMed (n=125),
Web of Science (n=94), and Scopus (n=401). When
articles were indexed in more than one database, only
one was considered for further review; we excluded
154 articles for this reason, leaving 466 articles for further
assessment. We contacted experts in the discipline to ask
for relevant articles that were accepted but not yet
published. With this method, we found and added one
more article to our list. Two authors (FK and FI)
independently assessed the remaining 467 articles.
We examined the abstracts of the articles, and retrieved
and reviewed the full texts of potentially eligible articles.
Our inclusion criteria were: original research; human
studies; cross-sectional (with both case and control
groups), case-control, or cohort studies; and studies
providing relative risk estimates for the association
between illicit opium use and cancer incidence or
mortality, or providing information to calculate these
estimates. We excluded 436 articles that did not meet the
inclusion criteria, including commentaries, review
articles, in-vitro, animal, and non-observational studies,
studies about treatment and prognosis or without cancer
outcomes, and studies that did not provide our required
data for opium and cancer. We also manually searched
the bibliographies of 31 remaining articles, but this
search did not add any further articles to the list of
retrieved articles. 13 articles were excluded because
similar, more up-to-date, or more complete data from
the same study were available in another included
article, leaving 18 articles for inclusion in this systematic
review (fi gure).
Lancet Oncol 2014; 15: e69–77
Department of Public Health
Analysis, School of Community
Health and Policy, Morgan
State University, Baltimore,
MD, USA (Prof F Kamangar MD);
Digestive Oncology Research
Center, Digestive Disease
Research Institute, Tehran
University of Medical Sciences,
Tehran, Iran (Prof F Kamangar,
R Shakeri MD,
Prof R Malekzadeh MD,
F Islami MD); and Institute for
Transitional Epidemiology,
Mount Sinai School of
Medicine, New York, NY, USA
(F Islami)
Correspondence to:
Prof Farin Kamangar,
Department of Public Health
Analysis, School of Community
Health and Policy, Morgan State
University, Baltimore, MD 21251,
Page 2
www.thelancet.com/oncology Vol 15 February 2014
Data extraction
Data extraction was done by two authors (FK and FI)
and checked by another (RS). When available, data were
abstracted for fi rst author, publication year, study
design, country or region of the study, histological type
of cancer, number of cancer cases, number and source
of controls (case-control studies) or study size at
baseline (cohort studies), odds ratios (ORs) or hazard
ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs, and variables for which the
results were controlled by matching, restriction, or
statistical adjustments. In most studies, older age, male
sex, and cigarette smoking were strongly associated
with both opium use and cancer incidence or mortality;
therefore, we assessed if these three main confounders
were adjusted for in analyses of each of the studies. The
extent of control for confounding diff ered by study. If
results were presented with several adjustment models,
we used the maximally adjusted results. When
reported,7–16 histological type of cancer was abstracted
directly from the article. For other articles,17–22 we
inferred histological type of cancer on the basis of the
dominant histology of the cancer in the study area. For
example, more than 90% of oesophageal cancers in
northeastern Iran, where the association between
opium use and oesophageal cancer was studied, are
squamous-cell carcinomas.23,24 Throughout the world,
and in the areas that these studies were done in, most
gastric and bladder cancer cases are adenocarcinomas23,25
and transitional-cell carcinomas,26,27
However, for studies of lung cancer with no histological
reports28,29 we could not establish histological types on
the basis of geographical region.
We also extracted data for dose-response associations
and routes of use. We used cumulative use, the product
of intensity and duration of use, as the preferred
variable to assess dose–response associations. When
cumulative use was not reported but duration of use
was available, we used duration. We abstracted ORs,
HRs, and 95% CIs for the association between various
routes of opium use and cancer when they were
reported. For one of the included studies,7 routes of
opium use had been provided in a previous publication
with a smaller sample size.30 One cohort study29
provided information about several cancer sites,
including cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, lung,
and other cancers. Updated fi ndings for oesophageal
and gastric cancers from this cohort were available in a
subsequent publication,18 therefore data from the fi rst
study were used only for cancers other than oesophageal
and gastric cancers. When the OR and 95% CI were not
presented in the article, we calculated these measures
from data presented in the article if possible. We
adjusted for cigarette smoking if the reported data
allowed9,21,22—ie, if the joint distribution of opium use
and cigarette smoking was presented in relation to the
outcome of interest. Two-sided p values of less than
0·05 or a 95% CI that does not include unity were
deemed signifi cant.
Study characteristics
Table 1 summarises the characteristics and fi ndings of the
studies included in this systematic review. Articles
presented results for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach,
larynx, lung, and bladder, or combinations of several
cancers. One study was done in Hong Kong,9 one was
done in Singapore,11 and the rest were done in various
parts of Iran, including northeast,7,8,17,18,29 northwest,19
central,14–16,22,28 south,12,21 and southeast10,13,20 Iran.
Oesophageal cancer
Three studies (two case-control7,17 and one cohort18) have
reported fi ndings about the association between opium
use and oesophageal cancer incidence or mortality
(table 1). The dominant histological type in these
studies was squamous-cell carcinoma. All three study
fi ndings showed increased risks associated with opium
use, two7,18 signifi cantly and one17 non-signifi cantly. In
one study,18 the reported outcome was mortality from
oesophageal cancer rather than incidence. The typical
relative risk estimate in these studies was close to 2.
Two studies7,18 matched, restricted, or adjusted for the
main potential confounders—ie, age, sex, and cig arette
Figure: Flowchart for selection of studies
620 publications identified
125 from PubMed
94 from Web of Science
401 from Scopus
154 duplicate articles excluded
466 articles
467 articles
1 in-press article added
31 articles
436 articles excluded because they did not meet
inclusion criteria (commentaries; review
articles; in-vitro, animal, and non-observational
studies; studies about treatment and prognosis;
studies without cancer outcomes or data about
opium use)
18 articles included in the final
13 articles excluded (similar or more informative
data from the same study available in another
Page 3
www.thelancet.com/oncology Vol 15 February 2014 e71
smoking. After further adjustment for other potential
confounders in the cohort study, the results remained
signifi cant. When examined, the fi ndings showed
dose–response associations (tables 1, 2).
Gastric cancer
Four studies (two case-control8,20 and two cohort18,19) have
examined the association between opium use and
gastric cancer. The most common histological type in
these studies was adenocarcinoma. Findings from the
two case-control studies8,20 and one of the cohort studies19
showed a nearly three times higher risk of gastric cancer
in opium users than in non-users (table 1). Findings
from the other cohort study showed a very small and
non-signifi cant increased risk in gastric cancer
mortality.18 All four studies adequately addressed the
main potential confounders. When tested,8,20 dose–
response associations were noted (tables 1, 2). Findings
from one of the cohort studies19 showed a strong
association between opium use and precursors of
gastric cancer at baseline, including gastric antral
metaplasia (OR 3·2, 95% CI 1·2–9·1) and body
intestinal metaplasia (OR 7·3, 95% CI 2·5–21·5).
Laryngeal cancer
Two case-control studies9,10 investigated the association
between opium use and laryngeal cancer. These studies
included only squamous-cell carcinomas. Both of these
studies showed signifi cant associations, with relative risk
estimates close to 10, after controlling for age, sex, and
smoking (table 1). No information was available for dose–
Lung cancer
Investigators of three studies—two case-control studies
examining incidence11,28 and one cohort study examining
mortality29—have reported fi ndings about the association
between opium use and lung cancer (table 1).
Histological type was either variable11 or not reported.28,29
All three study fi ndings showed a signifi cantly increased
DesignSource of
Place of
histology (%)
of cases
Number of
controls or
total number
of study
partici pants†
Risk ratio
associated with
opium use
Adjusted factors
Oesophageal cancer
Ghadirian et al (1985)17
Community Northeast
SCC (NR)||41 412·1 (0·7–6·5)** NRAge, sex··
Shakeri et al (2012)7
CommunitySCC (100%) 4305702·1 (1·4–2·9) YesAge, sexTobacco use, education,
ethnicity, place of residence
Age, sex, cigarette smoking,
alcohol use, place of residence,
ethnicity, HBV infection
Malekzadeh et al (2013)18
··SCC (NR)||134 50 0451·6 (1·2–1·9)†† Yes‡‡
Gastric cancer
Malekzadeh et al (2013)18
Cohort·· Northeast
125 50 045 1·2 (0·8–1·8)†† Yes‡‡
··Age, sex, cigarette smoking,
alcohol use, place of residence,
ethnicity, HBV infection
Tobacco use, fruit and vegetable
intake, several SES indicators
Age, sex, cigarette smoking,
family history of cancer, intake
of alcohol, fruit, vegetables,
and salt
Cigarette smoking, intake of
fruit, vegetables, meat, and
hydrogenated fats
Shakeri et al (2013)8
3096133·1 (1·9–5·1)YesAge, sex
Sadjadi et al (2014)19
Naghibzadeh et al (in
Community Southeast
89 1783·0 (1·6–5·6) YesAge, sex
Laryngeal cancer
Khoo et al (1981)9
SCC (100%)1231239·3 (2·1–42·3)** NRAge, sexCigarette smoking
Mousavi et al (2003)10
Clinic SCC (100%)98 31210·7 (5·8–20·0) NRAgeSex, cigarette smoking
Lung cancer
MacLennan et al (1977)11
ClinicSingapore Various2333002·4 (1·4–4·0)** NRAge, sex ··
Masjedi et al (2012)28
NR¶¶ 2424843·1 (1·2–8·1) Unclear||||Age, sexCigarette smoking
Khademi et al (2012)29
··NR3750 0452·3 (1·1–4·8)††Yes‡‡
··Age, sex, cigarette smoking,
several SES indicators
(Continues on next page)
Page 4
www.thelancet.com/oncology Vol 15 February 2014
risk of lung cancer associated with opium use, with a
two to three times higher risk of lung cancer for opium
users than for non-users. All three studies controlled for
age and sex, and for two of these studies28,29 the fi ndings
were tightly adjusted for tobacco smoking. The presence
of dose–response associations was not clear. The cohort
study fi ndings showed a dose–response association for
all cancers combined, but did not report dose–response
for individual cancers, including lung cancer.29
Investigators of one of the case-control studies28 reported
that a dose–response association was present, but the
data provided in the tables of the article did not show
such a pattern.
Bladder cancer
Investigators of seven studies, one cross-sectional12 and
six case-control,13–16,21,22 have reported associations between
opium use and bladder cancer. The dominant histological
type was transitional-cell carcinoma. All of these study
fi ndings showed an increased risk (table 1), fi ve
signifi cantly13–16,21 and two non-signifi cantly.12,22 Relative
risk estimates varied widely across studies. A dose–
response association was present in the only study that
examined it (tables 1, 2).16
Other cancers and route of use
A large-scale cohort study29 presented mortality for
other cancers separately from that for oesophageal,
gastric, and lung cancer; its fi ndings showed an
increased risk for other cancers associated with opium
use (HR 1·7, 95% CI 1·2–2·3). Findings from a case-
control study showed an association between opium
use and a combination of cancers of the oral cavity,
oesophagus, liver, and pancreas (OR 8·6, 95% CI
3·3–22·1).20 Only the cohort study results were obtained
after adjustment for the three major confounders. In
four articles, associations between the route of opium
use and cancer were reported (table 3). Overall, both
smoking and ingestion of opium were associated with
increased risk of cancer.
DesignSource of
Place of
histology (%)
of cases
Number of
controls or
total number
of study
partici pants†
Risk ratio
associated with
opium use
Adjusted factors
(Continued from previous page)
Bladder cancer
Sadeghi et al (1979)21
ClinicSouth Iran TCC (NR)***99997·6 (3·2–18·1)** NRAge, sexCigarette smoking
Behmard et al (1981)12
··South Iran TCC (100%)†††15525015·5 (0·9–260)** NRAge, sex,
Aliasgari et al (2004)22
TCC (NR)||52 1082·6 (0·8–8·5)**NRCigarette smoking
Ketabchi et al (2005)13
ClinicTCC (94%) 1121308·0 (5·3–12·5) NRAge, sex ··
Nourbakhsh et al (2006)14
ClinicTCC (100%) 255 2553·9 (2·0–7·6) NRAge, sex,
Age, sex
Shakhssalim et al (2010)15
Community Central
TCC (100%)6926922·6 (1·6–4·3)NRCigarette smoking
Hosseini et al (2010)16
ClinicTCC (100%) 1791794·6 (3·5–6·3) YesAge, sex Cigarette smoking, family
history of cancer
Other cancer types‡‡‡
Khademi et al (2012)29
··23750 045 1·7 (1·2–2·3)††Yes‡‡
··Age, sex, cigarette smoking,
several SES indicators
Naghibzadeh et al (in
Community ··53 1068·6 (3·3–22·1)** YesAge, sex
OR=odds ratio. HR=hazard ratio. SCC=squamous-cell carcinoma. NR=not reported. HBV=hepatitis B virus. SES=socioeconomic status. VHT=various histological types. TCC=transitional-cell carcinoma. *Only applies to
case-control studies. †For case-control studies, the number of controls is stated. For cohort and cross-sectional studies, the total number of study participants is stated. ‡ORs for case-control and cross-sectional
studies, HRs for cohort studies. §For case-control studies, variables for which controls were matched to cases or the variables to which analyses were restricted. For the cross-sectional study, variables that opium users
and non-users were matched for. ¶A case-household, control-household study. ||Histological types were not reported in the article, but most cancer cases in the study area were of this histological type. **OR and CIs
calculated from data provided in the papers. ††The outcome was mortality from cancer, rather than cancer incidence. ‡‡There was a dose–response association for all cancers combined, but results were not reported
for individual cancers. §§90% of cases histologically confi rmed, but subtypes were not reported. ¶¶All cases were histologically or cytologically confi rmed, but subtypes were not reported. ||||The p value for trend was
signifi cant and the authors reported a dose–response relationship. However, the patterns shown in the table did not indicate a dose–response relationship. ***All cases were histologically confi rmed, but subtypes
were not reported. In a larger pool of bladder cancer cases, including cases in this study and cases from another hospital in the same city, 89% of cases were TCC. †††All patients had defi nitive neoplastic transitional
cells in urine. In eight patients (53%), the diagnosis was confi rmed histopathologically. The other seven patients either refused further workup or died before workup. ‡‡‡This category includes all cancers other than
those of the oesophagus, stomach, and lung (Khademi and colleagues29) or cancers of the oral cavity, oesophagus, liver, and pancreas (Naghibzadeh and colleagues20).
Table 1: Epidemiological studies into the association between opium use and cancer incidence or mortality
Page 5
www.thelancet.com/oncology Vol 15 February 2014 e73
The results of this systematic review strongly suggest
that opium use is associated with an increased risk of
cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, larynx, lung,
bladder, and perhaps other cancers. To our knowledge,
this Review is the fi rst systematic review of observational
studies of opium use in relation to cancer.
The fi rst clues to opium's potential carcinogenic eff ect
came from investigations into risk factors for oesophageal
squamous-cell carcinoma in northern Iran. A cancer
registry that collected data between 1968 and 1971 divided
a 600 km stretch in northern Iran into regions of high,
medium, and low risk for oesophageal cancer.31
Investigators of an ecological study32 recorded morphine
metabolites in 50% of individuals selected from high-risk
areas, compared with only 12·5% of people living in
medium-risk and low-risk areas. A subsequent larger
study in the same areas lent support to these results;
prevalence of appreciable concentrations (≥1 μg/mL) of
urinary morphine was six times higher for residents of
very high-risk regions than for residents of low-risk
regions.17 Further evidence for opium's carcinogenicity
came from studies of bladder cancer in southern parts of
Iran. Researchers from Shiraz University reported a nine
times higher risk of bladder cancer in men than in
women,33 which was substantially higher than were ratios
reported elsewhere. They could not fi nd any obvious
known cause for this disparity, because there were no
major factories in the catchment area of the registry at
the time; schistosomiasis was virtually non-existent in
the area, and tobacco smoking could not explain the
diff erence. Because opium use was eight times more
common in men than in women, the researchers
suggested it as a possible cause.33 These studies led to
case-control and cross-sectional studies of opium in
relation to oesophageal cancer and bladder cancer in the
1970s. At that time, some investigations were also made
into the association between opium use and cancers of
Exposure category
and number of
Opium exposure* HR or OR of opium use compared with
never users†
p value
for trend
Shakeri et al (2012);7 oesophageal
Never users (210),
≤median (34),
>median (56)
Duration of use
(median NR)
1·4, 95% CI 0·8–2·5 (≤median);
2·1, 95% CI 1·3–3·5 (>median)
Shakeri et al (2013);8 gastric cancerNever users (200),
≤median (87),
>median (22)
Cumulative use
(median=29 nokhod-years)
2·5, 95% CI 1·4–4·3 (≤median);
4·5, 95% CI 2·3–8·5 (>median)
Naghibzadeh et al (in press);20 gastric
Never users (55),
≤median (8),
>median (26)
Cumulative use (median NR)‡7·3, 95% CI 1·2–43·0 (≤median);
9·2, 95% CI 2·5–33·7 (>median);
Naghibzadeh et al (in press);20 all GI
Never users (88),
≤median (12),
>median (42)
Cumulative use (median NR)‡5·0, 95% CI 1·1–22·4 (≤median);
18·7, 95% CI 5·5–63·3 (>median)
Malekzadeh et al (2013);18 malignant
GI mortality
Never users (276),
fi rst quintile (13),
second quintile (17),
third quintile (17),
fourth quintile (19),
fi fth quintile (35)
Cumulative use (quintiles were
reported as nokhod-days; fi rst quintile
<1200, second quintile 1201–4696,
third quintile 4697–12 418, fourth
quintile 12 419–30 681, fi fth quintile
>30 681
1·0, 95% CI 0·5–1·9 (fi rst quintile);
1·1, 95% CI 0·6–1·9 (second quintile);
1·3, 95% CI 0·8–2·2 (third quintile);
1·3, 95% CI 0·8–2·1 (fourth quintile);
2·0, 95% CI 1·4–3·0 (fi fth quintile)
Masjedi et al (2012);28 lung cancer—
smoking opium
Never users (145),
≤median (18),
>median (15)
Cumulative frequency (median=36·5)9·6, 95% CI 3·5–26·8 (≤median);
6·9, 95% CI 2·3–20·4 (>median)
Masjedi et al (2012);28 lung cancer—
eating opium
Never users (142),
≤median (13),
>median (14)
Cumulative frequency (median=23)3·8, 95% CI 1·5–9·91 (≤median);
2·5, 95% CI 1·0–3·2 (>median)
Hosseini et al (2010);16 bladder
Continuous variable
Duration of useNR 0·001
Khademi et al (2012);29 all cancer
Never users (312),
fi rst quintile (13),
second quintile (22),
third quintile (17),
fourth quintile (30),
fi fth quintile (47)
Duration of use (fi rst quintile ≤3 years,
second quintile 4–7 years, third quintile
8–12 years, fourth quintile 13–20 years,
fi fth quintile ≥21 years)
1·0, 95% CI 0·6–1·7 (fi rst quintile);
1·7, 95% CI 1·1–2·7 (second quintile);
1·5, 95% CI 0·9–2·5 (third quintile);
2·0, 95% CI 1·4–3·0 (fourth quintile);
2·3, 95% CI 1·6–3·2 (fi fth quintile)
HR=hazard ratio. OR=odds ratio. NR=not reported. GI=gastrointestinal. *Each nokhod was roughly equivalent to 0·2 g of opium. Cumulative use was calculated as nokhod-years
(nokhod used per day × duration of use in years), nokhod-days (nokhod used per day × duration of use in days), or cumulative frequency (frequency of opium use per day ×
duration of use in years). †ORs for case-control studies, HRs for cohort studies. ‡Only median daily use for controls (1·7 g per day) was reported. §The p value for the trend was
signifi cant. However, the pattern of associations by categories of exposure did not suggest a dose–response relationship.
Table 2: The dose–response association between opium use and cancer risk by study and cancer type
Page 6
www.thelancet.com/oncology Vol 15 February 2014
the larynx and lung, in Hong Kong and Singapore
respectively. Although the fi ndings of the initial studies
were interesting, nearly 20 years passed before research
into this association resumed. During the past decade,
an increasing number of articles, from both retrospective
and prospective studies, have reported fi ndings about
this association.
Although defi nite conclusions cannot be made at this
time, the evidence accumulated thus far suggests that
the association between opium use and various cancers
is causal. The association between opium use and several
of these cancers is strong. The associations have been
largely consistent across studies for each cancer site.
Results have been replicated in both case-control studies
and prospective cohort studies. When examined, analyses
have shown a dose–response association.
Confounding factors are of major concern in the
establishment of causality in observational studies.
However, the results of the published articles suggest
that the association between opium use and cancer
incidence is unlikely to be entirely due to confounding.
Most studies matched for or did multivariable analyses to
adjust for potential confounders common to all cancers
discussed (ie, age, sex, and cigarette smoking). Some
studies tightly controlled for cigarette smoking and other
forms of tobacco use, but opium was still associated with
increased cancer risk.8,18,28,29 Investigators of another
study30 restricted analysis to people who had never
smoked tobacco, but an association was still noted.
Furthermore, in many of these studies, the association
between opium use and cancer was stronger than (or at
least as strong as) that between cancer and cigarette
smoking, which makes the confounding eff ect of
smoking unlikely to have led to a spurious association
between opium use and cancer. The association between
opium use and oesophageal cancer cannot be confounded
by alcohol consumption in the studies included in this
Review, because all of them were done in high-risk areas
of Iran where alcohol consumption is negligible.23,34
Findings from various studies show that, unlike in other
parts of the world, alcohol consumption is not a risk
factor for oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma in this
region.30,35 Findings from the only cohort study18 for
opium use and oesophageal cancer showed a signifi cant
association, after the results were adjusted for alcohol
drinking. The association between opium use and
laryngeal cancer is unlikely to be confounded by alcohol
use either, because alcohol use was not associated with
laryngeal cancer risk in the two studies included in this
Review.9,10 Several of the published studies adjusted for
other factors, including ethnic origin, place of residence,
consumption of fruit and vegetables, and socioeconomic
status, but the results did not change materially.8,18,29
Genetic background is unlikely to account for any of the
associations reported, because fi ndings from genome-
wide association studies have shown weak associations
between various polymorphisms and these cancers, with
ORs typically between 1·2 and 1·4 per allele.36–40
Another major concern is that the association between
opium use and cancer might be due to reverse causality,
because people who are in pain could use opiates.
However, several lines of evidence alleviate this concern.
First, opium use has been associated with precursor
lesions of gastric cancer19 and with bladder cancer
detected with urine cytology screening.12 People with
precursor lesions or with asymptomatic lesions detected
solely with screening are unlikely to have used opium
because of pain. Second, sensitivity analyses done in
various studies have shown robust associations between
opium use and cancers. For example, fi ndings from
cohort studies18,29 showed strong associations even after
excluding cases from analysis that occurred within the
fi rst several years of follow-up. The associations remained
signifi cant after excluding study participants who started
opium use after diagnosis with any major disease.18,29
Additionally, case-control studies that excluded from
analysis cases of opium use within a year before diagnosis
of cancer still showed a strong association.20,30
At least two sets of mechanisms have been proposed for
a causal association between opium use and cancer: opium
smoke and pyrolysates contain highly mutagenic and
potentially carcinogenic compounds, and some alkaloid
constituents of opium have eff ects on body organs that
could increase exposure to carcinogens. One method of
opium use is to heat the drug to a high temperature so that
its active compounds are vapourised, and to inhale the
smoke with a special pipe. The generated smoke contains
heterocyclic compounds, which can be carcinogenic. A
Odds ratio (95% CI)
Nasrollahzadeh et al (2008);23 oesophageal cancer*
Malekzadeh et al (2013);18 malignant gastrointestinal mortality
Masjedi et al (2012);28 lung cancer
Hosseini (2010);16 bladder cancer
Smoking, ingestion, and snorting
1·7 (1·1–2·6)
1·9 (1·1–3·3)
6·6 (2·4–18·0)
1·3 (0·96–1·8)†
1·5 (1·1–2·1)†
1·4 (0·7–2·9)†
5·4 (2·1–14·0)
1·4 (0·7–2·7)
13·7 (4·2–44·0)
3·8 (2·7–5·5)
4·1 (3·2–6·2)
3·9 (2·6–5·4)
4·9 (3·5–6·8)
5·7 (3·4–7·2)
*Study characteristics were similar to those of Shakeri et al,7 but with 300 cases
and 571 controls (see table 1). †Hazard ratio (95% CI) for mortality.
Table 3: The association between routes of opium use and cancer risk by
study and cancer type
Page 7
www.thelancet.com/oncology Vol 15 February 2014 e75
dross remains in the pipe, the scrapings of which can be
eaten without any manipulation, or refi ned and eaten. This
dross has been shown, after metabolic activation, to have
mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains
TA98 and TA100,41 to cause frameshift mutation in
S typhimurium strains TA1538 and TA98,42 and to induce
sister chromatid exchanges.43 Chromatid exchanges can
also be caused by pyrolysis products of morphine,43 and
pyrolysates of opium and morphine induced substantially
more sister chromatic exchanges than did cigarette
condensates, when the same concentrations were
compared on a weight basis.43 The main mutagenic
compounds identifi ed in opium pyrolysates are all
nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds derived from
pyrolysis of morphine.44 Because tobacco smoke is a
carcinogen for cancers of the oesophagus, stomach, larynx,
lung, and bladder, exposure to pyrolysates of opium or its
derivatives (through chewing or inhaling) could plausibly
cause cancers in these organs too. Opium has several
alkaloid components, including morphine, codeine,
papaverine, thebaine, and noscapine. Some opium
constituents might also prolong the exposure of the
oesophagus to carcinogens.45 Papaverine decreases
oesophageal peristalsis through direct action on smooth
cells, and morphine inhibits the relaxation of the lower
oesophageal sphincter, both leading to prolonged passage
of food and carcinogens through the oesophagus.45
Likewise, some of the alkaloids in opium can increase
exposure of the bladder to carcinogens by causing urinary
retention and cystitis.21,46 Morphine, for example, increases
the severity of cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in both
rats47 and human beings.48
Most of these studies were done in Iran, with only two
studies from Hong Kong9 or Singapore.11 The
preponderance of studies from Iran is perhaps due to
high amounts of opium use in this country, and also the
presence of a research infrastructure in Iran49 that allows
for conducting of epidemiological studies. However, the
results are probably applicable to opium use elsewhere.
Studies were done in various parts of Iran, and included
people with diff erent ethnic and cultural backgrounds.
Also, when stratifi ed by method of use, both eating and
smoking opium were associated with increased risk of
cancer. Future studies should examine in more detail
the generalisability of these fi ndings, taking into
consideration the type of opium used and genetic and
environmental risk factors.
If opium is shown to cause cancers, is this eff ect solely
due to chemical compounds that are generated during
pyrolysis of opium, or is the eff ect partly mediated
through its alkaloids (eg, morphine), which are also
prescription opioids? The use of opioids increased
substantially between 1999 and 2010, and death due to
overdose from these drugs quadrupled during the same
period.50,51 Findings from a cohort study52 in the USA
suggested that in older patients with osteoarthritis, use
of prescribed opioids was associated with an almost
doubling of all-cause mortality compared with use of
non-steroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs. The results of
another study53 in Canada suggested that death rates are
increased in young and middle-aged individuals who
take prescription opioids for chronic non-malignant
pain, and that the main reason for this increase is not
overdose. Findings from a large cohort study54 in
Australia showed that opioid-dependent people were at
substantially higher risk of lung, liver, and anogenital
cancers than were non-users, but the investigators
attributed this increased risk to potential confounders
such as risky sexual behavior and higher consumption of
tobacco and alcohol. At present, any association between
opioid use and increased cancer risk remains speculative.
However, if further studies suggest that long-term use of
opioids increases the risk of cancer, other alternatives
could be preferable for treatment of chronic pain in
patients with non-terminal illnesses.
The results of this systematic review suggest an association
between opium use and several cancers, which is possibly
causal. Further well designed studies (particu larly
prospective studies with detailed information about opium
use and potential confounders) are needed to stren gthen
the evidence. The reasons for and timing of initiation of
opium use should be clearly examined. The presence of
such detailed data, particularly with large sample sizes,
will allow for improved examination of dose–response
associations, tight control for confounders, and ruling out
the possibility of reverse causality. Data for histological
type also need to be obtained to examine the association
between opium use and cancer sites that have not yet been
studied (particularly cancers that are related to tobacco
smoking—eg, renal-cell carcinoma), or to further examine
sites that have already been studied (eg, gastric cancer) to
assess consistency. One challenge for such studies is
gathering of reliable data about opium use, because use of
the drug is banned in many parts of the world. However,
implementation of appropriate measures in study design
could help to reduce reluctance to provide such
information. For example, in the Golestan cohort study,
questions about opium use were administered by
physicians who also collected medical history and did
physical examinations,29,34 which might have made study
participants feel comfortable to accurately report their
opium use. Findings from a validation study in the pilot
phase of this cohort study showed high reliability of the
collected information when it was compared against
codeine and morphine in urine samples.55 In addition to
epidemiological studies, laboratory studies are needed to
search for potential mechanisms of carcinogenicity of
opium and its derivatives. If fi ndings from further well
designed studies suggest that opium and its derivatives
can increase the risk of cancer, this evidence should be
included in calculations about the burden of disease
caused by these drugs.
Page 8
www.thelancet.com/oncology Vol 15 February 2014
FK, RS, and RM proposed the study. FK and FI did the literature search.
All authors contributed to interpretation of data and writing of the
Review. FK, RS, and FI constructed the tables, and FI drew the fi gure.
Confl icts of interest
We declare that we have no confl icts of interest.
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Allow me to add to my thought below: I'll always remember...
- Nancy Adler
Sue Ellen was my Speech & Drama Coach in 1970 at Classen...
A Memorial Service for Dr. Sue Ellen Read will be held...
Oh, we lost a good one! I was in Ms. Read's drama class at...
My sincere sympathies for the loss of your beloved sister....
- Jeb Reid
December 20, 1942 - November 30, 2012
Dr. Sue Ellen Read, Professor of Education at Northeastern State University, passed away peacefully at home on Friday evening, November 30, 2012, after a 51/2-year battle with Inflammatory
Breast Cancer
. Sue Ellen was born December 20, 1942, in Houston, Texas, to George and Louise (Fletcher) Read. Growing up in Houston, she summered in Kema, took private acting lessons and developed a love for sun and seafood. She graduated from Jesse Jones High School in 1960, where she was a champion debater coached by the legendary Bill Henderson. As a youth leader at First Presbyterian Church, she developed a lifelong trait of gravitating easily across the social strata. Sue Ellen's wit and personality led to friendships with fellow working class kids, as well as invitations to parties in the mansions of River Oaks. Though offered a Ford Fellowship, she grew up in a time where a promised job at Woolworth's seemed adequate for a young woman of her modest background. Through the efforts of her mother and her uncle, J.D. McCarty, longtime Speaker of the Oklahoma House, she was offered a scholarship at Eastern Oklahoma Junior College. "Tex" thrived in Wilburton, where she threw herself into campus life. She participated in drama and debate, winning College Nationals in Original Oratory in 1962. She earned the nickname "Run Around Sue" for her flourishing social life, including one memorable evening when she had separate dates with three different suitors. One of the greatest honors of her life was being named to the Eastern Hall of Fame in 2002. One of her former students is now University President.In 1963, Sue Ellen was recruited by Northeastern State College at Tahlequah on what is believed to be the first full debate scholarship ever offered to a female. She served as a Senior Class Officer and a Yearbook Editor. She graduated with a BA in Speech and a Teaching Certificate in 1964. Her teaching advisor was Dr. Isabel Baker. Sue Ellen began her career in the Oklahoma City Public Schools, teaching at Jefferson Jr. High and U.S. Grant High School 1964-1966. She was a Child Welfare Worker 1966-1968 in the courtroom of Judge Homer Smith. Sue Ellen was recruited back to the classroom to assist in the desegregation of Classen High School where she taught 1968-1970. She earned a Master's Degree in Counseling from Central State in 1971 and 1971-1976, was a teacher, counselor and Dean of Students before her abrupt dismissal due to ethical conflicts with the administration. When students staged a walkout in protest of her firing, the incident was reported on the front page of The Daily Oklahoman. If anything, the incident made her more fearless because "after your firing has been covered on the front page, not much worse can happen to you." From 1976 to 1984, Sue Ellen worked at Baptist Medical Center (now Intregris), serving as Director of Children's World for two years and as Director of Education for the entire hospital for six years. At Baptist, she created and taught courses for 2,000 staff and ran the hospital's television station, producing both in-house training films and more than 60 films for nationwide marketing.Sue Ellen was an Administrator at Central State Hospital in Norman for four years while she pursued a doctoral degree at OU. Her proudest accomplishment from her years in mental health work was the creation of the Oklahoma Crisis Intervention Center in Oklahoma County, which became a model for providing emergency care and transportation for persons with mental health and substance abuse emergencies. She was awarded a Ph.D. in Adult Education in 1987. Dr. Read joined the Education faculty at Northeastern State University in January 1988, where she taught thousands of students until her medical retirement in August 2012. Even as she faced cancer treatment, multiple brain surgeries, macular degeneration and life in a wheelchair, she taught full time until the metastasized tumor on her cerebellum deprived her of the ability to speak clearly. She was an expert in Individual Learning Styles and Brain-based Education. In 1998, she founded the Oklahoma Institute for Learning Styles (OIL). Through OIL, Dr. Read led two of the largest studies ever conducted on Native American learning styles and was the Project Director and/or Principal Investigator for three Department of Education grants totaling in excess of two million dollars. One of these granted provided two-year scholarships to 40 NSU Native Scholars who were pursing degrees in Education. Sue Ellen conducted more than 500 national and international in-service workshops and has keynoted more than 40 conventions. In 2000, she began consulting with the Alaskan Interior Native Educators (AINE) and held several weeklong workshops for teachers of Alaskan native students. Dr. Read was a member of the Executive Board of the International Learning Styles Network and served as a Lead Faculty member for the ISLN National certification training in New York City. In 2011, she was honored to host the ISLN conference at NSU's Broken Arrow campus - the first time the international conference was conducted outside NYC. Dr. Read's academic honors included: NSU Faculty of the Year for Excellence in Teaching; Soroptomist Woman of Distinction; and Phi Delta Kappa. In 2001, Dr. Read was honored by the Carnegie Foundation as Oklahoma's Professor of the Year for her work with Native American youth.Sue Ellen was a lifelong, Yellow Dog Democrat. She often recalled the summer she listened to the McCarthy hearings with her mother, which led to her passion for civil rights. Inspired by her mother's stories of seeing Lyndon Johnson entering his victory party in Houston by flinging his white Stetson across the ballroom, she cut her political teeth working on the Fred Harris campaign in Oklahoma City in the 1960s. She stood in a two-hour line in her pajamas while suffering from a six-week bout with Hepatitis A to vote against Nixon in 1976. She was a surrogate speaker for Governor David Walters, which led to the "most wonderful night of her life" - being flown in a private plane to speaking engagements in several Little Dixie towns the nights before the election. She later served on the Oklahoma Mental Health Board during Governor Walters' term. She believed, to her death, that he was the smartest candidate she had ever met. She also served as President of the Women's Democrat Club of Cherokee County. Sue Ellen loved football. A lifelong OU fan, her "Pop" paid her a quarter for every OU player she could name in the Wilkinson era, sobbed when the record-winning streak ended, sat through games when it was so cold her feet were numb, and respected Bob Stoops. She was, to the end, in love with Barry Switzer. Although she was engaged five times in her life, Barry is the only man she would have married at the drop of a hat. She also loved NFL football. She rooted for the Cowboys only during the years that Switzer was the coach. She loved Peyton Manning, Adrian Peterson, and Deion Sanders. During the last three years of her life, she slept with the NFL channel on all night, every night. Her knowledge of the college and pro leagues was truly remarkable. If she had lived in Las Vegas, where she could have bet on the games, she would have died a very rich woman.Sue Ellen enjoyed classic movies, good quotations, poetry, classic rock & roll, Dick Clark, Carrie Underwood, Katherine Hepburn, Meryl Streep, Robert DeNiro, Ellen DeGeneres, philosophy, TV crime dramas, dancing, gardening, decorating, cooking, reading mysteries & southern novels, dogs (Sparky, Hoppy, Kate & Reggie Love, Kiku & Chica), cats (Sadie, Klute, Minnie, Cagney, Lacey & Chase), crisply-ironed "casual chic" clothes, and looking "cool" with perfectly feathered hair, tan legs & flawless makeup. Blessed with her mother's good looks, she rarely failed to meet her own high standards. She was preceded in death by her father, George Edward Read; her mother, Louise Fletcher Read; her aunt, Pat Wendler; and her cousin, Patty Karl. She is survived by her sister, Georgia Read, and her brother, Fletcher Read, both of Oklahoma City; her beloved nephew, Conrad Read and wife Teri, of Houston, TX; her cousins David Wendler and Scott Wendler, both of Baltimore, MD; and her "adopted" daughter, Dale Woody and her best friend, Linda Epperley, both of Wagoner, OK.Sue Ellen and her family express gratitude to the following who helped her continually beat the odds: her favorite man - Dr. Edwin McCreary (Krystal, Cynthia, Megan & Sherri), Oncology Nurse Extraordinaire Jan Byerly; Dr. Thomas X.L. Rapacki (Ingrid & Nola); Utica Infusion Center Nurses, Dr. Lauri Flynn (Megan); Dr. Ray Balyeat (and caring staff) ; Drs. Anthony Haney, Robert Lynch & Robert Smith of OHI; Dr. Pranay Kathuria; Dr. Nathan Uy, Dr. Marjorie Bennett (Peggy) and Annette Howell. She also asked that special recognition be given to the two friends who were there through it all - Dr. Isabel Baker and Jan Warner.In keeping with her lifelong commitment to education, Dr. Read chose years ago to participate in the OU Willed Bodies Program. A public memorial service will be held in the Spring of 2013. In lieu of flowers, Sue Ellen requested that memorials in her name be made to one of her favorite causes: The Oklahoma Institute for Learning Styles, c/o the NSU Foundation; Stand Up 2 Cancer; or the Southern Poverty Law Center.
Published in The Oklahoman on Dec. 4, 2012
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