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The four-star Westgate Park City Resort and Spa is ideally placed in the picturesque area of Park City, close to the Deer Valley Ski Resort, shopping and dining venues. This majestic chalet style property that served the 2002 Olympic Winter Games features up-to-date amenities. More detailsFromUS$195per nightBook Now
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Hyatt Escala Lodge At Park City is located in a downtown area of Park City in close proximity to Swaner Preserve and EcoCenter, Utah Winter Sports Park and Park City Mountain Resort. Hyatt Escala Lodge At Park City enjoys its location minute walk ski areas. More detailsFromUS$351per nightBook Now
Montage Deer Valley5 star hotel
Located in the mountain district, Montage Deer Valley offers air-conditioned rooms and an outdoor swimming pool, a patio and live entertainment. The property is located in a historic of Park City, close to Kimball Art Center, Deer Valley Resort and Park City Museum. More detailsFromUS$458per nightBook Now
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In an era of increasing rates of drug resistant tuberculosis and lack of fully effective medicines, the role of surgery in management of tuberculosis is being revisited. In 2012-2013, WHO Regional Office for Europe hosted an international Task Force who developed an expert opinion paper based on the available evidence. In order to discuss further and exchange opinion, GHDonline welcomed a panel of experts. Learn more.
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Alabama at the grandstand
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Malnutrition among rural and urban children in Lesotho: related hazard and survival probabilities.
The relationship between the survival time of children and several variables that affect the survival and nutritional status of children under the age of five years in the Maseru District of Lesotho was investigated. Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities, lifetables and the extended Cox proportional hazards model were used to identify factors that strongly affect malnutrition among children and survival up to the age of five. The predictor variables used for data analysis were: residential area, the literacy status of the mother, the income status of the mother, the immunisation status of the child, acute respiratory infectious diseases, diarrhoeal diseases, tuberculosis, the extent of malnutrition suffered by the child, height, weight, height for age, weight for height, weight for age and the overall health condition of the child. Results from the study showed that the extent of malnutrition was strongly related to the residential area, the literacy status of the mother and monthly household income.
Keywords: survival probability; malnutrition; lifetable; Kaplan-Meier estimation; the extended Cox proportional hazards model
Die verhouding tussen die oorlewingstyd van kinders en verskeie veranderlikes wat die oorlewings- en voedingstatus van kinders onder die ouderdom van vyf jaar affekteer is in die Maseru-distrik in Lesotho nagevors. Kaplan-Meier oorlewingswaarskynlikhede, lewenstabelle en die uitgebreide Cox proporsionele risikomodel is gebruik om die faktore te identifiseer wat wanvoeding en die oorlewing van kinders tot die ouderdom van vyf jaar die meeste beinvloed. Die voorspellingsveranderlikes wat gebruik is vir data-analises is: die woongebied, die geletterdheid van die moeder, die inkomstestatus van die moeder, die immuniseringstatus van die kind, akute aansteeklike asemhalingsiektes, diarreeverwante siektes, tuberkulose, die graad van wanvoeding van die kind, lengte in verhouding tot ouderdom, gewig in verhouding tot lengte, gewig in verhouding tot ouderdom en die algehele gesondheidstand van die kind. Resultate van die studie toon aan dat die omvang van wanvoeding grotendeels geaffekteer word deur die woongebied, die geletterdheid van die moeder en die maandelikse huishoudelike inkomste.
The Kingdom of Lesotho is a small Southern African country with a total population of 2 million people. The total surface area of Lesotho is 30 355 square kilometres. There are 10 districts in Lesotho, and the capital city of the kingdom is Maseru. The district of Maseru contains 20% of the population of Lesotho. Lesotho is known for its abundant water resources and high altitude above sea level. The national health coverage rate of Lesotho is relatively lower than corresponding coverage rates in neighbouring countries such as South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland. Rural children in Lesotho are disadvantaged with respect to basic health services, education, income as well as nutrition. Infant and under-five mortality rates are higher among rural children than in urban areas (Lesotho UNICEF Country Office, 1994:1-29). This article compares rural and urban children under the age of five in Lesotho with regard to the provision of basic health services, severity of malnutrition as well as survival and hazard probabilities, and shows that rural children are indeed far more adversely affected by these factors than their urban counterparts.
Rural children in Lesotho are disadvantaged with respect to basic health services such as immunisation, nutrition, education and income (Lesotho Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 1997:1-38). Although several studies have indicated this fact, not enough has been done to address malnutrition and poverty among rural children in Lesotho. Rural children in Lesotho are mostly brought up and fed by their mothers as almost half of the male work force between the ages of 20 and 44 immigrates to South African mines in search of jobs in the mining industry (Maw & Letsie, 1999:124). As a result, the burden of feeding children, working on farms, fetching water and firewood, and looking after the cattle becomes the responsibility of the mother alone (Lesotho Population and Manpower Division, 1993:Tables A to G). This, coupled with the fact that the Ministry of Health and Social Services of Lesotho has not done enough to address problems relating to the delivery of primary health care services to the rural population of Lesotho, has left rural children much more vulnerable than their urban counterparts.
This study was thus conducted primarily to obtain baseline data on the health condition of rural and urban children who lived in the Maseru District of Lesotho with a view to produce a coherent plan of action for government policy and intervention programmes conducted by the Lesotho UNICEF Country Office. It should be noted that this study has been planned to gather facts about, and not to address problems of malnutrition. However, following the completion of this study, an evaluative action research of existing feeding programmes has been conducted by UNICEF and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho.
The absence of reliable statistical information and baseline data on basic health coverage rates and the severity of malnutrition among rural children under the age of five years has been a major obstacle to efforts made by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho, the UNICEF and the WHO to produce integrated feeding programmes in various parts of rural and urban Lesotho. The few studies done in these areas prior to this study were essentially cross-sectional and descriptive, and were based on small samples that were not representative of the broader population. Based on indirect estimation and projections, it was reported that malnutrition and under-five mortality and morbidity are much higher among rural children than among urban children in Lesotho. Based on reports from the Lesotho Bureau of Statistics and the World Bank, it was assumed that urban children under the age of five years in Lesotho have better access to basic health, economic and education services than rural children. However, there was no direct proof to the above claims until the present study was conducted on a large representative sample and sound statistical techniques of estimation (Worku, 2001:8794).
The nutritional status of children is often defined by clinical, anthropometric and biological indicators. Several researchers have demonstrated that anthropometric indicators are easy to measure in the field, and convenient and fairly reliable to assess the nutritional status of children (Teka, Faruque & Fuchs, 1996:1070-1075) in rural African communities. Waterlow (1972:566-669) classified and defined various categories of protein-calorie malnutrition that are being used today by nutritionists to assess the severity of malnutrition among children under the age of five. In most developing countries in Africa, protein-energy malnutrition is a major factor in childhood illness (Bern, Zucker & Perkins, 1997:8796).
Several sources such as the Lesotho Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, (1997), Worku, (2001:87-94), Maw and Letsie (1999:1-24), Motlomelo and Sebatane (1999:1-26) and Tolboom, Ralitapole-Maruping and Kabir (1986:351-358) have consistently indicated that rural children in Lesotho are disadvantaged with regard to basic health services and economic opportunities. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) remains a major public health problem in Lesotho. In the study by Tolboom et al. (1986:351-358) a quarter of observed deaths occurred among severely malnourished children.
In 1986, the infant mortality rate in urban areas of Lesotho was 71 per thousand live births, and 86 per thousand live births in rural areas (Lesotho Bureau of Statistics, 1986:1.5-3.24). In 1996 the under-five mortality rate in the entire Maseru District of Lesotho (rural and urban) was estimated at 98 per thousand live births (Worku & Makatjane, 1996:54-71). The same study showed that basic health services were better delivered by the Lesotho Health Ministry in urban areas than in rural areas, and that rural children under the age of five years were particularly vulnerable. De Waal, Worku and Groenewald (1998:67-82) showed that a short duration of breastfeeding was a leading cause of infant mortality in Lesotho. The same study showed that rural children were particularly disadvantaged with respect to basic health services.
The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho carried out a survey in October 1993 to evaluate the overall health coverage rate of the nation. According to this study the coverage rate of the expanded programme of immunisation (EPI) was 71 percent. The study showed that 63% of rural mothers were illiterate, 69% of rural mothers earned less than R1 000 per month and 59% of them had little or no access to basic health services. Rural children under the age of five years were more malnourished (Worku & Makatjane, 1996:54-71). The study revealed that the major reasons for not achieving a higher coverage rate of immunisation were management problems and lack of accurate information within the health system. The study also showed that 45% of all women in the study attended postnatal health care services, and that 68% of them were willing to practice family planning methods, but did not have the money to pay for such services. It was also noted that most rural mothers in the study were not even aware of the availability of family planning methods (Lesotho Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, 1993:1-43).
Malnutrition continues to be a problem even though the number of children hospitalised for this reason shows a decrease, which probably does not match with reality. Following the death of their parents, most of the malnourished children are staying with their grandparents or other members of the family, which frequently leads to inadequate feeding. Due to the spread of the HIV pandemic, the number of malnourished children is likely to increase during the coming years. It must be noted that more and more malnourished children are found to be HIV positive. The statistics indicate that Lesotho like many other sub-Saharan countries has suffered great human loss because of the AIDS pandemic (UNAIDS, 2001:1247). A recent study conducted by Maw and Letsie (1999:1-24) on behalf of the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho shows that there is a direct link between the spread of HIV/AIDS and an increase in the number of orphaned and malnourished children under the age of five years.
This article is based on data collected from 4 001 children under the age of five and their mothers in the Maseru District of Lesotho. The aim of the study was to compare urban and rural children with regard to the prevalence of malnutrition as well as survival and hazard probabilities using statistical tools such as life tables, Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities, hazard probabilities and the Cox proportional hazards function (Kleinbaum, 1996:56-114). The study shows that rural children fare worse on all these measurements than their urban counterparts. The study was carried out in the Maseru District, the largest of the 10 districts in Lesotho, which includes the capital city of Lesotho--Maseru. It can thus be argued that the sample is fairly representative of the total population of Lesotho.
The objectives of the study were:
* to identify factors that strongly affect malnutrition; and
* to compare rural and urban children in the study with respect to malnutrition, survival and hazard probabilities.
This is a descriptive five-year follow-up study involving two cohorts of children (rural and urban) who were born in the Maseru District of Lesotho between September 1989 and September 1994. The sample size of the study was 4 001 children under the age of five. The District of Maseru was divided into two strata: rural (70% of sample) and urban (30% of sample). Each stratum was subsequently split into several zones. At each zone the number of eligible households was determined using techniques of proportional allocation with respect to size. Rural and urban zones and households were identified on the basis of criteria used by the Lesotho Bureau of Statistics. A sampling frame was prepared, and eligible households, children and their mothers in the study were selected using systematic random sampling.
Life tables, Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities, hazard probabilities and the Cox proportional hazards model (Kleinbaum, 1996:56-114) were used to compare urban and rural children with respect to malnutrition and chances of survival.
Mothers and caretakers who took part in the study were chosen voluntarily and signed a consent form voluntarily. Each study participant was given a full explanation of the study, and was interviewed in private. Results of interviews and records were kept in confidence. Each participant in the study was assigned a unique study number to ensure anonymity and confidentiality. Where necessary, questions were asked in Sesotho (the official language in Lesotho).
All health-related, clinical and anthropometric measurements were taken by health professionals employed by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho. Statistical records and questionnaires were filled in and verified by fourth year students of statistics and demography from the National University of Lesotho who were trained for the study by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho and the UNICEF country office in Lesotho. In most cases, questions were asked in Sesotho as the majority of mothers in the study spoke Sesotho as their first language. Records were kept for each child in the study during the period of the study.
The list of variables and their levels
Data were collected from each of the children selected for the study and their mothers in order to identify factors that affect malnutrition and survival. The variables of interest were a combination of anthropometric, demographic, socio-economic, health-related and sanitary factors that affect malnutrition and survival.
The extent of malnutrition in each child was assessed utilising commonly employed anthropometric variables, as recommended by the WHO. Anthropometric variables used were height for age (HAZ), weight for height (WHZ), weight for age (WAZ) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). Anthropometric measurements were compared with WHO international growth references (Jeliffe, 1966:2-11), and were expressed as weight for age (WAZ), height for age (HAZ) and weight for height (WHZ) Z scores. The rate of growth of children in the study was assessed by growth monitoring charts of the American National Center for Health Statistics (National Center for Health Statistics, 1977:78-1650). Height was measured in centimetres, age in months, and weight in kilogram. Salter scales were used to measure weight. For children under the age of two years, the recumbent length was measured by the use of calibrated measuring boards. For older children, standing height was measured using stadio meters. Stunting was measured using Z-scores from height for age (HAZ). Wasting was measured using Z-scores from weight for height (WHZ). The degree of malnutrition was measured using Z-scores from weight for age (WAZ). Using the NCHS reference height for age chart, the height of a child was compared to the
height corresponding to a perfectly healthy child of the same age and sex on the NCHS chart. A child is said to be stunted if his/her height is less than the corresponding median height on the NCHS chart by two standard deviations. Weight for age (WAZ) was used as a measure of the degree of under-nutrition. Using the NCHS reference weight for age chart, the weight of a child was compared to the weight corresponding to a perfectly healthy child of the same age and sex on the NCHS chart. The child is said to be malnourished if his/her weight is less than the corresponding median weight on the NCHS chart by two standard deviations. Weight for height (WHZ) was used as a measure of wasting. Using the NCHS reference weight for height chart, the weight of a child was compared to the weight corresponding to a perfectly healthy child of the same height and sex on the NCHS chart. A child is said to be wasted if his/her weight is less than the corresponding median weight on the NCHS chart by two standard deviations.
In addition to anthropometric variables, data were collected from each child in the study on demographic and socio-economic factors that affect survival, as indicated in Table 1.
Monthly household income is said to be low if the average monthly income of the household is less than R 2 000. Monthly household income is said to be moderate or better if the average monthly income of the household is greater than or equal to R 2 000.
A child is said to be malnourished if the weight of child is less than the corresponding median weight of a perfectly healthy child on the NCHS chart by two standard deviations or more. A child is said to be not-mal nourished if the weight of child lies within two standard deviations of the corresponding median weight of a perfectly healthy child on the NCHS chart.
First of all, a comparison was made between the 393 non-survivors and the 3 608 survivors in the study with regards to variables relating to both categories of children (Tables 2 and 3). Secondly, a similar comparison was done between the surviving 2 544 rural and 1 064 urban children (Table 4). Thirdly, a summary of anthropometric measures was obtained for the 3 608 survivors in the study (Table 5). Fourthly, life tables and Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities were obtained for urban (Table 6) and rural (Table 7) children in the study with age intervals of 12 months. Next, the extended proportional Cox Hazards model (Table 8) was used to identify predictor variables that strongly affect survival time on the basis of hazard ratios. Lastly, Kaplan-Meier survival probabilities were used to compare the relative probabilities of survival of rural and urban children graphically (Figure 1). The statistical package STATA version 7 was used for data analysis.
Using the reference curves in the NCHS growth monitoring charts as a guideline, 54.99% of the 3 608 survivors in the study were stunted, 49.67% of them were wasted, and 16.63% of them were malnourished. For the 3 608 survivors in the study, the average height for age ratio (HAZ) was 4.56, the average weight for height ratio (WHZ) was 0.13, and the average weight for age ratio (WAZ) was 0.56. Although NCHS standards are not ideally suited for Southern African children, comparison of HAZ, WHZ and WAZ figures in this study with the reference figures for perfectly healthy children in the NCHS reference charts indicates that the nutritional status of the 3 608 survivors in the study is generally poor by North American standards.
Table 2 gives comparative proportions for children who were alive at the end of the five-year follow-up period and those children who died. It can be deduced from Table 2 that children who died were mostly rural children, had generally poor health conditions, belonged to illiterate mothers, were malnourished and came from low-income households. All in all, 393 of the 4 001 children in the study died before the age of five years. This represents 9.8% of the entire sample (N = 4001). The table also shows that 297 of the 393 children who died before the age of five (76%) were rural children, whereas 96 of the 393 children who died before the age of five (24%) were urban children.
Alternatively, Table 3 indicates that for the sample as a whole (N = 4001 representative of the general public), 10.46% (n = 297) of rural children (N = 2841) in the sample died before the age of five years while only 8.3% (n = 96) of the sample from the urban area (N = 1164) died.
Table 4 gives a comparison between live rural and urban children with regards to key health indicators. The table shows that rural children are clearly disadvantaged in comparison with urban children.
Table 5 gives a summary of anthropometric variables such as height for age (HAZ), weight for height (WHZ) and weight for age (WAZ) for the 3 608 children who were alive at the end of the follow-up period. Table 3 also shows that the mean age of children who were alive at the end of the study period is 24.17 months. (The corresponding figure for the 393 children who died is only 10.53 months).
Tables 6 and 7 give the number of deaths and survival probabilities for urban and rural children respectively. A comparison of the corresponding figures in the "Deaths" columns of Tables 6 and 7 shows that the number of deaths per age interval for rural children is much higher than the corresponding number of deaths per age interval for urban children. A comparison of corresponding figures in the "Survival probability" columns of Tables 6 and 7 shows that survival probabilities per age interval of rural children are smaller than corresponding survival probabilities for urban children.
Figure 1 shows Kaplan-Meier survival curves for urban and rural children on the same plane. It can be seen from Figure 1 that the survival probability curve of rural children lies lower than the survival probability curve of urban children over the duration of analysis. The log-rank test was performed to compare the significance of the above finding. At the = 0.01 level of significance, the difference between the two groups of children was highly significant (p=0.0006). Five of the nine dichotomous predictor variables (residential area, literacy status, income, diarrhoea and malnutrition) proved to be time-varying covariates. Hence, analysis was done using the extended Cox proportional hazards model. Table 8 shows estimates obtained from the extended Cox proportional model.
The theoretical reliability of the estimated Cox regression model was confirmed using the likelihood ratio chi-square test with nine degrees of freedom, an observed chi-square value of 1766.41 and a p-value of 0.0000. Table 8 also shows that all standard errors of estimation are small. This indicates that the predictor variables used for analysis are jointly useful in accounting for the survival of children.
The goal of survival analysis is to determine the hazard ratios of the predictor variables in the model. If the hazard ratios are greater than 1, the odds of death are increased. If the hazard ratios are less than 1, the odds of death are decreased. If the odd ratios are equal to 1, the predictor variable in charge has no influence on survival at all.
The hazard ratio column in Table 8 shows that survival time is strongly affected by malnutrition, literacy status of mother, residential area, TB, income status, immunisation, acute respiratory infectious diseases, diarrhoea and health condition, in a decreasing order of strength. In each case, p = 0.000, and the hazard ratios are greater than 1.
The estimated hazard ratios are interpreted as follows: The hazard ratio for the malnutrition variable is 2.36. This shows that malnourished children are 2.36 times more vulnerable to death than children who are not malnourished. The hazard ratio for the literacy variable is 2.21. This shows that children whose mothers are illiterate are 2.21 times more vulnerable. The same applies to the residence variable (2.19), the tuberculosis variable (1.96), the monthly income variable (1.86), the immunisation variable (1.76), acute respiratory infectious diseases (1.58), diarrhoeal diseases (1.55) and overall health condition (1.46).
The study shows that survival time is strongly affected by malnutrition, the literacy status of the mother, residential area, tuberculosis, monthly income of household, immunisation, acute respiratory infectious diseases, diarrhoeal diseases and overall health condition of the child, in a decreasing order of strength. All in all, 393 of the 4 001 live births (9.822%) followed up from September 1989 to September 1994 ended in death. Out of the 4 001 live births under five years of age selected at random for this study, 281 (7.0233%) were infant deaths. The remaining 112 deaths were of children between one and five years. Of the infants who died, 217 (77.24%) of them lived in rural parts of Maseru. In total, 297 of the 393 or 77% of the deaths were of children in the rural parts of Maseru, whereas only 96 of the 393 deaths (23%) were of urban children.
The study also gives the following four major prevalence rates. Of the 4 001 children in this study, 34% have suffered from diarrhoeal diseases, 22% have suffered from acute respiratory infectious diseases, 26% have suffered from chronic malnutrition, and 17% have suffered from tuberculosis.
The following recommendations, based on findings of the study, are made to further reduce child mortality and morbidity in the Maseru District of Lesotho:
The issue of chronic malnutrition and famine, particularly in the rural parts of the district, has to be addressed by all government ministries and organisations concerned. The Ministry of Health and Social Welfare must pay particular attention to the rural parts of the Maseru District as most of the victims of the study lived there. Integrated feeding programmes as well as improved health services and infrastructure should be made available to the rural population of the District. If resources are available, similar feeding and health services should be extended to other rural parts of Lesotho where communities experience poverty and drought. The various health services and feeding programmes that are often provided to the rural communities of Lesotho by non-governmental organisations such as the Christian Health Association of Lesotho (CHAL) and international agencies such as the UNICEF should be integrated with services provided by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho. Doing so will enable the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho to monitor feeding and health service programmes and evaluate their efficiency.
The study has shown that 81% of all households in the study have not been visited by community health workers between September 1993 and September 1994. The study has also shown that the majority of rural mothers (58%) included in the study did not know enough about how HIV/AIDS spreads. Awareness about personal hygiene, use of safe water and protected toilets was low among rural mothers. For this reason, there is a need to promote existing community-based health-related programmes and activities throughout Lesotho, with emphasis to rural communities. This task can best be done using a community-based approach and primary health care principles, as is often suggested by the World Health Organization. Such an effort will help reduce malnutrition, mortality and morbidity among rural children in Lesotho who are often inconvenienced due to lack of nearby health facilities and the provision of basic health services.
The findings of the study on which the article reports support those of several other studies. These indicate that in Lesotho, rural children are more disadvantaged than urban children with regard to basic health services and economic opportunities. This manifests in higher hazard and lower survival probabilities among rural children in relation to nutrition and malnutrition. For this reason, the Government of Lesotho has several feeding programmes in place. These are monitored for their effectiveness through evaluative action research conducted by UNICEF and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of Lesotho.
My profound thanks go to the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Country Office of Lesotho for covering 70% of the data collection cost of this study, the National University of Lesotho for covering 30% of the data collection cost of the study, the World Health Organization (WHO) Country Office of Lesotho for providing technical assistance and the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare of the Government of Lesotho for providing supervisors.
Bern, C; Zucker, JR & Perkins, BA 1997: Assessment of potential indicators for protein-energy malnutrition in the algorithm for integrated management of childhood illness. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 75(supplement):8796.
De Waal, DJ; Worku, ZB & Groenewald, PCN 1998: The effect of the duration of breastfeeding on the lifetime of children in Lesotho. South African Statistical Journal, 32(1):67-82.
Jeliffe, DB 1966: The assessment of the nutritional status in the community. WHO Monograph Series no 53. Geneva: World Health Organization:2-11.
Kleinbaum, DG 1996: Survival analysis: A self-learning text. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Lesotho Bureau of Statistics 1986: Population Census Analysis Report. Lesotho Bureau of Statistics, IV(1), 1.5 - 3.24.
Lesotho Ministry of Health and Social Welfare 1993: Report for the international evaluation survey on ARI, CDD, EPI and MCH/ FP. Lesotho Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, pp. 1-43.
Lesotho Ministry of Health and Social Welfare 1997: Annual report.
Lesotho Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, pp. 1-38.
Lesotho Population and Manpower Division 1993: Lesotho Population Data Sheet. Lesotho Population and Manpower Division, Tables A to G.
Lesotho UNICEF Country Office 1994: Leading Causes of Child Mortality and Morbidity in Lesotho. Lesotho UNICEF Country Office, pp. 1-29.
Maw, MA & Letsie, E 1999: Young people's health and development in Lesotho. Lesotho WHO Country Office, pp. 1-24.
Motlomelo, ST & Sebatane, EM 1999: A study of adolescents' health problems in Leribe, Maseru and Mafeteng districts of Lesotho. Institute of Education, National University of Lesotho, pp.1-26.
National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) 1977: NCHS growth curves for children birth--18 years. US Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Vital and health statistics: series 11,
publication number (PHS), pp.78-1650. Teka, T; Faruque, ASG & Fuchs, GJ 1996: Risk factors for deaths in under-age-five children attending a diarrhoea treatment center. Acta Paediatricia, 85(1):1070-1075.
Tolboom, JJM; Ralitapole-Maruping, AP & Kabir, H 1986: Severe protein energy malnutrition in Lesotho: Death and survival in hospital, clinical findings. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 38(1):351-358. UNAIDS 2001: Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic. UNAIDS, 2001:12-47.
Waterlow, JC 1972: Classification and definition of protein-calorie malnutrition. British Medical Journal, 3(1):566-669.
Worku, ZB & Makatjane, TJ 1996: The impact of a short duration of breast feeding on child survival on the Maseru District. Review of Southern African Studies, 1(2):54-71.
Worku, ZB 2001: Demographic, anthropometric and socio-economic factors associated with under-five child mortality in the Maseru District of Lesotho. African Child Health Journal, 2(1):87-94.
Zeleke Worku
Ph D
Senior lecturer of biostatistics, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria
Corresponding author: firstname.lastname@example.com
Table 1: List of variables of study and their levels Variable of study Level 1 Level 2 Survival status of child Dead Alive Residential area Rural Urban Literacy status of mother Illiterate Literate Monthly household income Low Moderate or better Immunisation status of child Not fully immunised Fully immunised Acute respiratory infections in Yes No child Diarrhoea in child Yes No TB in child Yes No Malnutrition in child Yes No Height of child in cms Weight of child in kgs Height for age of child Weight for height of child Weight for age of child General health condition of Poor Moderately good child or better Age of child in months Table 2: Group proportions for non-survivors and survivors Variable Non-survivors (n=393) Survivors (n=3608) Survival status of Dead: 393/4001 = 9.8% Alive: 3608/4001 = 90.2% child Residential area Rural: 297 = 76% Rural: 2544 = 71% Urban: 96 = 24% Urban: 1064 = 29% Literacy status of Illiterate: 304 = 77.4% Illiterate: 321 = 8.9% mothers Literate: 89 = 22.6% Literate: 3287 = 91.1% Monthly household Low: 318 = 80.9% Low: 758 = 21.0% income Otherwise: 75 = 19.1% Otherwise: 2850 = 79.0% Immunisation No: 240 = 61.1% No: 913 = 25.3% status of children Yes: 153 = 38.9% Yes: 2695 = 74.7% Acute respiratory Yes: 325 = 82.7% Yes: 372 = 10.3% infections in No: 68 = 17.3% No: 3236 = 89.7% children Diarrhoea in Yes: 263 = 67.0% Yes: 1082 = 30% children No: 130 = 33% No: 2526 = 70% TB in children Yes: 153 = 39.0% Yes: 487 = 13.5% No: 240 = 61.0% No: 3121 = 86.5% Malnutrition among Yes: Not recorded Yes: 600 = 16.6% children No: Not recorded No: 3008 = 83.4% General health Poor: 393 = 100% Poor: 325 = 9% condition of Good: 0 = 0% Good: 3283 = 91% children Table 3: Differential survival/non-survival for rural and urban children Rural Urban n % n % Non-survivors 297 10.46% 96 8.30% Survivors 2544 89.54% 1064 91.70% TOTAL 2841 100% 1160 100% Table 4: Comparison between 3608 live rural and urban children Variables Rural children Urban children (alive) (alive) N=2544 (71%) N=1064 -29% N % n % Illiterate mothers 1333 52.4% 213 20.0% Mothers with TB 211 8.3% 79 7.4% Deliveries not attended by health 366 14.4% 117 11% worker Mothers not given antenatal 631 24.8% 213 20% health care Mothers not given postnatal 481 18.9% 177 16.6% health care Children not fully immunised 829 32.6% 207 19.5% Children with acute respiratory 738 29.0% 189 17.2% infections Children with diarrhoeal diseases 913 35.9% 348 32.7% Malnourished children 481 18.9% 118 11.1% Children with poor health 501 19.7% 183 17.2% condition Children with TB 451 17.7% 124 11.7% Weight for age ratio (WAZ) 4.879 3.8119 Table 5: Summary of anthropometric measures for the 3608 survivors Std. Variable Mean Dev. Min Max Height in cms 69.80 7.41 35 115 Weight in kgs 9.49 1.08 3 24 Height for age (HAZ) 4.56 3.18 1.08 16.67 Weight for height 0.13 0.03 0.06 0.23 (WHZ) Weight for age (WAZ) 0.56 0.33 0.1 2.08 Age in months 24.17 2.16 3 60 Table 6: Lifetable for urban children with age intervals of 12 months Age interval Children Deaths Survival Std. in months at risk probability Error 0 to 12 1160 64 0.9403 0.0072 12 to 24 920 24 0.9130 0.0089 24 to 36 712 8 0.9010 0.0098 36 to 48 488 0 0.9010 0.0098 48 to 60 320 0 0.9010 0.0098 60 to 72 112 0 0.9010 0.0099 Total 96 Age interval 95% C. I. in months 0 to 12 [0.9244, 0.9530] 12 to 24 [0.8938, 0.9289] 24 to 36 [0.8800, 0.9184] 36 to 48 [0.8800, 0.9184] 48 to 60 [0.8800, 0.9184] 60 to 72 [0.8800, 0.9184] Total Table 7: Lifetable for rural children with age intervals of 12 months Age interval Children Deaths Survival Standard in months at risk probability Error 0 to 12 2841 216 0.9139 0.0056 12 to 24 1961 25 0.8997 0.0062 24 to 36 1240 32 0.8705 0.0079 36 to 48 696 16 0.8445 0.0100 48 to 60 360 8 0.8138 0.0143 60 to 72 72 0 0.8138 0.0143 Total 297 Age interval 95% C. I. in months 0 to 12 [0.9022, 0.9242] 12 to 24 [0.8869, 0.9112] 24 to 36 [0.8542, 0.8851] 36 to 48 [0.8239, 0.8629] 48 to 60 [0.7838, 0.8401] 60 to 72 [0.7838, 0.8401] Total Table 8: Table of estimated hazard ratios from Cox regression Variable Hazard Ratio Standard Error p-value Immunisation 1.757852 0.0192782 0.000 ARI 1.578531 0.0718337 0.000 TB 1.961472 0.0205485 0.000 Health 1.458463 0.0327241 0.000 Residence 2.195696 0.0110085 0.000 Literacy 2.210318 0.0098347 0.000 Income 1.859638 0.0117941 0.000 Diarrhoea 1.54774 0.0080260 0.000 Malnutrition 2.36407 0.0086084 0.000 Variable 95% C. I. for HR Immunisation [1.377054, 2.138650] ARI [1.246078, 1.910984] TB [1.549623, 2.373322] Health [1.014569, 1.902358] Residence [1.743497, 2.647896] Literacy [1.966041, 2.454595] Income [1.584582, 2.134694] Diarrhoea [1.130926, 1.964554] Malnutrition [1.897197, 2.830943]
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Trunk room--what happened, what to do?
I live in an 1887 Queen Anne. The trunk room on the third floor is one of my favorite rooms in the house. It just feels so...old. The symmetry of the room, the sloping ceiling right under the roof, the treetops right outside the window--it makes me want to curl up with a good book on a blustery day. The room is 8 x 14 and we plan to use it for storage for now, and possibly turn it into a bathroom someday. With a claw foot tub centered right under the window :-).
You can see where the po blew in insulation and covered the holes with duct tape. I plan to patch and paint. The chimney is for an abandoned laundry boiler on the 1st floor. It's gone now, but I have the blueprints or I never would have been able to guess what it was for. The roof must have leaked terribly around the chimney, and presumably to address this, a po had it taken down to below the roofline and the roof patched. I think flashing would have been easier, but the chimney top is gone now. I _could_ restore the chimney and put a fireplace in this room, but it seems kind of a small, out-of -the-way spot to have a fireplace. On the second floor, the chimney passes through what will be the master bath lavatory room (currently a closet). On the first floor, it passes through the laundry area, which will become a conservatory. I can see a fireplace in the conservatory, but since the house already has fireplaces in the DR and LR, I'd just as soon have the master bathroom (there is none currently). But, if someone can make a compelling case to keep and restore the chimney and add fireplaces, I might well do it.
What on earth is the large hole in the plaster for? If you look carefully, you'll see a line continuing off to the left from the bottom of the hole. They cut through all the laths along that line. I'm trying to patch it for now but it's not going to be a great patch. I'm using plaster anchor washers and screws to attach laths to the rafters and anything else solid I can find. I do love this mid-century green, although it seems to have a layer of soot on it.
More of the chimney. lots of efflorescence and patching. Notice how it widens as it goes up, to give a more prominent appearance above the roofline. When it extended beyond the roofline, that is. If I do remove the rest of it, it won't be during the winter, as I wouldn't be surprised if the roof patch was done improperly, and rests on the chimney. That's the thing about old houses; nothing surprises you after a while. We have a partially collapsed masonry wall in our bulkead; po tried to shore it up by stuffing socks and underwear in between the fieldstones.
Here you can see how the floorboards butt into the baseboards. Guess they installed the baseboards first. I wonder why.
Here is another shot of the floor. Old pine boards of varying width, nailed down. I love the way you can feel the grain on these; it's as if they're sunken with age. I love them. A good cleaning and maybe tung oil is all I want to do.
The cracked vent pipe. My neighbor said it was due to the house settling. 3/4" in 120 years is not too bad, right? (shaky laugh). He also said to just get a fiberglass repair kit and wrap the crack. As a sailboat owner, I can roll with that.
The acorn-tipped hooks. Love 'em--keep! Gotta get a push-button light switch to keep them company though.
Here is where they tore out the floor. Watch your step! You can see the 12" x 3/4" rough pine subfloor. Looks like they cut out a joist. That is going to be challenging to address. Why did they stuff insulation in the open floor space?
I don't plan on touching any of the woodwork in the room except to give it a good cleaning. Mostly I just plan to patch the walls, and try to make the torn up corner safe.
Comments, suggestions, and theories welcomed.
I had an old Victorian once with a trunk room. I had no clue at that time what a trunk room was, but my father who was born in 1912 sure knew. ;-)
From your description of where you were placing the Master b'room lavatory and the laundry room, it appears the pipe would be near the old chimney. It's not vented into the capped-off chimney is it?
The cracked vent pipe is not associated with that chimney, but other venting might be. Let's see, everything I can think of is in line with the cracked vent pipe, except for the 2nd floor bathtub. Good question!
Just to elaborate a bit, if you look at the first picture in this post, pretend you're standing in the doorway. The chimney, as you can see, is in front of you and slightly to the left. You can't see the vent pipe in the picture, but it's directly off to the right in the right corner.
It is not possible to "patch" a cast-iron pipe. Obviously, someone has already tried that and it failed. I suspect the damage is caused by the roof support failing rather than the house settling. The broken portion of the pipe should be replaced with CI or plastic to keep sewer gas out of the house.
Well, I think it's a fascinating room, and I'd want to preserve it too. Come to think of it, we also lived in an Edwardian era house when I was a teenager and the third floor was partially finished off, still with gas light fixtures. I was into painting then, and begged my mother to let me move to the little room on the third floor, and looking back, it was very like your with windows across the front, and I wanted a room to take advantage of the natural light. It would have been the trunk room. That's why I love homes of that era. Nooks and crannies and little private spaces. And all of them custom built with beautiful flowing lines. Good luck on your renovation.
Well, nobody came up with a ten point analysis of why I should restore the abandoned laundry boiler chimney, and the roof patch happily was not resting on it, so here it is coming down.
Taking it down was surprisingly easy, but MESSY. The only tools I used were a hammer, a large old screwdriver, and a chisel. I was very glad I protected the floor before I started.
The hardest part was carrying all the bricks down from the third floor and out to the backyard. Grunt work.
Here is a picture of the patched walls where the chimney came out:
I know it's a cliche, but the room feels much bigger and lighter now.
This was my first drywall patching project and I was surprised at how easy it was to cut and shape drywall. I just used my quilting grid (to me, sewing and home improvement go hand in hand) and a carpet knife. Shimming was the hard part, but after a while I just kept doing trial fits until I got it right. Also I used finish nails instead of drywall screws to attach the shims so they wouldn't split.
Here is my "what happened" hole, before and after:
It turned out better than I expected.
So now I am off to scrape out the numerous cracks in the original plaster to prepare for patching, and then I'm going to vacuum and clean like crazy before I start with the joint compound. It will be nice when I get to the skimming step; right now I have to shower every time I leave the room. I've never bathed so many times in a week in my life.
Thanks for sharing!! Our house is old, AND lacking character, so I live vicariously through other's houses. I also enjoy sharing the pain of comments like "That's the thing about old houses; nothing surprises you after a while. " and "po tried to shore it up by stuffing socks and underwear in between the fieldstones." made me laugh right out loud!
Thanks Alison, I'll keep posting back.
Blackcats, I don't think any house you live in could lack character for very long.
Here is a link that might be useful: character where there was none before
I would fill a garden sprayer with a plaster bonding agent (like Link or Plasterweld) and after the floor was protected, with a sponge and bucket nearby to control drips, would spray the edges of the old plaster, and cracks, and for the heck of it, the new drywall patches. The bonding agent will seal the old plaster so it's not dusty/porous and will adhere the patching compound much better. I would apply a block coat of durabond to fill the seams, and after it's dry, use large sheets or mesh tape to cover the patches and overlay the cracks. If you could find 6" fine fiberglass mesh that would be okay, but the heavy blue fiberglass mesh would be a lot stronger. Then I would skim the whole thing with durabond once more to embed the mesh. After knocking down high spots, I would finish up floating it smooth with easysand. Once all the water had left (no longer felt cold and clammy) I would prime the whole room with oil primer (after taking the normal preparatory steps on the intact plaster areas). Then the work could be further skimmed if needed, or painted straight away.
Casey, thanks so much for your detailed post. I was talking to my neighbor about something to use on the cracks prior to patching them, and he couldn't remember what to call it. Now I know what to look for!
I'm curious that you recommend starting with durabond and switching to easysand for the final steps. Just guessing, but is the rationale for this to get the benefits of the strength of the durabond, combined with the ease of sanding easysand on the outer layers, which get sanded the most anyway? Also i seem to remember an old thread someone posted on how one common type of joint compound does not get along well with old plaster and lath, and to avoid it. I think it might have been easysand. But it would make sense to use it on the outer layers for leveling and smoothing; at that point it wouldn't be touching plaster anyway. Now I gotta go dig that up to satisfy my curiousity.
I've got almost an entire gallon of zinnser cover stain oil based primer in the basement, so that should work. This project has been nearly all labor and hardly any material costs. Oof, the labor though! Free, but finding the time has not been easy.
Worthy, you are right, my patch pieces could have been bigger. My cousin blew out his back working with 4 x 8 sheets of drywall, and since then, I'll only work with the little pieces. I do like to think of myself as an amazon woman (once I had to carry two of my kids down a mountain in AZ bc they had a meltdown, and by golly I was not gonna be late for dinner at mil's), but I have a healthy respect for two things: full sheets of drywall, and any use of ladders beyond 12'. Actually 4, table saws and my mil. But she doesn't figure into my house projects very much.
Casey as usual you are one step ahead of me in your recommendation to use an oil-based primer. I say this because in preparation to carry out your instructions, I thought I'd go ahead and wash down the walls with TSP, and rinse too. In some places a lot of the color came off onto my cleaning cloths; in others, hardly any. But I suspect calcimine. Now I know why you recommended an oil-based primer! Thanks for lookin' out for me. Not quite pearls to swine, but almost.
I scaped everywhere with a trowel prior to washing, so I've gotten all the obviously loose stuff off. I don't want to follow a full calcimine protocol at this point because even where a lot of color came off, as I continued to scrub with new cloths, I got to a point where hardly any more came off. If it was calcimine, I'd think it would just continue to wash off. And in no places did I get down to bare plaster just through washing.
Still, I'd like to play it safe. I've got the zinsser cover stain oil primer, but there's also a Ben moore product for covering calcimine: Moorcraft super spec alkyd calcimine recoater 306. Only thing is, it's a finish coat paint, not a primer, and I really want to prime before I paint.
I'm on the fence. Any suggestions out there?
Moore's alkyd enamel undercoater is the heaviest oil primer out there. It has the most solids (titanium oxide pigment) so it covers really well. It's my go-to for covering most stains, transitions where there are three things going on, like drywall+ new plaster repairs+ wallpaper paste.
Trunk room: a dedicated storage room in the attic of an upscale victorian house where trunks were stored between trips abroad. They typically fitted out an attic with a few finished rooms, a trunk room, a cedar closet, and if needed a maids room. A few years later the floorplans changed and along with them the rooflines were simplified and it became possible and therefore popular to have an attic ballroom. People entertained at home instead of taking long excursions by train or ship.
The trunk room was usually the room that was the oddest-shaped or had the poorest light (smallest window). The cedar closet would have no window, and a very tight-fit dust-proof door, etc.
Slate --- can you school me on the unfinished pine floors? I have an addition on my old house thats 40x20 of unfinished pine that's been under a carpet for the last 30 yrs.
I'm sort of dreading having to sand down and poly the floors, but I told myself I would do it this Spring.
Your comment made me curious --- what does tung oil do to the floors? Would it work in med/high traffic areas?
Here's a pic:
Hautinglu, I'd like to comment on your floors (short answer=beautiful!) and answer your question, but would you mind posting your question in a new thread? That way if others chime in, you will get emails notifying you that there is more input.
If the old pine never had a finish on it, oil will make it really dark. Just a heads-up. When exposed to oxygen, wood oxidizes, and when a finish is applied, the wood gets darker. And tung oil penetrates so deeply that it darkens wood more than other finishes that sit on the surface. My advice would be to test the wood with paint thinner, which will show what oil will do color-wise, but then safely evaporate and not leave a trace.
A light sanding to remove dirt may be in order. Like hand-sanding with 220-grit with the grain, as you would hand-sand a piece of fine furniture
The other worry I have, from personal experience, is that the edges may be a different color than the center. I had a closet that I dismantled, and the flooring ran from the room into the closet, and while the room floor had been finished, the closet never was, and the floor was quite a bit darker; I had to stain the rest of the floor to match the closet's color.
sombreuil - its hard to tell from the pictures, but the flooring isn't perfect. The previous owner had a dog and I think some of it's pee soaked through the carpet over the past 30 yrs. Therefore, I was planning on going with a slightly darker stain. I'm still considering going with a farmhouse black (matte or glossy) since this is a farmhouse after all. But if I can get a nice color with Tung oil and protection without all the sanding, poly, and smell then I would still consider it.
So I guess some question is still -- how well does Tung oil treated flooring hold up in medium/high traffic areas? This is going to be the TV/lounge area, but there will be rugs covering a lot of the flooring.
I have to put this topic where I can find it again, because sombreuil's remarks about mating the surfaces is dead on what I need to do with our Alabama cottage. The walls are a cement plaster and about an inch thick. When I tore out the molded/mildewed old bath and the hall linen closet, the contractor put two layers of new wallboard up to face a new pocket door installation. Mating the wallboard with the existing plaster above is tedious work. Also, the same issue will come up when the changes to the back bedroom are made. The contractor also said to use alkyd enamel primer. But what you describe, sombreuil, is a complete solution and THAT is what I so desperately need.
Our little cottage in Alabama was built in 1950, not old old like some of the houses of other members. But it 60 years old now, and the plaster was reinforced with wire mesh at the corners and where surfaces meet. No lathing, but some kind of wallboard with big holes in it to give the plaster cement a place to grip. And the exterior is a cement stucco with wire embedded in it too. Hubby says this house is not going down in a hurricane like our other one did. Thanks for the information
"Mating the wallboard with the existing plaster above is tedious work."
You make sure the wallboard is below the face of the plaster and cover the entire patch with compound to match the old plaster height.
Nothing (including actual lime-plaster) is directly 'compatible' with old plaster except maybe pre-mixed mud (and that should not be used).
The old stuff is dry, and will soak up water from any new material. Pre-mixed mud hardens by drying out, so it is unaffected.
Setting type compound, and actual lime-plaster harden by chemical reaction. If they are allowed to dry out to fast they will not harden correctly, but remain weak and subject to powdering.
Plaster bonding compounds are mostly just glue, like plain old white elmers (and that can be substituted if diluted with some water for painting on a thin coat).
It slows the movement of water enough to allow the new material to set up before drying out.
You can apply patching compounds directly to old wood lath or base coats of plaster, but dampen them or coat with bonding compound.
I just use a small spray bottle for smaller jobs, and leave the garden sprayer for very large repairs.
If you moisten the old work you do not need to worry about bonding compound.
The water should not be dripping off the old stuff, just dampen it lightly.
You were refueling. Gardenweb is one of my favorite places to refuel before I plunge into whatever I'm trying to accomplish. Unfortunately, the more I read about here, the longer the list grows :-).
Update on the room: I got the plaster bonding agent. I ended up getting Silpro Weld-o-bond because it was available locally, and it is labeled for bonding old plaster to gypsum materials. If you are in the greater Boston area this may be easier to find than Link or Plasterweld. I tried spraying it but I wimped out on the mess. Plus it was beading and dripping off the plaster, not soaking in. I ended up brushing it into the cracks with a small (1 1/4") Purdy brush. I had to make multiple passes as the first pass would apply, second would break surface tension, and subsequent ones would provide more liquid to absorb. I also thinned it nearly 50/50 with water per label instructions.
It is fantastic! No more crispy crumblies! I can run my finger down a crack, and it does not rain sand down on me. I wish I'd known about this before; it is great stuff. At $12/gallon, it's a cheap lifetime supply.
Today I am moving some cabinets around in my kitchen so that the refrigerator can open fully (it has been flush to a side wall since we moved in 2 years ago). Wish I'd thought of this before. Of course, the cabinets are 50 years old and nailed in 50 different ways, so it's a bear to get them out. I'll be using screws to put them back :-). Hopefully I will finish that today and then it's back to the trunk room.
Brickeyee wrote: "Nothing (including actual lime-plaster) is directly 'compatible' with old plaster except maybe pre-mixed mud (and that should not be used)."
Just wondering, anyone know why not?
Also, here is a link to someone (actually, the mayor of Dayton, OH) who is using traditional lime plaster on his walls:
Here is a link that might be useful: Scroll down to Aug.2 then read upwards
Slate, I have to see if I have a pic on my other computer (which will take a while since it's still packed somewhere) but we almost purchased a house with floor that looked just like yours (floor boards going right to the base...). We only noticed this because the majority of the trunk room had it's original leather floor and some was missing on one end by the chimney where they'd had repair issues way back when. We went back and looked at how the leather was installed...it wrapped around the end of the floor board and that butted cleanly right up to the baseboard. GORGEOUS floor...I wanted that damn house...heck I still do and when the old gal kicks the bucket...I may still make a run at it...ok that's rude but still...crazy old woman with a gorgeous house seems to be what we focus on when purchasing LOL
Aw, thanks Slateberry! We actually have some charm coming soon I hope! And thanks for that blog link, I may be able to pull some good ideas from that :)
Funny note - I clicked your link to your octagon room in the thread about closets and thought - I've seen this house before (which I love by the way)! And then realized that was the same house/person as this trunk room thread. It's fun to link 'people' to houses =D
Just saw this post, and my vote was to keep the chimney, at least on the two lower floors. If you want to make this a bathroom, and the same room directly below, you will need a chase to take the plumbing lines down to your basement or 1st floor. Your non-functioning chimney will make this a whole lot easier. We just added a bathroom on our second floor and used an old laundry chute for this very same purpose. It was a lifesaver! Good luck with your work.
If, and only if the chimney went down in a straight line, with no offsets, would it be possible to utilize it as a plumbing chase. Even then, it would have to be located where the plumber would need it, and it would need to be open at the bottom so that the 3" stack could be fed up through it in small sections. With all of these limiting factors, it's usually not even possible. Demolishing the chimney the rest of the way to the basement would in fact yield a very useful mechanical chase for plumbing, electrical, heating and air conditioning uses, if properly fire-stopped.
Well at last I have some "after" photos for this project. I'd like to thank all of you for your input, I am really happy with the results, and I think the repairs will perform well thanks to the quality of advice I received.
and after:
and my favorite, I got the classic accents push button switch:
I buffed the brass with a blue (or was it green) scotch pad to give the switch plate a burnished look.
Incidentally I figured out the extensive cuts and holes near the knee walls were made when the p.o. was thinking about adding hvac ducts and registers to the room, but then abandoned that idea.


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CHICAGO — Who knew that having sex on the beach — or other far-flung tourist destinations — could be so complicated?
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This is a simple and clean honeycomb loading bar. Light and fast @1.1mb
- Animated loading bar - loads in - loads out
- Holds on a classy Android image
You'll need to unpack the bootanimation.zip from the archive attached below. If you don't have an ACER Iconia, but still want to try this out, it should work on any cousins of the a500 running HC @1280x800: eg Eee Pad etc. Use at your own risk, however.
Want something a little more jazzy!? You have three more Boot Animations to choose from here:
Acer a500 Boot Animation [v.Clean, v.ACER & v.Full]
And one more here: Android [GEARS] Boot Animation
I welcome any feedback. If you're not an XDA member, sign-up already!
If you like my work, consider a donation. More to come - wallpapers, icons, boot animations - themes.
[CombBar v.1]
by gammaRascal
for xda members & guests
by gammaRascal
for xda members & guests
Please do not redistribute without permission. Point your friends to this XDA thread to download (:
Want a custom Boot Animation for your ROM? Contact me!
Last edited by gammaRascal; 14th July 2011 at 04:38 PM.


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Friday, April 3 and Sunday, April 5 for the Easter Holiday.
Featuring business cards from Victorian era Milwaukee.
It's Groundhog Day! Why in the world did we ever start placing our meteorological hopes on a small, furry animal?
Book searching coming soon. For now use County Cat
Test preparation practice with tutorials, books and sample tests. Provided as part of Wisconsin's BadgerLink program.
Sorry, this event has already happened. Please explore our event calendar for events in the future.


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Apparently I'm A Chick Magnet... Let me explain. I'll be 50 in a few months and according to most women I encounter, I do not look my age. HOWEVER, I do sport a goatee and the gray hair has taken over as the majority! I'm told that I… [more]
Easter Morning Service With The Kids! The pastor of a Baptist church had called all of the little children to the front of the church, dressed in their cute Easter outfits and had them sit around him. He said, "Today is East… [more]
I Want to Know Your Favorite GuitaristsLuke Steve Lukather, best known as the guitarist with the group, ToTo, is by far one of my favorite guitarist. Plus, he's a great guy who's worked on so many albums for various artist that few realize hi… [more]


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Comment: Re:Jobs is happy with it? (Score 1) 303
by doxology (#30554746) Attached to: Jobs Finally "Happy" With Unannounced Apple Tablet
iTunes is only available for a few select platforms...
We've improved Slashdot's video section; now you can view our video interviews, product close-ups and site visits with all the usual Slashdot options to comment, share, etc. No more walled garden! It's a work in progress -- we hope you'll check it out (Learn more about the recent updates).
The scheme Apple outlined in the patent application would rely on a cryptographic key generated prior to the hardware reaching the user. As an application launches, the technology would inject code into the app's executing code stream, generate data that's sent to a digital rights management module, then compare that signed data with the key. If they match, the application continues to open. If not, it's stopped in its tracks.
Such checks could be done on a very frequent basis, said Apple's patent application.
If you can't understand it, it is intuitively obvious.


text: Search results Listings are for East Coast. For local listings, Enter zip code or Sign in Go Display: All Results TV Shows Movies Actors Directors Only show HD Only show new episodes We found the following shows with actor/director: "Randall Kim" in the next 14 days. Anna and the King (1999) Sat 4/4 12:45 AM 352 HDNETMV (Cbl) 2 hours, 30 minutes PG13 The King of Siam hires an English widow to teach the ways of the Western world to his many children. View in TV Listings 1-Click Record Record with options


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All Stebar Safari's tours, excursions and destinations fulfil a creative choice criteria. Each Safari is crafted uniquely and duplication cannot be bought.
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I was blown away by the service delivery from stebar safaris, it was an incredible journey thanks
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|Small Greeting Card
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|4" x 6"
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painted in photostudio
FEATURED in 'Escher & Perspective Art' June 2010
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Wow vibrant and beautiful
Many thanks Gary
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Stunning image, Mel.
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Beautiful image Mel!!!
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absolutely wonderful..i love so much..
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Woohoo, many thanks Bryan
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w0w! watta' fab creation sweetheART love it – ravefave ;} happy hippy hugglez
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So gorgeous! Well done. Congratulations on your feature.
Cheers Bunny, thanks
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Wonderful colours, Mel – they look as if they are melting into each other
Thanks so much
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Woohoo, many thanks for the feature.
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text: That scares me a little... a sign, perhaps, that they've upped the cap? Define "hard" - IMO, 10 miles is nothing to sneeze at, but anyone who's done the training shouldn't have a problem with the distance. It's not technically challenging; a large segment is flat, open highway, two up-and-overs on a cloverleaf count as "hills", and the section through WWOS involved lots of narrow sections with some tight turns. To me, the most difficult thing was staying aware of the many people around me - those tight turns, for instance, were packed full of bodies and inviting collisions. So true! Some folks did Tron outfits last year and they were pretty neat - that idea is tempting, but no way can I wear long tights and long sleeves in the heat.


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From El Salvador, graduates of the Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism — producer Roberto Daza and correspondent Carl Nasman — report on an epidemic of tooth decay across the countryside, blamed largely on junk food, soda and a lack of education about dental care. Continue reading
Annual mammograms have been seen as an important screening tool: They are very effective in helping find small, slow-growing cancers. But how good are they at finding fatal tumors? Health correspondent Betty Ann Bowser reports on a recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine that has reignited the debate. Continue reading
November is American Diabetes Month. To recognize it, the American Diabetes Association has launched the "A Day in the Life of Diabetes" initiative to show the growing impact diabetes has on American families and communities and to highlight how those with the disease live with it every day. Continue reading
Coming off the vice presidential debate, Jeffrey Brown talks to Democratic pollster Celinda Lake and Republican pollster Kellyanne Conway about the ways the presidential candidates and their running mates have or haven't addressed issues that are important to female voters, paying particular attention to the debate performances. Continue reading
Newly released census data paints a mixed picture of America's economy. The poverty rate remained stagnant. Wage gains have fallen below the level of inflation. And income inequality is at its highest in decades. Margaret Warner talks to New York Times' David Leonhardt to parse the numbers on income, poverty, and health care. Continue reading
News has an agenda at Worrall Elementary School in Broomall, Pa., where students with Asperger's syndrome 'go live' in their own broadcast each year. Their teachers say it's one of the best ways for students to learn to speak clearly, work together, build confidence, and gain fame all at once. Betty Ann Bowser reports. Continue reading
Ray Suarez gets some reaction on the Supreme Court's ruling from Ron Pollack, founding executive director of Families USA; Karen Ignagni, president of America's Health Insurance Plans; Dr. Donald Palmisano, a physician and an attorney; and Bill McCollum, a former congressman and Florida attorney general. Continue reading
From El Salvador, graduates of the Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism — producer Roberto Daza and correspondent Carl Nasman — report on an epidemic of tooth decay across the countryside, blamed largely on junk food, soda and a lack of education about dental care. Continue reading
Clay Johnson, author of "The Information Diet: A Case for Conscious Consumption", discusses with Hari Sreenivasan how abundant technology affects our health — producing pulsing side effects such as "email apnea" or "reality dysmorphia." Continue reading
As rates of Alzheimer's Disease continue to jump in the U.S., HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius announced Tuesday the first Congressionally mandated plan to help prevent and treat the disease. Margaret Warner discusses the details with NIH Director Dr. Francis Collins and Eric Hall, CEO of Alzheimer's Foundation of America. Continue reading


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Hotel Atton El Bosque
No availability found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
How has this hotel rated in the past?
- Continental Breakfast
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- High-speed internet in room (free)
Photos of Hotel Atton El Bosque
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TravelPod Member ReviewsHotel Atton El Bosque Santiago
This hotel is a good 4 star hotel in a handy and safe locality. Close to shopping, transport and good restaurants. Can recommend.
This review is the subjective opinion of a TravelPod member and not of TravelPod.com.
TripAdvisor Reviews Hotel Atton El Bosque Santiago
Travel Blogs from Santiago
First Day in Santiago!
Our flight got into Santiago around 9:00 local time (6 AM US central time), only got 4 hours or so of sleep...it was my first overnight flight...not good. But the TVs on the plane had free movies, games, tv shows, etc, so I watched "Neighbors" for the first time.
A couple girls had issues at the airport so we got held up a little longer …
More Chil(e) time
K-man stayed here on Dec 14, 2014 during their trip titled: Kyle + Lori WalterMitty Trip.
Sleepy but here!
We arrived early in the morning after a pretty sleepless night (for me! -dad slept like a baby). Spent a few hours sleeping and then walked out to a lovely restaurant for dinner - we were the only non-Chileans there, so it was interesting. Had Erizaz (sea urchin), dad had octopus and i has a great abalone and shrimp, quinoa mix. Looking forward to really starting the adventures tomorrow!
Valparaiso: Cultural visits
... facing the bay. Great food and atmosphere with the temperature being around 70 degrees today.
We then drove up the coast a bit to another city Vina de Mar. This was obviously a wealthier town with modern condo and apartment buildings. We then had dinner at a local Italian restaurant and headed back to Santiago.
Tomorrow we have a meeting in the morning and will be headed to Buenos Aires in the afternoon. ...
Maipo Valley wine tour
... variety. Turns out due to their weather conditions, their vines do not suffer from fungus or mould.
After we walked through the vines we then saw how they ferment the wine and then store it in either French Oak or American Oak. Then the best part - we got to taste! Actually, they do a very nice Savignon Blanc especially when they use grapes from closer to the coast. I bought a bottle of the Carmenere - just because! The price of ...


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There is no mistaking the Hummer H2 SUV for anything else. This Hummer H2 offers truly impressive off-road capabilities. And provides occupants with a... More
For sale in our St. Louis showroom is a 2005 Hummer H2! This eye catching vehicle cannot be purchased new any longer however this... More


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With over a billion dollars made, tons of merchandise, and lots of little girls replaying Let it Go incessantly (much to the annoyance of their parents), Disney's Frozen is a phenomenon now. It almost feels pointless to review a movie that virtually everybody has seen, but I know some of you are interested in my opinion, so here we go.
Ill tell you what I like about Frozen. First of all, much like Tangled, it takes an existing fairy tale and very loosely adapts it, but it could be argued that the changes work in its favor, at least for movie...
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Toon Zone
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Drought drying North Dakota out
FARGO -- The drought gripping much of the area is diminishing river levels, with some tributaries in the northern Red River Valley slowing to a trickle.
The Red River in Fargo, with a level of 13.77 feet as of Tuesday afternoon, is flowing at 32 percent of normal and most rivers in the region continue to see low to very low flows.
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7 Things You Don't Need to Buy
This 15-Year-Old Babysitter Is Making $500,000 a Year
5 Rules That Helped Me Become A Millionaire By 40
The Five Lesbians You Can't Avoid
How to Stay Cool Without Draining Your Gas Tank
9 Signs You're in the Right Relationship
Everything You Need To Know About The Victoria Secret Angels
EXCLUSIVE! Coach Handbags Selling for as Low as $80. Limited Supply. Show Now!
Can Moms Make $100 Daily with Paid Surveys and More?
18 of the Ugliest Leggings We Can't Believe People Actually Buy
6 Things You Should Know About Your Bra
How to Get Online Bargains With Free Shipping
Why It's Okay That You'll Never Have The Thigh Gap
Top 10 Most In-Demand Flexible Jobs
How to Use Coconut Oil Outside of The Kitchen
10 Things to Never Buy at Target
6 Times When Being Frugal Doesn't Pay
8 Hairstyles Every Girl Should Know
THe Non-Diet Secret to Losing Weight for Good
A Baby Costs How Much in Those First Few Years?
Money-Saving Travel Hacks
Scientists Discover Cooking Hack to Cut Calories in Rice
The 5 Best Ways to Make Money Online
Bloated? 6 Foods to Shrink Your Belly
Don't Fall for Outlet Store Tricks
Totally Wild and Wonderful Wedding Ideas
Controversy Over New Safe "Steroid Alternative"
Best Wedding Styles for Brides On a Budget
8 Exercises to Get Rid of Back Fat


text:
The Antiplanner arrived at the Purple Line debate debate last night to find protesters who were apparently upset that anyone would consider not building a train whose projected costs have already risen by more than 40 percent and whose ridership projections are so outlandish that even the Federal Transit Administration uses a lower (though still unrealistically high) number. Some of the protesters recognized me and were nice enough to wish me well in the debate.
My opponent, Richard Parsons, seems to truly believe that a 15.5-mph, low-capacity rail line will spur enough development to increase county tax revenues by more than $10 billion. When I pointed out that this has not happened to any rail project in the last 40 years, and that at most all they have done is influenced where development takes place, he didn't dispute it, but merely claimed that Montgomery County was unique. Those who wish to see my presentation can download the PowerPoint file here.
Meanwhile, in keeping with the fiscally conservative trend that swept much of the nation in the last election, Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner has proposed (see p. 3-32) to help close the state's $6.8 billion budget gap by cutting state support for Amtrak from $46.2 million in 2015 to $28.8 million in 2016. Amtrak supporters are unsurprisingly outraged, claiming that a reduction in passenger train service will increase traffic congestion, air pollution, and wear and tear on the highways.


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Authorities Clear Petaluma Duck Farm Of Wrongdoing After Video Surfaces
Authorities have cleared a Sonoma County duck farm of any wrongdoing related to animal cruelty.
Police Raid Petaluma Duck Farm After Undercover Video Reveals Sick & Wounded Animals
Sonoma County Sheriff's Office deputies raided a duck factory in Petaluma Wednesday after an animal advocacy group released hidden camera video showing wounded and sick animals.
Rallies Scheduled Wednesday For Teen Shot Dead By Sonoma Sheriff's Deputy Last Year
Events are planned Wednesday on the first anniversary of the fatal shooting of 13-year-old Andy Lopez by a Sonoma County sheriff's deputy southwest of Santa Rosa.
Series Of Inmate Deaths At Sonoma County Jail Prompts Review Of Procedures
A series of inmate deaths at the Sonoma County Jail in Santa Rosa has prompted the sheriff's office to hire an outside panel to review policies and medical practices at the jail.
500 Pairs Of Women's Underwear, Firearms Found In 18-Year-Old's Room During Petaluma Burglary Investigation
Police arrested a man after finding nearly 500 pairs of women's underwear in his bedroom during a burglary investigation in Petaluma Tuesday afternoon.
Coroner's Office Identifies Man's Body Found Dead In Popular Petaluma Park
The Sonoma County coroner's office has identified a man who was found dead Tuesday night at a park in Petaluma as 56-year-old Gregory Sigman.
Man Killed, Woman Injured In Stabbing Near Petaluma
A man was killed and a woman injured in a stabbing in unincorporated Petaluma Friday afternoon, according to the Sonoma County Sheriff's Office.
Sonoma County Marijuana Bust Windfall: $1.4 Million Cash, Gold, Silver Seized In Record Haul
More than $1 million in cash, along with gold and silver pieces, were seized from a Sebastopol home where a marijuana growing operation was found – a haul that appears to be a record for Sonoma County.
Novato Man Arrested For String Of North Bay Armed Robberies
A 51-year-old Novato man was arrested in connection with a string of armed robberies in three North Bay cities.
Red Flag Fire Warning Issued For Bay Area This Weekend
The National Weather Service has issued a red flag fire warning for the North and East Bay hills over the weekend due to predicted hot temperatures, low humidity and strong offshore winds.


text:
Morehouse College has officially approved the following consortia relationships where educational programs and courses are offered:
Atlanta University Consortium
Morehouse has entered into a special arrangement with Spelman College to offer courses leading to majors in Art, Drama and Education. (See the Education Program Evaluation Report and the Professional Standards Commission Evaluation Report.)
Dual Degree Engineering Programs


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1649 members1364 Comments 77 Likes
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Started this discussion. Last reply by Dee Dec 20, 2009. 56 Replies 0 Likes
Started this discussion. Last reply by Lorraine Jul 5, 2009. 3 Replies 0 Likes
Join Diabetes community by Diabetes Hands Foundation: TuDiabetes
I understand that Dee. I am strongly considering moving to Lee Co. in the near future, I have been looking on line for several months, & have friends in the Pine Island area. The $3600 savings on out of pocket would be another incentive. Is yor BC plan a Medigap plan? About how much would the monthly premium run? Thanks
Dee, Happy Birthday!!! Here is wishing you a wonderful and happy birthday. I hope the coming year will be full of blessings, joy and the wonderful love of family and friends.
Happy,Happy Birthday, Dee. I wish for you a most wonderful day and many,many more. ENJOY!!!
Best Wishes NOW...and for the rest of the year!
Have a GREAT "ME" DAY :)
Hey, why don't you come join us in the TuD chat room?
You'll see us at the bottom of the home page.
We have a great time getting to know each other, sharing info and lots of laughs :)
It's on right now!
Happy,Happy Birthday,Dee. I wish for you a most wonderful day. ENJOY!!!
Happy,Happy Birthday,Dee. I wish for you a most wonderful day. ENJOY!!!
Happy Birthday, Dee!! Hope you have a wonderful day and get to have some fun. Enjoy your special day.
I said it was complicated. Medicare does NOT cover either the pods or the DexCom sensors. However, in order for my secondary insurance to cover them as they were doing before I was on Medicare and when they were my primary insurance, I must have a denial of coverage from Medicare. Then, now that I use Liberty, I pay $1000 deductible and they pay 80% of the cost of the pods and sensors. I thought I understood that your Medicare Advantage Plan through BC/BS paid for your pods. But that's new, correct? I know that I can't change plans until the end of 2012 but in the meantime, I can be looking for the right plan for me. Again, thanks for the info.
© 2015 A community of people touched by diabetes, run by the Diabetes Hands Foundation.


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Your Green Bay Packers: Telling It Like It Is
Apr 12th
Posted by Monty McMahon in Donald Driver
Today, we again learn Maria Menounos is an idiot. She pranks Green Bay Packers receiver Donald Driver by filling his trailer up with New England Patriots gear. Good one! Yeah!
Feb 28th
Here's the news you've been waiting for, folks! Green Bay Packers receiver Donald Driver will appear on this season's Dancing With The Stars. We are overjoyed! Come share in our happiness!
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text:
14 CFR 27.855 - Cargo and baggage compartments.
(a) Each cargo and baggage compartment must be constructed of, or lined with, materials that are at least—
(1) Flame resistant, in the case of compartments that are readily accessible to a crewmember in flight; and
(b) No compartment may contain any controls, wiring, lines, equipment, or accessories whose damage or failure would affect safe operation, unless those items are protected so that—
Title 14 published on 2014-01-01
The following are only the Rules published in the Federal Register after the published date of Title 14.
For a complete list of all Rules, Proposed Rules, and Notices view the Rulemaking tab.
Title 14 published on 2014-01-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 14 CFR 27 after this date.


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"shirts look awesome!" (E6943)
"I have three girls ages 16,14,& 12 that play competitive softball. My girls asked me to buy these Jenny Finch headbands to wear to practice and games. The headbands look and feel great. It's nice to find a hair product that really holds your hair in place when your playing hard and the last thing you want to worry about is your hair in your face." (E21556)
"My players like these helmets." (E19200)
We're sorry but there were no products found for the specified criteria.