text:
- Guest Commentary: the Rockford Apartment Association
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- Rauner, Democratic leaders shake hands and make law
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NASCAR Hall of Fame to induct first class May 23
By Doug Halberstadt
Sports Columnist
Some NASCAR fans will have the opportunity to be part of history later this month. The NASCAR Hall of Fame is now open, and 3,100 lucky fans are invited to witness the inaugural induction ceremonies.
Tickets for the ceremony are on sale at Ticketmaster. The event is scheduled for noon, Sunday, May 23, in the Charlotte Convention Center's Crown Ballroom at the NASCAR Hall of Fame in uptown Charlotte, N.C.
The prestigious ceremony will feature presentations about each inductee from prominent members of the NASCAR community. The highlight of the event will be the induction of the Inaugural Class of 2010: Dale Earnhardt, Bill France Jr., Bill France Sr., Junior Johnson and Richard Petty. Tickets are $75 and can be purchased at www.ticketmaster.com or by calling 800-745-3000.
"This is a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, and it is our pleasure to invite race fans to Charlotte to share in the special day," said Winston Kelley, executive director of the NASCAR Hall of Fame. "This is like being at the first Induction Ceremony of the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939 when legends like Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb were officially inducted. Only 3,100 people will have the chance to say they witnessed the first NASCAR Hall of Fame induction in person."
For those of us not fortunate enough to make it to Charlotte on the 23rd, you can start planning your future vacations now. The NASCAR Hall of Fame opened its doors to the public yesterday (May, 11). Their hours of operation will be 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., Monday-Saturday, and noon to 6 p.m., Sunday. The only days the hall is closed Easter Sunday, Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day.
General admission is $19.95 adults, $17.95 seniors/military, $12.95 children 5-12 and free for children 4 and younger. Discounts are available for groups of 15 or more, and memberships are also available. All tickets are issued on a timed-entry basis, meaning customers enter by appointment at the top of every hour.
The NASCAR Hall of Fame is at 400 E. Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd., Charlotte, N.C. Tickets can be purchased at the facility, online at www.nascarhall.com or by phone at 877-231-2010.
If anyone locally does plan on attending the induction ceremony, please e-mail me about your trip and the experience. I would like to do a follow-up story about the event.
From the May 12-18, 2010 issue


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Foreplay Ideas to Improve Your Love Making
I can sum up all the great love making tips in one word; foreplay. Every sexual technique or position that you can think of is made even better by foreplay. The best way to get him or her aroused is to spend some time on these foreplay ideas. And great foreplay ideas don't have to wait until you enter the bedroom, it can happen practically anywhere.
One of my most enjoyable foreplay ideas takes the form of a game. Each partner takes turns giving the other a five minute massage. At the end of each 5 minute session, the massager gets to request anything for just one minute (or whatever time limit works for you). Just make sure that your request doesn't end in a climax. Only after five or six 5 minute massages each can you take steps to climax together. I discovered this after reading a book on foreplay ideas. It is one of the most enjoyable games that I have ever played.
To qualify as one the best foreplay ideas, you have to focus on the needs of both partners. Although you may want to climax right away, she may not be ready to climax so quickly. Take your time and spend some time cuddling, fondling or kissing. Most people report that they enjoy sex more if a significant amount of time is spent on foreplay.
Another of the great foreplay ideas is to experiment with different positions. This can be great as long as both parties are in agreement. The most exciting foreplay ideas come from your own fantasies and imagination. Try having sexing in different places. And I don't mean the sofa. Use your imagination and great foreplay ideas can be loads of fun!
For 500 lovemaking tips and foreplay ideas, go toGreat Foreplay Ideas!
Discuss this Article
Enjoying a great sex life and long lasting intimacy well into your golden years is important for a relationship. Yet, mastering the art of foreplay is the key to achieving this enduring sensual relationship. So, to help you keep things fresh and exciting, here are some few foreplay ideas that can ignite and light fire in any romance.
When starting sensual and sexual massage foreplay strokes, one principle I like to keep I mind is to go from the outer to the inner hotter zones on her body. Hot zones are the breasts and genitals.
Foreplay is essential if you want to enjoy a steamy sex with your partner. When it comes to foreplay, kissing and caressing sometimes are just not enough. You need more fun and creative foreplay ideas.
For your partner to enjoy great sex you have to understand that what women want, is not always what men believe they want. Great sex for women is a combination of both mental and physical stimulation. Both areas need to be targeted, for a women to achieve satisfaction or orgasm. If you don't make the mistakes below, you and your partner will enjoy better sex together, or great sex!
Free tips and advice on foreplay techniques. Using the right techniques, you will be on your way to giving your lover awesome orgasms!
The essence of foreplay tips and how it can enhance your relationship. Keeping your romance alive is essential to a healthy relationship. However most people neglect the sensual foreplay techniques that they need to learn to maintain the sexual excitement. Yet, these ideas alone may not do the trick; sometimes it helps to have foreplay-ideas to enhance your foreplay execution. And, while there are a lot of foreplay
The essence of foreplay tips and how it can enhance your relationship. Keeping your romance alive is essential to a healthy relationship. However most people neglect the sensual foreplay techniques that they need to learn to maintain the sexual excitement.
Do you know that research has shown that extended foreplay can intensify orgasms and make your lovemaking more pleasurable and mind blowing? Foreplay is so important during lovemaking that without it, sex will just become a boring routine activity.
A good relationship with a loving partner definitely makes life worth living. Whether you are married, divorced or single, there is no doubt that you have discovered that sex is a very important element in finding and maintaining a healthy and joyful love life.
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Exercise is beneficial to several areas of one's life, including sex. Learn the best exercises for better sex.
Want to make hot steaming love? Discover hot sexy foreplay ideas Here!
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Which to Choose? Achieving the perfect cut in your woodworking is two fold. First, you need to know how to choose the correct saw blade for the correct cut. Secondly, the blade should be sharp enough to easily sear through the wood without ruining your project. Nasty side effects like the burning and tearing of ...
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Saw Blades: Part One
August 30, 2012
by Tool Up on August 30, 2012 • Permalink
Posted in Accessories, DeWalt, Saws
Tagged Combination Blade, Crosscut Blade, Dewalt, Frued, Rip Blade
Posted by Tool Up on August 30, 2012
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text:
A clustered server network for receiving, storing and retrieving usenet articles. The clustered server network includes various sets of clustered servers. One set of clustered servers receives articles from peer usenet networks, while another set of clustered servers stores only header information for each unique article. A third set of clustered servers may be dedicated to storing, in a redundant fashion, each unique article. The articles are stored based on a deterministic calculation so that each unique article stored is found in at least one particular server(s). The redundant storage of each unique article eliminates a need for a backend server cluster for storing one copy of every article. A usenet system provides for continuous operation even if any server in any cluster becomes non-operational. A server rebuild function is provided in the usenet system.
1. A system comprising:
a feeder cluster comprising a plurality of feeder servers, each of the plurality of feeder servers being in communication with at least one other of the plurality of feeder servers, the feeder cluster receiving a plurality of articles and associated headers from at least one source outside of the system;
a server cluster comprising a plurality of cluster servers, each of the plurality of cluster servers being in communication with at least one other of the plurality of cluster servers, the server cluster receiving from the feeder cluster and storing the plurality of articles and at most a portion of the plurality of headers associated with the plurality of articles;
a header cluster comprising a plurality of header servers, each of the plurality of header servers being in communication with at least one other of the plurality of header servers, the header cluster receiving from the feeder cluster and storing the plurality of headers associated with the plurality of articles and not storing the plurality of articles;
and wherein a given associated header of the plurality of associated headers comprises metadata associated with an article of the plurality of articles; and
wherein the plurality of feeder servers read a article's message-id and determine a specific cluster server, of the plurality of cluster servers, that is to receive the article associated with the article message-id.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. The system of
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. A clustered server network for receiving, storing and retrieving data articles, the data articles each comprising header information and data, the clustered server network comprising:
a feeder cluster for receiving the data articles from an external data article source;
a header cluster for receiving data article header information provided from the feeder cluster and not storing the data articles, the header cluster organizing and storing the header information for the data articles;
a server cluster for storing the data for each of the data articles and at most a portion of the data article header information, the data for the data articles being provided from the feeder cluster; and
wherein header information for a given article of the data articles comprises metadata associated with the given data article; and
wherein the plurality of feeder servers read a article's message-id and determine a specific cluster server, of the plurality of cluster servers, that is to receive the article associated with the article message-id.
14. The clustered server network of
15. The clustered server network of
16. The clustered server network of
17. The clustered server network of
18. The clustered server network of
19. The clustered server network of
20. The clustered server network of
21. The clustered server network of
22. The clustered server network of
23. The clustered server network of
24. The clustered server network of
25. The clustered server network of
26. The clustered server network of
27. The clustered server network of
28. The clustered server network of
29. A clustered server network comprising:
a header cluster comprising a plurality of header servers, the header servers being for storing header information and storage location information for articles and not the articles;
a server cluster comprising a plurality of cluster servers, the cluster servers being for storing the articles and at most a portion of the headers;
a feeder cluster for receiving the articles from peer networks, the feeder cluster comprising a plurality of feeder servers, each feeder server providing header data to the header cluster and the articles to the server cluster; and
wherein header information for a given article of the data articles comprises metadata associated with the given data article; and
wherein the plurality of feeder servers read a article's message-id and determine a specific cluster server, of the plurality of cluster servers, that is to receive the article associated with the article message-id.
30. The clustered server network of
31. The clustered server network of
32. The clustered server network of
33. The clustered server network of
34. The clustered server network of
35. The clustered server network of
36. The clustered server network of
1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to usenet servers, and more specifically, the present invention relates to clustering servers such that storage and retrieval of usenet articles or other data is performed without the use of a backend server.
2. Description of Related Art
Usenet server systems provide news services to clients. Conventionally, usenet backend servers have been located remotely from the service providers that provide usenet news services requested by clients. Due to the remote location of the usenet backend servers, news services have traditionally been slow and require a large amount of bandwidth between the usenet service provider and the usenet backend servers. A setup incorporating usenet backend servers is both expensive and inefficient. Thus, what is needed is a usenet server capable of providing news services at an increased speed and with reduced costs.
A more complete understanding of the methods and apparatus of embodiments of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the following Detailed Description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying Drawings wherein:
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described more fully hereunder with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which various embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be constructed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the potential scope of the invention to those skilled in the art.
Referring to
A server cluster 106 is established having a plurality of cluster servers (e.g., 1-32). The number of cluster servers depends on the amount of total storage space and throughput required by the server cluster 106 to meet the needs of the customers 102. Each cluster server, 1-32 can be a commodity server or substantially a standard server having memory, processor(s), and hard drives. It is understood that one or more of the cluster servers 1-32 in the server cluster 106 may have additional components or upgraded devices when compared with the other cluster servers in the server cluster 106, but in essence each cluster server 1-32 is configured basically the same. For example, the different servers 1-32 each may have different speed microprocessors, differing size or speed hard drives, upgraded electronics, etc., when compared to each other. Again, although
The customers 102 request to view and read articles. Exemplary embodiments of the present invention may consider an article or data article to be one or any combination of data files that include video clips, music, pictures, software, text, news, fonts, data bases and/or related attachments thereto stored in one or more of the exemplary cluster servers 1-32. A discussion of how an article, data article or other data item is retrieved from the giga cluster (i.e. a clustered server network) 100 is discussed later.
Usenet peers 108, providers, users, and sharers of usenet data or data articles, are connected to an exemplary clustered server network 100. The usenet peers 108 connect to a feeder cluster 110 via, at least, an NNTP feed 104 or other suitable connection(s). The usenet peers 108 may provide usenet data to the giga cluster 100 or may be provided usenet news data from the giga cluster 100 (not specifically shown). Where the usenet peers 108 are providing usenet data to the exemplary giga cluster 100, the usenet data is received by a feeder cluster 110. The usenet data may comprise usenet files. Each file may be an article plus a header (i.e. data plus metadata) Furthermore, an embodiment of the present invention may not be limited to being used in a usenet related situation wherein NNTP protocol feeds are used. An exemplary embodiment may incorporate or use other suitable communication protocols other than NNTP, including, but not limited to, FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP, HTTP, and HTTPS protocols and reasonable derivations thereof.
The feeder cluster 110 consists of a plurality of feeder servers 112. Unlike previous usenet systems, the feeder cluster 110 provides feeds from the usenet peers 108 directly into the server cluster 106. Previous usenet systems fed data and articles from usenet peers directly to backend servers that are dedicated to storing usenet articles and retrieving articles.
Each feeder server 112 is in communication with the other feeder servers 112 within the feeder cluster 110 via an NNTP feed 104. Having each feeder server 112 communicate with the other feeder servers 112 provides the ability for all the feeder servers 112 to work together and share the volume of article data flowing through the feeder cluster 110. Load balancing techniques can be used to share the load and flow of articles among the feeder servers. By allowing the feeder cluster 110 to deliver new articles, from other usenet peers 108, directly into the server cluster 106 there is no need for a backend server because all the articles in an exemplary usenet system can be stored in the server cluster 106.
The feeder cluster's feeder servers 112 are also in communication with a header cluster 114 via NNTP 104 connections. The headers (i.e. metadata) of each article, stored in the server cluster 106, are stored in one or more header servers 116 in the header cluster 114. An exemplary usenet system stores the header for each article in the header cluster 114 separately from its associated article stored in the server cluster 106. The header cluster 114 comprises a plurality of header servers 116 that cooperate with each other in order to systematically store and retrieve the header information for each article stored in the server cluster 106.
Still referring to
Referring now to
A peer sends data or an article to a feeder cluster 110. The feeder cluster can disseminate and share the article with every feeder server 112 in the feeder cluster 110. The feeder cluster 110 may also present or share the externally fed data or article with other external peers 108.
In prior-art-usenet systems, having a traditional setup, every article that is received for a particular usenet newsgroup was sent to a particular server (backend server) that stored and handled articles for that particular usenet newsgroup.
Embodiments of the present invention receive an article from a usenet peer 108 at the feeder cluster 110. A split feeding technique is used to redundantly provide and store the article on one or more cluster servers. Each article is provided to the cluster servers for storage without regard to the newsgroup or groups that the article is posted to. Referring to
Each article is assigned a primary cluster server to be fed to and stored on. The primary cluster server, for example, for article <A> is cluster server 1. In an embodiment of the invention, the primary cluster server for an article is chosen by hashing the article's message-id, dividing the hash result by the number of servers in the server cluster 106 and taking the whole number remainder plus one as the server number of the primary server for the article. There are other ways to randomly or deterministically select which one of the cluster servers (i.e., 1-8) will be the primary cluster server for a particular article. The exemplary technique provides a deterministic primary cluster server for a given article every time the algorithm is used. For this purpose a random selection algorithm is not desirable.
For example, suppose the hash of an article's message-id (which is a unique number) is equal to 55 and there are 32 cluster servers in the server cluster 106. Fifty-five (55) divided by thirty-two (32) equals one (1) with a remainder of twenty-three (23). Twenty-three (23) plus one (1) equals 24. Therefore server twenty-four (24) is the primary cluster server for the article.
This or another determinalistic technique for choosing a primary cluster server enables multiple feeder servers that receive the same article from one or more usenet peers to attempt to store the articles in the same cluster server. If the article is already stored, no additional storage is necessary. This technique prevents saving the same article multiple times even though it has already been stored or saved.
The server cluster 106 is programmed or selectively configured with a redundancy value. The redundancy value indicates how many cluster servers will store each article.
An article is first stored in its determined primary cluster server, then the feeder cluster feeds the article to the next cluster server and perhaps the next cluster server and so on until the number of servers storing the article is equal to the redundancy value. Each cluster server stores the order in which it was fed the article such that the server can determine which redundant copy/number of the article it is storing. The redundancy can also be performed in other exemplary embodiments by skipping one or more consecutive cluster servers such that for example, every other or every fourth cluster server stores a redundant article <A>. This may be done to overcome potential power supply issues of servers. For example, multiple cluster servers may be powered by a single protected power source. If a power source fails, then other cluster servers that are numerically distant from the failed power supply may not be affected. In this embodiment there is a redundancy value and a skip value stored with each article as metadata. The redundancy value indicates how many cluster servers are to store each article and which number of the redundant articles is stored; the skip value indicates the number of cluster servers to skip between each cluster server that stores the article.
An exemplary feeder cluster 110 also achieves another important task. By having multiple feeder servers (gcf1, through gcfi) 112 the data/article throughput of the feeder cluster is greatly enhanced. The operation of moving articles from the usenet peers to the cluster servers can be divided substantially between the numerous feeder servers 112. Load balancing techniques can be used to disperse the throughput among the feeder servers. For example, if a single feeder server has a throughput of 1000 megabits/sec, then a feeder cluster having 7 feeder servers will have substantially seven times 1000 megabits/sec. By having multiple cluster servers that store articles based on a determinalistic algorithm rather than article news-group-content based rules, the high throughput can be absorbed by the cluster servers; all the articles can be stored and logged without data bottle neck problems caused the feeder cluster 110 being unable to move all the articles to a prior art backend server.
Another asset of storing an article, for example, with a redundancy of 3, is that if a cluster server crashes there is no loss of data. Furthermore, at least one-third of a crashed cluster server's data can be found on any 2 adjacent numbered cluster servers, for example, if there are 6 cluster servers and the redundancy value is 3. Then if the fourth cluster server crashes all of the information that was on the fourth server can be located on cluster servers 2, 3, 5, and 6. If both the fourth and fifth cluster servers crash, then all the lost information of server 4 can be found on cluster servers 2, 3 and 6 and all the lost information of cluster server 5 can also be found on cluster servers 1, 3 and 6. An embodiment of the present invention with a redundancy value of 3 can therefore sustain two adjacent cluster server failures without any data or article loss.
Prior art usenet systems require the feeding portion of its usenet system to store any articles regardless of its existence in the destination server (back end server) into the feeding server's local storage. This technique is not used in exemplary embodiments of the invention.
In exemplary embodiments of the present usenet storage and retrieval system, the feeder cluster incorporates a new technique in usenet systems that will be referred to as intelligent backlogging. Intelligent backlogging uses a configuration value called a minimum redundancy value. The minimum redundancy value sets the minimum number of cluster servers that need to have an article copy stored therein. If the article is stored on a number of cluster servers that is at least equal to the minimum redundancy value, then the feeder server handling an inbound article does not have to locally store the article so the article can be resent to additional cluster servers for redundant storage.
For example, in
If fewer than the minimum redundancy number of cluster servers are available to store an article, then the article is stored on a local disk (a backlog disk 120) of the feeder server that is attempting to send and have the article stored the requisite number of redundant times in the server cluster 106. When the cluster server(s) that did not receive the article come back online, the feeder cluster 110 will tell the newly operational cluster server what messages it needs. The newly operational cluster server(s) first attempt to get any missing articles from its cluster server peers that may be already storing the article. If the cluster server is unable to retrieve the article from a peer cluster server, then a feeder server in the feeder cluster 110 reads the article from its local storage disk or backlog spool 120 so the article can be sent to the needy cluster server.
Looking again at
Metadata associated with each article fed from the feeder cluster 110 to the server cluster 106 is stored in time ordered files known as rebuild logs. For each article's metadata the rebuild logs stores, at a minimum, the article's message-id and the address of the cluster server(s) that the article is stored in.
It is noted that if a lot (more than two) of cluster servers go down, then many articles will be backlogged to the backlog spool 120 while and the minimum redundancy is not met by the real cluster servers (r01-r08). This situation, or one similar to it, can create a problem at the backlog spool 120 because so many articles may have to be written to the backlog spool 120. A bottle neck may occur there as articles wait to be backed up on the backlog spool 120.
In another embodiment of the invention, the potential backlog at the backup spool 120 is eliminated. The cluster servers can be used as virtual backlog spools. Referring now to
Still referring to
To add more specificity to the process of storing articles in an exemplary giga cluster system 100,
Referring to
The cluster server 3, then connects to the peer servers 1, 2, 4, and 5, specified by the rebuild process, and retrieves and stores the article(s). Each retrieved article is stored on cluster server 3's article spool 122. The article's metadata is added to the memory index (data base hash) 124 and the expiration logs 126. Again, the time that the article was originally delivered to the usenet 100, specified in the exemplary rebuild process, is used to place the article in proper order within the expiration log 126.
In another aspect of the present invention, the server cluster 106 cluster servers may be configured to provide varying amounts of storage redundancy depending on the age of the article. When a cluster server is fed an article (either by a direct feeder cluster feed from usenet peers or via a cluster server rebuild process), the cluster server receiving an article is always provided the redundancy value for each specific article. If the age of the article is relatively young or new then the redundancy value may be a larger number than when the age of the article is relatively old. One reason for having a higher redundancy for new articles is because requests for new articles tend to be higher than requests for old articles. Providing an article to multiple users during a short period of time can be more easily accomplished when a plurality of different cluster servers can be called on to provide the same article. An exemplary redundancy configuration may be that for articles less than 3 days old, the redundancy value is set to 5; for articles between 3 and 7 days old, the redundancy value is set to 4; for articles greater than 7 days old, but less than 14 days old, the redundancy value is set to 3; and for articles 14 or more days old the redundancy value is set to 2.
When storage space on a cluster server is needed for the storage of new articles, each redundancy level is checked. Articles that have aged and have decreased redundancy values are deleted from cluster servers that are at the end of the redundancy chain (e.g., if the redundancy value for an aged article changed from 3 to 2 and the primary cluster server is cluster server 1 with redundant copies of the article on cluster servers 2 and 3, then the redundant article on cluster 3 is deleted). In another example found in
In order to better describe the interaction between the feeder cluster 110 and the server cluster 106, it is important to understand that the main reason for the feeder cluster 110 to interact with the server cluster 106 is for the purpose of storing articles on specified or determinable cluster servers. The feeder cluster servers of an exemplary giga cluster 100 use a modified IHAVE command to send an article from a feeder server to a designated cluster server. The modification to the IHAVE command sends extra metadata than an unmodified IHAVE command would send. The extra metadata sent by the exemplary modified IHAVE command can include, but is not limited to, the redundancy value of this instance of the article and the original time the article first arrived in the feeder cluster 110.
Referring to
In common usenet systems every article stored and uniquely identified by a message-id must be assigned a unique article number for every newsgroup the article is posted to. In prior art usenet services, message-id and stored article number matching/assigning have traditionally been a data bottleneck problem and a high probability point of failure. Embodiments of the present invention remove this bottleneck and point of failure problem by numbering articles �out-of-band�.
In order to number each article in each newsgroup out-of-band, the feeder cluster 110, when receiving a new article from the usenet peers 108, sends the article's header to a single designated numbering server referred to as the numbering master server 140. The numbering master server 140 can be a stand alone server or be a header server in the header cluster 114. All the other header servers are referred to as �numbering slaves� with respect to the numbering master server. Only one server can be the numbering master server 140.
The feeder cluster 110 sends received articles to the server cluster 106 without the �X-Ref� portion of the header associated with each article. The X-Ref header is used to indicate to the cluster servers an article's article number within a newsgroup. This is an important aspect of an embodiment of the invention because the incoming article can proceed from the feeder cluster 110 to the server cluster 106 without delay, bottleneck or numbering failure because the numbering master server 140 is dedicated to establishing the article number to be used within the giga cluster for each and every article. The feeder servers 112 are configured to receive the articles and provide them to the cluster servers (1-32) without X-Ref headers, while, at substantially the same time, the feeder servers 112 also provide the header information for each article to the numbering master server 140. The numbering master server 140 provides an X-Ref article number for each header, then gives the numbered X-Ref header back to the feeder cluster 110 for dissemination to both the header cluster 114 and the server cluster 106. The cluster servers (1-32) attach the X-Ref number information onto the appropriate, previously stored, unnumbered article. In some embodiments of the invention, the X-Ref information can theoretically arrive in its designated cluster server(s) before the matching unnumbered article is stored in the same cluster server(s). In essence, the order of storing the X-Ref article number and the unnumbered article in the cluster servers does not matter.
To repeat, the numbering master server 140 sends the numbered information back to the feeder cluster 110 who then passes the header information for each article header received to the real servers where the article was stored in the server cluster 106. The numbering master server 140 or the feeder cluster 110 then also may pass the header information for each article header received to the header servers 116 in the header cluster 114.
In yet another embodiment, a cluster server 106 can implement the modified IHAVE command in such a way that the cluster server 106 implicitly attempts to retrieve the article from the server cluster 106 before sending a newly received article to a determined cluster server. If the article is present in the server cluster 106, then the server cluster informs the feeder server that it already has a copy of the article. Thus, the feeder server does not have to send the newly received article data. This technique saves time and microprocessor bandwidth.
As discussed above, pieces of the header of each article, stored in the server cluster 106, is stored in the header cluster 114. The feeder cluster 110, depicted in
For a moment let's shift the focus from saving and storing articles to retrieving one or more articles from the exemplary usenet system 100. Referring to
The cluster server that is in communication with the client, checks it's cache memory (local cache) to determine if metadata associated with the selected newsgroup is already cached and up to date locally. If the metadata for the specified newsgroup articles is in the local cache of the cluster server, then the metadata is read and sent to the customer 102 so that the customer can select an article of interest in the selected newsgroup. If metadata associated with the customer selected newsgroup is not cached or up to date in the cluster server's local cache memory, then the cluster server connects to the header cluster 114 and retrieves the customer requested metadata via the NNTP header retrieval connection 130 for the newsgroup articles. If the requesting cluster server is configured to locally cache the retrieved metadata, then it will cache the metadata as the metadata is passed to the customer.
Still looking at
In this specification it should be understood that a message-id is a string of characters that uniquely identifies an article in Usenet. Furthermore, a group/article number (message number) is an article number associated with an unique article within a newsgroup in the Usenet. A Usenet article can be posted in multiple newsgroups. The article will have a unique message-id, but in each newsgroup the article will have a different group/article number.
On the other hand, if back at step 202 the selected group's metadata is not stored locally on the cluster server, then at step 206 it is determined whether the cluster server is configured to locally cache all the metadata associated with a group. If the cluster server is configured to cache all the metadata associated with a newsgroup, then at step 208, the cluster server reaches out to the header cluster via an NNTP header retrieval connection 130 in order to receive the complete metadata for a specified or predetermined range of articles about the customer selected group/article number. The retrieved range of metadata is stored locally in a non-volatile cache memory on the cluster server. The non-volatile memory may be a hard-drive, optical drive, flash memory or other type non-volatile memory. At step 204, the message-id for the selected group/article number is retrieved from the local non-volatile cache memory.
Backing up again to step 206, if the cluster server is not configured to locally cache the metadata associated with a customer chosen group, then at step 210, the cluster server checks to determine if the group/article number chosen by the customer is in the temporary cache memory of the cluster server. If it is in the temporary cache memory, then at step 204 the message-id can be retrieved from the local or possibly temporary cache for the specified group/article number.
Back at step 210, if the article number cannot be found in the cluster server's temporary cache memory, then at step 212 the cluster server communicates via the NNTP header retrieval line 130 with the header cluster 114. The cluster server requests and retrieves a subset of the metadata information for the group/article number including at least the message-id for the group/article. The retrieved information is placed in a temporary memory (or temporary cache) of the cluster server. At step 204 the cluster server retrieves the message-id for the purpose of retrieving the article via its message-id.
At step 306, the cluster server that sent the request out waits a predetermined amount of time (a time out period) for one or more responses from other cluster servers that have the article with a matching message-id. If no responses to the request are received in the predetermined amount of time, then at step 308, the requesting cluster server sends a �no such article� to the customer to indicate that the requested article is not in the server cluster 106.
If a response is received by the requesting cluster server and it is the only response received (step 310) within the predetermined time period, then the requesting cluster server is placed in communication with the cluster server that has the article for retrieval and for providing the requested article to the customer (step 312). The requesting cluster server may also store the retrieved article within its cache memory for possible future use.
If, at step 310, more than one cluster server responds to the requesting cluster server, then at step 314 metrics are used to determine which responding server is the best server to send the requested article having the designated message-id. Some of the metrics that may be considered are CPU load, average article read latency, average article throughput, etc. After selecting the best cluster server for providing the article, the requested article is sent to the requesting cluster server at step 312.
As discussed previously with respect to
If more than one response is received by the broadcasting cluster server at step 404, then at step 408, the broadcasting cluster server determines if any of the received responses are from local cluster servers. If one or more of the received responses are from a local cluster server, then at step 410, the best local server is selected to provide the requested article to the broadcasting cluster server based on various metrics of the response. The metrics used to determine which of the local cluster servers is the best suited to provide the article to the broadcasting cluster server include CPU load, average article read latency, average article throughput, etc
At step 408, if none of the responding cluster servers are from local cluster servers, then the broadcasting cluster server must use metrics to determine which of the non-local cluster servers is the best one for delivery of the requested articles at step 412. Once the best non-local cluster server is determined, the article is sent to the requesting cluster server. Non-local cluster metrics additionally include the network latency between the requesting cluster server and the responding non-local cluster server.
From time to time, a header cluster 114 performs an article inventory and maintenance function. The header cluster determines what the lower boundary of the article numbers for each group. As time passes older articles are either deleted or written over by newer articles. For each newsgroup, the header cluster will determine the lowest article number. To do so, the header cluster will check for an article number that is approximately 1% larger than a previously determined lower article number boundary. If an article for the 1% larger article number is found, then a binary search is performed that counts down article numbers for the selected group in order to determine the exact lower boundary of the article numbers for the specific group. If the article for the 1% larger article number is not in the cluster servers, then the header server will increase the lower boundary for article number and test again for an existing article that matches the new 1% larger article number.
In a further embodiment of the invention, the different newsgroups or article groups are classified by using both a major classification code and a minor classification code. For example, a newsgroup may be classified as �Sf� wherein �S� is the major code and �f� is the minor code. The major code generally indicates major aspects of a newsgroup. For example, the �S� may stand for �sports� newsgroup. The minor code may be a species of the major code, for example, the �f� may stand for �football� which is a subgroup of the sports.
When the classification codes are used, they are matched to a full major-minor classification pair. If no major-minor pair is found, then a default for the major code is used.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention can utilize classification codes to enable limitations on a customer's visibility of the articles retained in a giga cluster usenet system 100. Stated another way, embodiments of the invention can be configured to allow different customers complete or less than complete views of specific newsgroups and newsgroup article lists. Articles that are stored in the server cluster, may not be available to a customer depending on the customer's subscription, membership type, age, or other criteria, to the usenet service provider.
A customer may connect to an exemplary giga cluster usenet system of the present invention and authenticate himself either via a username/password function or by the client IP address. The customer connects to the server cluster 106 and therein to one of the cluster servers. Each cluster server, within the server cluster 106, can connect to the authentication server 113 in order to authenticate that the customer is associated with a Usenet client. A customer is an individual or user of an ISP or a client's services. A client is an ISP, cable company, communication company or other entity that provides a communication means for a customer to connect to and use the internet.
When the customer is authenticated, the authentication server 113 can provide �visible retention� configuration variable(s) to the cluster server servicing the customer. The visible retention variable may be, for example, a string similar to �M=50%, S=80%, T=90%�. The retention variable string tells the cluster server that the customer is only allowed access to a specified percentage of articles in selected newsgroups having the specified major codes (M, S, T, etc.). For example, assume customer A is signed onto the usenet service provider and customer A's subscription allows viewing of the sports newsgroup �S�; then if the newest article in the sports newsgroup is numbered 2000 and the oldest article is numbered 1000, then customer A would only be able to view sports group articles 1201 through 2000 (S-80% of the articles). Alternately the visible retention variable may be a string similar to �M=30d, S=40d, T=180d� where the unit �d� represents a visible retention in days.
In further embodiments the actual retention of articles can be adjusted for each newsgroup (major and/or minor newsgroup). Instead of operating like prior art usenet systems wherein all articles expire after reaching a preset age regardless of what newsgroup the article belongs too, embodiments of the present invention can define specific retention parameters for each newsgroup if necessary. For example, if there are three newsgroups (S, M and E), there can be different retention rules for each newsgroup such that all the cluster servers in the server cluster will expire articles for the groups at a specified time. If group S has a retention period of 20 days, group M has a retention period of 25 days, and group E has no defined retention period; then the server cluster (when additional storage space is needed to store new articles) will first remove or write over articles from group S if they are older than 20 days, then articles from group M if they are older than 25 days, and lastly, articles from group E (since there is no defined retention period).
Other parameters that can be used to define newsgroup retention rules include allowing a view of a maximum number of newsgroup articles, a maximum amount of storage space allowed (for storing the group articles), a number of days, or combinations thereof. Therefore a newsgroup �X� may have retention limitations requiring that the maximum amount of time an article can be stored is 20 days and the maximum number of articles that can be stored is 10,000. Thus, if a stored article in newsgroup X is older than 20 days or if there have been 10,000 articles stored in group X since the article was stored, then the article can be deleted or written over.
Exemplary usenet giga clusters 100 may have an additional technique for handling the catastrophic failure of a cluster server 112 or a diagnostic event indicating that a catastrophic failure of a cluster server 112 is imminent. Redundant storage of articles in a plurality of cluster servers has already been discussed, but an exemplary server cluster 106 may have an additional technique for handling the loss of an entire cluster server as opposed to the loss of storage drive(s) on a cluster server. If a cluster server goes down or indicates that it is about to go down or crash (due to normal server maintenance or an unexpected failure), all the remaining cluster servers 112 in the server cluster 110 can be used to store the articles of the failed or failing cluster server. Unlike prior systems wherein a single alternate server is designated to store the article from the failed or failing cluster server, an exemplary server cluster will spread the failed (failing) server's articles substantially evenly among all the cluster servers in the server cluster in a round-robin fashion. It is understood that the articles that were stored on the failed cluster server cannot be copied from the failed cluster server, but instead can be copied from the redundant article locations on other cluster servers.
When the articles from the failed or failing cluster server are provided to the other cluster servers in the cluster, the articles are identified as being from the specific failed or failing cluster server and are to be stored for rebuild purposes. The cluster servers store the metadata for the articles in a designated file or location to indicate the articles are for a rebuild.
After the failed cluster server is stabilized or replaced and is ready to resume operation, the stabilized cluster server undergoes a cluster server rebuild process wherein the articles stored in the various other cluster servers are copied to the stabilized cluster server in a newest articles first order. This is referred to as back filling the stabilized cluster server because the copying takes place in the reverse order that the articles were originally stored. Meanwhile, the stabilized cluster server is receiving and storing new articles from the feeder cluster as new articles designated for the stabilized cluster server are received. The back filling is done because it has been shown that the newer a usenet article is, the more often it is requested by customers.
This technique of rebuilding a cluster server spreads the work of rebuilding over all the cluster servers in the cluster thereby lessening a drain of resources from a single cluster server that contains all the �back-up articles�. Furthermore, the limitation of how much can be backlogged when a cluster server does down is greatly increased over being limited to a single backlogging server. Also, this rebuild technique is advantageous because it doesn't copy the articles onto the stabilized or new cluster server from oldest to newest, thereby copying the last needed articles first.
Once the stabilized or new cluster server is rebuilt (i.e., contains both new recently received articles from the feeder cluster and is rebuilt with the most recent articles from the backlogged articles), then the other cluster servers in the cluster are instructed to purge the backlogged articles (along with corresponding metadata) that was stored/backlogged for the failing server's rebuild.
In prior art systems, the Radius protocol was used to allow a customer to dial in on a modem to a modem bank. A modem bank is essentially a rack full of modems that are configured to allow each dial in customer to be connected, via an Ethernet network to a prior art Unix server or any computer or server that implements the Radius protocol. The Unix server belonged to any one of a number of internet connection vendors (e.g., Cisco, 3Com, Lucent, etc.). The Unix server acted as a Radius server because it ran a Radius daemon. When the customer dialed in, in order to make a connection to the Unix server, the customer was challenged or queried for some kind of authentication credentials at the modem rack (e.g., user name, password). The customer entered the credentials and the modem rack formatted the credentials into a packet of data. The packet of formatted credentials were sent to the Unix server. The modem rack used a program that formatted the credential packet using a specific Radius protocol for the Unix server (Radius server). Radius is short for Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service and is a standard protocol used in an authentication and accounting system used by many ISPs. The modem sent the credential packet to the Unix server which was operating as a Radius server. The Unix server (Radius server) checked to determine if the information in the credential packet was acceptable and then either authorized or denied access to the ISP's system. The modem rack, based on the authorization or denial of access by the Unix server (Radius server) could then connect the customer to the ISP.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the customer or client connects to the giga cluster 100 using a TCP/IP connection. The Radius protocol is utilized as a mechanism to authenticate a customer or client. In other words, an embodiment of the present invention allows a customer 102 to connect to a server cluster 106 via a TCP/IP connection, wherein the server cluster requests 106 and receives the customer's credentials (i.e., user name, password). The server cluster 106 packages the customer's credentials into a data packet in accordance with the Radius protocol. The data packet is sent to a customer's Radius server, which is outside the exemplary giga cluster usenet system 100. The customers are generally ISPs, cable companies, DSL providers and the like. The Radius server 142, which could be a Unix server, windows server, Lenix, Novell, NT or any type of network server, authenticates the data packet and sends a response back to the exemplary giga cluster's server cluster 106. The cluster server then decides what to do with the customer based on the response from the Radius server (i.e., connect the customer, provide a predefined limited view of the usenet database, reject the connection, etc.). This technique of authenticating a customer through the server cluster 106 to the customer's Radius server answers a long felt need in the industry to advance the technology by decreasing or better enabling control of the cost to an ISP client by being able to control and regulate any customer's usage of the Usenet. In particular, an ISP can set limits on the amount of data/articles that a user downloads to the Usenet (an ISP (client) pays the Usenet service by the amount of data that is downloaded to the Usenet). Furthermore this exemplary technique of authenticating a customer simplifies the integration of the customer's use of the Usenet by not requiring the Usenet service provider to store massive amounts of information provided from different ISPs so that the Usenet Service provider could regulate usage of the Usenet by the various ISP's customers based on large files provided by each ISP.
In an exemplary embodiment, the customer connects to the exemplary giga cluster usenet system 100 via a NNTP/TCPIP connection 104, credentials are requested, authenticated (either in the giga cluster out 100 or via an external server), then the exemplary giga cluster 100 can determine what type of subscription, service, or access to the usenet service the customer can have. This is all done by the cluster server to which the customer is connected to. It should be understood that this particular embodiment of the present invention does not specifically use the customer's IP address to authenticate the customer.
In other embodiments of the present giga cluster usenet system 100, LDAP is used to authenticate a customer. LDAP, short for Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, is a set of protocols for accessing information directories. LDAP, like Radius, is another authentication protocol, but unlike Radius, LDAP directly supports TCP/IP, which is necessary for any type of internet access. Other authentication protocols and services may also be used in various embodiments of the invention. LDAP is an open protocol that allows an application to not be concerned with what type of server is hosting the directory. LDAP can also be used for a variety of other functions besides authentication. LDAP can be utilized as a directory service or directory data base that is very adaptable to storing the many customers of an ISP client, or other type of client. LDAP enables embodiments of the invention to utilize the functionality and additional data that can be placed in LDAP data packets. Such functionality and space for data content in an LDAP packet far exceeds the usefulness of the Radius protocol. Exemplary embodiments can use relational information that establishes relationships between specific customers, newsgroups, and other customers. Newer ISP's no longer use the Radius protocol, as such usenets that interact with ISP's must adapt to the LDAP protocol. An exemplary giga cluster usenet system also utilizes the database structure of LDAP to improve and streamline customer interfaces. Furthermore, exemplary gigacluster usenet systems may be adapted to accept and connect to both Radius and LDAP protocol systems. Furthermore, LDAP is used by other present invention embodiments to authenticate a customer who is using packet data with a wireless communication/internet device such as a PDA, phone, automobile, laptop computer, to name only a few.
When using LDAP in an embodiment of the present invention, a customer connects to the server cluster 106. The server cluster 106 sends an authentication request to the authentication server 113. The authentication server, based on some minor data found in the customer's connection data, determines to which client of the Usenet service the customer belongs. Furthermore, the authentication server 113 determines whether the client to which the customer belongs is configured to authenticate its customers via LDAP. The authentication server 113 acquires the client's LDAP server and queries for the customer's account information and authentication requirements. The authentication server 113, after receiving the requirements for authentication from the client's LDAP server compares the authentication information received from the customer with the authentication information received from the client. The authentication server 113 then responds to the cluster server by indicating whether the customer is authenticated and, if so, the associated usage allowances or limitations that the client has placed on the customer's use of the Usenet.
The previous description for preferred embodiments for implementing the invention, and the scope of the invention should not necessarily be limited by this description. The scope of the present invention is instead defined by the following claims.
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Down Your Way: University of Ulster, Coleraine
Isobel Stark investigates University of Ulster, Coleraine.
January 1998, issue13, regular column
Down Your Way: Queen's University Library
Isobel Stark visits the Victorian and 20th-century splendours of the Queen's Univerity, Belfast.
September 1997, issue11, regular column
Interface: All Pre-Prints Servers Are Not the Same
Isobel Stark talks to Dan Fleming of the Formations project.
September 1997, issue11, regular column
View from the Hill - Jon Ferguy
Do networks play any part in the making of films? Isobel Stark is shaken (not stirred) when she finds out more from Jon Ferguy.
March 1997, issue8, regular column
Disabil-IT? Part 2: Software for Students With Dyslexia, and Software Design Issues
Isobel Stark presents the second part of her report on the Disabil-IT? Conference. In this article, software for students with dyslexia is looked at, and issues to bear in mind when designing software which may be used by students with disabilities are listed.
March 1997, issue8, event report


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Kathryn Brown
KATHRYN BROWN, head of the piano department, performs internationally as recitalist, chamber musician and concerto soloist. She has received numerous international prizes, including the Louis Sudler Prize for the Arts and the Darius Milhaud Prize, and was first-prize winner of the National Young Artists Competition, San Antonio International Keyboard Competition, Pro Piano Competition. She performed her New York Solo Debut Recital at Weill Recital Hall at Carnegie Hall and has appeared in recital at the Library of Congress and Columbia Artists' Community Concerts Series. She was pianist and co-founder of the Myriad Chamber Players, a 17-member ensemble comprised of members of The Cleveland Orchestra and international soloists. Her chamber music credits include performances at the Marlboro Music Festival in collaborations with members of the Guarneri String Quartet and the Beaux Arts Trio. She teamed with Dmitri Ashkenazy on Ravinia's Rising Stars series, and performed on tour in Estonia, Sweden, and Africa as a winner of the USIA Artistic Ambassadors Competition. As a member of the Verdehr Trio, she appeared in recital at the Phillips Collection in Washington, DC, and in London and Prague. Ms. Brown has been featured on the British Broadcasting Network, the PBS Artistry of... series, Chicago's WFMT Radio, and NPR's Performance Today. She has studied at Michigan State University, Peabody Conservatory, private studies in London, and received an Artist Diploma from CIM under the tutelage of Paul Schenly. An accomplished singer, she is a frequent recitalist and was featured in a title role at the Aspen Music Festival. She also performed in the Phyllis Curtin Seminar at Tanglewood. She was appointed to the CIM faculty in 1993.
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Students from CIM and the CWRU early music program present a wide range of repertoire in this series of early evening performances. To make your evening even more musical, attend the 8pm CIM Orchestra Concert at Severance.
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A fun preschool worksheet for beginning numbers.
Make this really cute Hula girl outfit with grass skirt for your favorite little girl to dressup.
Have fun with Bunbun Print a page of Bunbun figures on magnetic sheets and cut out for playtime with Bunbun Make...
Little boys like to play Knights and Dragons, and this is a super easy Knight outfit to make from a pillowcase.
How fun is this! A Robot pillow case to make for your robot lover.
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This pirate castle is an easy and inexpensive recycle Preschool craft activity that boys will love to make.
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Little girls love to make jewelry and this little necklace is super easy and fun to make.
Make one or make a bunch of these cute and snugggly Bed Buddies You can make these for your child's room or let them...


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Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance: Why should you care?
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Genome-Wide DNA Methylome Analysis Reveals Epigenetically Dysregulated Non-coding RNAs in Human Breast Cancer
Yongsheng Li, Yunpeng Zhang, Shengli Li, Jianping Lu, Juan Chen, Yuan Wang, Yixue Li, Juan Xu, Xia Li The... [Read on EpiBeat]
The epigenome mapped in more than 100 tissues and cell types
A consortium of researchers published a description of 111 epigenetic maps produced as part of the Roadmap Epigenomics... [Read on EpiBeat]
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Zymo Research Announces Illumina CSPro Certification for Next-generation Sequencing
Irvine, CA – Zymo Research Corporation, a leading provider for epigenetic services, announced today that... [Read More]
Safe storage and transport of Ebola, Mers-CoV, and other viruses: Groundbreaking viral inactivation solution capable of preserving nucleic acids
Irvine, CA - Zymo Research Corp., has announced the release of a new viral transport solution for safe ambient... [Read More]


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|Accounting Career Fair, Sponsored by Beta Alpha Psi
|Magnolia Ballroom
|The Accounting Career Fair is hosted by the honor society, Beta Alpha Psi, in coordination with the Accounting Department and the College of Business. This annual event is open to Georgia College business students only. The Career Center is available to help students prepare for this event.
Students should attend the Resume Review Day for Accounting Majors in the Career Center on Wednesday, August 28 from 10 a.m. - 4 p.m. or schedule an appointment with a career advisor before September 6. Students who complete a resume review session may upload their updated resumes to Career Connection so that the employers can review them prior to the career fair.
You never have a second chance to make a first impression, so business attire is required for this event.


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One Cut and Shave at Roosters Men's Grooming Center (Up to 55% Off)
Roosters Men's Grooming Center
Rooster's Lincolnshire
This classic American barbershop offers precision cuts and shaves with steamed towels, face and head massages, and moisturizers for men
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Specialty pizzas, traditional pastas, and Mediterranean seafood at this homey Italian eatery
Umberto's of Lake Grove
$50 $22
Italian Cuisine for Dine-In or Takeout at Miller Place Pastaria (Up to 67% Off). Three Options Available.
Miller Place Pastaria
Dishes include white pizzas, baked-eggplant rollatini with ricotta and mozzarella cheese, and lobster ravioli with peas and mushrooms
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Italian Dinner for Two, Four, or More at at Spezia (56% Off)
Hearty Italian entrees—such as the lasagna; housemade pastas and sauces; and veal, chicken, and seafood entrees—can comfort diners
$22 for $40 Worth of Casual Italian Cuisine at Sundried Tomato Cafe
Sundried Tomato Cafe
Italian-inspired dishes range from panini layered with fried chicken or to pizza or pasta dishes such as spinach-and-ricotta ravioli
Dinner for Two or Four at Ragazzi Italian Kitchen and Bar (Up to 45% Off)
Ragazzi Italian Kitchen and Bar
Ragazzi Italian Kitchen & Bar
Italian entrees such as homemade gnocchi and salmon oreganata, fresh salads and seafood appetizers, and sweets such as Nutella pizza
$189 for a Four-Course Chef's Tasting Dinner with Wine for Two at Verde Wine Bar on April 16 ($350 Value)
Verde Wine Bar
An intimate, chef-curated dining experience of sophisticated farm-to-table Italian cuisine paired with local wines
Italian Cuisine or Pizza and Wings Takeout Packages at Pomodorino Ristorante (Up to 52% Off).
Pomodorino Ristorante
Brick-oven pizza with san marzano tomatoes and fresh basil, spaghetti with housemade meatballs, and lasagna with imported parmesan cheese
Pizza and Italian Food at Massa's Coal Fired Brick Oven Pizzeria (Up to 50% Off). Two Options Available.
Massa's Coal Fired Brick Oven Pizzeria
Oven-baked pizzas with toppings such as mozzarella and San Marzano tomatoes; other Italian dishes include calzones and eggplant parmesan
Italian Dinner for Two or Four at Bravo! Nader (47% Off)
Bravo Nader
Twelve cozy tables are set with appetizers, soups, or salads, entrees such as veal parmesan or house-made gnocchi with pesto, and coffees
Italian Cuisine at Tuscany Ristorante (Up to 40% Off)
Tuscany Ristorante
Authentic Italian cuisine including fresh salad, sautéed chicken, and hearty pasta
Italian Dinner Cuisine for Two or Four at Biscotti's Ristorante (Up to 44% Off)
Biscotti's Ristorante
House-made sauces top entrees such as chicken parmigiana, clams casino, or Italian classics rich with meat, veggies, and seafood
$12 for $25 Worth of Italian Food at Mama Teresa's Italian Restaurant
Mama Teresa's Italian Restaurant
Classic Italian entrees, such as clams and calamari in a fra diavolo sauce, veal marsala, and gnocchi, pair with glasses of wine
Wood-Fired Pizza and Iron-Skillet Pasta from Red Tomato Pizza (Up to 54% Off). Six Options Available.
Red Tomato Artisanal Pizza
East Norwich
Wood-fired margherita pizza made with fresh mozarella and extra virgin olive oil; pastas cooked in an iron skillet; sangria and dessert
Italian and Greek Food at 4 Brothers Pizza & Mediterranean Restaurants (50% Off). Two Options Available.
4 Brothers Pizza & Mediterranean Restaurant
Four brothers and their Mom fashion Italian pizzas and pastas, as well as classic Greek appetizers and entrees
Pizzeria Cuisine at SoNo Pizza (Up to 46% Off). Three Options Available.
SoNo Pizza
Sono Pizza
Eatery serves fried ravioli, The Ragin' Cajun pizza with Cajun chicken and hot cherry peppers, steak and cheese sandwiches, and burgers
Take-Out Pizza and Italian Food at Marinello's Pizzeria (Up to 58% Off)
Marinello's Pizzeria
Classic Italian dishes and pizzas topped with a variety of fresh ingredients, such as house-made meatballs and hot cherry peppers
Italian Dinner for Two or Four at La Bottega (49% Off)
La Bottega
Nearly 60 paninis including Angus steak with mozzarella, grilled shrimp with artichokes, prosciutto with fontina, and fried eggplant
Dueling-Piano Show with Cover, Appetizers, and Wine or Beer for Two or Four at Marisa's Ristorante (50% Off)
Marisa's Ristorante
Every Friday night at 7 p.m., rock and roll pianists battle it out with a bit of comedy at upscale casual restaurant; song requests accepted
Two or Four 12-Inch One-Topping Pizzas and Beers at Fiddler's Pub (Up to 51% Off)
Fiddler's Pub
Fiddler's Green
Beer at this classic neighborhood bar pairs with pizzas topped with broccoli, anchovies, sausage, peppers, or meatballs
Italian Dinner Cuisine for Two at La Luna Ristorante (50% Off). Two Options Available.
La Luna Ristorante
Multiple Locations
Tuscan-inspired dishes include grilled pork loin and mozzarella-stuffed scallops wrapped in prosciutto
$1 Buys You a Coupon for A Large Pie. Pay $10 (Value $13+) Valid Mon Fri For Pickup Only at Angelo & Al's Pizzeria
Angelo & Al's Pizzeria
For $1, receive a coupon for Pizza
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27-010 - 3.5mm Female to 1/4" Male Stereo Adapter
3.5mm female to 1/4" male
Plastic case
27-1015 - Two 1/4 in F to 1/4 in M Stereo Adaptor
Two 1/4" female to 1/4" male
Plastic case
27-1025 - 1/4 in F to 1/4 in F Stereo Adaptor
1/4" female to 1/4" female
Plastic case
24-12159 - 6' ¼" TRS Male to Dual ¼" TS Male Audio Insert Cable
Insert Cable, 1/4" TRS to Dual 1/4" TS - 2M This cable is designed to connect a channel insert on a mixing console to an effects processor with unbalanced phone jacks. Leads are labeled TIP (send) and RING (return) to aid in identification.
24-12178 - 3Ft Stereo Y-Cable 3.5mm TRS To Dual 1/4 TS
Stereo Breakout, 3.5MM TRS to Dual 1/4" TS - 3'This cable is designed to connect an audio device with a mini stereo phone output to pro audio gear with unbalanced phone inputs. It is ideal for connecting an iPod®, laptop, or similar device to a mixing console.
MCM Cat 57, Page 589
MCM Cat 56, Page 598
Best price and arrived in a hurry! Would definitely order from again.


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If you're anything like me, a cardio routine may seem like the bane of your existence! Do you really have to jog every day for an hour to burn the fat off your body? And is running on a treadmill for an extended period of time a good way to increase your cardio fitness?
If you're convinced that the questions above are true, then you need to read this article right now! The truth is that there's a lot of bad information out there and it's up to you to learn the real cardio routines that work so you don't waste all your time.
When you hop on the treadmill and jog for an hour or so while watching the TV or reading a book, you are actually doing very little for your body. If your goals are to burn fat and increase your cardio fitness level, then your cardio routine needs to reflect that!
The only way you'll be able to get the results you want and reach your goals is by working hard and being disciplined during your workouts. If you want to get results out of your exercises, then you need to know something about how your body responds to jogging.
After jogging on a treadmill or elliptical for awhile, your body will start to burn fat calories because all the available carbs will be burned up. At this point, you are training your body that it needs to store fat so it will have the energy to keep jogging for extended periods of time. This is not what you are going for!
Instead of jogging for so long at a moderate pace, change up your cardio routine to be a bit more intense. So quit running for an hour each session, and instead start sprinting as hard as you can for 20 minutes or so. If you can't do it the first time, don't worry. You have to start somewhere. But when you start working harder and smarter, you will start to see much better results from your cardio workouts.
Not only that, but you'll be shortening your workouts from 60 minutes to 20 minutes, giving you an extra 40 minutes of free time! You can use this time to run some errands, or if you want to speed up your fat burning, use it to lift some free weights and build some muscle on your frame.
By lifting weights in conjunction with sprinting, you will be burning a ton more calories, plus you'll be raising your metabolism, which will make your body burn calories all day long, even while you're resting. So make some small changes in your cardio routine today, and start reaping the results of a more intense workout!
To lose weight fast you need to learn the strategies that work with your body and keep you healthy NOT go on fad diets or waste money on diet pills.
Click here now and get my free healthy weight loss course to finally start melting away those pounds with ease. You'll learn a lot of techniques, including my famous "20 second" diet secret.
Article from articlesbase.com
Find More Cardio Routine Articles
Learn the most powerful cardio workout that will help you lose weight fast and get ripped. Did you enjoy the "High Intensity Cardio for Fast Weight Loss Part 2″ video? For the web's best Six Pack ABS Workout & Excercise Videos visit www.sixpackfactory.com for everything you need to get ripped! Home fitness, Peter carvell designed this workout
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Grand Forks, North Dakota Hotels & Resorts - Econo Lodge Grand Forks is located east of Interstate 29, a mile from the Chester Fritz Auditorium and Ralph Engestad Arena, and approximately seven miles
Grand Forks, North Dakota Hotels & Resorts - This Days Inn is next door to Columbia Mall and approximately five miles from Grand Forks Airport.
Grand Forks, North Dakota Hotels & Resorts - Quality Inn Grand Forks offers its guests an excellent location next to the Columbia Mall and additional shopping and restaurants are within a half-mile
Lakota, North Dakota Hotels & Resorts - Centrally located in the heart of hunting and fishing country, the Sunlac Inn is just minutes to Lake Laretta, Stump Lake, and Devils Lake.
West Fargo, North Dakota Hotels & Resorts - Howard Johnson West Fargo is situated in West Fargo, this spa hotel is close to Bonanzaville Museum and Historic Village and West Acres Mall.
Grand Forks, North Dakota Hotels & Resorts - .The Fairfield Inn by Marriott Grand Forks conveniently located next to the Columbia Mall is seven miles away from the Grand Forks Airport (GFK) and four
Grafton, North Dakota Hotels & Resorts - Located on Hwy 17 with easy access to I-29 and Hwy 81, AmericInn Grafton is just 1 mile from the Grafton Winter Sports Arena, the first indoor hockey arena
, United States Campgrounds & RV Parks - North Dakota Accommodation: Campgrounds/RV Parks
, United States Hotels & Resorts - North Dakota Accommodation: Hotels & Resorts
, United States Vacation Rentals - North Dakota Accommodation: Vacation Rentals
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More North Dakota Vacations - Travel guide to More North Dakota accommodations and vacation packages. Visit More North Dakota for getaways and adventure travel. Plan your More North Dakota vacation today.
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Smokey View Cottages & RV Resort Park
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Lori's snow at Ober Gatlinburg
We spent new years eve at Ober Gatlinburg, We rode the tram up. Unfortunately it was very crowded and took us 2 1/2 hours in line to get on the tram. Was pretty ride up to the top of the mountain. But once there they were making snow, and the mountain tops had snow from the night before still on the trees. We ate at the buffet in the restaurant that was excellent, Lot of food ...
What an Awesome cabin.
We met a couple here at the campground that we spent a good bit of time with. Randy and Frieda own a rental cabin wayyy up on top of a mountain called "kindred spirit". They repaired and remodeled this cabin including putting in a seperate heated indoor pool, hot Tub etc. This place has everything!! The view ...
I Made it!
... shrimp for $9.00 at Cherokee Grill & Steakhouse. On my way to Holiday Inn Club Vacations I stopped at a Shell for gas for $41.19 and then checked into my hotel.
"All journeys have secret destinations of which the traveler is unaware." - Martin Buber
The smoky mountain, episode 1
After meeting lots of friends in NYC and New Jersey, we are heading to the smoky mountain.
Gatlinburg in Tennessee has been chosen for our stay.
Car, water bottle, drone are loaded, let's head here !!!!
More information and photos and video are upcoming.
Thank you all. ...
First Day
... to fix the problem. We had a small devotion, and ended in a prayer. We prayed that nothing else go wrong and that the Lord guide us through any other problems we may come across.
We will be posting an entry for each day we are away on our trip as well as pictures and hopefully video as well. Please note that our posts will run a day behind as we will have to venture into town to use the wi-fi. Please continue to keep us in your prayers as we continue our journey. ...


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Mar 16, 2008 · **Original Version** Not a Video! Ooh I need your love babe, Guess you know it's true. Hope you need my love babe, Just like I need you. Hold me, love me ... - read more
Mar 05, 2006 · facebook: http://www.facebook.com/partycake twitter: http://twitter.com/technoboyjustin CHECK OUT MY BAND KID FINISH http://facebook.com/kidfinish and get ... - read more
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Clarion Hotel
3125 Hochelaga Boulevard
Sainte-Foy, QC G1W 2P9
Phone: (418) 653-4901
Fax: (418) 653-1836
Basilique Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Québec
Built in the year 1647 and replacing a former chapel, the Notre-Dame de Québec Basilica Cathedral is a listed World Heritage Church and the first of its kind to be elevated to the rank of minor basilica. The church is a fine example of Neo-classical architecture and its interior was designed by Jean Baillairgé. A tour to the cathedral would take you through the main features of the cathedral that includes the stained glass windows, paintings and the tomb of Quebec's first bishop, François de Laval.
16 rue de Buade
Quebec City, QC G1R 4A1
+1 418 692 2533
Earn valuable points toward free nights.


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Plug-in sales dropped slightly in November with Nissan Leaf's steady sales unable to make up for the drop in Chevy Volt sales, Voelcker writes. The Chevy Volt range-extended electric car, logged 1,519 sales.
Chevy Volt drivers have driven a combined total of more than 100,000,000 miles on electricity, as of last Friday, Voelcker writes. The number of miles is tracked by a counter on the Chevy Volt website.
Electric cars meant thousands of new jobs in Michigan, says the former governor of that state. While many have criticized alternative energy grants, Jennifer Granhom says they are essential if the US doesn't want to lose advanced manufacturing jobs 'forever.'
Fisker Automotive revealed Wednesday that it has halted production on the Fisker Karma due to the bankruptcy of its battery maker, A123 Systems, according to Green Car Reports.
High efficiency was a bit of a trend in this year's Consumer Reports' consumer satisfaction survey, with the Toyota Camry Hybrid, Prius, Prius C and Nissan Leaf all scoring highly, Ingram writes. The Chevy Volt electric car topped the list for the second year in a row.
Chevy is hinting at a price "below $25,000 with incentives," for the 2014 Chevy Spark EV meaning a pre-incentive price of under $32,500, Ingram writes. The 2014 Chevrolet Spark EV will be unveiled in full at the 2012 Los Angeles Auto Show.
An entrepreneur wants to bring back wicker-bodied 'electriquettes' designed to parade around the Panama-California Exposition grounds in San Diego between 1915 and 1916.
EPA denied a request Friday to suspend parts of the 2007 Renewable Fuel Standard, which came from concerns that the feed corn essential to those states' agricultural businesses would be diverted to supply ethanol refineries.
Suzuki recently announced it will stop selling cars in the US, and now there are bargains galore on new Suzuki models. But are there any drawbacks to buying a car from a defunct automaker?
A123 Systems, the bankrupt battery supplier for Fisker Automotive, wants to end the contract under which it supplies the Fisker's battery, Voelcker writes.
A fire that destroyed 16 Fisker Karmas in the wake of Hurricane Sandy was caused by residual salt damage inside a Vehicle Control Unit submerged in seawater for several hours, according to Fisker Automotive.
In some parts of New York and New Jersey right now, electric cars are suddenly making a whole lot of sense, Ingram writes.
Manufactures, environmental groups, and the White House have approved new rules for cars requiring 54.5 mpg on cars by 2025. But dealers think the rules will lead to a dearth of cars that consumers actually want to buy.
Fuel economy depends on a slew of factors beyond the make and model of your vehicle, including traffic, driving style, landscape, and even weather. For the real scoop on a car's fuel efficiency, check real world economy websites and see what other drivers have been getting.
Blink, an electric car charging network, has developed printable notices that electric car drivers can use to inform gas drivers when their cars occupy spots reserved for electric cars, Voelcker writes.
The Arlington County, Virginia-based Electric Vehicle Taxicab Company is hoping to have the first all-electric taxi cab fleet in the US, Ingram writes.
Several northern European countries have signed a memorandum of understanding with Honda, Toyota, Nissan and Hyundai, to work towards the development of fuel cell vehicles and installing a hydrogen infrastructure, Ingram writes.
Gordon-Bloomfield offers tips for making your everyday commute easy and fuel-efficient.
In what may be a first, an enthusiast has turned a Corvette into a vegetable-oil burning 'green' racer.
By adding energy and sodium hydroxide to air, British engineers say they've found a way to produce carbon-neutral gasoline, Voelcker writes. There is, of course, a catch.


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Ultimate Manilow
Ultimate Manilow composed by Barry Manilow. For Piano/Vocal/Guitar. Piano/Vocal/Guitar Artist Songbook. Soft Rock and Adult Contemporary. Difficulty: medium. Songbook. Vocal melody, piano accompaniment, lyrics, chord names and guitar chord diagrams. 103 pages. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.306488).
ISBN 0634050680. With vocal melody, piano accompaniment, lyrics, chord names and guitar chord diagrams. Soft Rock and Adult Contemporary. 9x12 inches.
This terrific collection contains all 20 songs from Barry's bestselling best-of CD! Includes: Bandstand Boogie * Can't Smile Without You * Copacabana (At the Copa) * Could It Be Magic * Even Now * I Made It Through the Rain * I Write the Songs * It's a Miracle * Looks like We Made It * Mandy * Ready to Take a Chance Again * Ships * This One's for You * Tryin' to Get the Feeling Again * Weekend in New England * When October Goes * and more.


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CASA 101, our training orientation meetings are held the first Wednesday of every month – just drop in and find out how you can start helping children as CASA.
Click the DONATE button. We have a convenient, automatic monthly donation option available for you. Please help us ensure every abused and neglected child in Clackamas County has someone to speak for them. Your tax-deductible gift helps us get them home. Please contact our office at (503) 723-0521 for information on donating securities (e.g., stocks, bonds, mutual bonds).
It only costs $800 to provide a child with CASA help for a whole year. Please consider an easy automatic monthly payment option - Help us help one child with your donation!
Secured Online Giving
Child Advocates, Inc. depends upon public donations to fund our work advocating for abused and neglected children. You can help!
Making a donation through our secure server is fast and easy, and when we receive your donation, we will send you an acknowledgement in the mail for tax purposes.
Thank you for your support!
Child Advocates, Inc. earn a donation every time you use your Rewards card!
You still earn your Rewards Points, Fuel Points, and Rebates, just as you do today. Read more here.


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Arany Szarvas Hotel
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Travel Blogs from Gyor
So we were here a little ahead of schedule due to our experience in Bratislava, thankfully everything improved here and we were happy to stay the 2 nights we planned.
Gyor was only ever a stop over destination and we visited the city centre today before we head off to Budapest tomorrow.
Next up Budapest... Then Tom's Birthday on Tuesday 27th May - just incase you had all forgotten which I guess you ...
Several noises in the night and when we woke we were in one of the 68 locks we have to travel through. Waited a goodish time and then another cruise ship came alongside and then another, now we could go through. We moored right by the city centre and in the morning we went on a guided tour, the weather continues to be awful, at our first stop we were quite high by the castle and the wind was fierce. From ...
Our final leg
... k up" in several languages. I bought some Hungarian paprika from the duty free shops. Our 6:25 flight to Amsterdam was right on time. Amsterdam's airport required that we all show our passports but their method was insane. Everyone came into a small room and were chaotically funneled into a very few passport checkers. Pushing, shoving, cart wielding, stroller pushing crying ...
Day Trip to Gyor
... home for the weekend or at the end of their trip. I as lucky I had a seat as lots of people were sitting in the aisles or between carriages.
Gyor is a border town on the Slovak and Austrian border so was more under the Austrian sphere of influence. Its more like visiting a small Austrian town. Again ...
Last day in Gyor
... Napolionic era, through the 1800's 1900's through to modern times. Rooms were set up with furnishings from families including the most wonderful furniture all inlaid and polished ,cabinets filled with porcelain from Asia and of course Hendred porcelain from Hungary. In one of the rooms was an upright grand piano, very ornate of course but we had never seen one of those before. There were shops set up to show boot makers , groceries, weavers with material and much ...


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Paw Paw leaves turning black
I received 2 small paw paw trees a few weeks ago from one green world and planted them in pots. I used a mix of about 70% peat, 10% pine bark and 20% native soil. I have been watering every few days.
Today I noticed some of the leaves turning black on the edges. Is this transplant shock? Too much sunlight? Wrong potting mix?
Please help
Were they bare root or in pots when you got them? Did they have leaves when you got them? If they leafed out in the sun, I would guess it's not too much sunlight. If they had leaves when you got them, they may be sensitive to the sun, depending on the conditions at One Green World.
I bought a potted paw paw from One Green World several years ago. I planted it in the ground after a few days, in a sunny spot, and it was OK. I recall the potting mix was mostly pine bark, but the mix you made should be OK.