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Introduction Such then is a sample of what amuses the Metropolitan populace!1 Charlotte Brontë's bemused, if not horrified, response to a Jane Eyre which was on stage in London only three months after the publication of her novel is well known. Until recently, however, nothing was known about the play, its author or the circumstances of its performance, although the information was not hard to find.2 The reason seems to be that before the advent of cultural studies, this kind of theatrical event fell between the traditional fields of literary and dramatic scholarship. Literary critics, focused on the unique qualities of Charlotte Brontë's novel, saw adaptations only as travesties of her text, while for theatre critics, adaptations by definition lacked dramatic authenticity. Two shifts in academic focus have altered the status of such ephemeral texts. From the perspective of sociology and politics, the discipline of cultural studies has revealed the ideological importance of popular culture. From the perspective of linguistic theory, poststructuralism has challenged the traditional separation of high from low culture by arguing for the cultural interconnectedness of all textual production. Despite its potentially leveling implications, a theory of intertextuality is not necessarily at odds with traditional aesthetic values. The classic status of a text such as Jane Eyre is sometimes measured by its 'excess of meaning': a richness and complexity which finds responses in different communities and generates widely differing readings. Ephemeral derivatives, such as the plays in this volume, collectively testify to the fruitful excess of their classic pre-text while individually they act as unique markers of social and ideological change. When, more than twenty years ago, I began collecting material for my book, Brontë Transformations: The cultural dissemination of 'Jane Eyre' and 'Wuthering Heights', I was fascinated by the processes which transform famous texts into common cultural property. Even so, I did not think of looking for the play that Charlotte Brontë mentions. It was a talented postgraduate student who told me that not just one, but several stage versions of Jane Eyre could be found in the Lord Chamberlain's collection of manuscript plays in the British Library.3 Prompted by the variety and liveliness of what I encountered, I conceived the twofold ambition which lies behind this book: to transcribe and edit the play-texts in order to preserve them and make them available; 1 2 3 Charlotte Brontë in Smith, Vol. 2, p. 27; quoted in full in the section on the reception of John Courtney's play, below. Jane Eyre was first published in October, 1847. As far as I know, Donna Marie Nudd (Jane Eyre) was the first person to identify the playwright as John Courtney and the theatre as the Victoria. I shall always be grateful to Sarah Cheesmond for setting me off on this research. 2 Jane Eyre on Stage, 1848–1898 and to propose some hypotheses which might explain, in social and ideological terms, the many changes, sometimes bizarre and outrageous, which the playwrights made to Charlotte Brontë's novel. Ironically, we owe the preservation of these plays to British censorship. From 1843 to 1968 every play performed in public in Britain had to be submitted to the Lord Chamberlain for approval; the Lord Chamberlain's Plays, therefore, form an almost complete record of theatrical performances for more than a century.4 I found six versions of Jane Eyre in the Lord Chamberlain's Plays, performed between 1848 and 1882; there are also two plays from the same period which were performed and published in New York. Although some of the plays were being performed until the end of the century, no new play seems to have been written until 1909.5 These plays, therefore, form a natural group. In chronological order, they are: 1848 1849 1867 1870 1877 1879 1879 1882 'John Courtney' [John Fuller] John Brougham Anon. Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer Mme von Heringen Hering 'James Willing' [J.T. Douglass] T.H. Paul W.G. Wills Jane Eyre or the Secrets of Thornfield Manor Jane Eyre Jane Eyre Jane Eyre or the Orphan of Lowood Jane Eyre Jane Eyre or Poor Relations Jane Eyre Jane Eyre Victoria Theatre, London Bowery Theatre, New York New Surrey Theatre, London Fourteenth Street Theatre, New York Theatre Royal, Coventry Park Theatre, Camden Town, London Adelphi Theatre, Oldham Globe Theatre, Strand, London In this book, the edited text of each play is preceded by five head-notes: • • • • on the original text and the principles on which it has been edited;6 on the playwright; on the original theatre(s) and performance(s); on the reception of the play (I have tried to reserve this section for comments on the play as an adaptation of Jane Eyre, separating these from comments on the actors or staging, which will be found under 'theatres and performances'); 4 5 6 See Booth et al., Vol. 6, pp. 40–42, for information on the Licensing Laws. Miron Leffingwell, Jane Eyre, 1909. Morton Collection ts 316, University of Chicago. It is unlikely that any of these manuscripts has authorial status, although I have not been able to check them against an authorial holograph. Some are in several hands. Stephens suggests that the Lord Chamberlain's copy was often made by a poorly-paid 'drudge', though 'in some cases the author's MS was used for this purpose' (Profession, p. 187). Introduction 3 • a brief list of distinctive features for each play (Table 1 shows how the action of each play is distributed in comparison with the locations in the novel). The head-notes to the plays provide all the detailed information I have been able to find about the individual plays. This introduction, however, allows me to consider the plays as a group – firstly to place them in their theatrical context, and secondly to consider how their various revisions of the novel relate to the social and ideological context in which they were performed. The Theatrical Context None of the eight plays was performed at a prestigious West-End theatre. They were written to meet the insatiable popular demand for domestic melodrama which particularly characterized the 'transpontine' theatres – so called because they were 'across the bridge' on the unfashionable south or Surrey side of the Thames. The first two British plays in this collection (1848 and 1867) were performed at the principal transpontine theatres – the Victoria and the Surrey – appealing to huge and rowdy audiences.7 The last play in the group, however (1882), was performed at the smaller, more genteel Globe Theatre, off the Strand;8 it is a more thoughtful, less sensational play, and clearly appeals to a more middle-class audience. This group of plays thus spans, and demonstrates, that period of significant change in theatrical history called the 'gentrification' of the theatre. The early years of the nineteenth century saw an unprecedented increase in the population of London and an equivalent demand for amusement at prices that working people could afford. Large numbers of theatres were built during this time,9 many of them with a capacity of thousands in the low-priced pit and gallery seats, and, according to Mayhew, the more prosperous working people were able to go to the theatre several times a week. The evening's entertainment would last for up to six hours, with many different items included. Theatres needed to be resourceful to meet this level of demand from a mostly local audience. At the beginning of this period, most theatres kept a 'stock company' with a repertory of plays, and expected to change their programmes fairly often. Thus there was a 'constant demand from managers for new pieces at very short notice, perhaps as little as twenty-four hours',10 and since playwrights were paid at pitifully low rates, the adaptation of popular novels was an obvious and labour-saving choice.11 The demand also led to widespread piracy, 7 8 9 10 11 See head-notes for details. Not to be confused either with Shakespeare's Globe or with the Globe Theatre on Shaftesbury Avenue. Most South Bank and East End theatres had been built by 1843 (Booth et al., Vol. 6, p. 33); few theatres were built between 1843 and 1860 (Rowell, p. 13). Stephens, Profession, p. xii. Novelists were paid between ten and a hundred times more than playwrights of the period (Booth et al., Vol. 6, pp. 51–4). 4 Table 1 Locations used in the plays Blank areas indicate locations not used Charlotte Brontë 'John Courtney' [John Fuller] 1848 Act I John Brougham Anon Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer (US) 1870 Act I Sc 1–6 Mme 'James Willing' Heringen [J.T. Douglass] von Hering and Leonard Rae 1877 Prologue 1879 [T.H. Paul] [W.G. Wills] 1847 Gateshead 1849 1867 Prologue Sc 1–7 1879 1882 Jane Eyre on Stage, 1848–1898 Lowood Thornfield Act I Sc. 1–2 Act I Sc 3–5 Act II Sc 1––6 Act III Sc 1–2 Act I Sc 1 Act I Sc 2 Act II Sc 1 Act III Sc 1–3 Act IV Sc 1–3 Act V Sc 1 Act V Sc 2–3 Act II Act I Sc 1–6 Act II Sc 1–12 Act III Sc 1–7 Act II Sc 1–6 Act I Sc 1–3 Act III Sc 2–12 Act II Sc 1 Act IV Sc 1–9 Act I Sc 1–2 Act II Sc 1 Act III Sc 1–3 Act I Act II Act III Morton Ferndean Act III Sc 3–4 Act III Sc 5–6 Act III Sc 1–4 Act IV Sc 1 Act IV Introduction 5 especially of foreign plays, and the 1867 play in this collection must have been pirated, either from a performance, or from a prompt-book, since its German source was not printed until 1870.12 Although there are clear differences between the earliest and the latest plays in this group, they all fall into the most popular theatrical genre of the nineteenth century – melodrama. The word literally means 'music drama' and its history in Britain was also directly shaped by the theatre licensing laws.13 Before the Theatre Regulating Act of 1843, only two theatres in England – Covent Garden and Drury Lane – were licensed to produce serious drama carried by the spoken word.14 We still speak of the 'legitimate' drama with this meaning. All the other, so-called 'minor', theatres had at least to appear to be offering something different. Horse-riding, clowning, acrobatics, dumb-shows, water-tanks and firework displays were some possibilities. Sensational visual effects were as important as spoken words; a scene in Paul's Jane Eyre, for instance, ends with the 'Maniac' on the parapet of Thornfield against a background of flames, while Jane points to her, naming Rochester's duty: 'save your wife!' The conventions of dumb-show persist in scenes which end with a 'picture' or 'tableau' in which the characters strike a pose to reinforce its moral impact. In the 1867 play, for instance, Jane's denunciation of Aunt Reed is frozen into a 'picture'. It was, however, the provision of music that had the magical effect of transforming, for legal purposes, what was essentially a spoken play into something else, often defined vaguely as a 'burletta'.15 By 1843 the minor theatres had become skilled in evading the law by such means, and melodrama took its distinctive form from the need to combine a spoken text with musical accompaniment. Theatres often had 'sizeable' orchestras which provided an 'almost continuous' accompaniment to plays, and 'often played with, or at least under an actor's voice'.16 The 1848 and 1867 manuscripts of Jane Eyre do not mention music (although it is credited on the 1867 playbill), but the fact that music is not mentioned does not mean that it was not used; on the contrary, 'music was such an integral part of performance that by the 1850s few critics mentioned it, and few scripts indicate its inclusion'.17 In the other Jane Eyre plays, music is specified variously for social events (Brougham) or to heighten emotion (Hering), and theatre orchestras would have a stock of '"hurry music", "combat music" and "love music" applicable to many plays'.18 The playbills for the later American plays specify a medley of light classics, but the W.G. Wills play 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Stephens, Profession, gives details of how the dialogue of plays in performance was copied by teams of pirates (p. 86). Booth et al., Vol. 6, p. 44. Booth, M., Theatre, p. 151. Rowell and Jackson, p. 9. Booth, M., Theatre, p. 123. Mayer (pp. 51–2) gives details of leit-motifs etc and (pp. 56–61) includes facsimile scores with spoken cues. Taylor, p. 124. Robertson Davies, in Booth et al., Vol. 6, p. 266. 6 Jane Eyre on Stage, 1848–1898 in this collection is superior in having music specially composed by a well-regarded composer.19 Speaking over music 'inevitably led to a heightened, deliberate and passionate mode of delivery', with many pauses to allow the words to carry; actors emphasised their words by facial and bodily gestures 'on an almost balletic scale'.20 Acting manuals instructed actors in the precise coding of emotion by gestures indicating horror, despair or rapture,21 conventions which survive not only into silent films but in present-day staging of nineteenth-century opera and ballet.22 Other hybrid theatrical forms also merged with melodrama, so that such plays often offered slap-stick comedy, grotesque costumes and tumbling, elaborate scene-painting and sensational effects requiring real animals, fireworks, water-scenes or stage machinery.23 In a 'stock' company, members specialized in 'stock' characters (who were sometimes 'colour coded' – 'black villain, scarlet woman, spotless maiden and motley fool'24) and stock situations, including marital squabbles in which the woman comes off best.25 In Brougham's play, the servant John marries Grace Poole in order to introduce scenes of this kind. The licensing laws thus lay behind many features of melodrama. A drama with musical accompaniment, dumb show and visual sensation needed strong and simple moral contrasts, in which good and evil are clearly differentiated and motivations are unambiguous. This drama was so well attuned to the tastes of the time, however, that when the Theatre Regulating Act of 1843 finally abolished the monopoly of the patent theatres, there was no immediate change in the kind of drama provided in all the others.26 On the contrary, the legitimate theatres had themselves already yielded to the demand for melodrama, which remained the predominant theatrical form for most of the century. The gradual process of gentrification, however, meant that some smaller theatres were built (such as the Park and Globe Theatres where Willing's and Wills's plays first appeared), and in existing theatres the pit benches were gradually replaced by stalls, and thus changed from the cheerful province of cut-price hecklers to a more genteel area.27 Figure 7 shows the New Surrey Theatre in 1866, with its pit filled with backless benches, although it did have 'two rows of stalls'.28 Michael Booth writes that 'by 1880 the middle-class conquest of the theatre auditorium, and consequently 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 See headnotes to the plays for details. Taylor (p. 125) quotes Charles Reade's account of the importance of an accomplished dramatic musical director. Taylor, pp. 125, 129; see also Booth, M., 'Acting', pp. 31–6. James, p. 7; Taylor, pp. 38–9. See Robertson Davies, in Booth et al., Vol. 6, p. 269. See head-notes to the 1867 play for stage effects and to Willing for scene-painting. Taylor, p. 122. Booth, M., 'Acting', p. 37. Taylor, p. 16. Booth et al., Vol. 6, p. 18. ILN, 20 January 1866, p. 2163. Introduction 7 of the drama itself, was The Park and National Standard Theatres, however, where Willing's play was performed in 1879 and 1881, aimed at a mixed audience, and compromised, with stalls at the front and benches at the back (Figures 16 and 18).30 By the 1860s, play runs in London were being lengthened by an influx of audiences who travelled from the country by train.31 At the same time, provincial repertory companies yielded to touring groups who could perform the same play many times over by moving from town to town.32 The 1877 play in this collection was performed by a company on a 'six nights' engagement' in Coventry (though it is not clear whether the tour continued) and both the Willing and Wills plays were performed in the north of England after their London beginnings. The extensive American career of Birch-Pfeiffer's play also depended on touring companies. Birch-Pfeiffer's play itself passed easily into the sphere of silent film, which was the natural inheritor of melodramatic gestures and effects. The Plays as Versions of 'Jane Eyre', in their Social and Political Context The emergence of melodrama was not purely a functional response to theatrical legislation; it was also a way of dealing with social change. Peter Brooks argues that melodrama began in France as an ideological vehicle for revolutionary protest, and Michael Booth confirms that in the mid-nineteenth century it was still 'anti-aristocratic, anti-employer, anti-landlord, anti-landowner and anti-wealth, often violently so'.33 The plays in this collection, however, show that heightened indignation can co-exist, as in Dickens, with a general acceptance of class structures. Henry Mayhew records that the Chartists who filled the Victoria Theatre had only the vaguest ideas about social organization;34 they were content to accept landowners so long as they were benevolent, and were much more eager for the come-uppance of hypocritical parsons, cheating shop-keepers and sadistic policemen – the 'rich' classes they had most to do with. The social order in melodrama is not overthrown but purged of its wickedness; melodrama is most vividly democratic in showing the oppressed poor as the arbiters of good and evil.35 The 1848 version of Jane Eyre is a good example. John Courtney's play gives prominence to the servants at Lowood School, newly invented characters named Joe 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 complete'.29 Booth et al., Vol. 6, p. 21. See headnotes for more detail. Figure 21 shows the Globe Theatre in 1869, with mixed stalls and benches, though it may have changed by the date of Wills's play (1882). Booth et al., Vol. 6, p. 19. Jackson, p. 81. Brooks, p. 14; Booth et al., Vol. 6, p. 33. Mayhew, Vol. 1, p. 20; see head-note to Courtney's play for details. Brooks, pp. 17, 44. The main interest of Paul's play, which may never have been performed, is its use of stock melodramatic motifs – satire against hypocrisy and greed, and defence of virtue. 8 Jane Eyre on Stage, 1848–1898 Joker, Betty Bunce and Sally Suds. They are tired of the low pay and bad conditions, and cause so much trouble that Mr Brocklehurst has to call in the forces of the law. The clever servants, however, make their escape, tricking the constable and the beadle into diving through a window into a water-butt. The play opens with these scenes at Lowood School, where Jane is already a teacher, and the comedy conveys much explicit criticism of charity school management. The Victoria Theatre had made a speciality of plays dealing with servants,36 but the introduction of servants into the Jane Eyre plot is not just a commercial accretion; it reorientates our perspective on the novel. We see the initial scenes from the servants' point of view, and it is Betty Bunce who introduces the play by telling us (in a curious kind of Cockney Yorkshire) that most of the 'scholars' at Lowood 'are orphans with cruel uncles and aunts who send them out of the way to be thumped, bumped and consumptionized.' Betty's description of the school, with its thumping and bumping, evokes the more brutal oppression of Dotheboys Hall,37 and by sympathizing with the orphans, she makes it clear that she and the other servants are aligned with Jane as victims of oppression. Jane herself publicly denounces Brocklehurst: 'Charity! Oh, 'tis a monstrous mockery of it, 'tis persecution upon the helpless and unprotected – and I tell you, sir, that you should blush to own such feelings as inhabit your cold and uncharitable heart'. She leaves Lowood at the same time as Joe and Betty, so that her departure appears less the solitary flight of a Romantic individualist than part of a concerted rebellion of class victims. The class enemy, moreover, is represented not by Rochester's upper-class friends, who do not appear in this play, but by Brocklehurst and Jehediah Piper, a comic predatory shopman who cheats in an election and tries to seduce Betty. 1848, the year of this play, is, of course, the year of The Communist Manifesto, the final Chartist petition, and the 'year of revolutions' in Europe, and it is tempting to see revolutionary meanings in the play's innovations,38 but the play is not revolutionary in its outcome. Jane marries Rochester just as Cinderella gets her Prince, and the rebellious servants from Lowood sink happily into the less oppressive servitude of Thornfield Hall. Nevertheless the play as a whole supports Peter Brooks's argument that the assertive rhetoric of melodrama is 'in all cases radically democratic'. If, as Brooks argues, the essence of melodrama is 'the dramaturgy of virtue misprized and eventually recognized', 39 then in this play it is the virtue and resourcefulness of servants and victims – the class from which the audience is drawn – which is recognized by a benevolent superior (Rochester), while the devious and parasitic middle classes are exposed as the real class enemy. 36 37 38 39 See the head-note to the play for details. In Dickens's Nicholas Nickleby (1839). Barker (passim) warns against the dangers of drawing facile conclusions. Brooks, pp. 15, 27. Introduction 9 John Brougham's play was written for New York's Bowery Theatre, equivalent in class terms to the transpontine London theatres, where comedy was an essential part of the entertainment. The direction of Brougham's comedy, however, was different from Courtney's. While Courtney ignores the aristocrats, reducing them to off-stage shadows, Brougham puts them in the limelight and relentlessly mocks their inanity. In this version, Jane confronts Rochester's guests before his arrival and, therefore, without his protection, highlighting her vulnerable position. She is, however, more than adequate to the occasion. When Lord Ingram makes a clumsy pass at her – 'do you know, Jane, that you're devilish pretty?' – he finds himself 'Snubbed, by Jove!' and the curtain falls on 'Tableaux of astonishment'. Jane's indignation is expressed in a bitter soliloquy: Shame, shame upon their cruelty; […] Better, a thousand times better, my solitary cell once more, than be gibed and mocked at by the vulgar-wealthy; to have the badge of servitude engraved upon my very heart, and know that tyrant circumstance has placed me in a world all prison, where every human being is a watchful jailor, and where you must endure the unceasing lash of insolence, the certain punishment of that statuteless but unforgiven crime, poverty. Moments like this, inviting what Peter Brooks calls 'the admiration of virtue', are at the heart of melodrama.40 Jane is initially left to face the enemy alone, but is finally surrounded by admiration. While the aristocrats have to be forced unwillingly to recognize her qualities, the servants 'cluster round' in approval, and Jane and Rochester' final reconciliation is greeted by cheering peasants. Once again, a lower-class audience is entertained by seeing class enemies mocked, while the play as a whole re-establishes social harmony by focusing on virtuous individuals. For Charlotte Brontë's first readers, Jane Eyre was above all an independent woman, and, indeed, it is her spirited self-reliance which makes her an ideal heroine of melodrama. Courtney and Brougham revel in the emphatic display of Jane's virtue, but the melodramatic ideal does not easily map onto modern ideas of feminism. Donna Marie Nudd, in her pioneering study of Jane Eyre adaptations, lists ways in which the nineteenth-century male playwrights 'edit out' Brontë's feminism;41 she contrasts them unfavourably with Birch-Pfeiffer, whose play emphasizes Jane's talents and the equality of the lovers.42 Nudd's argument, however, shows signs of special pleading. It is true that in Courtney's play, Jane promises faithful support to Rochester before she could possibly know him, and in Wills's play, he only pretends to be dependent on Jane after his fall from the horse, but these incidents do not negate the effect of Jane's independent spirit. In five of these eight plays, Jane saves Rochester from the bedroom fire, as in the novel, and none of them shows the reverse, although in Brougham and Wills Jane faints when confronted with the murderous madwoman. Six of the plays 40 41 42 Brooks, p. 25. Nudd, Jane Eyre, pp. 39–51. Nudd, Jane Eyre, pp. 73–83. 10 Jane Eyre on Stage, 1848–1898 reproduce Jane's 'equal as we are' speech very much as in the novel, and though Willing shows Rochester proposing to Jane, this is to highlight his seductive culpability.43 The need for a happy ending does mean that the plays' assertive indignation is mollified and deflected into conventional gender-harmony.44 Despite Nudd's argument, however, it is the Birch-Pfeiffer group which most blatantly shows Rochester as unblemished hero, with Jane in need of his protection. These three plays (1867, 1870 and 1877) are all versions of one originally written in German by Charlotte Birch-Pfeiffer, and have certain things in common. They emphasise gender-relations, but in a conservative atmosphere. Although Jane is still an outspoken victim, the emphasis is less on her ability to defend herself and more on the importance of her having a strong and virtuous defender. These plays, whose sub-title is The Orphan of Lowood, begin with a Prologue in which Jane is still a child at Gateshead, where the pathos of an orphan betrayed by her guardian quickly evolves into righteous indignation. Jane's Uncle Reed, we learn, had exacted a promise from his wife that she would take care of Jane after his death. Aunt Reed has, of course, not fulfilled this promise and Jane deeply resents the treatment she has received from this so-called 'benefactress'. In Charlotte Brontë's novel, Jane pours out her bitterness as she leaves to go to Lowood, but her outburst is heard only by Aunt Reed, and her accusations are ineffectual. In the Birch-Pfeiffer plays, Jane speaks in the presence of Mr Brocklehurst – and, of course, the audience – and threatens her aunt with divine retribution. In the 1867 play she asks her aunt: did you not whilst grasping the death hand of my uncle swear to use me as though I were your own child – never to forsake me? How have you kept that oath? At another tribunal you will meet my uncle again – he will say, 'Where is the orphan girl I confided to your care? What have you made of her – how fulfilled thy vow?' Answer – 'I have persecuted – beaten her, banished her from my roof – to the stranger bequeathed her as a pauper homeless and friendless' – and, turning to Brocklehurst, she concludes, 'now Sir, I am yours!'. This is a spectacular instance of what Brooks calls 'the desire to express all', in which Jane appears as the typical melodrama heroine, 'femme étonnante' – astonishing woman – 'because her demonstration, her representation, of virtue strikes with almost physical force, astounding and convincing. The melodramatic moment of astonishment is a moment of ethical evidence and recognition'.45 Later in the play we find that this moment of 'ethical evidence' has indeed made its mark on Aunt Reed. 43 44 45 The proposal scene is missing from Paul's manuscript. Although Helena Michie argues that Willing's representation of sisterhood between Jane and Blanche challenges the normal heterosexual denouement. Brooks, pp. 4, 26. Introduction 11 One innovation of the Birch-Pfeiffer plays is that the Reed family, grown up, take the place of Charlotte Brontë's Ingrams, and Georgina (or Georgine) Reed appears as Lady Claremont (1867), Clarens (1870) or Clarence (1877), a scheming widow, in the place of Blanche Ingram. In the Thornfield scenes, where Mrs Reed is confronted with the adult Jane, she appears almost as a tragic figure (certainly a rewarding part for an actress), unable to reconcile herself to the dependent whom she has wronged, yet whose passionate denunciation has poisoned her peace of mind. In these plays, although the young Jane is indignant, the adult Jane is particularly virtuous and longsuffering, freely forgiving her aunt and almost obtusely denying herself recognition of Rochester's regard. Birch-Pfeiffer's play has some feminist elements. She presents Jane as not just a virtuous victim but a gifted one, whose talents are overlooked because of her class obscurity. Rochester is first drawn to her because he admires her paintings, which are prominent in the plot. Her talent is, however, sufficiently recognized by this kind 'protector' and does not call for any revision of gender relations. Birch-Pfeiffer's play is also conservative in class terms, particularly in its deference to aristocratic status. Brougham's play suggests that Rochester is the 'farmer's friend', who outspokenly prefers his governess to 'such as ye' (that is, Lady Ingram). Birch-Pfeiffer's Rochester, by contrast, is elevated to 'Sir Rowland Rochester' (1867) or even 'Lord Rowland Rochester'. 1867, the year in which the first English version of Birch-Pfeiffer's play was performed, was the year in which Disraeli came to power on a platform of 'noblesse oblige'. It was also the year of the Second Parliamentary Reform Bill, which enfranchised most middle-class men, raising debate about the responsibilities of power. John Stuart Mill's women's suffrage amendment was defeated, the established view being that women did not need to vote because women's interests were always 'covered' by the protection of a male relative. This question of male responsibility for women and children is central to all the Birch-Pfeiffer versions of Jane Eyre – a responsibility which extends beyond the immediate family, so that Rochester is described as a 'father to the neighbourhood'. A man with Rochester's past, however, might not seem fit to follow the saintly Uncle Reed as Jane's protector; and accordingly the Birch-Pfeiffer plays share another innovation to the plot. The madwoman in the attic is revealed to be – no! not Rochester's wife, but the wife of his dead brother, whom he has taken in out of the goodness of his heart. Adèle is her daughter conceived out of wedlock, whom Rochester has adopted. To the question 'how have you treated the orphan child?', Rochester could thus answer without a blush. He also has the arrogance of virtue, telling Jane, in the 1877 version, 'I will have you, and no other!' to which Jane replies 'Ah Rowland, my lord – my world – I am yours!' and she 'throws herself into his arms'. Rochester then announces the marriage to the assembled party, 'embracing Jane with one arm and stretching the other towards heaven' while 'Jane has clasped her hands, and seems to pray'. The overall effect is to excite the audience's sympathies with the couple's evident sexual energies whilst at the same time confining them within a conformist matrix. 12 Jane Eyre on Stage, 1848–1898 The rather sickening virtue of both the protagonists in the Birch-Pfeiffer plays gives way in our final three plays to a much more critical representation of Rochester. Although there are considerable differences among the plays by Willing, Paul and Wills, they all present Jane as a sexual object, to be ogled and subjected to compliments, sincere and otherwise. In Willing and Paul, she is also a financial object, since her inheritance is known from early on, and the Reed family, especially John Reed, is active in trying to trick her out of it. The presentation of Jane as an heiress so early in the play might seem a curious change, since it counteracts the victim status and vulnerability which were the stock in trade of the earlier melodramas. This group of plays, however, appeared at the time of public debate about the second Married Women's Property Act, which was finally passed in 1882. Before this date the whole of a single woman's capital would pass into her husband's ownership on marriage. In these later plays, then, a woman's ownership of money makes her vulnerable in a different way from the poor orphans of the earlier plays.46 The 1879 play by 'James Willing' follows the Birch-Pfeiffer pattern in some respects; it has a Gateshead Prologue, for instance, although in this play Jane is already meek and virtuous as child, and forgives her aunt for her bad treatment before leaving her house. Like the Birch-Pfeiffer plays, this one also jumps to Thornfield, where Rochester's guests include a grown-up John Reed. Here, however, the similarities end. The rest of the guests are Ingrams and Eshtons, as in the novel, and John Reed presents himself as Rochester's rival for Blanche Ingram. In the novel, John Reed appears only as a child and we hear of his later dissipation only indirectly. In this play, however, he reappears at Thornfield, and if Rochester is a 'reformed rake', John Reed reminds us what a rake might look like in action; he becomes the stereotypical villain of melodrama. The most startling innovation in this play is that John Reed seduces Blanche by staging a false marriage which acts as a parallel to Rochester's own attempted deception. While Jane flees, explicitly to protect her 'honour', Blanche succumbs and is then abandoned by the unrepentant Reed. Mr Brocklehurst is also enlisted in this play to give a comic dimension to this theme. After Jane's flight from Thornfield, it is Brocklehurst who takes her in and, from a hypocritical mixture of financial and sexual motives, offers her marriage. Jane, however, settles for the post of village schoolmistress, and scarcely has she established herself when Blanche, now barefoot and starving, arrives on her doorstep begging for a crust. In the manner of melodramas, the parallels and contrasts between them are made explicit. Blanche complains, of John Reed, 'he promised marriage – I, too credulous dupe, believed him, trusted him – loved him – but he robbed me of the choicest jewel of a woman's life – and then flung aside the empty casket'. Jane explains that she too has been deceived, 'cruelly – but –' and Blanche bitterly ends her sentence for her 'not – fallen – you would say'. 46 It may be an accident that the Daily News advertisement for Wills's Jane Eyre on 21 February 1883 appears next to an advertisement for Mrs Holdsworth's guide to The Married Women's Property Act of 1882. Introduction 13 Blanche has already spelled out for the audience the meaning of the word 'fallen': a cast off mistress – a woman of the streets – the woman, who suffers all the degradation, losing position, friends, station, is an outcast whose momentary sin no repentance can palliate, no reparation condone – the man, the betrayer, whose base passion has ruined the heart he should have cherished, society receives with open arms – he is free to ruin other homes, and send more innocent souls to perdition. Jane, who already knows she is an heiress, now demonstrates true magnanimity by offering to share her fortune with Blanche, whom she calls 'sister'.47 When Jane and Rochester finally get together, Blanche is still with them, a surprising indication of what women might choose to do with independently owned money. Earlier in Willing's play, when Blanche is trying to choose between Rochester and Reed, one of her arguments for choosing Reed is the old saying, 'a reformed rake generally makes the most devoted of husbands'. Blanche does not know that the maxim would apply just as well to Rochester, but Brontë's novel itself seems to endorse the maxim. It is interesting, therefore, that the play by W.G. Wills, performed in 1882, harshly condemns Rochester as 'reformed rake'. This play is the only one in this collection to begin at Thornfield, with no Gateshead or Lowood scenes. Jane's unhappy childhood and orphan status are conveyed only through her conversation with Rochester, whose laconic tone replaces the indignant rhetoric of the earlier plays. Moreover, she has come to Thornfield not direct from Lowood, but from a safe home with good friends, the Rev. Prior and his mother (invented for this play). Mr Prior continues to monitor Jane's welfare (his only drawback being his unwelcome proposals of marriage), and he is there to take her away when she decides she must leave Thornfield. Although there is much emphasis on the Ingrams' sneering at Jane, her education and calm demeanour protect her, while Rochester's love appears to provide a final vindication. There is a sensational scene where the maniac suddenly appears intent on killing Jane, but there is no foreboding laughter or other building of suspense. Much of the normal machinery of melodrama is thus absent; the tone of the play is quiet, and Jane is not a notable victim either in class terms, or as an orphan, or as the fearful occupant of a 'haunted' house. She is not even vulnerable as an heiress, since there is no mention of her legacy in this play. Jane's vulnerability in this play lies, in fact, entirely in her sex, and its most surprising feature is the way in which this aligns her with other women across class divisions. While in Charlotte's novel and in most of the plays Jane is presented as friendless apart from Rochester,48 in this last play by W.G. Wills she has the support 47 48 It is possible that this playwright was influenced by reading Elizabeth Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Brontë (1857), in which Gaskell describes 'a village girl that had been betrayed some little time before, but who had found a holy sister in Charlotte' (Oxford World's Classics, 2001, p. 456). Nudd, Jane Eyre (p. 42) remarks on the playwrights' excision of female friends such as Helen Burns, Miss Temple and the Rivers sisters. 14 Jane Eyre on Stage, 1848–1898 not only of Mr Prior and his mother, but also of most of the other women in the play. At one point or another Mrs Fairfax, Blanche Ingram and her mother, Grace Poole and even the madwoman herself warn Jane to leave the house at once, either because of Rochester's known affairs or because of his first marriage. In this version it is Blanche Ingram, who was herself deceived by Rochester, who reveals to Jane the existence of his first wife. When Blanche describes Rochester as 'a dishonourable, despicable, unprincipled man whose life has been one system of hypocrisy', Jane at first defends him. But when Grace Poole corroborates Blanche's accusations, Jane herself rather startlingly turns against Rochester. In a truly melodramatic scene, where Rochester talks wildly in an attempt to justify himself, Jane grimly repeats one question: 'Is that Woman Your Wife?'. When Rochester finally replies, Jane turns to leave with this parting speech: what have I to say! but that I have been a poor truthful vain fool, and you have purposed to destroy me, without pity or warning. What have I to say, but that you spread your net well, and I could detect [no] false ring in all your kindness. Oh! Sir, in whom am I to believe, when the one I could have worshipped has proved an enemy? (Rochester sits with pale face in hands, affected.) You have done me a bitter wrong, that will follow me through life. Henceforth I'll distrust everything I love, I'll think everything happy must be hollow. Rochester's punishment in this play is unusually severe. He is subject to wracking pains of conscience, and where Courtney and Willing restore his sight at the end, here there is no mitigation of his injuries, and he is left alone in poverty. The final reconciliation between Jane and Rochester is, as in the novel, entirely between themselves, and despite the final coming together, the point is made that Rochester is not innocent. If he had succeeded in his deception he would have done Jane a real injury. The change from the saintly hero of the Birch-Pfeiffer plays to the bowed Rochester of Wills's play is striking, and it may be relevant that 1882, the date of Wills's play, saw the culmination of 'The Women's Revolt' – the lengthy and highly-publicized feminist agitation for the repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts. These Acts, intended to check the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, were perceived by feminists as a licence to humiliate and degrade women, since they allowed the police to arrest and examine any woman suspected of being a prostitute. Josephine Butler's campaign to repeal the Acts exposed the fact that apparently respectable men could behave in sexually irresponsible ways with impunity, while the penalties, in terms of disease and opprobrium, were borne by women. My interpretation of these plays assumes that they act as readings of Jane Eyre which incorporate current discourses, whether they be class consciousness, or debate about the financial and sexual situation of women. Such meanings were, however, far from overt, and were not recognized by any contemporary reviewers. About 1848, the time of the first play in this collection, one of Mayhew's costermongers declared that 'love and murder suits us best, sir',49 and in 1882, the date of the last play, William 49 Mayhew, Vol. 1, p. 15. Introduction 15 Archer was complaining that 'a drama which opens the slightest intellectual, moral, or political question is certain to fail. The public will accept open vice, but it will have nothing to do with a moral problem'.50 Michael Booth finds the reason simple: the Lord Chamberlain and his Examiner of Plays acted throughout our period as governmental arbiters of taste, which is basically why the English drama from 1737 until nearly the twentieth century has not been, and could not be, concerned with sex, politics and religion.51 'Sex, politics and religion' can, however, shape the rhetoric and structure of plays without appearing to pose 'a moral problem'. Melodrama derives its power not from intellectual debate but from the violent expression of feelings fermented by injustice. Such expression can hardly avoid being 'political', though it may require the perspective of another age to interpret its meanings. If, as poststructuralists argue, ideology is most effective when it masquerades as common sense or common knowledge, then the unexamined indignation of the melodrama was a more powerful political medium than the 'problem plays' of Archer's hero, Shaw. In literary terms, these plays are debased versions of Charlotte Brontë's novel. Their very distortions, however, may shed light on their famous pre-text. Nowadays we read Jane Eyre primarily as the story of an individual remarkable for her inward complexity. The ambiguities of the novel (which can be read as revolutionary or as conservative) contribute to that sense of endless possibilities which is one of the marks of literary greatness. Studies which place the novel in its historical context in terms of the 'status incongruence' of governesses, the link between landed British wealth and colonial slavery, or the social causes of female madness, confirm what Terry Eagleton calls the 'overdetermination' of the individual's unique situation at the intersection of class, gender and racial structures.52 The Victorian plays, by contrast, simplify and narrow the novel's focus. In place of a subtly ambiguous Jane we have the stereotypes of melodrama – orphan victim, spotless maiden, 'astounding woman'. In place of Rochester's painful dilemma we have the stainless hero of the Birch-Pfeiffer plays or Wills's culpable deceiver. These changes of focus, however, can play a temporary spotlight on aspects of the novel which might not otherwise seize our attention. When Courtney aligns his heroine with the servants, it diminishes her individuality, and distorts the realities of class stratification, but its exaggeration of Jane's lowly status emphasizes her class effrontery in daring to claim equality with the gentry. It is intriguing to speculate whether Lady Eastlake (who wrote her famous review of Jane Eyre in the same year 50 51 52 Quoted in Booth et al., Vol. 6, p. 36. Booth et al., Vol. 6, p. 40. Playwrights subject to the Lord Chamberlain seem to have practised self-censorship; none of the plays in this collection needed censorship apart from substitutions of single words, such as 'goodness' for 'God' in phrases like 'Thank God!'. Eagleton, p. 8. 16 Jane Eyre on Stage, 1848–1898 as this play) took fright at the story's popularity at the Victoria Theatre, a known Chartist hotbed. Eastlake declares 'that the tone of the mind and thought which has overthrown authority and violated every code human and divine abroad, and fostered Chartism and rebellion at home, is the same which has also written Jane Eyre'.53 Her denunciation has seemed laughably extreme to modern ears, but Courtney's play, with its comically insolent subversion of authority, shows us how the novel might be read in this way. Willing's invention of the sub-plot in which John Reed seduces Blanche Ingram similarly reduces these characters to the stock figures of villain and fallen woman; nevertheless this insistent parallel, with its histrionic placing of the fallen woman, highlights for us the enormity of Rochester's deception. In a present-day climate of sexual permissiveness, readers can be impatient with Jane's failure to flout social ostracism and follow her heart. Willing's play insists that we take a hard look at the dangers of illicit union. Wills's play raises even more uncomfortable questions which are wholly overlooked in the novel. A man who has had sexual relations with at least four women of loose virtue (Bertha, Clara, Giacinta and Céline) would have had a good chance of acquiring a sexual disease, and female novelists of a later generation did not shrink from this knowledge.54 In 1847 it was impossible for Charlotte Brontë to address this factor, but it is there, submerged in the novel's potential meanings. Wills's play insists that it be placed in the balance, considerably diminishing Rochester's moral status. Examples such as these show that the relationship between a classic text and its ephemeral derivatives can be as much a dialogue as a one-way traffic, with the lesser work casting back questions for its distinguished pre-text. Indeed, a work like Jane Eyre, which impresses us with a sense of its literary value, does so partly because it has exceeded the conjuncture of its production, has engaged with altered ideological contexts and been reproduced in different contemporary readings. […] The greater the text, the more we are compelled to read it through a palimpsest of other interpretations.55 The plays in this collection have not formed part of any well-known 'palimpsest' of textual accretions around Jane Eyre because for more than a hundred years they have rested in the unvisited grave of the British Library's Manuscript Room. Now that they are available, I hope that they will open up new debates about the potential meanings of Charlotte Brontë's text or – at least – about the ways in which her Victorian readers received it. 53 54 55 Quarterly Review (December 1848) Vol. 84, pp. 153–85, p. 174. Sarah Grand's The Heavenly Twins (1893), in which a young mother dies together with her disfigured baby after contracting a disease from her husband, is a good example. Easthope, pp. 57, 59.
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Hepatitis C Eia Reactive
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Rural Grand Forks man injured in mower accident
GRAND FORKS - Rod Partlow of rural Grand Forks was airlifted to a Minneapolis hospital Tuesday after he fell off a mower this afternoon, getting trapped under a spinning tire and suffering friction burn injuries.
Partlow, 61, was driving a John Deere tractor mower southwest of the city on 47th Avenue South, about 4 miles west of Interstate 29, when he apparently had a seizure, according to Maj. Mike Fonder of the Grand Forks County Sheriff's Department.
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Corn ear worm
Despite attempts to keep this from happening we ended up with an infestation of ear worms this year. We eat the corn and just cut them out but I am venturing to say our Csa members won't be so eager. How do you handle issues like this? We are known for our sweet corn and this is the first time we had an issue since starting the Csa. I thought about asking who wants it and who doesn't, or sourcing from another farm. What do you do in these instances?
i think the entrust label says the exclusion period for bees is 3 hours. if you can spray it in the very early morning or late in the evening when most bees are home there shouldn't be many dead bees. bees don't work corn much anyway.
sweet corn doesn't make sense to me to grow since the yield in $'s is pretty low per ft. i think even beans is more $ per foot.
Yes I do use Spinosad, carefully, on non flowering crops when needed. I use it on potatoes and brassicas if needed. Just make sure to be careful with bees. So many less this year than normal. I have not seen a single potato beetle or cucumber beetle and the cabbage worms are much less than normal. I sprayed Bt on the brassicas once. I will only do Spinosad on them if the Bt doesn't cut it. But anything with caterpillars gets Bt first.


text: Show off your memories from times gone by in this frame. Original: $56.00 Sale: $33.60 Create a collage of wonderful mementoes with the Prinz® 10-Opening Nickel Frame. This frame provides space for 10 photos and is made of high-quality polystyrene with stylish beveled matting. With an easy hang groove, you can say goodbye to struggling to match hook with nail; simply place this frame over the screw heads and it mounts perfectly flush, vertically or horizontally. 10 opening frame Easy hang groove Imported More


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Somebody is growing hop in Seattle area?
Looking for an experience in growing hop in PNW.
What kind will do well here? What's are pro and con?
How big it can grow? How difficult is fall cleanup?
A lot of hops are grown in western WA, even more in eastern WA. Ditto Oregon's Willamette Valley. In fact the PNW is the largest commercial hop growing area in the country. Pretty much any kind will grow well here and there are numerous varieties that have been developed in this area - Willamette, Glacier, Mt. Hood, Cascade, etc.
Hop vines get big and grow fast (upto a foot a day in season), so you need a lot of room and a sturdy, tall trellising system in full sun. Generally the flowers are harvested in late summer or early fall. The vine is herbaceous - that is, it dies back to the ground each winter - so clean up is easy. Just wait until after frost kills back the topgrowth and whack it off at ground level.
I grew the ornamental golden hops (flowers can be used for brewing but not considered as flavorful as other types) for years and finally removed it as the roots migrated extensively to areas where it was not wanted and its long, vining and prickly tendrils kept grabbing at my dogs as they wandered by and tangling in their fur. Had to effect rescues several times :-)
Thank you, gardengal,
I did not think about migrated roots. Don't think that i want hop anymore in my garden.
What vine can be considered for covering gazebo? I am looking for something that will cover it fast in spring, will not be difficult to clean in fall, useful in some way (flowers or fruits), will not require a lot of pruning.
I was growing achocha for several year around this gazebo. Great looking leaves, edible fruits, but ... it's annual and grows very slow in spring and beginning of summer and does not cover roof by the time when we need to have shade.
A good annual vine is Phaseolus coccineus.
Yes, scarlet runner bean would be good, altho won't grow much until warmer weather comes...forget getting much coverage in Spring. The beans are edible, but not "choice". You could also consider edible pole beans, altho the flowers may not be quite as ornamental. Morning glory offers good color.
I'm not sure any of the above are going to give you the extensive covering you're looking for. I can't think of any annual vine that will grow as fast or tall as hops (which of course, isn't an annual).
Is the site sunny enough to consider a more permanent vine? Kiwi? Grapes? Honeysuckle? Climbing rose? Evergreen clematis?
I have several 1-gal. pots of golden hops that I'm going to plant against my large back porch. There are no flower beds nearby that it can invade...pretty sure I can control it there. The porch is ugly & could use some covering up. Besides, I have childhood memories of my grandmother growing hops along her tall porch.


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Winter Fashion for Toddlers + Baby Crochet Patterns
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One Ball Baby Blanket and Hat
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Using only one ball of yarn, you can make a baby blanket and hat set. This is a free crochet pattern from Red Heart yarn. Have a baby shower coming up? This is the perfect pattern to have in your collection. Use any color yarn to complete this free crochet baby pattern. It's perfect for both boys and girls. You could even use yellow yarn if this is a baby shower gift and the baby's sex is unknown. Expectant mothers will cherish this homemade gift for years to come.
Crochet Hook: G/6 or 4 mm hook, K/10.5 or 6.5 mm hook
Yarn Weight: (4) Medium Weight/Worsted Weight and Aran (16-20 stitches to 4 inches)
- RED HEART® "Baby Blankie™": 1 ball 8590 Lavender
- Crochet Hooks: 6.5mm [US K-10.5] and 4mm [US G-6]
- Yarn needle
SIZE: Blanket measures 39" x 32". Hat fits 6-9 month-old.
GAUGE: 2 repeats = 4"; 7 rows = 4" in pattern with larger hook. CHECK YOUR GAUGE. Use any size hook to obtain the gauge.
With larger hook, ch 90.
Row 1 (Right Side): Dc in 6th ch from hook, dc in next 4 ch, ch 1, skip next ch, [dc in next 5 ch, ch 1, skip next ch] 13 times, dc in last ch; turn.
Row 2: Ch 3, dc in first dc, * ch 2, skip next 2 dc, sc in next dc, ch 2 **, 3 dc in next ch-1 space; repeat from * to last 2 sts, end at **; skip next ch, 2 dc in next ch; turn.
Row 3: Ch 3, dc in next dc, * dc in next ch-2 space, ch 1, dc in next ch-2 space **, dc in next 3 dc; repeat from * to last 2 sts, end at **; dc in next dc and top of ch-3; turn.
Row 4: Ch 1, sc in first dc, * ch 2, 3 dc in next ch-1 space, ch 2, skip next 2 dc, sc in next dc; repeat from * across working last sc in top of ch-3; turn.
Row 5: Ch 4, * dc in ch-2 space, dc in next 3 dc, dc in next ch-2 space, ch 1; repeat from * to last st; dc in last sc; turn.
Rows 6-65: Repeat Rows 2-5 fifteen times. Do not turn at end of last row but pivot to work down next side.
Round 1: With right side still facing, work sc evenly around all 4 sides and work 3 sc in each corner; join with a slip st in first sc.
Round 2: * Ch 3, dc in same st, skip next 2 sc, slip st in next sc; repeat from * around adjusting as necessary at corners and end of round; join in first st of round. Fasten off. Weave in ends.
With smaller hook, ch 4; join with a slip st in first ch to form a ring.
Round 1: Ch 3 (counts as dc), 11 dc in ring; join with a slip st in top of ch-3 – 12 dc.
Round 2: Ch 3, dc in same st as joining, [2 dc in next dc] 11 times; join – 24 dc.
Round 3: Ch 3, dc in same st as joining, dc in next dc, [2 dc in next dc, dc in next dc] 11 times; join – 36 dc.
Round 4: Ch 3, dc in same st as joining, dc in next 2 dc, [2 dc in next dc, dc in next 2 dc] 11 times; join – 48 dc.
Round 5: Ch 3, dc in same st as joining, dc in next 3 dc, ch 1, [dc in next 5 dc, ch 1] 4 times, 2 dc in next dc, dc in next 3 dc, ch 1, [dc in next 5 dc, ch 1] 4 times; join – 50 dc and 10 ch-1 spaces.
Round 6: Slip st in next dc, (slip st, ch 1, sc) all in next dc, * ch 2, 3 dc in next ch-1 space, ch 2 **, skip next 2 dc, sc in next dc; repeat from * around, end at **; join in first sc.
Round 7: Slip st in next ch-2 space, ch 3, * dc in next 3 dc, dc in next ch-2 space, ch 1 **, dc in next ch-2 space; repeat from * around, end at **; join.
Rounds 8-12: Repeat Rounds 6 and 7 twice, and then repeat Round 6 once more.
Round 13: Ch 3, * dc in next ch-2 space, dc in next 3 dc, dc in next ch-2 space **, dc in next sc; repeat from * around, end at **; join – 60 dc.
Round 14: Ch 3, dc in each dc around; join.
Round 15: Ch 3, dc in front loop of each dc around; join.
Round 16: Ch 3, dc in both loops of each dc around; join.
Fasten off. Weave in ends. Fold up last 2 rounds.
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I've now made two blankets with this simple pattern! I made a baby sized blanket in a beautiful blue, then lengthened the starting chain and used a larger hook to make one for a 7 year old. The larger blanket (I chained 114) took two Caron Jumbo skeins.
TO - AW2500 AND ANY OTHERS NEEDING HELP - You must first know and use the Pattern Name that the Yarn Company or Author uses - which on THIS SITE is usually the name that is displayed as the Pattern Name and also under any Photos on this site - like shown above - One Ball Baby Blanket and Hat By: Marianne Forrestal for Red Heart Yarn Go to - REDHEART.COM and do a search on the above Pattern Name OR the above Author's Name and you will be able to find it that way - I just did - and it immediately popped up - I printed - ONE BALL BABY BLANKET AND HAT - in the search box and clicked it to do the search. The Name you used - is the Name of the Yarn only as listed under Materials above. ALSO - DO NOT USE ANY NAMES given to Patterns on any other sites or blogs, etc. by other persons. WE ALL NEED TO THANK THE PEOPLE ON THIS SITE FOR PROVIDING THE ORIGINAL NAMES - INFORMATION SO WE CAN USE IT IF WE WANT. They are very honest and ethical people - KUDOS TO ALL OF THEM.
I looked thru all the Red Heart listings and couldn't find anything called RED HEART Baby Blankie. What else works?
Red Heart has issued a correction to the pattern, so that may clear up some of the confusion.
I just started crocheting about three months ago and made this blanket and hat. It was very easy and lovely when I finished it.
This blanket took 4 balls to complete. Beautiful baby blanket. but they should change the name.
Waste of time, so confusing....Is there simple baby afghan, basic pattern a beginner can understand?
@linda10992 4146710, I'm sorry to hear of your trouble. We've changed the difficulty level to "intermediate" based on your suggestion. For help with the pattern, we have two options for you: 1. You can contact the pattern designer directly for help. The designer is specified in the byline. 2. I might also suggest that you try posting your question to our sites Facebook page. It is monitored by the editor and is a great resource for helpful tips and suggestions from our Facebook friends; perhaps they can offer some guidance! Here is the link: http://www.facebook.com/AllFreeCrochet --editors of AllFreeCrochet
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The Geocaching Handbook
The Guide for Family Friendly, High-tech Treasure Hunting
From Library Staff
This revised and updated edition of The Geocaching Handbook covers everything the aspiring geocacher needs to get started, and it provides plenty of information to help practicing geocachers take their skills to the next level.
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great book ive been geocaching for years and I love the histry
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Comment: Re:The law makes no allowances for irony. (Score 1) 122
The photographer does hold the copyright to the photograph, but copyright isn't a right to make copies of the photograph, it's a right to prevent people from making copies of the photograph. People other than the photographer may hold other rights that also preclude making copies of the photograph (but that doesn't mean they're allowed to make copies of the photograph either).
Your first link is very different from the other two. In the first case, the guy who owned the camera initially claimed he was not the photographer--specifically that a monkey picked up his camera and took the photo itself. (The photo became a bit of a sensation on this basis, but when it came to light that you don't get copyright just by owning a camera, the guy changed his story, and instead claimed he had got the shot ready, and just let the monkey push the button.) In this case, the question is about who (or what) the photographer was, and therefore who (if anyone) holds copyright (since monkeys can't hold copyright). In this case, it is questionable whether the guy who owned the camera holds copyright, and therefore whether he can preclude others from making copies.
The other two links don't relate to disputes about who the photographer is, and therefore don't relate to disputes about who holds copyright. In these cases, it is not in question that the photographer can preclude people from making copies. What is in question is whether other people hold other rights that also preclude the photographer from making copies.


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This review is from: GIGABYTE GV-N650OC-2GI GeForce GTX 650 2GB 128-Bit GDDR5 PCI Express 3.0 x16 HDCP Ready Video Card
Pros: * Has multiple outputs (HDMI, DVI, D-Sub). One of the last of the dying D-Sub breed.
* Performs well.
* Runs cool.
Cons: * Took me a whole day to figure out how to make Screen-Tearing go away. Finally found a solution that works with any desktop environment running gnome-shell.
* No other cons really. Now that I know how to fix the Screen-Tearing glitch, I have no complaints (so no eggs were docked).
Other Thoughts: To fix the Screen-Tearing issue in any gnome-shell based desktop, add the following to "/etc/environment':
When I found this solution, I was filled with blissful rejoice! Hopefully others will find this solution helpful.
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(Gary Mook — For the Sun-News)
'A long time coming'Vietnam veterans honored with unveiling of new memorial in Las Cruces
Installation pays tribute to 398 New Mexicans killed in action
LAS CRUCES >> "It's been a long time coming." That was the phrase heard often Saturday morning at Veterans Memorial Park, where nearly a thousand veterans, supporters and dignitaries gathered Full Story
NMSU BASEBALL: Aggies fall 1-0 at Sacramento St.
SACRAMENTO, Calif. >> New Mexico State starting pitcher Riley Barr worked seven innings with over 100 pitches but the New Mexico State baseball team fell 1-0 to Sacramento State at John Smith Full Story
(Robin Zielinski Sun-News)
New ordinance allows Las Cruces residents to own chickens, ducks with a permit
LAS CRUCES >> Wendy Alberson, 34, a teacher at Mayfield High School, has owned chickens at her home in Fairacres — just outside of Las Cruces — since 2011. Full Story
(Photos by Cassie McClure)
Pulse: City of Rocks boasts 35 million years of history, formation
If there is anything like seeing an oasis in mirage, then the City of Rocks will come to view out of the grassy desert just like it had been set down gently by a giant. Full Story
Sound Off: March 28
Energy >> The entire country of Costa Rica uses only renewable energy. Obviously renewable fuel can be stored. Full Story
(Courtesy photo)
Southern New Mexico Fiber Arts Festival (March 26)
Southern New Mexico Fiber Arts Festival will take place from 10-4 p.m. April 11-12 In the Old Tortilla Factory, 1910 Calle De Parian Mesilla, in Mesilla. Full Story
State News
Arizona man finds gun inside used golf bag
BULLHEAD CITY, Ariz. (AP) — An Arizona man who bought a used golf bag discovered his purchase was packing more than just a set of clubs. Full Story
Charles Dickens' desk to go on permanent display at museum
LONDON (AP) — They were the best of lines, they were the worst of lines — and the desk where Charles Dickens wrote them has been saved for the British public. Full Story
'The Sopranos' Drea De Matteo loses New York home in explosion
'Modern Family' actress Sarah Hyland grew up across the street from buildings that burned and collapsed in accident caused by gas and plumbing work.


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5 votes
VIDEO: Rick Santelli: Stop Fiddling and Making ExcusesSubmitted by PWA on Sat, 07/07/2012 - 04:00
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I am not fond of Santelli
Submitted by Mr. Kotter on Sun, 07/08/2012 - 12:45. Permalink
His commentary is not original nor does he have any good ideas until he steals them from other people. He also called the good people of America "losers" when the banks F'd us over with housing prices and loans.
He is bought and paid for as a bank mouth piece imo.
Congrats to CNBC
Submitted by LibertyEntrepreneur on Sat, 07/07/2012 - 15:20. Permalink
I'm thrilled that they actually came out and said this. Good to see that there are still some real journalists out there.
Please visit and subscribe to www.libertyentrepreneur.com!
Yes I upvoted you based on title alone
Submitted by Chris Cockamameski on Sat, 07/07/2012 - 04:38. Permalink
I'm not sorry - Santelli is da bomb.
Chris Indeedski!
Daily Paul cured my abibliophobia.


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Ok, honestly, our deadpool is 27 pages long and Confirmed is 24. The deadpool is there for examples, but can we please kill the duplicates and the trash entries? Oh the ironing and Tendertiger just need to be deleted, and the same goes for the other entries newfags put in for their own lulz.
Can we get rid of this junk?
Last posted
Dec 03, 2009 at 11:07PM EST.
Dec 02, 2009 at 09:14PM EST
13 posts from 7 users
i agree
And not just hidden, deleted from the server entirely. It's a waste of space.
I've always been for this, i know the admins have said the duplicates are in there so that people will know its already been submitted but i dont think theyre needed. Noobies won't go into the deadpool even though thats what it for so it is really a waste. Also the advertisements need to be deleted as well, they serve no purpose and we are actually helping them by having it in the deadpool.
We need a total overhaul of the DP just to clean out some of this junk. It is hard though because while the DP is for stuff that isnt meme's, there is a lot of junk that really doesnt belong here at all.
Well, theyre funny to look at. Its natural to have more deadpool entries than submissions. We're documenting the internet on the internet.
Shadowfury, web pages arent very large. 1 GB could hold several thousand entries.
I know that. But it doesn't make sense to store useless data.
Also, keep the deadpool, but clean it up. Delete advertisements, spam, troll entries, and duplicates.
On the subject of tidying up, shouldn't some of the really old submissions be deadpooled? The oldest is 7 months old, if it's not been confirmed by now, surely it should be 'pooled?
I dont think it will matter when you have loads of space anyways. Space is cheap too.
We deadpool based on whether it is a meme, not based on age.
I remember when we only had 4 pages and the oldest entry was 3 months old.
just because its been in the subs for 7 mnths doesn't mean it dead. . . it means it needs more research. . . i just elaborated for you RG
Admins need to see this.
they already know