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Early Neglect Is Associated With Alterations in White Matter Integrity and
Cognitive Functioning
Jamie L. Hanson, Nagesh Adluru, Moo K. Chung, Andrew L. Alexander, Richard J. Davidson,
and Seth D. Pollak
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Cognitive deficits have been reported in children who experienced early neglect, especially children raised in
institutionalized settings. Previous research suggests that early neglect may differentially affect the directional
organization of white matter in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This may be one mechanism to explain cognitive
deficits associated with neglect. To test this idea, properties of white matter and neurocognitive performance
were assessed in children who suffered early neglect and those raised in typical environments (n = 63,
Mage= 11.75 years). As predicted, prefrontal white matter microstructure was affected, consistent with more
diffuse organization, in children that suffered early neglect and this was related to neurocognitive deficits.
Such findings underscore how early adversity may affect the PFC and explain cognitive deficits associated
with neglect.
A growing body of research investigating the
sequelae of early childhood neglect underscores
that such adverse experiences can compromise cog-
nitive development (Fox, Levitt, & Nelson, 2010).
Yet, little is currently known about the mechanisms
through which early experience influences later cog-
nitive functioning in humans. Early postnatal expe-
rience plays a key role in aspects of neurobiological
development such as changes in synaptic produc-
tion, axonal pruning, and myelination in the brain,
especially the prefrontal cortex (PFC; for a review,
see Petrosini et al., 2009). The PFC has been linked
to cognitive development (Diamond, 2002), has one
of the most protracted developmental timelines in
the brain (Lenroot & Giedd, 2006), and therefore
may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of
early experience. In addition, experimental research
in nonhuman animals, where the early social envi-
ronment has been controlled or manipulated, sug-
gests that the PFC may be especially vulnerable to
early neglect (Helmeke et al., 2009; S? anchez, Hearn,
Do, Rilling, & Herndon, 1998). A growing body of
research in children who had suffered maltreatment
also underscores that the PFC may be uniquely
affected by such early life stress (Davidson &
Mcewen, 2012; Hanson et al., 2010).
Some evidence for the effects of early childhood
neglect on cognitive development comes from
research examining children raised in institutional
settings, where a lack of toys or stimulation, un-
responsive caregiving, and an overall dearth of
individualized care and attention are common
(Rutter, 1998). Starting life in such settings has been
associated with pervasive cognitive deficits (Beckett,
Castle, Rutter, & Sonuga-Barke, 2010; Kreppner
et al., 2010). The effects of this type of early child-
hood neglect also appear to be quite persistent, as
significant deficits have been reported even after
neglected children have transitioned into enriched
environments where caregivers are typically highly
stable, well educated, and supportive (Hellerstedt
et al., 2008).
Here, we examine the relation between directional
organization of white matter in the PFC and cogni-
tive development among children who experienced
early neglect and then move into normative caregiv-
ing environments. Prefrontal white matter supports
increased speed of information processing (Asato,
All authors are affiliated with the University of Wisconsin–
Madison. This work was supported by the U.S. National Institute
of Mental Health (Grants MH61285, MH68858 to SDP and Grant
MH84051 to RJD), along with a U.S. National Institute of Drug
Abuse Fellowship (DA028087 to JLH). Infrastructure support
was provided by the Waisman Center at the University of Wis-
consin, through the National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development (Grant P30-HD03352). We thank Michael
Anderle, Lisa Angelos, Elizabeth Shirtcliff, and Barbara Roeber
for help with this project. Andrew Fox, Terrence Oakes, and
Nicole Strang provided helpful discussion of our results. We also
thank Elizabeth Zakszewski for help with figure preparation.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Jamie Hanson, Waisman Center and Department of Psychology,
University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison,
WI 53705. Electronic mail may be sent to email@example.com.
© 2013 The Authors
Child Development © 2013 Society for Research in Child Development, Inc.
All rights reserved. 0009-3920/2013/8405-0008
DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12069
Child Development, September/October 2013, Volume 84, Number 5, Pages 1566–1578
Page 2
Terwilliger, Woo, & Luna, 2010; Nagy, Westerberg,
& Klingberg, 2004) and develops greatly in the first
2 years of life (Gao et al., 2008). This is at the same
time when aberrant caregiving in our sample is
ongoing and may be a central mechanism for the
cognitive deficits associated with early neglect. Chil-
dren raised in institutionalized settings, an environ-
ment where neglect is common, display decrements
in PFC-dependent neurocognitive tasks (Bos, Fox,
Zeanah, & Nelson, 2009; Pollak et al., 2010) and aber-
rant white matter organization in the PFC (Behen
et al., 2009; Eluvathingal et al., 2006; Govindan,
Behen, Helder, Makki, & Chugani, 2010). These emerg-
ing bodies of research, although suggestive, have not
connected brain alterations with differences in cogni-
tive development related to neglect. Other regions
such as the amygdala that may be affected by early
adversity (for a review, see Tottenham & Sheridan,
2009) are not likely to be strongly related to cognitive
decrements associated with early neglect.
To fully interrogate this potential mechanism, we
collected diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data along
with neurocognitive assessments in children who had
suffered early neglect along with comparison children
who had not suffered any type of early adversity. DTI
is a noninvasive imaging method that is highly sensi-
tive to white matter directional organization as this
novel form of MRI can measure the local microstruc-
tural characteristics of water diffusion. Other MRI
methods (e.g., voxel-based morphometry) only mea-
sure anatomical volume, charting how large or small
portions of the brain are. We specifically focused on a
DTI-derived measure of the white matter organiza-
tion: fractional anisotropy (FA). FA describes the
directionality of water diffusion and is modulated by
microstructural properties of white matter, including
fiber density, axonal diameter, and myelination. Dur-
ing childhood and adolescence, FA increases across
the whole brain (Li & Noseworthy, 2002; Mukherjee
et al., 2001) and specific changes in white matter FA
associated with cognitive functions (Bava et al., 2010).
Additional research has found FA was related to mye-
lination in childhood (Dubois et al., 2008), with
greater FA being related to higher rates of myelina-
tion. Examination of FA can be an important tool in
tracking the course and timing of normative brain
development in children and adolescents (for a
review, see Chanraud, Zahr, Sullivan, & Pfefferbaum,
2010). Lower FA may be indicative of white matter
being more diffusely organized, connecting to por-
tions of the brain in an equivalent fashion, or reflect
reduced myelinated axons. More diffuse white matter
connections, lower axonal density, or reduced myeli-
nation could impede the role of the prefrontal cortex
in brain function.
We specifically posited that early neglect may dis-
rupt basic organizational properties of the brain lead-
ing to different patterns of prefrontal white matter
organization, as indexed by lower FA in children who
had suffered early neglect compared to comparison
children who had been raised in typical family environ-
ments. We predicted that lower directional organiza-
tion of white matter in these same prefrontal white
matter bundles would be associated with poorer neu-
rocognitive performance in the children that suffered
early neglect, as this region has been related to aspects
of cognitive development. To test the specificity of our
effects, structural MRIs were also collected in the same
subjects to examine the relation between volumetric
changes in the brain and the effects of interest. No asso-
ciations between volumetric properties, early neglect,
and cognitive development were hypothesized.
childhoodand adolescence havebeen
As shown in Table 1, 63 adolescents (25 who
had experienced early neglect and 38 compari-
Table 1
Group Demographic Information
Group comparisonsComparisonEarly neglect
Age (months)
Puberty (Tanner stage)
Socioeconomic status
(Hollingshead Index)
142.43 ? 21.6
1.487 ? 1.19
23 males, 12 females
55.72 ? 6.03
140.42 ? 19.87
1.500 ? 1.17
15 males, 13 females
53.48 ? 8.19
F = .139, p = .711
F = .002, p = .966
v2= .958, p = .328
F = 1.52, p = .223
Note. Pubertal stage ranged from 1 to 5, with higher scores indicating more adult development. Socioeconomic status ranged from 0 to
66 with lower scores corresponding to lower parental education and less prestigious parental occupations.
Neurodevelopmental Correlates of Early Neglect1567
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son children who had not experienced neglect)
between the ages of 9 and 14 years of age
(Mage= 141.63 ? 20.8 months) participated in this
study. We selected this age range because this
development period is marked by major regres-
sive and progressive brain changes (for a review,
see Lenroot & Giedd, 2006). The average amount
of time spent in institutional care by children in
the early neglect group was 29.52 (? 16.681)
months, with a range from 3 to 64 months. Chil-
dren were on average 38.08 (? 22.69) months
when they adopted, with a range of 3–92 months.
Children in the early neglect group were adopted
from Romania (n = 11), Russia (n = 8), China
(n = 3), and Bulgaria (n = 2). Parents for 1 child
did not report the country of origin. As a compar-
ison group, we selected children without a history
of early neglect from families with similar current
socioeconomic statuses as the adoptive families.
This strategy has been suggested and employed
by other research groups (e.g., Roberts & Scott,
2009; Rutter et al., 1997). This was done to ensure
similar current family environments, as the chil-
dren who experienced early neglect were typically
adopted into middle-
status households. Groups did not differ on age,
pubertal stage, gender, or socioeconomic status as
measured bytheHollingshead
shown in Table 1.
inventory as
Families visited the lab and completed an MRI, a
pubertal examination, and a fetal alcohol exposure
screening in one visit. Before enrolling in the study,
informed consent and assent was obtained from
parents and children. High-resolution T1-weighted
structural brain images and diffusion tensor vol-
umes were collected for all participants. Pubertal
examinations were completed during a physical
examination by experienced pediatric nurse practi-
tioners. The clinical examination for girls assessed
breast development with brief palpitation and visual
examination of pubic hair. Boys were assessed via
visual inspection of pubic hair and an orchidometer
was used to measure testicular size (Genentech,
1997). Interobserver reliability between the nurse
practitioners was good (K = 0.88). Puberty was
rated ranging from 1 (no development) to 5 (adult
development; Marshall & Tanner, 1969, 1970). Chil-
dren who suffered early neglect did not differ from
comparison children in terms of pubertal develop-
ment (early neglect group: 1.5 ? 1.175; comparison
children: 1.487 ? 1.194) as shown in Table 1.
We screened children for fetal alcohol exposure
because this is a heightened risk factor in the coun-
tries where children resided prior to adoption. Digi-
tal pictures of all participants were analyzed using
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Facial Photographic Analy-
sis Software (Astley, 2003). This system assesses (a)
distance between the endocanthion and exocanthion
landmarks, (b) philtrum smoothness, and (c) upper
lip thinness. This screening tool has demonstrated
very high sensitivity and specificity for prenatal
alcohol exposure (Astley, Stachowiak, Clarren, &
Clausen, 2002). A medical geneticist who specializes
in fetal alcohol syndrome also reviewed facial pho-
tographs of all participants. No children from either
group had signs of fetal alcohol exposure or fetal
alcohol syndrome.
A subsample of families also returned for a fol-
low-up visit that involved neurocognitive testing.
Children's neurocognitive functioning was assayed
using theCambridge
Automated Battery (CANTAB). This well-validated
test battery is a computerized series of neurocogni-
tive tests that cover a wide range of cognitive
domains. The CANTAB has been used extensively
with children and adolescents (Luciana & Nelson,
2002). The CANTAB is computerized for standard-
ized administration and the tasks do not require
verbal responses. Forty-eight participants (21 who
had experienced early neglect and 27 comparison
children) were able to return to complete the CAN-
TAB. Groups did not differ on age (F = .166,
p = .686), puberty (F = .017, p = .897), or gender
(v2= .001, p = .917).
Children completed four CANTAB subtests: Paired
Associates Learning (PAL), Intra-Extra Dimensional
Set Shift (IED), Stockings of Cambridge (SOC), and
Spatial Working Memory (SWM). These tests were
chosen based on previous research reports noting
issues with attention, inhibitory control, and planning
in children who experienced early neglect (Bos et al.,
2009; Pollak et al., 2010).
The PAL subtest assesses visual memory and
learning. During this task, subjects are presented
with a series of boxes on a computer screen. The
contents of the boxes are then shown in random-
ized order, with one or more of them containing an
abstract pattern. The patterns are then presented in
the middle of the screen one at a time, and subjects
are then required to select the box containing the
respective pattern's correct location. The total num-
ber of errors made by subjects is tracked as the
task progresses, while the difficulty of the trials
increases. The IED subtest probed set sorting and
then shifting. During this test, participants are
Neuropsychological Test
1568Hanson et al.
Page 4
shown items with two different dimensions: solid
color-filled shapes and white lines. Simple stimuli
consist of only one of these dimensions, whereas
more complex stimuli include both, specifically the
overlay of white lines upon solid shapes. Two dif-
ferent simple stimuli are presented and participants
must learn a sorting rule, which is then altered.
These rule shifts are initially "intradimensional"
(colored shapes are the only relevant dimension)
and then become "extradimensional" (white lines
become the only relevant dimension). The total
number of errors during this task is collected and
used as the major measurement of performance.
The SOC is a variant of the Tower of London or
Tower of Hanoi spatial planning test. Participants
are shown two displays, each of which contains
three colored balls. The displays are presented in
such a way that they can be perceived as stacks of
colored balls held in stockings, or socks, suspended
from a beam. The subject is then instructed to move
the balls in the lower display to match the pattern
in the upper display. The balls can be only moved
one at a time. Test performance is measured by the
correct number of matches each subject completes
in the minimum number of moves. The SWM sub-
test examines the ability to retain spatial informa-
tion and to manipulate items in working memory.
For this task, individuals must touch boxes by a
process of elimination, find one blue "token" in
each of a quantity of boxes, and use them to fill an
empty column on the right side of the screen. A
participant's score is based upon total errors (touch-
ing boxes that have already been found to be
empty and revisiting boxes that have already been
revealed to contain a token).
Neuroimaging on all subjects was performed
using a 3.0 Tesla General Electric SIGNA (Waukesha,
WI) MRI system with a quadrature birdcage head
coil. The scanning protocol consisted of both high-
resolution three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted imag-
ing and diffusion tensor imaging. A 3D, inversion
recovery pulse sequence was used to generate T1-
weighted images with the following parameters: TR,
21 ms; TE, 8 ms; flip angle, 308°; 240 mm field of
view; 256 9 192 in-plane acquisition matrix (inter-
polated on the scanner to 256 9 256); and 128 axial
slices (1.2 mm thick) covering the whole brain. Diffu-
sion tensor imaging was performed using a cardiac-
gated, diffusion-weighted, spin-echo, single-shot,
EPI pulse sequence. Diffusion tensor encoding was
achieved using 12 optimum noncollinear encoding
directions (obtained by minimum energy numerical
optimization) with a diffusion weighting of 1114 s/
mm2and a non-DW T2-weighted reference image.
Other imaging parameters were TE = 78.2 ms, three
averages (NEX: magnitude averaging), and an image
acquisition matrix of 120 9 120 over a field of view
of 240 9 240 mm2. The cerebrum was covered using
39 contiguous 3-mm thick axial slices. The acquired
voxel size of 2 9 2 9 3 mm was interpolated to
0.9375 mm isotropic dimensions (256 9 256 in plane
image matrix). High order shimming and field map
images were collected, to minimize field inhomoge-
neity and image artifacts. Field map images were col-
lected using a pair of non-EPI gradient echo images
at two echo times: TE1 = 8 ms and TE2 = 11 ms.
Before scanning, participants were oriented to the
MRI through the use of a mock-MRI simulator.
Measures of early neglect. Adopted parents of
children who suffered early neglect completed sev-
eral questionnaire measures, including background
data (e.g., parent education) and preadoption infor-
mation (e.g., length of time in institution, conditions
in the institution, and age at adoption).
Whitematter microstructure. Diffusion
images were collected to specifically assess white
matter microstructural properties. These images
were corrected for eddy current-related distortion
and head motion via FSL software suite (http://
www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/) and distortions from field
inhomogeneities werecorrected
software algorithms based upon the field map
method described by Jezzard and Clare (1999)
before performing a nonlinear tensor estimation
using CAMINO (Cook et al., 2006).
After these steps, linear and nonlinear normaliza-
tion was performed using DTI-ToolKit (DTI-TK;
http://www.nitrc.org/projects/dtitk), a spatial nor-
malization and atlas construction toolkit (Zhang
et al., 2007). This was to allow for voxelwise analy-
ses (across the whole brain) of white matter integ-
designed for manipulating diffusion tensor images
and was recently validated as the best performing
normalization method among eight publicly avail-
able methods(Wanget al.,
important for pediatric imaging research, all spatial
normalization was done using study-specific tem-
plates. Such an approach minimizes sources of vari-
ability (e.g., possible overwarping pediatric imaging
data to adult diffusion tensor templates) and yields
high sensitivity at the voxel level.
We constructed a study-specific template based
on children who had suffered neglect and also
children who had not suffered such neglect. This
suite wasspecifically
Neurodevelopmental Correlates of Early Neglect1569
Page 5
template was produced through iterative averaging
and registering of subjects using rigid, affine, and lastly
diffeomorphic registrations. The resulting template
was unbiased toward any single subject and captured
the average diffusion properties of the population at
each voxel with a diffusion tensor. Subsequently, the
template was "shape-corrected" to ensure that it also
represents the average shape of the population. Voxel-
wise fractional anisotropy (FA) was then calculated
for all diffusion tensor volumes diffeomorphically
registered to our study-specific template. In template
space, these files were smoothed using a 5-mm full-
width, half-maximum Gaussian filter.
Voxelwise group t tests and whole brain regres-
sions were next conducted in FMRISTAT (Worsley
et al., 2002). Total white matter and pubertal status
were entered into a linear regression model as nui-
sance variables. An initial statistical threshold of
t(59) = 2.916, p < .005 uncorrected, was used in
examining any possible group brain differences.
In addition to examining group differences, voxel-
wise correlations were also conducted with CAN-
TAB z scores. An initial statistical threshold of
t(18) = 3.197, p < .005 uncorrected, was used in
examining any possible group brain differences.
These analyses were only conducted within the sam-
ple that suffered early neglect, as significant group
differences were detected on the neurocognitive vari-
ables of interest. These correlations were then used in
a logical AND conjunction analysis to identify the
brain regions that were different between groups
and also related to neurocognitive performance for
the children who suffered early neglect.
This analytic approach has been used in a num-
ber of research studies (Nichols, Kao, Verfaellie, &
Gabrieli, 2006); such an approach is a straightfor-
ward way to find brain regions difference between
groups and also correlated with behavioral out-
comes, with minimal statistics. This was done to
minimize "nonindependence errors" that sometimes
occurs in brain imaging research. In brief, statistical
bias can be introduced by selecting data using a first
statistical test and then applying a second, noninde-
pendent statistical test to those same data. In our
sample, there was a behavioral difference in neuro-
cognitive performance. If we selected voxels in the
brain that were significantly different between
groups and then simply correlated our group differ-
ences with group behavioral differences, this could
have violated numerous statistical assumptions and
distorted our results (for additional discussion, see
Kriegeskorte, Simmons, Bellgowan, & Baker, 2009).
Brain structure. T1-weighted images were col-
lected to measure brain volume. These images were
first corrected for field inhomogeneity. Whole brain
masks were then drawn by hand, to exclude extra-
neous aspects of the brain (e.g., dura matter, skull).
Each individual brain was then registered to our
template using Symmetric Normalization (SyN).
This algorithm not only allows for large deforma-
tions but also constrains the deformations to be
physically reasonable. Jacobian determinants of the
deformation field indicate the fractional volume
expansion and contraction at each voxel, quantified
the magnitude ofregional
required to match the template. Jacobian determi-
nants were then log transformation to make the dis-
tribution closer to the normal distribution (Avants
& Gee, 2004) and smoothed with 6-mm full-width,
half-maximum Gaussian filter.
Our MRI template was study specific, constructed
based on all subjects. Template construction con-
sisted of a multiresolution strategy (for this study, a
four-level Gaussian pyramid) as well as the similar-
ity metric for the optimization, along with a maxi-
mum number of iterations. We used registration
parameters optimized for pediatric neuroimaging
data (for additional details, see Hanson et al., 2010).
Recent research validated SyN as one of the best
available warping algorithms in a recent comparison
of 14 nonlinear registration algorithms (Klein et al.,
2009). Similar statistical models to the tests employed
for analyses for FA were employed for brain volume
data (e.g., voxelwise group t tests, whole brain
regressions, and logical AND conjunction analyses).
Also, to specifically probe the diffusion properties
of the brain and control for possible differences in
white matter, T1-weighted images were segmented
via Statistical Parametric Mapping 8 (Wellcome
Department of Cognitive Neurology, London, Eng-
land). Probabilistic segments were output and then
checked the accuracy of each subjects' segmentation.
If any errors were present, the bounding box or
image matrix was adjusted and MRI images were
reprocessed. If after this correction segments still
contained errors, they were corrected by hand to
remove skull, dura, and other nonbrain matter. Post
inspection, volumes were thresholded to exclude all
voxels below 40% white matter probability and then
the number of nonzero voxels was calculated.
volume alterations
Neurocognitive Differences Between Groups
Consistent with previous reports in the literature,
children who had suffered early neglect displayed
poorer neurocognitive performance compared to
1570Hanson et al.
Page 6
comparison children. Specifically, children who had
suffered early neglect had more total errors on the
IED, PAL, and SWM, compared to children who
had not suffered early neglect as shown in Table 2.
Children who suffered early neglect also solved
fewer problems on the SOC in the minimum num-
ber of moves (F = 8.797, p = .005) compared to
comparison children. Group means and standard
deviations for each of these tests are listed in
Table 2.
Group Brain Differences
Comparison children had greater total white
matter volumes than children who suffered early
neglect (comparison:418.59 ? 38.78 mm3;
neglect: 375.59 ? 47.26 mm3; F = 15.566, p < .001).
All subsequent analyses controlled for these differ-
ence since our hypotheses were specifically focused
on the diffusion properties of white matter in the
Children who had experienced early neglect had
lower FA values in a number of white matter fibers
compared to children who had not suffered such
early adversity. Table 3 details regions where lower
FA values were found in neglected children. In brief,
lower FA was noted in the inferior fronto-occipital
fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, corticospi-
nal tract, cingulum, anterior corona radiata, and near
the middle cerebellar peduncle (all ps < .005 uncor-
rected, extent size > 250 voxels). Greater FA was also
noted in portions of the anterior thalamic radiation
and the forceps minor in children who had suffered
early neglect compared to comparison subjects, as
shown in Table 4 (all ps < .005 uncorrected, extent
size > 250 voxels). Brain–behavior correlations for
each sample are shown in Tables 5–8. All of these
associations correct for variation in total white mat-
ter and pubertal status.
Brain Regions Difference Between Groups and Related
to Neurocognitive Functioning
To test our primary hypothesis, we examined the
extent to which brain regions that were different
between groups were related to children's neurocog-
nitive functioning. As detailed earlier, these analyses
combined two types of statistical maps: (a) group
Table 2
Descriptive Data for Individual Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) Measures
CANTAB subtest (as indexed by z scores)
Group comparisons ComparisonEarly neglect
IED (adjusted total errors)
PAL (adjusted total errors)
SWM (total errors)
SOC (correct trials in minimum moves)
0.746 ? 0.61
0.327 ? 0.32
1.1 ? 0.588
0.386 ? 0.765
0.296 ? 0.55
0.096 ? 0.380
0.261 ? 0.861
?0.376 ? 1.015
F = 6.875, p = .012
F = 5.13, p = .028
F = 16.084, p < .001
F = 8.797, p = .005
Note. IED = Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift; PAL = Paired Associates Learning; SWM = Spatial Working Memory; SOC = Stockings
of Cambridge.
Table 3
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Group Comparisons (Early Neglect < Comparison Sample Fractional Anisotropy Values)
Region (nearest Brodmann area or anatomical
Peak of cluster coordinates (x, y, z; in
MNI coordinate space)
Right retrolenticular part of internal capsule
(near right optic radiations)
Left corticospinal tract (near BA 6)
Bilateral cerebral peduncle (near brainstem)
Left inferior limb of internal capsule
(near putamen)
Left cingulum (near hippocampus)
Anterior corona radiata (between BA 47 & BA 12)
Right middle cerebellar peduncle
Extent = 1302 voxelsPeak = 4.02 at +35.00, ?30.00, +1
Extent = 613 voxels
Extent = 605 voxels
Extent = 544 voxels,
Peak = 4.25 at ?22.00, ?20.00, +53.00
Peak = 3.9 at +6.00, ?16.00, ?19.00
Peak = 3.8 at ?27.00, ?12.00, ?5.00
Extent = 360 voxels
Extent = 253 voxels
Extent = 253 voxels,
Peak = 3.83 at ?21.00, ?29.00, +18.00
Peak = 3.06 at +13.00. +52.00, ?12.00
Peak = 3.1 at +18.00, ?26.00, ?32.00
Note. All regions noted significant at p = .005, uncorrected with an extent of < 250 voxels (1 mm3); all results control for differences in
pubertal status and total white matter.
Neurodevelopmental Correlates of Early Neglect1571
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Table 5
Negative Correlations Between Stockings of Cambridge Performance and Fractional Anisotropy in Children Who Suffered Early Social Neglect
Region (nearest Brodmann area or anatomical landmark) Extent
Peak of cluster coordinates
(x, y, z; in MNI coordinate space)
Right anterior corona radiata (between BA 47 & BA 12)
Right superior longitudinal fasciculus, temporal portion
(near BA 44 & 45)
Left superior longitudinal fasciculus, temporal portion (near BA 21)
Left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (near BA 44 & 45)
Left superior longitudinal fasciculus, temporal portion (near BA 21)
Extent = 727 voxels
Extent = 505 voxels
Peak = 6.06 at +12.00, +52.00, ?13.00
Peak = 5.91 at +34.00, +15.00, +21.00
Extent = 498 voxels
Extent = 283 voxels
Extent = 268 voxels
Peak = 4.3 at ?49.00, ?23.00, ?11.00
Peak = 4.5 at ?43.00, +26.00, +11.00
Peak = 4.3 at ?43.00, ?53.00, ?3.00
Note. All regions noted significant at p = .005, uncorrected with an extent of < 250 voxels (1 mm3); all results control for differences in
pubertal status and total matter.
Table 4
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Group Comparisons (Early Neglect > Comparison Sample Fractional Anisotropy Values)
Region (nearest Brodmann area or anatomical landmark)Extent
Peak of cluster coordinates (x, y, z; in MNI
coordinate space)
Right anterior thalamic radiation (near globus pallidus)
Forceps minor (near BA 46 & 9)
Extent = 490 voxels
Extent = 345 voxels
Peak = 3.72 at +17.00, ?3.00, ?1.00
Peak = 3.58 at ?17.00, +31.00, +21.00
Note. All regions noted significant at p = .005, uncorrected with an extent of < 250 voxels (1 mm3); all results control for differences in
pubertal status and total white matter.
Table 6
Negative Correlations Between Paired Associates Learning Performance and Fractional Anisotropy in Children Who Suffered Early Social Neglect
Region (nearest Brodmann area or anatomical landmark) Extent
Peak of cluster coordinates
(x,y,z; in MNI coordinate space)
Right middle cerebellar peduncle
Right inferior longitudinal fasciculus (near fusiform)
Right inferior longitudinal fasciculus (near BA 20 & 21)
Extent = 475 voxels
Extent = 314 voxels
Extent = 306 voxels
Peak = 3.72 at +16.00, ?40.00, ?34.00
Peak = 3.58 at +35.00, ?54.00, ?11.00
Peak = 5.3 at +42.00, ?11.00, ?23.00
Note. All regions noted significant at p = .005, uncorrected with an extent of < 250 voxels (1 mm3); all results control for differences in
pubertal status and total matter.
Table 7
Negative Correlations Between Stockings of Cambridge Performance and Fractional Anisotropy in Comparison Children
Region (nearest Brodmann area or
anatomical landmark) Extent
Peak of cluster coordinates
(x, y, z; in MNI coordinate space)
Left inferior longitudinal fasciculus
Left forceps minor
Right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
Left superior longitudinal fasciculus
Right superior longitudinal fasciculus
Right superior longitudinal fasciculus
Left superior corona radiata
Extent = 1340 voxels
Extent = 521 voxels
Extent = 490 voxels
Extent = 360 voxels
Extent = 360 voxels
Extent = 352 voxels
Extent = 253 voxels
Peak = 4.45 at ?37, ?45, +29
Peak = 4.99 at ?18, +50, +10
Peak = 4.03 at +30, +42, +4
Peak = 4.54 at ?31, +8, +24
Peak = 4.38 at +39, ?47, +28
Peak = 3.92 at +41, ?25, +34
Peak = 3.62 at ?15, +15, +48
Note. All regions noted significant at p = .005, uncorrected with an extent of < 250 voxels (1 mm3); all results control for differences in
pubertal status and total matter.
1572Hanson et al.
Page 8
brain differences and (b) correlations between brain
variables and neurocognitive functioning. Clusters
in three fiber tracts emerged: anterior corona radiata
(ACR) in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampal por-
tions of the cingulum (CGH), and the inferior longi-
tudinal fasciculus(ILF).
implicated in cognitive control and behavioral regu-
lation (Rothbart, Sheese, Rueda, & Posner, 2011).
The two later tracts are involved with connecting
the temporal lobe and the prefrontal cortex.
For the analyseswith
Cambridge subtest, a measure of spatial planning, FA
in the ACR (peak at x = +15, y = +51, z = ?11,
extent = 23 mm3)and CGH
y = ?28, z = ?18, extent = 54 mm3) was different
The ACRhas been
(peakatx = +28,
between groups (early neglect < comparison children)
and related to subtest performance in the sample that
suffered early neglect (ACR cluster r = .748, p < .001;
CGH r = .669, r = .002). For the CANTAB PAL sub-
test a measure of visual learning and memory, FA in
theILF(peak atx = +39,
extent = 23 mm3)wasdifferent
(early neglect < comparison children) and related to
task performance in the sample that suffered early
neglect (temporal lobe cluster r = .714, r = .001).
These results are shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows
these fiber tracts running through the brain. No brain
areas emerged for the conjunction analyses between
diffusion tensor imaging data and SWM or IED sub-
tests. For the structural imaging data, no clusters
y = ?9,
z = ?25,
Table 8
Negative Correlations Between Paired Associates Learning Performance and Fractional Anisotropy in Comparison Children
Region (nearest Brodmann area or anatomical landmark) Extent
Peak of cluster coordinates
(x, y, z; in MNI coordinate space)
Right inferior longitudinal fasciculus
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Extent = 750 voxels
Extent = 498 voxels
Peak = 4.87 at +29, ?60, +21
Peak = 4.35 at ?18, ?76, ?26
Note. All regions noted significant at p = .005, uncorrected with an extent of < 250 voxels (1 mm3); all results control for differences in
pubertal status and total matter.
Figure 1. Fractional anisotropy (FA) in prefrontal (Panel 1a) and temporal cortex (Panel 1b) was related to spatial planning. FA in a dif-
ferent portion of temporal lobe (Panel 1c) was related to visual memory and learning (all regions FA early neglect < comparison sam-
ple; higher FA = better performance). Scatterplots below each region show FA in the region on the vertical axis and neurocognitive
performance (indexed by z scores) on the horizontal axis.
Neurodevelopmental Correlates of Early Neglect1573
Page 9
emerged for conjunction analyses of group differences
and performance on any subtests.
Correlations With Characteristics of Early Neglect
We conducted partial correlations (controlling for
total white matter)between
emerged from our logical AND conjunction analy-
ses and characteristics of early neglect (e.g., age at
adoption, time spent in institutional care). No sig-
nificant relation emerged (p < .34 for all correla-
tions) between brain data and variables quantifying
early neglect.
The primary goal of this study was to precisely
map brain connectivity affected by early neglect to
the cognitive deficits that have been observed in
children who experienced early adversity. Our
results indicated that children who suffered early
neglect had lower white matter directional organi-
zation in the PFC and also lower directional organi-
zation in white matter
temporal lobe and the PFC. Individual differences
in white matter microstructure, as indexed by FA,
were associated with poorer neurocognitive perfor-
mance among the neglected children. Similar associ-
ations were not found when using measures of
brain volume rather than FA.
A number of previous research reports have
found an association between neurocognitive func-
tioning and early neglect (e.g., Bos et al., 2009;
Pollak et al., 2010). This is the first report of a link
between such deficits and white matter integrity.
Decreased white matter FA in the prefrontal and
tracts connectingthe
temporal cortex was associated with decrements in
performance on a spatial planning task and a visual
learning and memory task in children who suffered
early neglect. This provides support for the idea
that prefrontal white matter directional organiza-
tion maybemediating
conferred by early neglect.
Theseresults areconsistent
experimental studies in which the early environ-
ment in rodents and nonhuman primates was
manipulated. Such research finds that early stress
affects development of the PFC (Arnsten, 2009).
S? anchez et al. (1998), for example, found major
alterations in prefrontal white matter in rhesus
macaques separated at 2 months of age and singly
housed until 12 months of age. Similar patterns
have been noted in rodents (Oomen et al., 2010;
Zhang et al., 2002). In our sample, we found
lower total white matter in children who suffered
early neglect compared to comparison children.
These alterations were present long after the early
adversity was suffered, which fits with nonhuman
animal research. Helmeke
parentally deprived rodents had shorter and a
reduced number of prefrontal dendrites early in
development, exhibited a slight "catch-up" after
the deprivation, but ultimately have less complex
prefrontal architecture after this deprivation. Our
results also fit with previous research on children
who had suffered maltreatment, which has found
lower white matter volumes in maltreated groups
compared to nonmaltreated children (De Bellis
et al., 2002). These alterations may be related to
the particularly protracted postnatal developmen-
tal timeline of white matter.
The association with white matter directional
organization and neurocognitive performance also
thecognitive deficits
with previous
et al. (2009)found
Figure 2. Fiber tracts of interest running through the brain. The inferior longitudinal fasciculus is shown in yellow and red, the cingu-
lum in purple and blue, and the anterior corona radiata in turquoise.
1574 Hanson et al.
Page 10
fits well with a number of past research reports
in humans. A large number of studies have
reported relations between prefrontal activity and
performance during cognitive tasks similar to those
featured in this report (Anderson, Albert, & Fin-
cham, 2005; Beauchamp, Dagher, Aston, & Doyon,
2003). Similar relations have been reported between
measures of functional brain activity in temporal
lobe structures including the hippocampus and
parahippocampal gyrus and spatial planning task
performance (Baker et al., 1996; Dagher, Owen,
Boecker, & Brooks, 1999). In addition, our data sup-
port previous functional imaging work that has
found successful performance of the PAL relies
heavily upon medial temporal lobe connections to
the frontal lobe (Aizenstein et al., 2000). This CAN-
TAB subtest examines visual memory and new
learning, as children learn the locations of a pro-
gressively increasing number of abstract stimuli.
Taken together, the data reported here suggest a
potential neurobiological mechanism through which
early adverse experiences convey risk for impaired
cognitive development in children.
In addition to the anterior corona radiata, cingu-
lum, and inferior longitudinal fasciculus, FA values
in other brain areas were related to early neglect,
but these regions were not related to any behaviors
measured for this study (as detailed in Tables 3
and 4). These regions may be related to other nega-
tive outcomes associated with early neglect that
were not measured in this study (e.g., difficulties
with emotional processing or regulation). Early
neglect may disrupt white matter organization and
result in more diffuse connections between brain
regions, as indexed by lower FA. Similar experi-
ences may also cause some areas (e.g., the amyg-
dala) to be connected to other portions of the brain
at a higher degree, as indexed by higher FA. Such
alterations in the brain may be related to socioemo-
tional function early in development. Recent work
by Wolff et al. (2012) noted higher regional FA in
children with autism compared to typically devel-
oping controls.
There was variability in the duration and exact
timingof theneglect
adopted parents about these details or other charac-
teristics of neglect did not correlate with the brain–
behavior relations reported here. Such data were,
however, retrospective and may not be fully accu-
rate due to recall bias and other factors. Variability
also exists in the exact type of life stressors that
each child suffered. It is, however, probable that
children's pre-adoption environments fell below the
quality needed to sustain normal physical and
suffered.Reports from
behavioral development. Adopted parents consis-
tently reported few one-to-one interactions with
caregivers, lack of toys or stimulation, and very
little linguistic stimulation before 2 years of age.
Each of these types of experiences may uniquely
affect the brain, or additively influence specific neu-
ral circuits. Richer information on the neglect suf-
fered would aid in understanding the effects of
early adversity on brain–behavior relations, as the
characteristics of child maltreatment have been
linked with differential psychological outcomes
(Manly, Kim, Rogosch, & Cicchetti, 2001).
There are a number of features of this study that
are important to consider in interpreting these data.
First, associations between neglect and FA emerged
for some but not all neurocognitive tasks. Additional
research is needed to understand the nature of cogni-
tive functions that are and are not related to neglect.
Subsequent research employing neurocognitive tasks
with task-dependent fMRI may provide additional
insights and aid in explaining neurocognitive deficits
associated with early neglect. Differences in brain
activity, along with white matter integrity, may be
related to the deficits seen in children who suffered
early neglect. Second, we did not have specific infor-
mation regarding the prenatal history or possible
postnatal malnutrition. Malnourishment is often part
of the "neglect" experience. However, malnourish-
ment and social neglect appear to have separate
effects on brain development, and also may interact.
Classic work by Bowlby (1944a, 1994b), Casler
(1961), Spitz (1945), and others that studied children
who experienced social neglect in situations where
nutrition was adequate and found behavioral decre-
ments in social, emotional, and cognitive functioning
in these children. Future research with more precise
information regarding pre- and postnatal nutrition
could aid in understanding the likely complex inter-
action of malnourishment and parental separation.
Although we did not have access to the health
records of parents or children, making it difficult to
rule out the effects of exposure to teratogens, we
used the best measures currently possible to rule out
prenatal alcohol exposure. Third, FA values may be
affected by fibers in the brain crossing and may be
less indicative of diffuse connections or lower levels
of myelination. Subsequent studies should employ
DTI sequences with a greater number of encoding
directions to fully rule out this possibility. Finally,
we did discover additional brain regions that
differed between groups that were not part of our a
priori hypotheses. We did not centrally focus on the
portions of temporal lobe white matter, as they were
unexpected findings. Lower FA in this area may be
Neurodevelopmental Correlates of Early Neglect1575
Page 11
related to memory processes necessary to complete
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A growing body of research indicates that envi-
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2010). Our data add to this burgeoning field of
study. In addition, our results suggest one potential
neurobiological mechanism (aberrant organization of
prefrontal white matter) that mediates the deleteri-
ous effects of early neglect on cognitive functioning.
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Maternal deprivation
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"I was so happy to be able to choose from a few images to add to this card from our engagement party. The best part was that I was able to personalize a longer message on the back. I called and spoke with someone who mentioned to me that an editor could look over my card and changed it to pretty much however I wanted it to look. I was able to add more text, center it and lower it. The image quality was amazing, my sister said it was beautiful and my cousin added it to her holiday cards because she loved it so much! The paper was made of great quality cardstock. Overall I was very pleased with the finished product. LOVE!"
"This card was great to have a few photo options on the thank you card. We were looking for something in our color scheme and the people of wedding divas were able to modify the color for us. We were also able to change the way things were worded. Turned out beautifully and we've had lots of compliments on them :)"
"I ordered these for our wedding thank yous and they came out amazing! The photo quality is very high, the paper is nice and thick and the card is the perfect size. I would highly recommend this thank you. I ordered and received them within a week or so."
"Can't go wrong with this type of thank you card. The postcard keeps it sweet and simple and to the point. The quality of these cards are excellent."
"Before purchasing, I was extremely apprehensive. I read several reviews, and a few said that the photo quality was subpar. I decided to purchase anyway, and I'm so glad I did. My husband and I think they look great. He suggested that we pay close attention the required pixel for each photo; we used high quality photos well above the pixel requirements. As the previous reviews suggest, the cards are small. They are smaller than expected for post cards, but they are as advertised. Either way, our guests seem to be pleased and so are we!"


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1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer1288807 on Aug 03, 2011
beef gravy
Posted by Reviewer1905824 on Aug 31, 2011
My baby like the beef gravy.
Posted by Reviewer2487372 on Oct 04, 2011
very good
Posted by Reviewer1894769 on Oct 04, 2011
very good
The best meat one
Posted by Reviewer1650915 on Oct 04, 2011


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A Lenten Reflection: Can You Drink the Cup?
March 14, 2015 10:00am - 3:00pm
Theme: The Oblate Sisters of Providence Women's Lenten Retreat
Come join us as we reflect on daily experiences in life, Sacred Scripture, Historical Events, Prayer, Love, etc. Sr. Annette Beecham, OSP, Retreat Facilitator.
701 Gun Road, Baltimore MD 21227
Cost: $30.00 per person to include continental breakfast, lunch and retreat material.
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Pope Benedict XVI resigns due to age and declining health - Vatican confirms Resignation
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Pope Benedict Resigns Pope Benedict XVI to Retire on Feb 28 2013 | Vatican confirms Resignation Pope Benedict XVI is to resign on February 28, the Vatican has announced. He will be the first head of the Catholic Church to resign in almost 600 years. The Vatican said his departure would leave the post temporarily vacant. Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi said: The pope announced that he will leave his ministry at 8:00pm (7pm UK time) on February 28. He will step down after almost eight years in the post, having been elected in April 2005. Edward Pentin, from the Catholic Herald, told Sky News: It really is too early to say what his greatest achievement has been.
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Federal Aviation Administration
20 Years Later, DIA Still The Progressive Standard For Airports
It was 20 years ago Saturday that Stapleton Airport, Denver's premier airport from 1929 to 1995, closed for good. Hours later takeoffs and landings shifted to Denver International Airport.
Denver International Airport Celebrates 20th Anniversary
Denver Mayor Michael Hancock on Saturday will join Federal Aviation Administration Administrator Michael Huerta, airport CEO Kim Day, VIPs and other people who helped build and run the airport.
Colorado Senate Rejects Drone Surveillance Limits
A proposal to limit government drone surveillance in Colorado has failed in its first test.
Government Drone Limits Face Rocky Future In Colorado
A proposal to limit drone surveillance by law enforcement in Colorado appears headed for defeat after a raft of government officials lined up to oppose it Tuesday.
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The company that owns a helicopter involved in a fatal crash at the airport in Erie on Monday has released the names of the two victims
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The Kansas Highway Patrol says a pilot escaped injury when a freight plane crashed in northwest Kansas.
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ESPN is adding camera-carrying drones to its coverage of the Winter X Games, using the cutting-edge technology to cover snowboardcross and snowmobiling events this week in Aspen, Colorado.
Colorado Lawmakers Consider Limits On Drone Surveillance
Colorado lawmakers are considering regulating the use of drones, citing privacy concerns as they look to join at least 20 other states that have set limits.


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"Look for another job "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at Sears
Coworkers are polite and pleasure to work with. Job responsibilities are clearly defined for all employees. Contact with HR is good.
Manager is out of communication loop. Too many are allowed to not do anything leaving others to pick-up slack. Supervisor is disorganized. Pay is lousy. No recognition for performance. No possibility for advancement.
Change the internal workings of the company from the leadership down. Instill some type of pride in the company for the employees because none exists.
- Any Location
- Any Job Title
"Fun at times, horrible management, horrible pay "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Career Opportunities
I have been working at SearsPros
Develop strong bonds with fellow associatesCons
Poor management, horrible pay, behind the curve in retail and customer service....way behindAdvice to ManagementAdvice
Stick to your word. Quit the shifting and learn who the productive employees are and show gratitude.Doesn't RecommendDisapproves of CEO
"Mall is in bad location, economically challenged shoppers means low money, slow store "
- Comp & Benefits
- Work/Life Balance
- Senior Management
- Career Opportunities
I worked at SearsPros
Discounts, access to alot of home goods and clothing when you're there, a couple of good sales a week will give you a decent paycheck for part-time work if you're commissionedCons
Managers and schedulers screwing with schedules all of the time-favoritism being played, employees hours were are cut throughout the store with no notice. I had a full time job when I was working here so I wasn't as affected but you can't treat employees like this. This store is not in the busiest or greatest location- this part of Mesa is economically depressed-empty strip malls, vacant stores in the actual Mall. Worst, this store cannot attract customers that will spend-sales associates can't sell if there isn't much traffic. Credit apps are pushed way too hard and customers get annoyed getting the speech every time they shop. Also, sales associates are encouraged to use 'whatever ethics they have' to submit multiple credit apps for a customer who's been denied- this gets the SA money, and the store too and I do not think this should be tolerated. Management expects commissioned employees to sell, sell, sell despite a majority of customers that live around here having NO money and lousy credit. .Most managers were lazy and didnt want to assist sales associates with problems with customers and delivery-there are things beyond our control that were not dealt with properly. Too many sales associates in slow areas and not enough in the busy ones. Sears cannot compete with local mattress competition-Bedmart, Mattress Firm, etc. Lost LOTS of sales due to items not being in stock or available sooner, no layaway on mattresses meant even more lost sales, bad area and location-lots of low-income people live in the area and Mattressess need other payment options as lots of people need new mattresses but don't have all of the cash needed to buy them. Fiesta Mall is very slow during the week, which means no sales. Weekends, sometimes are a money maker if you're scheduled. No commission means minimum-wage. Morale is very bad at this store- minimum wage employees and high turn-over rate does not make for a goog experience. KMART buying out SEARS was a huge mistake. Pass on working at SEARS.Advice to ManagementAdvice
Treat employees fairly, be more helpful with trying to remedy delivery-warehouse issues as this effects employees salary when sales are cancelled because of screw-ups that are beyond the sales associates' control. Need more training in where items are stored, delivery info, layaway should be available in every dept but this needs to be ordered from corporate level. Store needs to be spruced up and be visually appealing, like Macys. Bathrooms need to be maintained better and cleaned more frequently-it was embarrassing having to deal with customer complaints on this.Doesn't Recommend


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Black spots?
SoulfireSeptember 9, 2013
Hello Everyone,
I was hoping you could identify if I have a serious problem or not. Recently, my Cherokee Purple Tomato plant has been developing these spots on its leaves and the lower leaves are dying off. Can you tell me if this is something I should be concerned about? I'm very new to growing tomatoes.


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Maybelline Volum' Express The Falsies Waterproof
712 reviews
61% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.7
Price: $$
Package Quality: 3.7
Price: $$
INGREDIENTSIsodecane, Microcrystalline wax, C8-9 Isoparaffin, Cera Alba/Beeswax, Disteardimonium Hectorite, Carnauba Wax, Water, Propylene Carbonate, Allyl Stearate/VA Copolymer, Lecithin, PEG/PPG-17/18 Dimethicone, Sodium Polymethacrylate, Arginine, Silica, Serine, 2-oleamido-1, 3-octadecanediol, Rayon, Hydrogenated Jojoba Oil, Panthenol, Glutamic Acid, Ethylenediamine/Stearyl dimer dilinoleate Copolymer, polyquaternium-10, Polyvinyl Laurate, Oryza Sativa Starch/Rice Starch, Isobutylparaben, Methylparaben, Phenoxyethanol, Propylparaben, Ethylparaben, Butylparaben, [ /- May Contain: CI 77007/Ultramarines, CI 77288/Chromium Oxide Greens, CI77289/Chromium Hydroxide Green, CI 77491, CI77492, CI 77499/Iron Oxides, CI 77510/Ferric Ferrocyanide, CI 77742/Manganese Violet, CI 77891/Titanium Dioxide, Mica]
on 6/29/2011 5:42:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Dry, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Brown, Straight, Medium
Eyes: Brown
This is my HG mascara. I have very thin, straight Asian lashes and this mascara thickens, lengthens and holds my curl. It's also very accessible, being relatively cheap and available at most drugstores. It has a dry formula. The brush has a banana-ish curve, and has longer bristles at the sides.
I apply one coat (after curling) using the brush held down (forming an upside down smiley face - a frowny face, if you will) so the longer bristles coat and lengthen the lashes. Then, I apply a second coat using the flat-ish inside of the brush for volume. I would not recommend curling after the application of this mascara, so make sure you have curled enough for your liking before applying it, and concentrate on one eye at a time (curl and mascara one eye, then the same with the other).
I use this mascara daily. For going out, I find that demi-lashes (coated with mascara first) are enough to glam up my lashes.
I spent a lot of time and money finding a good mascara after Maybelline discontinued Sky High Curves, and this mascara is just the best I've ever used. I never thought you could have length, volume and curl without using two separate mascaras. I really hope this helped someone!
on 6/26/2011 4:28:00 PM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Cool
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Black
It's probably my favorite mascara to date. I'm Asian, and I have straight lashes. Unlike other Asian women, however, I have really really long eyelashes so it's hard to find a mascara that holds my stick lashes in a curve! I love the flexibility of the wand and how the curve of the brush fits my eyes very well.
on 6/23/2011 7:32:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I love this mascara, because the formula is dry enough to let you put on many coats. The brush makes it really easy to apply, and you get alot of volume and length. I wouldn't use this is if I was going for a natural look.
on 6/22/2011 8:47:00 PM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Blond, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Blue
I like this product. I wanted a volumizing look. I got this because I had wanted it for a long time. I really like it, easy to apply, clumps SOMETIMES, but when it was halfway gone, when i pulled out the wand, the bristles were sticking to eachother and it was junk. I bought a new one, and its good, but the formula is kinda runny.
on 6/22/2011 12:41:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Medium, Cool
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Coarse
Eyes: Brown
The formula is way too wet for my lashes. Gave me no volume or length. I returned it back to CVS.
on 6/22/2011 1:41:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Warm
Hair: Blond, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
As much as I enjoy the thick volumious lashes it gives, it's a little too much for my eyes.
I do love the wand but this product isn't going to be part of my collection because it smudge too easily and clump my lashes together.
I want to replace it already but am broke. :/
on 6/22/2011 1:31:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Straight, Other
Eyes: Brown
I love this mascara!!!!
I bought the waterproof version in black drama and haven't had any problems at all with it. It hasn't clumped too badly for me, which seems to be the problem for most people.
Gives great volume and holds a curl really well. Not much on length, but wasn't expecting much anyway.
Lasts a really long time and doesn't smudge! Even in intense heat and sweat. So far, my favorite mascara <3
on 6/20/2011 3:31:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair, Cool
Hair: Brunette, Wavy, Fine
Eyes: Brown
I didn't like this mascara b/c, it didn't do anything for my lashes. It didn't even look like I had mascara on. I like my lashes to look full and thick, without being clumpy. I won't be buying this again.
on 6/20/2011 10:01:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Very Oily, Fair-Medium, Neutral
Hair: Black, Relaxed, Medium
Eyes: Black
This is actually my favourite mascara from Maybelline. Finally, I've found a mascara that actually works for me, though not HG material (clump-free, absolutely smudgeproof and waterproof, volumizes, curls and lengthens, leaves me lashes feeling soft and looking full--haha, I know that's a lot to ask for ).
Before I use it on each eye, I will NEVER FAIL to wipe off the excess on a tissue paper. It's an extra step (or two, since we have a pair of eyes, haha) but it's really worth it. I took a lippie off because of this extra step. This is to get rid of the excess mascara on the bristles of the wand and this will greatly reduce clumping. What am I left with then? My lashes are visibly lengthened and more voluminous after I apply mascara. Sure, I do not look like I'm wearing falsies (in fact, I will never wear them) but my lashes look pretty and I look wide awake (critical for someone who burns the midnight oil).
Smudgeproof? Yes. Waterproof? Absolutely. No doubts about that. It's power to hold the curl is okay too--my lashes do not become limp after a few hours.
I use L'Oreal eye makeup remover to remove this mascara, and removal is a breeze. Just make sure you gently press the soaked cotton pad on your eye for a minute, then gently swipe off. I always do this a second time to make sure that there's no residue left on my eyes.
I will repurchase this again!
I guess for now, I'm gonna "stickwitu", Mr Maybelline Falsies Waterproof!
on 6/19/2011 8:56:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Other, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Other, Other, Other
Eyes: Other
I got this because of rave reviews and I'm really disappointed. The brush is extremely curved and too bristly for my liking.
It clumps lashes horribly and gave mine absolutely no length or volume even after curling them.
It's also nearly impossible to remove. I spent probably four or five minutes wiping my eyes with eye make-up remover, long after my shadow and liner was gone!
I definitely don't recommend this.
Popular Mascaras


text:
Americana refers to artifacts, or a collection of artifacts, related to the history, geography, folklore and cultural heritage of the United States. Many kinds of material fall within the definition of Americana: paintings, prints and drawings; license plates or entire vehicles, household objects, tools and weapons; plaques and statues, and so on. Patriotism and nostalgia play a defining role in the subject. The things involved need not be old, but need to have the appropriate associations. The term may be used to describe the theme of a museum or collection, or of goods for sale.
The term can be used to describe studies of American culture - especially studies based in other countries.Americana music loosely encompasses American folk music and related genres.
Kimberly Noel "Kim" Kardashian (born October 21, 1980) is an American socialite, celebutante, television personality, model, actress and businesswoman. She is known for starring in Keeping Up with the Kardashians, the E! reality series that she shares with her family, and its spin-offs including Kourtney and Kim Take New York.
Prior to the development of her career as a reality television star, Kardashian gained notoriety as the subject of a sex tape that subsequently resulted in a court awarding her $5 million. She has been involved in the production of several lines of clothing and fragrances. In 2010, she was the highest earning reality star, with estimated earnings of $6 million, and is one of the most highly documented and followed celebrities in the world in popular media.
In August 2011, Kardashian married basketball player Kris Humphries in a widely publicized ceremony. In October 2011, Kardashian filed for divorce, 72 days after the wedding.
Kardashian was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of attorney Robert Kardashian and his wife Kris Kardashian (née Houghton). Her father was a third generation Armenian American, and her mother is of Dutch and Scottish descent. Kardashian has two sisters, Kourtney and Khloé, and one brother, Robert. She has stepbrothers Burton Jenner, Brandon Jenner, and reality TV star Brody Jenner, step-sister Casey Jenner, and half-sisters Kendall Jenner and Kylie Jenner. She attended Marymount High School.
This is a redirect from a title with another method of capitalisation. It leads to the title in accordance with the Wikipedia naming conventions for capitalisation, and can help writing, searching, and international language issues.
Pages linking to any of these redirects may be updated to link directly to the target page. However, do not replace these redirected links with a piped link unless the page is updated for another reason.
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text:
Just old, could use some amminities. Pool was not open. No hair dryer in room. No breakfast...
Staff,price,utilitarian, thats what I was looking for
Leaky faucett in bathtub
Nasty room ,no fitted sheets, door would lock you in bath,heater knob broke ,elect. not safe ,spit on bath wall, live beatles in room,NEVER AGAIN PLUS first room they check me in was already occupied and they where in shower when i unlocked door &walkd in
Here's why:
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Our special coverage of the closest race for years
Explore the personal stories of Syrian refugees in Lebanon
29 Aug 2011 12:11 GMT | Sport, Athletics, Latin America, China, Cuba
Cuban hurdler Dayron Robles was stripped of gold and glory at the world athletics championships on Monday in a twist every bit as dramatic as Usain Bolt's disqualification from the blue riband 100 metres sprint the night before.
The world record-holder was disqualified after a physical track tussle in the 110 metres hurdles final with China's Liu Xiang.
Robles bumped Liu in an epic race between the three fastest hurdlers of all time - America's David Oliver finished fifth - and crossed the line first ahead of Jason Richardson.
The Chinese protested, however, and Richardson was awarded gold by the referee. A Cuban counter-appeal was rejected by a jury, and Richardson held on to gold with Liu winning silver and Britain's Andy Turner lifted to bronze.
Robles left the stadium after his appeal failed without making any comment.
"Robles hit me twice, at the ninth hurdle he pulled at me, but it wasn't intentional," former Olympic champion Liu told reporters. "If not for the incident I would be gold medallist.
"I am good friends with Robles. What I like is a happy camp - I don't know what to say."
Richardson said: "The reaction is bittersweet. I am disappointed to have won on a technicality. I wish that under different circumstances he could keep the medal but rules are rules.
"Anything can happen in track and field if you just do your best and stay in your lane."
Bolt shock
The floodlit drama was exactly what the 13th world championships needed to dispel a gloom which, like the ever-present mist on Daegu's mountains, had lingered around the stadium after the shock of Bolt losing his 100 metres crown. A victim of the one-false-start-and-you're-out rule, Bolt was disqualified on Sunday night and his Jamaican understudy Yohan Blake crowned champion in a major anti-climax.
The world's fastest man took his time responding to the disqualification, waiting around 18 hours to make any statement.
When he did respond publicly, Bolt said very little. But what was there to say about a perhaps overly harsh rule which is sure to cause plenty of soul-searching among the sport's highest echelons?
"Firstly, I would like to congratulate my team mate Yohan Blake and the other athletes who won the medals," a statement released by Bolt's management team read. "Of course I am extremely disappointed not to have had the chance to defend my title due to the false start.
"However, I have to move on now as there is no point to dwell on the past."
Allyson Felix will also need to move on as her dreams of completing an unprecedented women's 200-400m double at a worlds disappeared when she was beaten in the 400 final by Amantle Montsho.
Montsho could not wipe the smile from her face after landing Botswana's first gold at a world championships.
"I know Allyson is a good athlete and she is fast... I felt when she was coming, but I managed to hold on," Montsho said. Felix was sanguine in defeat.
"On the home straight I definitely felt I still had a chance," she said.
"I gave it all and tried to move my arms. I cannot be too disappointed with my silver medal. I still have the 200 metres and the relays coming up."
Carmelita Jeter put a smile back on the faces of Team USA in the night's last final, racing to gold in the women's 100 metres.
She finished in 10.90 seconds, beating Jamaica's Veronica Campbell-Brown by 0.07 seconds with Trinidadian Kelly-Ann Baptiste third.
"I have been working really very, very hard. And today it paid off," Jeter told reporters. "My coach showed me that I was ready to get the gold medal, to stop the Jamaican predominance in the sprint."
In field events, Koji Murofushi earned a surprise gold medal in the hammer with a throw of 81.24 metres to give Japan its first title of the championships, while Poland's Pawel Wojciechowski leapt to gold in the pole vault, ahead of Cuban Lazara Borges.
Delighted New Zealander Valerie Adams took her third successive women's shot put world title.
Also on Monday, South African double-amputee Oscar Pistorius failed to qualify for the 400 metres final.
The 24-year-old finished last in his heat, the third of three semi-finals, in a time of 46.19 seconds, more than a second short of his personal best.
Source: Reuters
South African who has qualified for World Championships on prosthetic legs says his rivals know he has no advantage.
Sport, Athletics, South Africa, South Korea
Highest judicial body in sport registers bumper year and anticipates a busier 2009.
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Trash is a fast-growing import in the Scandinavian country, which turns it into heat for people's homes.
Environment, Europe, Sweden
Critics say the UK's home secretary is using Muslims as a 'political punchbag' in a bid to shore up right-wing support.
Human Rights, Politics, Racism
2014 was the worst year in more than a decade for polio infections, with at least 306 new cases reported.
Polio, Asia, Pakistan
Recent court ruling finds police unit not guilty of rounding up and executing 42 Muslim men during 1987 communal riots.
Human Rights, India, Asia
Clashes continue in Yemen's coastal city, as bombing by Saudi-led coalition targets Houthis' air-defence capabilities.
War & Conflict, Politics, Yemen, Middle East
Iraqi troops say battle to retake city will not be easy, with areas "littered with bombs and booby-traps".
War & Conflict, Politics, Middle East, Iraq, ISIL
It is a source of sustenance but also of tension and new political realities are now increasing uncertainty.
Egypt, Sudan, Middle East
A media post-mortem into the UK's surveillance report. Plus, why five years on in Argentina the media looks so familiar.
Media, Edward Snowden, Security
The untold story of how the Lebanese community overcame the odds and found their place in multicultural Australia.
Asia Pacific, Australia, Lebanon
How to keep a telenovela profitable and demanding sponsors happy while inspiring the production team to stay passionate.
Arts & Culture, Mexico, Latin America


text:
PHS' new robotics team, the Iron Devils have once again shown they have a serious skill for engineering by coming in fourth of 12 competing teams at the Regional "Rube Goldberg Competition" at the 12th Annual Lower Hudson Valley Engineering EXPO which took place on Sunday, March 22 at White Plains High School.
Congratulations to all of our 2015 National Honor Society, Mu Alpha Theta and New York State Mathematics Honor Society inductees! Click on the headline above for a link to a photo album from this event.
At Peekskill High School, Heather Brown's students will once again be participating in Garrison Art Center's annual "SITE- School Invitational Theme Exhibition "Rollin' on the River" Roll! Stamp! Print!" from March 21-29, 2015. This year's theme is using printmaking as the medium. The opening reception is to be held on Saturday, March 21 from 3:00 p.m. - 5:00 p.m.
Summit Academy Humanities classes recently enjoyed a visit from Reverend Jeannette Phillips in honor of Black History Month. Rev. Phillips spoke eloquently about her life in Peekskill, where she helped to found Hudson River Health Care for which she remains a Board Member. She also shared her memories of many marches and demonstrations for civil rights, jobs, health care, and education, and urged the students to keep on marching and working together for social justice.
Members of the Peekskill High School Debate Club, in conjunction with the PHS Student Council, held a public debate this week regarding Peekskill's Red Devil mascot. Students discussed many issues surrounding the topic, including the portrayal of the mascot in illustrated form, the notion of school tradition and the seperation of church and state. We thank our student panel for their efforts and also thank the students and community members who attended and voiced their opinions at the event.
Students from Peekskill Middle School's DREAM program and Peekskill High School's PACE program recently had the opportunity to travel to the Cortlandt Town Center to view the movie "Selma," in celebration of Black History Month. Both groups received free tickets to the movie, which is about a key moment in the civil-rights movement during the 1960's, through an initiative started by IBM executive Michael Littlejohn of the Beta Zeta Boule' Foundation.


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Croque Madame from Le Pichet
At this bistro near Pike Place Market, the classic open-faced ham sandwich gets an added advantage with bubbly Gruyere and just the right amount of creamy béchamel. The perfectly cooked egg on top turns the croque monsieur into a madame.
Price: $7.25
Insider Tip: To balance out that ultrarich sandwich, order the salad verte on the side, the best dressed Bibb lettuce in the city and, at $5, one of the best deals too.
1933 First Ave.; 206-256-1499


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Tom Cruise? Cameron Diaz? Kevin Spacey? Whose Irish accent is truly the worst?Read More »
Roberts has taken remake rights to the 'Batkid Begins' doc headed for Slamdance.Read More »
Plus: stop saying that movies with black casts "overperform," and how "No Good Deed" substitutes violence for sex.Read More »
In 2011, Denzel Washington was reportedly offered the lead role in this Warner Brothers remake of the Oscar-winning Argentine crime thriller "The Secret In Their Eyes," which was directed by Juan José Campanella.Read More »


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Whatever time of year you're getting hitched, we have the perfect honeymoon destination for you. Take a look at our seasonal suggestions below...
If it's sun kissed luxury you desire, head to Dubai. You'll feel like royalty - luxurious hotels, high end restaurants and roof top parties. To relax you can head to the malls or chill out in the sun on the beautiful sandy beaches. If it's action you're looking for, take to the dunes for some sand boarding, quad biking or 4x4 excursions in beautiful surroundings.
For a romance packed holiday in one of the coolest spots in the US, head to Miami. Stroll along South Beach, paddleboard together in the crystal blue ocean, and once the sun starts to set, head to Ocean Drive for a cocktail or two and a romantic meal with the ocean as your backdrop. During the day there's loads to keep you busy. Why not take in the view from a different perspective? Hire a boat and set sail, or take one of the many walking or cycling tours of the city. If you'd like to take a tour of the city at your own pace, take advantage of the numerous rent-a-bikes that can be found across the city, giving you plenty of time to stop for refreshments. Find out more about all that Miami has to offer in the destination guide below.
What better way to follow your summer wedding than with a luxurious summer honeymoon? A Virgin Atlantic flight to Florida takes you to the theme parks, the Everglades and the beautiful beaches. A fly-drive holiday along the West Coast will take you to Los Angeles, Yosemite, Death Valley and Las Vegas.
Beautiful in the summer, Hong Kong is the perfect honeymoon destination if you are looking for an adventure. Visit Lantau Island and ride the Ngong Ping cable car, take a trip to Temple Street Night Market to have your fortune read or view the stunning Hong Kong skyline from Victoria Peak.
Time to relax? Hong Kong is home to more than 100 beaches. For a romantic stroll head to Wu Kai Sha beach in To Tau Village. The beautiful surroundings make this beach very popular for wedding photography.
A trip to Cape Town could be the perfect way to celebrate your recent nuptuals. Feeling energetic? Head to Blaauwberg Beach for a spot of surfing. The waves are first class and the views are stunning. If you'd prefer to relax, head to Boulders Beach for a spot of sunbathing – but watch out, you'll have to share the beach with the penguins!
If you're an animal lover, safari is a must when in Cape Town. Take a trip to Krueger National Park and you could get up close to the big five, including lions, leopards and African elephants.
If you're getting married between December and March, the Caribbean is the perfect honeymoon destination. If sipping cocktails in the sun is what you're looking for, one of our Caribbean destinations is for you.
Visit Tobago, Grenada or Cancun for great scuba and snorkelling in beautiful blue seas, or if it's a lively mix of culture, music and nightlife you're looking for, as well as beautiful beaches and weather, Havana could be the Caribbean island for you.
For something a little more lively, experience an Indian summer in Delhi. Explore the bustling markets, walk in Gandhi's footsteps or visit one of the many religious buildings in this unique and colourful city. To wind down, take a picnic to Lodi Gardens, and admire the monuments, wild birds and wide open spaces.
If you're taking your partner's name when you get married, you need to make sure that the name on your ticket matches the name on your passport. For more information visit the Home Office website and look at the amending your passport section (opens in a new window).
If the name on your Virgin Atlantic ticket is wrong you can get it changed up to two hours before the scheduled departure of your flight by contacting reservations. Please note there is a £30 fee for this service.
Our Flying Club rewards you more than you might expect. Join up and start enjoying the benefits today.
Premium Economy's extra space, premium service and thoughtful extras are hard to resist. And upgrading is a breeze.


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