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- Disentangling the relationship of the Australian marsupial orders using retrotransposon and evolutionary network analyses (2015)
- The ancestors to the Australian marsupials entered Australia around 60 (54-72) million years ago from Antarctica, and radiated into the four living orders Peramelemorphia, Dasyuromorphia, Diprotodontia and Notoryctemorphia. The relationship between the four Australian marsupial orders has been a long-standing question, because different phylogenetic studies were not able to consistently reconstruct the same topology. Initial in silico analysis of the Tasmanian devil genome and experimental screening in the seven marsupial orders revealed 20 informative transposable element insertions for resolving the inter- and intraordinal relationships of Australian and South American orders. However, the retrotransposon insertions support three conflicting topologies regarding Peramelemorphia, Dasyuromorphia and Notoryctemorphia, indicating that the split between the three orders may be best understood as a network. This finding is supported by a phylogenetic re-analysis of nuclear gene sequences, using a consensus network approach that allows depicting hidden phylogenetic conflict, otherwise lost when forcing the data into a bifurcating tree. The consensus network analysis agrees with the transposable element analysis in that all possible topologies regarding Peramelemorphia, Dasyuromorphia, and Notoryctemorphia in a rooted four-taxon topology are equally well supported. In addition, retrotransposon insertion data supports the South American order Didelphimorphia being the sistergroup to all other living marsupial orders. The four Australian orders originated within three million years at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. The rapid divergences left conflicting phylogenetic information in the genome possibly generated by incomplete lineage sorting or introgressive hybridisation, leaving the relationship among Australian marsupial orders unresolvable as a bifurcating process million years later.
- Contrasting Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Diversity Responses to Forest Modifications: Comparisons of Taxa and Successive Plant Life Stages in South African Scarp Forest (2015)
- The degradation of natural forests to modified forests threatens subtropical and tropical biodiversity worldwide. Yet, species responses to forest modification vary considerably. Furthermore, effects of forest modification can differ, whether with respect to diversity components (taxonomic or phylogenetic) or to local (α-diversity) and regional (β-diversity) spatial scales. This real-world complexity has so far hampered our understanding of subtropical and tropical biodiversity patterns in human-modified forest landscapes. In a subtropical South African forest landscape, we studied the responses of three successive plant life stages (adult trees, saplings, seedlings) and of birds to five different types of forest modification distinguished by the degree of within-forest disturbance and forest loss. Responses of the two taxa differed markedly. Thus, the taxonomic α-diversity of birds was negatively correlated with the diversity of all plant life stages and, contrary to plant diversity, increased with forest disturbance. Conversely, forest disturbance reduced the phylogenetic α-diversity of all plant life stages but not that of birds. Forest loss neither affected taxonomic nor phylogenetic diversity of any taxon. On the regional scale, taxonomic but not phylogenetic β-diversity of both taxa was well predicted by variation in forest disturbance and forest loss. In contrast to adult trees, the phylogenetic diversity of saplings and seedlings showed signs of contemporary environmental filtering. In conclusion, forest modification in this subtropical landscape strongly shaped both local and regional biodiversity but with contrasting outcomes. Phylogenetic diversity of plants may be more threatened than that of mobile species such as birds. The reduced phylogenetic diversity of saplings and seedlings suggests losses in biodiversity that are not visible in adult trees, potentially indicating time-lags and contemporary shifts in forest regeneration. The different responses of taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity to forest modifications imply that biodiversity conservation in this subtropical landscape requires the preservation of natural and modified forests.
- Posttranscriptional regulation of the microRNA-17-92a cluster (2013)
- By far not all genetic information is expressed by mRNA coding regions of the DNA. 98% of the human genome is not encoding for proteins. Therefore, these non-coding regions have been considered as "junk DNA" for a long time [1, 2]. The last years, new high throughput sequencing techniques have allowed the elucidation of the heterogeneous population of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs, Table 1). RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides (nt) belong to the family of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). They can exhibit numerous functions: The biggest family of RNAs is represented by the ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs). Together with the transfer RNAs (tRNAs) they are essential for the translation of mRNA into an amino acid sequence.
- Neben dem Periodensystem hängt der genetische Code : Gerhard Quinkert schuf das Frankfurter Modell der Chemischen Biologie (2014)
- Mit dem Namen Gerhard Quinkert verbindet man in Frankfurt vor allem die Öffnung der Chemie für die Biologie. Das war damals ein außergewöhnlicher Schritt, der dank einer gezielten Berufungspolitik realisiert wurde. Der Organische Chemiker hat das »Frankfurter Modell« Ende der 1970er Jahre entwickelt.
- Wo bleibt die Zeit für den Blick auf das große Ganze? : Von den Zwängen der Spezialisierung und dem Wunsch, den Überblick zu bewahren (2014)
- Jetzt, nach Beendigung vieler Jahre der Lehre und Forschung an der Goethe-Universität, kann ich diese Zeit mit einem Abstand überdenken. Der Freiraum für solch nicht zweckgerichtetes Verhalten ist während der praktischen Tätigkeit an der Universität äußerst gering und muss hart erkämpft werden, wie jedes Stück Freiheit. Rückblickend sehe ich, dass der Wunsch, über das Detailwissen hinaus ganzheitliche Zusammenhänge zu betrachten und über die eigene Fachgrenze hinauszugehen, meinen Weg geprägt hat.
- A Description of Biremis panamae sp. nov., a New Diatom Species from the Marine Littoral, with an Account of the Phylogenetic Position of Biremis D.G. Mann et E.J. Cox (Bacillariophyceae) (2014)
- Here we present a formal description of Biremis panamae Barka, Witkowski et Weisenborn sp. nov., which was isolated from the marine littoral environment of the Pacific Ocean coast of Panama. The description is based on morphology (light and electron microscopy) and the rbcL, psbC and SSU sequences of one clone of this species. The new species is included in Biremis due to its morphological features; i.e. two marginal rows of foramina, chambered striae, and girdle composed of numerous punctate copulae. The new species also possesses a striated valve face which is not seen in most known representatives of marine littoral Biremis species. In this study we also present the relationship of Biremis to other taxa using morphology, DNA sequence data and observations of auxosporulation. Our results based on these three sources point to an evolutionary relationship between Biremis, Neidium and Scoliopleura. The unusual silicified incunabular caps present in them are known otherwise only in Muelleria, which is probably related to the Neidiaceae and Scoliotropidaceae. We also discuss the relationship between Biremis and the recently described Labellicula and Olifantiella.
- Untersuchungen zur sozialen Arbeitsteilung am Beispiel des Brutwärmens von Honigbienen (Apis mellifera L.) (2012)
- Die soziale Arbeitsteilung bei Honigbienen ist ein komplexes selbstorganisatorisches System, welches auf zwei Ebenen der biologischen Organisation zu verorten ist: dem Individuum und der Kolonie. Die Regulation der Bruttemperatur ist ebenfalls diesen Gesetzmäßigkeiten unterworfen. Die Arbeits-bereitschaft einzelner Bienen bildet die Grundlage für die Temperaturregulierung des kolonialen Brutnestes. In dieser Arbeit wird dieses Zusammenspiel aus individuellen Beteiligungen der Arbeiterinnen sowie der erbrachten Gesamtleistung der Kolonie während des Brutwärmens untersucht. Dazu wird eine kleine Bienengruppe auf einer Brutwabe einer thermischen Belastung ausgesetzt. Ein speziell für diese Untersuchungen entwickelter Versuchsaufbau integriert erstmals die Infrarot-Thermografie mit den Temperaturmessungen einer Brutfläche. Somit ist es möglich, die Thoraxtemperaturen der einzelnen, am Brutwärmen beteiligten Arbeiterinnen störungsfrei zu messen und gleichzeitig das erzeugte räumliche und zeitliche Temperaturmuster der Brutwabe zu ermitteln. Zusätzlich wird der Temperaturverlauf der Außentemperatur sowie der zellumgebenden Luft untersucht. Es kann gezeigt werden, dass die Lufttemperatur im Innenraum eines Bienenstocks ein wichtiger Faktor in der Temperaturregulierung des Brutnestes ist, da sie die untere Temperaturgrenze im Bienenstock bildet. Weiterhin wird der Einfluss der brutwärmenden Arbeiterinnen auf die Temperaturentwicklung einer Brutfläche sichtbar. Durch das flexible Verhalten der Arbeiterinnen kann einer Brutfläche bei thermischer Belastung durch lokal wechselndes Brutwärmen optimal Wärme zugeführt werden. Es gibt es Hinweise auf eine zyklische Periodizität im zeitlichen Temperaturverlauf der Brutzellen, welche auf einen Brutwärmrhythmus durch die Bienen schließen lässt. Durch den Einsatz zweier Unterarten (Apis mellifera carnica & Apis mellifera mellifera) wird sichtbar, dass es zwischen den Gruppen Unterschiede in der Aufrechterhaltung der Lufttemperatur über der Wabe gibt.
- Identification of biomarkers for the fruiting body formation in Myxococcus xanthus (2014)
- Myxobacteria are on order of Gram-negative, soil dwelling bacteria that feature an impressive number of properties: they can glide on solid surfaces by using two different motility motors, subsist by preying on other microorganisms, are often producers of multiple natural products, and upon adverse environmental conditions, they are able to form multicellular structures called "fruiting bodies". The process, in which these macroscopically visible structures arise from independent single cells, has been the predominant subject of myxobacterial research for many decades. More precisely, researchers have strived for the discovery of genes, proteins and small molecules that act as signals, receivers or modulators of this complex process. In this regard, the species Myxococcus xanthus has evolved into the model organism due to its relatively simple and reliable handling in a laboratory environment. The research underlying this thesis focused on the identification and biosynthesis of lipids that may act as intercellular signaling molecules during the course of fruiting body formation of the myxobacterium Myxococcus xanthus as part of the "E-signal" system. In general, lipids containing branched-chain fatty acids with an uneven number of carbon atoms were found to be important players in this particular process. Nevertheless, their exact roles remain largely unknown as of this day. The first publication that is part of this thesis deals with an aspect that even strengthened the importance of role of iso-branched compounds in myxobacteria: myxobacterial metabolism is able to transform precursors of iso-lipids to isoprenoids. It addresses the question whether isoprenoids in general are important for fruiting body formation. Phenotypic analysis of mutants impaired in the biosynthesis of the central isoprenoid precursor 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl-Coenzyme A (3-HMG-CoA) from acetate and/or branched chain keto acids and their genetic and metabolic complementation clearly showed that isoprenoids are essential for fruiting body formation and confirmed that leucine derived isovalerate is an important source for isoprenoid precursors in myxobacteria. The second, and by far and away most tedious and sophisticated study, addressed the question as to how myxobacteria form fatty acid derived iso-branched ether lipids and to what extent they are important for fruiting body formation and sporulation. In a previous study, those unusual lipids were identified as specific biomarkers for myxobacterial development. No biochemical pathways to ether lipids specific for prokaryotes were known by then. In this study, a putative candidate gene that may be in involved in ether lipid biosynthesis was investigated. A combination of gene disruption and complementation experiments, phenotypic analysis and monitoring of ether lipid formation by means of GC-MS demonstrated its involvement in myxobacterial ether lipid biosynthesis and the importance of these lipids for the developmental process. Heterologous expression and biochemical testing of this gene together with in-silico sequence analysis and docking experiments confirmed the functions of its predicted domains. The discussion section provides an additional suggestion on how the ether bond formation is performed. Furthermore and most importantly, iso-branched ether lipids were found to be essential for sporulation but not for fruiting body formation. In summary, one or several molecules derived from an iso-branched alkylglycerol seem to play a role during sporulation in M. xanthus and a multidomain enzyme unique for myxobacteria is involved in their biosynthesis. The last manuscript addresses the complexity of lipid metabolism in myxobacteria. Prior to this work, there was limited knowledge about the exact composition of the myxobacterial lipidome and no method was available to monitor putative changes in the myxobacterial lipidome down to the single molecular species for studying lipid biosynthesis or regulation. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry based method with electrospray ionization (UPLC-ESI-MS) utilizing standard equipment and a water/acetonitrile/isopropanol based eluent system proved to be geared for the construction of lipid profiles for wild type and mutant cells of M. xanthus and to show their differences. Fragmentation spectra based structure elucidation of lipid molecular species resulted in the identification of 99 molecular species comprising glycerophosphoethanolamines, glycerophosphoglycerols, glycerolipids, ceramides and ceramide phosphoinositols. The latter have never been described for any prokaryotes before. Three dimensional plots were created from the relative intensity differences of the single molecular ion species between the different samples to provide an efficient and versatile visualization of the data and enable the researcher to quickly detect differences.
- Identification of novel base methyltransferases of the 25S rRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2014)
- RNA modifications are present in all three kingdoms of life and detected in all classes of cellular RNAs. RNA modifications are diverse, with more than 100 types of chemical modifications identified to date. These chemical modifications expand the topological repertoire of RNAs and are expected to fine-tune their functions. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) contains two types of covalent modifications, either methylation on the sugar (Nm) or bases (mN), or base isomerization (conversion of uridine into pseudouridines, "). Pseudouridylations and ribose methylations are catalyzed by site-specific H/ACA and C/D box snoRNPs, respectively. The RNA component (snoRNA) of both types of snoRNPs is responsible for the site selection by base pairing with the rRNA substrate, whereas the protein component catalyzes the modification reaction: Nop1 in C/D box and Cbf5 in H/ACA box snoRNPs. Contrastingly, base methylations are performed by snoRNA independent, 'protein-only', methyltransferases (MTases). rRNA modifications occur at highly conserved positions, all clustering around functional ribosomal sites. Mutations in factors involved in rRNA modification have been linked to severe human diseases (e.g. X-linked Dyskeratosis congenita). Emerging evidences indicate that heterogeneity in RNA modification prevails, i.e. not all positions are modified at all time, and the concept of 'specialized ribosomes' has been coined. rRNA modification heterogeneity has been correlated with disease etiology (cancer), and shown to play a role in cell differentiation(hematopoiesis). Remarkably, alteration in rRNA modification patterns profoundly affects the preference of ribosomes for cap- versus IRESdependent translation initiation, with major consequences on cell physiology.
- Pigeon Navigation: Different Routes Lead to Frankfurt (2014)
- Background Tracks of pigeons homing to the Frankfurt loft revealed an odd phenomenon: whereas birds returning from the North approach their loft more or less directly in a broad front, pigeons returning from the South choose, from 25 km from home onward, either of two corridors, a direct one and one with a considerable detour to the West. This implies differences in the navigational process. Methodology/Principle Findings Pigeons released at sites at the beginning of the westerly corridor and in this corridor behave just like pigeons returning from farther south, deviating to the west before turning towards their loft. Birds released at sites within the straight corridors, in contrast, take more or less straight routes. The analysis of the short-term correlation dimension, a quantity reflecting the complexity of the system and with it, the number of factors involved in the navigational process, reveals that it is significantly larger in pigeons choosing the westerly corridor than in the birds flying straight - 3.03 vs. 2.85. The difference is small, however, suggesting a different interpretation of the same factors, with some birds apparently preferring particular factors over others. Conclusions The specific regional distribution of the factors which pigeons use to determine their home course seems to provide ambiguous information in the area 25 km south of the loft, resulting in the two corridors. Pigeons appear to navigate by deriving their routes directly from the locally available navigational factors which they interpret in an individual way. The fractal nature of the correlation dimensions indicates that the navigation process of pigeons is chaotic-deterministic; published tracks of migratory birds suggest that this may apply to avian navigation in general.


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"Wonderful Play"
Yes, because this is a dramatization with great actors.
Engaged with all of them. Of course the two lead characters were my favorites compared to the self righteous sister.
I really liked all of them. They all contributed to story and my engagement.
Yes and no. One sitting would be great if doable, but I did over 4 or 5 sessions and enjoyed it thoroughly even with being in the middle of at least 10 other books.
I like this kind of dramatization. It was so good, looking for more like it.
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reddit is a platform for internet communities
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Sonata Arctica announces 'Ecliptica over Europe' tour (w/Freedom Call) (sonataarctica.info)
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Tony Kakko's comments sound very promising (sonataarctica.info)
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Sonata Arctica parts ways with bass player, Marko Paasikoski. (sonataarctica.info)
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Bassist Marko Paasikoski leaves Sonata Arctica (sonataarctica.info)
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Sonata Arctica names and reveals track-list and cover-art (sonataarctica.info)
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New Red Lake C-store breaks ground near Seven Clans Casino
Red Lake hereditary chiefs and Tribal Council members participated in the groundbreaking for a new Red Lake convenience store to be built near the Seven Clans Casino. From left are Hereditary Chief Alexander Gillespie, Hereditary Chief Billy King, Hereditary Chief Sam Smith, Tribal Chairman Floyd Jourdain Jr., Ponemah Representative Glenda Martin and Little Rock Representative Billy Greene.
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Have questions about the NCAA Tournament and your brackets? Jon Wilner will provide all the answers during a live chat immediately following Selection Sunday.
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(Glenn Koenig/Los Angeles Times)
Something eating Danville gardener's root vegetables
One family had gardened happily for more than 30 years, but now something is eating turnips and beets. Can this garden be saved?
(Photo by Kevin Winter/Getty Images)
Angelina Jolie inspires Nickelodeon crowd
'Maleficent' actress tells kids being different is a good thing, and it's OK to cause a little trouble.


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Discount Sweatshirts / Hoodies - Women'sSave on Women's Discount Sweatshirts / Hoodies at Proboardshop.com! Great selection of street gear at unbelievably low prices. Proboardshop has been selling Discount Sweatshirts / Hoodies and outdoor gear for over 30 years and we're proud of it.
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Best Vhdl Book
The user guide download of Best Vhdl Book related with available for free. We acquired the PDF from tams-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de purposes as instruction guide to assist you to fix your problem.
PDF Summary : The Purpose Of This Booklet Is To Give You A Quick Introduction To Vhdl This Is This Booklet Does Not It Is Not An Example Of Good Programming Practice!)
Best Vhdl Book Posted at December 28th, 2012, read and download online using button that we provide below :


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Browse all lakes Suggest a new lake
(North Carolina, USA)
3,281 acres
61 miles of shoreline
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Anyone looking for lakefront property in the Charlotte, North Carolina area will want to look at Mountain Island Lake. Lakes in the Piedmont area of the state are nearly all reservoirs, and Mountain Island Lake is no exception,. The large 3,300-acre reservoir sprawls across the Catawba River Valley and meanders up several inflowing stream beds to create a twisting, varied landscape along 61 miles ... Read full review


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How teachers prep for the new school year Add to ...
Featuring video from CTVNews.ca
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Brave teen crime victim determined to attend her high school prom
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Quebec educator says youth was not radicalized at his school
Ellen DeGeneres showers Alberta school teacher with gifts
Ontario Tory MPP says he doesn't believe in evolution
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Sensex 27458.64 1.06 0%
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The Asian Football Confederation (AFC) will dedicate a series of three soccer matches in the fight against hunger and poverty at an impressive show of football solidarity during the Asian Cup to be played in Doha, Qatar, promoted by FAO and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).
The first match to be dedicated to the fight against hunger is the opening match of the Asian Cup to be played on 7 January between Qatar and Uzbekhistan. Two other subsequent matches played by Qatar will also be dedicated to this Asian Football against Hunger campaign.
FAO will be represented at the event by Dr. Saad Aied Al-Otaibi, Assistant Director-General and Regional Representative for the Near East.
A Match Day against Hunger is being organized so that players and football fans can deliver a message that uses the power of football and calls upon all nations, all leaders and all people of goodwill to unite efforts, to mobilize resources and to help us win this cause for the most basic right, the right to food, he declared.
This Asian Football against Hunger solidarity campaign is urging soccer fans to sign an online petition calling on governments to give priority to the elimination of hunger as well as to mobilize donations for FAO's TeleFood community-level food production projects.
The 1billionhungry project is a global outreach initiative of FAO and its partners which has over 3.2 million signatures.
This match day implements a partnership agreement signed between AFC and the FAO last 18 May 2010 at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, during a meeting of the Social Responsibility Committee of the AFC and FAO.
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Markets are now reinforcing the perception of an early interest rate hike by US Federal Reserve, with consensus calling for the hike taking place in June, when compared with the prior expectations of a hike in September.


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Discover how to create, manage, and deliver interactive reports—not just to print, but to dynamically explore enterprise-level data—with Reporting Services in SQL Server.
Investigates several key database-programming concepts and how to combine them to create a high-quality database with Microsoft SQL Server.
"I often watch the lynda.com videos on my laptop while working out on a stationary bicycle. The short length of the video segments helps to keep me motivated: "I'll quit at the end of this chapter." So far I have lost 25 pounds!" —Gail P.
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We recently went down to Orlando for the Princess Half Marathon. We took two adults and 5 teens with us. This place worked out great for us. We had plenty of space and with two bathrooms we did not have an issue.
I do think the place, for a newer hotel is a bit run down, however it is very clean! I do not believe that the furnishings have worn well. The continental breakfast, is just that...grab something quick and go. For the space and the price, and for what we needed...this worked out perfect. The two adults did stay at the pool one afternoon, which was very nice. The entertainment was good and we had a relaxing day. I would not stay here if I came with just my family but if you need space at a good price. This works out. It is also so close to Disney!
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Aug 21 - Homily: Pope and Saint for Our Times
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Pope St. Pius X was elected at a critical time in the Church's history when the error of modernism was at its first high mark. Let us look to him as an example to fight against it today when it has reached a new high point. Ave Maria! To Download Audio go to http://airmaria.com?p=6516
Fr. Bonaventure Homily Modernism Pascendi Pope Relativism Saint St. Pius X
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Identifying agricultural practices to sustain bamboo production in Queensland, Australia Grant X. Zhu, Steve Ockerby, Daniel T. White and David J. Midmore1 Abstract Bamboo, as a relatively new plantation crop in Australia, requires an integrated agricultural strategy as a benchmark against which improvements to optimise productivity and maximise growers' gross margin can be assessed. An important aspect of bamboo production is how to balance the productivity and returns from edible shoots and/or culms for timber. A 6-year trial was set up on an existing clumping bamboo (Bambusa oldhamii) grove at Eumundi, Queensland, Australia, from 2001 to 2006. Using conventional best management as a control (T1—fertilised, irrigated, early-season selection of shoots for timber culms, and designed wide clump space), five other treatment variations (T2—no irrigation during dry season, T3—late-season selec- tion, T4—narrow spacing, T5—late-season selection, and harvesting excess shoots only as early thinning, and T6—non-irrigation, non-fertilisation, early-season selection) were imposed. Shoots and culms in each treatment were seasonally harvested during 2003–05, and the total production, i.e. fresh weight (FW) for shoots and dry weight (DW) and volume for culms, were summed for each treatment. Water-use efficiency for dry culms at c. 1.0 g/kg (total applied water plus precipitation) was not dissimilar to other species. There was a trade-off between shoot and culm production when the harvest of shoots as a vegetable was excessive. To compare bamboo productivity between treatments, a productivity index (PI) was calculated to convert the value of culm DW to relative market value of edible shoot FW using a range of ratios from 0.0–1.0 such that the value of 1 kg of culm was adjusted as a ratio of the value of 1 kg of edible shoot. We concluded that T3 was the best strategy for producing shoots only, T5 was the best for culms only, and T2 was the best for dual production of shoots and culms because it increased average relative water-use efficiency by 28%. However, the case study indicated that T3 was a financially sustainable management for growers in Australia regardless of the fluctuation in shoot and culm market prices. Additionally, a leaf chlorophyll meter proved to be reliable in estimating bamboo leaf nitrogen concentration as a guide to nitrogen fertiliser decisions. Introduction that concentration of leaf nitrogen (N) was an early and better indicator of yield response to fertiliser than The first broadacre commercial bamboo farm in was soil N. Kleinhenz and Midmore (2002) showed Australia was established in 1989 and a handbook that bamboo leaf N level was more responsive to N for bamboo selection, establishment and utilisation fertiliser application when the leaf N concentration was published 10 years later (Dart 1999). Research was below 3%. by Kleinhenz et al. (2003) at the same location Frequent sampling of bamboo leaves and analysis showed that growth and yield of the running of leaf N with wet chemistry is laborious and costly. bamboo Phyllostachys pubescens responded Alternatively, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) strongly to increased water supply and marginally is widely used for measuring plant total chlorophyll to increasing rates of fertilisation. The study showed (TCHL) concentration, and SPAD readings have positive and linear correlations with TCHL in several 1 Centre for Plant and Water Science, Central Queensland crops and weeds (Turner and Jund 1991; Monje and University, Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia Bugbee 1992) and are closely related to plant leaf N 124 concentration in temperate grasses (Gáborccaroník on that benchmark, new management practices can 2003), rice (Peng et al.1996) and wheat (Debaeke et be identified to facilitate the production goals of al. 2006). SPAD may be useful for measuring bamboo growers (such as shoots only or timber only or both) leaf N concentration for fertiliser decision-making. while sustaining productivity. Water use and nutrient To promote bamboo shoot and culm (pole) produc- (particularly nitrogen) use efficiencies are major tion, irrigation is required when rainfall is insufficient concerns of growers intent on increasing their gross (Lin 1996). In a clay soil with well-watered condi- margin with either similar or increased production, tion, Kleinhenz and Midmore (2002) suggested that and we aimed to quantify those variables. approximately 3,300 mm annual rainfall equivalent water can be transpired by bamboo in Queensland, Materials and methods Australia, but for high shoot yield, it is important to ensure that 2,000 mm water is provided 1–2 months Site selection and experimental design before, and during, the shoot season. In addition to N, potassium (K) is crucial for A bamboo (Bambusa oldhamii) plantation estab- bamboo leaf and stem development (Kleinhenz and lished in 1991 at Belli Park, Eumundi (26°28'S, Midmore 2002), particularly for timber production. 152°56'E, 120 km north of Brisbane) in Queensland, Kleinhenz and Midmore (2001) summarised existing Australia, was selected for the experiment. Clumps reports on bamboo agronomy and silviculture and were growing in rows 5 m apart and with 5 m between determined that average application of N, phosphorus clumps within the row (400 clumps/ha). The experi- (P), and K were 318, 149 and 126 kg/ha/year, respec- ment was established on 11 September 2001 by over- tively, and higher amounts (523, 226 and 228 kg/ha/ laying the experimental design within the plantation, year) were applied for shoot-only production than thinning the existing clumps to reduce culm numbers for shoot and timber (315, 97 and 142 kg/ha/year) or to the desired value and according to treatment, timber-only (225, 135 and 89 kg/ha/year). separate versus close spacing between culms within Clump population and culm number per clump also a clump, and installing facilities for irrigation and affect harvested quantities of shoots or timber or both. related soil-moisture measurement. A randomised Kleinhenz and Midmore (2002) specified that for complete block design with four replicates was used Bambusa oldhamii the optimal culm population was for the experiment with treatments as detailed in Table c. 3,600/ha for shoots and timber, based on a strategy 1. Plot size comprised three clumps, the middle of of retaining three 1-year-old, three 2-year-old and which was reserved for most data collections. three 3-year-old culms (denoted as a 3-3-3 standing The average annual rainfall at the site for culm density) in a stand of 400 clumps/ha. 1995–2005 was about 1,466 mm, of which about For optimal and sustainable shoot and timber 68% (1,045 mm) occurred just before and within the production, it is imperative to establish a bench- shoot and wet season (November–April) (see Figure 1 mark for agricultural management that includes for 2002–05). irrigation, fertilisation and thinning regimes. Based Table 1. Treatment details of the experimental design at Belli Park, Eumundi, Queensland, Australia Treatment Treatment details Code Name Irrigation Fertiliser Selection Designed Edible of shoot for clump shoots timber space harvested T1 Control Yes Yes Early-season Wide Yes T2 Dry-seasona stress Not during dry season Yes Early-season Wide Yes T3 Late-season selection Yes Yes Late-season Wide Yes T4 Narrow Spacing Yes Yes Early-season Narrow Yes T5 Rhizome stress Yes Yes Late-season Wide Nob T6 Unmanaged clump No No Early-season Wide Yes a Dry season for purposes of this treatment was defined as the beginning of May to the end of August b In excess of the five required per year for the treatment were removed just before next shoot season to keep the wide spacing 125 600 2002 500 2003 2004 400 2005 Rainfall (mm) 300 200 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month Figure 1. Monthly rainfall for 2002–05 at Eumundi, Queensland, Australia According to Kleinhenz et al. (2003), the soil at the was below 18%. However, due to water restrictions, site is an acidic clay (pH < 6.0) with low availability this was not always possible. of N, P, K and organic carbon (C), and high levels of Before applying fertiliser, bamboo leaves (youngest manganese and aluminium. fully expanded leaves from the youngest culms) were sampled for N concentration (Figure 3a) to deter- Details of the treatments mine the amount of N required to raise leaf N to 3% (Kleinhenz and Midmore 2002). Mineral fertiliser The trial used a 5-5 standing culm density, such (N:P:K at approximately 4:1:4 – 4:1:3) was applied to that each year, five 1-year-old and five 2-year-old match nutrient requirements as prescribed by the total culms were retained in the clump, and 5 new shoots N levels in leaf samples from the 1-year-old culms. were grown each year to develop into culms. The five Fertiliser was applied to a 20 m2 area centred on 2-year-old culms were harvested before the next shoot each clump. On several occasions, non-destructive season (at an average age of 2.5–2.8 years). measurements were also undertaken with a leaf Irrigation was applied to only the clump area (3.5 m chlorophyll meter (Minolta SPAD-502) to develop maximum diameter) to replace pan evaporation vali- a relationship between SPAD readings and bamboo dated by use of tensiometers (three/plot) installed in leaf N concentration (Figure 3b). the control treatment (T1) and unmanaged clumps The schedule of the N fertiliser timing and rate is (T6) at depths of 15, 30 and 50 cm to monitor soil indicated in Figure 3a. moisture. Before irrigation began, soil samples were Leaf N concentrations differed slightly between taken at 0–5 cm and 12.5–17.5 cm to determine soil clumps before the fertiliser application so the absolute gravimetric water content (%), and tensiometer amount of N applied to raise leaf N concentration to readings at the corresponding sites were recorded. 3% differed slightly between treatments. Linear regression analysis confirmed that the mean Clump light interception was measured on some soil moisture content at 0–17.5 cm was closely related occasions with a line radiometer (AccuPAR Decagon to the tensiometer readings averaged at 15, 30 and Devices Inc., United States of America). Ten measure- 50 cm (Figure 2a). Tensiometer readings at 50 cm ments were taken per clump, three each to the north were positively correlated with those at 30 cm (Figure and south of each clump and two to the east and 2b). Therefore, the decision was made to irrigate when west, between 11:00 and 13:00 h, and the average of the average readings in the control treatment exceeded readings was related to a concurrent reading with an 60 centibars, at which soil gravimetric water content exposed radiometer. 126 (a) (b) 26 60 Soil water tension at 50 cm (centibars) 50 Soil gravimetric water content (%) 24 Y = 24.41 – 0.1073X 40 (P = 0.0013, r2 = 0.9410) 22 30 20 Y = –1.89 + 0.63X 20 (p = <0.0001, r2 = 0.9814) 10 18 0 16 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 Tensiometer reading (centibars) Soil water tension at 30 cm (centibars) Figure 2. Relationship (a) between soil gravimetric water content and tensiometer readings and (b) between tensiometer readings at 30 cm and 50 cm depth (a) (b) 3.5 3.0 T1 3.0 T2 Y (N%) = –0.6016 + 0.0784X (SPAD) T3 (P < 0.0001; r2 = 0.8692) 2.5 T4 2.5 T5 Leaf N (%) Leaf N (%) T6 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 346 183 293 50 362 231 178 274 231 1.0 1.0 1/7 1/1 1/7 1/1 1/7 1/1 1/7 1/1 1/7 0.5 /01 / /02 /03 /03 / / /05 /05 20 30 40 50 02 04 04 Sample collection date SPAD value Figure 3. Bamboo leaf N concentration during 2002–05 (a) with related timing (with arrow down) and quantity (kg N/ha) of fertilisation, and (b) the relationship between leaf N concentration and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) Shoots were harvested from January to March each in equation (1), according to the typical shape of the year from 2003–05; total shoot numbers (including culm that is represented by a cylinder (cl) plus a cone marketable, non-marketable and shoots for timber), (cn) (Figure 4) with the height of the cylinder (h1) and shoot marketable fresh weight (MFW) were being two-thirds and that of the circular cone one-third recorded. Culms designated for harvest (i.e. those (h2) of the total height; and that the radius of the greater than 2 years old) were harvested in July 2003, circular cone (r) two-thirds of basal radius (R) of the August 2004 and October 2005. Numbers of culms cylinder. This representation applies only to Bambusa and culm length from the base were recorded at culm oldhamii in the current experiment. harvest. Culm volumes (V) were calculated as shown 127 differences between two treatments were discussed. Simple linear regressions were employed to define relationship between parameter pairs (e.g. culm and h1 shoot production, WUE and NFUE). r The comparisons that showed trends between treat- R ments and the differences between treatments within a season and across seasons are presented in Figures 5–13. h2 Converting shoot and culm production into a unified indicator for comparison H The aim of the experiment was to identify the best management practice to maximise edible shoot or timber production, or both. For the last, some treat- Figure 4. Estimation of bamboo culm general shape ments may produce more shoots, but fewer culms, (see text for details) creating difficulties for dual-purpose growers to identify the best treatment to maximise the gross margin. To address this problem, we introduced the In addition, to estimate total culm dry weight (DW), productivity index (PI). The PI converts the DW of culms were sampled and sectioned to calculate the culms into shoot MFW equivalency, assuming the average apparent density according to the volumes unit values of culm DW vary, ranging from one-tenth (including the cylinder hole) and DW of each sample to unity of the value of shoot MFW (equation 3). for each harvest/year (equation 2). Assuming K = 1, and n = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1, respectively, PI can be calculated Data analysis and presentation according to each n value based on the shoot MFW and Water-use efficiency (WUE) was calculated based on culm DW harvested, and the differences between treat- total harvested fresh shoot or dry culm weights divided ments can be compared according to the differences by the volume of water irrigated to each clump (water between the unified PI. This equation can be applied to meters were inserted in-line to measure the amount of bamboo growers for any of the three defined purposes: water applied to each treatment, and catch cans at the for shoot-only, n should be equal to or greater than beginning of the experiment measured the volume 0, so the value of culm DW is negligible; and for applied to each clump) from the beginning of irrigation culm-only, n can be still equal to, or smaller than K, to the last irrigation, plus the amount of rain falling since the production of MFW is negligible. equally on each treatment during the same period, and The differences of WUE and NFUE for shoot and assuming these amounts of water were fully available culm production can similarly be compared between to plants. No account was made for run-off or drainage. treatments by converting WUE and NFUE to the related Dry-season stress (T2) received less irrigation than T1 PI, i.e. PI-WUE and PI-NFUE (equations 4 and 5). and T3–T5, and T6 (no irrigation) received rainfall only. Nitrogen-fertiliser-use efficiencies (NFUEs) were Validation calculated according to the total shoot and culm weights To verify comparisons of PIs between treatments, for each of five treatments (T1–T5) minus the total real prices of shoots and culms from the experimental shoot and culm weights produced by T6 (unmanaged site were adopted. Bamboo shoot prices (D.L. Dart, clump, not fertilised); with the differences divided by Sole Director, Bamboo Australia Pty Ltd, pers. comm. the N applied to each of the five treatments, respectively. 2006) varied from A$8.50/kg in November–December Analysis of variance with multiple comparisons to A$3.50/kg in February–March of the following year (Systat Software, Inc. 2005, San Jose, California, and averaged A$6.00/kg; and the price of natural poles United States of America) was used to determine (culms) was roughly $2.76/kg (Bamboo Australia significant differences among the treatments at 2007). We used a value of $90.00/t (n < 0.1) payable P = 0.05. The analyses focused on differences for bamboo use for sequestering C or for pulp in between a specified treatment and the control with calculations and comparisons of gross margins an orthogonal contrast test. When 0.05 < P < 0.1, the between treatments. 128 Results clump (T6). It was further reduced in T1, T2 and T3 between July 2003 and January 2004, whereas it Growth status and related water and increased over the same period in T4 and T5. Over nitrogen supply the next 7 months, it increased to approximately the same value as in July 2003, and the treatments' values Ground cover remained in the same order. Changes of groundcover over time, represented by light interception, reflected imposed treatments and Soil water culm harvesting (Figure 5). Following culm harvest Soil water was monitored with tensiometers in the on the afternoon of 8 July 2003, light interception was control (T1) and the unmanaged clump (T6) treat- reduced in all treatments except for the unmanaged ments, and soil water content averaged for 15, 30 and V = vcl + vcn vcl = 1/3π (r2 + rR + R2) h1 vcn = 1/3h2r2 π V = 1/3π (r2 + rR + R2) h1 + 1/3h2r2 π (1) = 1/3π [(r2 + rR + R2) h1 + h2r2] As r = 2/3R; and h1 = 2/3H; and h2 = 1/3H, Therefore: V = 1/3π [((4/9R2 + 2/3R2 + R2)*2/3H) + 1/3H*4/9R2] = 1/3π [(19/9R2*2/3H) + (1/3H*4/9R2)] = 14/27* H * R2 * π DW (kg/clump) = Volume of culms harvested (m3/clump) (2) × apparent density of sampled culm (kg/m3) PI (A$/clump) = K * shoot MFW + n * culm DW (3) where the K is the value of unit shoot MFW and n is value of culm unit DW. PI-WUE ($/kg/mm) = K * WUE for shoot MFW + n * WUE for culm DW (4) PI-NFUE ($/kg/kg) = K * NFUE for shoot MFW + n * NFUE for culm DW (5) 105 100 95 90 Light interception (%) 85 80 75 T1 70 T2 T3 65 T4 T5 60 T6 0 8 Jul 2003 9 Jul 2003 22 Jan 2004 11 Aug 2004 Date Figure 5. Light interception by bamboo clumps during the treatment period of 2003–04. Note: see Table 1 for treatment details. 129 50 cm (Figure 6) showed that the unmanaged clump expansion, although this response was less apparent (without irrigation) suffered water stress compared to in 2005 (Figure 3a). Fertiliser application clearly the control (with irrigation) in 2002 when irrigation increased leaf N concentration; for example, the was available. In subsequent years drought prevented leaf N concentration for the fertilised treatments full application of irrigation water. Even with irriga- reached 3% in January 2003 following application tion, plants suffered water stress at times in November of 346 kg N/ha in late December 2002, but the N level and January due to high temperatures that led to high dropped to below 2% in early January 2004 even after evapotranspiration. This was more apparent in 2002 application of 231 kg N/ha in December 2003, most and 2003 (Figure 6a and b) when the rainfall was very likely due to the exceedingly dry conditions, for we low (Figure 1) and relative humidity low. Control have shown (Kleinhenz et al. 2003) that for bamboo clumps also had very limited soil moisture during the to respond to N fertiliser, supply of water—whether dry season in 2004 and 2005 (Figure 6c and d) when from irrigation or rainfall—is essential. irrigation was not sufficient due to water restrictions. The leaf N concentration was closely related to measures of leaf chlorophyll concentration indicated Leaf nitrogen concentration by the readings of SPAD (Figure 3b), and the latter is The leaf nitrogen (N) concentration of the simple and cheaper than wet chemistry determinations unmanaged clump (T6) was lower than that of other and, at least in the 1.5–3% N concentration range treatments on most occasions (Figure 3a). For all critical to plant N nutrition, can act as a surrogate treatments the N concentration was relatively low for leaf N when determining the timing and quantity during January–March compared to other periods of N fertiliser. probably due to the dilution effect of culm and leaf 26 (a) Unmanaged 26 (b) Unmanaged Soil gravimetric water content (%) Soil gravimetric water content (%) Control Control 24 24 22 22 20 20 18 18 16 16 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2002 2003 (c) 26 (d) Unmanaged 26 Unmanaged Soil gravimetric water content (%) Control Control Soil gravimetric water content (%) 24 24 22 22 20 20 18 18 16 16 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug 2004 2005 Figure 6. Average soil water status (0–50 cm) monitored by tensiometers for two selected treatments during 2002–05 130 Comparisons of bamboo shoot production For marketable fresh weight (MFW), there was a greater proportional difference between treatments Shoot production within a season than for shoot number, with T3 constantly superior As the period November–April is normally the to other treatments (Figure 7b), reflecting greater rainy summer season in Queensland, bamboo shoots individual shoot weight for that treatment. can be harvested from untreated clumps starting from The advantages of T3 were still evident in 2004 for January. Following 1 year of imposed treatments, the both shoot number and weight per clump (Figure 8). It bamboo shoots were harvested from January 2003, is interesting to note that the unmanaged treatment (T6) and again in 2004 and 2005 over the same period. produced many shoots from February 2005 onwards Within the harvest season in 2003, treatments T1, T2 (Figure 9a), but their size was not marketable (Figure and T4, i.e. those in which shoots were left for culm 9b). In addition, T1, the control, caught up with, and production early in the shoot season, produced more surpassed, other treatments in shoot number and shoot early shoots per clump than those of T3, T5 and T6 MFW (Figure 9) from February 2005 onwards. (Figure 7a). However, T3 became more productive later in the season, but both T5 and T6, i.e. those with rhizome stress or unmanaged, consistently produced fewer shoots (Figure 7a). 25 T1 T1 (a) 10 T2 T2 T3 Cumulative shoot MFW (kg/clump) 20 T3 Culumative shoot (no. /clump) T4 T4 8 T5 T5 T6 T6 15 6 10 4 2 5 0 0 2 Jan 16 Jan 30 Jan 13 Feb 27 Feb 13 Mar 27 Mar 20 Jan 3 Feb 17 Feb 3 Mar 17 Mar 31 Mar 2003 2003 Figure 7. Seasonal cumulative bamboo shoot production in (a) number and (b) marketable fresh weight (MFW) in 2003. Note: see Table 1 for treatment details. 20 6 (a) T1 (b) T1 T2 T2 Cumulative shoot MFW (kg/clump) T3 Cumulative shoot (no./clump) T3 15 T4 T4 4 T5 T5 T6 T6 10 2 5 0 0 5 Jan 19 Jan 2 Feb 16 Feb 1 Mar 26 Jan 2 Feb 9 Feb 16 Feb 23 Feb 2004 2004 Figure 8. Seasonal cumulative bamboo shoot production in (a) number and (b) marketable fresh weight (MFW) in 2004. Note: see Table 1 for treatment details. 131 Shoot production across seasons In summary, the best treatment for bamboo shoot The annual shoot number for T3, the late-season production was the late-season selection (T3), and selection of shoots for culms, was quite steady across the worst treatments were rhizome stress (T5) and the three harvest seasons (Figure 10a), but its ability unmanaged clumps (T6). Other treatments, such as to produce marketable shoots declined with each year dry-season stress (T2) and narrow spacing (T4) were (Figure 10b). There was a great increase in shoot similar to the control in shoot production. Compared numbers produced by T5 and T6 in 2005, but T6 did to T1 (control), the superiority of the T3 was verified not produce many marketable shoots across the 3 through statistical analysis (Table 2) for both shoot years, and T5 produced a similar quantity of market- number and shoot MFW. able shoots compared to T1, T2, T3 and T4 only in 2005 (Figure 10b). Comparisons of bamboo culm production Analysis of the cumulative shoot production, Compared to the control and other treatments, the whether number or MFW across the 3 years, showed rhizome-stress treatment (T5) showed the greatest that T3 was superior to other treatments, particularly culm number in the first 2 years (Figure 12). This to T5 and T6 (Figure 11). reflected that in T5, a number of culms less than 30 4 T1 T1 (b) T2 (a) T2 Culumative total shoot (no. /clump) 25 Culumative shoot MFW (kg/clump) T3 T3 T4 3 T4 20 T5 T5 T6 T6 15 2 10 1 5 0 0 3 Jan 17 Jan 31 Jan 14 Feb 28 Feb 14 Mar 28 Mar 3 Jan 17 Jan 31 Jan 14 Feb 28 Feb 14 Mar 28 Mar 2005 2005 Figure 9. Seasonal cumulative bamboo shoot production in (a) number and (b) marketable fresh weight (MFW) in 2005. Note: see Table 1 for treatment details. 10 T1 (a) (b) 30 T1 T2 T2 8 Annual shoot production (no. /clump) T3 T3 25 Annual shoot MFW (kg/ha) T4 T4 T5 6 T5 20 T6 T6 4 15 2 10 0 5 0 -2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Year Figure 10. Annual bamboo shoot production in (a) number and (b) marketable fresh weight across 2003–05. Note: see Table 1 for treatment details. 132 T1 (a) (b) 60 20 T1 T2 Cumulative shoot production (no./ clump) T2 Cumulative shoot MFW (kg/clump) T3 50 T4 T3 T5 T4 T6 15 T5 40 T6 30 10 20 5 10 0 0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year Year Figure 11. Cumulative bamboo shoot production in (a) number and (b) marketable fresh weight (MFW) across 2003–05. Note: see Table 1 for treatment details. 30 T1 T2 25 T3 Culm harvested (no. /clump) T4 T5 20 T6 15 10 5 0 2003 2004 2005 Total Year Figure 12. Yearly (2003, 2004 and 2005) and total culm number harvested. Note: see Table 1 for treatment details. Table 2. Comparison of bamboo shoot production between the late-season selection (T3) and control (T1) across 2003–05 Treatment Shoot numbera (no./clump) Marketable fresh weight (kg/clump) 2003 2004 2005 Total 2003 2004 2005 Total Control 13.7 6.0 6.8 26.5 3.59 3.63 2.17 9.39 Late-season selection 15.4 15.7 12.8 43.9 8.00 5.55 2.31 15.86 P 0.400 <0.0001 0.0712 0.0092 0.0031 0.1571 0.8777 0.0003 a Shoot number includes marketable and non-marketable shoots, excluding shoots left to develop into culms 1 year old were also harvested—those culms being greatest for T5 and, on average, least for T6 (Table 3). the ones left on the clump to 'stress' the rhizome. In Compared to the control, T5 had 43.2% more culm the third year, edible shoots were harvested (to see if dry matter in 2003, 98.3% in 2004, and 46.0% in total, the rhizome had been 'stressed'), and therefore only and culm volume was greater by 43.2%, 98.3% and five 3-year-old culms were harvested for biomass. 47.2%, respectively (Table 3). Culm DW and volume per clump were also the 133 Table 3. Comparison of dry weight (DW; t/ha) and volume (m3/ha) of bamboo culms harvested in July 2003, August 2004 and October 2005, and total, among the treatments Treatment 2003 2004 2005 Total DW Volume DW Volume DW Volume DW Volume T1 24.15 61.52 23.70 55.28 25.57 55.00 73.42 171.80 T2 19.95 50.84 24.84 57.96 30.78 66.20 75.57 175.00 T3 20.72 52.80 26.27 61.28 20.50 44.12 67.49 158.20 T4 19.18 48.88 28.32 66.04 24.05 51.72 71.55 166.64 T5 34.59** 88.12** 46.99** 109.60** 25.64 55.16 107.22* 252.88* T6 16.17** 49.40 26.24 61.20 6.36** 13.68** 48.77* 124.28+ P 0.0002 0.0009 0.0016 0.0016 0.0059 0.0059 0.0069 0.0120 Note: + = 0.1 > P > 0.05; * = 0.05 > P > 0.01; ** = 0.01 > P > 0.001, compared to the control; see Table 1 for treatment details Relationships between shoot and culm was negative (culm volume = 0.5538 – [0.0028 × production shoot number harvested]), but barely significant (P = 0.053) and only explained 15% for the variation No clear relationship was detected between the in culm volume. Therefore, excessive shoot harvest in number of shoots produced and the shoot MFW terms of number may have some negative, but small either within a year or across the 3-year shoot effects on culm production. production period. This is understandable as some shoots harvested were not marketable (particularly WUE, NFUE and their relationships in T6), and some shoots were counted but retained for culm production. Consideration of the efficiency in using soil water Similarly, on a per clump basis, no relationship (from rainfall and irrigation) for shoot production was found between shoot MFW and culm produc- showed that T2 (dry-season stress—no irrigation in tion (neither culm dry matter nor volume), indicating the dry season) and T6 (unmanaged clump—no irriga- that limited shoot harvest for consumption may have tion) had higher WUE than the control when based minimal impact on culm production. However, the upon the total number of shoots produced (Table 4). relationship between shoot number and culm volume The higher WUE for T6 was due to the sharp increase Table 4. Comparisons of water-use efficiency (WUE) for both shoot and culm production between the control (T1) and other treatments during 2003–05 Treatmenta Total shoots Shoots harvestedc Shoot fresh Culm dry weight Culm volume producedb (no./mm/ha) weightd (kg/mm/ha) (cm3/mm/ha) (no./mm/ha) (kg/mm/ha) T1 2.28 1.13 0.37 8.48 19,828 T2 2.85+ 1.45 0.58** 10.64 24,672 T3 2.74 1.88* 0.68** 7.80 18,256 T4 2.40 1.28 0.46+ 7.64 17,788 T5 1.11** 0.46* 0.12** 11.48* 27,056* T6 3.26* 0.42* 0.08** 9.20 23,500 P 0.0049 0.0002 <0.0001 0.0671 0.0640 a See Table 1 for treatment details b Including shoots for culm production c Including marketable and non-marketable shoots d Marketable shoots only Notes: 1 mm/ha = 10 m3 and represents the amount of water received from rain and irrigation; + = 0.1 > P > 0.05; * = 0.05 > P > 0.01; ** = 0.01 > P > 0.001, compared to the control (T1) 134 of shoot number produced in 2005 (see Figure 10a). A positive and linear regression was identified However, based upon the marketable shoot weight, between WUE and NFUE for both shoot (Figure T2 (dry-season stress) and T3 (late-season selection) 13a) and culm (Figure 13b) production; an increase had higher WUE than the control, and T5 and T6 were of WUE could lead to an increase of NFUE in lower than the control. No significant difference was bamboo production. detected between T2 and T3 (P = 0.1005). Although T5 (rhizome stress) had lower WUE than the control Identifying the best treatments according in shoot production, it had the highest WUE in culm to the productivity index (PI) production (dry weight and volume), and was the only treatment that differed significantly from the According to the data, the late-season culm selec- control in culm WUE. tion (T3), when compared to the control, produced As for WUE based upon shoot fresh weight, more shoots in number and MFW (Figure 11, Table compared to the control, T2 and T3 had greater NFUE 2) without compromising culm production (Table 3). for shoot production (particularly in shoot MFW), The rhizome-stress treatment (T5) produced more and T5 had the lowest NFUE in shoot production, culm in terms of total volume and dry weight, but but the highest NFUE in culm production (Table 5). its production of marketable shoots was negligible compared to the control. Table 5. Absolute differences between treatments T1–T5 and T6 (unmanaged clump as a contrast using t-test) for the calculations of nitrogen-fertiliser-use efficiency (NFUE) for shoot and clump productiona Treatmentb Total shoots Shoots Shoot fresh Culm dry weight Culm volume producedc harvestedd weighte (kg/kg) (cm3/g) (no./kg) (no./kg) (kg/kg) T1 1.98 4.42 1.65 14.95 29.0 T2 2.26 4.83 2.22+ 16.61 31.60 T3 4.25+ 8.21* 3.16** 11.53 21.1 T4 2.38 4.81 1.93 9.99 17.4 T5 –3.99** 1.06* 0.37** 30.24* 65.9* a All values are given per weight of fertiliser N b See Table 1 for treatment details c Including shoots for culm production d Including marketable and non-marketable shoots e Marketable shoots only Note: + = 0.1 > P > 0.05; * = 0.05 > P > 0.01; ** = 0.01 > P > 0.001, compared to the control (T1) 5 (a) 50 (b) E) ) WU UE 40 X( 4 (W ) .04 56) +2 77 10X 481 .09 2 = 0. 2. .9 28 + 2 =0 30 = – 01; r NFUE (kg/kg) NFUE (kg/kg) 19 E) 0 3 0. ; r NU 0.0 – 1 Y( P< ) = 000 ( UE 0. 20 (N P < 2 Y ( 10 1 0 0 – 10 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 10 15 20 25 30 35 WUE (kg/mm) WUE (kg/mm) Figure 13. Regression analyses between nitrogen-fertiliser-use efficiency (NFUE) and water-use efficiency (WUE) for (a) shoot and (b) culm production 135 Using equation (3), the productivity index (PI) that maximises the WUE and consequently gross was calculated according to each n value (0.1–1.0) margin is of interest to growers. Hence, according to based on the total harvested shoot MFW and culm equation (4), PI-WUE was calculated and compared DW (Table 6). Recommendations can be made to between treatments (Table 7). According to the bamboo growers that when the unit value of culm PI-WUE, when the culm value was one-tenth of DW is one-tenth or less (n ≤ 0.1) that of shoot FW shoot value, both T2 and T3 generated higher gross (e.g. at a market price of $6.00/kg for shoots, the margin than the control (T1); however, T2 would be price of culms would be ≤ $0.60/kg), T3 (late-season a preferred option for growers because it was less selection of shoots) is recommended for maximum affected by changes of relative market values of shoot gross margin; when the unit value of culm DW is the and culms, unless the value of culm was the same same as, or higher (n ≥ 1) than that of shoot FW, T5 as the shoot (n = 1) when T5 showed the greatest (rhizome stress) is recommended; when 1 > n > 0.1, advantage in gross margin (Table 7). all treatments excluding T6 have similar economic The same principle for PI-NFUE (equation 5) impact; and under any circumstance, the T6 (unman- was also applied and compared among treatments. aged clump) is the worst treatment (Table 6). No significant difference in PI-NFUE was detected However, if growers are constrained by water avail- between treatments and the control unless the market ability for shoot and culm production, the treatment value of unit culm DW was the same as that of shoot Table 6. Comparisons of the productivity indexa between treatments for the total harvested bamboo shoot and culm production (2003–05) n 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 T1b 25.03 26.93 33.60 36.88 41.25 47.37 56.54 71.84 102.43 194.20 T2 27.11 28.99 35.45 38.82 43.32 49.62 59.07 74.81 106.30 200.76 T3 32.74* 34.61 36.96 39.97 43.99 49.61 58.05 72.11 100.24 184.62 T4 26.51 28.35 30.65 33.60 37.54 43.06 51.33 65.12 92.70 175.42 T5 27.41 30.16 33.61 38.05 43.96 52.23 64.65 85.33 126.71 250.84* T6 12.98** 14.30** 15.96** 18.09** 20.93** 24.90** 30.86** 40.80** 60.68* 120.30* df 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 P 0.0003 0.0004 0.0056 0.0067 0.0080 0.0093 0.0104 0.0109 0.0105 0.0091 a See text for details of how the productivity index was calculated b See Table 1 for treatment details Note: * = 0.05 > P > 0.01; ** = 0.01 > P > 0.001, compared to the control (T1); df = degrees of freedom Table 7. Comparisons of the productivity index related to water-use efficiency (PI-WUE)a between treatments for bamboo shoot and culm production n 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 T1b 2.87 3.58 3.88 4.26 4.76 5.47 6.53 8.29 11.82 22.41 T2 3.83* 4.63+ 5.00+ 5.47+ 6.11+ 7.00* 8.33+ 10.55 14.99 28.31 T3 3.78* 3.99 4.27 4.61 5.08 5.73 6.70 8.32 11.57 21.31 T4 3.06 3.27 3.54 3.88 4.33 4.97 5.92 7.52 10.70 20.25 T5 3.16 3.48 3.88 4.39 5.07 6.03 7.46 9.85 14.62 28.95+ T6 2.49 2.75 3.07 3.48 4.03 4.79 5.94 7.85 11.68 23.17 df 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 P 0.0272 0.0735 0.0967 0.1249 0.1557 0.1836 0.1999 0.1949 0.1646 0.1163 a Calculation was based on the WUE for shoot marketable fresh weight, plus WUE for culm dry weight at different n values (see text for further details) b See Table 1 for treatment details Note: * = 0.05 > P > 0.01; ** = 0.01 > P > 0.001, compared to the control (T1); df = degrees of freedom 136 FW, in which case T5 (rhizome stress) was the best price. T6 performed poorly at any given price, and treatment for maximal NFUE (data not presented), achieved only one-half of the gross margin of T5. which is similar to the findings for WUE (Table 7). However, statistically, T1, T2 and T3 were equally as good as T5 at any given shoot price. Validation of the proposed PI models When the lower price for bamboo culms ($0.09/kg, or n = 0.03 compared to the low shoot price, which The above models can be verified by entering the is out of the predefined n range of 0.1–1.0) was used real prices of bamboo shoots and culms at the experi- (Table 9), T3 was always superior to T4, T5 and T6 at mental site. For bamboo shoots, high (A$8.50/kg), any given shoot price, and outperformed T1 and T2 as low (A$3.50/kg) and medium prices (A$6.00/kg) were well at high shoot price. This is the extreme case when used for calculations, respectively; whereas for culms, bamboo growers cannot sell the culms for better prices. two average prices were used (A$2.76/kg culm DW The economic implications of Tables 8 and 9 are that for high-value culms and A$90.00/t or A$0.09/kg when culms can be sold as a timber with an average if the culms were simply sold for C sequestration price of A$2.76/kg, T1, T2, T3 and T5 are equally good value or for pulp or energy generation), and the total and better than T6 at any given shoot price; whereas gross revenues were calculated accordingly (Tables when the culms are sold for other uses with a low 8 and 9). The data in Table 8 including high-value price, T3 showed the greatest advantage for any given culms fit the hypothesised PI model (Table 6) well, shoot price. for the price ratios between culm DW and shoot FW were within the range of 0.1–1.0, and were 0.32, 0.46 and 0.79 at the given culm DW price of A$2.76/kg, Discussion when the shoot prices (A$/kg) were 8.5, 6.0, and 3.5, respectively. T5 always performed well, and better Bamboo is a perennial horticultural crop for shoot than T1 (P = 0.07), when the shoot price was low, production, a timber source, an effective medium whereas T4 performed poorly with the low shoot for C sequestration, and an energy source. Therefore, Table 8. Calculation of gross margin (A$/clump) during 2003–05 based on shoot fresh weight with high (A$8.50/kg), medium (A$6.00/kg) and low (A$3.50/kg) prices, and culm dry weight at the average price of A$2.76/kg Treatment Shoot T1A T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 df P price Gross margin High 596.0 ab 620.3 ab 600.7 ab 541.5 ab 700.0 a 341.0 c 15 0.0107 (A$/clump) Medium 569.4 a 590.8 a 561.0 a 516.6 a 693.5 a 338.4 b 15 0.0106 Low 542.8 ab 561.2 ab 521.4 ab 491.7 b 687.1 a 335.8 c 15 0.0095 A See Table 1 for treatment details Note: Values followed by the same letter within a row are not significantly different at P = 0.05 according to Duncan's multiple range test; df = degrees of freedom Table 9. Calculation of gross margin (A$/clump) during 2003–05 based on shoot fresh weight with high (A$8.50/kg), medium (A$6.00/kg) and low (A$3.50/kg) prices, and culm dry weight at the low price of $0.09/kg Treatment Shoot T1A T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 df P price Gross margin High 107.1 b 117.6 b 150.0 a 99.6 b 44.3 c 19.4 c 15 <0.0001 (A$/clump) Medium 80.5 ab 88.0 ab 110.4 a 74.7 b 37.8 c 16.9 c 15 <0.0001 Low 53.8 ab 58.4 ab 70.7 a 49.8 b 31.4 c 14.3 c 15 <0.0001 A See Table 1 for treatment details Note: Values followed by the same letter within a row are not significantly different at P = 0.05 according to Duncan's multiple range test; df = degrees of freedom 137 bamboo should be managed with an integrated drying cycles, albeit on a much shorter time frame, in approach, both seasonally and yearly, for sustainable trials conducted in China and the Philippines, reported production. Accordingly, evaluation and comparison water savings of 13–30%, with no significant reduc- of the management effects should in part be based on tion in yield (Cabangon et al. 2001; Belder et al. 2002; the summed results across years. Virk et al. 2004). Similar irrigation strategies, but The use of PI to unify the values of culm DW and again on a much shorter time frame, have been widely shoot FW made it possible to compare the differences implemented in horticultural industries; for example, between treatments. Mathematically, the price ratios by adopting partial root drying which increases fruit (n) between culm DW and shoot FW are not confined, quality and water-use efficiency by 50% (Stoll et al. but the hypothesised n range (0.1–1.0) is realistic, 2000) to 80% (dos Santos et al. 2003) compared to and provides the base on which growers can use full irrigation. the calculated PI table as a quick reference for their The physiological mechanism for the superiority management decisions. When growers cannot sell of shoot production in T3 (late-season selection of their culms as timber at a good price, comparisons shoots for timber production) is not clear; it may be of gross margins between treatments were also made that leaving early shoots for culm production inhibits when culms were sold for other uses at a considerably further shoot production but this was not so in the NT lower price (n < 0.1). (Traynor et al. 2009), or it may be that younger culms When compared to the control treatment (i.e. in the following season are more likely to support designed with wide clump space, early selection of more shoots in that season. shoot for timber production, and with irrigation and The treatment T5, where essentially no shoots were fertilisation) which represents a conventional manage- removed as a vegetable, and culms less than 1 year ment practice for bamboo production, improved of age and additional in number to the five to keep management practices can increase bamboo produc- were harvested, had the highest timber production. tivity, WUE and NFUE. Based on the current trials, The annual biomass removed (on average c. 20–45 the ideal improved treatments were T2 (dry-season t/ha) was comparable to other reports (Kleinhenz and stress), T3 (late-season selection) and T5 (rhizome Midmore 2001). stress), depending on the bamboo growers' intentions Nevertheless, in terms of financial suitability for to maximise their gross margin. If a grower focuses on growers, T3 may be the best option for generating shoot production (or if the market value of culm per stable income for growers regardless of fluctuations unit DW is much smaller than that of shoot per unit in the shoot and culm markets. These results are FW, e.g. n ≤ 0.1) then T3 is the preferred choice; if the for B. oldhamii growing in southern Queensland. focus is on culm production, T5 is the preferred choice; Recommendations should be considered and adapted and in most other instances, T2 is the preferred choice according to different bamboo species and their as it greatly increased WUE without compromising the growing conditions. combined values of shoot and culm production. The When the marketing value of the culm is low, the values for WUE (Table 4) at c. 10 kg/m3 (or 1.0 g/kg) production of shoots is very important. To ensure are intermediate to the range of values presented by sustainable bamboo growth status for shoot production, Trebejo and Midmore (1990) for total dry weight of leaf N concentration should be monitored periodically potato plants, but considerably lower than the 5.3 g/kg to guide decisions for fertiliser application. However, reported for willow by Linderson et al. (2007), although growers cannot afford to have frequent chemical the latter values were based upon transpirational-use analysis of bamboo leaves upon which to base fertiliser efficiency, not on total water-use efficiency. decisions. Fortunately, our research showed that the use If water were a limited resource and/or a paid- of a SPAD chlorophyll meter is a cheap and reliable for commodity, T2 would be of particular interest. surrogate to estimate leaf N concentration. However, Declining agricultural supply of water necessitates the meter measurements should be calibrated to leaf N development of methods for efficient irrigation. In our concentration for each species and growing situation. research, bamboo with dry-season stress resulted in an As the bamboo industry is still relatively new to average PI-WUE 29% higher than the control (Table Australia, economic analysis should be undertaken 7). From a practical perspective, the management of to assist growers to determine break-even prices for dry-season stress in the present experiment is similar culms and shoots. This analysis will take into account to that in rice production where alternate wetting and the costs of irrigation, fertilisation and harvest, with 138 or without hired labour. In this regard, this newly ., Kleinhenz V Milne J., Walsh K.B. and Midmore D.J. 2003. completed bamboo experiment can be subjected to A case study on the effects of irrigation and fertilization further economic analysis. on soil water and soil nutrient status, and on growth and yield of bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) shoots. Journal of Bamboo and Rattan 2, 281–293. References Lin Q.Y. 1996. Cultivation techniques for Dendrocalamopsis oldhamii. Pp. 50 –55 in 'Bamboo, people and the Bamboo Australia 2007. Bamboo pole products. Bamboo environment. Proceedings of the Vth International Australia: Belli Park, Queensland. At: <http://www. Bamboo Workshop and the IVth International Bamboo bamboo-oz.com.au/pricepoles.html#POLES>. Accessed Congress, Ubud, Bali, Indonesia, 19–22 June 1995', ed. May 2007. .R. By I.V Rao and C.B. Sastry. International Network for Belder P., Bouman B.A.M., Spiertz J.H.J., Lu G. and Bamboo and Rattan: New Delhi. Quilang E.J.P. 2002. Water use of alternately submerged Linderson M.L., Iritz Z. and Lindroth A. 2007. The and nonsubmerged irrigated lowland rice. Pp. 51–61 effect of water availability on stand-level productivity, in 'Water-wise rice production. Proceedings of the transpiration, water use efficiency and radiation use International Workshop on Water-wise Rice Production, efficiency of field-grown willow clones. Biomass and Los Baños, the Philippines, 8–11 April 2002', ed. by Bioenergy 31, 460–468. B.A.M Bouman, H. Hengsdijk, B. Hardy, P.S. Bindraban, Monje A. and Bugbee B. 1992. Inherent limitations of T.P. Tuong and J.K. Ladha. International Rice Research nondestructive chlorophyll meters: a comparison of two Institute: Los Baños. types of meters. HortScience 27, 69–71. Cabangon R.J., Castillo E.G., Bao L.X., Lu G., Wang G.H., ., Peng S., Garcia F.V Laza R.C., Sanico A.L., Visperas R.M. Cui W.L., Tuong T.P., Bouman B.A.M., Li Y.H., Chen and Cassman KG. 1996. Increased N-use efficiency using C.D. and Wang J.Z. 2001. Impact of alternate wetting a chlorophyll meter on high-yielding irrigated rice. Field and drying irrigation on rice growth and resource-use Crops Research 47, 243–252. efficiency. Pp. 55–79 in 'Water-saving irrigation for Stoll M., Loveys B. and Dry P. 2000 Hormonal changes rice. Proceedings of the International Workshop, Wuhan, induced by partial rootzone drying of irrigated grapevine. China, 23–25 March 2001', ed. by R. Barker, R. Loeve, Journal of Experimental Botany 51(350), 1,627–1,634. Y.H. Li and T.P. Tuong. International Water Management Traynor M. and Midmore D.J. 2009. Cultivated bamboo Institute: Colombo, Sri Lanka. in the Northern Territory of Australia. In 'Silvicultural Dart D.L. 1999. The bamboo handbook—a farmers, growers management of bamboo in the Philippines and Australia and product developers guide. Nemea Pty Ltd: Brisbane, for shoots and timber', ed. by D.J. Midmore. ACIAR Australia. Proceedings No. 129, 108–123. [These proceedings] Debaeke P., Rouet P. and Justes E. 2006. Relationship Trebejo I. and Midmore D.J. 1990. The effect of drought on between the normalized SPAD index and the nitrogen potato (Solanum spp.) growth, yield and water use in a nutrition index: application to durum wheat. Journal of hot and a cool tropical climate. Journal of Agricultural Plant Nutrition 29, 75–92. Science (Camb.) 114, 321–334. dos Santos T.P., Lopes C.M., Rodrigues M.L., de Souza Turner F.T. and Jund M.F. 1991. Chlorophyll meter to C.R., Maroco J.P., Pereira J.S., Silva J.R. and Chaves predict nitrogen topdress requirement for semidwarf M.M. 2003. Partial rootzone drying: effects on growth rice. Agronomy Journal 83, 926–928. and fruit quality of field-grown grapevines (Vitis vinifera). Virk P., Virmani S.S., Lopena V. and Cabangon R. 2004. Functional Plant Biology 30, 663–671. Enhancing water productivity in irrigated rice. In 'New Gáborccaroník N. 2003. Relationship between contents of directions for a diverse planet: Proceedings of the chlorophyll (a+b) (SPAD values) and nitrogen of some 4th International Crop Science Congress, Brisbane, temperate grasses. Photosynthetica 41, 285–287. Australia, 26 Sep – 1 Oct 2004'. The Regional Kleinhenz V. and Midmore D.J. 2001 Aspects of bamboo Institute: Gosford (published online). At: <http://www. agronomy. Advances in Agronomy 74, 99–153. cropscience.org.au/icsc2004/poster/1/1/347_virka.htm>. . Kleinhenz V and Midmore D.J. 2002. Improved management Accessed 25 May 2008. practices for culinary bamboo shoots. RIRDC Publication No. 02/035. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation: Canberra. 139
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Now, I know it's very hard to stomach this moron and everything he stands for but OC brothers stay calm and carry on …. This opportunity is earned not given (even if some left wing nut Judge says so).
Not to mention how many people were either set to go into the academy or at least in hiring range that no longer are.. Because of this fiasco.
I don't want to be on the wrong side of 30 before I graduate..
As a matter of fact.. With the pay out you will be getting.. You should bring a few in case 1 of the other guys forgets..
But seriously.. Someone a ways back said to bring an extra just in case.. Help a brother out.
On another note.... Lets be realistic here guys.... Not that I'm defending almostthere or anything but if anyone here was given the chance he has been given would you really turn it down?? I'm sure that most whites, blacks, yellows, pinks and transparents would also take it even if they didn't deserve it as well.
As apprised to how many want to be a firefighter bc they want to help people, they love NYC, in the family etc.
I think those results would blow people's minds..
I never received the letter that needs to be signed by a physician. Can someone post the number for Dcas thanks
I think any PH guys who want to get on for the right reasons, should prove it by donating the back-pay money to an FDNY/NYPD related fund, such as one that helps families who lost a loved one in the line of duty.
Also whoever was asking about how you are actually offered the job, it goes like this. Assuming you pass all the tests and are in hiring range for a class you'll get a letter inviting you to the 1.5m run. It explains that the run is the final step, blah blah blah. If you show up to the run and pass you are given a job offer letter on the spot. We were also given the textbooks at the same time as well. At that point you're in, unless you want to defer out of that class, at which point you have to call candidate investigations. If you know you're going to defer I'd suggest calling candidate investigations or DCAS before the run, and not even bothering with it.
Wasn't sure, just saying what they told me. Hey MM, when would the run be as opposed to the first day of the academy?
Anything that is obvious, like a fever, to something more serious. Diarrhea, cold, flu like symptoms,sports injuries, etc. Basically if you can hurt yourself by doing the exam, they want a release form signed.


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Strange Growth from Center of Flower?
I bought an Aloha rose, when I was first interested in adding roses to the garden and it was so lovely when we got it- pretty pink blooms. Anyways, we got it home and a little while later noticed it had several diseases (black spot, rust), and have since removed the bad leaves, etc. We've had it about a month now.
The problem is that the lovely pink blooms are starting as white now, or fading to white, and some don't even open- they sort of wither up and dry out before opening their blooms. I noticed this week a sort of strange green growth coming from the center of the flower. It almost looks like new leaves?
And idea of what this green growth is, and is there anything that can be done? Or is it the normal thing for certain types of roses?
Many thanks!
Ah yes. Something I just discovered myself this year. Here is a picture of it at HMF.
It's called "proliferation". From what I have read about it, it's cause is unknown, it isn't consistent, second flushes often don't have it, and the rest I'm sure you can look up.
Here is a link that might be useful: Proliferation on Asta von Parpart
Wow! How strange! Thanks so much for letting me know. They started looking like mutants, but now I know why! Lol! Almost every flower has it on this plant, but I'll just snip them off. Glad to know it's not a disease or anything. My husband thinks it's kind of cool looking ;)
It's an anomaly that's been known in roses for easily a century and a half. In modern roses, it was thought linked to Souv. de Claudius Pernet, which was notorious for proliferating. Some do it when fed too high nitrogen. Tequila Sunrise is so prone to it, all I had to do was walk past it with a sealed bag of fertilizer and it proliferated. Ironically, Claudius Pernet is Aloha's maternal grandmother. Kim
mmmm, some tomatoes are prone to this too - it is a genetic factor (in tomatoes, it is called the cactiflora gene). Annoying but not deadly. Fasciation is another odd growth syndrome which you will no doubt come across at some point. All part of our learning process.
Ah, I just looked Asta von Parpart up on HMF and unfortunately there is no information as to her lineage. She's the only one of my roses ever to do this, so I would be curious if anyone knows if she has Souv. de Claudius Pernet in her background.
No, Pernet isn't in Parpart. The multiflora was released eleven years before the HT. A number of OGRs have been known since the early Nineteenth Century which do it. If interested, take a look at Prolifera de Redout�, with references from at least 1824 mentioning it. Prolifera flavescens, a Tea with its 1836 reference: "alias Th� a filets. very beatuful, good fragrance. Like the previous rose [Flavescens], but a second bud, which doesn't always bloom, proliferates out of her middle."
Rosa gallica Agatha var. Prolifera introduced in 1817 was known to proliferate. Spray Cecile Brunner has been known to proliferate, produce an entire new bud from the center of an existing flower.
Many seedling roses tend to proliferate. Many outgrow it, quite a few don't. Ralph Moore raised a bright red mini which consistently produced a green center proliferation which he felt resembled a red bowl with salad in it. He thought to use it as a "premium" plant, to be used as a free gift when you purchase magazine subscriptions such as how Chiquita and Red Germain were used.
One of my fairly recent seedlings proliferated rather attractively, with very "winged" foliage right from the centers of the blooms. It reminded me of a headdress worn by an odd character in a very odd Australian film from a few years ago, hence the name. Kim
Here is a link that might be useful: Queen of the Desert
Well, Queen of the Desert is pretty nifty looking. I must say that the growths on Asta (many many of them -- 4-6 per flower) are not appealing. They look like cancerous tumors. But, as I said before, they are easy enough to cut off and the 'real' flowers are worth the effort.
Thank you. It could be quite pretty, especially with the burgundy new growth and when the "feathers" were burgundy, but the plant had a very awkward growth habit and black spotted terribly, so it's been culled. It could make a very attractive "defect" on the right plant. When you really study it, that's very much like Viridiflora where all the petals were replaced with leaves. Kim
Low temperature when the flower buds are tiny is a causative factor, along with genetics. This was proven with a susceptible greenhouse variety. My 'Aloha' in some years produces proliferation or a milder deformity, "bull-head" or "bull-nose" blooms, in the first flush but not later. None this year, though. I am doubtful about fertilizer playing a role, since I fertilize every year. 'Abraham Darby' is another popular rose that produces deformed flowers pretty regularly.
Thanks mgleason, but it is extinct. I have to test seedlings in pots and there is limited room for pots (and everything else) so when the triple digits hit and it was a chore keeping everything going, my culling requirements became VERY strict. I guess that's one good facet of having fewer seeds germinate, fewer to care for and not as difficult tossing the ones which offend. Kim
I have a beautiful old rose bush that has a strange center also... at first I thought the rose had reverted and was ready to dig it out. I waited and watched and every rose had this strange little cabbage garden inside. The rose fragrance is magnificent so could not dig it out. Some flowers have a very pronounced green center and others open so large with all the multi-petals the center becomes hidden. It is such an interesting thing to see. I am happy to hear it is not diseased..... but rather pretty!
I noticed this for the first time this year on my Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison. We have had an unusually cold & late spring here in the UK so maybe that's the cause? My Fantin Latour is not affected but other varieties are only just coming into flower.
What is called PROLIFERATION, also goes by the name VEGETATIVE CENTER. Certain varieties of roses exhibit this condition, especially when they are over fertilized, so the experts I know tell me.
I do not believe this is a disease, ,just a quirky thing some roses do, and therefore is most likely not contagous or progressive.


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"Lauryn Profession"
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Date of Birth: May 25, 1975
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Height: 1.588 m
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Date of Birth: May 25, 1975
Nicknames: Hill, Lauryn, L-Boogie, Lauren Hill
Height: 1.588 m
Ethnicity: African American
Country: United States of America
Lauryn Hill
Lauryn Hill Net Worth is $20 Million. Lauryn Hill was born in New Jersey and has an estimated net worth of $20 millon dollars. A singer-songwriter, producer, and actress, Lauryn Hill first rose to fame as a member of the group, the Fugees. She rele. Lauryn Noelle Hill (born May...
Lauryn Hill Net Worth is $20 Million.Lauryn Hill Net Worth is $20 Million. Lauryn Hill was born in New Jersey and has an estimated net worth of $20 millon dollars. A singer-songwriter, producer, and actress, Lauryn Hill first rose to fame as a member of the group, the Fugees. She rele Lauryn Noelle Hill is an American singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer, and actress.
Early in her career, she established her reputation as a member of the Fugees. In 1998, she launched her solo career with the release of the commercially successful and critically acclaimed album, The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill. The recording earned Hill 5 Grammy Awards, including the coveted Album of the Year and Best New Artist.
Following the success of her debut album, Hill largely dropped out of public view, in part due to her displeasure with fame and the music industry. After a four-year hiatus, she released MTV Unplugged No. 2.0, a live recording of "deeply personal songs" performed mostly solo with an acoustic guitar. In more recent years, she has recorded songs for soundtracks and mixtapes, as well as performing live at several music festivals. Hill has 6 children, five of whom are with Rohan Marley, one of reggae musician Bob Marley's sons.
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'The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill' Inducted into Library of Congress
The Grammy Award winning album is getting governmental preservation and recognition The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill moved many as a master's work in the modern music world. To this day it is still regarded as one of the most honest and raw albums that ...
Posted: March 27, 2015, 8:39 pm
CARIBBEAT: 'Rum & Rhythm' benefit discount is a foretaste of June's 'Caribbean Week in New York' events and activities
Call (718) 252-6161 for information on the affair and the Folk Arts Institute. Lauryn Hill – seen performing at Amnesty International's 2014 "Bringing Human Rights Home" concert at the Barclays Center, in New York – was honored last week when her ...
Posted: March 29, 2015, 9:01 am
Lauryn Hill's "The Miseducation" Album To Be Archived At The Library Of Congress
(AllHipHop News) Lauryn Hill's groundbreaking debut solo album The Miseducation Of Lauryn Hill already holds the honor of being the first Hip Hop album to ever win the Grammy award for "Album Of The Year." The classic 1998 LP is also receiving ...
Posted: March 26, 2015, 2:25 pm
"The Miseducation Of Lauryn Hill" To Be Inducted In The Library Of Congress Recording Registry
Lauryn Hill's The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill, perhaps the most acclaimed album of the 1990s, will now be inducted into the United States Library of Congress Recording Registry this year, 17 years after it was released. Laced with honesty and a Black ...
Posted: March 26, 2015, 4:41 pm
'The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill' to be preserved in Library of Congress
Lauryn Hill's lone solo album has been recognized as a work worthy of prestigious preservation. "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill," the songwriter and rapper's culturally dominant 1998 effort was named this week to the Library of Congress's National ...
Posted: March 26, 2015, 9:59 am
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