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Baby Art Belly kit, Baby Art
Your Reviews
"A really simple kit to make a casting of my…"
A really simple kit to make a casting of my pregnant belly to keep forever. Great instructions and under a tenner in price. A fun activity for a baby shower party if you dare ! Or a great way for dad to bond with bump and baby. Using plaster bandage, you wrap layers over the tummy and let it set to take the shape of your pregnant body. Can be decorated by painting but I prefer to leave it natural white. Bit messy and best done in last few weeks of pregnancyRead moreLess
Mumsnetter CTM3Number of total reviews contributed on Mumsnet3
3 reviews posted
"This kit contains everything you need to take a cast…"
This kit contains everything you need to take a cast of your bump. A lovely thing to show your children when they are older.Read moreLess
Mumsnetter kslatts
212Number of total reviews contributed on Mumsnet122
- kslatts has been a Mumsnetter since Apr 2005
- Number of Children: 2
212 reviews posted
17 Mumsnetters found them helpful
"Dh and I had great fun making a cast of…"
Dh and I had great fun making a cast of my pregnant tummy! Bit messy but easy to do and great results! I thought it was a unique gift!Read moreLess
Mumsnetter nellyfin1Number of total reviews contributed on Mumsnet1
1 review posted
"This Baby Art Belly Kit allows you to easily and…"
This Baby Art Belly Kit allows you to easily and quickly create a perfect cast of your pregnant belly - its a lovely gift to remind you of those pregnancy days.Read moreLess
Mumsnetter motormouth6Number of total reviews contributed on Mumsnet4
6 reviews posted
"'Creates a cast of your pregnancy belly' Haven't tried this…"
'Creates a cast of your pregnancy belly'
Haven't tried this myself but my currently pregnant friend assures me its a fantastic keepsake. I'm not sure it would have been top of my gift list but I guess it could come in useful for those post pregnancy days when you aren't feeling your slimmestRead moreLess
1 person found this review helpful.


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Vicente Agor
Gold & Diamond Leaf Cluster Pendant Necklace
- Color:
- gold
Please select an available size.
Please select a size.
This item is final sale and non-returnable.
Estimated Delivery: -
Share This Item: Email
Description: 18K yellow gold leaf cluster pendant necklace with round cut diamond details
- Total diamond carat weight is 0.07
- Diamond color is G-H
- Diamond clarity is SI1
- Lobster clasp closure
Measurements: 17" long, 2.4" pendant drop
Material: 18K yellow gold and diamond
Brand: Vicente Agor
Origin: United States

subset: commoncrawl


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Programs & Events
Spring 2015
Help us to accomodate you!
Robin's Nest Nature Playgroup
Forest Preschool
Lake Champlain Waterfowl Watch
April Vacation Nature Camp
Woodcock Watch
Spring Migration Bird Walks
Mother's Day Wildflower Walk
BirdFest 2015!
Learn more about our 4th annual festival celebrating birds at NBNC!
Please call 229-6206 for more info and to register
What's Next
Birding Cape May
Experience spring migration at its best! For over a decade, NBNC has taken teen groups to Cape May for the World Series of Birding, and now, we offer adults the opportunity to visit what is widely considered the 'top birding destination in the East.'
Sign up early, we expect this trip to fill! Learn more.
North Branch Trekkers
Students in grades 4 through 7 can join teacher-naturalist Ken Benton for the winter/spring session of the winter/spring session of the North Branch Trekkers outdoor-based after school program. We'll explore the magnificent green spaces of Montpelier while practicing outdoor living skills, tracking, and wildlife monitoring. North Branch Trekkers runs for 12 sessions with a week off for both winter and spring break. Space is limited so sign up soon! See the trekkers page for more info and registration form.
Buy "Bird-Friendly"
Order your bird-friendly coffee through NBNC and save on shipping! You'll be supporting the Nature Center, the birds, and the farmers who grow this sustainably produced product. All orders can be picked up from the Nature Center. Click here to download an order form.
Make an Online Donation
Branch Nature Center
Open Monday - Friday, 9am to 4pm
Trails open every day
Directions to the Nature Center
Contact Us


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Goth Gothic lettering with thorns for dark eerily beautiful Gothic Shirts melancholic romantic design is not just for the black scene
This great product in black from our department Men and Umbrella category can be printed just for you in the size and style you like. The design Goth Gothic lettering was created by namo and uploaded to Spreadshirt for you to have printed on a Umbrella. Next to a host of other great designs, you can find this Goth Gothic lettering design in Spreadshirt's Miscellaneous category. If you are interested in topics like Fashion or Ornament, then you'll love Goth Gothic lettering designs by namo. Spreadshirt also offers a huge selection of personalised T-shirts, hoodies and accessories for the category Miscellaneous as well as top antique clothing. namo's designs have already impressed many of our customers, so we are sure that we've got right stuff for you! Spreadshirt is your shop for great designs of all kinds – whether it's Fashion, Ornament or antique. We are sure that you will find something nice in our shop, there are many amazing personalised Miscellaneous T-shirts, jumpers or accessories for you to find! Tags: Design ID: 12466335
Jesus Rocks Designed by upfront gear
VINTAGE 1965 - Birthday T-Shirt Designed by PAPA-Daddy-Shirts
jacksepticeye logo shirt Designed by 6358637
British Skull Designed by english-t-shirts
Sad Dino GREEN/RED (men) Designed by studententyp
Melting Rubiks Cube Designed by Rubiks Cube
Safe and dry in style. This solid companion for wet days fits in every bag and is close at hand when the first drops start hitting the ground.
still to fill


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Turn-Key Solutions for Industrial IoT & Wearables
- Co-Innovation: Process to discover ROI guaranteed opportunities
- Software: Platform tools to get up and running quickly
- Hardware: Device-agnostic recommendations & procurement
- Implementation: Installation, integration & end-user training
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Our software connects information from your IT systems to the workers who need it.Learn More
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Communication Providers
Get to market faster with modern mobile and wearable products by using our enabling software.
Monitoring Systems
Tap into Canary and extend your products with modern mobile and wearable user interfaces.


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Space where guests can cook their own meals
Central heating or a heater in the listing
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
In the building, free or for a fee
Continuous access in the listing
Breakfast is provided.
The listing can accommodate a gathering of 25 or more attendees
Easy access to the building and listing for guests in wheelchairs
Private or Shared
Free, in the building or nearby
Posted emergency information and resources
The Space
Pleasant and quiet apartment situated on Via dei Cappellari, a picturesque street well known for its artisans and now also populated with artists and art galleries. It is located near Campo de'Fiori, Piazza Navona, the Pantheon and walking distance from many other tourist sites. You enter in the living area that is furnished with a sofa bed, there is a bedroom with a queen size bed, a kitchen and a bathroom. Air conditioning, TV. On the same floor, just adjacent from this apartment, there is another quaint apartment that may welcome four more people.
Late check out available on request.
Price includes linen, towels, cleanings, utilities and wi-fi connection.
check in from 14 to 20:00
late check in after 20:00 there is an extra charge of 30 euro
late check in after 24:00 there is an extra charge of 50 euro
Marco was very welcoming, helpful tips for the city and right on time.
The apartment was as described, very simple in decor but extremely well located on a nice street just besides Campo dei Fiori. The apartment was clean, but a bit worn and street noise could be bothersome even with windows closed. The small kitchen was nice and overall we enjoyed the apartment and the cosy neighborhood!
Ich bin pünktlich, freundlich und hilsbereit empfangen worden. Die Wohnung entsprach ihrer Beschreibung. Die Lage ist sehr zentral und die Nachbarschaft ist kaum zu merken gewesen. Ich habe Material und Tipps für die Erkundung Roms erhalten. Ganz vielen lieben Dank, ich hatte eine sehr erholsame und schöne Zeit in der via dei cappellari. Julia
Everything went very smoothly. The apartment is nice, clean and very well located. Most touristic sites are within walking distance: we spent one week in Rome and only took public transportations only once.
The apartment is conformed to the announcement, it is clean and well appointed. Very well located, you could visit most of touristic sites by foot ( beetweet Vatican and Colosseum about 20 min each ). It's a relly good ratio quatity/price !
Federico y su amigo cumplieron con todo. El piso está bien para ese precio
Federico was the best host I have ever had. Traveling from another country to meet him with flight delays and changes to check out times was made incredibly easy with him. He was flexible and patient and understanding and Laura who met me with the key was helpful and warm. The place itself is incredibly well located to see all of Rome. We felt at home and it was ideal for our trip. We could not have picked a better place in Rome.
This host has 950 reviews for other properties.View Other Reviews
I love sports, movies and traveling around the globe. I´d be very happy to host you!


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Enjoy a perfect blend of Neo Soul,R&B, Urban Contemporary and Steppers Music with DJ Slyte Lee Chilled.
Best Jamz on the Net!!
Broadcasting Feel Good Music and REAL R&B From Kobe City, Japan! Check out the August edition of Luv Grooves Magazine available online at www.luvgrooves.com!!
KDTN Radio One - The Music of Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow of Top 40 Radio where you get a 'taste' of everything on the music scene. The Look and Sound of the future!
top 40, r&b,Dance


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Salvation Army's Christmas campaign ends for season
The bells will go silent and the red kettles will be packed away for another year later today as the Salvation Army Christmas campaign ends for the season. The bell ringers shut down for the season at 4 p.m. although donations will continue to be accepted through the mail and Salvation Army offices.
Get the full story
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Advertisers from the print edition of Underground Construction, November 2013, Vol. 68 No. 11.
Hobas Pipe USA, which continues to serve its customers with extensive field support, announces the addition of two new representatives.
Advertisers from the print edition of Underground Construction, October 2013, Vol. 68 No. 10.
Electro Scan Inc., a global innovator of leak detection instrumentation and cloud computing applications, has been selected by the Water Environment Federation (WEF) as recipient of the 2013 Innovative Technology Award.
Advertisers from the print edition of Underground Construction,
September 2013, Vol. 68 No. 9.
Advertisers from the print edition of Underground Construction, August 2013, Vol. 68 no. 8.
Perma-Liner has recently been appointed as the Exclusive North American Distributor for Dancutter Systems. Lars Stenberg of Dancutter recently met with Perma-Liner at their corporate headquarters in Clearwater, FL.
Responding to positive industry feedback for its C900/RJIB restrained-joint integral bell PVC pipe with Certa-Lok technology, North American Specialty Products is adding new 10- and 12-inch outside diameter options.
Aegion Corporation has announced that its subsidiary, Insituform Technologies USA LLC, has been awarded two contracts valued at approximately $10.4 million from the Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District (MSD). The contracts are a part of MSD's $4.7 billion sewer system improvement program.
Lanzo Trenchless Technologies (formerly Lanzo Lining Services), a leader in trenchless underground infrastructure rehabilitation and repair, and cured-in-place piping (CIPP) technologies, recently announced the opening of a second headquarter location in Detroit, MI.
Copyright Oildom Publishing Company of Texas, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Small amounts of two heavy metals, lead and mercury, are naturally present in human blood. In adult transfusions these amounts are not significant enough to cause any concern. For extremely premature infants, however, the story is different. [Read more...]
Associate Professor Mohamad Elabiad Receives $26,818 Grant for Blood Transfusion Research
UTHSC's Dr. Owen Phillips Honored by Women of Achievement
Owen Phillips, MD, professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and associate dean for Student Affairs in the College of Medicine at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, was one of seven local women honored at the 2015 Women of Achievement Awards Sunday. She was recognized for heroism in protecting reproductive rights for women. The annual awards commemorate National Women's History Month. [Read more...]
Minority High School and College Students Invited to UTHSC For Two-Day Biomedical Mentoring Symposium
As many as 100 high school and college students are being invited to the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC) on March 26 and 27 for a biomedical mentoring symposium for minority and underserved students. [Read more...]
Samuel Dagogo-Jack, MD, Named President, Medicine & Science by the American Diabetes Association
Sets Goal to Emphasize the Organization's Global Work in Research and Education
As the 2015 president, Medicine & Science for the American Diabetes Association (ADA), Samuel Dagogo-Jack, MD, director of the Division of Endocrinology in the College of Medicine at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), hopes to "shine a light on" the organization's work in diabetes research and education around the world. [Read more...]
Dr. William Armstrong, Director of the Neuroscience Institute, Co-Editor of New Book on Neuronal Function in the Brain
The significance of neuronal function in the brain is explored in a new book co-edited by William Armstrong, PhD, and Jeffrey Tasker, PhD, titled "The Neurophysiology of Neuroendocrine Neurons." Dr. Armstrong, a professor in the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), also serves as director of the UTHSC Neuroscience Institute. Dr. Tasker is a professor of cell and molecular biology at Tulane University. [Read more...]


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Shares of China Life Insurance Under Pressure, Down 2.2%Down 2.2% to $62.85, China Life Insurance (NYSE:LFC), is one of today's notable movers. The Dow is down 0.3% to 17,962 and the S&P is currently trading fractionally lower Individual.com, 4 days ago
China Life 2014 Net Up 30% - Individual.com, 4 days ago
China LIfe Insurance (LFC) Showing Resistance Near $65.17 - Individual.com, 5 days ago
357 images for lfc
Liverpool v Man United starting line-ups
Confirmed #LFC team v @manutd: Mignolet, Can, Skrtel, Sakho, Henderson, Allen, Moreno, Sterling, Lallana, Coutinho, Sturridge Confirmed #LFC subs v @manutd: Jones, Johnson, Toure, Gerrard, Lambert,ITV.com, 1 week ago Liverpool v Man City live Sky Sports, 4 weeks ago Liverpool v Man City starting line-ups ITV.com, 4 weeks ago Man City knocked out - reaction BBC, 1 week ago
More from: FTBpro, FTBpro...and 3 other sources
LFC players show some serious table tennis skills
They may be teammates but Liverpool Football Club players Alberto Moreno and Javier Manquillo show how competitive they can be off the pitch in a hard fought game of table tennis. Here's a video of the full match with commentary from LFCTV's Steve ...ITV.com, 2 weeks ago
D - LFC Group Inc. (0001633051) (Filer)
Document Format Files Seq Description Document Type Size 1 primary_doc.html D 1 primary_doc.xml D 6519 Complete submission text fileSEC, 1 month ago D/A - LFC Alpha Ltd (0001386533) (Filer) SEC, 1 month ago
ViZn inks leasing partnership deal to boost ESS sales
US energy storage system provider ViZn Energy Systems has entered into a partnership with LFC Capital in a bid to boost sales of its zinc/iron redox flow battery ESS. The partnership with the equipment leasing and financial services firm is set ...Energy Storage Publishing, 2 weeks ago ViZn Energy Systems Partners With LFC Capital To Facilitate Property Owner Acquisition Of Solar + Storage Clean Technica, 2 weeks ago ViZn Energy Systems and LFC Capital announce an innovative ownership program for solar and energy storage PV Magazine, 3 weeks ago ViZn Energy Systems Joins Forces with LFC Capital to Launch Ownership Program Individual.com, 3 weeks ago
Swansea v LFC: Live match updatesNoodls, 1 week ago Swansea 0-1 LFC: Live match updates Noodls, 1 week ago Swansea 0-0 LFC: Live match updates Noodls, 1 week ago LFC v Blackburn: Live match updates Noodls, 3 weeks ago
More from: , FTBpro...and 2 other sources
GOAL! Liverpool 2-1 Man City
Coutinho with a barnburner: 2-1 to #lfc That is even better! Related news Top stories Play video Play video Play video ITV Presents Corporate Information By using this site, you agree we can set and use cookies. For more details ...ITV.com, 4 weeks ago Video montage: Every Coutinho goal for LFC Noodls, 1 month ago
Dunkin' Donuts Burns An Entire City With Thoughtless Tweet
Dunkin' Donuts angered supporters of Liverpool Football club by changing the flames on the LFC crest to Dunkin's coffee cups. The flames are meant to honor the 96 Liverpool fans who lost their lives in the Hillsborough tragedy of 1989. The LFC ...RTTNews.com, 1 month ago Dunkin' Donuts forced to apologise for LFC Twitter campaign that saw Hillsborough memorial flames in club crest replaced with COFFEE CUPS Capital Bay, 1 month ago Angry Liverpool fans bite into Dunkin Donuts over crest campaign Electric New Paper, 1 month ago Dunkin' Donuts thought it was a good idea to replace Liverpool's eternal flames with coffee cups Football.co.uk, 1 month ago
Fan tells Hillsborough inquests of terror in the pen
.@lfc fan Anthony Barnbrock described squashing his crying 13 year old brother in the crush outside the turnstiles. #Hillsborough #GR96 Mr Barnbrock said he asked an officer inside to get something done, but was told he hadn't got a radio & ...ITV.com, 1 month ago
New laser technique to hunt for Earth-like planets
The researchers believe that an LFC would allow them to measure Doppler shifts much more accurately and therefore increase the chances of spotting Earth-sized, habitable planets. TOPICS The hunt for Earth-like planets around distant stars could ...The Hindu, 1 month ago Exoplanet Hunters Detect Doppler Shift in Stars with Help from Laser 'Comb,' Astronomers Say (VIDEO) Hngn.com, 1 month ago Laser frequency comb in single-mode fiber can aid search for exoplanets (with video) OptoIQ, 1 month ago The hunt for Earth-like planets could soon become a lot easier IBNLive India News, 1 month ago
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Ruth's Redemptions Antiques & Collectibles
Lisa Brightwell, Mechanicsville, MD
The center design of this 12 1/2" round Homer Laughlin platter, is orange, black, and avocado green--a floral design with a "MOD" or "modern" appeal. The edge of the platter is trimmed in the coordinating avocado green, typical of the 60's era. No chips or breaks. The decal design does show light wear (see photo) and there are utensil marks, noted primarily when held at the right angle to the light. All in all, the round platter remains in Very GOOD Condition. Perfect for your upcoming Holiday Meals--perfect for your ham, turkey, veggies, or sandwiches.
Item ID: HLC69
Antiques & Collectible: Jewelry, Glass, Pottery, Porcelain, Books & more...plus New Artisan Jewelry
Happy Easter & Spring SALE! Vintage gifts and collectibles for holidays and any day...


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Behavior Genetics
Behavior Genetics - the leading journal concerned with the genetic analysis of complex traits - is published in cooperation with the Behavior Genetics Association. This timely journal disseminates the most current original research on the inheritance and evolution of behavioral characteristics in humans and other species. Contributions from eminent international researchers focus on both the application of various genetic perspectives to the study of behavioral characteristics and the influence of behavioral differences on the genetic structure of populations.
- 45 Volumes
- 252 Issues
- 2,597 Articles
- 77 Open Access
- 1970 - 2015 Available between
Latest Articles
Original Research
IL-4 Knock Out Mice Display Anxiety-Like Behavior
Morgan L. Moon, Jennifer J. Joesting, Neil A. Blevins… (March 2015)
Original Research
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Obesity-Related Phenotypes in Chinese Twins Reared Apart and Together
Bin Zhou, Wenjing Gao, Jun Lv, Canqing Yu, Shengfeng Wang… (March 2015)
Original Research
Fitting Procedures for Novel Gene-by-Measured Environment Interaction Models in Behavior Genetic Designs
Hao Zheng, Paul J. Rathouz (March 2015)
- Journal Title
- Behavior Genetics
- Coverage
- Volume 1 / 1970 - Volume 45 / 2015
- Print ISSN
- 0001-8244
- Online ISSN
- 1573-3297
- Publisher
- Springer US
- Additional Links
Continue reading...
To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.


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EPoX 4BDA2+ i845D Motherboard ReviewThe i845D chipset has been around for a while, but EPoX decided to take their it and add their own touches to it. Come join Cameron "Sov" Johnson as he takes a look at the EPoX 4BDA2+ Motherboard. It takes the Pentium4/DDR combination and adds a few special features to keep it in standing with their overclockable line of enthusiast boards. Check out whether they succeeded or not.
EPoX has been a long time manufacturer of quality performance motherboards. They are constantly keeping up with the changing technological world and continue to rapidly expand and evolve. When chipset makers like VIA, SiS or AMD release new motherboard Northbridge or Southbridge chipsets, EPoX is always there to utilize these in their upcoming designs. EPoX aims to provide consumers with the newest motherboard technology at competitive prices, and without sacrificing quality or performance.
Following this methodology, EPoX won the hearts of many computer enthusiasts with their full featured overclocking motherboards. While being a major supporter of the AMD platform (this was demonstrated by the release of the first Slot A KX133 motherboard to the retail market two weeks ahead of any other manufacturer), EPoX has begun to release Pentium 4 solutions in vast numbers. EPoX have pretty much stuck to Intel's side with the P4. While producing one P4 solution on the SiS 645 AGPset, EPoX has not released any VIA or Ali P4 boards.
EPoX's line of P4 boards, while short, are very impressive. While you wouldn't expect to find a P4 board overclockable (due to Intel's rather harsh discouraging methods), EPoX have designed extremely overclockable motherboards for P4 CPU's including the i850, one of the most un-overclockable P4 chipsets due to RDRAM limitations. With i845 pushing DDR SDRAM on the Intel platform, EPoX has taken this chipset which has proven to overclock very well, and given it a home on the EP-4BDA2+.
Further Reading: Read and find more Motherboards content at our Motherboards reviews, guides and articles index page.
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Here's Jamie xx's Video for "Loud Places" Featuring Romy Just in Time for Your Morning Regret
He also released the official version of another track called "Gosh," both coming from his upcoming record 'In Colour.' Full Story
Weirdo Scottish Electronicist Rudi Zygadlo Drops "Slow Carz" on Mad Decent
Why is letting go so effing hard? Full Story
Get Ready to Dance to a Coliseum Video, the Post-Punk Burner "Sunlight in a Snowstorm"
Check out the video from the band's Deathwish debut, due in May. Full Story
Watch Run the Jewels' Video for "Close Your Eyes (And Count to Fuck)"
Featuring Zack De La Rocha of Rage Against the Machine. Full Story
Ceremony Release Two New Songs Called "The Separation" and "The Understanding" with Two-Part Video
It looks like it's going to be a big year for Ceremony. Full Story
Listen to Rihanna's New Song "Bitch Better Have My Money"
OMG, new Rihanna! Full Story
If Albert Demuth "Finally Found A Job," Then Why Is His Video So Haunting and Dark?
The Cottaging member breaks out on the solo tip with a new video from his LP, out now. Full Story
Pour Up the DrinkQT, QT's "Hey QT" Video Is Here and It's Awesome
Hey QT? Yeah? This video rules! Full Story
It's a Great Week for Rap! Celebrate by Listening to Earl Sweatshirt and Action Bronson's New Song "Warlord Leather"
The Alchemist dropped this shoot-around session from two of rap's most dexterous lyricists on his Soundcloud this morning. Full Story
Kendrick Lamar Got in a Truck and Made His Fans Chase Him Around LA Last Night
It looked a bit like the whole of America missed a bus at once. Enjoy. Full Story
Hell Yeah, Get Sexy to Lil Durk's "Like Me" Featuring Jeremih, the Sexiest Song We've Ever Wanted to Have Sex To
It's sexy. Full Story
Oh Yeah Baby! Tei Shi Drops New Track "Go Slow"
The musical unicorn that is Tei Shi just made sure Tuesday went from tolerable to terrific. Full Story
We Spoke to the Guy Who Tricked the World Into Thinking That H&M Were Selling Neo-Nazi Metal T-Shirts
Henri Sorvali helped create an ingenious fake campaign poking fun at how metal subcultures are mass marketed. Full Story
Well Goddamn, Here's a New Album from Godspeed You! Black Emperor
Listen to 'Asunder, Sweet and Other Distress.' Four tracks over 40 minutes. Full Story
Oh Man, Listen to Mas Ysa's "Look Up" and Collapse into a Puddle or Something
In Mas Ysa's hands, every emotion feels titanic, and he's got a bassline and a warbly scream to drive the point home. Full Story
Container's "Eject" is One Part Japanese Hair Metal Video and One Part Roller Skating Phenom
Check out the noise-heavy techno track now! Full Story
Future's Cohort DJ Esco Spent '56 Nights' in a Dubai Jail, and All They Got Was This Dope Mixtape
Stream and download their new mixtape '56 Nights' right here. Full Story
Do You Smell What The Migos Are Cooking with "People's Elbow"?
It's the most electrifying move in rap entertainment today. Full Story
We Hope You're Hungry, Because Gucci Mane Dropped Three Mixtapes: 'Breakfast,' 'Lunch,' and 'Dinner'
Gucci feeds his fam. Full Story
Aw Yeah, iLoveMakonnen Just Dropped a New Freestyle from 'Drink More Water 5'
Time to hydrate, motherfucker. Full Story


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Real news. Real funny.
Real news. Real funny.
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Nate Washington WR TEN 3 months ago
Washington, who will become a free agent in the offseason, finished the 2014 season with 40 catches (on 72 yargets) for 647 yards and two touchdowns.
Now seems like a good time to let Washington venture elsewhere, considering the Titans have two talented young wideouts in Kendall Wright and Justin Hunter, along with tight end Delanie Walker, that figure to dominate the available targets next season.
Nate Washington WR TEN 4 months ago
Washington caught 6-of-10 targets for 102 yards in Sunday's loss to the Jets.
Washington took advantage of injuries to Justin Hunter and Kendall Wright, posting a season high in both catches and yardage. The Titans did suffer another QB injury Sunday, as Jake Locker hurt his shoulder, although Washington performed well with third-stringer Charlie Whitehurst. In Week 16, Washington will have a favorable matchup at Jacksonville on Thursday.
Nate Washington WR TEN 4 months ago
Washington had three catches on three targets for 56 yards during Sunday's 36-7 loss to the Giants.
Despite not having Justin Hunter (IR - abdomen) and Kendall Wright (hand), Washington finished with fewer targets than both Delanie Walker (10) and Derek Hagan (seven). The poor performance Sunday came after he caught five passes on nine targets for 61 yards and a touchdown in Week 13, though it should be noted that his score came on a pass from backup quarterback Jake Locker, who could be under center in Week 15 against the Jets after Zach Mettenberger suffered another shoulder injury Sunday.
Nate Washington WR TEN 4 months ago
Washington's teammate, Justin Hunter, has landed on IR, ESPN.com reports.
With Hunter no longer in the team's receiving mix, Kendall Wright and Washington figure to see their share of targets down the stretch, with Derek Hagan a candidate to move in the Titans' No. 3 WR slot. With the potential for more consistent looks in the offense down the stretch, Washington (who caught five passes on nine targets for 61 yards and a touchdown in Week 13) merits a look for those looking to add wideout depth in deeper formats.
Nate Washington WR TEN 4 months ago
Washington had five catches on nine targets for 61 yards and a touchdown Sunday against the Texans.
Washington was having a very pedestrian fantasy day until he caught a 25-yard touchdown from backup quarterback Jake Locker with 1:06 left in the game to pull the Titans within 24. Washington's production has been very streaky this season and his touchdowns have been fluky as well, as his only other sore came on an 80-yard reception in Week 11 against the Steelers, Washington's only catch of the game. Given the inconsistency, he remains a fairly unreliable fantasy option in most formats.
Nate Washington WR TEN 4 months ago
Washington recorded four catches (on six targets) for 63 yards in Tennessee's Week 12 loss to Philadelphia.
Washington has put together two decent performances in a row, but his overall numbers this season still leave a lot to be desired. With Kendall Wright, Justin Hunter and now Delanie Walker in the mix again, Washington's fantasy owners are going to be left frustrated more often than not.
Nate Washington WR TEN 4 months ago
Washington caught 1-of-2 targets for an 80-yard touchdown in Monday's 27-24 loss to the Steelers.
Washington has largely produced modest stat lines this season, but he only needed one catch Monday night to have a nice game against his former team. The veteran burnt ex-teammate William Gay on a double move, breaking free for a surprisingly easy 80-yard touchdown in the final 45 seconds of the first half. The score was Washington's first of the season, and the 80 yards were the most he's produced in a game this year.
Nate Washington WR TEN 5 months ago
Washington (shoulder) caught 2-of-3 targets for 30 yards in Sunday's 21-7 loss at Baltimore.
Washington was banged up heading into the game, but was able to gut it out, although he didn't make much of an impact. On the flip side, rookie QB Zach Mettenberger struggled, completing just 16-of-27 passes for 179 yards, so it's not like any Titans' pass catcher went off. Washington will face the Steelers in Week 11.
Nate Washington WR TEN 5 months ago
Washington (shoulder) is active for Sunday's game at Baltimore.
Coming off a four-catch 68 yard performance against Houston, Washington is good to go.
Nate Washington WR TEN 5 months ago
Though Washington (shoulder) practiced fully Friday, he is listed as questionable for Sunday's game against the Ravens, the Titans' official site reports,
The questionable designation suggests that those in deeper formats considering Washington this week will want to verify his status in advance of Sunday's 1:00 ET kickoff, though at this stage fellow wideouts Kendall Wright and Justin Hunter offer greater fantasy upside.


text: I'm a community organizer and educator in my late twenties, working for LGBT inclusion in the Jewish community. Originally from California, I made my way to Boston by way of Washington State, Ohio, and a couple of international jaunts. I love a good cup of coffee in the morning, and I have an amateur appreciation for graphic and interior design.


text:
Manufacturer/Publisher: Marvel/Icon (Release Date: 4/10/2013)
Writer: Mark Millar • Artist: Dave Gibbons
The conspiracy revealed! Gary and Jack begin to learn what's behind the celebrity kidnappings they've been investigating but that knowledge comes at a price. A raid on Mount Everest begins; the clock is ticking, and the web is beginning to unravel. But who can be trusted when so many prominent figures seem to be involved? It all comes down to this moment, brought to you by legendary creators Mark Millar, Dave Gibbons and Mathew Vaughn.
Item #: 1232142 • Diamond code: OCT120680 • UPC: 75960607806600611


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Stayed at the beautiful jasmine cottage for 1 week,cottage was very homely,had everything we required which included toiletries tea and coffee logs for stove etc.a home from home,Geoff & Sue very welcoming hosts,provided lots of local info,was their if we needed them,but did not bother us,offered us use of private swimming pool at rear of their house,Cottage has great central location to visit the cotswold villages and nearby supermarkets for convenience , plenty of local walks also,stroud railway station a short drive which made a day trip to London very easy a bonus for teenagers.
Also had extended family stay for 2 nights and they were very happy with a comfortable stay after a long drive from Yorkshire,
Overall an excellent holiday shall return again. more


text:
I was wondering whether anyone knew of a way to look up what revision number you checked out your code from an SVN repository. In other words, I was wondering if there was any combination of functions or an svn command in which you would type something about the working copy and you can get back the revision in which it was checked out from the repository. The purpose for this is when multiple people are committing to a repository and you want to check what was changed from the original copy to your working copy. Thank you and all help is much appreciated.
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Figured it out thanks to Ic. The way you figure it out is you do a svn diff against the BASE copy and your current working copy. In perl this can be done with


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FUELOILSYSTEM OBJECTIVE Understand the Fuel Oil System of WDM2 Locomotive. Learn the function of individual components of Fuel Oil System. Learn the concept of Fuel Feed System and Fuel Injection System. Check the efficiency of fuel feed system on full load condition Learn the purpose of fuel efficient kit application on diesel engine STRUCTURE 1. Introduction 2. Fuel Feed System and it's associate components 3. Functioning of fuel feed system 4. Fuel Injection System ( fuel injection pump & nozzle ) 5. Orifice test of fuel feed system 6. Calibration of fuel injection pumps 7. Phasing of fuel injection pumps 8. Fuel injection nozzle test 9. Nozzle valve lift 10. Fuel efficient kit 11. Summary 1 12. Self Assessment INTRODUCTION All locomotive units have individual fuel oil system. The fuel oil system is designed to introduce fuel oil into the engine cylinders at the correct time, at correct pressure, at correct quantity and correctly atomised. The system injects into the cylinder correctly metered amount of fuel in highly atomised form. High pressure of fuel is required to lift the nozzle valve and for better penetration of fuel into the combustion chamber. High pressure also helps in proper atomisation so that the small droplets come in better contact with the fresh air in the combustion chamber, resulting in better combustion. Metering of fuel quantity is important because the locomotive engine is a variable speed and variable load engine with variable requirement of fuel. Time of fuel injection is also important for better combustion. FUEL OIL SYSTEM The fuel oil system consists of two integrated systems. These are- FUEL FEED SYSTEM. FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM. FUEL FEED SYSTEM AND ITS ASSOCIATE COMPONENTS The fuel feed system provides the back-up support to the fuel injection pumps by maintaining steady supply of fuel to them at the required pressure so that the fuel pump can meter and deliver the oil to the cylinder at correct pressure and time. The fuel feed system includes the following:- Fuel oil tank A fuel oil tank of required capacity (normally 5000ltrs), is fabricated under the superstructure of the locomotive and located in between the two bogies. Baffle walls are used inside it to arrest surge of oil when the 2 locomotive is moving. A strainer filter at the filling plug, an indirect vent, drain plug, and glow rod type level indicators are also provided. Fuel primary filter A filter is provided on the suction side of the fuel transfer pump to allow only filtered oil into the pump. This enhances the working life of the fuel transfer pump. This filter is most often a renewable bleached cotton waste packed filter, commonly known as socks type filter element. These socks type filters are coarse filters and have a greater ability to absorb moisture, and are economical. However, in certain places, it has been replaced by paper type filter, which have longer service life. Fuel transfer pump or booster pump The fuel feed system has a transfer pump to lift the fuel from the tank. The gear type pump is driven by a dc motor, which is run by storage batteries through a suitable circuit. The pump capacity is 14 ltrs per minute at 1725 rpm at pressure 4 to 4.8 kg/cm. sq. Fuel relief valve The spring- loaded relief valve is meant for by passing excess oil back to the fuel tank, thus releasing excess load on the pump and on the motor, to ensure their safety. It is adjusted to a required pressure (normally 5 kg/cm2), and it by- passes the excess fuel back to the oil tank. It also ensures the safety of the secondary filter and the pipe lines. Fuel secondary filter The fuel secondary filter is located after the booster pump in the fuel feed system. The filter used is a paper type filter, cartridge of finer quality, renewable at regular intervals. This filter arrests the finer dirt particles left over by the primary filter and ensures longer life of the fuel injection equipments. Fuel regulating valve 3 The fuel-regulating valve is spring-loaded valve of similar design as the fuel relief valve. It is located after the secondary filter in the fuel feed system. This valve is adjusted to the required pressure (3 kg/cm2), and always maintains the same pressure in the fuel feed system by releasing the excess oil to the fuel oil tank. There is no by-passing of oil if the pressure is less than the adjusted level. Functioning of fuel feed system The fuel booster pump or transfer pump is switched on and the pump starts sucking oil from the fuel oil tank, filtered through the primary filter. Because of variable consumption by the engine, the delivery pressure of the pump may rise increasing load on the pump and its drive motor. When the rate of consumption of the fuel by the engine is low, the relief valve ensures the safety of the components by releasing load, by- passing the excess pressure back to the tank. Then oil passes through the paper type secondary filter and proceeds to the right side fuel header. The fuel header is connected to eight numbers of fuel injection pumps on the right-bank of the engine, and a steady oil supply is maintained to the pumps at a pressure of 3 Kg./ sq. cm. Then the fuel oil passes on to the left side header and reaches eight fuel injection pumps on the left bank through jumper pipes. The regulating valve remaining after the left side fuel header, takes care of excess pressure over 3 Kg/cm Square by passing the extra oil back to the tank. A gauge connection is taken from here leading to the driver's cabin for indicating the fuel oil feed pressure. Thus the fuel feed system keeps fuel continuously available to the fuel injection pumps, which the pumps may use or refuse depending on the demand of the engine. FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM When diesel engine is started, all fuel injection pumps start functioning. According to firing order all F.I. pumps start discharging fuel oil at high pressure to there respective nozzles through high pressure line tube. Fuel injection nozzle injects fuel oil to combustion chamber at 4000 psi. The internal function of F.I. pump and nozzle are described below. 4 1. FUEL INJECTION PUMP It is a constant stroke plunger type pump with variable quantity of fuel delivery to suit the demands of the engine. The fuel cam controls the pumping stroke of the plunger. The length of the stroke of the plunger and the time of the stroke is dependent on the cam angle and cam profile, and the plunger spring controls the return stroke of the plunger. The plunger moves inside the barrel, which has very close tolerances with the plunger. When the plunger reaches to the BDC, spill ports in the barrel, which are connected to the fuel feed system, open up. Oil then fills up the empty space inside the barrel. At the correct time in the diesel cycle, the fuel cam pushes the plunger forward, and the moving plunger covers the spill ports. Thus, the oil trapped in the barrel is forced out through the delivery valve to be injected into the combustion chamber through the injection nozzle. The plunger has two identical helical grooves or helix cut at the top edge with the relief slot. At the bottom of the plunger, there is a lug to fit into the slot of the control sleeve. When the rotation of the engine moves the camshaft, the fuel cam moves the plunger to make the upward stroke. It may also rotate slightly, if necessary through the engine governor, control shaft, control rack, and control sleeve. This rotary movement of the plunger along with reciprocating stroke changes the position of the helical relief in respect to the spill port and oil, instead of being delivered through the pump outlet, escapes back to the low pressure feed system. The governor for engine speed control, on sensing the requirement of fuel, controls the rotary motion of the plunger, while it also has reciprocating pumping strokes. Thus, the alignment of helix relief with the spill ports will determine the effectiveness of the stroke. If the helix is constantly in alignment with the spill ports, it bypasses the entire amount of oil, and nothing is delivered by the pump. The engine stops because of no fuel injected, and this is known as 'NO-FUEL' position. When alignment of helix relief with spill port is delayed, it results in a partly effective stroke and engine runs at low speed and power output is not the maximum. When the helix is not in alignment 5 with the spill port through out the stroke, this is known as 'FULL FUEL POSITION', because the entire stroke is effective. Oil is then passed through the delivery valve, which is spring loaded. It opens at the oil pressure developed by the pump plunger. This helps in increasing the delivery pressure of oil. it functions as a non-return valve, retaining oil in the high pressure line. This also helps in snap termination of fuel injection, to arrest the tendency of dribbling during the fuel injection. The specially designed delivery valve opens up due to the pressure built up by the pumping stroke of plunger. When the oil pressure drops inside the barrel, the landing on the valve moves backward to increase the space available in the high-pressure line. Thus, the pressure inside the high- pressure line collapses, helping in snap termination of fuel injection. This reduces the chances of dribbling at the beginning or end of fuel injection through the fuel injection nozzles. FUEL INJECTION NOZZLE The fuel injection nozzle or the fuel injector is fitted in the cylinder head with its tip projected inside the combustion chamber. It remains connected to the respective fuel injection pump with a steel tube known as fuel high pressure line. The fuel injection nozzle is of multi-hole needle valve type operating against spring tension. The needle valve closes the oil holes by blocking the oil holes due to spring pressure. Proper angle on the valve and the valve seat, and perfect bearing ensures proper closing of the valve. Due to the delivery stroke of the fuel injection pump, pressure of fuel oil in the fuel duct and the pressure chamber inside the nozzle increases. When the pressure of oil is higher than the valve spring pressure, valve moves away from its seat, which uncovers the small holes in the nozzle tip. High- pressure oil is then injected into the combustion chamber through these holes in a highly atomised form. Due to injection, hydraulic pressure drops, 6 and the valve returns back to its seat terminating the fuel injection, termination of fuel injection may also be due to the bypassing of fuel injection through the helix in the fuel injection pump causing a sudden drop in pressure. ORIFICE TEST This test is a rough and ready method to ascertain the efficiency of the fuel feed system under full load condition. The procedure of testing is as under: 1. An orifice plate of 1/8 inch is fitted in the system before the regulating valve. 2. A container to be placed under the orifice to collect the oil that would leak through it during the test. 3. The fuel booster pump to be switched on for 60 seconds. The rate of leakage should be about 9 lt. of fuel per minute through the orifice ( with the engine in stopped condition ). The system should be able to maintain 3 kg /cm.sq pressure with this rate of leakage, which simulates approx. the full load consumption by the engine. In the event of drop in pressure the rate of leakage would also be less indicating some defect in the system reducing its efficiency to meet the full requirement of fuel during peak load. The above test is easy, reliable and also saves time. CALIBRATION OF FUEL INJECTION PUMPS Each fuel injection pump is subject to test and calibration after repair or overhaul to ensure that they deliver the same and stipulated amount of fuel at a particular rack position. Every pump must deliver regulated and equal quantity of fuel at the same time so that the engine output is optimum and at the same time running is smooth with minimum vibration. The calibration and testing of fuel pumps are done on a specially designed machine. The machine has a 5 HP reversible motor to drive a cam shaft through V belt. The blended test oil of recommended viscosity under controlled temperature is circulated through a pump at a specified pressure for feeding the pump under test. It is very much necessary to follow the laid down standard procedure of testing to obtain standard test results. The pump under test is fixed on top of the cam box and its rack set at a particular 7 position to find out the quantum of fuel delivery at that position. The machine is then switched on and the cam starts making delivery strokes. A revolution counter attached to it is set to trip at 300 RPM or 100 RPM as required. With the cam making strokes, if the pump delivers any oil, it returns back to the reservoir in normal state. A manually operated solenoid switch is switched on and the oil is diverted to a measure glass till 300 strokes are completed after operation of the solenoid switch. Thus the oil discharged at 300 working strokes of the pump is measured which should normally be within the stipulated limit. The purpose of measuring the output in 300 strokes is to take an average to avoid errors. The pump is tested at idling and full fuel positions to make sure that they deliver the correct amount of fuel for maintaining the idling speed and so also deliver full HP at full load. A counter check of the result at idling is done on the reverse position of the motor which simulates slow running of the engine. If the test results are not within the stipulated limits as indicated by the makers then adjustment of the fuel rack position may be required by moving the rack pointer, by addition or removal of shims behind it. The thickness of shims used should be punched on the pump body. The adjustment of rack is done at the full fuel position to ensure that the engine would deliver full horse power. Once the adjustment is done at full fuel position other adjustment should come automatically. In the event of inconsistency in results between full fuel and idling fuel, it may call for change of plunger and barrel assembly. The calibration value of fuel injection pump of WDM2 engines as supplied by the makers is as follows at 300 working strokes: 9 mm (Idling) 34 cc +1/-5 30 mm (Full load) 351 cc +5/-10 The calibration values for YDM4 engines are as under. 9 mm (idling ) 45 cc +1/-5 28 mm (full load) 401 cc +4/-11 Errors are likely to develop on the calibration machine in course of time and it is necessary to check the machine at times with master pumps supplied by the makers. These pumps are perfectly calibrated and meant 8 for use as reference to test the calibration machine itself. Two master pumps, one for full fuel and the other for idling fuel are there and they have to be very carefully preserved only for the said purpose. PHASING OF FUEL INJECTION PUMPS Every fuel injection pump after repair / overhauling and testing needs phasing while fitting on the engine. In course of working the drive mechanism of the FIP suffers from wear and causes loss of motion. This may also cause shorter length of plunger stroke and lesser fuel delivery. The pump lifter is adjusted individually for all the FIPs. An adjustment is provided in the valve lifter mechanism to adjust the markings between the guide cup and the sight window so that they coincide with each other after positioning the engine. This adjustment is known as phasing of the pump to make up the wear loses. FUEL INJECTION NOZZLE TEST The criteria for good nozzle is good atomization, correct spray pattern and no leakage or dribbling. Before a nozzle is put to test the assembly must be rinsed in fuel oil, nozzle holes cleaned with wire brush and spray holes cleaned with steel wire of correct thickness. The fuel injection nozzles are tested on a specially designed test stand, where the following tests are conducted. SPRAY PATTERN Spray of fuel should take place through all the holes uniformly and properly atomized. While the atomization can be seen through the glass jar, an impression taken on a sheet of blotting paper at a distance of 1 to 1 1/2 inch also gives a clear impression of the spray pattern. SPRAY PRESSURE The stipulated correct pressure at which the spray should take place 3900-4050 psi for new and 3700-3800 psi for reconditioned nozzles. If the pressure is down to 3600 psi the nozzle needs replacement. The spray pressure is indicated in the gauge provided in the test machine. Shims are being used to increase or decrease the tension of nozzle spring which increases or decreases the spray pressure 9 DRIBBLING There should be no loose drops of fuel coming out of the nozzle before or after the injections. In fact the nozzle tip of a good nozzle should always remain dry. The process of checking dribbling during testing is by having injections manually done couple of times quickly and check the nozzle tip whether leaky. Raising the pressure within 100 psi of set injection pressure and holding it for about 10 seconds may also give a clear idea of the The reasons of nozzle dribbling are 1) Improper pressure setting 2) Dirt stuck up between the valve and the valve seat 3) Improper contact between the valve and valve seat 4) Valve sticking inside the valve body. NOZZLE CHATTER The chattering sound is a sort of cracking noise created due to free movement of the nozzle valve inside the valve body. If is not proper then chances are that the valve is not moving freely inside the nozzle. NOZZLE LEAK OFF RATE A very minute portion of the oil inside the nozzle passes clearance between the valve and the valve body for the purpose of lubrication. Excess clearance between them may cause excess leak off, thus reducing the amount of fuel actually injected. The process of checking the leak off rate is by creating pressure in the nozzle up to 3500 psi and holds the pressure till it drops to 1000 psi. The drop of pressure is due to the leak off and higher the leak off rate the pressure drop is quicker. In the event of the leak off time recorded below stipulation the nozzle valve and the valve body have to be changed for excessive wear and clearance between them. CHECKING OF NOZZLE VALVE LIFT 10 The valve and the valve seat are surface hardened components. Any attempt to work them beyond the hardened surface is restricted. The amount of wear on the valve face and the seat is measured with the help of a dial gauge and the process is known as checking of valve lift. FUEL EFFICIENT KIT Certain modifications carried out on WDM2 locomotive engine to improve specific fuel consumption by over 6%, ruduction in existing exhaust gas temperature by over 100 deg.-C and reduction in lube oil consumption. These modifications are considered as fuel efficient kit. Modifications are given below: 1. Modified water connection to after cooler: - Water inlet of the after cooler is connected from outlet of the radiator, to provide water at minimum possible temperature into the after cooler. Previously it was connected from water pump discharge side. 2. 17 mm fuel injection pump:- 15 mm pumps are being replaced by 17 mm pumps, to have sharper fuel injection. For this, modified fuel pump support with wider fuel cam roller, shall be used on fuel efficient engine. The maximum rack opening with 17 mm pump is restricted to 28+_ 0.25 mm instead of existing 29.5+-0.25 mm. Changes will have to be made in the lever/ linkage of the governor for this. 3. Modified cam shaft with 140 degree over lap:- The cam shaft has been modified to increase the over lap from 123 degree to 140 degree to improve the scavenging. 4. Large After Cooler: Large After Cooler with higher effectiveness has been introduced to provide cooled air to engine. For this Turbo mounting bracket and certain pipe line connections will need to be changed. 11 5. Steel capped pistons: In the fuel efficient engine, peak firing pressure likely to exceed 1800 psi and thus steel cap pistons are required to be used. Use of steel cap pistons will also result in lower lube oil consumption. 6. High efficiency Turbo Charger: Existing 720 turbo chargers being replaced by high efficiency ABB VTC 304/ NAPIER NA 295 turbo chargers having capacity to develop 2.2kg/cm2 air pressure/ booster pressure. SUMMARY Fuel Feed System is responsible for supply of clean oil with adequate quantity at required pressure to Fuel Injection System, to meet the requirement of fuel oil of the engine at rated output. In Fuel Feed System, Fuel tank acts as reservoir of HSD oil of the engine; Primary and Secondary filters maintain cleanliness of oil in the system. Fuel Booster Pump works for generating pressure and maintaining adequate supply of fuel in the system; Relief and Regulating Valves maintain constant pressure in the feed system. Fuel Injection System comprises of mainly two components (a) Fuel Injection Pump (b) Fuel Injection Nozzle. Fuel Injection Pump is a plunger type Pump having constant stroke with variable delivery. The quantity of fuel delivered is decided by the position of the helix groove, that varies with the twisting of the plunger according to the fuel rack position. Hence it is responsible for supplying correct quantity of pressurized fuel upto the nozzle. Nozzle is responsible for delivering pressurized fuel in atomized form into the combustion chamber. The breaking pressure i.e. the final pressure 12 at which fuel is released into the combustion chamber is decided by the setting of Nozzle Valve Spring pressure. SELF ASSESSMENT 1. What are the functions of Relief Valve and Regulating Valve in fuel feed system? 2. Draw a neat sketch of the Fuel Feed System of WDM2 type locomotive and label it 3. How quantity of fuel delivery varies in Fuel Injection Pump? 4. What are the functions of Fuel Injection Nozzle? 5. Describe the function of fuel injection nozzle. 6. How can you check the efficiency of the fuel feed system under full load condition? 7. What is fuel-efficient kit? 13 CHARGE AIR SYSTEM OBJECTIVE The objective of this unit is to make you understand about :- the need for supercharging various methods of supercharging Turbo Supercharging as applied in WDM2 type Locomotive various components of Turbo Supercharger and their duties. Lubricating, Cooling and Air Cushioning of Turbo Supercharger Components. Cooling of supercharged air STRUCTURE 1. Introduction 2. Advantage of supercharging 3. Turbo Supercharger and its working principle 4. Main components of Turbo Supercharger 5. Lubricating, Cooling and Air Cushioning 6. After cooling of Charge Air 7. Summary 8. Self Assessment 14 15 INTRODUCTION The diesel engine produces mechanical energy by converting heat energy derived from burning of fuel inside the cylinder. For efficient burning of fuel, availability of sufficient air in proper ratio is a prerequisite. In a naturally aspirated engine, during the suction stroke, air is being sucked into the cylinder from the atmosphere. The volume of air thus drawn into the cylinder through restricted inlet valve passage, within a limited time would also be limited and at a pressure slightly less than the atmosphere. The availability of less quantity of air of low density inside the cylinder would limit the scope of burning of fuel. Hence mechanical power produced in the cylinder is also limited. An improvement in the naturally aspirated engines is the super-charged or pressure charged engines. During the suction stroke, pressurised stroke of high density is being charged into the cylinder through the open suction valve. Air of higher density containing more oxygen will make it possible to inject more fuel into the \same size of cylinder and produce more power,, by effectively burning it. ADVANTAGES OF SUPER CHARGED ENGINES. A super charged engine of given bore and stroke dimensions can produce 50 percent or more power than a naturally aspirated engine. The power to weight ratio in such a case is much more favourable. Charging of air during the suction stroke causes better scavenging in the cylinders. This ensures carbon free cylinders and valves, and better health for the engine also. Higher heat developed in a super charged engine due to the burning of more fuel, calls for better cooling of the components. The cool air charged into the cylinders has better cooling effect on the cylinders, piston, cylinder head, and valves, and save them from failure due to thermal stresses. 16 Better ignition due to higher temperature developed by higher compression in the cylinder. Better fuel efficiency due to complete combustion of fuel by ensuring availability of matching quantity of air or oxygen. METHOD OF SUPERCHARGING Different methods of pressurising air for supercharging in engines are adopted. Using a reciprocating type of air compressor. These are unsuitable for locomotive engines, because of their large size, and higher power demand. Moreover, The system does not maintain proper air to fuel ratio. Specially designed roots blower or centrifugal blowers. These have the same drawbacks as the reciprocating compressors. Most efficient and economical method of supercharging is by a centrifugal blower run by the exhaust gas driven turbine. In the system, energy left over in the exhaust gas, which would otherwise have been wasted, is used to drive the gas turbine in the turbo super charger. The turbine in turn drives the centrifugal blower, which sucks air from atmosphere and pressurises it. This does away with the need for an additional power required for driving the blower, thus saving energy. Moreover, this system can maintain more favourable air and fuel ratio at all speed and load conditions of the engine than any other system. TURBO SUPERCHARGER AND ITS WORKING PRINCIPLE The exhaust gas discharge from all the cylinders accumulate in the common exhaust manifold at the end of which, turbo- supercharger is fitted. The gas under pressure there after enters the turbo- supercharger through the torpedo shaped bell mouth connector and then passes through the fixed nozzle ring. Then it is directed on the turbine blades at increased pressure and at the most suitable angle to achieve rotary motion of the turbine at maximum efficiency. After rotating the turbine, the exhaust gas goes out to 17 the atmosphere through the exhaust chimney. The turbine has a centrifugal blower mounted at the other end of the same shaft and the rotation of the turbine drives the blower at the same speed. The blower connected to the atmosphere through a set of oil bath filters, sucks air from atmosphere, and delivers at higher velocity. The air then passes through the diffuser inside the turbo- supercharger, where the velocity is diffused to increase the pressure of air before it is delivered from the turbo- supercharger. Pressurising air increases its density, but due to compression heat develops. It causes expansion and reduces the density. This effects supply of high- density air to the engine. To take care of this, air is passed through a heat exchanger known as after cooler. The after cooler is a radiator, where cooling water of lower temperature is circulated through the tubes and around the tubes air passes. The heat in the air is thus transferred to the cooling water and air regains its lost density. From the after cooler air goes to a common inlet manifold connected to each cylinder head. In the suction stroke as soon as the inlet valve opens the booster air of higher pressure density rushes into the cylinder completing the process of super charging. The engine initially starts as naturally aspirated engine. With the increased quantity of fuel injection increases the exhaust gas pressure on the turbine. Thus the self-adjusting system maintains a proper air and fuel ratio under all speed and load conditions of the engine on its own. The maximum rotational speed of the turbine is 18000 rpm for the 720A model Turbo supercharger and creates 1.8 kg/cm2 air pressure in air manifold of diesel engine, known as booster pressure. Low booster pressure causes black smoke due to incomplete combustion of fuel. High exhaust gas temperature due to after burning of fuel may result in considerable damage to the turbo supercharger and other component in the engine. MAIN COMPONENTS OF TURBO-SUPERCHARGER Turbo- supercharger consists of following main components. Gas inlet casing. 18 Turbine casing. Intermediate casing Blower casing with diffuser Rotor assembly with turbine and rotor on the same shaft. GAS INLET CASING The inlet casing of the latest type of turbo are of CH 20 stainless steel which is highly heat resistant. The function of this casing is to take hot gases from the exhaust manifold and pass them through the nozzle ring, which is bolted to the casing face. This assembly is fitted on the turbine casing with cap screws. TURBINE CASING The turbine casing houses the turbine inside it, and is cored to have circulation of water through it for cooling purposes. It has an oval shaped gas outlet passage at the top. It is fitted in between the inlet casing and the intermediate casing. It is made of alloy cast iron or fabricated. INTERMEDIATE CASING This casing is also water-cooled and have cored passage for water circulation and is made of alloy cast iron or fabricated like the turbine casing. It is placed between turbine casing and the blower casing. It separated the exhaust and the airside and also supports the turbine rotor on the two tri-metal bearings, which are interference-fit in the intermediate casing. BLOWER HOUSING ASSEMBLY 19 This houses the blower and is in two parts, namely the blower inlet, and the blower housing. Air enters through the blower inlet axially, and discharged radially from the blower through the vane diffuser. The vane diffuser is a precision alluminium casting and screwed on the blower casing. ROTOR ASSEMBLY The rotor assembly consists of rotor shaft, rotor blades, thrust collar, impeller, inducer, centre studs, nosepiece, locknut etc. assembled together. The rotor blades are fitted into fir tree slots, and locked by tab lock washers. This is a dynamically balanced component, as this has a very high rotational speed. LUBRICATING, COOLING AND AIR CUSHIONING LUBRICATING SYSTEM One branch line from the lubricating system of the engine is connected to the turbo- supercharger. Oil from the lube oils system circulated through the turbo- supercharger for lubrication of its bearings. After the lubrication is over, the oil returns back to the lube oil system through a return pipe. Oil seals are provided on both the turbine and blower ends of the bearings to prevent oil leakage to the blower or the turbine housing. COOLING SYSTEM The cooling system is integral to the water cooling system of the engine. Circulation of water takes place through the intermediate casing and the turbine casing, which are in contact with hot exhaust gases. The cooling water after being circulated through the turbo- supercharger returns back again to the cooling system of the locomotive. AIR CUSHIONING There is an arrangement for air cushioning between the rotor disc and the intermediate casing face to reduce thrust load on the thrust face of the bearing which also solve the following purposes. 20 it prevents hot gases from coming in contact with the lube oil. it prevents leakage of lube oil through oil seals. it cools the hot turbine disc. Pressurised air from the blower casing is taken through a pipe inserted in the turbo- supercharger to the space between the rotor disc and the intermediate casing. It serves the purpose as described above. TURBO RUN –DOWN TEST Turbo run-down test is a very common type of test done to check the free running time of turbo rotor. It indicates whether there is any abnormal sound in the turbo, seizer/ partial seizer of bearing, physical damages to the turbine, or any other abnormality inside it. The engine is started and warmed up to normal working temperature and running at fourth notch speed. Engine is then shut down through the over speed trip machanism. When the rotation of the crank shaft stops, the free running time of the turbine is watched through the chimney and recorded by a stop watch. THE minimum time allowed for free running is90 seconds and maximum 180 seconds. Low or high turbo run down time are both considered to be harmful for the engine. AFTER COOLER It is a simple radiator, which cools the air to increase its density. Scales formation on the tubes, both internally and externally, or choking of the tubes can reduce heat transfer capacity. This can also reduce the flow of air through it. This reduces the efficiency of the diesel engine. This is evident from black exhaust smoke emissions and a fall in booster pressure. Fitments of higher capacity turbosupercharger- following new generation turbosuperchargers have been identified by RDSO for 2600/3100HP diesel engine. 21 ABB VTC 304, NAPIER NA-295, GE 7S1716, HISPANO SUIZA HS 5800 NGT, ABB TPL61 SUMMARY Supercharging is the method of pressurizing the induced air to increase the efficiency and performance of the engine. This can be achieved by any of the methods, like, engine crankshaft driven Centrifugal / Roots Blower, exhaust gas driven Turbo Supercharger etc. Exhaust gas driven Turbo Supercharger being more economical and scientific, it is applied in WDM2 Locomotive Engine. In this system, the streamlined exhaust manifold collects the exhaust gas of all cylinders and directs it to Turbine through a Fixed Nozzle Ring. The Rotor Shaft comprises of Turbine and Compressor unit integral on it, which is supported by two Nos. Trimetal Bearings, housed in the intermediate casing. Thus exhaust gas driven turbine drives the compressor, being the integral part of the rotor shaft. The discharge of the compressor gets pressurized at diffuser and finally the hot compressed air after getting cooled at Aftercooler is stored in the Inlet Manifold of the engine, which in turn goes into the cylinder as per the working cycle. SELF ASSESSMENT 1. What are the advantages of supercharging? 2. What are the various methods of supercharging? Which method is considered to be more scientific and why? 3. What is the importance of air cushioning? How is it done? 4. Describe the wdm2 loco charge air system with neat sketch. 22 LUBE OIL SYSTEM OBJECTIVE To understand about: - the function of lubrication system in diesel engine the lube oil system of WDM2 locomotive engine the function of Relief & Regulating valve the purpose of by passing arrangement of lube oil the factors affect the low lube oil pressure & contamination in lube oil the factors affect high lube oil consumption STRUCTURE 1. Introduction 2. Lube Oil system of WDM2 Locomotive 3. Problems in lube oil system 4. Lube oil quality observation by laboratory 5. Summary 6. Self assessment INTRODUCTION The lubricating system in a diesel engine is of vital importance. The lubricating oil provides a film of soft slippery oil in between two frictional surfaces to reduce friction and wear. It also serves the following purposes. 23 1. Cooling of bearing, pistons etc. 2. Protection of metal surfaces from corrosion, rust, surface damages and wear. 3. Keep the components clean and free from carbon, lacquer deposits and prevent damage due to deposits. The importance of lube oil system is comparable to the blood circulation system in the human body. Safety of the engine, its components, and their life span will largely depend upon the correct quality of oil in correct quantity and pressure to various location of diesel engine. LUBE OIL SYSTEM OF WDM2 LOCO The diesel engine of WDM2 class locomotives has full flow filtration lube oil system with bypass protection. The system essentially consists of the following components. 1. Gear type lube oil pump driven by the engine crankshaft. 2. Spring loaded relief valve, adjusted to 7.5 kg/cm2. 3. Lube oil filter tank accommodating eight nos. of filter elements. 4. Differential bypass valve set at 1.4 kg/cm2 differential pressure across the filter tank. 5. Lube oil cooler, which has a bunch of element tubes through which cooling water circulates and circulation of lube oil takes place around the tubes. 6. Regulating valve, which is a spring loaded valve adjusted to 4kg/cm2. 24 7. Lube oil strainer, which is a wire mesh type filter reusable after cleaning. 8. Oil pressure switch (OPS), which is meant to automatically shut down the engine in case of a drop in lube oil pressure below 1.3 kg/cm2. 9. Oil pressure gauge, which indicates the main oil header pressure. 10. Oil sump having capacity 1260 lt. RR606 multigrade oil. The lube oil pump on the free end of the engine is driven by the engine crankshaft through suitable gears and keeps it running along with the engine. When the engine is started the pump draws oil from the engine oil sump and delivers it. The delivery pressure of the pump has to be controlled as the pump is driven by an engine of variable speed and would often have higher delivery pressure or load on it than actually required. This would mean loss of more power from the engine for driving the pump. Higher pressure may also endanger the safety of the filters and the pipelines and its joints. The relief valve releases the delivery pressure above its setting and bypasses it back to the oil sump. Oil then flows to a filter tank containing eight nos. of paper type filter elements. The filter has a bypass valve across it set a differential pressure of 1.4 kg/cm2. Due to the choking of the filter elements, if the pressure differential between the inlet and the outlet of the tank is more than 1.4 kg/cm2, then the differential bypass valve opens up to bypass a part of oil without filtration, and thus reduces the pressure on the filters. Although allowing unfiltered oil into the engine is not advisable, but there is another filter at later stage through which oil has to pass before entering the engine. Moreover, higher pressure on the filters may cause damage to the filters, and cause greater damage to the engines. After the filtration, the oil passes to the coolers, gets cooled by transferring heat to water, and regains its lost viscosity. At he discharge side of the cooler, a 25 regulating valve adjusted at 4 kg/cm2 is provided to regulate the pressure. Excess pressure is regulated by passing the oil back to the engine oil sump. The oil then finds its way to the main oil header after another stage of filtration in the strainer type filter from which it is distributed for lubrication to different places as required. Direct individual connections are taken from the main oil header to all the main bearings. Oil thus passes through the main bearings supporting the crankshaft on the engine block, passes through the crank pin to lubricate the connecting rod big end bearing and the crank pin journals. It reaches the small end through rifle drilled hole and after lubricating the gudgeon pin and bearings enters into the pistons. The Aluminium alloy pistons are provide with spiral oil passage inside them for internal circulation of lube oil. This is done with the purpose of cooling the pistons, which are highly thermally loaded components. After circulation through the pistons, the oil returns back to the oil sump, but in this process, a part of the oil hits the running connecting rod and splashes on the cylinder liners for their lubrication. The actual lube oil pressure is a function of lube oil pump, temperature of oil, engine speed and regulating valve setting. A line from the main oil header is connected to a gauge in the driver's cabin to indicate the pressure level. If lube oil pressure drops to less than 1.3 kg/cm2, engine will automatically shut down through a safety device (OPS) to protect it from damage due to insufficient lubrication. From the main oil header, two branch lines are taken to the right and left side secondary headers to lubricate the components on both banks of the V shape engine. Each branch line of the secondary header lubricates the camshaft bearings, fuel pump lifters, valve lever mechanisms, and spray oil to lubricate the gears for camshaft drive. A separate connection is taken to the turbo super charger from the right side header for lubrication of its bearings. After circulation to all the points of lubrication, the oil returns back to the sump for recirculation through the same circuit. Problems in lube oil system There are four factors, which effect the lube oil system pressure directly that is lube oil pump discharge capacity, diesel engine temperature, 26 pressure setting value of Relief & Regulating valve and quality of lube oil. Some other factors like choking of filters / strainer, low oil level in c/case, contaminated lube oil, low idling speed and excessive wear/ clearance in bearings also effect the system pressure. During running of diesel engine it is observed that lube oil contaminated with water and oil level in c/case is increasing, which indicates water leakage inside the c/case. The sources are leakage of cylinder liner bottom gasket & sleeve, cracked cylinder liner, cracked cylinder head etc. Sometimes it is observed that lube oil contaminated with fuel oil, which indicates nozzles dribbling or fuel leak off gallery cracked. It is also observed that some engines consume high rate of lube oil, which indicates clearance between valve and valve guide is more, engine piston rings worn out or turbo oil seal damaged. Lube oil quality observation by laboratory To maintain sound health of the engine, control on quality of oil is as much necessary as the pressure. Every maintenance depot/diesel shed is equipped with a laboratory, which keeps strict watch on the quality of lube oil of each individual loco. Contamination in any form i .e. by fuel oil, cooling water, soot, dirt etc. in service is immediately reported for corrective action in maintenance. Change in other properties like viscosity, PH value, TBNE etc. are also watched at regular intervals. Lube oil changing in locos are normally done on condition basis. Spectrographic analysis at regular schedule is also done to ascertain the extent of concentration of wear metal particles in the oil. This can indicate the wear pattern of the engine components or ensure longer service life. SUMMARY The Diesel Engine of WDM 2 Locomotive has full flow filtration lube oil system with bypass protection. RR-407 is the Lube oil used in the system. 27 Engine crankshaft driven, gear type lube oil pump sucks oil from the engine sump and delivers it into the system. A relief valve, set at 110 psi, is fitted just after the pump to save the pump from excess loading. Pumped oil then passes through filter tank, containing 8 Nos. of filter elements, for filtration. A bypass valve, set at 20 psi differential pressure, is fitted across the filter tank to maintain the continuity of flow, in case the filter gets choked.. Lube oil cooler fitted in the system maintain operating temperature of lube oil, by dissipating excess heat through water, circulating around it. Regulating valve, set at 75 psi, maintains the pressure of the whole system. The oil then passes through a strainer and finally gets stored into main and secondary headers, from where it is distributed to various components of the engine for lubrication. Cooling of Piston is done by circulation of lube oil through it. For this, lube oil from main header reaches to main bearing through S-pipes. Again from main bearing, through internal drill passages of crankshaft and con.rod, oil reaches to piston. After circulating inside the piston, the oil flows down to sump through an opening provided in the piston. While flowing down the oil gets splashed by crankshaft for lubricating liners. Finally the oil drops down to sump after lubricating all the components of the engine. SELF ASSESSMENT 1. What are the various factors that affect the low lube oil system pressure? 2. Draw a neat sketch of WDM2 engine Lube Oil system and label it. 3. What are the various factors that affect the high lube oil consumption? 4. What are the sources for fuel contamination in lube oil? 28 5. What are the sources for water contamination in lube oil? 29 COOLING SYSTEM OBJECTIVE To understand about the need for cooling system in a diesel engine the benefit of water cooling system harmful effects of natural water in cooling system the method of water treatment and the quality of treated water the water cooling system of WDM2 Locomotive STRUCTURE 1. Introduction 2. Cooling water and its treatment 3. Cooling water system of wdm2 locomotive engine 4. Water pump 5. Modifications in cooling system 6. Summary 7. Self assessment 30 INTRODUCTION After combustion of fuel in the engine, about 25-30 % of heat produced inside the cylinder is absorbed by the components surrounding the combustion chamber like piston, cylinder, cylinder head etc. Unless the heat is taken away from them and dispersed elsewhere, the components are likely to fail under thermal stresses. All internal combustion engines are provided with a cooling system designed to cool the excessively hot components, distribute the heat to the other surrounding components to maintain uniform temperature throughout the engine, and finally dissipate the excess heat to atmosphere to keep the engine temperature within suitable limits. Different cooling systems, like air cooling, water cooling are adopted, depending on the engine design, working conditions and service etc.. The advantage of having a water cooling system is that it maintains a uniform level of temperature throughout the engine and by controlling the water temperature, the engine temperature can be controlled effectively. COOLING WATER AND ITS TREATMENT Although natural water can meet the basic requirement, its use is prohibited for the cooling of the engine because it contains many dissolved solids and corrosive elements. Some of the dissolved solids may form scales on the heat exchanger surface and reduce the heat transfer coefficient. It also accelerates corrosion. Other minerals get collected in the form off sludge at an elevated temperature. This sludge may get deposited at the low-pressure zone and choke the passage of circulation. The insulation caused by the scale deposits results in unequal expansion and localized stress, which may eventually rupture the engine block, cylinder block, cylinder heads etc. to eliminate all of these, distilled or de-mineralized water is used in the cooling system of the diesel locomotive. The water sample is tested for chromate concentration, hardness, pH value, and chloride content. In case Chromate concentration is found lower than the required quantity, mixture is added. Water is changed if hardness and 31 chloride is higher than the recommended limit. Water is also changed if found contaminated with oil etc. When water is changed due to contamination etc. the system is cleaned by adding Tri-Sodium Phosphate, and circulating water for 45min, this water is drained out, and fresh distilled water with chromate mixture is filled in the locomotive. COOLING WATER SYSTEM The WDM2 class locomotives have a closed circuit non-pressurised water cooling system for the engine. The system is filled in by 1210 ltrs. Of distilled water or demineralised water treated with nonchromate corrosion inhibitor (Borate nitrite treatment) to maintain a concentration of 4000 PPM. The pH value is '8.5-9.5'. The water circuit has two storage tanks in two segments known as expansion tanks on top of the locomotive. Apart from supplementing in case of shortage in the system, these interconnected tanks have some empty space left at the top to provide expansion to the water when it is hot. A centrifugal pump driven by the engine crankshaft through a gear sucks water from the system and delivers it through outlet under pressure. The outlet of the pump has three branch lines from a three- way elbow. The branching off leads water to the different places as follows- 1. To the turbo-supercharger through a flexible pipe to cool the intermediate casing, bearings on both sides of the rotor and the turbine casing. After cooling the components in the turbo-supercharger, water return to the inlet side of the pump through a bubble collector. The bubble collector with a vent line is a means to collect air bubbles formed due to evaporation and pass it onto the expansion tank, so that thy cannot cause air lock in the water circulatory system. 2. The second line leads to the left bank of the cylinder block and water enter the engine block and circulates around the cylinder liners, cylinder heads on the left bank of the engine, and then passes onto the water outlet header. Individual inlet connections with water jumper pipes 32 and outlet water riser pipes are provided to each cylinder head for entry and outlet of water from cylinder head to the water outlet header. Cooling of cylinder liners, piston rings, cylinder heads, valves, and fuel injection nozzles are done in this process. Water then proceeds the left side radiator for circulation through it, and releases its heat into the atmosphere to cool itself down before recirculation through the engine once again. 3. The third connection from the three-way elbow leads to the right side of the cylinder block. After cooling the cylinder liners, heads etc. on the Right Bank the water reaches the right side radiator for cooling itself. Before it enters the radiator, a connection is taken to the water temperature manifold where a thermometer is fitted to indicate the water temperature. Four other temperature switches are also provided here, out of which T1 is for starting the movement of radiator fan at 60O C slowly through the eddy current clutch. The second switch T2 picks up at a water temperature of 64O C and accelerates the radiator fan to full speed. The third switch is the ETS3 (Engine Temperature Switch),set at 90 degree calcius protection against hot engine, which gives bell alarm and red lamp indication. The fourth switch is ETS4 (set at 95 degree calcius) which brings the engine back to the idling speed and power cutoff also takes place to reduce load on the engine. In this situation the GF switch is cut off and engine is notched up to full notch. It helps in bringing down the cooling water temperature quickly with the radiator fan moving at full speed. Water temperature is controlled by controlling the movement of the radiator fan. Cooling water from the left side radiator passes through the lube oil cooler, where water circulates inside a bunch of element tubes and lube oil circulates around the tubes. Thus passing through the lube oil cooler and cooling the lube oil, it unites with the suction pipe for recirculation through the cooling circuit. Cooling water from right side radiator passes through after cooler, where water circulates inside a bunch of element tubes and cooling the charge air, it unites with the suction pipe for recirculation. Apart from hot engine protection, another safety is also provided by way of low water switch (LWS). In the event of cooling water level falling below one 33 inch from the bottom of the tank, the LWS shuts down the engine through the governor with warning bell and alarm indication to ensure the safety of the engine. Vent lines are provided from the after cooler, lube oil cooler, radiators. Turbo-supercharger vent box and bubble collectors etc. are provided to maintain uninterrupted circulation of cooling water by eliminating the hazards of air locks in the system. Cooling water is subjected to laboratory tests at regular intervals for quality controls. Contamination, chloride contents, and hardness etc.. are checked to reduce corrosion and scaling. The concentration of anti-corrosive mixture is also checked and laboratory advises corrective action in case of contamination. Proper quality control of cooling water and use of proper quantity of nonchromate corrosion inhivitor prevents scaling and corrosion in the system, and ensures longer life of the components. Normally 8.2kg is added for new water in WDM2 locomotive. WATER PUMP MODIFICATIONS PERTAINING TO COOLING WATER SYSTEM OF WDM2 LOOMOTIVE Louvred fin radiator: - The radiator core has been redesigned by providing louvred fins thereby increasing the cooling capacity by 14% due to improved air flow pattern through the radiator. High efficiency turbochargers:- High efficiency turbochargers has been provided on the fuel efficient version of wdm2 locos. This has resulted in lowering of the exhaust gas temperature by around 15% with modified after cooler. Large after cooler & water connection:- Large after cooler & water connection has been provided on the fuel efficient locos. This has reduced the heat input to the cooling system. Revision of ETS setting :- The setting of ETS3 is raised to 90 deg.C from 85 deg.C in order to avoid frequent hot engine alarms. Subsequently, with the 34 introduction of pressurised cooling water system, one more ETS is added with the idea of providing only hot engine alarm through ETS3 at 90 deg. C and bringing the engine to idle by ETS4 at 95 deg. C. This change not only reduces the occurrences of hot engine alarm but also increases the heat transfer potential of the radiator at high temperature. Revised setting of OPS:- The setting of low lube oil pressure switch on WDM2 locos used to be 1.8 kg/ cm2 with a view to obviate the problem of engine shutting down due to operation of OPS while suddenly easing throttle from higher notches to idle, particularly during summer season, the OPS setting has been revised to 1.3 kg/ cm2. Pressurisation of cooling water system:- The cooling water circuit has been pressurised upto 7 psi thereby increasing the boiling point by 11 deg. C. This has not only increased the margin before the cooling water gets converted to steam but has also increased the temperature differential acrossed the radiators at peak engine temperature, thereby increasing the rate of cooling in radiators. This has been achieved by providing a pressure cap assembly on the water tank. Flexible water inlet elbow:- Rubber hose type flexible water inlet elbow has been developed in place of the rigid one piece metallic water inlet elbow for obtaining better leakproofness even in face of mislignments between the engine block and the cylinder head. Digital water temperature indicator cum switch:- This has been developed to replace the existing water temperature gauge as well as the four engine temperature switches whose performance was quite unreliable. This aims at ensuring operation of radiator fan and alarm at proper temperature. Electronic water level indicator cum switch:- This has been developed to replaced the existing water level gauge as well as the low water switch. This indicator shall give precise and reliable information regarding the water level to the driver in the cab itself. 35 Improved type pipe joints:- This has been improved to replace the existing pipe joints viz. dressers victaulics by superior rubber hoses along with double wire stainless steel clamps and by stainless steel bellows. SUMMARY In the process of combustion, about 25% to 30% of the total heat developed is absorbed by the components of the engine forming the combustion chamber. Hence an effective cooling system is essential to dissipate the accumulated heat. Amongst the various methods of cooling the water cooling system is the most effective method of cooling, as it maintains the uniformity of temperature through out the engine. In WDM2 type engine water cooling system is being used with 1200 ltrs system capacity. Dimeneralised water treated with chromium compound is used as coolant water. In this system a centrifugal pump, driven by engine crankshaft is being used to deliver water into the system with pressure. The outlet of the pump is being divided into main three heads- one for cooling turbo charger and after-cooler and the other two for cooling the engine components situated at left and right bank of the engine. Finally the water gets collected at headers and sent to radiator for cooling. An induced draft radiator fan is used to blow air through the radiators for cooling. The radiator fan takes drive from the engine crankshaft through ECC (EDDY CURRENT CLUTCH). A temperature switch controls the clutching effect of ECC and hence radiator fan rpm. Safety devices are provided both for hot engine and low water conditions of the engine. SELF ASSESSMENT 1. What type of water is used in cooling water system of locomotive? How water treatment is done? 2. What are the harmful effects of using natural water in cooling system? 36 3. Draw a neat sketch of the cooling water system and label it. 4. How does Radiator Fan get drive? How its rpm is controlled? 5. What is the purpose of providing vent box and bubble collector in cooling water circuit? 6. What are the modifications carried out in cooling water system? 37
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