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DIA puts off retail enhancement program
- Ashley Gurbal Kritzer
- Reporter
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The Downtown Investment Authority's retail enhancement incentive program was sent back to the drawing board Wednesday.
DIA CEO Aundra Wallace presented to the board a scoring matrix for proposed projects that gave the most weight to a business plan. His goal, he said, was to have the retail enhancement program approved by City Council by the end of April.
But board members and City Councilwoman Lori Boyer raised concerns over the scoring matrix, and the board ultimately deferred action on the plan.
One concern was the mingling of two separate issues — the viability of business in proposed projects versus improvements to Downtown real estate.
The state of Downtown's historic storefronts is what makes retail deals so difficult, Margie Seaman, national director of commercial real estate with Sellers Realty Group in Jacksonville, told the board.
Restoring those storefronts is so costly, Seaman said, that it pushes rents higher than what the market will bear.
"Any application of those funds go toward actual building," Seaman said. "If they go out of business, it's sad, but it leaves the building that much more ready for the second wave of retail."
DIA Chairman Oliver Barakat, who is a senior vice president with CBRE Group Inc., agreed.
"This is a real estate improvement plan," Barakat said. "When I'm talking to council, I will remind them that we're subsidizing improvements that will outlast the lease for the particular tenant, should they fail."
Ashley covers real estate, hospitality and retail
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[IMAGE]Blacksburg-Transit-at-Virginia-Tech-full.jpg[/IMAGE]Virginia Tech was recognized as a sustainable campus leader through the College Sustainability Report Card for the 2010 year.Transportation, one of the categories rated that contributes to the university's overall grade, received an 'A' for the third year in a row.The College Sustainability Report Card gives detailed information for hundreds of college campuses nationwide. The organization is able to rate individual programs and areas such as transportation, food and recycling, as well as student involvement, and more. These ratings determine the college or university's overall sustainability grade.The programs available at Virginia Tech through the Alternative Transportation unit on campus such as the carpool program; bike, bus and walk; fare-free boarding for Blacksburg Transit; discounted Smart Way Bus passes; and most recently U Car Share, raise the bar for sustainable transportation in Blacksburg. Due to these transportation options available to faculty, staff, and students, Virginia Tech has been named one of the Best Workplaces for Commuters for four years, which was also taken into consideration on the report card.In addition, environmentally friendly practices at Fleet Services are noted as well. In recent years, Fleet Services has added hybrid vehicles to their rental fleet and biodiesel is now available for a variety of the state vehicles.
The buses, manufactured by Proterra, can run for 35 miles between charges and get the equivalent of 19 miles per gallon compared to four miles per gallon for standard diesel buses.
One surprising finding was that commuters reported feeling better when travelling by public transport, compared to driving.
With the introduction of the new TerraVolt extended-range battery, Proterra buses can now be configured to travel up to 180 miles between charges.
Located near a major train station, the garage will include a bike repair shop and changing rooms where commuters can shower, dress for work, and leave their helmets in lockers.
Each 40-foot electric bus carries 36 seated passengers plus standees and is equipped with air operated doors, brakes, suspension, hydraulic power-steering, stainless steel bike racks and LED lighting.
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At Santiago Charter Middle School our mission is to assist our students to attain an educational advantage by delivering a quality and disciplined public school education of unmatched quality.
515 N. Rancho Santiago Blvd.
Orange, CA 92869 | (714) 997-6366
As an independent charter school, any child in the 7th or 8th grade in the state of California may attend our school.
SARC (School Accountability Report Card), contains information about the condition and performance of each California public school. Please click here for Santiago's Accountability Report Card.
Education Protection Account Resolution 2014-2015
Education Protection Account Resolution 2013-2014
Education Protection Account Expenditures By Function 2012-2013
LCAP 2013-2014 Final Draft
Latest News
Counseling Corner
Miss Patel, our on-site counselor here at Santiago, is very excited to support you in your journey through Middle School. Please visit her website at Miss Patel's Counseling Corner.
Anti-Bullying Information
Stop Bullying Now is an online website that presents practical research-based strategies for reducing bullying in schools
The District's policies on discrimination, harassment, intimidation, and bullying can be accessed on the District's website here under "students". Copies are available in the school office. For a Student Guide to Understanding, Preventing and Avoiding Bullying & Harrassment please click here.
Santiago School Safety Committee
The Santiago School Safety Commitee holds weekly meetings Thursday mornings in the Parent Center in the library at 8am. The purpose of these meetings is to "establish a program of safety communication, education, and training for all supervisory personnel on a regular basis and for employees as directed by management." Parents of Santiago students and the community are welcome to attend our meetings.
View free online tutorial videos for parents and students here
Late Start Wednesday
Late start Wednesdays begin on August 27. School starts at 8:50am. Our regular days begin at 7:50am (Mon., Tues., Thurs., and Fri.)
If your student will be absent, please call (714) 628-5681 or you may send a note with your child when he/she returns to school.
After School Tutoring
If you are interested in tutoring, please contact Ms. Patel or Mr. Hilker.
For school Uniforms ContactJ & M Promotions
Yearbook Sale
Santiago's yearbook may be purchased through the front office.
Be sure to stay informed with OUSD's latest high school facility planning at:
HS Facilities Master Planning for 21st Century Learning
Web page maintained by D. Maude!
Upcoming Events
March Activities
Santiago's 7th graders collaborated with a partner in class and another set of partners from another English class to come together and create a charity for a cause of their choice. This project consisted of working with students and teachers from other classes. Students created a charity, researched their cause by reading printed articles and exploring websites. Students met their student pairs from other classes by being assigned a whole new English teacher (how exciting!) on certain days of this project. After compiling their research, students met in their group of four to create a poster board to promote their charity. Students also worked in pairs to either create a paper product, such as a brochure, or an electronic product, such as a Public Service Announcement, to promote their charity. Students not only presented as a team to their peers and teachers in the lecture hall highlighting the three components of their project, but also at a charity fair in the cafeteria to parents, Santiago staff, and 8th grade English students. The 8th grade English students voted for their favorite charity by donating fake money to the charity. The winning charities earned extra credit on their project!
Mrs. Meier's eighth grade classes had graduate students from UCI's chemistry outreach program in for exciting demonstrations that we hope will spark student interest in pursuing a career in chemistry or the sciences.
Students collected spare change this week for the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society and filled their Pennies for Patients boxes. Thank you to all of our families who helped our students with their fundraising efforts! They were able to raise over $3,000!
We had a continental breakfast to recognize 24 students who had positive referrals in one of five different categories. Parents were invited to celebrate their achievement. We love recognizing outstanding behavior, and had a wonderful meeting with parents, students and staff!
Saturday Campus Clean Up
Saturday, April 11 we will be cleaning our campus from 8am to 12 noon.
Community Discount Card to Help Academic Clubs
Santiago's academic clubs, Science Olympiad and Pentathlon, are selling Community Discount Cards at $10 each. 50% of the money earned goes directly to our clubs. If interested, contact Mrs. Shukla firstname.lastname@example.com. Please view our flyer for a list of vendors. Thank you for helping support our clubs!
Spring Break
Santiago's campus will be closed for Spring Break from March 30-April 3. Classes will resume on Monday, April 6.
Boy Band Project Performs at Santiago and Tickets are on Sale for Their Concert!
Students were treated to a great reward as part of a "Thank you" for all of their effort in participating and their success in the Jog-A-Thon. They listened to Boy Band Project during lunch and then joined in group photos with the band afterwards! Thank you students, and thank you Boy Band Project for your wonderful visit to our school! We had a great time! Tickets to the Boy Band Project are on sale in the main office for $20 each. The show is in Los Angeles at the Troubadour on Sunday, April 12th at 2:00 p.m. Limited quantities on hand. When they are gone, they are gone!
New to Santiago?
To view our registration page, please click here
-Reserve the date! We have special activities planned for our upcoming
Open House on Thursday, February 26 from 5-8pm
-Call for more information or to schedule a tour (714) 997-6366
Office hours are 8am to 4pm Monday-Friday.
-Please click below for the registration packet for the 2014-2015 school year.
We believe in Personalized Education for All Students
Registration Packet-English
Registración Oprima Aqui-Español
Santiago Sweatshirts
Good news! With the onset of the cold weather and to help avoid the rush at the uniform store, the office has a limited number of sweatshirts, provided by J & M, for sale. The cost is $18.00 each, payable by cash or check only. Checks should be made payable to J & M Promotions. We also have the Santiago zipper jackets on sale for $25 each.
DonorsChoose for Teachers
There is a wonderful site that our teachers are participating in that allows the community to support teachers and students in various projects! Click on the DonorsChoose.org link to see what projects your student's teacher might need help funding with today!
Campus Clubs
Students had a preview of Santiago's campus clubs. Please click on our link here for information about when and where our clubs meet. This is a great opportunity to participate in new activities and make new friends!
Extended Library Hours
Our new library hours are Monday, Tuesday and Thursday 7am to 4:30pm, Wednesday 8:50am-4:30pm, and Friday 7am-4pm.
2014-2015 School Calendar
Please click here for Santiago's 2014-2015 student calendar.
Santiago Recycles!
Beverage containers (plastic and glass bottles and cans) are being collected around campus. Look for the Black Recycling Receptacles in some classrooms, the office, and the library to help our environment while at the same time, help generate funds for our library and academic clubs. During lunch time turn in your recyclables into the Grey Recycling Receptacle with Mr. Rodriguez.
Printer ink cartridges & toners are also being collected for recycling. Funds collected benefit our school staff in helping replenish office/school supplies. Look for boxes in the office and the library.
E-Waste items are any electronics that plug in or take batteries (including lithium batteries). Smaller items are collected in boxes located in the office & library. Larger items will be collected later in the year (date to be determined). Please keep e date. Funds collected from E-Waste collections will benefit our school's technology account.
Free Money Programs for Santiago
BoxTops and Labels for Education are easy ways to earn funds for Santiago.
Food and household items that you normally buy can have any of these coupons/labels. All you have to do is cut them out and bring them to school. A green collection box is located in the office. Some teachers may have incentives for turning in BoxTops and Labels for Education.
Another easy way to collect BoxTops for Santiago is by signing up on www.boxtops4education.com. There are Sweepstakes to win BoxTops and supplies for Santiago, some with no purchase necessary; some you can enter daily. Also on their website, you can print out money saving coupons, get some delicious recipes, shop online and earn more BoxTops for our school at the same time. It's easy and a win-win for all!
From the Principal
Hello and Welcome!
Santiago Charter Middle School will be celebrating our 20th year anniversary as a charter school this year! Santiago was the very first charter school in Orange County and the 66th Charter School in the State of California. We were named a California Distinguished School in 2011 and continue to STRIVE to be one of the top middle schools in Orange County. We have about 1000 students enrolled in both 7th and 8th grade from our surrounding communities. We welcome all students from all attendance areas as we are a school of choice.
Santiago is proud to have caring teachers, staff, and administration that focus on personalization and caring for each and every student. Our students enjoy classes such as Honors, Leadership, Computers, Public Speaking, Choir, Band, Art, Woodshop, Chinese, Spanish, French, Dance, as well as all of the traditional 7th and 8th grade classes. Our students thrive with extracurricular activities, clubs, sports, and educational travel opportunities.
We are here to serve and welcome you to visit our website, call our office, or stop by for a tour.
Jim D'Agostino, Ed.D
Principal/Executive Director


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A pair of field effect transistors are series connected with one acting as a current source to bias the second which acts as a source follower. A photodiode, connected between the source follower gate and source, operates in response to light to change the current in the source follower. The photodiode is biased by the collector of a bipolar transistor that is connected as a negative feedback amplifier operating around the source follower stage. This configuration maintains close to zero bias on the photodiode, particularly at low light levels, and ensures that the collector current in the bipolar transistor equals the photocurrent. An output bipolar transistor with an uncommitted collector matches the feedback transistor and has its emitter and base directly connected thereto. Thus the output current will track the photocurrent, which is a linear function of light input over a very large range of levels. The circuit is linearly operative to extremely low light levels.
1. A composite JFET bipolar transistor photo responsive electronic circuit comprising:
a P-N junction photodiode;
negative feedback means, including a source follower connected JFET having a matched constant current connected JFET as a source load, for maintaining the potential across said photodiode at substantially zero under dark conditions; and
means for replicating the photo current generated in said photodiode in the collector of a bipolar transistor coupled to said photodiode.
2. The circuit of claim 1 wherein said bipolar transistor has a base element coupled to said source follower whereby said bipolar transistor provides a negative feedback action around said source follower.
3. The circuit of claim 2 wherein said bipolar transistor base is coupled to said source follower by means of a level shifting diode.
4. A photo electric circuit comprising:
means for coupling said circuit to a source of supply voltage having first and second terminals;
first and second JFETs, each having source, drain, and gate electrodes, means coupling said source and gate of said first JFET to said first supply terminal, means coupling said drain of said first JFET to said source of said second JFET and means coupling said drain of said second JFET to said second supply terminal;
a first bipolar transistor having emitter, base and collector electrodes, means coupling said collector to said gate of said second JFET and means coupling said emitter to said second supply terminal;
a level shifting diode having a pair of terminals poled for forward conduction coupled between said base of said first bipolar transistor and said source of said second JFET, and
a photo responsive diode having a pair of terminals coupled between said gate and said source electrodes of said second JFET and poled for forward conduction of said collector current of said first bipolar transistor, wherein said collector current of said first bipolar transistor is linearly proportional to the intensity of light illuminating said photo responsive diode.
5. The circuit of claim 4 further comprising:
a second bipolar transistor having an emitter coupled to said second supply terminal, a base coupled to said base of said first bipolar transistor, and a collector terminal adapted for coupling to an external load element, said second bipolar transistor being matched to said first bipolar transistor whereby said current in said external load is a replica of the photo current in said photo responsive diode.
6. The circuit of claim 5 further comprising:
a current source coupled between said bases of said bipolar transistors and said second supply terminal, said current source having a current sourcing value that is small relative to the current flowing in said first JFET.
7. The circuit of claim 6 further comprising:
means for ratioing the currents flowing in said first and second bipolar transistors.
8. The circuit of claim 7 wherein said level shifting diode is the emitter-base diode of a bipolar transistor having a collector coupled to said first supply terminal.
The invention is related to circuitry that is associated with photosensitive elements. While the circuitry is useful generally in light sensing and measuring, it is mainly of interest in photographic applications.
In the area of photography, automatic cameras employ light sensors that regulate the shutter and/or lens opening to control film exposure. Such a system should be capable of operating under full sunlight, or about 1500 foot candles of sky illumination, to a dimly lit scene at about 0.02 foot candle or even less. Thus the photosensor should function over about five orders of magnitude and desirably the response should be linear. Since flash exposure is often used on cameras, the photo sensor should have a response time that is fast enough to react to an electronic flash as well as the more common flash bulb. The former device typically emits light pulses having a duration in the millisecond or less region.
Photoelectric light sensors have been available for many years and the practice has developed of using a particular device for a particular light level and/or application. Photometry in particular has advanced with the evolution of many different types of devices. For example, when very low light levels are to be sensed, cadmium sulfide cells are often used. While they are very sensitive, they are nonlinear and slow to respond to changes in light and in addition possess an undesirable "memory" of previous high light level. A sensitive cadmium sulfide cell might respond to an electronic flash, but its response would be greatly reduced as a function of the flash speed and the elapsed time from the preceding flash. Selenium has long been used because it is self-generating and moderately fast, but it will not operate well at very low light levels and such cells are typically very large. Silicon is an excellent photoresponsive material. Its response to changes in illumination is very rapid and linear. It will respond to very intense light levels and, while it will respond linearly down to very low light levels, the photo current at low level is so small as to be very difficult to be sensed or measured. Therefore, while silicon is probably one of the best overall photosensitive materials and is quite amenable to device fabrication, its use has been curtailed substantially because of a lack of suitable associated circuitry.
It is an object of the invention to provide a circuit for use with a silicon photosensor that responds linearly to a great range of light levels.
It is a further object of the invention to employ a silicon photosensor in a monolithic silicon integrated circuit (IC) suitable for camera control applications.
It is a feature of the invention that a silicon photosensor can be fabricated into an IC while an associated amplifier is being constructed, the combination having electrical properties useful in camera control.
These and other objects and features are achieved using a novel circuit configured as follows. A pair of junction field effect transistors (JFETs) are series connected across the terminals of a power supply. They are matched and configured to have a low (about one volt) pinch off or Vp. One JFET has its gate connected to its source so that it operates as a current source. The other JFET is connected as a source follower amplifier using the current source as a load element. A silicon photodiode is coupled between gate and source of the source follower so that conduction in the source follower is a function of illumination. A bipolar transistor has its collector coupled to the source follower gate to bias the photodiode and the base is direct coupled, through suitable level change, to the source of the source follower. The bipolar transistor acts as a high gain negative feedback element around the source follower to set the operating point at exactly that value that makes the bipolar transistor collector current equal to the photo current. The photo diode is biased at close to zero voltage, particularly at low light levels, so that very weak photocurrents can be sensed without encountering leakage current. The maximum light level to be sensed is determined by the photodetector area and the conduction of the current source JFET.
An output stage comprising a bipolar transistor that matches the biasing device has its base and emitter directly coupled thereto. An uncommitted collector can then be connected to pass a current that is a replica of the photo current.
The circuit of the invention operates over a very great range of illumination levels, is linear over the range, and has a very fast response to changes in illumination. In addition, the circuit can very quickly be energized so that it can be turned of when not in use.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the circuit of the invention; and
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an alternate embodiment of the circuit of FIG. 1.
The circuit shown in FIG. 1 is constructed around a pair of depletion mode JFETs 10 and 11 series connected between one terminal of a source of potential 12 labeled +V and ground which constitutes the second terminal of the source potential. These JFETs are matched in terms of area and pinch off potential Vp. This can readily be achieved by making them simultaneously, using well-known JFET-bipolar compatible IC fabrication techniques and by making their areas equal. Desirably Vp is kept low -- in the range of one volt or less.
Since the gate of JFET 10 is returned to its source, it will operate as a current source for source to drain potentials in excess of about a volt. For the following discussion, a limiting current of about 100 microamperes will be assumed although other values could be used. Furthermore, since JFETs 10 and 11 are in series, the same current (neglecting other circuit elements) will flow therethrough. For this condition, the potential of the gate JFET 11 will be at its source potential. This means that photodiode 13, connected directly between gate and source, will operate at essentially zero potential.
Transistor 14 and level shift diode 15 complete a feedback loop around JFET 11. Diode 15 is actually obtained from a transistor with its collector connected to the base. Transistor 14 has its collector connected to the gate of JFET 11 so that any current that flows in photodiode 13 flows as collector current in transistor 14. This is required to provide a means of extracting the photocurrent for eventual replication in transistor 17. The base of transistor 14 operates at one diode drop below the potential of the source of JFET 11, which operates as a high gain source follower stage. JFET 10, operating as a current source, acts as the source load for JFET 11.
In order to make sure that diode 15 is conductive, a small current, I1, on the order of less than one microampere, is drawn by current source 16. This current "bleed" enhances the speed of the feedback loop by raising the fT of diode-connected transistor 15 and aiding in turning transistors 14 and 17 off under low light level conditions. Since this current is less than 1% of the current in JFET 10, it will therefore have little effect otherwise.
The direct-coupled feedback loop around source follower JFET 11 involves a single inversion through transistor 14 and is therefore negative. This negative feedback loop will cause the potential at the gate of JFET 11 to seek a value that will adjust its conduction to where the current passing through JFET 11 plus the combined currents of photodiode 13 and diode 15 exactly equal the current through JFET 10. This condition will occur when the potential at the source of JFET 11 is at about one volt (very close to Vp). Thus +V is at about two volts or greater.
The one volt level is established to ensure that JFET 11 is operated in its saturated region. As explained above, the exact voltage will self adjust until the circuit is stabilized. For this condition, it can be seen that the current in photodiode 13 equals the collector current of transistor 14.
Under dark conditions, the current in photodiode 13 is in the picoampere range, an exceptionally small value. However, such a small value can be realized in practice with a reasonably sized structure because the photodiode is operated at essentially zero voltage. This means that leakage currents are minimized.
When photodiode 13 is illuminated, it produces a photo current that flows in the collector of transistor 14 with the feedback circuit action adjusting the bias on the transistor 14 to set its conduction level. Since most of the total current still flows in JFET 11, the potential at its gate and source changes only slightly. Photodiode 13 is still at essentially zero bias.
As illumination increases still further, and more current flows in photodiode 13, the photo response will be extremely linear and will always be equal to the collector current in transistor 14. This action can continue until the photodiode 13 current approaches the current flowing in JFET 10, at which time the current in JFET 11 approaches zero and the voltage across the photodiode approaches a level sufficient to forward bias the photodiode. This level was established by the size of JFET 10 at about 100 microamperes. Thus the circuit will be linear over the range of from about 100 picoamperes to about 10 microamperes. This covers a range of 100,000 to 1.
If photodiode 13 is designed to produce about 7.5 microamperes in bright skylight (about 1500 foot candles of illumination), it will produce about 100 picoamperes at an illumination of only 0.02 foot candle. Such performance can readily be achieved using conventional IC fabrication techniques to construct the circuit shown.
Transistor 14 is desirably a high quality, low leakage IC device. It has been found that even at collector current values of around one nanoampere, transistors can be readily constructed having base to collector current gain values of 20 to 80. This means a base current of no more than 50 picoamperes. This very low current level explains why source 16 is present to ensure a nominal foward bias current in diode 15. With a current gain of 20 for transistor 14 and the near unity gain characteristic of JFET 11, the feedback loop gain is quite adequate to fully stabilize circuit operation even at the lowest light levels. Proper replication of the photocurent in transistor 17 requires only that the alpha's (or Beta's) of transistors 14 and 17 be matched. Low values of Beta will be accounted for by the action of the feedback loop.
Transistor 17 is constructed to match transistor 14 and has common connected emitter and base with a separate uncommitted collector connection 18. In practice, a load or utilization device can be connected to terminal 18 and returned to some source of positive potential which can be equal to or much higher than +V if desired. Clearly the current flowing in photodiode 13 will be equal to the collector currents of both transistors 14 and 17, and the load connected to terminal 18 will have no effect upon the circuit operation provided that the collector breakdown voltage of transistor 17 is not exceeded.
If desired, the output current at terminal 18 can be ratioed to the photocurrent. To do this, the relative emitter area of transistors 14 and 17 can be scaled. However, this ratio would be fixed in the IC. Alternatively, the emitters of transistors 14 and 17 are brought out to separate terminals 20 and 21 as shown by the dashed lines. To do this, the ground connection would be broken at points 22 and 23. Either or both emitters can be brought out as shown. If the emitter of transistor 14 is returned to a potential that is slightly positive with respect to that of the emitter of transistor 17, by conventional means not shown, the current at terminal 18 will be greater than the photodiode 13 current. As a practical matter, scaling ratios of 1000 to 1 can be achieved by employing potential differences at terminals 20 and 21 of a few hundred millivolts. If terminal 21 is made slightly positive with respect to terminal 20, the current at terminal 18 will be scaled down to a fraction of the current in photodiode 13. Should the external emitter voltage option be exercised, care should be taken to insure that the applied voltage is of the proper temperature to match that of the Δ VBE thus created.
FIG. 2 shows a modified circuit. The diode 15 of FIG. 1 has been converted to an emitter follower stage 15'. This configuration provides the desired level shift between the source of JFET 11 and the base of transistor 14. It also provides for close to unity gain with no phase inversion between these two points so that the circuit operation is essentially as described above. However, since the collector of transistor 15' is returned to +V, its emitter can supply substantial current to the bases of transistors 14 and 17 if the situation demands. For example, where the current of transistor 17 is ratioed, as described, to a value that is large relative to photocurrent, the output current might require a base current in transistor 17 that exceeds that available from the source of JFET 11. The emitter follower action of transistor 15' provides a current gain from its base to its emitter and can thus supply the current needed at the base of transistor 17.
As was pointed out above, JFETs 10 and 11 conduct and at the lower light levels most of the current flowing in JFET 10 flows in JFET 11. Since the feedback loop is of high gain, the source of JFET 11 represents a low impedance signal node in the circuit. This is highly advantageous in circuit operation with respect to stray capacitance and leakage. Diode 25, shown in dashed outline, will have a reverse leakage current and represents the major source of stray or parasitic capacitance shown as 25'. When using conventional junction isolated IC fabrication, diode 25 would represent the epitaxial to substrate junction of an isolated region carrying photodiode 13. The leakage of diode 25 would be small relative to the current in JFET 10 and will thus have substantially no effect upon the circuit performance. In order for the circuit to respond rapidly to a light transient, capacitance 25' must charge and/or discharge. However, since it appears at a low impedance circuit node, the source of source follower JFET 11, such charging and discharging is quite rapid. For example, the circuit can readily resolve the transient produced by a conventional electronic flash unit which produces a one millisecond duration burst of light.
Another stray capcitance, shown in dashed outline, is capacitor 26. This is the capacitance of the PN junction of photodiode 13. Since the photodiode is made sufficiently large to generate the desired photo current and since the device operates at low potential, this capacitance can be substantial (on the order of 30 picofarads in a typical device). Under prior art circuit conditions, particularly using photo conductor operation, such stray capacitance can seriously impair photodiode transient performance. However, using the circuit of the invention, the photodiode is connected between the source and gate of a source follower JFET. Any circuit transient action occurs between the unity gain circuit points and, if anything, the junction capacitance 25' will assist the transient circuit response action rather than degrade it by "feeding forward" high frequency signals aroung JFET 11.
Another circuit characteristic relates to so called "power up." Under ordinary conditions, it is desirable to leave the circuit turned of or unpowered when it is not in use. In the camera application, actuating the shutter release causes the circuit to power up and it must be ready to function by the time the shutter itself is operated. Since the circuit uses a pair of series JFETs 10 and 11 which are depletion mode devices connected in series between +V and ground, the circuit is self starting. Also when the +V is first applied to the circuit, the high gain feedback loop described above will cause the circuit to stabilize very quickly. In a typical IC version of the circuit and at low light level, the operating level was found to stabilize in less than 10 microseconds.
A very simple circuit using conventional IC elements that can easily be fabricated with a JFET-bipolar compatible process has been described. The novel circuit has extremely linear photo response from full skylight down to very low light levels. Transient and power up response is very fast and the circuit operates at supply levels down to about two volts at about 100 microamperes -- a level attractive for battery operation. Circuit performance is relatively independent of voltage above the two volt level with any excess over two volts manifesting itself only as a small offset voltage or non-zero condition across the photodiode. The output can be made equal to photodiode current or can be scaled up or down with ease. Clearly alternatives or equivalents will occur to a person skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended that my invention be limited only by the following claims.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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19 years of experience
Accepting new patients
19 years of experience
Accepting new patients
300 N Highland Ave
Ste 540
Sherman, TX 75092 Phone number & directions
Ste 540
Sherman, TX 75092 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
Learn more about Dr. Dale Davies:
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- Qualifications
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Specialties & Research
Dr. Dale Davies, MD is board certified in Internal Medicine.
- He has special expertise in 1 area:
- Flu (Human Influenza)
Education & Awards
Dr. Davies graduated from UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson, Piscataway.
Dr. Davies has 9 hospital affiliations:
- Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Plano
- Wilson N Jones Memorial Hosp-North Cam
- Spanish
Home > Find an Internist > TX > Sherman Internists > Dr. Dale Davies, MD
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- Additional Information
- Dr. Dale Curtis Davies MD is a male Internist, has 19 years of experience and practices in Internal Medicine.
- Where does Dr. Dale C. Davies practice?
- Dr. Dale Davies has 2 office locations.
Dr. Dale Davies practices Internal Medicine near Sherman, TX.
See Sherman Internists.


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A report in the journal Nature stated that a father's age, not a mother's, at the time a child is conceived is the single largest contributor to the passing of new hereditary mutations to offspring. Epidemiological studies in Iceland show the risk of both schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders increases significantly with the father's age at conception, and that the average age of fathers in Iceland at the time a child is conceived is on the rise; however, this demographic change is not unique to Iceland, and it raises the question of whether the reported increase in autism spectrum disorder diagnosis is at least partially due to an increase in the average age of fathers at conception.
Do you find the association of a country's antibiotic resistance being tied to its degree of corruption rather than its wealth surprising?
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|This page was nominated for deletion on 20 July 2008. The result of the discussion was keep.
Not sure why this page was originally deleted (I did not originally create it), but I am creating this page because:
1. Ollabelle is fairly well known, appearing in locations such as Madison Square Park, and
2. 13 Wikipedia pages already mention and link to Ollabelle
3. They have 5K listeners on last.fm.
--AlanH (talk) 02:27, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
Sources to Use for Expansion[edit]
The following was posted as part of the AfD discussion for this page:
- *Keep and expand this interview from All Things Considered, and this review in Entertainment Weekly is rather convincing. I also found this, this, this and a few other news hits that look promising. If I weren't about to go to bed, I'd expand the article myself. Ten Pound
HammerFarfel and his otters • (Broken clamshells• Otter chirps) 03:29, 22 July 2008 (UTC)


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Christmas Facebook Statuses
Christmas is generally such a happy time of year that spreading the joy around with some timely Christmas Facebook statuses is sure to go down well. It is almost certain that friends and family will respond favorably to Facebook statuses about Christmas, pushing the "like" button freely and frequently. This is why Christmas Facebook statuses become such a high priority during the Holiday season.
You can get your favourite quotes as a cute picture for your timeline, just click one of the image icons under the facebook status that you like.
Know a nice status? Don't hesitate, add it, (please use English though):
Select a category:
Submit status
Would like to send Christmas wishes to their mom and Dad in Heaven. Love you both. xx
Everyone who has someone special up there in heaven knows how it feels to be missing someone, so Merry Christmas to all the wonderful people up there! <3 xxx
Whoever said that your slower then Christmas was an idiot, Every year it gets faster and faster!
I put in an URGENT REQUEST to Santa last night for a mirror so you can locate that STICK that's UP YOUR ASS and REMOVE IT!!
.......why is a christmas tree better than a man??? It stays up for 12 days & nights, has cute balls and looks good with the lights on!!!!!
The original Christmas story couldn't happen in this day and age...I mean, where on earth could you find three wise men?!!
is thinking. If I had to make a live nativity scene with the cast of my friends. I would be in trouble! Who would be the Virgin Mary,3 Wise Men and the Angel?
is wondering 'is it to early to buy Easter eggs?'
The true meaning of Christmas was never found under a tree, but was nailed to it.
it's too bad you can't gift-wrap common sense...
To all the absent fathers this Christmas...you wankers have no idea what your missing out on!!
I'm gonna get me some mistletoe & put in my back pocket this X-mas. ..Because, I can. Do you think anyone would kiss my ass?
Warning: Christmas is WAYYY closer then it appears!!!
Christmas is when you get the whole dysfunctional family under the one roof
Merry Christmas Eve! If a man comes in the night and tries to put you in a bag , DO NOT BE ALARMED! I asked Santa for good friends this year... You're it!
I'm going to rap batteries for Christmas and put a note saying "TOY NOT INCLUDED"
Wow Christmas shopping is pretty much done. All I have left is to just sit here and mourn the death of my bank account
Let the spirit of love gently fill our hearts and homes. In this loveliest of seasons may you find many reasons for happiness.


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Justice League: War (animated movie)
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October 30 2013, 06:31 PM
Location: Asheville, NC
Re: Justice League: War (animated movie)
So the time has come. The "New 52!" is now going to be the central dominate setting for everything DC. If that's so with this new Justice League: War movie, screw it. I want nothing with the DC universe anymore. Wonder Woman was my absolute fave before the New 52 screwed her royally by issue 3 of her comic. My favorite Amazons are now man hating, child slavery endorsing, cold-blooded murderers who are depicted as being so evil and so dumb that they can't even make their own weapons and armor without selling their children to hellish demons. Both in the comics and in the previous Wonder Woman movie, they were the good guys! A whole army of female warriors fighting evil! That was awesome. But we can't have awesome female anything in this new 52 because that would detract from our superstars Batman and Superman, so we'll just have Brian retool Wonder Woman to be the most male dependent character in the entire line up.
Remember how the classic Wonder Woman came into the world thanks to Hippolyte's want for a child and presented Diana to her Amazon sisters declaring "I give you your Princess. I give you our daughter!". Well, obviously that was the stupidest thing in existence because now Diana has her sidekick "Wonder Girl"'s origin by being the bast*** child of Zeus, and it's strongly implied by Hippolyte in her five-page, highly detailed explanation about how awesome the sex with Zeus was that Diana was a complete accident. Oh, and be sure to make Hippolyte blonde because we want to make sure that Wonder Woman has more traits from Zeus than her own mother. Oh, and Hippolyte is now turned to stone and the Amazons turned into snakes, because why develop them as characters when we can focus on the "New Gods" that the writer and artist seem to be more interested in than Wonder Woman herself?
Surely there's got to be some semblance of Wonder Woman's Amazon origin, like her fighting skills? Nope. Let's do an issue #0 where Ares was the one to train Diana to be a competent warrior and further show how the ways of an all female group of women are weak compared to manly gods! Because Ares is the god of war and he's very popular with the Amazon culture! We obviously can't have Athena, goddess of war have anything to do with Wonder Woman, because that would take away her "male dependency" in the comic.
I hate the "New 52", and you can bet all the comics in the DC line up that I will not support this New 52 Wonder Woman in any way. But I would like to thank the animation department for making it easier by giving her that dreadful outfit.
But hey, if this is your thing, more power too ya. Just know that DC animation has about as much faith in Wonder Woman as they do with any other character who isn't Batman or Superman.
They aren't interesting characters in their own right unless they're directly associated with Batman/Superman.
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LARKSVILLE — An elderly woman died and her husband suffered burns trying to rescue her early Sunday morning in a fire that destroyed their Murray Street house.
The body of Florence Gosciewski was just inside the doorway that her husband, John, tried to enter before a neighbor pulled him away because of the flames and smoke.
John Gosciewski was listed in critical condition at the Lehigh Valley Hospital at Cedar Crest in Allentown, to where he was flown by helicopter.
Gosciewski pleaded for help from his next-door neighbor Stevin Zeske, who was returning from a night out with his wife around 1 a.m.
"When I came home he was right there on the front porch screaming," Zeske said outside the charred ruins of the double-block house next to his.
Zeske recalled he ran up the steps and Gosciewski opened the door, burning his hand.
"She was on the left-hand side like 3 feet from the door," Zeske said.
But despite being so close to her they had to turn back.
"It just got so hot I pulled him away," Zeske said. "I said, 'Come on, you got to go.' "
"That just broke my heart," Zeske said.
The intensity of the fire melted the vinyl siding on Zeske's house approximately 15 feet away. He and his family were told to leave as firefighters worked to bring the blaze under control. Firefighters returned later Sunday morning to wet down the ruins.
A Pennsylvania State Police fire marshal was called to investigate the cause.
The block-long street between East State Street and West Luzerne Avenue was busy with cars and trucks Sunday afternoon as people drove by the fire scene. It's an otherwise quiet street, Zeske said.
Zeske estimated the couple were in their 70s and lived in the house for decades. He would see John help his wife, who had trouble walking, up the steps. Zeske added he saw John more often than his wife, Florence.
But the image of his neighbor frantically seeking help remained with Zeske.
"His whole face was completely black," Zeske said.


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Danubius Health Spa Resort Nove Lazne
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Karlovy Vary
So after a very late night last night it was up early today to head out for a 9 1/2 hour excursion. We were headed to the spa town of Karlovy Vary- about 20 kilometers from the German border. The town was originally settled by Germans but now is heavily populated by Russians. There are 16 mineral water springs in the town, in addition to the many hotels and "sanitariums" where one can bathe in the mineral spring water. Each tap has ...
Drink the waters
... town and lots of restaurant line the bank .
The weather was bitter and David and I bought jackets , instead of wearing our jacket liners . We looked so bad in them , but look more respectable now . The weather has been cold and most days have ridden with out liners in
Back to the restaurants , they look after you , energy chair had a blanket for your knees , if you still look cold the staff will bring another for your shoulders .
We have every ...
Finally on Board AmaDolce!
... into the lobby. We handed them our passports and a crew member escorted us to our room. Two minutes later we had our suitcases. Just like that! After unpacking we met in the lounge (yes, there's only one lounge on the boat!) with the other 136 passengers for a safety briefing. Upon entering the lounge we were given a glass of complimentary champagne, individually toasted by the captain, and each lady was handed a single long stem red rose. We ...
Castle Restorations
... under repair now for seven years, and has a finishing deadline of 1172. It was a unique project where the importance was on the volunteer experience and relationships rather than any profit motive. There was no rush, which was nice.
In the afternoon we were given a brilliant tour around the local forest by Libor, another person involved with the castle project. We visited an abandoned three hundred year old ...
Karlovy Vary
So I went to Karlovy Vary, a town 2 hours away north west from Prague, with an organized tour from our university.
They said it was a Spa-Town. So what did I bring logicly?! Yes, I brought my bathing suit...
Freaking town with hot springs is not at all what I imagined. They have these water fountains that serve hot water from the springs for all to drink, enjoy and be cured of whatever illness you have.
Tasted like **** in my opinion.
So I ...


text: Girls carrying school bags provided by UNICEF walk past destroyed buildings on their way home from school on March 7 in the rebel-held al-Shaar neighborhood of Aleppo, Syria. So many people have fled the city and so much of its infrastructure has been destroyed that nighttime satellite images show 97 percent less light there compared with four years ago. Zein al-Rifai/AFP/Getty Images hide caption itoggle caption Zein al-Rifai/AFP/Getty Images Middle East Drawn-Out Syrian Civil War Spawns A Literal Dark Age March 12, 2015 Once, Syria was a modern nation. Today, after five years of brutal conflict, 83 percent of the country's lights are out and life expectancies are 20 years shorter. Listen Loading… 2:57 Download Playlist