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***Essential WCF 0321440064 Chapter 8 006408.doc*** ***Production: please replace: [lb] with bullet [cm] with check mark [md] with em dash [ic:ccc] for code continuation underline/CD1 for mono ***copyedited by Barbara Hacha, 12/3/2007 8 Security It's hard to imagine a facet of business applications in today's environment that is more critical than security. Certainly performance and availability are also central concerns, but there is little value in an application that is sometimes secure (in fact, it is probably more harmful than valuable). When we use an online banking service, we trust that the application providers have done their utmost to prevent abuse, corruption of data, hacking, and exposure of our financial details to others. The same is expected of us as we provide WCF-based services to consumers. This chapter will focus on the concepts behind security and the practical means by which services are secured (when necessary) using WCF. We'll begin by introducing the major concepts, and then work our way into the details, showing many examples along the way. After a description of concepts, to provide background necessary to work with the remainder of the chapter, we begin with an introduction to the creation and use of certificates to secure services. That in hand, we cover the details behind ensuring security from the transport and message perspectives. A large part of the chapter focuses on practical approaches for security services in commonly encountered scenarios. These are categorized into two broad groups, modeling intranet and Internet environments. Finally, we end the chapter by showing how to enable WCF's security auditing features, enabling us to track and diagnose issues related to authentication and authorization of callers to our service operations. WCF Security Concepts Before we get to the code, configuration, and processes for implementing secure services, let's begin by introducing four major tenets of service security: authentication, authorization, confidentiality, and integrity. With those defined, we'll then describe the concepts of transport and message security as they apply to WCF. Essential WCF 0321440064 8 1-43 Authentication One of the most fundamental concepts of security is knowing who is knocking on your door. Authentication is the process of establishing a clear identity for an entity, for example, by providing evidence such as username and password. Although this is clearly important for a service to understand of its callers, it is equally important that callers have an assurance that the service being called is the expected service and not an impostor. WCF provides several options for this mutual authentication by both the service and the caller[md]for example, certificates and Windows accounts and groups. By using these and other options, as we'll show throughout this chapter, each side can have firm trust that they are communicating with an expected party. Authorization The next step in security, after identity has been established, is to determine whether the calling party should be permitted to do what they are requesting. This process is called authorization because the service or resource authorizes a caller to proceed. Note that you can choose to authorize anonymous users for actions as well, so although authorization is not strictly dependent on authentication, it does normally follow. Authorization can be performed by custom code in the service, native or custom authorization providers, ASP.NET roles, Windows groups, Active Directory, Authorization Manager, and other mechanisms. Confidentiality When dealing with sensitive information, there is little use in establishing identity and authorization if the results of a call will be broadcast to anyone who is interested. Confidentiality is the concept of preventing others from reading the information exchanged between a caller and a service. This is typically accomplished via encryption, and a variety of mechanisms for this exist within WCF. Integrity The final basic concept of security is the assurance that the contents of a message have not been tampered with during transfer between caller and service, and vice versa. This is typically done by digitally signing or generating a signed hash for the contents of the message and having the receiving party validate the signature based on the contents of what it received. If the computed value does not match the embedded value, the message should be refused. Note that integrity can be provided even when privacy is not necessary. It may be acceptable to send information in the clear (unencrypted) as long as the receiver can be assured that it is the original data via digital signature verification. Transport and Message Security There are two major classifications of security within WCF; both are related to the security of what is transferred between a service and caller (sometimes called transfer security). The first concept is of protecting data as it is sent across the network, or "on the wire." This is known as transport security. The other classification is called message security and is concerned with the protection that each message provides for itself, regardless of the transportation mechanism used. Essential WCF 0321440064 8 2-43 Transport security provides protection for the data sent, without regard to the contents. A common approach for this is to use Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) for encrypting and signing the contents of the packets sent over HTTPS. There are other transport security options as well, and the choice of options will depend on the particular WCF binding used. In fact, you will see that many options in WCF are configured to be secure by default, such as with TCP. One limitation of transport security is that it relies on every "step" and participant in the network path having consistently configured security. In other words, if a message must travel through an intermediary before reaching its destination, there is no way to ensure that transport security has been enabled for the step after the intermediary (unless that intermediary is fully controlled by the original service provider). If that security is not faithfully reproduced, the data may be compromised downstream. In addition, the intermediary itself must be trusted not to alter the message before continuing transfer. These considerations are especially important for services available via Internet-based routes, and typically less important for systems exposed and consumed within a corporate intranet. Message security focuses on ensuring the integrity and privacy of individual messages, without regard for the network. Through mechanisms such as encryption and signing via public and private keys, the message will be protected even if sent over an unprotected transport (such as plain HTTP). The option to use transport and message security is typically specified in configuration; two basic examples are shown in Listing 8.1. Listing 8.1 Transport and Message Security Examples <basicHttpBinding> <binding name="MyBinding"> <security mode="Transport"> <transport clientCredentialType="Windows"/> </security > </binding> </basicHttpBinding> <wsHttpBinding> <binding name="MyBinding"> <security mode="Message"> <transport clientCredentialType="None"/> </security > </binding> </wsHttpBinding> As you progress through this chapter, you'll see scenarios with examples using transport or message security, and in some cases, a mixture of both. Certificate-Based Encryption Certificates, and the claims they represent, are a secure, general-purpose method for proving identity. They embody a robust security mechanism that makes them a great option for encryption and authentication. WCF uses industry-standard X.509 certificates, which are widely adopted and used by many technology vendors. Internet browsers and Internet servers use this format to store Essential WCF 0321440064 8 3-43 encryption keys and signatures for SSL communication on the Web. Certificates provide strong encryption and are well understood and documented. The primary disadvantages of certificates are the expense of acquiring them for production from a third-party authority and the complexity associated with provisioning them. How do you distribute them? What do you do if one is stolen? How do you recover data after one is lost? If you store them on a client computer, how can you access information from the road? A variety of solutions address these problems, from storing certificates in a directory within an intranet or on the public Internet, to storing them in Smart Cards that we can carry in our wallets. Regardless of the provisioning solution, certificates are a good option for encryption and authentication. Concepts The overall concept of message encryption with asymmetric keys is fairly simple. Imagine an algorithm that can encrypt an arbitrary string using one key and that can decrypt it with another key. Now imagine that I have a pair of those keys, and I make one of them public so that everyone on the Internet can see it, but I keep the other one private so that only I can see it. If my friend wants to send me a message, he looks up my public key, runs the algorithm to encrypt the message, and sends it. If the encrypted message is intercepted by my enemy, that person can't read it because only I, with my private key, can decrypt it. When I send a response back to my friend, I look up his public key, run the algorithm to encrypt the response, and send it. Again, only he can decrypt the encrypted messages, so it will be kept confidential between us. Digital signatures use message encryption, but in reverse. A digital signature is simply a string that is encrypted with a private key so that it can only be decrypted with a corresponding public key. The correct decryption of the string (for example, my name) is public information, so after someone decrypts the string using my public key, the person can verify that my name was stored in the message. Trust is another important aspect of certificates. In our example of exchanging messages with a friend, how do we know that we have the public key of our friend and not of our enemy? For a client and service to trust that each other's certificates are correct, valid, and have not been revoked, they must trust a common authority. It's okay if the client and service use certificates issued by different authorities, as long as those authorities both trust a third, common authority. The common authority is often referred to as the root authority, which typically is self-signed, meaning that it doesn't trust anyone else. When a client receives a certificate from a service, it looks at the certification path of the service certificate to see if the path is valid and terminates at a trusted authority. If so, the client trusts that the certificate is valid; if not, it rejects it. There are provisions in WCF for disabling the certification path validation so that untrusted certificates can be used in development and testing. Setup Certificates can be used for transport- or message-level security. A commonly used transport- level encryption option, SSL, is applied to the transport by using a certificate on the server. Message-level encryption works on individual messages. Whereas transport-based encryption requires a certificate to be installed with the service, message-based encryption supports a variety of modes with client and/or server certificates. The examples in the "Transport-Level Security" and "Message-Level Security" sections of this chapter will use two machines: a Vista desktop and a Windows 2003 server. The desktop has a certificate MyClientCert. The server has a certificate MyServerCert. Listing 8.2 shows the commands that run on Vista to generate the necessary certificates. Makecert.exe creates a certificate. The -pe switch makes the private key exportable. The -n switch defines the name of Essential WCF 0321440064 8 4-43 the certificate that will be the name that is used for authentication. The -sv switch defines the private key file. The -sky switch can be "exchange" or a digital signature. Pvt2pfx is a utility that combines the private key and public key into a single file. If you're developing on one machine, change the name MyServer to localhost. All other instructions will remain the same. NOTE Production Certificates Keep in mind that certificates generated in this fashion should not be used in production scenarios. Certificates for use in production environments should be requested from a trusted third-party certificate authority. Listing 8.2 Generating Certificates makecert.exe -r -pe -sky exchange –n "CN=MyClientCert" MyClientCert.cer -sv MyClientCert.pvk pvk2pfx.exe -pvk MyClientCert.pvk -spc MyClientCert.cer -pfx MyClientCert.pfx makecert.exe -r -pe -sky exchange -n "CN=MyServer.com" MyServerCert.cer -sv MyServerCert.pvk pvk2pfx.exe -pvk MyServerCert.pvk -spc MyServerCert.cer -pfx MyServerCert.pfx The .cer file is the public key, the .pvk file is the private key, and the .pfx file is a key exchange file that contains both. The following keys must be installed using the Certificates snap- in in the Microsoft Management Console. 1. Install the following on the server, in the local computer certificate store: a. Import MyServerCert.pfx to the Personal folder. This enables the server to decrypt messages that have been encrypted with its public key. It also enables the server to encrypt messages with its private key. b. Import MyClientCert.cer to the Trusted People folder. This enables the server to decrypt messages have been encrypted with the MyClientCert private key, such as data messages and digital signatures for authentication. It also enables the server to encrypt messages with the MyClientCert public key. 2. Install the following on the client, in the current user certificate store: a. Import MyClientCert.pfx to the Personal folder. This enables the client to decrypt messages that have been encrypted with its public key. It also enables the client to encrypt messages with its private key. b. Import MyServerCert.cer to the Trusted People folder. This enables the client to decrypt messages have been encrypted with the MyServerCert private key, such as data messages and digital signatures for authentication. It also enables the client to encrypt messages with the MyServerCert public key. Essential WCF 0321440064 8 5-43 Transport-Level Security Transport-level security, as its name implies, provides security in the communication channel between the client and the service. Security at this level can include both encryption and authentication. The channel stack (binding) determines the types of encryption and authentication protocols available. At a minimum, transport-level security ensures that communication is encrypted between the client and the service so that only the client or service can understand the messages exchanged. The specific algorithm used for encryption is either a function of the underlining protocol (HTTPS uses SSL, for example) or it can be specified in the binding. (MSMQ can use RC4Stream or AES.) In addition to encryption, transport-level security can include client authentication by requiring credentials to be passed from the client to the service when establishing the communication channel. Credentials may be digital certificates, SAML tokens, Windows tokens, or a shared secret such as a username and password. Transport-level security also validates the service identity before establishing a secure channel between client and service. This validation protects against man-in-the-middle and spoofing attacks. Encryption Using SSL SSL is a convenient, secure way to encrypt communications. It's well understood by IT organizations, it is firewall friendly, and there are many management and performance tools on the market. Using SSL with BasicHttpBinding enables the broadest reach of a secure Web service. SSL requires a digital certificate with an asymmetrical (public/private) key to establish an encrypted pathway. After it is established, SSL uses this pathway, with a more efficient symmetric encryption algorithm, to encrypt messages going both ways on the channel. A digital certificate can be obtained from a number of sources. There are public entities, such as Verisign, that issue certificates for testing and production purposes. Windows Server itself ships with a certificate issuing service, so you can generate your own certificates that can be trusted by your organization or partners. In addition, .NET ships with a utility, MakeCert, which generates certificates for testing purposes. SSL over HTTP SSL can be applied to most transport protocols (a notable exception being queued transports), but it is most commonly used with HTTP. When using a binding based on the HTTP transport, whether you're hosting the services in IIS or self-hosting in another process, HTTP.SYS must be configured for SSL. For IIS, you can add the binding using the IIS Administration tool. For IIS 7, this is done by selecting the Web site under which the virtual root is defined, and then selecting the Bindings link in the Actions pane. This will launch a dialog from which you can select the certificate to use for SSL communications (see Figure 8.1). ***Insert Figure 8.1 WCF09_01 S Figure 8.1 Configuring IIS 7 for SSL For self-hosting a service on Windows Server 2008 or Vista, you can use the netsh tool. Listing 8.3 shows the command line to configure HTTP.SYS to allow SSL traffic on port 8001. Specifying IP address 0.0.0.0 indicates all IP addresses. The 40-digit hex number is the thumbprint of a certificate installed on the machine. The thumbprint can be found by using the Certificates Add-In in the Microsoft Management Console and viewing the certificate details. The Essential WCF 0321440064 8 6-43 final GUID is an application identifier, representing who enabled this access. Any GUID that you generate is acceptable here and will be associated with your application. Listing 8.3 Using NetSh to Configure HTTP.SYS to Allow SSL on Different Ports netsh http add sslcert 0.0.0.0:8001 1db7b6d4a25819b9aa09c8eaec9275007d562dcf {4dc3e181-e14b-4a21-b022-59fc669b0914} After you've registered the certificate with HTTP.SYS, you can then configure a service to use SSL encryption. Listing 8.4 shows a service configuration file that is using the basicHttpBinding binding, transport-level encryption, and no client authentication. Note that two base addresses are specified in this self-hosted configuration file, one for encrypted and one for non-encrypted communication. This enables the MEX endpoint to use a non-encrypted channel and the subsequent communication to be encrypted. If you don't want to expose a MEX endpoint, or if it is okay to expose it on a secure channel, you don't need the non-encrypted address. Listing 8.4 Encryption with basicHttpBinding <system.serviceModel> <services> <service name="EffectiveWCF.StockService" behaviorConfiguration="MyBehavior"> <host> <baseAddresses> <add baseAddress="http://localhost:8000/EffectiveWCF" /> <add baseAddress="https://localhost:8001/EffectiveWCF"/> </baseAddresses> </host> <endpoint address="" binding="basicHttpBinding" bindingConfiguration="MyBinding" contract="EffectiveWCF.IStockService" /> <endpoint address="mex" binding="mexHttpBinding" contract="IMetadataExchange" /> </service> </services> <behaviors> <serviceBehaviors> <behavior name="MyBehavior"> <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true" /> </behavior> </serviceBehaviors> </behaviors> <bindings> <basicHttpBinding> <binding name="MyBinding"> <security mode="Transport"> <transport clientCredentialType="None"/> Essential WCF 0321440064 8 7-43 </security > </binding> </basicHttpBinding> </bindings> </system.serviceModel> SSL over TCP Like HTTP, the TCP transport can be used with SSL for encrypted communication. Configuration options for specifying transport security for TCP are similar to HTTP. To configure a service to use the TCP security, three changes must be made to Listing 8.4. First, the binding specified for the non-MEX endpoint is NetTcpBinding rather than basicHttpBinding. Second, the base address of the service should be a TCP URI address rather than an HTTP URI, of the form net.tcp://{hostname}[:port]/{service location}. Third, a NetTcpBinding configuration should be used rather than a basicHttpBinding configuration to specify the <Security mode="transport"> setting. Listing 8.5 shows this configuration. Listing 8.5 Encryption with NetTcpBinding <system.serviceModel> <services> <service name="EffectiveWCF.StockService" behaviorConfiguration="MyBehavior"> <host> <baseAddresses> <add baseAddress="http://localhost:8000/EffectiveWCF" /> <add baseAddress="net.tcp://localhost:8002/EffectiveWCF" /> </baseAddresses> </host> <endpoint address="" binding="netTcpBinding" bindingConfiguration="MyBinding" contract="EffectiveWCF.IStockService" /> <endpoint address="mex" binding="mexHttpBinding" contract="IMetadataExchange" /> </service> </services> <behaviors> <serviceBehaviors> <behavior name="MyBehavior"> <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true" /> </behavior> </serviceBehaviors> </behaviors> <bindings> <netTcpBinding> <binding name="MyBinding"> <security mode="Transport"> <transport clientCredentialType="None"/> </security > </binding> Essential WCF 0321440064 8 8-43 </netTcpBinding> </bindings> </system.serviceModel> Client Authentication A client authenticates with a service by presenting a set of claims that the service trusts. The claims can be in any format, as long as both the client and the service understand the format and trust its source. If the client and service share a secret, such as a username and password, as long as the client sends over a valid credentials, the service trusts that the client is who it says it is. This is the mechanism for basic authentication with HTTP. In a Windows-only environment where the client machine and services are running under accounts defined in Active Directory or in a domain, both the client and the services are already in a trust relationship. In this case, Windows authentication can be specified, whereby Kerberos or NTLM tokens will be used. If the client and service each trust some third party and are not part of a Windows domain, certificate authentication is most appropriate, in which the client sends a certificate from a source that the service trusts. A service specifies a client authentication requirement in the clientCredentialType attribute on the transport element while setting the security mode to Transport. This is done within the binding configuration in the service description of the service, whether defined in configuration file or in code. Different client authentication schemes are available for different bindings. Table 8.1 summarizes the options for the built-in bindings. ***Please replace the [cm] with check marks in the table below. Table 8.1 Client Authentication with Transport Security None User/Pswd Windows Certificate basicHttpBinding [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] wsHttpBinding [cm] [cm] [cm] [cm] wsDualHttpBinding netTcpBinding [cm] [cm] [cm] netNamedPipeBinding [cm] [cm] [cm] netMsmqBinding [cm] [cm] [cm] netPeerTcpBinding [cm] [cm] msmqIntegrationBinding [cm] [cm] [cm] wsFederationHttpBinding When using client authentication with transport security, the client must attach claims to the channel before sending messages. The client must attach claims that match the service requirement. For instance, if basic authentication is required with an HTTP-based binding, the client must send a username and password. If certificate authentication is required with any binding, the client must sign the message with its private key and send a digital certificate from an authority trusted by the service (if the service does not already have it). Authenticating with Basic Credentials and basicHttpBinding Listing 8.4, "Encryption with basicHttpBinding," depicts a service configuration that uses basicHttpBinding transport mode security to implement encryption via SSL. To add username/password authentication to this example, the clientCredentialType attribute is changed to Basic. Listing 8.6 shows a fragment of the changed configuration that implements a Essential WCF 0321440064 8 9-43 service that requires authentication at the transport layer. This service would be appropriate for Internet communication because the credentials are passed over a secured transport. Listing 8.6 Basic Authentication with basicHttpBinding <basicHttpBinding> <binding name="MyBinding"> <security mode="Transport"> <transport clientCredentialType="Basic"/> </security > </binding> </basicHttpBinding> When using basic authentication, the client must pass a username and password to the service. This is done using a proxy class or directly on the channel. Listing 8.7 shows client code that passes credentials to a service whose endpoint is using basicHttpBinding and Basic credentials. Listing 8.7 Passing Username and Password from a Client proxy.ClientCredentials.UserName.UserName = "MyDomain\\Me"; proxy.ClientCredentials.UserName.Password = "SecretPassword"; Basic, or username/password, authentication is appropriate when it's feasible for a client and service to share a secret and when security risks aren't that great. Because passwords tend to be stored on sticky notes on people's desks, in database tables, or in configuration files, they're easily copied or viewed without notice. To keep them "fresh," they're frequently invalidated ("your password will expire in 10 days") so there's additional overhead involved. In addition, because people often reuse the same passwords for multiple accounts, compromise of one account can lead to compromises on other systems. Authenticating with Windows Credentials Other authentication schemes are more secure than username/password. If you're working in a Windows environment that has Active Directory deployed, Windows authentication can be used. This leverages the identity of the user/process of the client and sends those credentials to the service. This is a single-sign-on solution, in that after the user signs on to the Windows domain, the user's credentials can automatically be passed from the client machine to the service. When using Windows authentication, the client code shown in Listing 8.7 is not needed. Listing 8.8 shows net.tcp binding using Windows authentication. Listing 8.8 Windows Authentication with basicHttpBinding <basicHttpBinding> <binding name="MyBinding"> <security mode="Transport"> <transport clientCredentialType="Windows"/> Essential WCF 0321440064 8 10-43 </security > </binding> </basicHttpBinding> Authenticating with Certificates and netTcpBinding Digital certificates provide a more comprehensive form of authentication than passwords. For scenarios requiring secure, fast, certificate-based communication, netTcpBinding is a good choice. Certificates work with mixed security models found on complex intranets, including Windows, UNIX, and third-party LDAP authentication. On the Internet, if you need fast, secure server-to-server communication, and you can specify which firewall ports are open, netTcpBinding can prove very valuable. Using NetTcpBinding with certificate authentication combines fast communication and robust security. Listing 8.9 shows a service configuration using transport-level security with certificate-based client authentication. There are a few points worth noting. First, the service is configured to require client certificates by using the clientCredentialType in the NetTcpBinding binding. Second, the server's certificate is specified in the <serviceCredential> node. This is necessary so that the server knows which certificate and key pair to use in the SSL handshake. Third, the service is configured to bypass verifying the certification path of the client's certificates by specifying PeerTrust as the certificationValidationMode. This is necessary when working with certificates generated by MakeCert.exe, rather than real certificates obtained or generated from a trusted authority. Listing 8.9 Certificate Authentication with NetTcpBinding <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <configuration> <system.serviceModel> <services> <service name="EffectiveWCF.StockService" behaviorConfiguration="MyBehavior"> <host> <baseAddresses> <add baseAddress="http://localhost:8000/EffectiveWCF" /> <add baseAddress="net.tcp://localhost:8001/EffectiveWCF" /> </baseAddresses> </host> <endpoint address="" binding="netTcpBinding" bindingConfiguration="MyBinding" contract="EffectiveWCF.IStockService" /> <endpoint address="mex" binding="mexHttpBinding" contract="IMetadataExchange" /> </service> </services> <behaviors> <serviceBehaviors> <behavior name="MyBehavior"> Essential WCF 0321440064 8 11-43 <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true" /> <serviceCredentials> <serviceCertificate findValue="localhost" storeLocation="LocalMachine" storeName="My" x509FindType="FindBySubjectName"/> <clientCertificate> <authentication certificateValidationMode="PeerTrust"/> </clientCertificate> </serviceCredentials> </behavior> </serviceBehaviors> </behaviors> <bindings> <netTcpBinding> <binding name="MyBinding"> <security mode="Transport"> <transport clientCredentialType="Certificate"/> <message clientCredentialType="None"/> </security> </binding> </netTcpBinding> </bindings> </system.serviceModel> </configuration> To initiate communication between the client and service, the client must specify a certificate for authentication. This can be done in configuration or in code. Listing 8.10 shows client-side code that attaches a certificate to the channel for the service to use in authentication. Under peer trust, the service will look up the certificate in its Trusted People folder. If found, access will be granted; if not, access will be denied. Listing 8.10 Client Code for Certificate Authentication StockServiceClient proxy = new StockServiceClient(); proxy.ClientCredentials.ServiceCertificate. Authentication.CertificateValidationMode = System.ServiceModel.Security. X509CertificateValidationMode.PeerTrust; proxy.ClientCredentials.ClientCertificate.SetCertificate( StoreLocation.CurrentUser, StoreName.My, X509FindType.FindBySubjectName, "MyClientCert"); try { double p = proxy.GetPrice("msft"); Console.WriteLine("Price:{0}", p); } catch (Exception ex) { Console.WriteLine("Message:{0}", ex.Message); Essential WCF 0321440064 8 12-43 if (ex.InnerException != null) Console.WriteLine("Inner:{0}", ex.InnerException.Message); } Service Identity When establishing a secure communication channel between the client and the service, the client can authenticate with the service through a variety of methods described in this chapter. The client can be authenticated with a username/password, Windows, or certificate credentials. Equally important, however, is authenticating the service. If a client is going to exchange sensitive information with the service, then service authentication is just as important as client authentication. Failure to do so enables the popular spoofing scams on the Internet to occur in services. To guard against this, WCF checks the service identity before establishing a secure communication channel through transport-level security. When the MEX endpoint of a service is called to generate WSDL, it returns the identity of the service. If the binding supports the WS-Security protocol (all preconfigured bindings do, except basicHttpBinding), the WSDL will include information about the identity of the service. Depending on the binding and service authentication mechanism, different identity information is returned. When svcutil is used to generate a client proxy and client configuration file from a running service, the identity of the service is written into the configuration file. At runtime, the identity of the service is verified to ensure that the client is communicating to the proper service. If the runtime service has a different identity from what the client is expecting, WCF will not establish the secure channel. Listing 8.11 shows a configuration file generated by svcutil for a service using wsHttpBinding with certificate-based client authentication for message-level security. Note that the server's encrypted certificate is included. If the client attempts to initiate secure communication with a service but the service does not have that certificate, WCF will throw an error. Listing 8.11 Service Identity Generated for Certificate-Based Authentication <client> <endpoint address="http://localhost:8000/EffectiveWCF" binding="wsHttpBinding" bindingConfiguration="WSHttpBinding_IStockService" contract="IStockService" name="WSHttpBinding_IStockService"> <identity> <certificate encodedValue= [ic:ccc]"AwAAAAEAAAAUAAAAHbe21KJYGbmqCcjq7JJ1AH1WLc8gAAAAAQAAAL [ic:ccc]0BAAAwggG5MIIBY6ADAgECAhAN4tyIi6rOqEYmrBcPIOHPMA0GCSqGS [ic:ccc]Ib3DQEBBAUAMBYxFDASBgNVBAMTC1Jvb3QgQWdlbmN5MB4XDTA3MDky [ic:ccc]ODIyMzgxOVoXDTM5MTIzMTIzNTk1OVowFDESMBAGA1UEAxMJbG9jYWx [ic:ccc]ob3N0MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCwYocYLHnP+c [ic:ccc]hgEurathCfwIxGhqL86lOdbEMuf1dfYjgkAhUBmkwVMhH8TVxyZkujp [ic:ccc]09FKprT/beuzWmZVRjucaa/4yzOTsbrma0NGPI8V31Z+TYcU9zhNXn9 [ic:ccc]4d5eNH9Bc7QOhgwlRbl74Il8iPC9WGEB1V1PS/KYoYyCqNC8AwIDAQA [ic:ccc]Bo0swSTBHBgNVHQEEQDA+gBAS5AktBh0dTwCNYSHcFmRjoRgwFjEUMB [ic:ccc]IGA1UEAxMLUm9vdCBBZ2VuY3mCEAY3bACqAGSKEc+41KpcNfQwDQYJK Essential WCF 0321440064 8 13-43 [ic:ccc]oZIhvcNAQEEBQADQQB+lCX4+Jk8L6NSQ8YjR51mkFSu6u3XZst/j5wq [ic:ccc]gPIukU812/GEE4N/b8jXIXo6hyQqpvl9HKXnlTmYNivwXH2Q" /> </identity> </endpoint> </client> Listing 8.12 shows a configuration file generated by svcutil for a service using wsHttpBinding with Windows-based client authentication. Note that the server's Windows credentials are included. If the client attempts to initiate secure communication with a service but the service is running under a different Windows account, WCF will throw an error. It may be the case that the service account that generated the WSDL in the development environment had one set of credentials, but in production a different Windows account is used. In that case, the client- side configuration file must be changed to match the new identity of the service. Listing 8.12 Service Identity Generated for Certificate-Based Authentication <client> <endpoint address="http://localhost:8000/EffectiveWCF" binding="wsHttpBinding" bindingConfiguration="WSHttpBinding_IStockService" contract="IStockService" name="WSHttpBinding_IStockService"> <identity> <userPrincipalName value="MyDomain\Me"/> </identity> </endpoint> </client> If the client cannot verify that the service is running on the configured account for any reason, it will throw an error. For instance, if you're doing development offline and do not have access to Active Directory, the client may time out waiting to verify the services credentials. In that case, you can change the identity of the service from <userPrincipalName> to <servicePrincipalName> and change the value from MyDomain\Me to host/localhost in the client configuration file. Message-Level Security Message-level security ensures confidentiality of messages by encrypting and signing messages before sending them out over the transport. This way, only the parties who know how to decrypt the message can read them. In some scenarios, message-level security can provide a longer confidentiality lifetime than transport-level security. A common example involves intermediaries. For instance, when a message is sent from a client to a service, what if the message is actually sent to an intermediary for queuing or routing rather than the ultimate recipient endpoint? Transport-level security would ensure confidentiality up until the intermediary but not further. After the intermediary, the client loses control of the confidentiality because encryption was used only until the intermediary. By using message-level security, the intermediary can read header information but not the contents of the message. Only the intended recipient, whose public key was used to encrypt the message, can Essential WCF 0321440064 8 14-43 decrypt the message with the corresponding private key and access its contents. In this way, confidentiality is maintained end-to-end. Like transport-level security, message-level security is based on X.509 certificates, though custom implementations are possible. The service must have a certificate installed so that a client can send an encrypted message to the service to initiate communication. This is necessary when negotiating communication so that if credentials are required, those credentials are protected. By default, most predefined WCF bindings, with the exception of basicHttpBinding and netNamedPipeBinding, use message-level encryption. This helps to ensure that default WCF communications are secure. Authenticating with wsHttpBinding The wsHttpBinding uses message-level security. It uses the WS-Security protocol to send the encrypted messages between client and service over the HTTP transport channel. You do not need to configure HTTP.SYS or IIS to support SSL, because WS-Security enables secure communication on any protocol. Because of this, the service endpoint and its MEX sibling can be on the same port, making secure IIS hosting very simple. A potential disadvantage of wsHttpBinding is that because it uses port 80 rather than 443 for SSL, it can be more difficult to use hardware-based encryption accelerators. The wsHttpBinding binding supports numerous methods for client authentication. The default is Windows authentication, but other options available include including None, Basic, and Certificate. Windows Authentication Listing 8.13 shows wsHttpBinding being used to secure messages. Note that only one base address is present, because an SSL channel isn't needed as it is with transport-level security. By default, wsHttpBinding uses Windows authentication for transport security. Therefore, this configuration would work well on an intranet where both client and service belong to the same Windows domain, but it will not work on the Internet or across untrusted Windows machines. Listing 8.13 Encryption with wsHttpBinding and Windows Authentication <system.serviceModel> <services> <service name="EffectiveWCF.StockService" behaviorConfiguration="MyBehavior"> <host> <baseAddresses> <add baseAddress="http://localhost:8000/EffectiveWCF" /> </baseAddresses> </host> <endpoint address="" binding="wsHttpBinding" contract="EffectiveWCF.IStockService" /> <endpoint address="mex" binding="mexHttpBinding" contract="IMetadataExchange" /> </service> </services> <behaviors> Essential WCF 0321440064 8 15-43 <serviceBehaviors> <behavior name="MyBehavior"> <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true" /> </behavior> </serviceBehaviors> </behaviors> </system.serviceModel> No Authentication If you don't want any client authentication, specify None for the clientCredentialType attribute. Listing 8.14 shows the binding configuration used to specify no client authentication. Listing 8.14 Encryption with wsHttpBinding and No Client Authentication <system.serviceModel> <services> <service name="EffectiveWCF.StockService" behaviorConfiguration="MyBehavior"> <host> <baseAddresses> <add baseAddress="http://localhost:8000/EffectiveWCF" /> </baseAddresses> </host> <endpoint address="" binding="wsHttpBinding" bindingConfiguration="MyBinding" contract="EffectiveWCF.IStockService" /> </service> </services> <bindings> <wsHttpBinding> <binding name="MyBinding"> <security mode="Message"> <transport clientCredentialType="None"/> </security > </binding> </wsHttpBinding> </bindings> </system.serviceModel> Certificate Authentication Using certificates for authentication with the wsHttpBinding binding ensures a good reach for secure Internet applications. Configuring certificate-based authentication is similar to other authentication schemes at the message level. Listing 8.15 shows a service configuration file that uses certificate-based authentication. There are a few points worth noting. First, the service is configured to require client certificates by using the clientCredentialType in the wsHttpBinding binding. Second, the server's certificate is specified in the <serviceCredential> node. This is necessary so that the client can encrypt messages with the server's public key. Third, the service is configured to bypass verifying the certification path of the client's certificates by specifying PeerTrust as the Essential WCF 0321440064 8 16-43 certificationValidationMode. This is necessary when working with certification generated by MakeCert.exe, rather than real certificates obtained or generated from a trusted authority. Listing 8.15 Service Configuration for Client Certificate Authentication <system.serviceModel> <services> <service name="EffectiveWCF.StockService" behaviorConfiguration="MyBehavior"> <host> <baseAddresses> <add baseAddress="http://localhost:8000/EffectiveWCF" /> </baseAddresses> </host> <endpoint address="" binding="wsHttpBinding" bindingConfiguration="MyBinding" contract="EffectiveWCF.IStockService" /> </service> </services> <behaviors> <serviceBehaviors> <behavior name="MyBehavior"> <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true" /> <serviceCredentials> <serviceCertificate findValue="localhost" storeLocation="LocalMachine" storeName="My" x509FindType="FindBySubjectName"/> <clientCertificate> <authentication certificateValidationMode="PeerTrust"/> </clientCertificate> </serviceCredentials> </behavior> </serviceBehaviors> </behaviors> <bindings> <wsHttpBinding> <binding name="MyBinding"> <security mode="Message"> <message clientCredentialType="Certificate"/> </security> </binding> </wsHttpBinding> </bindings> </system.serviceModel> To communicate with a service that requires certificate-based authentication, clients must attach a certificate to each message. This can be done in code or in configuration. If done in configuration, the configuration file generated by svcutil must be modified to include the certificates. Specifically, an endpoint behavior must be added in which the client certificate is specified. And if nontrusted certificates are used, the behavior must also indicate that PeerTrust Essential WCF 0321440064 8 17-43 should be used for the certificate validation method. Listing 8.16 shows an updated client-side configuration file that attaches a certificate to messages. Listing 8.16 Client Configuration for Certificate Authentication <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <configuration> <system.serviceModel> <bindings> <wsHttpBinding> <binding name="WSHttpBinding_IStockService" . . <security mode="Message"> <transport clientCredentialType="Windows" proxyCredentialType="None" realm="" /> <message clientCredentialType="Certificate" negotiateServiceCredential="true" algorithmSuite="Default" establishSecurityContext="true" /> </security> </binding> </wsHttpBinding> </bindings> <client> <endpoint address="http://localhost:8000/EffectiveWCF" binding="wsHttpBinding" bindingConfiguration="WSHttpBinding_IStockService" contract="IStockService" behaviorConfiguration="ClientCert" name="WSHttpBinding_IStockService"> <identity> <certificate encodedValue= [ic:ccc]"AwAAAAEAAAAUAAAAHbe21KJYGbmqCcjq7JJ1AH1WLc8gAAAAAQAAAL [ic:ccc]0BAAAwggG5MIIBY6ADAgECAhAN4tyIi6rOqEYmrBcPIOHPMA0GCSqGS [ic:ccc]Ib3DQEBBAUAMBYxFDASBgNVBAMTC1Jvb3QgQWdlbmN5MB4XDTA3MDky [ic:ccc]ODIyMzgxOVoXDTM5MTIzMTIzNTk1OVowFDESMBAGA1UEAxMJbG9jYWx [ic:ccc]ob3N0MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCwYocYLHnP+c [ic:ccc]hgEurathCfwIxGhqL86lOdbEMuf1dfYjgkAhUBmkwVMhH8TVxyZkujp [ic:ccc]09FKprT/beuzWmZVRjucaa/4yzOTsbrma0NGPI8V31Z+TYcU9zhNXn9 [ic:ccc]4d5eNH9Bc7QOhgwlRbl74Il8iPC9WGEB1V1PS/KYoYyCqNC8AwIDAQA [ic:ccc]Bo0swSTBHBgNVHQEEQDA+gBAS5AktBh0dTwCNYSHcFmRjoRgwFjEUMB [ic:ccc]IGA1UEAxMLUm9vdCBBZ2VuY3mCEAY3bACqAGSKEc+41KpcNfQwDQYJK [ic:ccc]oZIhvcNAQEEBQADQQB+lCX4+Jk8L6NSQ8YjR51mkFSu6u3XZst/j5wq [ic:ccc]gPIukU812/GEE4N/b8jXIXo6hyQqpvl9HKXnlTmYNivwXH2Q" /> </identity> </endpoint> </client> <behaviors> <endpointBehaviors> <behavior name="ClientCert"> <clientCredentials> Essential WCF 0321440064 8 18-43 <serviceCertificate> <authentication certificateValidationMode="PeerTrust"/> </serviceCertificate> <clientCertificate findValue="MyClientCert" storeLocation="CurrentUser" storeName="My" x509FindType="FindBySubjectName"/> </clientCredentials> </behavior> </endpointBehaviors> </behaviors> </system.serviceModel> </configuration> The client-side certificate can also be added to the service description in code. The client-side code looks up the certificate in the local certificate store and adds it to the service description via the proxy before making calls to the service. WCF will attach the certificate to each message sent to the service. Listing 8.10 shows the client-side code necessary to do this. When svcutil is used to generate the client-side configuration from a service with no client authentication, it inserts an <identity> element in the endpoint definition of the service description. This element contains the signature of the service from which the configuration was generated. At runtime, this signature is checked against the identity of the running service. If the client attempts to communicate with a service with a different signature, an error will be thrown: "The expected identity is 'identity(http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/right/possessp roperty: http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/thumbprint)' for the 'http://localhost:8000/EffectiveWCF' target endpoint." Securing Services with Windows Integrated Security In this section, we'll focus on the issues and opportunities faced when deploying and consuming services internally to an organization or other trusted environment. As the service may be called by another machine on a Windows network, we can take advantage of shared authentication and authorization systems that are not natively available for Internet-based deployments. Because we are on a local network, we can take advantage of binding types, such as TCP (NetTcpBinding), and on the same machine, named pipes (NetNamedPipeBinding), to improve performance and efficiency. We can also leverage reliability mechanisms such as MSMQ (via the NetMsmqBinding). Section Examples Introduction The examples in this section are modeled to reflect having WCF-based services and callers communicating over a LAN behind a corporate firewall. We follow the basic model of having a contract/implementation class library, host console application (SampleHost), and client console application (ClientConsole). The topology is shown in Figure 8.2, where the client, host, and other resources such as the database are all behind a corporate firewall separating communications from the open Internet. Essential WCF 0321440064 8 19-43 ***Insert Figure 8.2 WCF09_02 Line Figure 8.2 Services over corporate LAN with Windows application The service implementation is SampleService and has an ISamples.cs defining three simple operations, GetSecretCode, GetMemberCode, and GetPublicCode, as shown in Listing 8.17. Listing 8.17 ISamples.cs Service Contract Interface using System.ServiceModel; namespace SampleService { [ServiceContract] public interface ISamples { [OperationContract] string GetSecretCode(); [OperationContract] string GetMemberCode(); [OperationContract] string GetPublicCode(); } } } The ISamples interface is implemented in the Samples.cs class file shown in Listing 8.18. Listing 8.18 Samples.cs Service Implementation Class using System; using System.Security.Principal; using System.ServiceModel; using System.Threading; namespace SampleService { public class Samples : ISamples { public string GetSecretCode() { DisplaySecurityDetails(); return "The Secret Code"; } public string GetMemberCode() { DisplaySecurityDetails(); return "The Member-Only Code"; } Essential WCF 0321440064 8 20-43 public string GetPublicCode() { DisplaySecurityDetails(); return "The Public Code"; } private static void DisplaySecurityDetails() { Console.WriteLine("Windows Identity = " + [ic:ccc]WindowsIdentity.GetCurrent().Name); Console.WriteLine("Thread CurrentPrincipal Identity = " + [ic:ccc]Thread.CurrentPrincipal.Identity.Name); Console.WriteLine("ServiceSecurityContext Primary Identity [ic:ccc]= " + ServiceSecurityContext.Current.PrimaryIdentity.Name); Console.WriteLine("ServiceSecurityContext Windows Identity [ic:ccc]= " + ServiceSecurityContext.Current.WindowsIdentity.Name); } } } We have also created two local test accounts in Windows to be used in the next few examples. Use the Computer Management console and open the Local Users and Groups node. Under Users, create two accounts. In our case, we created Peter Admin (username "peter") and Jessica Member (username "jessica"). Authenticating Users with Windows Credentials Let's begin by looking at the default behavior for a TCP-based service using Windows credentials for authentication. The service has been configured with NetTcpBinding, as shown in Listing 8.19. Note that we have also enabled metadata exposure for proxy generation. Listing 8.19 Service Configuration for TCP with Default Security Settings <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <configuration> <system.serviceModel> <services> <service behaviorConfiguration="ServiceBehavior" [ic:ccc]name="SampleService.Samples"> <endpoint address="" binding="netTcpBinding" name="netTcp" contract="SampleService.ISamples" /> <endpoint address="mex" binding="mexHttpBinding" name="mex" contract="IMetadataExchange" /> <host> <baseAddresses> <add baseAddress="http://localhost:8080/Samples" /> <add baseAddress="net.tcp://localhost:8090/Samples" /> </baseAddresses> </host> </service> </services> <behaviors> Essential WCF 0321440064 8 21-43 <serviceBehaviors> <behavior name="ServiceBehavior" > <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true" /> </behavior> </serviceBehaviors> </behaviors> </system.serviceModel> </configuration> The ClientConsole application simply creates an instance of the generated proxy class and makes calls sequentially to each operation, shown in Listing 8.20. Listing 8.20 ClientConsole Application Calling SampleService via TCP using System; namespace ClientConsole { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Press ENTER to make service calls"); Console.ReadLine(); Samples.SamplesClient proxy = new Samples.SamplesClient("netTcp"); try { Console.WriteLine(proxy.GetPublicCode()); Console.WriteLine(proxy.GetMemberCode()); Console.WriteLine(proxy.GetSecretCode()); } catch (Exception e) { Console.WriteLine("Exception = " + e.Message); } Console.ReadLine(); } } } When ClientConsole is run against the SampleHost, each call is made successfully and the SampleHost writes identity details to its console (via the DisplaySecurityDetails method). All identities are reported as the Windows user running the ClientConsole application. This is expected because we haven't introduced any other identities yet. Specifying Alternative Identities Generated WCF proxies support a mechanism for specifying alternative credentials to services. This can be useful in a variety of scenarios. For example, if a client application supports Essential WCF 0321440064 8 22-43 multiple user identities, those identities can be supplied at runtime by the client through the proxy so the service can determine which actions may be taken by the current user. Using the Samples.SamplesClient proxy, we supply the username and password for the "peter" account we created earlier, as shown in Listing 8.21. Listing 8.21 Providing Alternative Credentials via the Client-Generated Proxy using System; using System.Net; namespace ClientConsole { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Console.WriteLine("Press ENTER to make service calls"); Console.ReadLine(); Samples.SamplesClient proxy = new Samples.SamplesClient("netTcp"); proxy.ClientCredentials.Windows.ClientCredential = new NetworkCredential("MACHINENAME\\peter", "p@ssw0rd1"); try { Console.WriteLine(proxy.GetPublicCode()); Console.WriteLine(proxy.GetMemberCode()); Console.WriteLine(proxy.GetSecretCode()); } catch (Exception e) { Console.WriteLine("Exception = " + e.Message); } Console.ReadLine(); } } } Running the application now results in all three services being called successfully, but the console DisplaySecurityDetails method shows us that while the host identity (WindowsIdentity.GetCurrent().Name) remains as the system user, the other displays of identity show MACHINENAME\peter. WCF has automatically mapped the credentials we supplied on the client side into the security context and thread identity. NOTE Non-Windows Usernames and Passwords It is possible to provide basic usernames and passwords that are not specific to Windows. Certain bindings, such as WsHttpBinding, Essential WCF 0321440064 8 23-43 support this option (see Table 8.1 for a list of binding options). To enable this, configure message security with clientCredentialType="UserName". In these cases, however, WCF will require transport security (for example, a certificate) to protect the confidentiality and integrity of those credentials on the wire. Certificates were described earlier in this chapter. Authorizing Users with Windows Credentials We've shown that we can identify users via Windows credentials; now let's focus on determining access permissions (authorization) for the same scenario. To begin, we'll use the standard security PrincipalPermissionAttribute. This attribute can be used to decorate members and restrict or permit access to callers. To begin, let's decorate methods with attributes to limit access only to Peter (GetSecretCode) and both Peter and Jessica (GetMemberCode). Add the following to GetSecretCode (where MACHINENAME should be replaced with your own system's name): [PrincipalPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, Name = @"MACHINENAME\peter")] Now add the following to GetMemberCode: [PrincipalPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, Name = @"MACHINENAME\peter")] [PrincipalPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, Name = @"MACHINENAME\jessica")] Run the service and client applications, ensuring Peter remains specified in the proxy's ClientCredentials property. The result should be that all three service operations are called successfully. Now change "peter" to "jessica" in the client code, updating the password if necessary. Running the client this time should result in an Access Is Denied exception for the GetSecretCode method. Certainly this approach works and provides a mechanism for authenticating and authorizing known Windows accounts for specific service operations. However, for almost all production systems, you will need an easier way to configure and maintain access lists for a variety of users. The PrincipalPermissionAttribute also supports a Role parameter that lets us specify a specific Windows group rather than a named user. Before proceeding, use the Computer Management console to create temporary Sample Admins and Sample Members local Windows groups, adding Peter to the former and both Peter and Jessica to the latter. Now, adjust the attributes as shown in Listing 8.22. Listing 8.22 Specifying Access by Security Role using System; using System.Security.Permissions; using System.Security.Principal; using System.ServiceModel; using System.Threading; Essential WCF 0321440064 8 24-43 namespace SampleService { public class Samples : ISamples { [PrincipalPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, Role="Sample Admins")] public string GetSecretCode() {...} [PrincipalPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, Role="Sample Members")] public string GetMemberCode() {...} public string GetPublicCode() {...} private static void DisplaySecurityDetails() {...} } Running the client again should produce similar results, but now you can rely on membership in Windows groups to determine which users are authorized to make calls to WCF operations. NOTE Using Native Windows Groups To use the standard Windows groups as roles with the PrincipalPermissionAttribute, prepend the word BUILTIN as a machine name before the group name. For example, the Administrators group is referenced by @"BUILTIN\Administrators" and Users by @"BUILTIN\Users". Also note that, in C#, you'll need the @ symbol to unescape the embedded backslashes, or else you'll need to double the backslash to avoid a compilation error. Authorization Using AzMan Windows Authorization Manager (AzMan) is a system that provides centralized (and therefore easier to maintain) role-based authorization services to applications, including WCF, based on policies defined in authorization stores. AzMan features a MMC-based utility for managing both the authorization stores and related access levels. The runtime of Authorization Manager is independent of the physical authorization stores, which may be based on SQL Server, Active Directory, ADAM, or XML, depending on the operating system used. In this section, we'll use a simple XML authorization store to configure role-based access to our prior service example. To work with Authorization Manager, use the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) and ensure Authorization Manager has been added via the File, Add/Remove Snap-In option. To create an authorization store, you must be in Developer mode (versus Administrator mode), which enables access to all features. From the Action menu, choose Options, then Developer Mode. In Developer mode, right-click the Authorization Manager node and choose New Authorization Store, which will show a dialog similar to Figure 8.3. Figure 8.3 Configuring an XML Authorization store Essential WCF 0321440064 8 25-43 ***Insert Figure 8.3 WCF09_03 S For our example, choose XML file, leave the schema version as 1.0, and give the store a name and description. Note that, depending on your operating system, you may also use Active Directory, ADAM, or SQL Server. Having created the store, ensure that the XML file is highlighted, then right-click and choose New Application. Name the application AzManDemo and click OK. To define the roles to which we'll assign user permissions, expand the AzManDemo node in the left pane, and then expand Definitions. Right-click Role Definitions and choose New Role Definition. We'll create two roles, Member Role and Admin Role; however, for the latter, click Add on the New Role Definition dialog and choose the Member Role to include that role as part of the Admin Role definition, shown in Figure 8.4. ***Insert Figure 8.4 WCF09_04 S Figure 8.4 Creating a role definition with Authorization Manager To assign users to roles, right-click the Role Assignments node and choose New Role Assignment. The Admin and Member roles should appear beneath Role Assignments. Right-click each role and choose Assign Users and Groups, then From Windows and Active Directory. Add the sample "Peter" account to Admin Role and "Jessica" to Member Role. The final configuration should appear similar to Figure 8.5. ***Insert Figure 8.5 WCF09_05 S Figure 8.5 Authorization Manager showing example configuration Now that Authorization Manager has been configured with a role and user assignment, we can tell WCF to leverage AzMan for authorization. The flexibility of WCF combined with the capability to access the AzMan runtime via the AzRoles assembly gives us a number of options. For example, we could create a custom ServiceAuthorizationManager and manually call the AzRoles assembly for role and operation verification. However, by leveraging existing ASP.NET 2.0 functionality, we can integrate AzMan authorization and WCF with less effort. The role-based provider system of ASP.NET is useful to us here because WCF can automatically integrate with its services and because there is a native AuthorizationStoreRoleProvider that we can use to communicate with our AzMan-created authorization store. To enable use of Authorization Manager, in the SampleHost project's App.config file, we need to add the <roleManager> node under <system.Web>. The service's behavior needs to include a <serviceAuthorization> to enable use of ASP.NET roles with the AuthorizationStoreRoleProvider. We also need to specify the path to the XML authorization store in the <connectionStrings> node. These settings are shown in Listing 8.23. Listing 8.23 Service Configuration for TCP with Authorization Manager Integration <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <configuration> <connectionStrings> <add name="AuthorizationStore" Essential WCF 0321440064 8 26-43 connectionString="msxml://C:\AzManSample\XMLAuthorizationStore.xml" /> </connectionStrings> <system.serviceModel> <services> <service behaviorConfiguration="ServiceBehavior" name="SampleService.Samples"> <endpoint address="mex" binding="mexHttpBinding" bindingConfiguration="" name="mex" contract="IMetadataExchange" /> <endpoint address="" binding="netTcpBinding" bindingConfiguration="" name="netTcp" contract="SampleService.ISamples" /> <host> <baseAddresses> <add baseAddress="http://localhost:8080/Samples" /> <add baseAddress="net.tcp://localhost:8090/Samples" /> </baseAddresses> </host> </service> </services> <behaviors> <serviceBehaviors> <behavior name="ServiceBehavior" > <serviceAuthorization principalPermissionMode="UseAspNetRoles" roleProviderName="AuthorizationStoreRoleProvider" /> <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true" /> </behavior> </serviceBehaviors> </behaviors> </system.serviceModel> <system.web> <roleManager defaultProvider="AuthorizationStoreRoleProvider" enabled="true" cacheRolesInCookie="true" cookieName=".ASPROLES" cookiePath="/" cookieProtection="All" cookieRequireSSL="false" cookieSlidingExpiration="true" cookieTimeout="30" > <providers> <clear /> <add name="AuthorizationStoreRoleProvider" type="System.Web.Security.AuthorizationStoreRoleProvider" connectionStringName="AuthorizationStore" applicationName="AzManDemo" /> </providers> </roleManager> </system.web> </configuration> Essential WCF 0321440064 8 27-43 Finally, to bind operations to specific Authorization Manger groups, modify the PrincipalPermisionAttribute to reference the role definitions contained in the authorization store. Modifying the Windows groups example from before, change the role names from Sample Admins and Sample Members to Admin Role and Member Role, respectively, matching the names given via the AzMan utility. [PrincipalPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, Role="Admin Role")] [PrincipalPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, Role="Member Role")] Running the application again for each user (Peter and Jessica) should again result in Peter having unrestricted access while Jessica is unable to call the GetSecretCode method. However, now that AzMan is configured for access, we can use the convenient tools and authentication stores to maintain the roles, users, tasks, and operations for our application with limited modification to the service code itself. Impersonating Users By default, WCF services access local and remote resources using the credentials under which the service host is executing. It is up to the service to authenticate callers to verify who they are, then perform authorization checks to ensure that they can access other resources (which would be accessed as the host identity). When running services that receive Windows credentials, we have another option called impersonation. Impersonation is the process by which an alternative credential is used for execution of program logic. A service may impersonate a caller by assuming that caller's identity. This is typically for the duration of a single call, but the impersonation token could be retained and reused by the service. The thread under which the call is executing is assigned to the impersonated identity, and operations are performed under the authorization and roles of that assumed identity. Impersonation is important because, by adopting the identity of a caller, the service is only able to access resources for which the caller has permissions. By running under the privileges of the caller, it is easier to ensure that only the data and resources appropriate for that user are accessed. Impersonation is an agreement between the service and its callers. Higher levels of impersonation require permission from both the client and, in some cases, system permissions on the host machine. To begin, let's configure the service code to support impersonation. This is done via the OperationBehaviorAttribute, which has an Impersonation parameter. This parameter is given a selection from the ImpersonationOption enumeration. An example of this is shown in Listing 8.24. Listing 8.24 Requiring Impersonation via the OperationBehaviorAttribute [OperationBehavior(Impersonation = ImpersonationOption.Required)] public string GetSecretCode() { DisplaySecurityDetails(); return "The Secret Code"; } Essential WCF 0321440064 8 28-43 ImpersonationOption can be NotAllowed, which disables impersonation, Required, which demands that the client agree to be impersonated (otherwise the call will fail), and Allowed, which will use impersonation if agreed to by the client, but will continue without impersonation if the client does not agree, although doing so is uncommon and typically avoided. It is possible to configure OperationBehavior for impersonation on all necessary operations, but you may also enable impersonation for all operations in configuration. Listing 8.25 shows how to use the ImpersonateCallerForAllOperations option, which is false by default. Listing 8.25 EnablingIimpersonation via ImpersonateCallerForAllOperations <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <configuration> <system.serviceModel> <services> <service behaviorConfiguration="ServiceBehavior" name="SampleService.Samples"> <endpoint address="mex" binding="mexHttpBinding" bindingConfiguration="" name="mex" contract="IMetadataExchange" /> <endpoint address="" binding="netTcpBinding" bindingConfiguration="" name="netTcp" contract="SampleService.ISamples" /> <host> <baseAddresses> <add baseAddress="http://localhost:8080/Samples" /> <add baseAddress="net.tcp://localhost:8090/Samples" /> </baseAddresses> </host> </service> </services> <behaviors> <serviceBehaviors> <behavior name="ServiceBehavior" > <serviceAuthorization principalPermissionMode="UseWindowsGroups" impersonateCallerForAllOperations="true" /> <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true" /> </behavior> </serviceBehaviors> </behaviors> </system.serviceModel> </configuration> NOTE Impersonation via Code It is also possible to invoke impersonation manually through code. The WindowsIdentity exposed via ServiceSecurityContext.Current features an Impersonate method that can be invoked to activate impersonation. Ensure you have first verified that the WindowsIdentity is not null before attempting the call. Essential WCF 0321440064 8 29-43 Next, the client (in cases where full impersonation or delegation is necessary) must explicitly designate that it supports impersonation. This can be done via configuration or code. For configuration, ensure that the client has settings similar to those shown in Listing 8.26. Listing 8.26 Specifying SupportedIimpersonation Level in Client Configuration <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <configuration> <system.serviceModel> <behaviors> <endpointBehaviors> <behavior name="EndBehave"> <clientCredentials> <windows allowedImpersonationLevel="Impersonation" /> </clientCredentials> </behavior> </endpointBehaviors> </behaviors> <bindings> <netTcpBinding>...</netTcpBinding> </bindings> <client> <endpoint address="net.tcp://localhost:8090/Samples" behaviorConfiguration="EndBehave" binding="netTcpBinding" bindingConfiguration="netTcp" contract="ClientConsole.Samples.ISamples" name="netTcp"> <identity>...</identity> </endpoint> </client> </system.serviceModel> </configuration> You can also specify a specific impersonation level via the service proxy in the client code, as shown in Listing 8.27. Listing 8.27 Specifying Impersonation via Client-Side Proxy using System; using System.Net; using System.Security.Principal; namespace ClientConsole { class Program { static void Main(string[] args) { Samples.SamplesClient proxy = new Samples.SamplesClient("netTcp"); Essential WCF 0321440064 8 30-43 proxy.ClientCredentials.Windows.AllowedImpersonationLevel = TokenImpersonationLevel.Delegation; ... } } } </configuration> The AllowedImpersonationLevel property, whether set in configuration or code, supports the following options from the TokenImpersonationLevel enumeration: [lb] None. No impersonation performed. [lb] Anonymous. Impersonation is used for access checks, but the service code does not know who the caller is. Can be used only for same-machine bindings such as NetNamedPipeBinding. [lb] Identify. No impersonation is performed, but the service code knows who the caller is and can make access decisions based on that identity. [lb] Impersonate. The service can identify the caller as with Identify, but in this mode, impersonation can be used for resources on the same machine. [lb] Delegate. The same as Impersonate; however, the credentials can be used for network-based resource access. Use caution when enabling impersonation, and consider the effects of having part of the overall system compromised by attackers. For example, if you enable delegation (in this case via configuration and Active Directory permissions, which by default would not allow this scenario,) and a user with domain administrator access calls your service (via a client that has opted to enable delegation), should your service logic be compromised, those administrator credentials could be used to access arbitrary resources on the domain with elevated permissions. Clearly, the risks are high, and you should invest time to fully understand the options around impersonation and the ability to deny permissions via the PrincipalPermissionAttribute introduced earlier. If you understand the risks, impersonation remains a powerful concept that can be used to effectively manage access to resources by service code according to the permissions of callers to that service. Securing Services over the Internet This section will focus on securing services over the Internet. Figure 8.6 shows a Windows application that accesses services over the Internet. This figure begins to highlight the Software + Services model from Microsoft, where you have client applications that run on the desktop that accesses services over the Internet. These types of applications need mechanisms for managing users that come from the Internet. This includes authenticating and authorizing of users that come from the Internet. The typical approach for this style of application is to use a database to store usernames, passwords, and roles. This is done for a variety of reasons, including account management, security scope, and ease of backup and restore. ASP.NET 2.0 offers these capabilities through application-level services such as Membership and Role-Based Authorization. WCF integrates with these application-level services for authentication and Essential WCF 0321440064 8 31-43 authorization of users. This means that developers can reuse several of the out-of-the-box providers available in ASP.NET to manage access to WCF services. ***Insert Figure 8.6 WCF09_06 Line Figure 8.6 Services over Internet with Windows application We will look at a sample application to understand the integration with ASP.NET. This application just happens to be a Web application built using ASP.NET. The use of these capabilities is not tied solely to Web applications and could have easily been a Windows desktop application. Figure 8.7 shows a sample application built using ASP.NET that will be used to highlight features in this section. This application displays a list of games and allows users to login and provide reviews on their favorite games. The premise behind this application is that both anonymous and registered users can view the games and their reviews. Only registered users that are logged in can add reviews, and only administrators can moderate reviews. More details about this application will be given in Chapter 13, "Programmable Web." ***Insert Figure 8.7 WCF09_07 S Figure 8.7 Sample Internet application Because this is a Web application, we will also look into Forms Authentication and how to authenticate requests using the Forms Authentication HTTP cookie that is based to a service hosted over an HTTP-based endpoint. ASP.NET Integration ASP.NET and WCF support slightly different activation and hosting models. WCF was designed to support activation of services using a variety of transports, such as TCP, HTTP, and MSMQ, whereas ASP.NET was designed primarily for activation over the HTTP protocol. WCF was also designed to support multiple different hosting models, including self-hosting as well as hosting inside of Internet Information Services (IIS). When hosted inside of IIS, WCF can either receive messages directly or using an ASP.NET Compatibility mode. The default mode is to run side-by- side with ASP.NET within the same AppDomain. This allows WCF to behave consistently across hosting environments and transport protocols. If you are not concerned about this and need only HTTP, WCF can leave ASP.NET Compatibility mode to access some of the capabilities of ASP.NET. ASP.NET Compatibility mode allows WCF services to access the runtime capabilities of ASP.NET, such as the HttpContext object, File and URL Authorization, and HTTPModule Extensibility. Listing 8.28 shows how to enable ASP.NET compatibility within configuration. Listing 8.28 Setting ASP.NET Compatibility Mode (in web.config) <system.serviceModel> <serviceHostingEnvironment aspNetCompatibilityEnabled="true" /> </configuration> Services can also register whether they require the use of ASP.NET Compatibility mode. This is done by specifying the AspNetCompatibilityRequirementsAttribute attribute on the service. Listing 8.29 shows an example of a service that sets this attribute. Much of the code for the service was removed for the sake of brevity. Essential WCF 0321440064 8 32-43 Listing 8.29 ASP.NETCompatibleRequirements Attribute (in web.config) namespace EssentialWCF { [ServiceContract(Namespace="EssentialWCF")] [AspNetCompatibilityRequirements(RequirementsMode= AspNetCompatibilityRequirementsMode.Required)] public class GameReviewService { [OperationContract] [WebGet] public GameReview[] Reviews(string gameIdAsString) { } [OperationContract] [WebInvoke] [PrincipalPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, Role = "User")] public void AddReview(string gameIdAsString, string comment) { } } } It is important to understand that ASP.NET Compatibility mode is not always needed. For example, we will be examining how to use the ASP.NET Membership Provider to authenticate access to WCF services. This feature does not require the use of ASP.NET Compatibility mode. However, if you want to be able to access the Principal and Identity of a user from the ASP.NET HttpContext, or use other security-related features such as File and URL Authorization, you will need to use ASP.NET Compatibility mode. In this scenario, WCF services act more like ASP.NET Web Services because they have similar capabilities. One important point is that you should not use ASP.NET Compatibility mode if your intent is to host services outside of IIS or use other transports besides HTTP. Authentication Using Membership Providers ASP.NET 2.0 provides a number of services such as Membership, Roles, Profiles, and more. These services are prebuilt frameworks that developers can use without the need for writing additional code. For example, the Membership service provides the capabilities to manage users, including the creation, deletion, and updating of users. ASP.NET also allows for Forms Authentication to use the Membership service to authenticate users for Web applications. WCF provides a similar mechanism to authenticate user access to services against the Membership services. This capability can be used whether or not there is an ASP.NET Web application to consider. This means that any ASP.NET Membership service can be used to authenticate access to a WCF service. Because the Membership service provides its own mechanism for managing users, we need to use UserName tokens. Listing 8.30 gives an example of a binding that uses the UserName tokens to authenticate its users. UserName tokens are unencrypted, therefore they need to be encrypted using either transport-level or message-level encryption. This example shows the use of transport-level encryption, which is the more common scenario. It is important to mention that WCF requires the use of encryption in this scenario, so skipping the encryption is not optional. Essential WCF 0321440064 8 33-43 Listing 8.30 Use UserName/Password Credentials (in web.config) <system.serviceModel> <bindings> <wsHttpBinding> <binding name="MembershipBinding"> <security mode="TransportWithMessageCredential"> <message clientCredentialType="UserName"/> </security> </binding> </wsHttpBinding> </bindings> </system.serviceModel> The next step to using the ASP.NET Membership service is to configure a service behavior that specifies username authentication to be performed using a membership provider. We will use the System.Web.Security.SqlMembershipProvider, which uses SQL Server as the mechanism for storing and retrieving user information. Listing 8.31 shows how to specify a service behavior that validates users against an ASP.NET Membership Provider. Listing 8.31 Service Credentials Using SQL Membership Provider (in web.config) <system.serviceModel> <behaviors> <serviceBehaviors> <behavior name="ServiceBehavior"> <serviceCredentials> <userNameAuthentication userNamePasswordValidationMode="MembershipProvider" membershipProviderName="AspNetSqlMembershipProvider" /> </serviceCredentials> </behavior> </serviceBehaviors> </behaviors> </system.serviceModel> Listing 8.30 uses the default ASP.NET Membership Provider for SQL Server. Listing 8.32 shows the default configuration for the ASP.NET Membership Providers in machine.config. Listing 8.32 Membership Provider Configuration (in machine.config) <system.web> <processModel autoConfig="true"/> <httpHandlers/> <membership> <providers> <add name="AspNetSqlMembershipProvider" Essential WCF 0321440064 8 34-43 type="System.Web.Security.SqlMembershipProvider, [ic:ccc]System.Web, Version=126.96.36.199, Culture=neutral, [ic:ccc]PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" connectionStringName="LocalSqlServer" enablePasswordRetrieval="false" enablePasswordReset="true" requiresQuestionAndAnswer="true" applicationName="/" requiresUniqueEmail="false" passwordFormat="Hashed" maxInvalidPasswordAttempts="5" minRequiredPasswordLength="7" minRequiredNonalphanumericCharacters="1" passwordAttemptWindow="10" passwordStrengthRegularExpression=""/> </providers> </membership> </system.web> A common development task is setting up transport encryption using a self-signed certificate. WCF will attempt to validate this certificate and fail with the following error: "Could not establish trust relationship for the SSL/TLS secure channel with authority 'localhost'." Looking to the inner exception shows that the remote certificate failed validation. The following was the original exception thrown: "The remote certificate is invalid according to the validation procedure." Listing 8.33 shows how to force a validation of a certificate that cannot be validated, such as a self-signed certificate. This code should be implemented by the client and should be used only in development for testing purposes. Listing 8.33 Developing Using Self-Signed Certificate private void Window_Loaded(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) { System.Net.ServicePointManager.ServerCertificateValidationCallback += new System.Net.Security.RemoteCertificateValidationCallback( RemoteCertValidate); } static bool RemoteCertValidate(object sender, X509Certificate cert, X509Chain chain, System.Net.Security.SslPolicyErrors error) { return true; } Essential WCF 0321440064 8 35-43 Role-Based Authorization Using Role Providers ASP.NET role-based authorization allows developers to perform authorization checks based on roles. It also uses a provider model, which abstracts the details of user role storage from the application's code. There are several provider models in ASP.NET for roles, including the SqlRoleProvider, WindowsTokenRoleProvider, and AuthorizationStoreRoleProvider. Because we are assuming an Internet-facing application, we will examine how to use the SqlRoleProvider to perform authorization checks. There are several steps to using an ASP.NET role provider. The first step is to enable the use of roles. This is done via configuration within either app.config or web.config using the roleManager element. <roleManager enabled ="true" /> This allows the application to use roles, but it does not specify which role provider to use. The next step is to configure a service behavior that specifies which role provider to use. Listing 8.34 shows a service behavior that specifies the principalPermissionMode and the roleProviderName attributes on the serviceAuthorization configuration element. The principalPermissionMode is used to specify how authorization checks are performed. In this situation we are using "UseAspNetRoles", which means to use ASP.NET roles for authorization checks. We also specify the provider name. Listing 8.34 Service Authorization Using ASP.NET Roles <system.serviceModel> <behaviors> <serviceBehaviors> <behavior name="ServiceBehavior"> <serviceAuthorization principalPermissionMode="UseAspNetRoles" roleProviderName ="AspNetSqlRoleProvider" /> </behavior> </serviceBehaviors> </behaviors> </system.serviceModel> Listing 8.34 uses the default ASP.NET Role Provider for SQL Server. Listing 8.35 shows the default configuration for the ASP.NET Role Providers in machine.config. Listing 8.35 Role Providers (in machine.config) <roleManager> <providers> <add name="AspNetSqlRoleProvider" connectionStringName="LocalSqlServer" applicationName="/" type="System.Web.Security.SqlRoleProvider, [ic:ccc]System.Web, Version=18.104.22.168, Culture=neutral, Essential WCF 0321440064 8 36-43 [ic:ccc]PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" /> <add name="AspNetWindowsTokenRoleProvider" applicationName="/" type="System.Web.Security.WindowsTokenRoleProvider, [ic:ccc]System.Web, Version=184.108.40.206, Culture=neutral, [ic:ccc]PublicKeyToken=b03f5f7f11d50a3a" /> </providers> </roleManager> For ASP.NET Web applications, the typical approach for performing access checks is to call User.IsInRole method. This approach works well for Web pages that often show or hide access to features based on authorization checks, but it does not work well for WCF services. WCF performs authorization checks at the service level using the PrincipalPermissionAttribute attribute. Listing 8.36 shows an example of a service that specifies permission checks. The attributes look to see if the user is in the Administrator role. If the user does not belong to the role, the user is denied the ability to call the service. Listing 8.36 Principal Permission namespace EssentialWCF { [ServiceContract(Namespace="EssentialWCF")] [AspNetCompatibilityRequirements(RequirementsMode =AspNetCompatibilityRequirementsMode.Allowed)] public class GameReviewApprovalService { [OperationContract] [PrincipalPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, Role = "Administrator")] public void Approve(int gameReviewId, bool approved) { } [OperationContract] [PrincipalPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, Role = "Administrator")] public GameReview[] ReviewsToApprove() { } } } Using Forms Authentication All the approaches so far show how services can be accessed over the Internet from a Windows- based application. Figure 8.8 shows a Web application that accesses services over the Internet from the browser. We will now consider how Web applications can access WCF services securely using a Web-centric approach. This means that we want to use standard HTTP approaches for securely accessing our services. This includes using HTTP cookies for Essential WCF 0321440064 8 37-43 authentication and SSL for encryption. SSL for encryption has been covered earlier in this chapter, so we will focus on the use of HTTP cookies for authentication. ***Insert Figure 8.8 WCF09_08 Line Figure 8.8 Services over Internet with Web application ASP.NET provides a feature known as Forms Authentication, which uses HTTP cookies for authentication. Forms Authentication allows a developer to build a Web application that uses an HTML form for user login. After the user types in the username and password, the form is submitted to the Web server for authentication. After the user is authenticated, an HTTP cookie is sent down to the browser and used as an authentication token. Successive calls from the browser can then use this token to authenticate the user. By default, Forms Authentication works directly with the ASP.NET Membership to perform authentication checks. Using Forms Authentication and Membership, developers can write little or no code to secure their Web applications. This is great for Web applications, but it does nothing to help us for WCF services. Unfortunately, there is no direct integration between WCF and Forms Authentication at this time. Fortunately, a simple fix solves this problem. Listing 8.37 shows a custom attribute that allows Forms Authentication to be used with a WCF service. This attribute sets the principal on the current thread to the principal specified in the current HttpContext. This simple attribute allows for access checks using PrincipalPermissionAttribute to work with Forms Authentication. Listing 8.37 UseFormsAuthentication Attribute using System; using System.Collections.ObjectModel; using System.Data; using System.Configuration; using System.Security.Principal; using System.ServiceModel; using System.ServiceModel.Channels; using System.ServiceModel.Description; using System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher; using System.Threading; using System.Web; using System.Web.Security; namespace EssentialWCF { public class UseFormsAuthentication : IDispatchMessageInspector { public UseFormsAuthentication() { } #region IDispatchMessageInspector Members public object AfterReceiveRequest(ref Message request, IClientChannel channel, InstanceContext instanceContext) { Essential WCF 0321440064 8 38-43 IPrincipal currentUser = System.Web.HttpContext.Current.User; if ((currentUser is System.Web.Security.RolePrincipal) && (currentUser != Thread.CurrentPrincipal)) Thread.CurrentPrincipal = currentUser; return null; } public void BeforeSendReply(ref Message reply, object correlationState) { } #endregion } [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class)] public class UseFormsAuthenticationBehaviorAttribute : Attribute, IServiceBehavior { #region IServiceBehavior Members public void AddBindingParameters( ServiceDescription serviceDescription, ServiceHostBase serviceHostBase, Collection<ServiceEndpoint> endpoints, BindingParameterCollection bindingParameters) { } public void ApplyDispatchBehavior( ServiceDescription serviceDescription, ServiceHostBase serviceHostBase) { foreach (ChannelDispatcher channelDispatch in serviceHostBase.ChannelDispatchers) { foreach (EndpointDispatcher endpointDispatch in channelDispatch.Endpoints) { endpointDispatch.DispatchRuntime.MessageInspectors.Add( new UseFormsAuthentication()); } } } public void Validate(ServiceDescription serviceDescription, ServiceHostBase serviceHostBase) { } #endregion } } Essential WCF 0321440064 8 39-43 Listing 8.38 shows a service that uses the Forms Authentication attribute. It should be mentioned that the attribute is intended to be used with ASP.NET Compatibility mode. The GameReviewService service shown in Listing 8.38 is exposed using the new webHttpBinding binding. It allows all users to retrieve reviews on games from the browser, but only authenticated users can add reviews. This binding is used to expose WCF services using a REST/POX style endpoint. It also integrates well with the ASP.NET AJAX Extensions. For more information about these features, refer to Chapter 13. Listing 8.38 Services Using UseFormsAuthentication Attribute using System; using System.Data.Linq; using System.Linq; using System.Net; using System.Security.Permissions; using System.Security.Principal; using System.ServiceModel; using System.ServiceModel.Activation; using System.ServiceModel.Web; using System.Threading; namespace EssentialWCF { [UseFormsAuthenticationBehaviorAttribute] [ServiceContract(Namespace="EssentialWCF")] [AspNetCompatibilityRequirements(RequirementsMode =AspNetCompatibilityRequirementsMode.Required)] public class GameReviewService { public GameReviewService() { } [OperationContract] [WebGet] public GameReview[] Reviews(string gameIdAsString) { WebOperationContext wctx = WebOperationContext.Current; wctx.OutgoingResponse.Headers.Add( HttpResponseHeader.CacheControl,"no-cache"); int gameId = Convert.ToInt32(gameIdAsString); GameReview[] value = null; try { using (GameReviewDataContext dc = new GameReviewDataContext()) { var query = from r in dc.GameReviews where (r.GameID == gameId) && (r.Approved) orderby r.Created descending Essential WCF 0321440064 8 40-43 select r; value = query.ToArray(); } } catch { wctx.OutgoingResponse.StatusCode = System.Net.HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError; } return value; } [OperationContract] [WebInvoke] [PrincipalPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, Role = "User")] public void AddReview(string gameIdAsString, string comment) { string userName = Thread.CurrentPrincipal.Identity.Name; int gameId = Convert.ToInt32(gameIdAsString); bool bAutomaticApproval = Thread.CurrentPrincipal.IsInRole("Administrator"); using (GameReviewDataContext dc = new GameReviewDataContext()) { dc.GameReviews.Add(new GameReview() { GameID = gameId, Review = comment, Approved = bAutomaticApproval, User = userName, Created = System.DateTime.Now }); dc.SubmitChanges(); } } } } Logging and Auditing As you've seen in this chapter, there are many options for configuring security with WCF services and client applications. Given so many configuration possibilities, the ability to diagnose authentication and authorization issues is of great importance. In addition, the ability to create audit trails to record the calls (whether successful or not) to the security infrastructure is critically important for many industries, such as banking and health care, and also for companies seeking to maintain compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley and other regulatory requirements. Fortunately, WCF supports an easy-to-configure mechanism for creating logs and audit trails of the security-related activities involving services. Security auditing can be enabled via configuration using the ServiceSecurityAuditBehavior as shown in Listing 8.39. Essential WCF 0321440064 8 41-43 Listing 8.39 Configuring a Service to Audit Security Events via ServiceSecurityAuditBehavior <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> <configuration> <system.serviceModel> <services> <service behaviorConfiguration="ServiceBehavior" name="SampleService.Samples"> <endpoint address="" binding="netTcpBinding" name="netTcp" contract="SampleService.ISamples" /> <endpoint address="mex" binding="mexHttpBinding" name="mex" contract="IMetadataExchange" /> <host>...</host> </service> </services> <behaviors> <serviceBehaviors> <behavior name="ServiceBehavior" > <serviceSecurityAudit auditLogLocation ="Application" messageAuthenticationAuditLevel="SuccessOrFailure" serviceAuthorizationAuditLevel="SuccessOrFailure" suppressAuditFailure="false" /> <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true" /> </behavior> </serviceBehaviors> </behaviors> </system.serviceModel> </configuration> The auditLogLocation specifies which event log should be used for auditing; it can be Default, Application, or Security. The messageAuthenticationAuditLevel and serviceAuthorizationAuditLevel properties can be None, Success, Failure, or SuccessOrFailure. Finally, the suppressAuditFailure property can be set to true to prevent an exception from being thrown when the system fails to log an audit message. Running a service with the ServiceSecurityAuditBehavior options shown in Listing 8.39 will result in MessageAuthentication and ServiceAuthorization events (for both failing and successful authentications/authorizations) being written to the system's Application log. Each entry will contain information such as the caller identity, time, target service URI, and protocol. Should any message fail to be written to the event log, an exception will be thrown. By combining an auditing policy with the detailed options for message logging and system tracing described in Chapter 9, "Diagnostics," you can more effectively and reliably track the behavior and usage of your WCF applications. Summary Security is clearly not an easy "feature" to provide in applications, especially when they are distributed over various programs, machines, and even companies. The penalty for overlooking a proper security policy and infrastructure is severe, and the loss of public trust associated with Essential WCF 0321440064 8 42-43 failure is difficult, if not impossible, to reverse. Therefore, a careful consideration of where, when, and how to apply security should never be overlooked. By ensuring authentication of both the caller and service, parties can be assured they are exchanging information with an expected party. Authorization allows a service to verify that a caller should be granted access to functionality or data directly or indirectly accessible through the service. Finally, the privacy of the data exchanged can be protected via encryption, and the integrity of the data can be preserved by digital signatures. You've seen how to leverage certificates for message- and transport-level security, which are especially useful for authentication as well as the protection of exchanged data. Besides certificates, you saw a variety of other options for configuring transport and message security, ensuring overall transfer security between callers and services. Several scenarios related to intranet and Internet-based service exposure and consumption were introduced and detailed, helping to categorize your own requirements and providing a practical basis for implementation. Finally, you saw how to enable WCF's native support for security-event auditing and logging. Through logging security events, your organization can quickly diagnose security issues in addition to creating a durable record of requests made for authentication and authorization. Despite the potential complexities of security, you've seen that WCF offers many options to protect WCF services, as well as the consumers of those services. Details at times may be daunting, especially to those new to the underlying concepts, but with WCF, many of these features come at little more expense than enabling basic options in configuration or code. ***end chapter*** Essential WCF 0321440064 8 43-43
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Choosing a first bird takes planning. When it comes to parrots, too many new owners start by getting in over their heads. They often start out with grandiose plans for big, beautiful birds, but they end up with one that is too large, too loud, too expensive, and ultimately, too much to handle. Sadly, their […]
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Hi there, I'm really hoping you will be able to help me. I am a veterinary nurse and have rescued a mistreated Galah Cockatoo. She has a severe plucking problem and is currently on antibiotics to help with the wounds. I have tried a standard plastic bird e collar for her but she got greatly […]
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Parrots are popular animals in the pet world and they are often one of the favorite birds people flock to gaze at in pet stores and zoos. The beautiful feathers of various colors, the impressive wingspan, and the fun factor of owning such a social and vocal pet are the factors that pull potential pet owners in. […]
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Diane Burroughs is the founder of BirdSupplies.com. She is passionate about parrots - her own flock, your flock and wild parrots. Her passion for parrots shows in her product offerings on www.BirdSupplies.com

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