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Page 1
doi: 10.1152/jn.00077.2008
100:129-139, 2008. First published 2 April 2008;
J Neurophysiol
Randy L. Buckner
Itamar Kahn, Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna, Justin L. Vincent, Abraham Z. Snyder and
FunctionalMedial Temporal Lobe Revealed by Intrinsic
Distinct Cortical Anatomy Linked to Subregions of the
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Distinct Cortical Anatomy Linked to Subregions of the Medial Temporal
Lobe Revealed by Intrinsic Functional Connectivity
Itamar Kahn,1,2,3Jessica R. Andrews-Hanna,1,2Justin L. Vincent,1,2Abraham Z. Snyder,4
and Randy L. Buckner1,2,3
1Department of Psychology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts;2Athinoula A. Martinos Center
for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts;3Howard Hughes Medical Institute,4Mallinckrodt
Institute of Radiology and Department of Neurology Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
Submitted 22 January 2008; accepted in final form 27 March 2008
Kahn I, Andrews-Hanna JR, Vincent JL, Snyder AZ, Buckner
RL. Distinct cortical anatomy linked to subregions of the medial
temporal lobe revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neuro-
physiol 100: 129–139, 2008. First published April 2, 2008;
doi:10.1152/jn.00077.2008. The hippocampus and adjacent cortical
structures in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) contribute to memory
through interactions with distributed brain areas. Studies of monkey
and rodent anatomy suggest that parallel pathways converge on
distinct subregions of the MTL. To explore the cortical areas linked to
subregions of the MTL in humans, we examined cortico-cortical and
hippocampal-cortical correlations using high-resolution, functional
connectivity analysis in 100 individuals. MTL seed regions extended
along the anterior to posterior axis and included hippocampus and
adjacent structures. Results revealed two separate brain pathways that
correlated with distinct subregions within the MTL. The body of the
hippocampus and posterior parahippocampal cortex correlated with
lateral parietal cortex, regions along the posterior midline including
posterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex, and ventral medial pre-
frontal cortex. By contrast, anterior hippocampus and the perirhinal/
entorhinal cortices correlated with distinct regions in the lateral
temporal cortex extending into the temporal pole. The present results
are largely consistent with known connectivity in the monkey and
provide a novel task-independent dissociation of the parallel path-
ways supporting the MTL memory system in humans. The cortical
pathways include regions that have undergone considerable areal
expansion in humans, providing insight into how the MTL memory
system has evolved to support a diverse array of cognitive
Declarative memory—conscious memory for events and
facts—depends on the medial temporal lobe (MTL) (Cohen
and Eichenbaum 1993; Milner et al. 1968; Squire 1992). The
MTL encompasses anatomically related structures including
the hippocampal formation and adjacent parahippocampal,
perirhinal, and entorhinal cortices, which lie along the para-
hippocampal gyrus (collectively referred to as the parahip-
pocampal region) (see Witter et al. 2000). The complex anat-
omy of the MTL has led to a debate about the nature of the
contributions of subregions of the MTL and whether they are
associated with functionally distinct processes or act collec-
tively as an integrated system (e.g., Eichenbaum et al. 2007;
Squire et al. 2004).
The neocortical connections of parahippocampal and perirhinal
cortices are complementary (Burwell and Amaral 1998; Suzuki
and Amaral 1994a). Both the parahippocampal and perirhinal
cortices feed information into the entorhinal cortex. The parahip-
pocampal cortex projects largely to the medial entorhinal area,
whereas the perirhinal projects largely to the lateral entorhinal
area. The entorhinal cortex, in turn, projects to the hippocampal
formation. These parallel pathways, however, are interconnected
with a substantial projection from parahippocampal cortex to
perirhinal cortex, in addition to connections between the lateral
and medial areas of the entorhinal cortex. Thus the anatomy of the
cortico-parahippocampal-hippocampal system is best described as
well to integrate diverse informational sources important to mem-
ory (Burwell 2000; Furtak et al. 2007; Lavenex and Amaral 2000;
Witter et al. 2000).
The centrality of the MTL memory system extends to its
connectivity with the broader neocortex. Multiple uni- and
polymodal cortical regions project to the parahippocampal and
perirhinal cortices (Burwell and Amaral 1998; Schmahmann
and Pandya 2006; Suzuki and Amaral 1994a). The cortical
projections encompass two parallel pathways. The parahip-
pocampal cortex receives inputs from visual association areas,
retrosplenial cortex, the dorsal bank of the superior temporal
sulcus, and the parietal lobe, among other regions. The perirhi-
nal cortex receives inputs including from visual areas in the
ventral temporal cortex and the ventral and dorsal banks of the
superior temporal sulcus (Lavenex and Amaral 2000; Suzuki
and Amaral 1994a,b). These two pathways have been heuris-
tically characterized as relating to spatial and nonspatial as-
pects of sensory input because of their preferential connections
to parietal areas (parahippocampal pathway) and inferior tem-
poral areas (perirhinal pathway). While initial evidence sug-
gests homologies between human and macaque (Catani et al.
2003), important differences may also exist especially in cor-
tical regions with substantial areal expansion in humans (Van
Essen and Dierker 2007). Thus, detailed characterization of
pathways linked to subregions within the MTL is essential for
further progress. Specifically, it is unknown whether human
MTL shows regional differentiation that supports two parallel
pathways and, if present, whether the cortical targets of the
parallel pathways are best characterized as sensory systems.
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: I. Kahn, Howard
Hughes Medical Institute at Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St., WJH 270,
Cambridge, MA 02138 (E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com).
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment
of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement"
in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
J Neurophysiol 100: 129–139, 2008.
First published April 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/jn.00077.2008.
129 0022-3077/08 $8.00 Copyright © 2008 The American Physiological Societywww.jn.org
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J Neurophysiol • VOL 100 • JULY 2008 • www.jn.org
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Methods based on intrinsic activity have recently emerged as
powerful tools to explore human functional connectivity.
Spontaneous activity patterns in the cortex have been shown to
reflect functional-anatomic organization of the brain both at the
level of cortical columns (Arieli et al. 1995; Kenet et al. 2003;
Moon et al. 2007) and large-scale functional networks span-
ning multiple cortical regions (e.g., Biswal et al. 1995; De Luca
et al. 2006; Fox et al. 2005, 2006; Greicius et al. 2003; Vincent
et al. 2006; for review, see Fox and Raichle 2007). In ma-
caques, low-frequency (?0.1 Hz) spontaneous blood oxygen-
ation level-dependent (BOLD) signal fluctuations measured
with MRI have been shown to correspond to functional acti-
vation and polysynaptic anatomical connectivity patterns (Vin-
cent et al. 2007). These correlations likely involve a combina-
tion of direct and indirect anatomic connectivity. While the
physiological significance of the BOLD fluctuations remains
incompletely understood, they provide a powerful means of
exploring functional connectivity in humans (for recent review,
see Fox and Raichle 2007). Previous studies using functional
connectivity have revealed that the MTL is correlated with
widespread regions of cortex, but the anatomic resolution of
past techniques has not allowed for detailed analysis of subre-
gions within the MTL (Greicius et al. 2004; Vincent et al.
2006). Thus it is unknown whether humans possess multiple
parallel pathways that converge on distinct subregions of the
MTL as would be predicted from anatomic studies in the
The present work sought to delineate the functional connec-
tivity of the MTL to test the hypothesis that distinct cortical
regions comprising multiple parallel pathways converge on
subregions of the MTL. To identify the pathways connected to
the MTL, we computed correlation maps of spontaneous low-
frequency fluctuations in the BOLD signal acquired using
high-resolution imaging methods in the absence of overt task
performance. We identified two distinct cortical pathways that
each reliably correlated with separate subregions of the MTL
memory system.
One hundred adults [58 females; ages 18–34, mean age: 22.9 ? 4.3
(SD) yr] participated. All participants had normal or corrected-to-
normal vision and were right-handed, native English speakers. Par-
ticipants were screened to exclude individuals with a history of
neurologic or psychiatric conditions as well as those using psychoac-
tive medications. Informed consent was obtained in accordance with
guidelines set forth by the institutional review board of the Massa-
chusetts General Hospital.
Data acquisition and preprocessing
Scanning was performed on a 3T TimTrio system (Siemens,
Erlangen, Germany) using a 12-channel phased-array head coil. High-
resolution three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted magnetization pre-
pared rapid acquisition gradient echo (MP-RAGE) anatomical images
were collected (TR ? 2,530 ms, TE ? 3.39 ms, FA ? 7°, 1 ? 1 ?
1.33 mm voxels). Functional data were acquired using a gradient-echo
echo-planar pulse sequence (TR ? 5,000 ms, TE ? 30 ms, FA ? 90°,
55 axial slices, 2 ? 2 ? 2 mm voxels, no interslice gap, FOV 256 ?
256 mm, matrix size of 128 ? 128). The relatively long TR (5 s)
enabled whole brain coverage with high spatial resolution. Because
functional connectivity analysis is based on low-frequency fluctua-
tions (?0.1 Hz), sparse temporal sampling is sufficient. As will be
shown, robust intrinsic correlations were observed consistent with
prior observations using shorter TR. Head motion was restricted using
a pillow and foam inserts that surrounded the head and earplugs were
used to attenuate scanner noise.
Two separate data sets (Data Set 1: n ? 55; Data Set 2: n ? 45)
were acquired with similar parameters with the exception of total time
points (Data Set 1: 2 runs ? 65 time points; Data Set 2: 4 runs ? 76
time points). Additional runs were acquired at the same session but
not included in present analyses. In Data Set 1, a visual face detection
task (lasting ?20 min) preceded the fixation runs, and a face recog-
nition memory task (45 min) followed it. In Data Set 2, two fixation
runs were administered at the beginning of the scanning session. The
remaining two fixation runs were administered near the end of the
scanning session, approximately an hour later. During the intervening
hour, participants completed two behavioral tasks making judgments
about mental states of characters in visually presented short stories
and a recognition memory task of visually presented words.
The two independent data sets allowed us to test the reliability of
the functional correlation maps. Specifically, we used Data Set 1 to
identify in an exploratory manner the distinct cortical regions that are
correlated with subregions of the MTL. Data Set 2 was used to test
predictions generated by the initial data set and to compare the
topography of independently obtained correlation maps.
Participants were instructed only to fixate on a visual crosshair cen-
tered on a screen for the entire duration of all the fixation runs. The visual
stimulus was generated on an Apple PowerBook G4 computer (Apple,
Cupertino, CA) using Matlab (The Mathworks, Natick, MA) and the
Psychophysics Toolbox extensions (Brainard 1997). The stimulus was
projected onto a screen positioned at the head of the magnet bore.
Resting-state data were preprocessed using procedures common in
conventional fMRI studies to reduce scanner artifacts, correct for head
motion, and transform the data into a standard atlas space. These
preprocessing steps included removal of the first four volumes to
allow for T1-equilibration effects, compensation of systematic, slice-
dependent time shifts (SPM2, Wellcome Department of Cognitive
Neurology, London, UK), and rigid body correction for head motion
within and across runs (Jenkinson et al. 2002; FMRIB, Oxford, UK).
The last step provided a record of head position within functional runs
that was later used as a nuisance regressor in the correlation analysis
(see following text). Atlas registration was achieved by computing
affine transforms connecting the first image volume of the first functional
run with the T1-weighted structural images (Jenkinson and Smith
2001; FMRIB, Oxford, UK). Our atlas representative template in-
cludes MP-RAGE data from 12 normal individuals and was made to
conform to the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) template using
previously described methods (Buckner et al. 2004). The final pre-
processing step combined motion correction and atlas transformation
illustrates the various display formats used in this paper. Views of the lateral and medial aspects of the brain show locations of major anatomical landmarks; a
view of the ventral aspect shows the location of the medial temporal lobe section analyzed extensively in this paper (outlined in yellow). B: inflated representation
of the cortex is shown to the left of a flattened representation of the medial temporal lobe. C: coronal slices of the group average overlaid with an outline of the
cortical gray matter ribbon (white) and labels of cortical subdivisions based on estimates of architectonically defined areas and anatomical landmarks. The labels
were derived from a probabilistic atlas that takes into account inter-subject variance of the region (Desikan et al. 2006; Fischl et al. 2002, 2004). CaS, calcarine
sulcus; CoS, collateral sulcus; CS, central sulcus; HF, hippocampal fissure; IPS, intraparietal sulcus; ITS, inferior temporal sulcus; OTS, occipitotemporal sulcus;
STS, superior temporal sulcus.
Major anatomic landmarks in the parietal, temporal, and medial temporal lobes. A: reconstructed cortical representation of a typical participant
J Neurophysiol • VOL 100 • JULY 2008 • www.jn.org
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in one step to yield a motion-corrected volumetric time series sampled
at 2-mm cubic voxels.
Construction of surface representations
Surface representation was obtained by transforming each partici-
pant's atlas-normalized T1 image to the Freesurfer average surface
(Fischl et al. 1999). To verify that the average cortical ribbon provided
sufficient estimation of the parenchyma in the present group, the white
and pial matter surfaces were overlaid on a group average of the
atlas-normalized T1 images in Data Set 1 (Fig. 1C). The cortical
regional labels throughout the manuscript are based on a probabilistic
atlas that incorporates probable location of a region of interest and
intersubject variance of the region. Specifically, a probabilistic label-
ing algorithm (Fischl et al. 2004) was used with a training set
comprised of manually identified 34 cortical ROIs in each of the
individual hemispheres from 40 MRI scans (Desikan et al. 2006; see
also Fischl et al. 2002). The overlap of the cortical ribbons on the
group average of participants in Data Set 1 with the estimated
anatomical subdivisions of the MTL including the hippocampus were
then computed (Desikan et al. 2006; Fischl et al. 2002, 2004). In
addition, the results from both data sets were projected onto the
inflated surface of the left cerebral hemisphere of the average fiducial
PALS surface (Supplementary Fig. S11) using Caret software (Van
Essen 2005) to allow comparison to earlier work (e.g., Vincent et al.
Assessment of susceptibility artifacts
Signal loss and distortion (susceptibility artifacts) in T2*-dependent
(BOLD) images occur as a result of magnetic inhomogeneities in
regions where the brain is adjacent to air or dense bone. Regions in the
MTL immediately above the petrous bone are particularly prone to
signal loss (Ojemann et al. 1997). To estimate the effects of suscep-
tibility artifacts in the present data, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
was computed for each voxel by averaging the signal intensity across
the whole run and dividing it by the SD over time. The SNR was
computed for all the target-atlas normalized BOLD runs acquired for
each participant and averaged to provide a single value for each voxel
in the brain. The SNR was computed separately for Data Set 1 and
Data Set 2. As can be observed in Fig. 2, low SNR is present in the
anterior portion of the inferior temporal and orbitofrontal cortices.
Importantly, signal loss in the MTL was restricted to the same regions
across the two data sets, with good to excellent SNR present for most
portions of the MTL including the body and head of the hippocampus.
Group functional connectivity analysis
Functional connectivity analysis was achieved following the pre-
processing and correlation procedures used by Fox and colleagues
(2005) and detailed in Vincent et al. (2006). Briefly, the preprocessed
functional data (in atlas space) were passed through an additional
series of processing steps. First, for each voxel, temporal filtering
removed constant offsets and linear trends over each run while
retaining frequencies ?0.08 Hz. Data were spatially smoothed using
a 4-mm full-width half-maximum Gaussian blur. Several sources of
spurious or regionally nonspecific variance were then removed by
regression of nuisance variables including: six parameters obtained by
rigid body head motion correction, the signal averaged over the
whole-brain, the signal averaged over the lateral ventricles, and
the signal averaged over a region centered in the deep cerebral white
matter. Temporally shifted versions of these waveforms also were
removed by inclusion of the first temporal derivatives (computed by
backward differences) in the linear model. This regression procedure
1The online version of this article contains supplemental data.
across the 2 groups. B: flattened representa-
tion of the medial temporal lobe demon-
strates that signal dropout is predominant
between the occipitotemporal and inferior
temporal sulci. Formats of the surface
representations are illustrated in Fig. 1.
Signal-to-noise estimates for the
J Neurophysiol • VOL 100 • JULY 2008 • www.jn.org
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Page 6
removes variance unlikely to represent regionally specific correlations
of neuronal origin. Of note, the global (whole-brain) signal correlates
with respiration-induced fMRI signal fluctuations (Birn et al. 2006;
Wise et al. 2004). By removing global signal, variance contributed by
physiological artifacts is minimized and the distribution of correlation
coefficients throughout the brain are set such that there are equal
number of positive and negative correlations. Consequently, testing a
positive correlation coefficient for statistical significance against the
null hypothesis of no correlation (r ? 0) becomes appropriate (Vin-
cent et al. 2006). Removal of signals correlated with ventricles and
white matter further reduces nonneuronal contributions to BOLD
correlations (Bartels and Zeki 2005; Fox et al. 2005).
Correlation maps for each seed in the left hemisphere were com-
puted by correlating regional time courses (averaged over all voxels
within the seed region) with every voxel in the brain. Correlation
maps were converted to z maps using Fisher's r-to-z transformation
(Zar 1996). This transformation generates values for each voxel that
are approximately normally distributed across individuals in a homog-
enous population. Individual z maps were entered into conventional
random effects analyses to obtain t-maps representing regions reliably
correlated across the whole group. The t-maps were computed for
each data set and thresholded at P ? 0.001 (uncorrected for multiple
comparisons). Effects were interpreted only if they were identified in
Data Set 1 and then independently replicated in Data Set 2. This
experimental strategy provides an unbiased measurement of correla-
tion strength and employs a conservative solution to the problem of
multiple comparisons (Buckner et al. 1995; Vincent et al. 2006).
Construction of MTL seed regions of interest
The objective of the correlation analysis was to identify regions of
cortex intrinsically correlated with subregions of the hippocampus and
surrounding MTL structures (similar to the analysis of anterior
cingulate cortex by Margulies et al. 2007). The seed regions were
spheres (3 mm radius; 7 voxels ? 2 mm3? 56 mm3volume) centered
on coordinates in stereotaxic atlas space obtained by creating an
average T1 image from the group of participants in Data Set 1. A total
of 16 seeds were defined in the left hemisphere. A set of eight seeds
separated center-to-center by 4 mm (Table 1 and Fig. 3) spanned the
long axis of the hippocampus, and an additional set of eight seeds
spanned the collateral sulcus. Thus these seed regions afforded full
coverage of the MTL. For visualization purposes, the seed region
centers are represented in Fig. 3 as dots on the flattened MTL surface.
Subregions within the MTL correlate with distinct
cortical pathways
Correlation maps corresponding to the parahippocampal and
perirhinal/entrorhinal cortices are shown for Data Set 1 (Fig. 4). A
seed located in the perirhinal/entorhinal cortices (PRc/ERc)
correlated with the lateral anterior temporal lobe immediately
below the superior temporal sulcus (Fig. 4A). In contrast, a
seed located in the posterior portion of the parahippocampal
cortex (PHc) strongly correlated with the inferior parietal
lobule, retrosplenial cortex extending into posterior cingulate,
and ventral medial prefrontal cortex (Fig. 4B). Two important
aspects of these maps are evident in Fig. 4. First, the maps are
nonoverlapping with the exception of a small region in the
anterior temporal pole and a larger region in the MTL along the
collateral sulcus and toward the head of the hippocampus/
amygdala (likely attributable to high local connectivity and
autocorrelation around the seed). Second, as can be seen on the
coronal slices in Fig. 4 (see also Fig. 5), the correlation maps
were largely symmetric even though the seeds were unilateral
(consistent with Vincent et al. 2006). Additional seed regions
along the collateral sulcus yielded correlation maps similar to
one or the other of these two maps or a combination of both but
did not reveal additional cortical networks (not shown).
Seed regions located in the hippocampus revealed similarly
distinct correlation maps. A seed in the mid portion of the body of
the hippocampus (bHipp) revealed a pattern similar to that ob-
served with the PHc seed (Fig. 5), whereas a seed located in the
obtained with the PRc/ERc seed (not shown). To compare our
maps to prior work, we also projected the left cerebral hemisphere
onto the average fiducial PALS surface using Caret software (Van
Essen 2005). The two sets of cortical regions generated by the
hippocampal seeds, when combined, correspond closely to the
cortical system reported in Vincent et al. (2006) (see Supplemen-
tary Fig. S1). Further, as demonstrated in Fig. 5, seeds adjacent in
the hippocampus and PRc/ERc yielded two distinct maps imply-
ing that the two cortical pathways are associated with nearby, but
separate, subregions of the MTL. The next sections explore this
possibility directly.
Identification of a priori cortical regions for hypothesis testing
The maps generated by the hippocampal seeds (bHipp and
hHipp) in Data Set 1 were used to define cortical regions used
as a priori seeds in Data Set 2 (Buckner et al. 1995; Vincent
et al. 2006). A central goal of this analysis was to identify
distinct cortical regions differentially correlated with hHipp
and PRc/ERc versus bHipp and PHc. As described in the
preceding text, in Data Set 1, the anterior inferior temporal
sulcus (aITS) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) selectively corre-
Seed regions of interest
Hipp seeds
bHipp (1)*
hHipp (2)
PHc (3)PHc seeds
PRc/ERc seeds PRc/ERc (4)
Peak Hipp correlated regions
Lateral inferior parietal lobule
Anterior inferior temporal sulcus
Peak PHc correlated regions
Lateral inferior parietal lobule
Peak PRc/ERc correlated regions
Anterior inferior temporal sulcus
aITS (2)
?16 (4)
aITS, anterior inferior temporal sulcus; bHipp, body of the hippocampus;
ERc, entorhinal cortex; hHipp, head of the hippocampus; Hipp, hippocampus;
IPL, inferior parietal lobule; PHc, parahippocampal cortex; PRc, perirhinal
cortex. *Anatomically defined seeds in the medial temporal lobe and corre-
sponding peak correlation seeds are denoted.
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lated with distinct seeds in the MTL (Fig. 5). Local maxima were
identified in aITS and IPL from the correlation maps associated
peaks (8-mm radius spheres) were carried forward for analysis of
Data Set 2.
aITS and IPL correlate with distinct subregions of the MTL
Depicted in Fig. 6 are the locations of the aITS and IPL
seeds predicted to dissociate MTL subregions and the MTL
correlation maps for each of these two cortical seeds. Results
of the left hemisphere. A: sagittal slices of the
group-averaged structural images depict the seed
locations (blue dots) along the long axis of the
hippocampus and the collateral sulcus. B: a flattened
patch of the medial temporal lobe is shown with the
16 seed locations (white dots) depicted. The seeds
cover the hippocampus and the medial temporal lobe
including the parahippocampal and perirhinal/ento-
rhinal cortices. Coordinates here and elsewhere refer
to the atlas coordinate system of the Montreal Neu-
rological Institute (MNI) template (see text).
Seed regions in the medial temporal lobe
for 2 seed regions along the collateral sulcus. PRc/ERc (MNI coordinates [?26 ?20 ?30]) and PHc ([?26 ?40 ?12]) seeds defined as 3-mm spheres are depicted
on coronal slices of group-averaged structural image. An outline of the cortical gray matter is depicted on the left. Seed locations are depicted in black on coronal slices
and as black stars on the cortical ribbon outline. Correlation maps were obtained after within-subject transformation using Fisher's r-to-z and submitted for a second level
analysis using a random effects model (threshold P ? 0.001). Two distinct patterns of correlated activity were observed. A: the PRc/ERc correlated with the anterior
aspect of the lateral temporal lobe. B: in contrast, the PHc was correlated with lateral and medial parietal and ventral medial prefrontal cortices.
Distinct cortical regions are correlated with the perirhinal/entorhinal cortices (PRc/ERc) and parahippocampal cortex (PHc). Correlation maps are illustrated
J Neurophysiol • VOL 100 • JULY 2008 • www.jn.org
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are presented for both Data Set 1 and Data Set 2. As can be
appreciated visually, both aITS and IPL reproducibly corre-
lated with distinct subregions of the MTL. The reliability of
MTL correlations with aITS and IPL can be observed by the
similarity of random-effects t-maps obtained in Data Set 1 and
Data Set 2 (Fig. 6).
To explicitly test whether aITS and IPL are differentially
correlated with distinct subregions of MTL, we computed the
correlation values from aITS and IPL with each of the ana-
tomically defined seed regions in the MTL in Data Set 2 (Fig.
6, C and D). Two-way t-test directly contrasted the correlation
values of MTL subregions between the aITS and IPL. All
t-tests were corrected for multiple comparisons using the Bon-
ferroni method (Shaffer 1995). Results revealed reliably
greater correlation values for the aITS relative to the IPL in the
anterior hippocampus [t(88) ? 5.72, Pcorr? 0.001], entorhinal/
perirhinal cortices [ts(88) ? 4.66, Pcorr? 0.001], and the
anterior aspect of the parahippocampal cortex [t(88) ? 3.87,
Pcorr? 0.005]. In contrast, reliably greater correlation values
were observed for IPL relative to aITS in posterior parahip-
pocampal cortex [t(88) ? 3.80, Pcorr? 0.005]. These results
clearly demonstrate that the aITS and IPL reliably correlate
with distinct subregions of the MTL.
Cortical pathways linked to distinct subregions of the MTL
were explored using fMRI measurement of intrinsic activity
(Biswal et al. 1995; Fox and Raichle 2007). By acquiring two
data samples each with significant power, we were able to
identify dissociated cortical pathways with a considerable de-
gree of confidence and explore to what extent they converged
with expectations from monkey anatomy. The main result of
this paper is that we identified two separate cortical pathways
that each associate with distinct subregions of the MTL.
The first pathway involves the anterior lateral temporal lobe,
along the middle temporal gyrus immediately below the supe-
rior temporal sulcus (Fig. 4, left), and correlates with the
perirhinal/entorhinal cortices.2This pathway converges on the
head of the hippocampus (Fig. 6, left). The second pathway
involves the inferior parietal lobule, retrosplenial cortex, the
posterior cingulate, and a portion of ventral medial prefrontal
cortex (Fig. 4, right), and correlates with the posterior para-
hippocampal cortex. This second pathway converges on the
body of the hippocampus (Fig. 6, right). The identification of
these two pathways in humans provides both an anatomic
reference to be used in future studies and also a basis to
understand their distinct functional contributions as many stud-
ies in human focus on these cortical regions.
Using high-resolution whole-brain imaging, the present re-
sults extend previous reports that the MTL is correlated with
widespread regions of cortex (Greicius et al. 2004; Vincent
et al. 2006). By subdividing and completely covering the MTL
it was observed that the brain regions associated with the MTL
are comprised of two major brain pathways. Thus as predicted
from anatomic studies in the monkey, two parallel pathways
converge on distinct subregions of the MTL.
The presence of two pathways is broadly consistent with
prior evidence from anatomical studies in non-human primates
and rodents that emphasize parallel pathways distinguished by
their input structure to parahippocampal cortex versus perirhi-
2While high-resolution functional imaging was used, the most ambiguous
border for the approaches as applied here lies between perirhinal and entorhi-
nal cortices. For this reason, we do not interpret strongly the present finding
that entorhinal cortex tracked properties of perirhinal cortex and leave open the
possibility that important topographical properties were not fully resolved.
illustrated for 2 seed regions in the anterior part of the collateral sulcus (PRc/ERc) and in the hippocampus. A: PRc/ERc (MNI coordinates [?26 ?20 ?30])
and bHipp (?24 ?18 ?18) seeds defined as 3-mm spheres are depicted on coronal slices of group average T1-weighted MR images. An outline of the cortical
gray matter is depicted below. Seed locations are depicted in black on coronal slices and as black stars on the cortical ribbon outline. Random effects maps (P ?
0.001) were obtained after within-subject transformation using Fisher's r-to-z and submitted for a second level analysis. B: 2 distinct patterns of correlated cortical
activity were observed. An overlap map for both left and right hemispheres demonstrates that the PRc/ERc was correlated with the anterior lateral temporal lobe
(blue), the bHipp was correlated with lateral parietal, posterior cingulate/retrosplenial, as well as medial prefrontal cortices (red). Overlap in correlated activity
is shown along the collateral sulcus (yellow). Note the close proximity of the seeds and consistent bilateral activation for both seeds.
Distinct cortical regions are correlated with the perirhinal/entorhinal (PRc/ERc) and the body of the hippocampus (bHipp). Correlation maps are
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nal cortex (postrhinal cortex in rodent) (Burwell and Amaral
1998; Lavenex and Amaral 2000; Suzuki and Amaral 1994a).
Based on an analysis of MTL anatomical organization from an
evolutionary perspective, Mann and Eichenbaum (2006) re-
cently proposed that a fundamental role of the hippocampus is
to combine information about spatial context from the para-
hippocampal cortex with nonspatial information about items
from the perirhinal cortex (see also Diana et al. 2007; Eichen-
baum et al. 2007). Our results are consistent with these ideas
and also suggest how the domain of information being inte-
grated may extend well beyond spatial information.
Specifically the distributed pathways converging on the
hippocampus in humans include areas that likely represent
highly processed amodal information although abstracted spa-
tial representation cannot be fully discounted. The anterior
lateral temporal cortex, including regions at or near the tem-
poral pole, has been suggested to play an important role in
processing of lexical and/or semantic components of lan-
guage as well as processing social and emotional cues (for
reviews, see Frith and Frith 2003; Olson et al. 2007). These
regions have been implicated in semantic dementia (the
temporal variant of frontotemporal dementia) (e.g., Hodges
et al. 1992; Neary et al. 1998; Seeley et al. 2005). Functional
neuroimaging studies that activate these or nearby regions
often involve mentalizing (e.g., Castelli et al. 2000; Iaco-
boni et al. 2004; Mitchell et al. 2006; Saxe and Powell
2006), familiarity of faces and voices (e.g., Nakamura et al.
2000, 2001), semantics (e.g., Noppeney and Price 2002a,b;
Vandenberghe et al. 2002), and autobiographical memory
(e.g., Cabeza and St Jacques 2007; Maguire 2001; Svoboda
et al. 2006). The relationship of these prior studies to the
region identified here as correlated with the MTL memory
system will require further study. The present results add to
our understanding of anterior lateral temporal cortex by
noting that this region is likely to be a connectional hub to
the hippocampus by way of the perirhinal/entorhinal corti-
The second pathway, involving retrosplenial cortex, poste-
rior cingulate, IPL, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex has
received considerable recent attention in the human literature
because of its engagement during memory tasks including
retrieval that emphasizes recollection (Wagner et al. 2005) and
autobiographical memory (Svoboda et al. 2006). Recent stud-
ies have also suggested that this pathway is recruited when
memory is used to construct episodic simulations of future
events (Buckner and Carroll 2007; Hassabis and Maguire
2007; Schacter et al. 2007) and during default modes of
cognition (Buckner et al. 2008; Gusnard and Raichle 2001).
The current findings provide two novel insights. First, this
pathway is distinct from the anterior lateral temporal pathway
noted in the preceding text. Many tasks concurrently activate
both pathways (e.g., see the meta-analysis of 24 autobio-
graphical memory studies of Svoboda et al. 2006). Thus
future task-based studies should explore whether these two
pathways can be systematically dissociated. Second, the
pathway converges on the posterior portion of the parahip-
pocampal cortex and the body of the hippocampus, which do
not appear to strongly correlate with visual regions. While it
is presently unclear how to accommodate this observation
given past emphases on the importance of sensory conver-
gence on the MTL, these new results raise the possibility
that interactions with the MTL in humans are dominated by
extrasensory areas.
In this light, it is important to note that the cortical systems
interacting with the MTL have evolved considerably in hu-
mans. Van Essen and Dierker (2007) proposed, using interspe-
cies surface-based registration and 23 functionally defined
landmarks (see also, Orban et al. 2004), that multiple areal
expansions are present in the human brain relative to the
macaque. Notably, the inferior parietal lobule and lateral tem-
poral lobe show extensive expansion. Further, an analysis of
interspecies registration of macaque LVE areas (Lewis and
Van Essen 2000) onto human suggests that macaque area TEc
and TEr are shifted inferiorly in humans such that areas TEm
and Ts (ST) are located along the superior temporal sulcus
(Fig. 10 of Van Essen and Dierker 2007). The implications of
this hypothesized reorganization and areal expansion for the
present results is significant. Unlike non-human primates,
where connectivity to the perirhinal cortex is predominantly
visual (Suzuki and Amaral 1994a,b), it is possible that in
humans the perirhinal cortex receives information that is ex-
panded beyond that observed in macaque, receiving predomi-
nantly highly processed signals from regions of association
The candidate subdivisions and corresponding pathways
will need to be verified with respect to anatomical connectivity
using in vivo and ex vivo tracing methods, spontaneous BOLD
correlations in nonhuman primates (e.g., Vincent et al. 2007),
and functional organization derived from task manipulations.
Nonetheless the present results provide a novel, robust disso-
ciation of parallel pathways within the MTL memory system.
The present results also highlight the importance of under-
standing the differences in connectivity and functional-
anatomic organization between humans and non-human pri-
mates and rodents.
to seed regions in aITS (MNI coordinates [?50 ?2 ?32]) and IPL ([?44 ?78 38]) are depicted for the 2 independent groups. Data Set 1 was used to define
the seeds and Data Set 2 is a fully independent replication of the correlation patterns in MTL. A: the anterior lateral temporal and inferior parietal lobe regions
were defined in Data Set 1 based on their preferential correlation with the anatomically defined body and head of the hippocampus (bHipp and hHipp) seed
regions, respectively (depicted in black on coronal slices and as black stars on the cortical ribbon outline). The aITS and IPL regions were applied to Data Set
2. Estimated areas based on architectonic and landmark-based subdivisions of the MTL (see text) are depicted on coronal slices of group-averaged T1-weighted
MR images, and an outline of the cortical gray matter and seed locations (black stars) are depicted to the left. B: the correlation maps from Data Set 1 are
displayed for aITS (left) and IPL (right). The original, anatomically defined MTL seeds are depicted as circles outlined in black and the critical origin seeds in
the MTL are depicted as filled circles. C: correlation maps for Data Set 2 are shown, representing an independent replication of the dissociation. Note the close
similarity in the patterns of correlation observed between the 2 groups. D: correlation values z(r) are presented for each of the 2 cortical seeds of the 16 MTL
regions. These values come from Data Set 2 and thus provide unbiased statistical tests. Seed regions shaded in gray are significantly different between the 2
cortical seeds and demonstrate an anterior-posterior dissociation. Anterior seed regions show significantly greater correlation with aITS (left), whereas posterior
seed regions show greater correlation with IPL (right; all Pcorr? 0.05). Correlation values significantly different from 0 are in bold (Pcorr? 0.05).
Anterior inferior temporal sulcus (aITS) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL) correlate with distinct subregions of the MTL. Correlated activity relative
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We thank J. Augustinack, D. Badre, and G. Wig for insightful comments and
discussion and B. Fischl for providing Freesurfer software.
This work was supported by National Institute on Aging Grant (AG-
021910) and Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
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This Australian documentary, that has won praise from professionals in the field, highlights how real estate distorts the rest of the economy.
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How economies work – and don't
the Great Green Tax Shift maxed out" Economically, taxing pollution and depletion does reduce pollutants and extracts – and thus the tax base; plus such taxes are regressive, requiring a safety net. On the other hand, collecting site rent is progressive and generates a revenue surplus payable as a dividend to residents, which can serve as the safety net. Environmentally, taxes on waste and extraction do not drive efficient use of land, as does getting site rent. Better settlement patterns do reduce extraction upstream and pollution downstream. Politically, green fees have less impact if applied locally; local is where grassroots movements have more impact. Yet getting rent usually entails shifting the property tax (or charging user fees), the province of local jurisdictions; both mayors and city voters have been known to adopt a site-value tax. Ethically, putting into practice "tax bads, not goods" skirts the issue of sharing Mother Earth which collecting rent confronts head on. Since nothing is fixed until it's fixed right, ultimately, greens must lead humanity into geotopia where we all share the worth of Mother Earth.
a way to have everybody pulling on the same end of the rope. Last summer's expansive forest fires shed light on growing class resentment in the West. Old log-gers and ranchers rankled at the new urgency to stamp out the blazes that threatened the recent Aspenesque settlers. The newcomers expected working class firemen to make protecting their expensive homes top priority. (Chr Sci Mntr, Spt 7) The tinder for this envy? Rich people moving in bid up the price of land, making it hard to afford by people on the margin. The fault really lies with our system of privatizing land value. If this rising value were collected by land dues and shared by rent dividends – the essence of geonomic policy – who'd complain? The more people move in, the higher the land value, and the fatter the dividend paid to residents. Then people on the margin might go out of their way to invite rich outsiders in.
one of many words I coined over 20 years ago: geoism, geonomics, geonomy, geocracy, etc – neologisms that later others came up with, too. CNBC once had a Geonomics Show, and Middlebury College has a Geonomics Institute. If "economy" is literally "management of the household", then geonomy is "management of the planet". The kind of management I had in mind is not what CNBC was thinking – top-down. My geonomics is not hands-on, interfering, but hands-off, organic. It'd strive to align policy with natural processes, similar to what holistic healing does in medicine, what organic farming does in agriculture. Geonomics attends to two key components: One, the crucial stuff to track is fat — or profit, especially profits without production, such as rent, or all the money we spend on the nature we use. Society's surplus is the sine qua non for growth, needed to counter death – not merely more, but sustainable development, more from less. Two, the basic process to respect is the feedback loop. These let nature maintain balance automatically and could do the same for markets, if we let them. Letting them would turn our economies, now our masters, into a geonomy, our servant, providing us with prosperity, eco-librium (to coin a term) and leisure, time off — a hostile environment for economan but a cradle for a loving and creative humanity.
shaped by reality. In the 1980′s, the Swedish government doubled its stock transfer tax. Tax receipts, however, rose only 15%, since traders simply fled to London exchanges. Fearing a further exodus, the Swedish government quickly rescinded the tax altogether. (The New York Times, April 20) That willingness to tax anything leads us astray. Pushing us astray is that unwillingness to pay what we owe: rent for land, our common heritage. Assuming land value is up for grabs, we speculate. We cap the property tax on both land and buildings and the rate at which assessments can go up; while real market values rise quicker, assessments can never catch up. Our stewards, the Bureau of Land Management, routinely sell and lease sites below market value, often to insiders, says the Government Accounting Office. Once we grasp that rent is ours to share, we'll collect it all, rather than let it enrich a few, and quit taxing earnings, which do belong to the individual earner. That shift is geonomic policy.
a study of a phenomenon David Ricardo noted going on two centuries ago. When wine grapes rise to $10,000 a ton from the very best land (last year, cabernet sauvignon commanded an average of $4,021 a ton in the Napa Valley), then vineyard prices soar from $18,000 an acre in the 1980′s to $100,000 an acre five years ago and now for a top pedigree up to $300,000 an acre (The New York Times, April 9, via Wyn Achenbaum). Pricey land does not make wine pricey; spendy wine makes land spendy. While vintners make their wine tasty, nature and society in general – not any lone owner – make land desireable. Steve Kerch of CBS's MarketWatch (April 5) notes that much of what a home sells for on the open market is a reflection of intangible factors such as what school district the house sits in. The price the builder has to pay for the land also tends to be driven by the same intangibles. Because the value of land comes from society, and because one's use excludes the rest of society, each user owes all others compensation, and is owed compensation by everyone else. Sharing land's value, instead of taxing one's efforts, is the policy of geonomics.
a manual. The world did not come without a way for people to prosper, and the planet to heal and stay well; that way is geonomics. Economies are part of the ecosystem. Both generate surpluses and follow self-regulating feedback loops. A cycle like the Law of Supply and Demand is one of the economy's on/off loops. Our spending for land and resources – things that nobody made and everybody needs – constitutes our society's surplus. Those profits without production (remember, nobody produced Earth) can become our commonwealth. To share it, we could pay land dues in to the public treasury (wouldn't oil companies love that?) and get rent dividends back, a la Alaska's oil dividend. Doing so let's us axe taxes and jettison subsidies. Taxes and subsidies distort price (the DNA of exchange), violate quid pro quo by benefiting the well-connected more than anyone else, reinforce hierarchy of state over citizen, and are costly to administer (you don't really need so much bureaucracy, do you?). Conversely, land dues motivate people to not waste sites, resources, and the ecosystem while rent dividends motivate people to not waste themselves. Receiving this income supplement – a Citizens Dividend – people can invest in their favorite technology or outgrow being "economan" and shrink their overbearing workweek in order to enjoy more time with family, friends, community, and nature. Then in all that free time, maybe we could figure out just what we are here for.
about the money we spend on the nature we use. It flows torrentially yet invisibly, often submerged in the price of housing, food, fuel, and everything else. Flowing from the many to the few, natural rent distorts prices and rewards unjust and unsustainable choices. Redirected via dues and dividends to flow from each to all, "rent" payments would level the playing field and empower neighbors to shrink their workweek and expand their horizons. Modeled on nature's feedback loops, earlier proposals to redirect rent found favor with Paine, Tolstoy, and Einstein. Wherever tried, to the degree tried, redirecting rent worked. One of today's versions, the green tax shift, spreads out of Europe. Another, the Property Tax Shift, activists can win at the local level, building a world that works right for everyone.
of interest to Dave Lakhani, President Bold Approach (Mar 8) and Matt Ozga (Jan 29): "I write for the Washington Square News, the student run newspaper out of New York University. Geonomics seems like it has great significance, especially in this area. When was geonomics developed, and by whom?" About 1982 I began. Two years later, Chilean Dr Manfred Max-Neef offered the term geonomics for Earth-friendly economics. In the mid-80s, a millionaire founded a Geonomics Institute on Middlebury College campus in Vermont re global trade. In the 1990s, CNBC cablecast a show, Geonomics, on world trade as it benefits world traders. My version of geonomics draws heavily from the American Henry George who wrote Progress & Poverty (1879) and won the mayoralty of New York but was denied his victory by Tammany Hall (1886). He in turn got lots from Brits David Ricardo, Adam Smith, and the French physiocrats of the 1700s. My version differs by focusing not on taxation but on the flow of rents for sites, resources, sinks, and government-granted privileges. Forgoing these trillions, we instead tax and subsidize, making waste cheap and sustainability expensive. To quit distorting price, replace taxes with "land dues" and replace subsidies with a Citizens Dividend. Matt: "This idea of sharing rents sounds, if not explicitly socialist, at least at odds with some capitalist values (only the strong survive & prosper, etc). Is it fair to say that geonomics has some basis in socialist theory?" A closer descriptor would be Christian. Beyond ethics into praxis, Alaska shares oil rent with residents, and they're more libertarian than socialist. While individuals provide labor and capital, no one provides land while society generates its value. Rent is not private property but public property. Sharing Rent is predistribution, sharing it before an elite or state has a chance to get and misspend it, like a public REIT (Real Estate Investment Trust) paying dividends to its stakeholders – a perfectly capitalist model. What we should leave untaxed are our sales, salaries, and structures, things we do produce.
suitable for framing by Green Parties. When Greens began in Germany two decades ago, they defined themselves as neither left nor right but in front. Geonomics fits that description. The Green Parties have their Four Pillars; geonomists have four ways to apply them:
- Ecological Wisdom. Want people to use the eco-system wisely? Charge them Rent and, to end corporate license, add surcharges. To minimize these costs, people will use less Earth.
- Nonviolence. Want people to settle disputes nonviolently? Set a good example; don't levy taxes, which rely on the threat of incarceration, to take people's money. Try quid pro quo fees and dues.
- Social Responsibility. Want people to be responsible for their actions? Don't make basic choices for them by subsidizing services, addicting them to a caretaker state. Let people spend shares of social surplus.
- Grassroots Democracy. Better have grassroots prosperity. Remember, political power follows economic. Pay people a Citizens Dividend; to keep it, they'll show up at the polls, public hearings, and conventions.
an economic policy based on the earth's natural patterns. Eco-systems self-regulate by using feedback loops to keep balance. Can economies do likewise? Why don't they now produce efficiently and distribute fairly? The answers lie in the money we spend on the earth we use. To attain people/planet harmony, that financial flow from sites and resources must visit each of us. Our agent, government, must collect this natural rent via fees and disburse the collected revenue via dividends. And, it must forgo taxes on homes and earnings, and quit subsidies of either the needy or the greedy. As our steward, government must also collect Ecology Security Deposits, require Restoration Insurance, and auction off the occasional Emissions Permit. And that's about it – were nature our model.
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Curiosity is the key to creativity.
Deeply earnest and thoughtful people stand on shaky footing with the public.
Never put off until tomorrow what you can do the day after tomorrow.
Life is an adventure in forgiveness.
Whatever you do, or dream you can, begin it. Boldness has genius and power and magic in it.
Courage is saying, "Maybe what I'm doing isn't working; maybe I should try something else."
It is organized violence on the top which creates individual violence at the bottom.
No amount of charity in spending such fortunes [as Rockefeller's] can compensate in any way for the misconduct in acquiring them.
Curiosity is one of the permanent and certain characteristics of a vigorous mind.


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Funeral Etiquette
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"The art of politics, under democracy, is simply the art of ringing it. Two branches reveal themselves. There is the art of the demagogue, and there is the art of what may be called, by a shot-gun marriage of Latin and Greek, the demaslave. They are complementary, and both of them are degrading to their practitioners. The demagogue is one who preaches doctrines he knows to be untrue to men he knows to be idiots. The demaslave is one who listens to what these idiots have to say and then pretends that he believes it himself." ~ H.L. Mencken
Totalitarian Art
Submitted by Westernerd on Sat, 2011-04-30 03:00
Soviet kids say the darnedest things, art historian Igor Golomstock discovered when he led field trips through Moscow's Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in the late 1950s. The schoolchildren indicated that they couldn't distinguish between the propaganda paintings of Nazi Germany on display and the works of Socialist Realism that had flourished (if that is the right word) under Stalin's decree.
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"This Latino classic can be made more healthfully with Goya's extended line of healthful Low Sodium products. Made with Goya Low Sodium Black Beans, Goya Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Goya Adobo Light with Pepper, this favorite has all the great taste of the traditional Goya recipe but with just a fraction of the sodium and saturated fat."
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Time is not linear
Björk - I Miss You
You are gorgeous, but i haven't met you yet, i remember, but it hasn't happened yet
"Find me now. Before Someone else does" -IQ84
|Photo by: kxfzn
Menjemukan, rasa itu
Menafsir mimpi, sehalus sepi
Rasa hati, melawannya
Rasa hati, seandainya
Mari rasuk, merasuk
Bila kau rindu,
Aku 'kan datang segera
Kau rindukan waktu yang pergi
Datanglah kembali padaku
Kolam: Buku Puisi by Sapardi Djoko Damono
My rating: 4 of 5 stars
Membaca puisi Sapardi seperti menggunakan bola mata yang berbeda dimana apa yang kita lihat lewatnya terlihat lebih bening. Puisi-puisinya di buku ini romantis tanpa harus melulu bersajak tentang romansa. Salah satu puisi yang saya suka adalah:
Ketika kita membuka buku ini apakah lembaran-lembaran kertas ini bertanya untuk apa?
Ketika kita berjalan-jalan sore hari apakah trotoar bertanya mau kemana?
Ketika kita diam dan tidak berbuat apapun apakah hati kita suka bertanya kenapa?
Bagi saya puisi-puisinya mampu merasuk ke kalbu tanpa mengganggu. Seperti hening. Buku puisi yang menyenangkan untuk dibaca berulang-ulang, dijadikan teman minum teh.
View all my reviews
"Di tangannya, kata seolah mendapatkan tuah. Ungkapan verbal lumrah dalah puisi Sapardi menjelmakan sebuah 'dunia di seberang bahasa' yang enigmatik, tempat segalanya terlihat begitu bening tapi sekaligus tak tertembus, begitu akrab namun selalu tak tertangkap."
(Arif Bagus Prasetyo, Resensi di Tempo)
Kau akan mendengar dendang hening
Merawatmu, tak lekang mendenting
Bukankah tidak ada huruf kapital ketika kita bicara?
Bukankah kisah cinta memang tak memerlukan tanda baca?
Alamat: Gedung Summitmas 1 3rd Floor, JL Jend.Sudirman Kavling 61-62, JAKARTA, 12190, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 12190, Indonesia
To the Virgins, Make Much of Time – Robert Herrick
Gather ye rosebuds while ye may,
Old time is still a-flying,
And this same flower that smiles today,
To-morrow will be dying.
The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun,
The higher he's a-getting,
The sooner will his race be run,
And nearer he's to setting.
That age is best which is the first,
When youth and blood are warmer;
But being spent, the worse and worst
Times still succeed the former.
Then be not coy, but use your time,
and while ye may, go marry;
For having lost just once your prime,
You may for ever tarry.
Here we are now with the falling sky and the rain
We're awakening
Here we are now with our desperate youth and the pain
We're awakening
Maybe it's called ambition, you've been talking in your sleep
About a dream, we're awakening
A year goes by you wonder why not much is done
You blew right past your precious time with everyone
You've run too much in parallel
Now hurry hurry is your hell
We only got 86,400 seconds in a day to
Turn it all around or to throw it all away
We gotta tell them that we love them
While we got the chance to say
Gotta live like we're dying
You know that life is like a ticking clock
Nobody knows when it's gonna stop, yeah
Before I'm gone I need to touch someone
With a word, with a kiss, with a decent song, yeah
I'll taste every moment
And live it out loud
I know this is the time
This is the time
To be more than a name
Or a face in the crowd
Let's leave no words unspoken
And save regrets for the broken
All your never ending dreams
Screaming out to come alive
Our rights
Our wrongs
A moment of love
A dream
A laugh
A moment of love
"We don't read and write poetry because it's cute. We read and write poetry because we are members of the human race. And the human race is filled with passion. Medicine, law, business, engineering, these are all noble pursuits, and necessary to sustain life. But poetry, beauty, romance, love, these are what we stay alive for. To quote from Whitman: "O me, o life of the questions of these recurring, of the endless trains of the faithless, of cities filled with the foolish. What good amid these, o me, o life? Answer: that you are here. That life exists, and identity. That the powerful play goes on, and you may contribute a verse. That the powerful play goes on and you may contribute a verse." - Mr. Keating.
"We're all monsters living in a dream. So you be you and i'll still be happy."
"Told me feelings never go away, you have to learn to live this way. And keep yourself alive, that's what he said, that's what he said. I walk through sunshine rain."
Craft Spell - Komorebi
[Verse 1]
Take the time to know
How alone you are in this world
Just to find
Death is on your mind
As you stand still, you realize where you are
In her world
Aged and bright
My moon after the tide
[Verse 2]
How was I to show
For the time i spend alone in my head
The world nobody knows
As i lay still, your wind carried the clouds
To feel
Slow and kind
My moon after the tide
"Komorebi" has no direct translation. Japan does have a knack of getting people lost in translation. But no worries, if you don't have the exact word then all you have to do is describe. Komorebi's definition is the scattered sunshine that make it through the ground. The particle of sunshine that goes through the foliage and dance with the shadow. Poetic indeed. It may be caused by how japanese people (talking about traditional culture) value nature. As for the lyrics themselves, they may have no direct relation to komorebi. But you may imagine this song played as you dance or stand in the forest and komorebi pours on the ground and you. You see, this song may see komorebi as a metaphor of a situation faced or a feeling. Solitude. Just like when you look at komorebi, you may find it beautiful in the sense of the sunshine that make it through the foliage. But in the sense of scattered sunshine? there, there, as it rhymes with what you feel inside you will understand. The solitude begins to scatter you.
"I remember how the first time i laid my eyes on you"
"It was on a day just like this"
"Can we talk for awhile? I'm sick of living in black and white"
"I'm getting ready for my sanctuary. I'm feeling unsteady."
"So hear me say. Something better is coming up. It caught my eyes. Something brighter is coming up. It hurt my eyes."
"The moment was golden when the day's getting colder"
"So hear me say"
"Something better is coming up. It caught my eyes."
"Something brighter is coming up. It hurt my eyes."
"Something better is coming up. It caught my eyes."
"Something brighter is coming up
It hurt my eyes."
I crouched at the corner of my room, on the bed, looking at the window. There it comes, i said inwardly. The new year. It had left me behind on December with my vis inertiae. No, i guess i was stuck in between. And that what made me lost. Lost in thought, lost in circles. And then, boom. The sound of the fireworks. I tried to see them from my window but i couldn't see one because of the buildings. I closed my eyes. And then there it was, the only firework i saw this New Year's eve was this firework in my very thought. The vivid images of the fireworks and the ignited sky danced with the real sounds. Boom. Imagination and reality collide.
"Sentiment is a chemical defect found in the losing side." - Sherlock, Scandal in Belgravia
"I've always assumed that love is a dangerous disadvantage. Thank you for the final proof." - Sherlock, Scandal in Belgravia


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Police officer steals marijuana, proceeds to bake brownies then calls 911 and says "I think we're dead".
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Always buy your daughter what she wants.
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Holy crap is this the luckiest guy ever or what? Brakes failed, jumps out, only a few scratches.
49,766 |2
Ever wondered what would happen if gas main explodes?
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That is every orange cone in existence.
18,396 |7
Moments like this are extremely impressive, this shows how smart dogs are if you train them.
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Now that was close....
302,300 |4
Top sprinter is now trying to simply survive the streets.
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Just keeping the peace...
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Slide the city. How great would this be in every city.
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A school admin video demonstrating why schools might consider uniforms.
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VideoBash is your first and final stop for free funny videos, games and pictures guaranteed to brighten up your day. The funniest jokes and the most unbelievable pranks caught on tape have been collected in one spot for your viewing pleasure. This is entertainment at its best and no one does it better than VideoBash. These funny clips crackle with humor and they will definitely have you laughing till your sides hurt. Quality is our number one priority and the free funny vids here are the best of the best. There are no mediocre videos here. All the videos, jokes, pranks on VideoBash are the cream of the crop and you'll be hooked from the get go. The best part is you don't have to keep all this good stuff to yourself, you can share all the free entertainment videos with your friends.


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Welcome to Archive Bookmarks! You can use Archive Bookmarks to keep track of your favorite items and share them with others. To add a bookmark, simply visit an item's details page and click the "Bookmark" link in the "Resources" box on the left. You can also explore other interesting bookmarks using the Bookmark Explorer.
|MIT 8.02 Electricity and Magnetism
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|The Hobbit v1.0 (1982)(Melbourne House)
Bookmarked: 1 year ago


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4 Comments
Realtime comments disabled
MrGnocchi 1940 days ago
That is a well organized line indeed! Splendid Mise en place that any Chef would be proud of.
ancientscripts 1940 days ago
i like "muse-en-place". is that what inspires you?
Cabokathy 1940 days ago
farmychef 1940 days ago
fresh and lovely, just like you


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City of Angels TV Show Watchlist
City of Angels
Steven Bochco's medical series set in Angels of Mercy, an inner-city Los Angeles hospital plagued by scandals and other crises.
Rating: None
Season 1, Episode 5 The Prince and the Porker
First Aired: February 10, 2000
Prince nearly botches an operation and threatens Williams for disobeying his orders; Weiss has dinner with Grace's father and comes away shell-shocked; Lillian tries to determine why an 11-year-old boy was operated on without parental consent. Prince: Robert Foxworth. Grace: Maya Rudolph. Williams: Hill Harper. Weiss: Phil Buckman. Lillian: Vivica A. Fox.
Previous Episode
The High Cost of Living
Season 1, Episode 4
February 3, 2000
Next Episode
Unhand Me
Season 1, Episode 6
February 17, 2000
Guest Cast
Tamara Taylor Dr. Ana Syphax
Robert Foxworth Robert Foxworth Dr. Dan Prince
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Rob Kurz
Friday And-1 links: As season nears, a lot of players waived
Oct 26, 2012, 5:32 PM EDT
Here is our regular look around the NBA — links to stories worth reading and notes to check out (stuff that did not get its own post here at PBT) — done in bullet point form. Because bloggers love bullet points. Right before the season starts is when a lot of players who were invited…
Top Posts
- Derrick Rose returns to full-contact practice, Bulls return date still unknown 2
- Report: Sacramento consultant Chris Mullin to take St. John's head coaching job 2
- PBT Extra: Taking twitter questions on Clippers, Michael Carter-Williams, more 2
- PBT's NBA Power Rankings: Cream rising to top as playoffs near 27
- Report: Patrick Beverley out for rest of season, including playoffs 7
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Friday, 28 Oct 2011 06:31 AM
SARASOTA, Fla. (AP) — The 100-pound, 8-foot-tall mysterious Lego man that was found on a Florida beach may soon be sprung from a holding room.
Sarasota County Sheriff Tom Knight said Thursday that Lego-man could be freed from the shed where he's been kept for two days.
The giant Lego appeared on Siesta Key beach Tuesday morning. "No Real Than You Are" was written on its shirt, along with "Ego Leonard" and the number 8. Local newspapers report the name "Ego Leonard" is the name of a Netherlands artist, but it wasn't immediately clear who was behind the work. The story of the Lego man has gotten worldwide attention.
Knight says the Lego man is being well kept and hopes the giant fiberglass man can be placed on display somewhere in the community.
© Copyright 2015 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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The Science Behind the Identification of King Richard III
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ESCMID European Society of Cl...
25 Apr 2015-28 Apr 2015
AmpFℓSTR® PCR Amplification kits use PCR to amplify short tandem repeat (STR) loci in multiplex assays. The STR fragments are then visualized via capillary electrophoresis on genetic analyzers. Peaks other than the desired alleles may be detected, such as stutter products. The primary mechanism for the formation of stutter products in STR sequences was first reported more than 20 years ago and offered as a theory for genetic evolution. For Human Identification analysis, understanding the characteristics of stutter peaks is particularly relevant when samples contain DNA mixtures. This article will address stutter products and the current understanding of their formation and significance in commonly used AmpFℓSTR kits.
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AmpFℓSTR® NGM SElect™ Express Kit
AmpFℓSTR® Identifiler® Direct PCR Ampli...


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National News - Page 2
Belgrade Community Library Wins 2015 Best Small Library in America Award
MT Governor Steve Bullock was at the Belgrade Community Library last week to celebrate a national award. The Belgrade Library was recently named the Best Small Library in America. Find out why:
Congress Clears Keystone XL Pipeline Bill, Setting Up Veto
Barber Gives Misbehaving Kids Terrible 'Benjamin Button' Haircuts
Should We Increase The Federal Gas Tax?
Ground Hog Day? Not in Montana
Read or Subscribe to all Tom Egelhoff's Daily Blog Posts by Clicking Here
Every year on February 2nd all the TV talking heads show up in Punxsutawney, PA to witness the weather-prognosticating rodent, Punxsutawney Phil.
People have been buying into this yearly scam since the 18-1900s.
The only good th
Friday Fun Facts About Super Bowl Sunday
Is Go-Daddy The "Puppy War" Winner
2015 Super Bowl Trailers: What Ads to Expect During the Big Game
Football fans are no doubt excited for the 2015 Super Bowl. Heck, Marvel superheroes Chris Pratt and Chris Evans have a bet riding on it. But, even non-sports fans can find something to enjoy. No, we're not talking about Katy Perry's décolletage, we're talking about the Super Bowl movie trailers that will be airing during the commercial breaks. With the 2015 Super Bowl set to air on NBC this weekend, we thought now would be the perfect time to run through what we know is going to debut during the big game and what surprises could still be in store. We'll continue to update with any last minute surprises, and you can watch all the 2015 Super Bowl trailers in our video hub.


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RC Airplanes
RC Boats
RC Cars & Trucks
RC Helicopters
RC Multirotor
Electric Model Systems Servo Lead & Terminal Crimping Tool
John Michalski
- Rating:
Wednesday, March 12, 2014
I've tried several cheap ratchet tools and they don't make crimps nearly as strong as this tool does, the crimps from this thing are actually stronger than many cheap premade extensions. you could probably get better crimps from an expensive specialty ratchet tool costing several hundred dollars made specifically for crimping this exact pin but as far as cheap tools goes don't waste your money on cheap ratchet tools either get this or the GC Electronics #12-464 "D-Sub/Double-D Service Tool (The GC tool can make stronger crimps but is also harder to use and requires two crimps per connector) Use the front set of teeth to crimp servo leads, it will bend the pin slightly just grab the pin by the conductor crimp with needle nose pliars and gently straighten it with your fingers. using this will take some practice I had to go through about 50 pins before I got good with it. Not the absolute best solution but the best reasonably priced one.
1 of 1 customers found this review helpful.
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Building Performance and Aesthetics
A Product of Technology Publishing
| Paint BidTracker
Main News Page
Tuesday, May 5, 2009
Akzo Nobel announced plans for a two-year integration program for its International Paint Protective Coatings and Devoe High Performance Coatings companies. The companies are manufacturers of protective coatings, linings, and fire-protection products.
The integration process will proceed in managed phases over the next two years, and will result in a combined portfolio of protective coatings solutions under a single, unified source, Akzo Nobel said. Under the program, the global International Paint Protective Coatings brand will be integrated with the North American Devoe High Performance Coatings brand, with the integration to be executed over an extended period of time.
The program also calls for integration of R&D and technical-support operations located at Felling, UK; Houston, TX; Strongsville, OH; and Berea, OH. Also, the company announced the creation of a dedicated specifications support and service group, composed of International Paint and Devoe specialists to work exclusively with specifying engineers and architects.
The integration program also includes moves to align sales organizations and product and supply functions, the company said.
Comment from Lubomir Jancovic, (5/7/2009, 10:19 PM)
Dear Sirs.
I am offer corrosive resistant coats of pure Zinc and barrier coats of pure Aluminum which where protecting surface of steels from rust 50 and more years with no other maintenance.
I was doing tanks, columns, stands, beams and bridges constructions from 1986, and sprayed surface of steel don't rusted to this time, that owners save lot of money which where have to used for maintenance and painting.
My equipment I can use anywhere construction steel is located. I use diesel compressors and all my other equipment working with pressure of air and gases, (acetylene-oxygen).
With my guns I can spray high located or closed surfaces like inside the tanks with opening over 36 inch.
I can spray other metal coats what customers need (Monel, Babbitt, molybdenum and stainless steels alloys #2, #4, # 5, bronze, brass, cupper and other.)
I can send my simple to your company for testing if you interesting about my job.
Sincerely msplub
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