text:
It's official: the Dodgers sign Yasiel Puig for seven years, $42 million
Jun 29, 2012, 3:30 PM EDT
We heard about it yesterday but now it's official. And thanks to the new rules of the Collective Bargaining Agreement, this will be the last big dollar international free agent signing you'll be seeing:
The Los Angeles Dodgers have signed Cuban outfielder Yasiel Puig to a seven-year contract.
The Dodgers announced the deal on Friday. The team didn't reveal the financial numbers, but numerous media reports pegged the contract at $42 million, a record for a Cuban defector.
The 21-year-old Puig has rarely played outside Cuba, but excelled with Cienfuegos during the 2010-11 season before sitting out last season. He has made numerous attempts to defect, and recently established residency in Mexico.
That's a lot of money for a guy scouts are somewhat iffy on, but he's young and the deal is long so if he does pan out as a regular, it won't look too bad.
- Liam - Jun 29, 2012 at 4:01 PM
I hope everyone keeps in mind the deals that Soler and Puig just got before they complain about draft picks being overpaid in a few weeks.
- minimoose763 - Jun 29, 2012 at 4:19 PM
There's no way this comes back to haunt them in a few years, right?
- SmackSaw - Jun 29, 2012 at 4:47 PM
Big money goes around the world.
- SmackSaw - Jun 29, 2012 at 4:49 PM
Of course it will. Nobody is worth that much, but it ain't my money. In a world where Judge Judy makes $45 million a year, this kid's getting chicken feed.
- minimoose763 - Jun 29, 2012 at 5:12 PM
I was trying to be sarcastic, but that doesn't always translate very well over the internet.
Anyways, this deal kind of amazes me. Puig has scouts totally divided over how his career will play out in America and most sports journalists think this was a really stupid idea by the Dodgers. Time will tell, I guess.
- jkaflagg - Jun 29, 2012 at 11:20 PM
While they are certainly hopeful that Puig turns out to be a star, this signing is also a big part of establishing the Dodgers as a big spender in the talent acquisition area…..hope everybody back at the insurance company is on board !
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Dolphins place LB Thomas on IR because of migraines
MIAMI -- If the Miami Dolphins are to win a game this year, they'll have to do it without Zach Thomas.
The seven-time Pro Bowl middle linebacker was placed on injured reserve against his wishes Tuesday, meaning he'll miss the rest of the season. He has been sidelined the past five games because of nagging migraines.
"I'm disappointed with the decision," Thomas said in a statement released by the Dolphins. "I expected to come back this season, and still think I can. However, I respect the team's decision and look forward to playing next year."
The Dolphins, who take an 0-12 record into Sunday game at Buffalo, decided they could no longer afford to have a spot on the roster taken up by an idle player.
The 34-year-old Thomas has had issues with concussions and migraines in recent years, but he has said he expects to return for a 13th season with Miami in 2008.
The Dolphins signed linebacker Kelvin Smith and offensive tackle Julius Wilson off their practice squad. They placed safety Cameron Worrell on injured reserve with a knee injury suffered in Sunday's 40-13 loss to the New York Jets, and they waived receiver Kerry Reed.
Thomas missed two games in September with a concussion. He was involved in a car crash following a loss to the New England Patriots on Oct. 21 and has been sidelined since, unable to receive medical clearance to play.
He had hoped to return soon, perhaps even Sunday, his agent said.
"He is getting closer, but I guess the progress was not enough for the team," agent Drew Rosenhaus said. "I don't think there's any doubt that at some points this year he would come back and play, and the doctors feel that way, too. But the Dolphins didn't have the luxury of waiting for that to happen.
"We have no doubt Zach will be back next year, and this issue will be behind him."
Channing Crowder has been starting for Thomas, moving to middle linebacker from outside linebacker. The Dolphins rank third-worst in the NFL in points allowed.
Copyright 2007 by The Associated Press
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subset: commoncrawl


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Matt Capps signs with the Nats
Dec 24, 2009, 6:16 AM EDT
It's $3.5 million. He can make another $425K in incentives. Capps had an offer from the Cubs and a late one from the Mets, but he'll almost certainly get to close in D.C., however, so it may be a better situation for him even if those offers were better or equal. Dejan Kovacevic reports in the linked story that the Pirates basically
dropped out after making an offer to Capps that was close to $3 million.
I have one more post that mentions Matt Capps coming up in a minute. After that, I promise that I will not talk about him again until spring.
- Wooden U. Lykteneau - Dec 24, 2009 at 11:09 AM
That deafening silence is the "Lerners Are Cheap" (e.g. Chris Needham) whiners maybe (just maybe) finally STFU.
- Kelly - Dec 24, 2009 at 5:31 PM
Isn't being a closer in Washington sort of like being a snowblower in Phoenix?
Must have reason to need one to be useful.
- Tony A - Dec 24, 2009 at 10:42 PM
Now THAT'S funny…
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TRHS Save the Dates
Please click on the link below to find a list of important dates for the remainder of the school year. All dates and times are subject to change. Please contact the high school at (603) 382-6541 with any questions or concerns. TRHS Save the DatesView full post
Honor Society Applications – Due April 17, 2015
Applications for Art Honor Society, English Honor Society, Math Honor Society, Science Honor Society, and Rho Kappa (Social Studies) Honor Society are now available. Eligibility for each honor society aligns with each honor societies' national organization. Students may click on links below for applications or pick up applications in Guidance. All applications are due Friday, …View full post
Understanding Financial Aid Award Letters
Tuesday, April 7, 2015 at 6:30 PM, PAC Recital Hall This seminar is for parents of seniors college bound in the fall. Val Castonguay of NHHEAF will help families understand and evaluate financial aid packages and financing options available to them. We will discuss the award package, including federal student loans, grants, and scholarships. Various funding …View full post
Junior Parent Night
"Planning for a Post-Secondary Education" Tuesday, March 24, 2015 6:30 – 8:30 pm, Cafeteria Parents of the Class of 2016 are invited to a presentation on planning for a post-secondary education, including the college search process, visitations, applicatons, deadlines and financial aid. See the Guidance Page for other upcoming presentations.View full post
Parent/Teacher Conferences – March 19th, 2015
Parent/Teacher Conferences will be Thursday, March 19th, 2015 from 4:30 pm to 7:00 pm. Parents can schedule conferences by using the TRHS Parent/Conference scheduling system beginning Tuesday, March 10th at 7:30 am. The TRHS Parent/Teacher Conference scheduling system can be accessed by using the link below. Parent Teacher Conference Scheduling System TRHS School Map The …View full post
TRHS News
Permanent link to this article: http://wp.timberlane.net/hs/


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Carefree Lifeby Keld Bach
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Enter "Street Photography"!
Recent JPG Live Stories
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Q: I am really into my wildlife photography but cannot afford a super zoom lens, I have a 300mm and am considering a teleconvertor. Has anybody had a experience with these and would you recommend them?
A: Do you know?


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List price $16.32
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- Publisher: Oxford University Press
- Format: Paperback | 528 pages
- Language: English / Chinese
- Dimensions: 130mm x 196mm x 30mm | 544g
- Publication date: 16 October 2006
- Publication City/Country: Oxford
- Edition: Bilingual edition
- Edition statement: REV ed.
- Sales rank: 32,806
Product description
The Oxford Beginner's Chinese Dictionary is an innovative guide to learning Chinese. Designed specifically for English-speaking adult learners who are either learning from scratch or refreshing lost language skills, it offers an easy to use dictionary, extra help with vocabulary, and essential information on living and interacting in the Chinese-speaking world. The dictionary is exceptionally easy to use, because it moves away from the traditional dictionary layout. All main translations are preceded by an equals sign so that they are instantly identifiable, and all parts of the entry are spelt out in full, avoiding confusing jargon and abbreviations. Grammar and usage notes throughout the text warn of possible translation pitfalls, and thousands of example phrases show how the language is used in context. The 30-page Learning and Lifestyle kit gives key information on both the Chinese language, with a list of the words you really need to know, grammar help, and verb tables, and on life in the Chinese-speaking world: background information on lifestyle and culture, tips on etiquette and interaction in the language, and a phrasefinder for use when travelling. The Oxford Beginner's Chinese Dictionary is your essential companion to learning Chinese.
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here welcome to: forums > kidzworld help > feedback & suggestions
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Missouri News
Local, regional, and statewide news continually updated from thousands of sources on the web.
Wahby named head of Missouri Charter Public School Commission
3 hrs ago | Business Journal | Comment?
Missouri 'Jewish Whisper' Candidate's Aide Also Commits Suicide
7 hrs ago | Forward | Comment?
Police: Missouri auditor spokesman dead in apparent suicide
8 hrs ago | The Bennington Banner | Comment?
Spence Jackson, aide to late Missouri Auditor Tom Schweich, found dead
8 hrs ago | The Pitch | Comment?
Sen. McCaskill plans listening tour for Missouri seniors
9 hrs ago | Home | Comment?
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Hanaway picks up campaign after big win in court
11 hrs ago | Business Journal | Comment?
Bridge collapses in Madison County overnight
15 hrs ago | KFVS12 | Comment?
Romanian citizens charged with stealing baby formula
20 hrs ago | KRCG-TV Jefferson City | Comment?
Missouri leads Gamecocks by three in Hootie Intercollegiate
Yesterday | Post and Courier | Comment?
Missouri lawmaker wants to cap state's 28 official symbols
Missouri GOP deals with party split at Legislature midpoint
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Council candidates' opinions not limited to paper or plastic
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The Show-Me State showdown between Schlafly, Boulevard
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It appears that Chelsea are set to miss out on one of their top transfer targets, as Radamel Falcao has hinted that he could be moving to big-spending Paris Saint-Germain soon, reports the Daily Mirror.
With Falcao's reported £40m price tag, it was thought that Chelsea would be favourites for the 26-year-old's signature, and the Blues have often been mooted as Falcao's next club. The emergence of PSG's name in the equation, however, appears to have thrown something of a spanner into the works.
Speaking to Telefoot, Falcao struggled to hide his admiration for France. He said: "France is a wonderful country. I have been there before and I liked it very much.
"PSG has a very ambitious project and has invested a lot of money to build an important team. They are going to need some time but they could reach their objective very soon. It's not impossible that PSG and me see each other very soon."
The potential transfer could see the Colombian pair up with Swedish striker Zlatan Ibrahimovic, and that is a prospect El Tigre appears to relish, saying: "I have always followed the career of Zlatan, it has been incredible. He has had success in all the leagues in which he has played. He is a fantastic player and has scored many goals.
"I like to be in a situation of competing with this kind of player. But my principle objective is to be better every day."
Falcao has scored 21 goals in 18 La Liga games this season, including netting against Real Zaragoza on Sunday and hitting five in one game as Atleti won 6-0 against Deportivo La Coruna in December.
See what the expert tipsters at OLBG are tipping on Chelsea v Arsenal
Sunderland's Steven Fletcher praises impact made by new manager Dick Advocaat
Wayne Rooney not thinking too much about breaking Charlton's England scoring record
Liverpool's Daniel Sturridge suffers fresh injury setback
Terry signs new Chelsea deal
Premier League target Khedira to leave Real Madrid
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If you wish to drown, do not torture yourself with shallow water. ~ Bulgarian Proverb
This Beliefnet blogger is just back from teaching a week-long workshop (entitled: Our Lady of Weight Loss ~ Your Fat-Burning Journey to Sveltesville) and wants to know …
What are you tolerating? Putting up with? STOMACHING?
An Illuminating Question that LIGHTENS.
This question was discussed at length this past week, as we explored, discovered, and investigated the various things in our lives that are WEIGHING us down. Things from dust behind the refrigerator to people in our lives; from bad hair days to our own thoughts and beliefs.
I promise you that as you take the time to be honest, be brave, look deep and write down at least 50 things that you are STOMACHING, you will be brought to a place where you can see, feel, experience and even taste your 'lite.'
The things that you are STOMACHING are in your WAY.
Imagine all your tolerations as stones, twigs, and rocks – maybe even fallen trees – which you have essentially placed (tossed or thrown) onto your path; that you now unconsciously maneuver around.
These stumbling blocks slow us down and sap our energy. As you clear your path, you will build your 'clear sailing muscle.' It will become increasingly easier to recognize and to say no to anything that would slow you down.
Have Second Helpings.
Let the weight and heaviness of your tolerations go. Create an airy and spacious path. Have second helpings of fun and happiness.
What are YOU stomaching? What's weighing YOU down?
Spread the word (NOT the icing!),
For more discussion, fun, games and contests join the Kick in the Tush Club community!
Answer this question – and you might win! What's your favorite movie food scene?
KITT Club member Kavana says, "I would say 'life is like a box of chocolate, you never know what is in it' from Forest Gump. It is the beauty of life to pick one and see what happens."
Pick up a copy of …
"[All Is Forgiven, Move On] offers a place to start, as well as ways of following the difficult path to keeping that weight off, forever. Taylor may seem one French fry short of Happy Meal, but when you think about what she's saying it begins to make sense." ~ Chicago Daily Herald
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About Our Lady Of Weightloss"Janice Taylor is a 'kooky genius'"
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Janice Taylor is a Weight Loss Coach and Certified Hypnotist, author, artist and motivational speaker. She is the author of Our Lady of Weight Loss: Miraculous and Motivational Musings from the Patron Saint of Permanent Fat Removal and All Is Forgiven, Move On: Our Lady of Weight Loss's 101 Fat-Burning Steps on Your Journey to Sveltesville (publication date May 15, 2008). Janice is also the creator of the popular e-newsletter Kick in the Tush Club and a 50-pound big-time-loser.
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Chicago's Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) released a new goroo app as part of the agency's effort to enhance the customer experience and increase transit ridership. Transit riders can now access regionally-integrated, multi-modal transportation information "on the go" with their smartphones.The app can be accessed by logging on to www.goroo.com from the browser of any web-enabled smartphone, including devices powered by Apple's iOS, Google's Android and Microsoft's Windows Phone software.The app includes the same features that travelers in the region have been using on the goroo desktop site, including:• Trip directions using transit, driving, walking, biking or any combination of these transportation options. The directions include a weather forecast for the travel day, as well as cost savings and air quality benefits of choosing transit. • Real-time estimates of when a CTA train, CTA bus or Metra train is arriving at a stop. This capability involves the integration with the CTA's TrainTracker and BusTracker systems and Metra's Rail-Time Tracker system. • Scheduled information of when a Pace bus is arriving at a stop. The RTA and Pace expect to provide real-time estimates in the very near future. • Full schedules for all CTA, Metra and Pace routes in the region.• Stop-to-stop schedules for only the origin and destination stops for any CTA, Metra or Pace routes.• Real-time travel alerts on transit and highway conditions such as delays and incidents, construction detours, bus reroutes and station elevator outages. • Information on major destinations and attractions in the region. Last year, goroo provided more than 13 million schedules and itineraries to commuters traveling within the region.
ABQ RIDE is looking to model its plan after the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority's HealthLine, which is sponsored through a hospital partnership. Construction on the so-called ART system could begin in May 2016 with an in-service date of September 2017.
The service, which costs $6 a ride, asks riders to download the Leap app, creating an account, uploading a photo and adding a credit card that enables them to pay via a QR code.
Agencies ordering the company's products, which are now in at least half of all new U.S. and Canadian transit buses, include L.A. Metro, Chicago Transit Authority and New York City Transit.
The contract includes a firm order for 35 XN40 and 20 XN60 Xcelsior buses, with an option for another 150 XN40 and 100 XN60 over the next five years. All buses are to be powered by CNG.
The decision comes after the agency conducted an analysis and product review period. Implementation of the project began in February and all work is expected to be completed by the end of April.
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'The Princeton Review' Senior V.P. Rob Franek offers tips for high school senior James Cotumaccio and his father Robert Cotumaccio, a retired NYC Police Sergeant, on the college application and financial aid process.
FNC legal analyst Lis Wiehl and attorney Monica Lindstrom on the Oklahoma beheading case and the Department of Justice's plan to ban religious and racial profiling in national security probes.
AEI Asian Studies Resident Scholar Michael Auslin and WSJ Editorial Board Member Mary Kissel on the pro-democracy protests in Hong Kong.
Google Executive Chairman Eric Schmidt on the FBI's criticism of Google and Apple for making encrypted phones that law enforcement can't access.
Now, 13 years after 9/11, are we fighting terror effectively?
'Unstoppable' author Ralph Nader on the need for separation of government and big business.
MaxFunds.com co-founder Jonas Max Ferris and FBN's Liz MacDonald and David Asman on the inaccuracies found in many ObamaCare enrollees' applications and a study on how free Americans feel.
TeenTake YouTube Channel reporter Andrew Demeter on questioning House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, (D-Calif.), about the NSA's data collection practices.
Author Matt Kibbe weighs in on the NSA and President Obama.
Glenn Greenwald on NSA abuses
Rep. Justin Amash on the NSA reforms offered by President Obama.
Switching banksLike karaoke night at your favorite bar, new banking fees have a way of making even longtime customers head for the exits.A September 2012 poll conduc...
President Barack Obama announced plans on Friday to limit sweeping U.S. government surveillance programs that have come under criticism since leaks by a former spy a...
Actor's Paul & Dee Dee Sorvino on actor pay and whether women are unequally paid in Hollywood.
Fox News Senior Judicial Analyst Judge Andrew Napolitano on Samsung's smart TV's reportedly listening to viewers and selling the information to third parties.
Radio talk show host Chris Russo weighs in on the NFL playoffs and latest offseason moves.
'Red Eye' Co-Host Andy Levy, 'Dear Reader' Author Michael Malice, 'The Independents' Matt Welch and Kmele Foster discuss militarizing police, government spending and the costs of security.
Fort Pitt Capital Group V.P. Kim Forrest, Athena Advisor Services Senior V.P. Dan Stecich and FBN's Cheryl Casone on the government spying program.
Fox News Senior Judicial Analyst Judge Andrew Napolitano on the legal implications of the Postal Service 'monitoring' people's mail.
Libertarian Georgia Senate candidate Amanda Swafford discusses the need for a Libertarian in the Senate.


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Holdays.net Home
This is a well preserved specimen, withoutmajor restorations and with a well displayed stippled shell. The Egg has been painstakingly chiseled from its matrix (surrounding rock). The overall aesthetic of the piece is spectacular, and surpasses the vast majority of Dinosaur Eggs that appear on the market. A striking display piece and a good financial investment.
The Oviraptor was a beaked, feathered dinosaur that inhabited our planet approximately 75 million years ago. The prehistoric creature was at least partly carniverous, eating small lizards and perhaps even using its powerful beak to crush clams and other mollusks. The creature is known to have inhabited parts of modern-day Inner Mongolia and became extinct with the rest of the dinosaurs during the cataclysmic K-T extinction event.
Lengthof egg:6 1/4 inches.
Condition: Very good, as shown.
Ex. British Private Collection. Previously in a European private collection and purchased on the Hong Kong Art market many years ago.
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17 December 2012 8:15 AM, PST | E! Online | See recent E! Online news »
Mo' money, mo' problems, right, Gérard Depardieu? The actor renounced his French citizenship and slammed his home country's prime minister Jean-Marc Ayrault on Sunday. In an open letter published in Le Journal du Dimanche, the Life of Pi star promised to hand over his passport and social security card. "We no longer have the same country," he wrote. "I'm a true European, a citizen of the world, as my father always taught me." Ayrault said the actor's move to Belgium was "shabby," adding that "paying a tax is an act of solidarity, a patriotic act." According to Depardieu, he is paying an 85 percent tax on his assets in France. In Belgium, he »
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Enduring Riches Posters
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Damian is a kind of pain magnet. Due to no fault of his own, he receives and stocks up the pain and suffering of all those around him and, if he chooses to, he can even pass it on to others. Fortunately for him, the city is full of undesirables on whom he can regularly liquidate his stock...
At level 1: min 1 575 Clintz
At level 2: min 1 556 Clintz
At level 3: min 1 515 Clintz
At level 4: min 1 454 Clintz


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Playstation 3
Item Locations for Castle CrashersHome / Playstation 3 /
This page contains Castle Crashers Unlockables for Playstation 3 called "Item Locations" and has been posted or updated on Sep 1, 2010 by steliodas. Let us know what you think of this Unlockable by thumbs voting.
Boxshot / Details
- Developer: The Behemoth
- Publisher: The Behemoth
- Genre: Action Beat-'Em-Up
- Release Date: Aug 31, 2010
- ESRB: Teen
- Other Platforms
Item Locations
Below are the names and locations of the nine items you must collect in the game in order to proceed.
|How to Unlock:
|Grab this item at the end of the Industrial Castle level, after slaying the boss.
|Equip the Cardinal Animal Orb, and go to the Thief Forest. When you locate the owl pooping from a tree, the cardinal will find this item.
|Bow and Arrow
|In the Thief Forest level, they are dropped randomly and regularly.
|Find to the left of the blacksmith.
|After killing the Corn boss, one of the Peasants will give it to you.
|Key Weapon
|Equip the Cardinal Animal Orb, and go the Full Moon level. When you reach the mountain path, go up until you reach the second hut and go near it.
|Go to the first desert level. It is in front of you to the left of the sand castle.
|Steering Wheel
|At the end of the lava-colored level after defeating the the dragons.
|Treasure Map
|You'll receive this after defeating an opposing team during a mission at the sand castle in a game of volleyball.
All Unlockables
From: Vabeadvacle
From: warcraft002
From: tbone
From: iamellyany
Back to all Cheats
From: steliodas
Stuck on this game? Set a specific, clearly defined question and let others answer your question or view answers to previously asked questions. If you think you are an Castle Crashers expert then please try to help others with their questions.
Latest Questions
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Trailers & Gameplay Videos
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Castle Crashers - Demo: PSN Trial version gameplay
- May 15, 2014, Views: 61
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William levy - imdb, William levy, actor: cuidado con el ángel. william levy was born on august 29, 1980 in havana, cuba as william gutiérrez levy. he is an actor and producer, known. William levy news, photos, and videos | just jared, William levy channels his inner rock star while going shirtless at his pepsi next campaign shoot. the 32-year-old actor and model is seen posing as a. Boy culture: william levy - boyculture.com, William levy, lookin' good, for people en espanol (september 2014). two shots from inside, after the jump.
William levy - biography - imdb, William levy was born on august 29, 1980 in havana, cuba as william gutiérrez levy. he is an actor and producer, known for cuidado con el ángel. Aurora public schools: calendars, District calendar 2014-2015 district calendar (approved by the boe on 2/4/2014)most schools in aps follow this calendar. other school calendars fletcher community. Internal revenue bulletin - november 18, 2013 - rev. proc, This revenue procedure sets forth inflation-adjusted items for 2014..
William iii of england - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, William iii (4 november 1650 – 8 march 1702) was a sovereign prince of orange of the house of orange-nassau by birth. from 1672, he governed as stadtholder william. Diamond middle school / homepage, Welcome to william diamond middle school's website. one of two middle schools in lexington, diamond offers a rich and interesting program of study in traditional. Carbon county court of common pleas daily list by calendar, Carbon county court of common pleas daily list by calendar entry date selection criteria: calendar entry date from: 03/31/2015 to: 04/30/2015 grouped by:calendar.


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HARRISON, N.Y. – A small plane landed on its belly in a parking lot off King Street outside Westchester County Airport early Saturday morning.
The pilot, an Eastchester man, had taken off from Rock Airport in Pittsburgh and was on his way to Westchester County Airport, according to a published report. Rye Brook Police Lt. Eugene Matthews was quoted as saying the pilot was "shaken up" in the hard landing.
- 1 Box Truck Fire Closes East Putnam Avenue In Greenwich
- 2 Greenwich Police: Two Men Assaulted, Robbed In 'Ferocious' Street Attack
- 3 Police: Missing Stamford Man Found Dead On Shippan Beach
- 4 Pedestrian Struck, Killed By Train At Fairfield Station
- 5 Snow Could Return To Greenwich For Monday Morning Commute


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FORTALEZA, BRAZIL – JUNE 21: Miroslav Klose of Germany does a flip in celebration of scoring his team's second goal during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil Group G match between Germany and Ghana at Castelao on June 21, 2014 in Fortaleza, Brazil. (Photo by Martin Rose/Getty Images) ORG XMIT: 491922365 ORIG FILE ID: 451000718
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John Peterson is out of contention at the Valero Texas Open at TPC San Antonio, but he nearly ended the weekend on a high note with an ace at (…)


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11 Copycat Recipes for Baking Ingredients: Recipes for Homemade Bisquick & More
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Italian Pasta Sauce
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- 20 to 24 large tomatoes (about 10 lbs)
- 3 medium onions, chopped fine
- 4 cloves garlic, chopped fine
- 3 tablespoons olive oil
- 2 tablespoons basil
- 2 tablespoons oregano
- 2 tablespoons Italian seasoning
- 1 tablespoon salt
- 1 teaspoon pepper
- Bottled lemon juice or citric acid
Peel, core, seed and coarsely chop tomatoes [you can leave seeds in and process lightly in the food processor-this works] peel and finely chop onions and garlic in a large 6 qt. Dutch oven, cook onions and garlic in olive oil until tender, but not brown add tomatoes and spices and simmer 1 hour, stirring occasionally at this point puree mixture IF you didn't put in food processor to begin with, return sauce to saucepan [or continue cooking] and cook UNCOVERED over medium heat until sauce thickens, stirring frequently to prevent burning on bottom this will take another 1/2 to 1 hour Add 1 tablespoon lemon juice or <-tsp. citric acid to EACH HOT mason pint jar ladle HOT sauce into hot canning jars to within <-inch below rim wipe jar rim clean place lid on jar and tighten band, just until a point of resistance is met process 35 minutes in a boiling water canner Yield: about 4 to 5 pints NOTE: In canner fill about 1/2 full of water and bring to a boil, THEN submerge filled jars Be sure water is 1 to 2-inches ABOVE the jar lids AFTER water resumes boiling, THEN start timing, NOT BEFORE. NOTES : To use, brown some hamburger and add sauce to browned, finely chopped hamburger, and simmer about 20 minutes; serve over spaghetti.
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Cantor Fitzgerald Downgraded
Cantor Fitzgerald LP had its credit grade cut to one level above junk by Standard & Poor's as competition and the brokerage's expansion plans pressure income, according to the ratings company.
Most Recent Videos
Kleiner Decision on Pao Not Gender Based
56:58 - Brad Stone and Janine Yancey discuss the verdict of the Kleiner-Pao case. They speak with Pimm Fox on "Taking Stock." (Source: Bloomberg)


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Forecast from FOX6 Meteorologist Tom Wachs
Increasing clouds overnight with the wind picking up. Temperatures will rise into the upper 20s during the overnight hours.
A wintry mix is possible north of Milwaukee Sunday morning, with all rain south. Otherwise windy with a high in the lower 40s.
We could see another batch of all light rain move through late Sunday afternoon/evening. A warm up is on the way next week.
Tonight: Increasing clouds overnight as the wind picks up.
Low: 26°
Wind: S 15 mph
Sunday: Mostly cloudy and windy with snow and rain showers.
High: 43°
Wind: WSW 30 mph
Monday: Partly sunny with a few evening rain showers.
AM Low: 35° High: 50°
Wind: WNW 10 mph
Tuesday: Mostly sunny.
AM Low: 36° High: 51°
Wind: N 10 mph
Wednesday:Partly sunny with a chance for rain at night. Windy.
AM Low: 35° High: 60°
Wind: SSW 25 mph
Thursday: Partly sunny with a chance for morning rain showers. Windy.
AM Low: 43° High: 58°
Wind: WNW 25 mph
Friday: Mostly cloudy with a chance for rain/snow showers…especially south of Milwaukee.
AM Low: 35° High: 45°
Wind: NE 15 mph


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Written on: 16/07/2013
Saw the Weber compact kettle BBQ in B&Q but thought it a bit too expensive - found it on GoOutdoors for a good 30quid cheaper. It was delivered really quickly too. Excellent.
As rated by real users
" Great Gilet " Read More
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" Never fails " Read More
" I'm surprised about... " Read More


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|Save $1.50 on this item with a Premium Membership. Sign up for a Free 2 Week Trial!

100% Handmade - MADE IN THE U.S. ❤
Fabric/ Material: Fleece- 80% Cotton, 20% Polyester
Hoodie: Jersey lined with drawstrings.
Pockets: Real kangaroo pockets.
Cuffs: Ribbed with 5% spandex
Waistband:  Ribbed with 5% spandex.
Garment Color: Black
Fit: Regular U.S. - Unisex Adult/ Men's
Care Tips: Wash the sweater on the reverse side and in a cold water temperature. Do not bleach. Line/ air dry.
All other clothes or accessories displayed are excluded from this offer- Hoodie/ Sweatshirt only.

Godzilla is a very popular monster in Japanese movie history. I have been watching Godzilla movies ever since I was little, and my most favourite part has always been when Godzilla has to fight many enemies. Do you guys remember some such as King Ghidorah , Ebirah or Space Godzilla? My older brother used to have them all as action figures and I remember reenacting those fights. :3 So my love for pandas and this all-time classic favorite movie character brought me to the idea of creating another challenging enemy for godzilla. Who do you think would win? Godzilla or the giant, monsterous panda?! Hope everyone who loves the legendary Godzilla likes my design! :)

 See all other items by Visual You (Brand: Lokisa)


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Schumer Pushes For Lower Taxes On Hard Cider
ALBANY, N.Y. (CBSNewYork/AP) — U.S. Sen. Charles Schumer (D-N.Y.) is one of two senators leading an effort to lower the taxes on hard cider.
Schumer and Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.) have been pushing a the CIDER Act — or Cider, Investment and Development through Excise Tax Reduction Act — in Washington. The legislation would lower the tax on hard cider from the high level at which wine is taxed.
The bill would update the definition of hard cider to get the lower tax.
Currently, federal law only allows apple and pear cider to reach 7 percent alcohol by volume before they are taxed as wine, and only a certain level of carbonation before it reaches the champagne tax. But all New York state cider producers are small craft operators, and have little control over such factors, Schumer's office said in March.
With the definition change, the excise tax would drop from as much as $3.30 per gallon to a flat rate of 23 cents per gallon – the same as the excise tax on beer, according to published reports.
Schumer said the change would provide a lucrative source of income for small apple-growing operations. He said they face a difficult crop to grow and fickle weather.
The bill has been progressing in the Senate and has a companion bill in the House.
In announcing a previous attempt at the proposal in March, Schumer noted that hard cider has grown in popularity as a craft beverage, but the current tax structure makes it difficult for producers and consumers alike.
New York is second in apple production the country after Washington state. New York harvests nearly 30 million bushels annually from over 650 farms.
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(TM and © Copyright 2013 CBS Radio Inc. and its relevant subsidiaries. CBS RADIO and EYE Logo TM and Copyright 2013 CBS Broadcasting Inc. Used under license. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.)


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William P. Sprecher, 91, of Alexander died Monday, April 28, 2014.Â
He was born Nov. 13, 1922, in Omaha, Neb., to the late Paul C. and Grace P. (Haynie) Sprecher,
He was an ATF agent for the Treasury Department.
William was a veteran of both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Air Force and was present at the storming of Normandy beach on June 6, 1944. (That World War II event came to be known as D-Day.)
He was also a devoted member of the Adoniram Masonic Lodge 288, attaining the level of Master Mason in 1959. He served for a time as Master of his lodge.Â
Norman "Norm" Francis Oliver, 81, of Benton passed away April 26, 2014
He was born Sept. 23, 1932, in Los Angeles, Calif.
He was a beloved husband, father, grandfather, great-grandfather and friend and was of the Catholic Faith. Norm had a distinguished U.S. Navy career that eventually led him to employment with Dassault Falcon Jet and residence here in Arkansas. He not only found success at Dassault Falcon Jet, but also his loving wife of 15 years, Pearl Lenora.
Mark Bradley, 51, of Mayflower earned his angel's wings on April 27, 2014, the day a tornado ripped through his home, taking his life and the lives of so many others.
He was born Jan. 26, 1963, to Dorothy Sue Johnson and the late Mackey Gene Bradley.
Preceding him in death were his dad; his maternal grandparents, W.B. and Verna Johnson; his paternal grandmother, Louise (Bell) Bradley; and his brother, Justin Spears.
James Edward Moore, Sr.
James Edward Moore, Sr., 65, passed away April 25, 2014. He was born October 31, 1948 in Searcy, Arkansas to the late Clarence Edward and Francis Moore.
James proudly served his country in the United States Army. He retired as an electrical salesman. He enjoyed training race horses and spending time with his family.


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أجمل كس Play the Video below For Forex Trade Example .
كس براريليه The process mirrors a lot of the work being done by successful affiliates already. أجمل كس How to find out whether you need to learn Forex or not? أجمل Trading the news is not always clear cut.
أجمل The con artists all over the internet never tell you the truth, back tested results are useless! أجمل كس Affiliate marketing has had some major ups and downs in its relationship with search -- like AdWords limiting the number that will be shown, or banning industries like gambling and adult that were always great sources of income.
أجمل Once things for sure, you can count on these tested trading systems to select the right entries and exits. Where they differ is most search people don`t mind that the large companies aren`t there raising the cost of clicks, whereas affiliate marketers would love them to enter the fray so they could have more well-branded products to market. With repetition comes mastery. كس زب You can open a trade when the market settles down soon after a news release or if you are really daring you can open a trade 10 minutes before a news release,but have a stop loss in place for protection. This ebook is filled with solid forex strategies, similar to those used by banks and financial institutions.


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Thanks for taking the time to report this user.
Your participation helps keep Airbnb a safe and trusted
community, and it doesn't go unnoticed!
We are three researcher from Dublin. Happy to chat more via phone or email....
We will be paying this with the Trinity College Account so there should be no payment issues.
Kevin has completed online and offline ID verification.
Learn more »
Kevin and his friend where nice guests. They left everything in good shape. I'd definetly recommend zo host him.
Although I did not meet Kevin, the communication prior to and during his stay was very smooth and he was very polite.
While I didn't get to meet Kevin & his colleagues they were great guests. Left the place in great condition, and were super flexible & easy to host. Highly recommended.
Freundlich, zuverlässig und sauber


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Skittles N Bitz
Crazy comedy sketches featuring your favorite video game characters!
Gamer Tonight
Every episode features a different video game stereotype!
Brink of Alienation
Machine gun aliens to death in this frantic run and gun series!
Im sorry this was to short to have much of an impact on me i mean when someone says a short animation its a least ten secs but whtever ill give you a threee and a half just becuz it was so short
lol thanks, it is pretty short. I will make longer ones in the future though! :D
Giving you 5, waiting for very cool anims!
Thanks meng, heaps more anims from me to come xD
It was good!
But very short...
Yeah lol thanks :D
GREAT Animation
Thanks Meng! :D
Eh. It's very short with a fairly good animating style. Good job, but I won't give it a 5. Eh, it was worth the shot.
Yeah it's not the best, I need to work on other stuff instead so I made it short. Thanks for the critisism :D


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Small Animals in Need of Homes
It's not just cats and dogs that need homes. Check out our Point Pets of the week in this Furry Frenzy video from the Monmouth County SPCA.
It's not just cats and dogs that need homes. Check out our Point Pets of the week in this Furry Frenzy video from the Monmouth County SPCA.
So many cars and trucks around the Jersey Shore add the fake antlers and red nose and turn their vehicle into Rudolph for the holiday season. Who knew someone was getting annoyed at it.
I was so happy to pay a visit to the Spruce Street School in Lakewood to visit Ms. Brown's kindergarten class.
New York jets kicker Nick Folk visited Lakewood High School yesterday. The school won the "Eat Right Move More" contest.
Holiday activities at a wonderful local farm this weekend to help a Howell family.
Christmas around the corner, and I'm sure you've heard the song. We're all dreaming of a White Christmas. The question is, will we get one?
A list of the safest cities in New Jersey in 2014 is out, and several Jersey Shore towns made the cut!
The Ashley Lauren Foundation held it's annual Christmas party at the beautiful Colts Neck Golf Club this weekend.
It was a normal weekend at the Jersey Shore, if you consider earthquakes and boats on the Garden State Parkway normal.
It is always heartbreaking to hear about a lost pet. Maybe you can help find Jada who was last seen in the Howell area.
Jacquie Lee and Garden State Radio rocked the house at the Headliner in Neptune last night during our annual Pointsettia Bash.
Luckily it won't happen until after the holidays, but drivers into and out of Red Bank should prepare for a bit of a travel headache...for a few months.


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Front and BackLeave a comment
13/03/2015 by Carl Reynolds
Two kilometres of front crawl keeping ahead of the neighbours. One and a bit kilometres of easy crawl and backstroke …
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Three days working without a swim has produced a feeling of grubbiness about myself. This may be due to an …
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SLSC Spring Gala2
08/03/2015 by Carl Reynolds
Serpentine SC, Out to Swim, Brockwell Icicles and two SLSC teams; a load of sunshine and some speedy races. Followed …
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Saturday simplicityLeave a comment
07/03/2015 by Carl Reynolds
Up late after a long snooze. Up to Charlton for eleven. See Chris Jordinson on the way in, Mike and …
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working and strokingLeave a comment
06/03/2015 by Carl Reynolds
In Woking yesterday to run two meetings, one finished at 3, the other didn't start til 6.30. What's a man …
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all in CPLeave a comment
03/03/2015 by Carl Reynolds
SLSC swimmers – Bertie, Dominic, John, Nick, Nando, Kat, me – all up and down Crystal Palace pool for an …
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oh, it's Charlton Lido again2
02/03/2015 by Carl Reynolds
Mrs Ape had plans to go to Tooting, run, return and whisk me off to Charlton, once I had completed …
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We were big fans of Ryley Walker's debut LP on Tompkins Square last year, but his latest, Primrose Green, shows that the Chicago singer-songwriter was just getting started. A whole review could be devoted to calling out Walker's vintage influences — Pentangle, Van Morrison, John Martyn, Tim Buckley, just to name a few. They're obvious […]The Source Article test
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Deputy Says He Produced "90-95%" Of "Bitch Better Have My Money"
Rihanna unveiled her dark, swaggering new single "Bitch Better Have My Money" last week, and it's already inspired plenty of discussion. But the person who might have the most interesting insight into the track — aside from Rihanna herself — is fast-rising producer Deputy, who spoke with Fader about the story behind the track. Officially, […]The Source Article test
Video: Diamond D ft. Masta Ace – Ace of Diamonds
Diamond D and Masta Ace give us a new visual for "Ace of Diamonds", off D's The Diam Piece LP, out now. Look out for cameos by Kid Capri and Dante Ross. Previously: Diamond D – Superman (Video)The Source Article test
Stream American Wrestlers American Wrestlers
American Wrestlers is the latest project from Gary McClure, a musician who also played in Working For A Nuclear Free City for a number of years, and released his own album Wreaths. But his lo-fi, home recorded debut American Wrestlers easily eclipsed his past work and earned our Band To Watch distinction. Previously shrouded in […]The Source Article test
Sasquatch! Adds Sleater-Kinney, Angel Olsen & More
Washington's Sasquatch! Music Festival just announced a list of late additions to the 2015 lineup. Sleater-Kinney, Madeon, AlunaGeorge, Angel Olsen, Kaytranada, Goldlink, Hanni El Khatib, Mother Mother, Said The Whale, THEESatisfaction, Helms Alee, Acapulco Lips, Otieno Terry, Aparna Nancherla, Sara Schaefer, Hunter Hunted, Slow Bird, and Sisters and Unlikely Friends will now join the extensive […]The Source Article test


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"Venturing Technologist"
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"Choose your Adventure" stories with TechMore Related Discussions
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Hi Kevin,
I bet the "choose your own adventure" site you refer to is the Terry the Tennis Ball wiki - one of the many great links inTroy's book.
I'm just starting to explore Prezi and am looking for innovative uses - such as the way you've used it for poetry.
I came across this set of videos on YouTube and thought they were fantastic!
The Time Machine
I am also fortunate enough to work with some folks that are taking the "Choose your own adventure" idea to a whole new level.
Here is a post about that.
Prezi would work, but another way might be to use Google Forms (Google Docs). For multiple choice questions, you can choose "Go to page based on answer". (I've used this to send students back to the question when they make an incorrect choice. You can see an example of this on one of my blogs before the comment box here: Devious Devin Quiz
great ideas!
Discussion Paper, Pencil, Chalk, or Doc: Which Medium for Which Lesson?Last comment 1 week 12 hours ago in Classroom Technology
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|Reviews for All Grown Up
| Tori-Bird627 chapter 1 . 11/13/2014
| twinklingeyes07 chapter 1 . 12/26/2013
absolutely adorable!
the weechester moments were sooo sweet and so well-placed, very nicely written :)
| DeleaMarie chapter 1 . 8/19/2013
Oh my goodness, if this isn't absolutely adorable, I don't know what is!
Er... Don't mind me... I've just been reading through all your Supernatural fics, squealing with delight, drowning in feels, and just generally fangirling all over the place. Then I got to this one and decided that I literally could not read another word without sharing my appreciation for your wonderful stories.
Hence my review.
So, as you may have gathered, I adore your works. Your writing style is excellent and flows naturally, while still maintaining proper grammar/punctuation/etc. (a rare find these days, it seems). The boys are in character and, as demonstrated in this fic, always have JUST the right amount of chick-flick moments to satisfy my cravings without being overly schmoopy. You also seem to switch effortlessly from writing Dean's viewpoint to writing Sam's to writing Bobby's to...
Anyway, to sum it all up: Love you, love your writing, and look forward to reading more!
| sheila.jordan.3348 chapter 1 . 6/26/2013
Thank you. I loved your story. It touched my heart.
| kjdw chapter 1 . 4/9/2012
So sweet, fun, and brotherly. I love how the flashbacks really tie in well with the present day. I'm still sighing with happiness over your stories:).
| Equal-Opportunity-Reader chapter 1 . 4/9/2012
OH. MY. GOD! I. LOVE. THIS. Oh the smooshy brotherly love! And Wee!Sam! This was the perfect thing to come home to after a crappy Monday!
| ccase13 chapter 1 . 4/9/2012
That is such a nice picture of Dean remembering Sam.
I loved how Dean just made out like Sam was the one being different when Dean slipped out with I love you aloud by accident. Sam needed to hear it a lot that year.
| SupernaturallyEgocentric chapter 1 . 4/9/2012
I repeat, you are ON FIRE! I am so loving reading all these stories and this one is especially good. The trip down memory lane, Sam taking care of Dean in present day. Great story!
| mb64 chapter 1 . 4/9/2012
Oh this was wonderful! Absolutely wonderful!
| NetMyne01 chapter 1 . 4/9/2012
LOL! This was adorable, cute and so much needed. Thank you.
| CeCe Away chapter 1 . 4/9/2012
Lovely, esp. all the flashbacks.
| Cornish Rhapsody chapter 1 . 4/9/2012
I adore weechester stuff and I really enjoyed the mix of the adult present with the memories here. My heart simply melted with the image of Dean tying to console his little brother when he'd gone to sleep in his big brother's bed. And
Sam going forward to watch the pageant when promised sweets - that was so true to life. Lol.
| Buckeye mom chapter 1 . 4/9/2012
I loved this very much. It was nostalgic but not too sappy-Sam and Dean seemed very much in character. So good to see you back-I am waiting to see more.
| Headoverheels14 chapter 1 . 4/8/2012
Awwwwwww! Warm fuzzies!
| borgmama1of5 chapter 1 . 4/8/2012
This is probably a little too mellow to be really in canon, but I so liked this reminiscing version of Dean...And still with the snarky humor...dictionary!


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Players online: 1 daily: 75
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Hold on the mouse button to Power shot.
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Shoot, squash, blow up and destroy all the monsters in each level by using your laser cannon.
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When a routine treasure hunt goes awry, McCoy is transformed into a walking cactus by the ancient Curse of Thorns.


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Turner Grain Officers No Longer Principals in Related Company
by Mark Friedman on Friday, Aug. 22, 2014 11:35 am
The Neauman Coleman & Co. office in Brinkley, via Google Maps. (Google Maps)
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Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent Inventors Gerald C. Iluth SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE WITH DOUBLE POSITIVE BEVEL 2 Claims, 7 Drawing Figs.
u.s.(*| 317/5741 317/2351, 3 l 7/235W, 3l7/235AJ Int. Cl H0 ll 9/00, l-lOll 9/12 Field ofSearch [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,600,500 6/1952 Haynes et al. 317/235 2,954,307 9/1960 Shockley 3 17/235 3,007,090 10/1961 Rutz 317/235 3,179,860 4/ l 965 Clark et al.
Primary Examiner-Jerry D. Craig Attorneys-Nathan J. Cornfeld, Carl 0. Thomas, Frank L. Neuhauser, Oscar B. Waddell, Robert J. Mooney and Melvin M. Goldenberg ABSTRACT: To improve the reverse voltage breakdown characteristics of a semiconductor body having a junction therein formed by zones of dissimilar resistivities the periphery of the body adjacent the junction is beveled. With a positive bevel (lowest cross section zone having the highest resistivity) the reverse voltage breakdown characteristics improve progressively as the angle between the junction and the beveled periphery decreases. With two junction bodies having a higher resistivity N or P central zone between P or N zones, respectively, of lower resistivity a positive bevel may be provided at each junction so that a pulleylike concave periphery results with the minimum cross section of the body appearing in the central zone.
NORMALIZE'D SURFACE FIELD pmsm nmom 3575.644
SHEET 1 [IF 2 IOOOV I3 4 aoov 500v 400v ,5 I a Jurvcrlo'vq M I4 I2 TEST Q ii a m CALCULATED 7o 200 E Q D I O l l 1 1 l 1 1 l l 160- 90 s 10 I5 so as M I SURFACE DISTANCE (cm) xiv- 40 FIG.3.
GERALD c. HUTH,
I l 0 .2 .4 .s .a 1.0 1.2 BY & 0,
NORMALIZED msrmvce ($4 THEIR ATTORNEY.
SHEET 2 BF 2 l '1 1 1 1 I5 so BEVEL ANGLE o -e) FIG.7. P 9
as N as "51 INVENTORS: ROBERT L. DAVIES, GERALD C. HUTH,
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE WITH DOUBLE POSITIVE BEVEL This is a division of our application Ser. No. 255,037, filed Jan. 30, l963, now U.S. Pat. No. 3,491,272, issued Jan. 20, 1970.
This invention relates to a means for improving the characteristics of semiconductor materials which have at least one internal junction between two zones of different conduction characteristics and the characteristics of devices which utilize such materials. More specifically, the invention is directed toward means for increasing the reverse or inverse voltage which may be applied to such devices without a breakdown and to increase the ability of such devices to dissipate power when the device does break down in the reverse direction. Reverse voltage as used here is a voltage which is of a polarity that would normally cause conduction to take place across a given junction in the direction of high impedance.
A junction between zones of a semiconductor material having opposite type conduction characteristics provides a low resistance path to an electric current flowing across the junction in one direction, and a high resistance path to current flow in the opposite direction. A voltage which is of such a polarity as to force a current across the junction in the direction of higher resistance is the inverse voltage referred to above. When an inverse voltage is applied across the junction between zones of semiconductor material having an excess of free electrons (N-type conduction characteristics) and an excess of positive holes (P or positive conduction characteristics) respectively, the region surrounding the junction becomes deficient of free electrons and positive holes (known as carriers). The reason that this happens is that when a positive voltage is applied at the negative type conduction zone and a negative voltage applied at the positive type conduction zone, the positive carriers are-attracted to the negative voltage terminal and the negative carriers are attracted to the positive voltage terminal. Thus, the carriers on both sides of the junction are attracted away from the junction to form a region (called the depletion region). The depletion region is a dielectric because of the deficiency of carriers of either type.
The dielectric depletion region is highly resistive and is capable of withholding high voltages. For example, in most practical devices, the dielectric depletion region is capable of withstanding a reverse voltage of several hundred volts without breaking down through the bulk of the material. However, most devices are not capable of withstanding more than a relatively small fraction of the voltage which the bulk will hold in the reverse direction (either transient or steady state) due to the fact that breakdown first occurs across or around the surface. For this reason, it is said that most such devices are surface limited.
The fact that most rectifiers are surface limited places severe limitations on the usefulness of the devices. To begin with, it means that the device cannot be used in circuits where reverse voltages (either steady state or transient) of over a few hundred volts are likely to occur without taking special precautions (frequently elaborate) to prevent application of the reverse voltage directly across the device.
'As serious as this drawback appears, it is perhaps not as serious as other disadvantages which occur because such devices are surface limited; viz, device instability, and destruction of the device upon surface breakdown in the reverse direction.
Device instability is most frequently due to the fact that the condition of the semiconductor surface changes. The characteristics of such devices vary considerably with the condition of the surface. Therefore, unless some precautions are taken to assurethat the surface condition will not change appreciably during the use of the device, the device stability is very poor. Actually it is much more difficult to control condition of the surface of the material than it is to control the characteristics of the bulk and it is certainly more difficult to control or prevent changes in surface condition than to control the essentially constant bulk characteristics. The fact of the matter is that even with elaborate precautions such as utilizing various kinds of surface treatment and placing the semiconductor material in an evacuated hermetically sealed container, the predominant failure mechanism of rectifier devices during operation is a result of surface degradation.
As to the point concerning device destruction, it is a well recognized fact that typical rectifiers (which are surface limited devices) may be permanently damaged or destroyed by only a few watts of power absorbed during breakdown, as from a very brief voltage transient, in the reverse or blocking direction. The fact that the bulk material can dissipate a great deal of energy is readily apparent by taking as an example a typical silicon rectifier and considering that such devices can, at least momentarily, dissipate 1,000 watts of heat in the forward direction of current flow without any damage whatsoever. This apparent anamoly can be explained by considering the fact that for conduction in the forward direction, current and its attendant heat losses spread out equally over the entire junction area, permitting maximum utilization of the entire rectifier cooling mechanism and its thermal capacity. However, in the reverse direction, the rectifier surface current under momentary high blocking voltage peaks finds some microscopic flaw or weakness at which to concentrate. Such weak spots usually occur at the junction surface where the rectifying junction emerges from the silicon pellet. At these minute spots, a fraction of a watt of concentrated heat may be sufficient to melt and destroy the blocking properties of the rectifier, regardless of size of the rectifier. The inverse voltage problem is so critical that transient rating in the reverse direction is done on the basis of voltage rather than energy.
When failure due to reverse voltage applied to the rectifier takes place through the bulk of the material instead of over the surface, the device can dissipate approximately as much energy, both steady state and transient, in its reverse direction as in its forward direction. When the device breaks down through the bulk and current flows in the reverse direction, the breakdown is called avalanche breakdown" (sometimes mistakenly called "Zener breakdown). Avalanche breakdown of a silicon rectifier diode is an inherent nondestructive characteristic that is widely used at relatively low power and voltage levels as a constant voltage reference and regulator in so called Zener diodes. Like a loner diode, a rectifier operated within its thermal limitations maintains substantially constant voltage across it in the avalanche region regardless of current in this region. As long as the current is limited by the external circuit to the thermal capability of the device, no damage results from true avalanche action. Hence, a device with uniform avalanche breakdown occurring at a voltage below that at which local dielectric surface breakdowns occur, can dissipate hundreds of times more reverse energy with transient overvoltage conditions than one where the converse is true.
Perhpas it is well to point out that breakdown is likely to occur at the surface of the semiconductor material because of the high voltage gradient at the surface of the device. Stated in another way, breakdown occurs at the surface due to high concentration of electric fields at the surface. As a practical matter, the place where the electric field is usually of the highest intensity is in the vicinity of the junction between the two zones of opposite conduction type characteristics. For example, the transition region or junction between the two different conduction zones may be on the order of 10" centimeters in thickness. Thus, it is readily seen that a very strong electric field (high electric field intensity) occurs at a surface area of the body intercepted by the junction.
With these facts in mind, the objects of the present invention can be fully appreciated. For example, it is an object of the present invention to provide a semiconductor device wherein breakdown due to reverse voltage occurs within the bulk of the material of the semiconductor material instead of at the surface. Another object of the invention is to provide a semiconductor device capable of wide application without the necessity of providing protective devices which prevent high reverse voltages. Still another object of the invention is to provide a semiconductor device with surface stability problems largely eliminated.
ln carrying out the present invention, semiconductor material and the device in which it is used is made bulk limited rather than surface limited by effectively distributing the electric fields over the surface to lower the maximum value (i.e., the peak electric field is reduced) or the surface voltage gradient is reduced in the area of a junction by carefully controlling the shape of the surface in the region of the junction.
The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its organization and method of operation together with further objects and advantages thereof may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
PK]. 1 is a central vertical section through a segment of semiconductor pellet which utilizes teachings of the present invention and which is used to define terms and concepts of the present invention;
HO. 2 is a plot showing a calculated curve and a test curve of surface field in volts per centimeter plotted on the axis of ordinates and distance measured along the bevel surface from the PN junction plotted on the axis of abscissas for the device in FIG. 1',
FIG. 3 shows curves taken for different positive bevel angles (as in FIG. 1) which illustrate the normalized surface field plotted along the axis of ordinates versus the normalized dismnce (where X is the distance measured from the PN junction of the device to a point on the surface in FIG. 1 and Wis the width of the depletion region;
FlG. 4 is a curve illustrating the peak normalized surface field plotted along the axis of ordinates versus the beveled angle (906) plotted along the axis of abscissas for the device of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are central vertical sections through semiconductor pellets which utilize techniques of the present invention and which are used to define terms and concepts; and
FIG. 7 is a vertical section through a three layer PNP pellet illustrating the optimum contour for such a device.
In FIG. 1, the cross section of a segment of a pellet 10 of single crystal semiconductive material such as silicon or germanium is depicted in a somewhat diagrammatic fashion. The pellet for many practical semiconductor devices will be circular so that it has the general shape of a round coin but it may have any other shape. In order to have a practical device it is necessary to provide low resistance electrical contacts 11 and 12 (ohmic contacts) on the two major faces of pellet 10. The pellet 10 has two internal regions of different conductivity types; viz. an upper region 13 of N-type conductivity adjacent to the upper major face and a region 14 of P-type conductivity adjacent to the lower major face. The boundary of juncture between the two regions or zones 13 and 14 defines a PN junction 15. The lower P-type zone 14 is marked P+ to indicate that it is very highly doped (has a large number of P- type'carriers) and therefore is more conductive (has a lower resistivity) than the upper N-type region 13.
In order to establish the exact conductivities for later discussion it will be noted that the pellet 10 shown was a monocrystalline silicon pellet of N-type and having a resistivity of 18 ohm centimeters. The P-type layer was formed by diffusing gallium into the pellet to place the junction depth (X,) at about 3 mils.
The pellet 10 is made bulk limited rather than surface limited (i.e. peak reverse voltage is limited by the voltage at which avalanche breakdown occurs in the interior of the semiconductor pellet body rather than being limited by the peak surface electric field) by reducing the peak surface electric field in the region of the junction 15 under conditions .of reverse bias. Reverse bias occurs when a voltage is applied across the contacts 11 and 12 which is of a polarity which tends to force current across the junction in the high impedance direction; e.g. positive at the upper contact 11 on the N-type zone relative to the lower contact 12 on the P-type zone. (Note that some small reverse current usually flows across the junction before breakdown but it is so much less than the current which flows in the forward direction it may, for our purposes, be ignored.) The maximum electric field which exists along the peripheral surface of the pellet 10 is reduced below that in the bulk of the material by properly contouring the peripheral surface of the pellet 10.
The contour used to reduce the peak surface electric field on the pellet 10 is a simple bevel which reduces the crosssectional area of pellet 10 going from the heavily doped side of the PN junction 15 (P+ zone 14) to the lightly doped side (N- type zone 13). Or stated in another way, the side of highest resistivity has the smallest cross-sectional area when considering the cross sections taken parallel to the junction 15 (or major faces). This type of bevel is defined as a positive bevel as opposed to a negative bevel which is exactly opposite. Another way to consider the reduction is to consider that the reduction in size of the pellet is parallel to the planes of the junction 15 and major faces or perpendicular to the direction of the main charge carrier flow (which in turn is perpendicular to the junction 15). At the pellet edge, the carrier flow is not truly perpendicular to the junction but the main flow is. The angle 6 of the bevel for pellet 10 is 6 as measured by the acute angle the bevel makes with the planes of the junction 15 and the major faces of the pellet.
The plot of voltage lines (labeled 0, 200v, 400v. etc.) show how the electric field (voltage gradient) is spread along the beveled surface and that the voltage gradient is lower, i.e., or spread out, at the beveled surface than in the bulk of the material. That is, the voltage per unit of distance along the bevel is much less than the voltage per unit of distance through the bulk of the material perpendicular to the electrode bearing surfaces. The general result of lowering the surface field is to cause the sharp avalanche breakdown in the bulk of the material and enhance the capability of the junction to absorb power without destruction.
Perhaps the effect of the surface contour on spreading of the electric field is best understood by returning to a consideration of the depletion region which forms at the junction 15 in the presence of the reverse voltage. As indicated previously, a number of impurity atoms on opposite sides of the junction are stripped of their compensating charges (charge carriers) in the presence of an electric field. The charges are stripped in such a manner that a charge balance is left in a region of uncompensated impurity atoms. The region of uncompensated impurity atoms straddles the junction and is called the depletion region (of width W). This depletion region forms a dielectric.
By beveling the edge of the pellet 10 in the area of the PN junction 15, impurity atoms are removed which would normally be within the region of charge balance under the application of reverse bias. When the reverse bias is applied without the presence of these impurity atoms, impurity atoms further away from the PN junction 15 and in a direction along the surface contour must become a part of the region of charge balance. The total sum of charge on both sides of the junction 15, and contained within the depletion region, must be zero at equilibrium. Considering this resulting charge distribution, it is seen that the voltage lines must bend up (as shown) to meet the surface contour.
A better appreciation of the effect of the 6 surface bevel on the surface fields of the pellet 10 of FIG. 1 may be had by referring to FIG. 2 where plots of calculated and probed data for the surface field (in volts per centimeter) are plotted along the axis of ordinates against distance along the surface contour from the junction 15 plotted along the axis of abscissas. Considering that the peak electric field for a PN junction with no surface contour occurs at the junction 15 and that the peak field of pellet occurs at a considerable distance (between 30 l0 centimeters and 35x10 centimeters) toward the top contact 11 away from the junction 15, the effectiveness of the bevel can be seen. The electric field region is spread a greater distance along the surface contour from the junction than in the bulk of the material and the peak electric field at the surface is considerably lower than that in the bulk.
As a matter of interest, the experimental and calculated curves agree very well. The experimental data was obtained by probing the surface of the pellet with a 3 mil tungsten probe and recording the voltage between one of the device contacts and the probe.
Actually, the 6 positive bevel used on pellet 10 is not optimum even if considerations are confined to an essentially straight bevel. This can be readily ascertained by reference to the curves of FIGS. 3 and 4 which apply to positively beveled junctions. In FIG. 3 the effect of different bevel angles 6 on the surface electric field is shown by plotting the normalized surface field N.S.F. along the axis of ordinates and the normalized distance along the axis of abscissas. The normalized surface field N.S.F. is obtained from the following equation:
where (Nd-Na) is the net impurity concentration, E, is the actual surface field in volts per centimeter and Va is the applied reverse bias voltage. X is the distance from the junction as in FIG. 2 and W is the width of the depletion region. From this graph (FIG. 3) it is seen that the smaller the bevel angle 9 the lower the peak surface electric field and as 6 becomes smaller the peak surface field moves away from the junction 15 toward the upper contact 11. Also, the barrier (depletion region) at the junction surface continues to spread.
Possibly the effect of the bevel angle on surface electric field is better shown by the graph of FIG. 4 where again the same normalized surface field is plotted along the axis of ordinates and a measure (906) of the bevel angle is plotted along the axis of abscissas. From this curve it is seen that the peak field intensity decreases as 9 decreases. The peak field is considerably reduced for bevel angles 6 as large as 45. However, for many devices the field at this value of 6 is still too high for good breakdown characteristics.
Using present surface treatment practices for a silicon pellet such as pellet 10, the peak surface electric fieldassociated with the junction of the pellet of FIG. 1 (see FIG. 2) provides a very stable device. A successful device can be obtained using two or three times this peak field. A critical field value that can be used as a rule of thumb with normal surface treatments is 125,000 to 150,000 volts per centimeter. If the pellet surfaces are carefully cleaned and maintained by protective coatings, even these values can be exceeded.
The positive beveled contour on the periphery of pellet 10 is only one of many possible contours. The straight bevel shown is a very practical contour since it is effective and can be much more readily obtained by simple cutting and lapping techniques than very complex contours. The bevel is also a reasonably good approximation to some of the more complex contours and the data given here is useful for many contours.
F IG. 5 shows a pellet 16 with a contour which can be called a bevel. The bevel angle 6 for the contour is the average angle. As illustrated, the contour undulates about the bevel angle in a a near sinusoidal fashion although the undulations in a practical device might be quite irregular depending mostly upon the method of contouring the surface. This pellet 16 has a junction between P-and N-type zones as well as electrical contacts which correspond to like parts of the pellet of FIG. 1, therefore, corresponding parts are given corresponding reference characters.
Another type of positive contour is illustrated in FIG. 6. Again, parts of the device which correspond to like parts in FIG. 1 are given the same reference numerals. The contour on pellet I7 is generally referred to as a mesa. This contour is most easily formed by conventional and well-known etching techniques. In any case, for best results the relatively flat land 18 of the mesa contour should be placed within the depletion region on the same side of the junction 15 as the mesa.
A number of practical devices require the use of multijunction (as distinguished from one junction and/or one junction and additional junctures which are not junctions) pellets. For example, FIG. 7 illustrates a common pellet type employing the inventive concept. The pellet 35 has two essentially planar rectifying junctions 36 and 37 (upper 36 and lower 37 respectively) defined by a central separating region 38 of one conductivity type (N-type shown) surrounded by upper and lower zones or regions 39 and 40 respectively of opposite conductivity type (P-type illustrated). The present discussion applies equally well where the conductivity type of all zones are reversed to give a NPN structure but in general, the central zone 38 will be of higher resistivity than either of the outer zones 39 or 40.
For a three layer two junction device the philosophy still entails employing a contour which reduces the electric field at the surface below that at which the device avalanches through the bulk and the best contour is one which most evenly distributes the electric field at the surface. A desirable contour is arrived at by considering each junction separately and utilizing the teachings given above.
The central region 38 is common to the depletion region of both junctions 36 and 37 and is of higher resistivity than either of the outer regions 39 or 40. Therefore, a near optimum contour can be obtained by applying a positive contour to each of the junctions 36 and 37. This results in a pellet 35 which looks very much like an ordinary pulley if we assume a round pellet. In other words, the double bevel is applied so that the cross-sectional area of the pellet is smaller in the central region 38 than at either of the outer zones. The angle 9 at which the bevels cross the planes of junctions 36 and 37 may be as small as practical or possible since the bevels are positive, but 6 is very satisfactory. This type of bevel is obtained by known selective etching techniques.
While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will, of course, be understood that the invention is not limited thereto since many modifications varied to fit particular operating requirements and environments will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The invention may be used to perform similar functions and its peculiar properties taken advantage of in semiconductor devices utilizing other materials than those described and such devices formed in. other ways without departing from the concept of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not considered limited to the example chosen for the purposes of disclosure. It is considered that the manner of housing the semiconductor elements formed according to our invention will be obvious to those having ordinary skill in the art. Suitable exemplary device housings are set forth in our US. Pat. No. 3,491,272.
=We claim:
1. A semiconductor device including a monocrystalline semiconductor body having two zones of like conduction substantially planar parallel junctions between said zones, said.
body having its periphery contoured in such a manner that its cross-sectional area in a direction parallel to the plane of said sectional area between said junctions.
2. A semiconductor device according to claim 1 in which said periphery forms an approximately 6 positive bevel angle with at least one of said junctions.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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