text:
Complex Molecules in the Hot Core of the Low-Mass Protostar NGC 1333 IRAS 4A
ABSTRACT We report the detection of complex molecules (HCOOCH3, HCOOH, and CH3CN), signposts of a hot core-like region, toward the low-mass Class 0 source NGC 1333 IRAS 4A. This is the second low-mass protostar in which such complex molecules have been searched for and reported, the other source being IRAS 16293-2422. It is therefore likely that compact (a few tens of AU) regions of dense and warm gas, where the chemistry is dominated by the evaporation of grain mantles and where complex molecules are found, are common in low-mass Class 0 sources. Given that the chemical formation timescale is much shorter than the gas hot-core crossing time, it is not clear whether the reported complex molecules are formed on the grain surfaces (first-generation molecules) or in the warm gas by reactions involving the evaporated mantle constituents (second-generation molecules). We do not find evidence for large differences in the molecular abundances, normalized to the formaldehyde abundance, between the two solar-type protostars, suggesting perhaps a common origin.
- SourceAvailable from: de.arxiv.org[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Context: The physical origin behind organic emission in embedded low-mass star formation has been fiercely debated in the last two decades. A multitude of scenarios have been proposed, from a hot corino to PDRs on cavity walls to shock excitation. Aims: The aim of this paper is to determine the location and the corresponding physical conditions of the gas responsible for organics emission lines. The outflows around the small protocluster NGC 2071 are an ideal testbed to differentiate between various scenarios. Methods: Using Herschel-HIFI and the SMA, observations of CH3OH, H2CO and CH3CN emission lines over a wide range of excitation energies were obtained. Comparisons to a grid of radiative transfer models provide constraints on the physical conditions. Comparison to H2O line shape is able to trace gas-phase synthesis versus a sputtered origin. Results: Emission of organics originates in three spots: the continuum sources IRS 1 ('B') and IRS 3 ('A') as well as a outflow position ('F'). Densities are above 10$^7$ cm$^{-3}$ and temperatures between 100 to 200 K. CH3OH emission observed with HIFI originates in all three regions and cannot be associated with a single region. Very little organic emission originates outside of these regions. Conclusions: Although the three regions are small (<1,500 AU), gas-phase organics likely originate from sputtering of ices due to outflow activity. The derived high densities (>10$^7$ cm$^{-3}$) are likely a requirement for organic molecules to survive from being destroyed by shock products. The lack of spatially extended emission confirms that organic molecules cannot (re)form through gas-phase synthesis, as opposed to H2O, which shows strong line wing emission. The lack of CH3CN emission at 'F' is evidence for a different history of ice processing due to the absence of a protostar at that location and recent ice mantle evaporation.Astronomy and Astrophysics 07/2014; 569. · 4.48 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Subarcsecond images of the rotational line emissions of CCH, CS, H2CO, and CH3OH have been obtained toward the low-mass protostar IRAS 04368+2557 in L1527 as one of the early science projects of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. The intensity distributions of CCH and CS show a double-peaked structure along the edge-on envelope with a dip toward the protostar position, whereas those of H2CO and CH3OH are centrally peaked. By analyzing the position-velocity diagrams along the envelope, CCH and CS are found to reside mainly in the envelope, where the gas is infalling with conservation of its angular momentum. They are almost absent inward of the centrifugal barrier (a half of the centrifugal radius). Although H2CO exists in the infalling rotating envelope, it also resides in the disk component inside the centrifugal barrier to some extent. On the other hand, CH3OH seems to exist around the centrifugal barrier and in the disk component. Hence, the drastic chemical change occurs at the centrifugal barrier. A discontinuous infalling motion as well as the gas-grain interaction would be responsible for the chemical change. This result will put an important constraint on initial chemical compositions for chemical evolution of protostellar disks.The Astrophysical Journal Letters 08/2014; 791(2):L38. · 5.60 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Complex organic molecules (COMs) are known to be abundant toward some low-mass young stellar objects (YSOs), but how these detections relate to typical COM abundance are not yet understood. We aim to constrain the frequency distribution of COMs during low-mass star formation, beginning with this pilot survey of COM lines toward six embedded YSOs using the IRAM 30 m Telescope. The sample was selected from the Spitzer c2d ice sample and covers a range of ice abundances. We detect multiple COMs, including CH3CN, toward two of the YSOs, and tentatively toward a third. Abundances with respect to CH3OH vary between 0.7% and 10%. This sample is combined with previous COM observations and upper limits to obtain a frequency distributions of CH3CN, HCOOCH3, CH3OCH3, and CH3CHO. We find that for all molecules more than 50% of the sample have detections or upper limits of 1%-10% with respect to CH3OH. Moderate abundances of COMs thus appear common during the early stages of low-mass star formation. A larger sample is required, however, to quantify the COM distributions, as well as to constrain the origins of observed variations across the sample.The Astrophysical Journal 05/2014; 788(1):68. · 6.28 Impact Factor
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arXiv:astro-ph/0407154v1 7 Jul 2004
Complex molecules in the hot core of the low mass protostar
S. Bottinelli1,2, C. Ceccarelli1, B. Lefloch1, J. P. Williams2, A. Castets3, E. Caux4, S.
Cazaux5, S. Maret1, B. Parise4, A. G. G. M. Tielens6
We report the detection of complex molecules (HCOOCH3, HCOOH and
CH3CN), signposts of a "hot core" like region, toward the low mass, Class 0
source NGC1333-IRAS4A. This is the second low mass protostar where such
complex molecules have been searched for and reported, the other source being
IRAS16293–2422. It is therefore likely that compact (few tens of AUs) regions
of dense and warm gas, where the chemistry is dominated by the evaporation
of grain mantles, and where complex molecules are found, are common in low
mass Class 0 sources.Given that the chemical formation timescale is much
shorter than the gas hot core crossing time, it is not clear whether the reported
complex molecules are formed on the grain surfaces (first generation molecules)
or in the warm gas by reactions involving the evaporated mantle constituents
(second generation molecules). We do not find evidence for large differences in
the molecular abundances, normalized to the formaldehyde abundance, between
the two solar type protostars, suggesting perhaps a common origin.
1Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de l'Observatoire de Grenoble, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France.
email@example.com; email@example.com-
2Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawai'i, 2680 Woodlawn Drive, Honolulu HI 96822, USA.
3Observatoire de Bordeaux, 2 Rue de l'Observatoire, BP 89, 33270 Floirac, France.
4Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, CNRS-UPS, 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 4346, 31028
Toulouse, Cedex 4, France.
email@example.com; email@example.com
5INA Osservatorio Astrofisico d'Arcetri, 1 Ple Aldo Moro, Florence, Italy.
6Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, BO Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Subject headings: ISM: abundances — ISM: individual (IRAS4A) — ISM: molecules
— stars: formation
There is strong support — from the composition of cometary and meteoritic materials
— for the notion that the solar nebula, from which the planets formed, passed through a
phase of warm, dense gas with a rich chemistry. While much observational effort has been
dedicated to the study of such hot cores around massive protostars, hot cores around low
mass protostars have received little attention. Only very recently has the first hot core around
a solar-type protostar been discovered towards the typical Class 0 source, IRAS16293–2422
(hereafter IRAS16293), exhibiting all characteristics of such regions: warm temperatures
(> 100 K) and high densities (> 107cm−3: Ceccarelli et al. 2000a), high abundances
of hydrides (CH3OH, H2CO, H2O: Ceccarelli et al. 2000a, b; Sch¨ oier et al. 2002), high
deuteration levels (> 10%: Ceccarelli et al. 1998, 2001; Parise et al. 2002; Roberts et al.
2002), and complex molecules (HCOOCH3, HCOOH, CH3OCH3, CH3CN, C2H5CN: Cazaux
et al. 2003). The definition of "hot core" used for massive protostars implies the presence of
a relatively large amount of warm and dense gas, along with a complex chemistry triggered
by the grain mantle evaporation (e.g. Walmsley et al. 1992). In order to make clear that hot
cores of low and high mass protostars are, however, substantially different in the involved
amount of material, we will use hereinafter the term "hot corino" to identify the warm
inner regions of the envelope surrounding the low mass protostars.
The chemical composition of the (massive) hot cores is thought to reflect a variety of
sequential processes (Wamsley et al. 1992; Charnley et al. 1992; Caselli et al. 1993; Charn-
ley 1995; Rodgers & Charnley 2001, 2003). Specifically, in the pre-collapse cold cloud phase,
simple molecules form on grain surfaces by hydrogenation of CO and other heavy elements
(notably examples are H2CO, CH3OH and H2S). Upon heating by a newly formed star,
these molecules, called "first generation" or "parent" molecules, evaporate into the gas and
undergo fast neutral-neutral and ion-neutral reactions producing complex organic molecules,
i.e. "second generation" or "daughter" molecules. The first part of this sequence, i.e. the
formation of fully hydrogenated molecules on the grain surfaces, has been demonstrated to
occur in low mass protostars too, for example by studies of multiply deuterated molecules:
formaldehyde (Ceccarelli et al. 1998, Bacmann et al. 2003), methanol (Parise et al. 2002,
2004) and sulfide (Vastel et al. 2003). Evaporation from grain mantles of these first genera-
tion species (in particular H2CO and CH3OH) has been observed in IRAS16293 (Ceccarelli
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et al. 2000b, Sch¨ oier et al. 2002) and in about a dozen low mass protostars (Maret et
al. 2004). However, since the timescale necessary to convert first generation molecules into
complex, second generation molecules (around 104−105yr; e.g. Charnley et al. 1992, 2001)
is much longer than the transit time of the gas in the hot corinos (few 100 yr; e.g. Sch¨ oier
et al. 2002), the formation in the gas of second generation molecules seems improbable (e.g.
Sch¨ oier et al. 2002). The detection of a high abundance of complex molecules in the hot
core of IRAS16293 (Cazaux et al. 2003) has evidently been a challenge to the simple theo-
retical sequence described above. The key question has shifted from "Is a hot core present
in low mass protostars?" to "What is the origin of molecular complexity in these sources?"
In particular, there may well be chemical pathways to complex molecules involving grain
surface networks (e.g. Charnley 1995). In order to answer this question, more observations
in other low mass protostars are necessary. This will allow the development of a solid ob-
servational framework within which we might search for clues to the formation of second
generation molecules. As remarked in previous studies, the question is far from being aca-
demic, since the molecules in the hot corinos constitute the material which will eventually
form the proto-planetary disk and, possibly, the planets of the forming Sun-like star.
In this Letter we present the first results of a survey we are carrying out on the sample
of Class 0 sources studied by Maret et al. (2004). Here we report the detection of complex,
second generation molecules in NGC1333-IRAS4A (hereafter IRAS4A), a well known Class
0 protostar, and a target of several studies of molecular emission (e.g. Blake et al. 1995).
IRAS4A is part of the binary system IRAS 4, located in the NGC1333 reflection nebula, in
the Perseus cloud. It is separated by 31′′from the other component, IRAS 4B, and was itself
resolved into two components with a separation of 2′′, by Lay et al. (1995). The distance to
the NGC1333 cloud is uncertain (see e.g. Maret et al. 2002), but assuming a value of 220 pc
(derived by˘Cernis 1990, for consistency with previous work), IRAS4A has a luminosity of
6 L⊙and an envelope mass of 3.5 M⊙(Sandell et al. 1991). IRAS4A is associated with a
very highly collimated outflow, detected in CO, CS, and SiO (Blake et al. 1995, Lefloch et
al. 1998). Infall motion was detected by Di Francesco et al. (2001) and Choi et al. (1999)
with an estimated accretion rate of 1.1×10−4M⊙yr−1, an inner mass of 0.7 M⊙and an age
of ∼6500 yr (see also Maret et al. 2002).
2.Observations and results
The observations were carried out in June 2003 with the IRAM 30-meter telescope. The
position used for pointing was α(2000) = 03h29m10.s3 and δ(2000) = 31◦13′31′′. Based on
the observations of IRAS16293 by Cazaux et al. (2003), we targeted the following complex
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molecules: methyl formate, HCOOCH3(A and E), formic acid, HCOOH, dimethyl ether,
CH3OCH3, methyl cyanide, CH3CN, and ethyl cyanide, C2H5CN. Different telescope settings
were used in order to include as many transitions as possible for each molecule. All lines
were observed with a low resolution, 1 MHz filter bank of 4 × 256 channels split between
different receivers, providing a velocity resolution of ∼ 3, 2, and 1 km s−1at 3, 2, and 1 mm,
respectively. Each receiver was simultaneously connected to a unit of the autocorrelator,
with spectral resolutions of 20, 80 or 320 kHz and bandwidths between 40 and 240 MHz,
equivalent to a (unsmoothed) velocity resolution range of 0.1–0.4 km s−1. Typical system
temperatures were 100–200 K, 180–250 K and 500–1500 K, at 3, 2 and 1 mm respectively.
Two observation modes were used: position switching with the OFF position at an offset
of ∆α = –100′′, ∆δ = +300′′, and wobbler switching with a 110′′throw in azimuth. Point-
ing and focus were regularly checked using planets or strong quasars, providing a pointing
accuracy of 3′′. All intensities reported in this paper are expressed in units of main-beam
brightness temperature. At 3, 2 and 1 mm, the angular resolution is 24, 16 and 10′′and the
main beam efficiency is 76, 69 and 50%, respectively.
Fig. 1 shows two examples of low resolution spectra we obtained. Detected transitions
have been identified using the JPL molecular line catalog (Pickett et al. 1998) and are
reported in Table 1. We considered as good identifications only lines with a 3-σ detection
and a VLSR=6.8±0.3 km s−1. We detected three of the five targeted molecules: 10 transitions
for HCOOCH3(A and E), 2 for HCOOH and 9 for CH3CN. We also have a possible detection
for C2H5OH at 90.118 GHz; unfortunately, no other transition with a low enough energy and
high enough Einstein coefficient was contained within the frequency ranges we observed to
confirm the correct identification. No transitions of CH3OCH3and C2H5CN were detected
to a noise limit of 6 and 2 mK respectively. All detected lines have linewidths ∼ 2−3 km s−1,
with few exceptions, likely due to the presence of unresolved triplets or to the contamination
of unidentified lines. In order to derive the rotational temperature and column density,
we built rotational diagrams (Fig. 2) in which the observed fluxes were corrected for beam
dilution, assuming a source size of 0.′′5 (derived from a hot core radius of 53 AU and a
distance of 220 pc, as found by Maret et al. 2004). The assumption that the complex
molecules are confined to the hot corino is supported by a Plateau de Bure interferometric
study of IRAS16293 which shows localized emission in a region ∼ 1.′′4 around the protostar
(Bottinelli et al. in preparation).
The rotational temperatures, total column densities and abundances for the dectected
molecules are presented in Table 2. Note that the large errors in the HCOOH (this work) and
CH3OCH3(Cazaux et al. 2003) abundances are due to a poor constraint of the rotational
temperature, and hence column density, of these two molecules, even though each molecule
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is clearly detected in each case.
3.Discussion and conclusion
The most important result of the present work is the detection of complex molecules in
the hot corino of IRAS4A, the second Class 0 in which those molecules have been searched
for, after IRAS16293 (Cazaux et al. 2003). This result demonstrates that as soon as a warm
region is created in the center of the envelope of low mass protostars, complex molecules are
readily formed and/or injected on timescales lower than the estimated Class 0 source ages
(∼ 5 × 104yr in IRAS16293 and ∼ 6500 yr in IRAS4A; e.g. Maret et al. 2002), and, most
importantly, shorter than the transit time in the hot corinos. The latter is ∼ 400 yr and
∼ 120 yr in IRAS16293 and IRAS4A respectively, based on the hot corino sizes quoted in
Maret et al. (2004) and assuming free-falling gas.
We compare the measured composition of the hot corino of IRAS4A to IRAS16293
(Cazaux et al. 2003) and the massive hot core of OMC-1 (Sutton et al. 1995) in Table 2.
Note that the latter abundances are derived from single dish measurements with a 14′′
beam, which encompasses several hot cores (Wright et al. 1996). Unfortunately, not all the
molecules considered here have interferometric measurements available, so that we can only
use these 14′′beam-averaged estimates of the abundances.
The first remark is that the absolute abundances of the observed molecules are one order
of magnitude smaller in IRAS4A than in IRAS16293, but their relative abundances with
respect to H2CO are quite similar, with the exception of methanol, which is underabundant
with respect to H2CO by about a factor 10 in IRAS4A (Fig. 3). There are two reasons
to consider abundances with respect to formaldehyde. The first one is observational: while
the IRAS16293 hot core has now been imaged with the Plateau de Bure interferometer
(Bottinelli et al. in preparation) and its size confirmed to be ∼ 1.′′4, the IRAS4A core size is
only indirectly estimated from dust continuum single dish (12′′) observations to be 0.′′5 and
no interferometric observations are available yet with such a high resolution. So the IRAS4A
core size might be wrong by up to a factor three (Maret et al. 2004) and the abundances
by up to a factor ten, i.e. the absolute abundances of IRAS4A could be comparable to
those of IRAS16293. Using abundance ratios allow us to remove this size uncertainty. The
second reason is theoretical: "standard" hot core models predict that molecules like methyl
formate or methyl cyanide are second generation molecules formed in the warm gas from the
evaporated grain mantle constituents (formaldehyde, ammonia and methanol: e.g. Charnley
et al. 1992; Caselli et al. 1993; Rodgers & Charnley 2003). It is therefore interesting to
compare the abundances of the complex molecules to those of one of these supposed parent
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molecules. Formaldehyde was chosen because we only have an upper limit on the methanol
abundance (Maret et al. in preparation) and no measurements of the ammonia abundance
are available.
A possible interpretation for the similarity in the complex molecules' relative abun-
dances, with respect to H2CO and not with respect to CH3OH, is that the former is the
mother molecule of the observed O-bearing species, e.g. likely the case of HCOOCH3(Charn-
ley et al. 1992), and that the chemical evolution timescale is shorter than the age of the
youngest source. Charnley et al. (1992) also predict that methanol is the mother molecule
of CH3OCH3, but we cannot say whether the available data confirm this hypothesis since
we only have an upper limit on the abundance of this molecule in IRAS4A and a large er-
ror in IRAS16293. Similarly, the N-bearing molecules CH3CN and C2H5CN could both be
daughters of the same mother molecule, probably ammonia. This would imply that the two
sources have a similar ammonia mantle abundance. Alternatively, (some of ?) the reported
molecules are possible mantle constituents themselves. This may be the case for formic acid,
as predicted by Tielens & Hagen (1982), and suggested by the observational study by Liu
et al. (2001). Moreover, the analysis of ISO absorption spectra towards the massive hot
core W33A (e.g. Schutte et al. 1997) is consistent with the presence of solid formic acid
and would also support the idea of this species being a mantle constituent. However, these
considerations do not take into account the evolutionary state of the objects and the funda-
mental question is: does the abundance of any of these complex molecules have anything to
do with the age and/or evolutionary stage of the protostar, or is it dominated by the initial
mantle composition? Evidently, two sources are not enough to answer this question, and
observations of more low mass sources are required.
Regarding the comparison with the massive hot core(s) in Orion, Fig. 3 would suggest
that, with respect to formaldehyde, there is a deficiency of methanol and of N-bearing
complex molecules in the low mass hot corinos. It is possible that these differences are
mostly due to a different grain mantle composition, i.e. to a different pre-collapse density.
However, recall that the abundance ratios of CH3CN and CH3OH in Figure 3 refer to the
14′′beam-averaged values around the OMC-1 hot core, which in fact includes several smaller
cores (Wright et al. 1996). Therefore, in order to make precise comparisons, higher resolution
observations of the OMC-1 hot core are needed. It is also worth noting that if we consider
for example the measurements by Wright et al. 1996 in the Compact Ridge component (a
region about 10′′away from the hot core central position, which is also a site of mantle
evaporation and of active gas phase chemistry; e.g. Charnley et al. 1992), the CH3CN and
CH3OH abundance ratios with respect to H2CO are (surprisingly) close to those found for
the hot corinos of IRAS16293 and IRAS4A. Hence, interferometric observations of a larger
number of massive hot cores are necessary to provide a significant comparison of the hot
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corinos with their high mass counterparts.
In summary, although the present observations do not allow us to answer the questions
why and how complex molecules are formed, they do show that hot corinos, in the wide
definition of chemically enriched regions, are a common property of solar-type protostars in
the early stages. The evidence is that the types of complex molecules that are formed are
determined primarily by the composition of the grain mantles. At this stage, it is not clear
whether the evolutionary stage of the protostar plays any role at all, other than governing
the presence and size of the mantle evaporation region.
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Fig. 1.— Two low resolution spectra obtained during our observations of IRAS4A. Lines
which are not labelled are unidentified.The rms noise level is 2 mK (top spectrum)
and 12 mK (bottom spectrum).The spectral resolution is 3.3 km s−1(top) and 1.2
km s−1(bottom). The VLSR is 7.0 km s−1. Known transitions are indicated but not all
of them are detections, e.g. HCOOCH3at 90.145 GHz is not considered as such, but the
upper limit derived from it is consistent with the rotational diagram of Fig. 2.
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Fig. 2.— Rotational diagrams of the detected molecules, corrected for beam dilution. The
arrows show the upper limits for the transitions that have not been detected. Lines represent
the best fit to the data. Error bars are derived assuming a calibration uncertainty of 10%
on top of the statistical error. The excess of emission of the CH3CN transition at 210 K is
probably due to contamination from unknown line(s).
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Fig. 3.— The abundances of the observed species (reported on the x-axis) normalized to
the H2CO abundances. Stars refer to the OMC-1 hot core, squares to the hot corino of
IRAS16293 and diamonds to the one of IRAS4A. Arrows represent upper limits in IRAS4A
derived from our observations. No errors were quoted by Cazaux et al. (2003) for the
HCOOH abundance, which was determined from two transitions only and is rather uncertain.
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Table 1.Molecular lines detected toward IRAS4A.
MoleculeTransition lineFrequency
(K km s−1)
(cm−1)(km s−1)(km s−1)
80,8− 70,7
83,6− 73,5
84,5− 74,4
72,5− 62,4
80,8− 70,7
83,6− 73,5
84,5− 74,4
202,18− 192,18
203,18− 193,17
42,2− 32,1
62,4− 52,3
63,0− 53,0
62,0− 52,0
61,0− 51,0
60,0− 50,0
144,0− 134,0
143,0− 133,0
142,0− 132,0
141,0− 131,0
140,0− 130,0
aSpectral resolution of the observation (when possible, the integrated intensity was derived from the high resolution data).
bWidth of the observed line.
crms computed over the linewidth.
dAll the CH3CN lines are (unresolved) triplets. The quoted signal is the integral over each triplet. Larger linewidths could
be due to the larger spacing between the components of the triplets.
Page 13
– 13 –
Table 2.Results from the rotational diagrams for IRAS4A, in comparison with
IRAS16293 and the massive hot core OMC-1.
5.5 ± 2.7(16)
5.8 ± 1.1(16)
7.3 ±13.0(15)
2.6 ± 0.3(15)
3.4 ± 1.7(–8)
3.6 ± 0.7(–8)
4.6 ± 7.9(–9)
1.6 ± 0.2(–9)
Upper Limits
1.7 ± 0.7 (–7)
2.3 ± 0.8 (–7)
1.0 ± 0.4 (–8)
36 ± 5
10 ± 6
27 ± 1
2.4 ± 3.7(–7)
1.2 ± 0.4(–8)
aAssuming an H2 column density in the hot corino of N(H2) = 1.6 × 1024cm−2(From
Maret et al. 2004).
bFrom Cazaux et al. 2003.
cFrom Sutton et al. 1995.
dTrot assumed to be similar to the one derived for HCOOCH3-E.
eTrot assumed to be similar to the one derived for CH3CN.
fFrom Maret et al. 2004, in prep.
gFrom Maret et al. 2004.
hFrom Ceccarelli et al. 2000b.


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OLB Dan Skuta Will Have to Step Up For San Francisco 49ers
The San Francisco 49ers have more questions than usual on the defensive side of the ball heading into the 2014 season. One of the biggest questions is if outside linebacker Aldon Smith will be suspended and, if he is, for how long. If he should be suspended, one of the players that will be asked to fill that void is Dan Skuta.
Smith is scheduled to have a meeting in New York with NFL commissioner Rodger Goodell in "the near future." What will happen at the meeting only Goodell knows right now. I expect a suspension anywhere from two to four games for Smith.
Skuta will play a big role in Smith's absence. When Skuta played for the Cincinnati Bengals he played at inside linebacker. After coming to the 49ers before the 2013 season, they decided to switch him to outside linebacker. He seemed like a much more natural fit there and thrived last season when he got playing time.
Skuta saw a spike in playing time starting in Week 4 when Smith left the team to enter rehab. In the six games the 49ers played between Weeks 4-10, Skuta had nine quarterback hurries playing in roughly half of the total snaps. In those weeks, he had a 4.4 PFF (subscription) rating as well. His experience at the inside linebacker position taught him how to use leverage against bigger offensive linemen and this is what allows him to get pressure on the quarterback without having the quickest first step.
Skuta will need to step up because, while I believe fellow outside linebacker Corey Lemonier is poised to be a star, I don't think Lemonier is ready to take all the snaps quite yet. Maybe by the end of the season he'll be ready for something like that, but Smith's suspension will obviously occur at the beginning of the year. So, while Lemonier continues to hone his skills and develop, Skuta will be asked to step in. When he does, the 49ers will need him to be at the top of his game.
Brian Cox is a San Francisco 49ers writer for RantSports.com. Follow him on Twitter @bacox87, "Like" him on Facebook or add him to your network on Google.
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|Reviews for Tomato Soup
| call sign FireFly chapter 1 . 10/5/2008
Great one-shot! I totally didn't see that coming! - FireFly
| OCQueen chapter 1 . 10/4/2008
Why are all of your tories rated 'R'? This is, at most, a 'T' fic.
Anyways, I loved this! Thank youfor preenting Sasuke as the unemotional, arrogant bastard of a traitor that he is, and not some misunderstood, superpowerful teen with a few TEENY isues :B
| Hypno chapter 1 . 9/30/2008
Hahaha Tragically humorous :) I like this one, it was a good way to kill off one of the most annoying ninjas in the series. Ramen Fest shall come ! Cuz Naruto Said So!
| MoonPrincess623 chapter 1 . 9/19/2008
Wow, this took me totally by surprise. I just wanted to let you know i started a Naruto fanfic of the month forum, and someone put this story in, so I took a look at it myself. This was good, at first i thought it was a yaoi but it wasn't GREAT! Written totally beatuifully, I saw like no mistakes, I feel sorry for sasuke though.
| Silent Avid Magma chapter 1 . 9/9/2008
Lol, world domination and all that jaz.. such a hassle D
| AnotherFanfictionAddict chapter 1 . 9/6/2008
LMAO. I liked the pairing and the degrading of Sasuke.
But I have a question. How do you write summaries? (Seriously I can never do it for future fics...).
Whatever, great one-shot. Take it easy :)
| CJNyfalt chapter 1 . 8/30/2008
Good one.
| superninjamonkey chapter 1 . 8/23/2008
Excellent one-shot. I love the psychology of it.
| rldragon chapter 1 . 8/23/2008
You are starting to become very predictable. Not a good trait for an author to have, it ruins the stories. Well, it's quite a decent oneshot anyway.
| sadisticb00gers-Modus Pwnage chapter 1 . 8/18/2008
Sasuke: PWNT. I think Karin is fantastic. Most authors just gloss over her and either make her a sakura clone or super-bitch. nice.
| A chapter 1 . 8/16/2008
Cool! Great story! I love strong-naruto-kicking-sasuke's-ass-in-creative-ways!
| pax-draconix chapter 1 . 8/15/2008
That was beautiful :) I love it.
| King Hawke chapter 1 . 8/15/2008
that is a great ending for the "great Sasuke Uchiha". too bad he was so stuck up that he couldn't see what was right under his nose.
| gantz10 chapter 1 . 8/13/2008
O MY GOD THAT FANFIC WAS FUCKING GENIUS MAN YOU GOT TO MAKE ANOTHER DAMN FUCKING GOOD xD
| BetaGuy chapter 1 . 8/13/2008
A good story.


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Hi: 12° Lo:6°
By Ian Dipple Friday 01 February 2013 Updated: 01/02 12:40
TRANSFERRING the Alexandra Hospital to another Trust would not break competition law.
Eamonn Kelly, the man leading the review of hospital services in Worcestershire, said the issue of who was responsible for running the Woodrow Drive hospital was a matter for the Department of Health's own rules of co-operation and competition, not EU competition law.
Ultimately if it is decided to bring in Birmingham Trusts to run services, the final decision will be up to Health Minister Dr Dan Poulter to decide if the transfer of the Alex meets those rules.
Mr Kelly said: "These rules are complicated but it is clear this kind of proposal could be approved by the Department of Health. Transfers between NHS providers occur all the time.
"For example in 2011 we transferred a number of services to Worcestershire Acute Hospitals Trust, including the Wyre Forest Community Unit.
"As people are aware there is a lot of work still to do in respect of the Joint Services Review but we are clear that competition law wouldn't be a specific problem if the alternative providers of services were the right answer for our population."
The reassurance comes following comments made at a board meeting of Worcestershire Acute Hospitals NHS Trust in Redditch this week which suggested there could be issues around competition law which needed clarification.
Redditch MP Karen Lumley told the Standard: "As far as I'm concerned the Alexandra Hospital belongs to the NHS and that's a discussion I'm having with the Health Minister and I'm awaiting a decision as to what happens to the hospital which I am hoping is imminent."
Talks are continuing between commissioners WAHT and University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham Children's Hospital and Birmingham Women's Hospital about future service provision at the Alex.
An announcement is expected at the end of February or early March.
1 Middle schools very much alive
2 Will you be joining Alex Hospital Rally?
3 Mums plea for readers help with dream trip
4 Caught while she turned car around
5 Calls to government to halt school changes
GRITTERS will be out on the county's roads
FOUR men have been charged with murdering a
AN ELDERLY woman was left with a head
WEST Mercia Police will begin recruiting officers again
LONG-SERVING Bromsgrove district councillor and former chairman of the authority, ...
Visit the Worcester Observer website for the latest.
MORE homes than originally planned will need to be built ...
DRINKING alcohol in a popular Evesham park could be banned ...


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Star Tracks
The parents-to-be enjoy some time out in London. Plus: Justin Timberlake, Pink, Bradley Cooper and more
Credit: Juan Sharma/Bruja/Pacific Coast News
Updated: Thursday Feb 21, 2013 | 06:00 AM EST
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Stock Vector Illustration:
Victorian wrought iron fence and gates in vector format
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There's so much news going on in the world that it's hard to sit down and focus on one story to get a single blog post out of it when there's another huge story coming down the pike. Iraq, Ukraine, the VA Scandal, the dog eating Lois Lerner's emails ("Barack Obama has brought us Jimmy Carter's economy and Richard Nixon's excuses"); too damn much going on to focus on one thing. So here's a LinkSwarm instead:
Posts Tagged 'Ted Cruz'
LinkSwarm for June 18, 2014Wednesday, June 18th, 2014
Ted Cruz Addresses the 2014 Texas Republican ConventionSaturday, June 7th, 2014
Ted Cruz spoke to the Texas Republican Convention yesterday. Since I suspect most of you didn't have a chance to catch the livestream, here it is in handy YouTube form. Includes considerable criticism of Obama's foreign policy (or lack thereof).
Consider this a "Hey, it's the weekend, here's something vaguely resembling content" post.
"Patriots for Economic Freedom" is a Scam PACTuesday, May 13th, 2014
I'm on enough mailing lists that I get a lot of campaign/PAC/etc. solicitations. One of the ones I get pretty regularly in email are missives from "Patriots for Economic Freedom" seemingly soliciting for one or another notable conservative candidates.
Take, for example, this one for Ted Cruz. They've also done solicitations featuring Allen West and Mia Love, and I just got one this morning for Oklahoma Senate candidate T. W. Shannon.
Just one tiny little problem: Ted Cruz never authorized Patriots for Economic Freedom to solicit on his behalf.
Well, actually two problems: The money Patriots for Economic Freedom raises doesn't seem to get to the candidates. Indeed, the lion's share seems to go to consultants Tyler Whitney and Dan Backer.
That's right: "Patriots for Economic Freedom" is a scam PAC, and has been pulling their scam since at least 2012.
I don't know who exactly is selling Patriots for Economic Freedom their email list (though I'm looking in your direction, NRO and Breitbart), but they need to stop. Every dollar spent supporting a scam PAC is a dollar not spent actually supporting a conservative candidate.
And someone should consider suing Patriots for Economic Freedom for false advertising.
And if you want to donate to Allen West, Mia Love or T.W. Shannon, do it directly.
LinkSwarm for May 12, 2014Monday, May 12th, 2014
The late Sen. Robert Byrd, D-W.V., a former leader of the KKK, twice was elected the majority leader in the U.S. Senate and served a 6-year stint as, ironically, minority leader in between. Add Harry Reid, Joe Biden, Bill Clinton and countless others to the list of elected Democrats who've said things just as racist as Sterling, yet faced no consequences.
To liberals, people are their skin color first, and that should dictate their thoughts and behavior. To stray from that is somehow a betrayal. It's the basest form of racism, even if the victim and the perpetrator share the same melanin.
To progressives, you aren't an individual, you're your skin. Clarence Thomas isn't a man, he's a black man. He isn't an American, he's an African American. It's the prefix, not the person, that matters. That, at its core, is racism.
(Hat tip: Instapundit.)
The Left's focus on the status of wealthy and high-income Americans is precisely backward — backward if improving the lives and opportunities of those born into poverty is your goal. If your goal is to increase the income and power of the public sector for your own economic and political ends, then of course it makes more sense to focus on the rich: That's where the money is, and the perverse reality of the Left is that it cannot fortify its own interests by improving the lives of the poor but can do so by pillaging the rich."
Ted Cruz Updates His List of Obama's Abuse of PowerFriday, May 9th, 2014
Ted Cruz has thoughtfully compiled a fourth list of Obama Administration abuses of power. If you've been following the ObamaCare, IRS and Benghazi scandals, there might not be anything you haven't already heard, but it's nice to have them all in one place. There's also mention of more obscure Obama Administration abuses of power, such as violation of the Magnitsky Act, or paying $205,075 to relocate a $16 shrub. Moreover, every item in the list is sourced, most to MSM outfits that liberals can't dismiss summarily dismiss.
Read the whole thing, then send a copy to any undecided voters you know.
If You Don't Think Ted Cruz is Running for President in 2016, You Haven't Seen His ScheduleFriday, April 11th, 2014
Some political observers think Ted Cruz will pass on running in the 2016 Presidential race, including the very perceptive liberal law professor Alan Dershowitz, who says flatly that "Cruz won't run in 2016."
I would suggest to those who don't think Cruz is running should look at his travel schedule. This Saturday, for example, Cruz has a pretty hectic itinerary in New Hampshire:
Saturday, April 12
10:00 am ET – Nashua
Greater Nashua NHGOP Day of Action Rally
Nashua City Hall, Back Parking Lot
229 Main Street
Nashua, NH 03060
11:00 am ET – Manchester
Greater Manchester NHGOP Day of Action Rally
Livingston Park, Pool Parking Lot
14 Red Coat Lane (off Hooksett Road)
Manchester, NH 03104
1:35 pm ET – Manchester
Sen. Cruz to hold media availability
The Executive Court
Media Room
1199 South Mammoth Road
Manchester, NH 03109
2:15 pm ET – Manchester
Sen. Cruz to speak at Americans for Prosperity "Freedom Summit"
The Executive Court
1199 South Mammoth Road
Manchester, NH 03109
He's also been to Iowa this year:
Tuesday, March 18
1:40 pm CT – Des Moines, IA
Sen. Cruz speaks at the Network of Iowa Christian Home Educators (NICHE) Homeschool Day at the Capitol
Marriott Hotel Downtown
Iowa Ballroom
700 Grand Avenue
Des Moines, IA 50309
7:40 pm CT – Mason City, IA
Sen. Cruz speaks at the Cerro Gordo County GOP Dinner
The Music Man Square
308 South Pennsylvania Avenue
Mason City, IA 50401
There were a significant number of events in Iowa and new Hampshire last year as well:
Friday, October 25
7:00 pm – Des Moines, IA
Sen. Cruz keynotes 2013 Iowa GOP Ronald Reagan Dinner
Community Choice Credit Union Convention Center
Iowa Events Center
730 3rd Street
Des Moines, IA 50309
NOTE: Sen. Cruz speaks at ~7:30 pm; he will take questions from the press following the program in room 402.
Saturday, October 26
12:00 pm – Les Mars, IA
Sen. Cruz Speaks at Defenders of Freedom Banquet
Le Mars Convention Center
Banquet Hall
275 12th Street, SE
Le Mars, IA 51031
NOTE: Sen. Cruz speaks at ~1:05 pm; he will take questions from the press following the program.
Friday, August 23 – Dublin, New Hampshire
4:45 p.m. ET
Media Availability
Knollwood Farm
4 Windmill Hill Road
Dublin, NH 03444
6:30 p.m. ET
New Hampshire GOP Summer Backyard Party
Knollwood Farm
4 Windmill Hill Road
Dublin, NH 03444
On Saturday, August 10, U.S. Senator Ted Cruz will speak at the Family Leadership Summit in Ames, Iowa.
Saturday, August 10
3:50 p.m. – Ames, IA
Iowa State University
Stephens Auditorium
400 Beach Avenue
Ames, IA 50011
*NOTE: Sen. Cruz's father, Rafael Cruz, will speak prior to the Senator at 3:35 p.m.
If Cruz isn't running, he's sure spending an awful lot of time in Iowa and New Hampshire for a Senator from Texas.
For an additional data point, note that there's already a Draft Ted Cruz Super PAC that just happens to be run by Cruz regional director Raz Shafer (and a rare kudo for David Weigel for doing the leg, er, Google and WHOIS work).
Finally, this video on the Ted Cruz for Senate YouTube channel sure sounds like a campaign ad:
If I had to bet money, I'd say Cruz is running for the Presidency in 2016, and I think he'll make a formidable candidate.
Cost Per Vote for the Texas PrimaryThursday, March 6th, 2014
The Texas Tribune has a fascinating chart up showing the cost per vote for Texas races.
A few highlight:
The highest amount per vote was spent by Republican Chart Westcott for state House District 108, spending an eye-popping $1,197,762.24 for a measly 3,709 votes, or $322.9 per vote (which did get him into the runoff). Second biggest amount spent for vote? House Speaker (and Tea Party foe) Joe Straus House District 121 (R) spent $2,578,942.72 to get 9,224 votes, or $279.59 a vote. I guess Straus' special interest backers consider it money well-spent.
Most effective use of money? The two sitting Supreme Court incumbents who didn't spend anything:
Incumbency + Ted Cruz Endorsement = millions, evidently (at least in judicial races).
Now I'm going to post this just to get myself to stop playing with those figures…
A Quick Overview of Primary ResultsWednesday, March 5th, 2014
A very brief look at last night's primary results:
LinkSwarm for February 25, 2014Tuesday, February 25th, 2014
Another roundup of tab-clearing news, much of which got pushed aside by Ukraine updates:
Human progress is not a natural evolutionary course. Nor is it an entitlement. Civilization can be broken pic.twitter.com/JWnF8O5zRg
— ★Cassie (@Cassie_Troy) February 13, 2014
LinkSwarm for January 17, 2014Friday, January 17th, 2014
Welcome to your complimentary Friday LinkSwarm. I
steal collect these from all over, including Ace of Spades HQ, Instapundit, Twitter, Facebook, and a dozen other places
In 2009, retiring Arkansas representative Marion Berry presciently warned that Obamacare was setting up the Democrats for a huge defeat in the 2010 midterms, just like "Hillarycare" had led to a loss of 54 House seats in 1994. Obama scoffed at such concerns. According to Berry, the president told him, "Well, the big difference here and in '94 was you've got me." Republicans went on to win 63 House seats and six Senate seats. It was the largest swing in the House since 1938. So I guess the difference was him.
I am heartened to see that not a single commenter supports his absurdist whitewash.


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text:
US 'disappointed UN rights council continues to single out Israel'
WATCH LIVE: Israel's ambassador to UN addresses Security Council on Mideast minorities
'Netanyahu has burned his bridges with Black Democrats'
Israel to resume tax revenue transfers to the Palestinian Authority
Health Ministry: Watch those eggs
Elusive answer to length of Saturn's day reached with TAU, Weizmann team
Yad Sarah prints large-font Haggada
Science, Technology and Space Ministry names Arab chemical engineer its deputy chief scientist
Eco Wave Power to establish its first Chinese power station
Watch: Technion students recreate Passover story with robots
Noble Energy walks away from Ruth C exploration license
Cyber Chief: 8% of ministry budgets should go to cyber security
Texas artists exhibit in Israel
The man behind 'The Missing Picture'
Concert Review: Mark Lanegan
The blizzard is over
Scuffling Maccabi must dig deep on road at group leader Real
Preview: Unbeaten Israel in for tough tests at home
Similar starting lineup expected for Israel
Ga'ash teams up with Cigar for 9-hole event
Serry: Time to replace 242 with new 'peace architecture'
Dalya Lemkus' terrorist murderer sentenced to 2 life prison terms
Terror attack thwarted after bomb found near Hebron's Cave of the Patriarchs
Amnesty International charges Palestinians with war crimes during Gaza conflict
French company quits Jerusalem cable car project
German party's petition to recognize Palestinian state 'won't pass'
Spain close to granting citizenship to relatives of Jews expelled in 1492
Movie mogul Harvey Weinstein urges Jews to kick anti-Semites 'in the ass'
Reporter's Notebook: In Mariupol, a war only minutes away
Lauder criticizes US efforts against 'new anti-Semitism' in Europe
Turkey unveils Great Synagogue as Jewish population fades
'Time for Iran to make tough decisions in nuclear talks,' US says
France to begin push for UN resolution on Israel-Palestine in 'coming weeks'
Iran, six powers demand mutual concessions in tense nuclear talks
Golan Heights residents arrested on suspicion of spying for Syria
Palestinian Authority announces support for Arab coalition against Yemen rebels
Into the Fray: It's Arab enmity – not Arab ethnicity
My Word: Safe and unsound
Parting Shot: Tentative steps
Restarting the US-Israel relationship depends on Palestinians too
Column One: Managing Obama's war against Israel
The blood libel Haggada
The turning point
Travel tech start-ups
On wings of carbon
Veterans: On target
Fusing modern and traditional in the kitchen
Book Review: Perceptive Haggada
Hot off the Arab press
Let's cooperate
Shabbat screenings
Passover perspective
On the field and in court
Happily Eva After: Times, they are a-interestin'
Music and the mamaloshen
What's the catch?
Kayaking for gold on the Kinneret
Palestine – words matter but their meaning matters more
A nuclear deal with Iran – would it stick?
When words matter and when they don't
Countering Iran and IS – Muslims take action
'מְלָגוֹת 'צוּק אֵיתָן
עוֹלִים חֲדָשִים
כּוּלָם רוֹצִים לִחְיוֹת
יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּמַבָּט פָּנוֹרָמִי
Getting a young start
A culinary festival starring the women next door
Global girl power
Apartheid South Africa: Israel edition
Sa'ar says national unity government is 'still on the table'
Israeli parties prepare legislative demands for Netanyahu's new coalition
With full term possible, Netanyahu may outlast Ben-Gurion (and Obama)
Arab sector turnout for recent elections reached 63.5%, polling data shows
Joubran: Polls have to include parties that don't pass threshold
Unconvincing ISIS video shows Assyrian captive converting to Islam
'Those who hate Jews hate Christians': A closer look at US Presidential hopeful Ted Cruz
WATCH: Pope Francis receives a pizz-a Naples cuisine
Top 10 must do experiences over Easter and Passover in the Holy Land
The hidden anti-Semitism in European church art
Green Leadership Conference in Hamalachim-Shahariya Forest
Scenic Lookout in Memory of Lt-Gen. Amnon Lipkin Shahak
Following in the Footsteps of Meir Har-Zion
Celebrating the 100th Birthday Anniversary of Sculptor Ahiam Shoshany
French Students Get to Know the Real Israel
Serbian PM Plants a Tree in the Grove of Nations
Sharing and Learning - German Forestry Students Intern with KKL-JNF
Israel and Finland Connect through the Environment
New Bio-filters Purify Surface Runoff Water for Reuse
Future Tour Guides Discover the Negev with KKL-JNF
The Shamir Drilling Project
Graduation Ceremony for Rosh HaAyin's Volunteer Firefighters
From Sunny Israel to Cold Canada
Walking for Water with KKL France in the Mountains of Eilat
JNF Ontario Community Mission Tours the Western Negev
Celebrating 50 Years of German-Israeli Diplomatic Relations
The Negev Conference on Agricultural Research and Development
Arava Open Day: Food Security for Israel and the Entire World
Living Green in Israel: the Contest and the Winners
Addressing Climate Change Conference
From Think Tank to Environmental Consultant
Award Winning Designer Launches Career as Wedding Dressmaker
Outdoor Fitness Israel: An Innovative Fitness Program Developed By UK Olim
The Burstein Brothers: 3 Oleh Siblings in the IDF
5 Tips to Land a Job in Israel
Starting Your Own Business in Israel: Real Life Examples
5 Strategies for Finding Your Professional Place in Israel
PetBNB:An Olah's Unusual Canine Startup
36 Hours in Southern Israel
Food Shopping In Israel
How Women Can Have it All in Israel
The Eisenberg's Long Journey Home
Why Retirees are Thriving in Israel
Thanks to Aliyah video
6 Frequently Asked Questions about Israeli Healthcare
Starting Over in Israel
VIDEO: Are you ready for the South?
Sovev Tel Aviv, Israel's Largest Biking Event
Running Through Color
Formula 1 Racecars Zip Through Jerusalem
Make yourself at home… in Israel
NBN Announces Bonei Zion Prize Recipients for 2015
NefeshB'Nefesh Provides Services to Bnot Sherut
How Doctors Are Impacting Israel's South
Over 1,000 IDF 'lone soldiers' attend personal errand day in Tel Aviv
03.28.2015 | 8 Nisan, 5775
Promising trend of prosecution for environmental crimes, officials say
Yazidi boy recovering from surgery in Israel, father worried about family in Iraq
Portions of the Western Wall may be facing problematic erosion
Israeli math team take top prize for the first time at International Mathematics Competition
Israeli Ebola researcher unique in learning how some victims survive
State and local council to replace asbestos roofs in the line of fire from Gaza
Environment Ministry says oil shale pilot project in Shfela is environmentally destructive
MK Henin: Immediate action is needed to curb pollution levels in the Haifa Bay
'Export of Leviathan gas to Turkey unlikely without improvement in political ties'
NGOs to panel: Public must benefit more from profits on natural resources
Ministerial committee approves new land, sea gas reception terminals
Exploratory oil drilling in Golan Heights approved
12/16/2013 21:05
Dead Sea.
(photo credit:www.goisrael.com)
If the government chooses to significantly raise royalties or taxes connected to mining mineral resources, companies like Israel Chemicals (ICL) may have reason to turn elsewhere, the firm's CEO warned on Monday."The world today does not need the 3.5 to 4 million tons from the Dead Sea," said Stefan Borgas, president and CEO of ICL. "Why is Israel discouraging us from fighting for our lives in this country?" Borgas was addressing members of the Sheshinski Committee 2, headed by Prof. Eytan Sheshinski, which aims to examine the state's royalty policies for exploitation of natural resources. The purpose of establishing the new committee, an initiative of Finance Minister Yair Lapid, was to ensure that the state is receiving proper compensation for private use of national natural resources. At the moment, Dead Sea Works, a subsidiary of ICL, pays the government 10 percent in royalties for the mineral resources the company exploits.Approved by the Knesset in March 2011, the conclusions of the first Sheshinski Committee determined a new taxation method for the exploitation of Israeli oil and gas, resources that are not under review again in Sheshinski 2. The new legislation kept gas and oil royalty rates intact at 12.5% but increased profit levies initially to 20%, enabling them to eventually rise to 60% by means of an "R-factor" formula – with net cumulative revenues divided by exploration and development expenses.At the Monday meeting, Borgas emphasized that natural resource mining is actually only a small component of ICL's operations, in comparison to its development and use of various technologies in the agricultural, food and engineered materials sectors.Among the end products that ICL produces are fertilizer, very sophisticated food ingredients and improved industrial materials, such as those with reduced flammability. ICL also owns power facilities and provides desalination technologies to Israel and the rest of the world, Borgas explained."This is what ICL does, build a long value chain," he said. "We do not scoop up a cup of water from the Dead Sea and sell it to a farmer."Between raw materials and the end customer stands billions of dollars worth of investments and technologies, according to Borgas.Praising his company for increasing its annual potash output to 4 million tons, Borgas said that ICL was able to do so without significantly raising Dead Sea water use. Potash is mined and manufactured salts containing potassium in a water-soluble form. Effective plant fertilizers need nitrogen, phosphate and potash, he explained.Israel is the source of 50% of ICL sales, as well as home to 45% of the company's employees and 35% of its public stakeholders, Borgas told committee participants. ICL directly exports 95% of everything it makes in Israel, and 4% goes to Haifa Chemicals, which also exports the products."Israel Chemicals is named Israel Chemicals for a reason," he said. "Israel is our home base and it will stay our home base, and it means a lot to us."Despite the fact that Israel is ICL's home, Borgas explained that investing in Israel has become very unprofitable in comparison to countries like Spain. Other countries around the world with large potash reserves are doing more to incentivize companies interested in producing the resource, he added.Warning that there could be a harsh reality if ICL investment amounts fall too low, Borgas reminded committee members that the company's Dead Sea concession with the government ends in 2030 – an amount of time that he described as "a blink of an eye."A process of seeking out alternatives elsewhere has already begun, as ICL's trust in "the decision-making speed in the government is not very high," Borges said. On phosphates specifically, ICL has been losing money in Israel since October 2013 and already had to lay off 127 employees. Without export increases and permit approvals, the company cannot raise the number of jobs, Borgas stressed."The government is on the highway itself to reduce its own revenues and to reduce the exports of the country," he said.Although in response to Borgas's statements, Sheshinski acknowledged that a government outsourcing resources to private enterprises must provide business incentives, he also stressed that "at the same time we have to look for a balance."To this, Borgas retorted, "This balance gives us a lot of hope, because we are already out of balance now."
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Telephone & Addresses
(1 - 4 from 141
Earl Hughes
07083 Union NJ
Earl Hughes
34231 Sarasota FL
Earl Hughes
62864 Mount Vernon IL
Earl Hughes, Bakersfield, US, Crawford St
View Earl's social profiles and photos on Facebook, MySpace, and +40 Networks.
Yellow Page contacts
Network Profiles
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Hughes, David Earl - Chattanoogan.com
Monday, August 23, 2004. David Earl Hughes, 48, of Chattanooga, died Sunday, August 22, 2004, at his home. Born in Peoria, Illinois, David Earl had lived in ...
Robert Earl Hughes 486kgs - Taringa!
Robert Earl Hughes (4 June 1926 – 10 July 1958), fue durante su vida el hombre mas pesado del mundo. Nacio en Baylis, Illinois en 1926, a la ...
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Mom's Old Scrapbook: He Was Hefty... Robert Earl Hughes.. (1957)
Robert Earl Hughes (b. 4 June 1926 - d. 10 July 1958 in Baylis, Illinois, United States) was, during his lifetime, the heaviest human being ...
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Robert Earl Hughes
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Huguenot High School, Richmond, VA, 1989-1993
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Malad High School, Malad City, ID, 1968-1972
classmates: Earl Hughes
Beavercreek High School, Beavercreek, OH, 1996-2000
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Bladensburg High School, Bladensburg, MD, 1964-1968
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Wikipedia: Robert Earl Hughes
(4 June 1926 – 10 July 1958) was, during his lifetime, the heaviest human being recorded in the history of the world. "Robert Hughes" - Brainy History
Bad news
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legacy.com: Earl Hughes
Earl Hughes, 81, Kinston, died 03-20-2011. Arrangements: Rouse FH, LaGrange.
legacy.com: Earl Hughes
In Loving Memory of Earl Hughes who passed away on December 16, 2013.
legacy.com: Earl Hughes
Earl G. Hughes Saratoga Springs, NY – Earl G. Hughes passed away Monday (Dec. 16, 2013), while wintering in Port St. Lucie, Florida. He was 92. Born on Dec. 26, 1920 in
Robert Earl Hughes - BillionGraves
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Earl Hughes (deceased) - Genealogy - Geni
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Earl Hughes 1899 - Need Family Tree
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Robert Earl Hughes | Barnes & Noble
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Johnson County, Kentucky: History and Families
I945)and Edwin Earl Hughes (bom Feb. 22. I949|. all at Painlsville. KY. The family resided in Painlsville wilh all children graduating from Painlsville High School.
Robert Earl Hughes by Jesse Russell | 9785511576169 | Paperback |...
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Related Documents
Earl Hughes Burgest v. USA, No. 08-11344 (11th Cir. 2009) :: Justia
Justia Free Databases of US Court of Appeals Cases Earl Hughes Burgest v. USA.
Hughes, Charles Earl
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21.08.2007 by Robert Gale Once the world's heaviest man, Robert Earl Hughes holds the title for having the world's largest chest measurement ever recorded on a human at 124 inches (10 feet 4 inches or 3.15 m). His weight peaked at 486 kg (1069...
Video & Audio
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Earl Hughes " I'll Be Gone" - YouTube
17.03.2010 · Just keep your eyes on the baptistry!!! ... This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Robert Earl Hughes | Tune.pk
... his name and Phil Luciano for a great four-part article about him from earlier this year. Music: Robert Earl Hughes by Thunderegg http://www.thunderegg.org.
Earl Hughes - Hudl - Sports Video …
Check out Earl Hughes's Football highlights on Hudl. Earl Hughes goes to Virginia State University in Petersburg, VA. Earl Hughes plays for the team Mens ...
Remembering US-101's David Earl …
21.08.2014 · US-101's Sammy George & Dex speaking at memorial service for David Earl Hughes, who died August 22, 2004 at the age of 48. He was an award ...
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Robert Earl Hughes | GoUpstate.com
CHESNEE, SC-- Mr. Robert Earl Hughes, son of Rufus Hughes Sr. and the late Ella Mae Hughes. He was born on April 9, 1971. He departed ...
Megan Elizabeth Creamer became the bride of Albert Earl Hughes Jr., who goes by A.J., at 6 p.m. Saturday, Oct. 26, in St.
David Earl Hughes, 48 Chattanooga, Tenn. - Google News
David Earl had lived in Chattanooga for the past 30 years. He was a member of Maplewood Baptist Church in Nashville, Tenn, He was a well-known radio ...
Robert Earl Hughes - Sideshow Wiki
Robert Earl Hughes (b. 4 June 1926 - d. 10 July 1958 in Baylis, Illinois) was, during his lifetime, the heaviest human being recorded in the history of the world.
Reports & Statements
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Christian Nightmares, Earl Hughes sings "I'll Be Gone" while ...
Earl Hughes sings "I'll Be Gone" while men fired up on Jesus leap and run around the church, and one somersaults before plunging into the baptismal (Thanks ...
robert earl hughes | Tumblr
Found this image of Robert Earl Hughes that I've never seen before! One of the world's first heaviest humans of all time! Top weight 1,069 pounds! fatfanplus.
Jan 28th, 2015 - Bigger Is ALWAYS Better. - Tumblr
Found this image of Robert Earl Hughes that I've never seen before! One of the world's first heaviest humans of all time! Top weight 1069 ...
Robert Earl Hughes | Travalanche
Today is the birthday of Robert Earl Hughes (1926-1958). Along with General Tom Thumb, Hughes was one of the first famous "human ...
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John Earl Hughes - Yahoo Local
Find John Earl Hughes in Slocomb with Address, Phone number from Yahoo US Local. Includes John Earl Hughes Reviews, maps & directions to John Earl ...
Agent profile for Earl Hughes - Property24
Agent profile for Earl Hughes. ... Earl Hughes. Home · Estate Agencies in South Africa · Just Property Group · Newcastle Just Letting; Earl Hughes ...
Earl Hughes Archives - Recruit 757
L.C. Bird RB Earl Hughes Fights Off Briar Woods Defenders (Photo: Sam Mizelle/. by Andy Hilton, recruit757 The snow started falling just before game time in ...
Earl Hughes Archives - Recruit804Recruit804
Earl Hughes of L.C. Bird fights through Falcon tacklers (Photo: Sam Mizelle/recruit757. by Andy Hilton, recruit757 The snow started falling just before game time ...
Earl Hughes Oxendine Endowed Memorial Scholarship ...
Schoolsoup.com » Scholarships » Scholarships by State » Earl Hughes Oxendine Endowed Memorial ... Earl Hughes Oxendine Endowed Memorial Scholarship ...
Earl Hughes | olm.rocks | original live music
Earl Hughes, "Train Riding Man", Clem's, November 3, 2014. Click to Listen… Tags: Earl Hughes, Clem's, open mic, video, fiddle, guitar, bass.
Ellis Earl Hughes, Jr. | Malvern Daily Record
Ellis Earl Hughes, Jr. (Old Blue), age 70, of Hot Springs, formerly of Malvern went to be with his Savior on January 12, 2014. He requested his body to be ...
List of homes on Earl Hughes St in 76264 - Zillow
This is a list of all homes and buildings on Earl Hughes St in 76264.
Robert Earl Hughes - Il-Mo Entity Trackers
Robert Earl Hughes. June 4, 1926 to July 10, 1958. Robert Earl started off life as a big boy, weighing 11¼ pounds at birth. He was a normal child until the age of ...
Robert Earl Hughes | THUNDEREGG
Robert Earl Hughes by THUNDEREGG, released 18 November 1997 We drove like hell for Monticello to the grave of Robert Hughes and at twelve tolls of the ...
Yukon Song (split with Earl Hughes) - Museum of Canadian ...
Hauschild, George & Carole - Yukon Song (split with Earl Hughes). Format: 45. Label: Stamp ST 49X Year: 1973. Origin: Penticton, British Columbia Genre: folk
Charles Earl Hughes, Jr. - Down Funeral Home
This is the permanent online memorial and Life Legacy for Charles Earl Hughes, Jr.. Please join us in Loving, Sharing and Memorializing, ...
Earl Hughes Jr. Obituary - Nixon Lewis Funeral Home
Obituary Earl Hughes Jr. was born April 23, 1960, in Washington, D.C., to Earl Hughes Sr. and the late Annette Alston. Earl Hughes Sr. and ...
Earl Hughes Newsome - Feb 25, 1969 - Mar 24, 2015
Earl Hughes Newsome. SHARE. Services Provided By. Owens Funeral Service. Earl Hughes Newsome. Feb 25, 1969 - Mar 24, 2015. Obituary · Memory Wall ...
Earl Hughes | #20 | WR | Virginia State - CIAA
Earl Hughes | #20 | WR | Virginia State. gp, yds, yds/g, td. 11, 120, 10.9, 0. Player Profile · Game Log · Split Stats. Recent Games. Oct 25, Lincoln (Pa.) W, 63-7.
Evangelist Earl Hughes - Bible Believers Baptist Church
Evangelist Earl Hughes. « Back to Album, Photo 12 of 15, Previous | Next · Evangelist Earl Hughes. Posted by bbbc1611 on September 13, 2010, Full Size| ...
Grave of Robert Earl Hughes, World's Heaviest Man
Visit reports, news, maps, directions and info on Grave of Robert Earl Hughes, World's Heaviest Man in Benville, Illinois.
In Memory of Earl Hughes -- Rouse Funeral Home
This is the permanent online memorial and Life Legacy for Earl Hughes. Please join us in Loving, Sharing and Memorializing, through stories, ...
In Memory of Forest Earl Hughes, Jr. - Pope Funeral Home
This is the permanent online memorial and Life Legacy for Forest Earl Hughes, Jr.. Please join us in Loving, Sharing and Memorializing, ...
Robert Earl Hughes , obituary | Bremen Public Library ...
Obituary Record 100975. Robert Earl Hughes. Date of Birth: 6/4/1926 (Fri). Date of Death: 7/10/1958 (Thu). Age: 32. Source: The Bremen Enquirer. Source Date ...
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