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NANO EXPRESSOpen Access
On the direct insulator-quantum Hall transition in
two-dimensional electron systems in the vicinity
of nanoscaled scatterers
Chi-Te Liang1*, Li-Hung Lin2, Kuang Yao Chen1, Shun-Tsung Lo1, Yi-Ting Wang1, Dong-Sheng Lou3, Gil-Ho Kim4,
Yuan-Huei Chang1, Yuichi Ochiai5, Nobuyuki Aoki5, Jeng-Chung Chen3, Yiping Lin3, Chun-Feng Huang6,
Sheng-Di Lin7, David A Ritchie8
A direct insulator-quantum Hall (I-QH) transition corresponds to a crossover/transition from the insulating regime to
a high Landau level filling factor ν > 2 QH state. Such a transition has been attracting a great deal of both
experimental and theoretical interests. In this study, we present three different two-dimensional electron systems
(2DESs) which are in the vicinity of nanoscaled scatterers. All these three devices exhibit a direct I-QH transition,
and the transport properties under different nanaoscaled scatterers are discussed.
The simultaneous presence of disorder and a strong
enough magnetic field B can lead to a wide variety of
interesting physical phenomena. For example, the inte-
ger quantum Hall effect is one of the most exciting
effects in two-dimensional electron systems (2DES), in
which the electrons are usually confined in layers of the
nanoscale [1]. In an integer quantum Hall (QH) state,
the current is carried by the one-dimensional edge
channels because of the localization effects. It has been
shown that with sufficient amount of disorder, a 2DES
can undergo a B-induced insulator to quantum Hall
transition [2-5]. Experimental evidence for such an insu-
lator-quantum Hall (I-QH) transition is an approxi-
mately temperature (T)-independent point in the
measured longitudinal resistivity of a 2DES [3-5]. The I-
QH transition continues to attract a great deal of inter-
est both experimentally and theoretically as it may shed
light on the fate of extended states [6-10], the true
ground state of a non-interacting 2DES [2], and a possi-
ble metal-insulator transition in 2D [11,12].
It is worth pointing out that in order to observe an I-
QH transition separating the zero-field insulator from
the QH liquid, one needs to deliberately introduce
strong disorder within a 2DES. The reason for this is
that the localization length needs to be shorter than the
sample size. In the study by Jiang and co-workers [2], a
2DES without a spacer layer in which strong Coulomb
scattering exists was used. Wang et al. utilized a 30-nm-
thick heavily doped GaAs layer so as to allow the posi-
tively charged Si atoms to introduce long-range random
potential in the 2DES [3]. Hughes et al. have shown that
when a Si-doped plane was incorporated into a 550-nm-
thick GaAs film, a deep potential well can form in
which the 2DES is confined close to the ionized donors
and is therefore highly disordered [4]. It has been shown
that by deliberately introducing nanoscaled InAs quan-
tum dots [13] in the vicinity of a modulation-doped
GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure, a strongly disordered
2DES which shows an I-QH transition can be experi-
mentally realized [14,15].
The transition/crossover from an insulator to a QH
state of the filling factor ν > 2 in an ideal spinless 2DES
can be denoted as the direct I-QH transition [16-19].
Such a transition has been attracting a great deal of
interest and remains an unsettled issue. Experimental
[16-19] and theoretical results [9,10] suggest that such a
direct transition can occur, and it is a quantum phase
transition. However, Huckestein [20] has argued that
such a direct transition is not a quantum phase
* Correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.com
1Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
Liang et al. Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:131
© 2011 Liang et al; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
Page 2
transition, but a narrow crossover in B due to weak
localization to Landau quantization.
In this study, the authors compare three different elec-
tron systems containing nanoscaled scatterers which all
show a direct I-QH transition. The first sample is a
GaAs 2DES containing self-assembled nanoscaled InAs
quantum dots [13,14,21-23].
The second one is a 2DES in a nominally undoped
AlGaN/GaN heterostructure [24-33] grown on Si sub-
strate [33,34]. Such a GaN-based electron system can be
affected by nanoscaled dislocation and impurities [35].
Finally, experimental results on the third sample, a
delta-doped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well with additional
modulation doping [36,37], will be presented. All the
experimental results on the three completely different
samples show that the direct I-QH transition does not
occur with the onset of strong localization due to
Landau quantization [20,38]. Therefore, in order to
obtain a thorough understanding of the direct I-QH
transition, further studies are required.
Experimental details
Figure 1a,b,c show the structures of the three devices,
Sample A, Sample B, and Sample C, considered in this
study. Sample A is a GaAs/AlGaAs 2DES containing
self-assembled InAs quantum dots. Sample B is an
AlGaN/GaN heterostructure grown on Si. Such a system
is fully compatible with Si CMOS technology and is thus
Figure 1 Schematic diagrams showing the structure of (a) Sample A, (b) Sample B, and (c) Sample C.
Liang et al. Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:131
Page 2 of 7
Page 3
of great potential applications. Sample C is a delta-
doped quantum well with additional delta-doping. Since
the electrons in the quantum well in sample B are in
close proximity of nanoscaled dislocation and impurities,
the 2DES is strongly influenced by these nanoscaled
scatterers. In fact, these scatterers provide scattering
which is required for observing the I-QH transition [16].
On the other hand, the scatterings in samples A and C
are mainly due to the self-assembled quantum dots and
the delta-doping in the quantum well, respectively.
Recent studies focussing on alloy disorder in AlxGa1-
xAs/GaAs heterostructure [39-41] have shown that
2DESs influenced by short-range disorder provides an
excellent opportunity to connect the Anderson localiza-
tion theory with real experimental systems [41]. More-
over, the nature of disorder may affect scaling behavior
in the plateau-plateau (P-P) transition at high B [39-41],
and the P-P and I-QH transitions may be considered as
the same universality class [42]. Therefore, it may be
interesting to investigate the direct I-QH transitions
under different scattering types at low magnetic fields.
In this article, such low-field direct transitions in sam-
ples A, B, and C are compared.
Figure 2 shows a TEM image of the wafer for fabricat-
ing Sample A. Very uniform nanoscaled InAs quantum
dots can be seen. These nano-scattering centers provide
strong scattering in the vicinity of the 2DES in the
GaAs. The dimensions of the quantum dot are esti-
mated to be 20 nm in diameter and 4 nm in height.
Experiments were performed in a top-loading He3 cryo-
stat equipped with a superconductor magnet. Four-
terminal resistance measurements were performed using
standard phase-sensitive lock-in techniques.
Results and discussions
Figure 3 shows the longitudinal magnetoresistivity mea-
surements on Sample A as a function of B at various
temperatures. It can be seen that at a crossing field Bc
= 0.9 T, rxxis approximately T-independent. For B <Bc,
rxxdecreases with increasing temperature, characteristics
of an insulating regime [16]. For B >Bc, rxxincreases
with increasing temperature, and therefore the 2DES is
in the quantum Hall regime. As the 2DES enters the ν =
4 QH state from the insulating regime, a direct 0-4 tran-
sition where the symbol 0 corresponds to the insulator
has been observed. It is worth pointing out that before
the 2DES enters the ν = 4 QH state, resistance oscilla-
tions due to Landau quantization in the insulating
regime have already been observed [15,19,21]. Therefore,
the experimental results of this study clearly demon-
strate that the crossover from localization from Landau
quantization actually covers a wide range of magnetic
field, in sharp contrast to Huckestein's argument
As mentioned earlier, a GaN-based electron system can
be affected by nanoscaled dislocation and impurities. It is
therefore interesting to study such a system. Figure 4
shows magnetoresistance measurements on Sample B as
a function of magnetic field at different temperatures.
The data deviate slightly from the expected symmetric
behavior, i.e., R(B) = R(-B). The reason for this could be
due to slight misalignment of the voltage probes. Never-
theless, it can be seen that at Bc= 11 Tand -Bc= -11 T,
the measured resistances are approximately temperature
independent. The corresponding Landau level filling fac-
tor is about 50 in this case. Therefore, a direct 0-50 tran-
sition has been observed. Note that even at the highest
attainable field of approximately 15 T, there is no sign of
resistance oscillations due to the moderate mobility of
our GaN system. Therefore, the experimental results of
this study clearly demonstrate that the observed direct I-
QH transition is irrelevant to Landau quantization.
Therefore, the onset of Landau quantization does not
necessarily accompany the direct I-QH transition, incon-
sistent with Huckestein's model [20].
Figure 5 shows magnetoresistance measurements on
Sample C as a function of magnetic field at various tem-
peratures. It can be seen that the 2DES undergoes a 0-8
transition characterized by an approximately tempera-
ture-independent point in rxxat the crossing field Bc.
Near the crossing field, rxxis very close to rxythough rxy-
shows a weak T dependence. For B <Bc, no resistance
oscillation is observed. At first glance, our experimental
results are consistent with Huckestein's model. How-
ever, it is noted that Landau quantization should be
linked with quantum mobility, not classical Drude mobi-
lity [36]. Moreover, the observed oscillations for B >Bc
do not always correspond to formation of quantum Hall
states. As mentioned in our previous study [36], the
observed oscillations can be well approximated by con-
ventional Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) formalism. It is
noted that the SdH formula is derived without consider-
ing quantum localization effects which give rise to for-
mation of quantum Hall state. Therefore, quantum
localization effects are not significant in the system
under this study. Actually, as shown in Figure 6, the
crossing point in sxyat around 7.9 Tmay correspond to
the extended states due to the onset of the strong locali-
zation effects. Therefore, in this study, the onset of
strong localization actually occurs at a magnetic field
approximately 4 Thigher than the crossing point.
It has been suggested that by converting the measured
resistivities into longitudinal and Hall conductivities, it is
possible to shed more light on the observed I-QH
Liang et al. Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:131
Page 3 of 7
Page 4
transition [5]. Figure 6 shows such results at various tem-
peratures. Interestingly, for B < 5 T,sxyis nominally T
independent. Such data are consistent with electron-elec-
tron interaction effects. Over the whole measurement
range, sxxdecreases with increasing T, consistent with
electron-electron interaction effects. Unlike sxy, sxxshows
a significant Tdependence.
By inspecting the conductivies, previously the authors
have studied the renormalized mobility [43] of a GaN-
based 2DES at high temperatures (Sample B) [44]. It is
Figure 2 A plane-view of TEM image of the wafer which was cut to fabricate sample A.
Liang et al. Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:131
Page 4 of 7
Page 5
therefore interesting to study such a mobility for both
Sample A and Sample C. It has been suggested the elec-
tron-electron interaction effects can renormalize the
mobility μ' given by
( ' )
( ' )
Figure 7 and the inset to Figure 7 show sxyand sxx,
together with fits to Equations 1 and 2 over limited
ranges for Sample C, respectively. From the fits, it is pos-
sible to determine the respective renormalized mobilites
as a function of temperature as shown in Figure 8a for
Sample C and in Figure 8b for Sample A. The
renormalized mobility calculated using Equation 1 is only
slightly larger than that using Equation 2. It may be pos-
sible that different mobilities should be taken into
account to understand the direct I-QH transition
In conclusion, the authors have presented studies on
three completely different electron systems. In these
three samples, the nanoscaled scatterers, in close
proximity of the 2DES, provide necessary disorder for
observing the direct I-QH transition. In these studies,
it has been shown that the crossover from localization
to Landau quantization actually covers a wide range of
magnetic field. Moreover, the observed direct I-QH
transition is not necessarily linked with Landau quanti-
zation as no resistance oscillations are observed even
up to a magnetic field 4 T higher than the crossing
Figure 3 rxx(B) at various temperatures ranging from 0.25 to
2.85 K (Sample A).
Figure 4 rxx(B) at various temperatures ranging from 0.28 to
20 K (Sample B).
Figure 5 rxx(B) at various temperatures ranging from 0.3 to 4
K (Sample C). rxx at T = 0.3 K and T = 4 K are shown.
Figure 6 Converted sxx(B) and sxy(B) at various temperatures
ranging from 0.3 to 4 K (Sample C).
Liang et al. Nanoscale Research Letters 2011, 6:131
Page 5 of 7
Page 6
field. Most importantly, the onset of strong localization
which gives rise to the formation of quantum Hall
state does not correspond to the direct I-QH transi-
tion. All these three pieces of experimental evidence
show that a 2DES in the vicinity of nanoscaled scat-
terers is an ideal playground for studying the direct
I-QH transition. Furthermore, in order to obtain a
thorough understanding of the underlying physics of
the direct I-QH transition, modifications of Huckes-
tein's model [20] must be made.
I-QH: insulator-quantum Hall; SdH: Shubnikov-de Haas; 2DESs: two-
dimensional electron systems.
This research was supported by the WCU (World Class University) program
through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (Grant No. R32-2008-000-
10204-0). C.T.L. acknowledges financial support from the NSC (Grant no: NSC
99-2119-M-002-018-MY3). The authors would like to thank Yi-Chun Su and
Jau-Yang Wu for providing help in the experiments.
Author details
1Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
2Department of Applied Physics, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600,
Taiwan3Department of Physics, National Tsinghwa University, Hsinchu 300,
Taiwan4Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering and SAINT,
Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea5Graduate School of
Advanced Integration Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
6National Measurement Laboratory, Centre for Measurement Standards,
Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan7Department
of Electronics Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300,
Taiwan8Cavendish Laboratory, J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE,
Authors' contributions
CTL, GHK and YHC coordinated the measurements on Sample A. CTL
coordinated the measurements on Sample B. KYC performed the
measurements on Sample B. JCC and YL coordinated the measurements on
Sample C undertaken in Taiwan. YO and NA coordinated early
measurements on Sample C in Japan. CTL, STL and CFH drafted the
manuscript. LHL, YTW and DLS performed measurements on Sample C. SDL
and DAR grew the MBE wafers. All authors read and approved the final
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Received: 14 August 2010 Accepted: 11 February 2011
Published: 11 February 2011
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Background: The components of metabolic syndrome (MetS), a major cardiovascular risk in women that includes diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, can evolve during the perimenopause transition. Lifestyle interventions have been shown to ameliorate or prevent individual components of MetS.
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System Center 2012 R2 Configuration Manager Unleashed
Supplement to System Center 2012 Configuration Manager (SCCM) UnleashedSince Microsoft introduced System Center 2012 Configuration Manager, it has released two sets of important changes and improvements: Service Pack 1 and R2. This comprehensive reference and technical guide focuses specifically on those enhancements. It offers 300+ pages of all-new "in the trenches" guidance for applying Configuration Manager 2012's newest features to improve user and IT
System Center 2012 Configuration Manager (SCCM) UnleashedThis is the comprehensive reference and technical guide to Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager 2012. A team of expert authors offers step-by-step coverage of related topics in every feature area, organized to help IT professionals rapidly optimize Configuration Manager 2012 for their requirements, and then deploy and use it successfully. The authors begin by introducing Configuration
Microsoft System Center 2012 Configuration Manager: Administration CookbookThis cookbook is full of immediately useable recipes showing you how to administer System Center 2012 Configuration Manager and understand how to solve particular problems/scenarios. In addition to its cookbook style, which ensures the solutions are presented in a clear step-by-step manner, its explanations go into great detail, which makes it good learning material for everyone who has experience
System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM) 2007 UnleashedThis book is your most complete source for in-depth information about Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager 2007! System Center Configuration Manager 2007 Unleashed is a comprehensive guide to System Center Configuration Manager (ConfigMgr) 2007. ConfigMgr 2007 helps you manage servers and desktops, integrates SMS 2003 "feature pack" functionality, and ...
(MCTS): Microsoft Windows Small Business Server 2011 Standard, Configuring (70-169) Certification GuideThis book is a hands-on certification guide with practical examples and Q&As to help information technology (IT) professionals prepare for and pass the Microsoft Windows Small Business Server 2011 Standard, Configuring (70-169) exam. If you are an information technology (IT) professional; administrator, consultant or system integrator who works in or consults with small businesses that use Windows
Getting Started with Citrix XenApp 6This book has a tutorial style with step-by-step instructions and adequate screenshots for carrying out each task. If you are a system administrator or consultant who wants to implement and administer Citrix XenApp 6 farms, then this book is for you. This book will help both new and experienced XenApp professionals to deliver virtualized applications.
Microsoft System Center Virtual Machine Manager 2012 CookbookThis is a Packt Cookbook, full with over 75 recipes for VMM users to carry out vital tasks quickly and easily. This book is written for solutions architects, technical consultants, administrators, and any other virtualization lover who needs to use Microsoft System Center Virtual Machine Manager in a real world environment.
Citrix XenServer 6.0 Administration Essential GuideThis is a practical, concise step-by-step tutorial with screenshots for carrying out tasks showing you how to manage and administer a XenServer in your business. The author brings his own extensive knowledge of XenServer. The book is full of best practices and tips that will help you benefit from the author's experience in working with XenServer. If you are an administrator working on XenServer,
Beginner's Guide to Gambas, Revised EditionA Beginner's Guide to Gambas is the first definitive reference for the Linux-based Gambas programming language. Gambas ships with a graphical development environment based on the Basic programming language. It supports object-oriented programming and is similar to Microsoft's Visual Basic product. Gambas uses the Qt toolkit and supports other toolkits like GTK+. With Gambas, you can quickly design
Microsoft SQL Server 2014 Business Intelligence Development Beginner's GuideWritten in an easy-to-follow, example-driven format, there are plenty of step-by-step instructions to help get you started! The book has a friendly approach, with the opportunity to learn by experimenting. If you are a BI and Data Warehouse developer new to Microsoft Business Intelligence, and looking to get a good understanding of the different components of Microsoft SQL Server for Business
Microsoft Hyper-V Cluster DesignThis book is written in a friendly and practical style with numerous tutorials centred on common as well as atypical Hyper-V cluster designs. This book also features a sample cluster design throughout to help you learn how to design a Hyper-V in a real-world scenario.Microsoft Hyper-V Cluster Design is perfect for the systems administrator who has a good understanding of Windows Server in an
Learning Nessus for Penetration TestingThis book is a friendly tutorial that uses several examples of real-world scanning and exploitation processes which will help get you on the road to becoming an expert penetration tester. Learning Nessus for Penetration Testing is ideal for security professionals and network administrators who wish to learn how to use Nessus to conduct vulnerability assessments to identify vulnerabilities in IT


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All Articles Tagged "Living"
Questions To Ask Yourself To Ensure A Happy Life
There is a negative connotation that people have with talking to themselves. Whenever there's a problem, people tend to go to others to help figure it out. However, I think that we need to take the negative stigma off of self-conversations and begin asking ourselves questions before we ask other people.
I'm not saying that getting advice from others is wrong. What I'm saying is that by having an open and honest discussion with yourself can help you move closer to a solution, or pinpoint a problem that others might not be privy to.
Questions like…
Tags:Living, questions to ask yourself
9 Relationships That You Should Distance Yourself From
The New Year is all about making changes in your life. Whether you plan to make upgrades to your finances or your career, most of us have goals in mind that require some adjustments. Have you ever considered adding some distance to draining and toxic relationships? Here's a look at nine "friendships" that might deserve the ax.
How To Fake A Good Night's Sleep
Whether you partied or Netflix-binged all night, we've got the tips to help you fake a good night's sleep and feel better in the morning.
Open The Blinds
Squinting in the sunlight for a few minutes will give your body a shot of the sunlight it needs to reset your body clock.
Even if your brain is saying "go back to bed," your body will start preparing for the morning.
Ridiculously Easy Ways To Add Years To Your Life
What if we told you you could live longer by putting for almost no effort at all? Get ready to feel silly that you haven't been doing these all along.
Run For Five Minutes A Day
Just 300 seconds of jogging in place, right by your bed, can extend your life by as long as three years.
15 Simple Morning Rituals That Will Save Your Day
Can't seem to reach your goals? Grumpy all day? Feeling "off?" The problem could be the way you start your day. Spare five minutes for these simple morning rituals and you could change your life. After all, you are what you do every day.
Wake Up Hella Early
A poll of successful executives found that 90% of them get up before 6 a.m. on weekdays. Those early hours give them time to squeeze out some me-time before the demands of the day start pouring in.
Tags:Living, morning rituals, work
Life's Just Not Fair: Things Men Can Do That Women Can't
It's 2014 and we're all created equal…right? Men and women may be on more even footing than ever before, but there are still a few limits on us ladies lives. Quite a few if you really think about it.
Tags:gender inequality, Living, men, women
K. Michelle Bails On Tour To Self-Reflect In South Africa: 'So Much Has Happened So Quickly'
Bad news for K. Michelle fans who were looking forward to the second leg of her Rebellious Soul Tour. The controversial reality star recently announced that she will be canceling part two of the tour and taking a bit of a hiatus for some self-reflection and to pursue musical inspiration.
"Dear Rebels," the former "Love & Hip Hop Atlanta" star wrote in a Facebook post earlier this week. "I will not be doing the Rebellious Soul Tour (Part 2). I personally decided that I wanted to take the next couple of months to journey off to some different places. A writer has nothing to write about with no inspiration.
I will be traveling to South Africa to spend some time preparing for my new album #AWBAH, and reflect on the woman that I've become. I need this time for myself. So much has happened so quickly and I'm forever grateful. The only noise I desire to hear is the inner music. My soul has a song to sing and I have to be quiet to hear it. I have so much in store for you. I promise! Love y'all!"
Though fans are probably disappointed by the news, this time away may be exactly what K needs. Hopefully she comes back calm, refreshed and ready to give fans the new music they've been hoping for.
What Is Up With Black Folks And The Hook Up?
By my title, I'm pretty sure you've assumed this post is going in the typical direction of business owners/service providers complaining about black folks always wanting a hook up, but actually I have a bit of a gripe about black employees who are always trying to give black customers a five-finger discount of some sort. I know, who complains about the opportunity to save money? But stay with me.
Sunday I went into Staples to pick up postcards I'd ordered and one of the black men assisting me began acting very strange. He was the same man who'd helped me last time so I wasn't sure if he was trying to make small talk to see if I was the same customer, flirting with me, or just weird when he had me go back and forth from register to register just to make one transaction, and then once that was done asked me to stick around for a second. Great, he's about to ask me for my number, I thought. Instead, he told me he was going to give me the hook up if I was paying cash, but since I paid with a card he couldn't. "That's OK" I told him, partially thinking now you tell me? and on the other hand reminding myself that this was getting expensed anyway and he sounds suspect. But then the merchant went on to detail some elaborate ploy for how, if I could just wait a few more minutes, I could come back to the register and say my order was messed up and then he would refund the money on my credit card and I could keep the postcards and purchase something cheaper but give him cash and I was like huh?. Waiting for "Punk'd" cameras to jump out at any minute, I politely declined and thought to myself, you're going to get fired that way.
Instantly, I was reminded of the black girls of yesteryear at my local Hale & Hearty. I'm not sure what sparked their (illegal) generosity, but all I know is one day I came in with a co-worker of mine whom they had built a rapport with and the next day I was paying $3.56 for a large soup and sparking water, and you know good and well that's at least an $11 purchase at the overpriced eatery. Now I won't lie and say I turned down the discount (I know I'm wrong), although the first day I did question the girl. Another time she raised the price to $5 and some change, which I guess was supposed to be a happy medium, and another time instead of a super discount she just marked off every bean on the bean card so my next soup would be free. And then one day I came in the store and all the hook up girls were gone, just as I'd expected.
I suppose I could look at these incidents as examples of improved race relations within the black community because helping each other out certainly beats throwing drinks at each other and shooting folks up. But on the other, this Robin Hood-like steal from the rich white corporations to pay back the common black worker setup just isn't smart. I get the logic of trying to get over on the man when we can, but that's also how one finds themselves terminated and back at home on the couch looking silly and broke because they got fired for stealing. I appreciate the comradery — trust me, I do. But I personally don't feel right underhandedly saving a few pennies when the reality is the person hooking me up doesn't have the authority to do so and is likely going to be worse off in the long run, even if they don't see if that way.
How do you feel about black folks hooking you up with different services: is it overdue reparations or bad business?
Tags:customer service, Living
8 Things Women Are Ashamed To Admit But Shouldn't Be
No matter how far we've come, women will always feel a little (if not a lot!) pressured by society to want certain things, like certain things, condone certain things, disapprove of certain things…you name it. And as the social climate has it today, a lot of women are ashamed to admit the following things, but they shouldn't be!
Yaaaas! The Best #MyFaceWhen Memes…
If you haven't jumped on the #MyFaceWhen Memes yet, you are missing out! Check out the 15 most hilariously accurate ones we've seen to date.
I know you see me.


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It is summer time, and the ladies are not wearing much. Our VIP ladies do not like wearing much anyways. They love showing off for us, so the less clothes the better. We got a variety of panties for those that love them and plenty of pussy shots for the non snapper wrapper people. Josh has S. Florida clubs on the lock down. Madelyn is one smoking hottie. Her body is just right. Her long sexy hair is perfect for holding on to while bumping from behind. She got a nice load of man juice spilled all over her, so they jumped the shower after the game of mattress polo. Madelyn looked even sexier all soapy and wet.
"On Fire"
Rachel Roxxx
"New Years Bash"
Nikki Anne
"Walk It Out"
Bianca Jacobs
"Kiss Lick Bang Bang"
Madison Scott
"Double Bone Anza"
Riley Evans
"Flash Dance"
Uma Stone
"After Hours Grind"
Vivie Delmonico
Jamie Valentine
"Freaks Out At Night"
Sienna Day
"Make It Nasty"
Lily Love


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Dornish Newcomers Excited To be Part of Westeros
Dorne has always considered itself separate but equal. According to the histories of Westeros, when the Andals invaded and defeated the First Men, they avoided Dorne completely. As did Aegon I Targaryen, when he and his sisters invaded on the backs of dragons and conquered the continent. After a fly over and a warning, they initially skipped Dorne. When they decided to go back for it in 4 AC, dragons did not help, and after a gorilla campaign where the Targaryens took ugly losses, including Queen Rhaenys, they retreated. It wasn't until Dorne agreed to marry into the Targaryen clan generations later that the region became the seventh of The Seven Kingdoms. (For those who ever wondered why Rhaegar was married to Ellia Martell instead of wedding brother to sister as Targeryens so famously do, it was this tradition of keeping the Dorne in the kingdom through marriage that they were following.)
One would think the Dornish who are joining the cast this year would therefore bring an aloof and haughty air to their interviews on the subject of how it feels to be part of the Westerosi state that currently rules HBO. Not so! In fact, in talking to the Toronto Sun, they all seem to be quite excited for it.
Check out what they had to say, below!


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The Canon Speedlite 600EX-RT Two Flash Wireless Portrait Kit from B&H combines two high-performance Speedlite 600EX-RT flash units and an ST-E3-RT Speedlite Transmitter with the accessories needed to create a professional wireless flash system ideal for portraiture. Included with the two flash units and transmitter is a flash umbrella mount kit that contains two 32" white umbrellas with removable black backing, two shoe mount brackets and two air-cushioned light stands. Also included in this kit are two 8-packs of rechargeable NiMH AA batteries and an 8-bay rapid charger for AA and AAA batteries.
The Speedlite 600EX-RT features a wireless multiple flash system using radio wave communication that provides precise control over as many as five flash groups or fifteen individual flashes at a distance of up to 98.4'. Communicating on 2.4 GHz frequency, it will not be interrupted by physical barriers. It is also very powerful, with a guide number of 197' (60 m) at ISO 100 and a zoom flash head that covers a 20-200mm range. It provides full swivel movement of 180° in both directions. Compatible with the AF frame of all EOS cameras, the Speedlite 600EX-RT even works perfectly with the 61-Point High Density Reticular AF found in the EOS-1D X and the EOS 5D Mark III. It supports all current versions of TTL, including evaluative E-TTL II.
A dot matrix LCD panel and backlit button provide easy visibility and flash functions can be controlled via the camera's menu. A metal hot-shoe and a dust and water-resistant body allow it to be used in adverse conditions, and the included color filter holder and two orange color filters multiply your creative options.
This Kit Includes:
- 2 x Canon Speedlite 600EX-RT
- Canon ST-E3-RT Speedlite Transmitter
- Watson 8-Bay Rapid Charger for AA / AAA NiMH or NiCd Rechargeable Batteries
- 2 x Watson AA NiMH Rechargeable Batteries (2300mAh) - 8-Pack
- Impact Digital Flash Umbrella Mount Kit
- 2 x Watson Case for 4 AA or AAA Batteries


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A water heating system comprises a lower energy storage tank connected with a source of energy and an upper tank mounted on top of the lower. The upper tank may be a conventional water heater or a water storage tank connected at an outlet therefrom with an instantaneous type water heater, and the tanks are interconnected through a valve. The valve operates to direct incoming cold water through a heat exchanger in the lower tank for being preheated prior to introduction into the upper tank and accommodates a thermal syphon effect between the tanks when fresh water is not being supplied, whereby heat energy is automatically transferred from the lower to the upper tank. The lower tank may advantageously and economically comprise a conventional drum, for example a 55 gallon drum, and all system components are mounted in a cover assembly for the lower tank, so that the upper tank need not be specially fabricated, with the cover assembly also serving to support the upper tank.
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News Details
De Silvestro completes second day of Sauber testing at Fiorano
De Silvestro completes second day of Sauber testing at Fiorano 27 April, 2014 Sauber F1 Team affiliated driver Simona De Silvestro enjoyed her second day of testing in a Formula One car on the Ferrari test track in Fiorano. In a two year old Sauber C31 she completed 68 laps on day two, making it a total of 180 laps for the two days without the slightest issue. Circuit: Fiorano Circuit / 2.997 km Driver: Simona De Silvestro Weather: Overcast, air 14-18 °C, track 22-26 °C Chassis / engine: C31 / Ferrari Laps today: 68 laps, 204 km Paul Russell, Test Engineer: "We continued today where we left off yesterday with the acclimatisation programme for Simona. Over night she had the time to...
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11mo ago from GrandPrix247.com 0
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Dr. Jean-Philippe Faletta is the director of the Service-Learning Program at St. Thomas. His areas of research include civic engagement, Congress, public opinion and voting behavior, social movements and pressure groups, and the American presidency. He can speak on American political institutions and processes, elections, politics and the media, political methodology, the census and redistricting, and Russian government and politics.
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Pink dolphin
Mothers, Pink Baby, Pink Dolphins, Louisiana, Lakes, Baby Dolphins, Eye, Albino Animal, Albino Dolphins
Pink baby dolphin ! (photo taken in Lake Charles, LA)
This extremely rare and beautiful "pink dolphin" was spotted and photographed by Capt. Erik Rue of Calcasieu Charter Service on June 24th, 2007 during a charter fishing trip on Calcasieu Lake south of Lake Charles, LA. An albino dolphin, with reddish eyes and glossy pink skin, the critter was smaller than its companions suggesting that it was immature. These pictures are apparently of the albino traveling with its mother.
A rare albino dolphin has been spotted in Louisiana's Lake Calcasieu, an inland saltwater estuary north of the Gulf of Mexico. The pink mammal also has reddish eyes and was originally spotted swimming with a pod of four other dolphins by a charter boat captain, according to the U.K. Telegraph. The Amazon River in South America is home to a species of pink dolphin, called the boto, but biologists say this particular pink dolphin is an albino bottlenose that should be gray. (Caters News Agency)
Dolphin sayin HI to humback
Dolphins Pass, Google Image, Dolphins Wallpapers, Dolphins Sayin, Fun Facts, Dolphins Fun, Dolphins Pictures, Baby Dolphins, Dolphins Whals
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of epinephrine as an additive to injectable anesthetics?
- Posted:
- 6 Sep 2009 by new user2009
- Topics:
- epinephrine
|Question is Closed
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Answers (1)
17 Sep 2009
These issues are discussed here: http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ybean/article/PIIS1521689604000953/abstract
Further Information
- Epinephrine Information for Consumers
- Epinephrine Information for Healthcare Professionals (includes dosage details)
- Side Effects of Epinephrine (detailed)
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Home > News > World
Friday August 8, 2014 MYT 4:05:08 AM
Friday August 8, 2014 MYT 4:05:08 AM
by roberta rampton AND arshad mohammed
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The White House made the case on Thursday that Western sanctions against Russia for destabilizing Ukraine have had a significant impact on its economy and that Russian retaliation by banning many Western food imports will only boomerang.
Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered his government to adopt the ban in response to Western economic sanctions on Russia's defense, oil and financial sectors over Moscow's support for rebels waging an insurrection in eastern Ukraine.
"Retaliating against Western companies or countries will deepen Russia's international isolation, causing further damage to its own economy," Jason Furman, chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advisers, told reporters in a conference call.
Furman said the bans would push up Russia's already-high inflation rate, hurting consumers. Conversely, U.S. sanctions on Russia have not affected oil prices or U.S. economic growth, he said.
"Russia's actions in Ukraine and the sanctions we've already imposed have made a weak Russian economy even weaker," Furman said.
While Russia's exports to the United States and the European Union together constituted 13 percent of Russia's gross domestic product, Furman said U.S. exports to Russia constitute only 1/10th of 1 percent of U.S. GDP and only 8/10ths of 1 percent of European Union GDP.
The United States is prepared to levy additional sanctions on Russia if it does not change course in backing separatists in eastern Ukraine, a top U.S. Treasury Department official said, adding to the pressure on the Russian economy.
"The sanctions that we have imposed and the market's understanding that there are more sanctions to come if Russia does not change course have exacerbated preexisting vulnerabilities in the Russian economy," Treasury Undersecretary David Cohen said on the call.
"Some analysts are now predicting an outright contraction in the Russian economy in the second half of this year," he said.
Cohen also said Washington has warned Russia against a reported oil-for-goods swap with Iran, and that entities involved in any such deal would be exposed to U.S. sanctions.
It is still unclear whether Russia and Iran have agreed on an oil-for-goods swap, Cohen said, noting that such a deal could affect ongoing talks on Iran's nuclear program.
He declined specific comment on Exxon's oil drilling project in the Russia Arctic.
"We have engaged very closely with the U.S. business community to explain what we're doing, to provide guidance, and to listen to their concerns and get their input as we design these sanctions programs," Cohen said.
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You can now filter search results with text. Example: "person: john" will search only person pages for "john".
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Ada D Agetstein (1915 - 2004)
Biography & Family History Add details
Ada D Agetstein (1915 - 2004) was born on March 14, 1915. She was born into the Agetstein family.
She died on July 14, 2004 at 89 years of age.
Ada D Agetstein's last known residence is at Madison Heights, Amherst County, Virginia.
The data on this page comes from the official record for Ada D Agetstein in the SSDI (United States Social Security Master Death Index). What is the SSDI?
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- Ada
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- Madison Heights, Amherst County, Virginia
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The rough sketch for chef Andrew Spurgin's po' boy restaurant, which will be set up for A Taste of the Market this Sunday in Barrio Logan
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Off-the-shelf options may rule the roost when it comes to mobile enterprise applications used by businesses and their employees. But there's a productive hen with the ability to lay golden eggs that's gaining greater prominence in this market: custom mobile apps that are fully or partially personalized, tailor-made, and paid for by a company to meet its particular business or mission needs.
Jul 24, 2009
Web content integration company Jahia announced the expansion of its U.S. headquarters in Washington in an effort to better serve its North American clientele. In addition to the Washington facility and a series of strategic partnerships in North America, Jahia also opened a new research facility in Montreal.